Class P V- ^ ^-
Book.
CopiglitF
COEffilGHEDEHlBB
f^WC
Australasian Clittion
WEBSTER'S
INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BEING THE AUTHENTIC EDITION OF
WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY
Comprising the issues of 1864, i8yg, and 1884
NOIV THOROUGHLY REHSED y^ND
ENLARGED UNDER THE SUPERVISION
OF
NOAH PORTER, D. D., LL D.
Of Yale University
PVITH A VOLUMINOUS APPENDIX
— • . AND AM
AUSTRALASIAN SUPPLEMENT
^S^^'tr of !.
SPRINGFIELD, MASS.
PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY
1898
' N
preface/.
Thk first or original edition of Webster's large or Unabridged Dictioniry was published in two volumes qu :
year 1828, at New Haven, by Sherman Converse, and was sold largely by *ibscription.
Tke second edition, 1840, somewhat enlarged and revised by tlie authcJ, was published by Dr. Webster him
volumes royal octavo ; to which a supplement was added in 1813.
After the death of Dr. Webster in 1843, the unsold remainder of tlis edition and the copyright of the \'
purchased by George and Charles Merriam, who immediately took measura. to pi-epare and issue a new and revi-
in a single volume in small quarto. This edition was edited by Professo" Cliauncey A. Goodrich, the son-in-I
Wrtbster, who liad previously superintended the preparation pf an abridged edition of the original quarto. Di
had an abU corps of assistants, and the new edition of 1847 \|as received wilk general favor.
In 18)9 an edition was published which included important suppleniintary matter and a large number i
illustrations, — the lirst appearance of tliis feature in American lexicographj. The general popularity and acl
excellence of this edition suggested the opportunity and e.iforced the duly' of a thorough revision of the ei
Anangements were made for such a revision, and the worJ-. was begun by Professor Goodrich and a corps of
These arrangements were so serious' ,' disturbed by his deat'i as to I'equire jijiportant readjustments, as the resu
the writer reluctantly consented to ac as editor-in-chief, and !\Ir. William A. Vheeler became the assistant and ac :.:■ . . t
having previously pven abundant eviajnce of his preeminent qualifications fo- this office. The etymologies were .■! >•
and recast in the light of modern philology by Dr. C. A. F. Malin of Berlii. The definitions were rewroagh .;. '
raoged an.l greatly condensed and improved by the combiaed labor of Proi;ssor William D. Whitney and Pro!. ;«•
President) DanieZ C. Gilman. Many fresh examples of the meanings and ises of words were introduced from . l/''
inore recent writers. Scientific terms were more generally recognized and caefuUy defined, and their meanings ; ' - :
illustrated for the eye as well as for the mind. By this means the new dictionary from being the driest becan: :' ■ .
attraot' ' re in multitudes of households. Valuable fables were furnishd in the appendix, conspicuous an'fn
vas t'l ! vtory Vocabulary of the Names of Noted Fictitious Persons anc' Places which was prepared by M ' •
Tue -.iciii excellence of this edition of 1864 was cordially and univ(rsally recognized, and both contri
publishers ow.^ a debt of gratitude to the many friends who have since been s> just and so generous in their cril
praises. Tlieir labors and cares did not terminate with the origination and puSlication of the bulky volume for
had becoirt! responsible. They have always held themselves ready to listen to uggestions, and to correct mistak
errors of iiatter or errors/of the press. They have been prompt to accumulat; and preserve every description ■
which mig\t be available for future use. Froi:\ material thus gathered they vere able to publish a valuable suj
the year li79, which was edited by Professor Franklin B. Dexter.
In the same j'^ear a more formal beginning was made in the preparation of the edition which is now compleb u a vi
be known ;is the Revision of 1890. It would seem on the one hand that the re ision and emendation of a work :o ^atisfi
tory as the edition of 1864 would be the least expensive of time and labor. Aid yet it has been proved on the
by our exj. rienct that no work may be made so expensive of both time and lajor as that involved in careful i
condensatirii, and adjustment. It is belie'i'd that no dictionary of the English hnguage yet completed has cost r
taking in tiese particulars than the presc u edition. Much of the time and lalor thus expended may leave litt
the printei page, indeed, no trace of a; y kind, except of satisfaction in the mind (f the critical and conscientious e .
neither thi time nor the labor may have been wasted. The condensation which becomes imperative from the n
human knowledge may often seem to shi'vel and contract the product in which tue reader looks for amplitude of
proof, and illustration, and yet even an IFnabridged Dictionary has its limits. 1'he work of adjustment is ofte)
difficult of all, aldiough it may show the least of the labor which it has cost. All fiese and other difficulties can be
only by tht employment for many years of a large corpf; of trained assistants in ihe office who have devoted the
literary research and verbal criticism, and of a corps of specialists who have madj original contributions in Sciei i . 'i.
Arts. The prpminence given to the definitions and illuitrations of scientific, techcological and zoological terms,
the attention of every reader and perhaps elicit the disjyeasure of many critics. VliUe we sympathize with theu-
so much space is given to explanations and illustrations that are pui-ely technical rather than literary, we find our
pelled to ykdd to tiae necessity which in these days requires that the djctionary which is ever ajrhand should care
the terras t;i.at record the discoveries of Science, the triumphs of Invention, and tl e revelations of Life. We 1
no pains to make this part of our book as perfect as possible in both text and illustra^n. At the head of o
have had\ 1,3 unwearied and conscientious service of Mr. Loomis J. Campbell, whose v^ed learning, sound jud
Ifl.S i;oiu-
T o'ciirip
cultivated
bility ha,s
J. \V. ■
to !!:e
curious
ve contributed so largely to the syraittetry and trustworthiness of t>e work. The next place
'7 filled by Mr. Walter AUen. With them have been associatedrfor longer or shorter periods
n and research, Me.-srs. F. Sturges AUen, Asa G^OT^e Baker, Thomas R. Barnura
v Gardner, J. Norton Jolinson, WilHam L. Kinggley, George T. Packard, Francis <:■
■ . Powe:?s, Ralph O. Wiljiains, Mrs. Julia H. Wilson, and others. Of the special cor.t
'i a pai"!ial list : —
of EtjTnoln< -)'jrvi4ed ami
-lOgy and vat. ■■ ■■ ■• ■^-
^ in&truetive n
of p
Zei.;
.1..
iv PKEFACE. \
has prepared a select table of radicals of importait English words, with the various forms which they have taken in their
historical development. ... ^
The important department of Pronunciation has been committed to the special direction of the Reverend Samuel W.
Barnum, and Professor Samuel Porter of the Najional Deaf-Mute College, Washington, D. C. Mr. Barnum his made the
study of English pronunciation almost a life work, having been trained under Professor Goodrich in the special and exact
knowledge of the subject in its details, and mide himself familiar with the teachings of the leading writers in English
Orthoepy. Professor Porter contributes, in the Guide to Pronunciation, the result of a careful and long-continued study
of Phonology in the physiological method pursed by Mr. Alexander Melville Bell, whose system in its more prominent
features is accepted as scientifically true and pnctically useful. The history of the various methods of pronunciation has
been subjected to a most careful revision anc rendered, if possible, more trustworthy than ever before. TV Synopsis
(§ 277) of words differently pronounced by diftrent Urthoepists, and the marking of the pronunciation of the wbrds in- the
vocabulary by respelling are the work of Mr. Eirnum.
The definitions in Anatomy have been revifed by Professor Sidney I. Smith, of Yale University ;
In Architecture and the Fine Arts, by P-rfessor Russell Sturgis, of the College of New York ;
In Biology and Physiology, by Professor lussell H. Chittenden, of Yale University ;
In Botany, by Professor Daniel C. Eaton, of Yale University ;
In Chaucer (Canterbury Tales), by Profesior Thomas E- Lounsbury, of Yale University ;
In Chemistry, by Professor Arthur W. Wrght, of Yale University, assisted by Professor Charles S. Palmer, University
of Colorado ;
In Law, by Francis Wharton (deceased), >f the Department of State at Washington ; I
In Mathematics and Astronomy, by Professor Hubert A, Newton, of Yale University ;
In Mechanics and Engineering, by ProfeiBor Charles B. Richards, of Yale University, and Professor WiUiam P. Trow-
bridge, of Columbia College ;
In Medicine, by Alexander Duane, M. D, New York ;
In Mineralogy and Geology, by Professoi Edward S. Dapa, of Yale University ; i
In .Music, by Mr. John S. Dwight, of Botton ; li
In.'Nautical Terms, by Mr. Charles L. Narton, of New York ; '
III Paleontology and Geology, by Professjr Oscar Harger (deceased), of Yale University ;
In Zoology, by Professor Addison E. Ven'ill, of Yale University.
The Dictionary of Noted Names of FicSon has been carefully elaborated by Professor Henry A. Beers, of Yale Uni-
versity, who has also contributed many new t<pics and corrected some oversights, and in many ways increased its 'attractive*
ness. '
The Brief History of the English Langiage, originally prepared by Professor James Hadley, has been carefally revised
and brought down to the present time by M? George Lyman Kittredge, of Harvard University.
The Pictorial Illustrations have reeeivel careful attention not only in respect to artistic excellence, lut in respect to
scientific exactness.
The revision now given to the public is the fruit of over ten years of labor by a large editorial staff, in which publisher*
and editors have spared neither expense norpains to produce a comprehensive, accurate, and symmetrical „ork»
As a matter of historical interest the prefaces of the principal earlier editions are appended in their cironological
order.
NOAH POUTER.
New Haven, Connecticut, Septemhr, 1890.
/
CONTENTS.
PLATES
(Precede Title-page).
I. Official Flags of the United States (Colored).
II., III. Gkeat Seals ok the United States and Tekkitobies
(Colored).
IV. Arms of Vaeioi-s Nations (Colored).
V. Flags and Akms of Great Britain and her Colonies
(Colored).
VI, VII.
VIII.
Flags of Various Nations (Colored).
Flags of the International Code op Signals
(Colored).
Pilot Flags of Various Nations (Colored).
Club Flags of Unitku States Yachts (Colorcrl).
Froitispiece. Portrait of Noah Webster (Steel).
INTRODUCTORY.
PAGE
iii
PREFACE
MEMOIR OF NOAH WEBSTER
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1828
PREFx\.CE TO THE EDITION OF 1S47
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1S&4
A LIST OF AUTHORS QUOTED AS AUTHORITY FOR
THE FORMS AND USES OF WORDS .... xbc
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLLSH LANGUAGE xxis-xliv
Languages Kindred to the English x.^dx
General Features of the Teutonic Languages . .
The Anglo-S.\xon as a Literary Language . . .
Influence of Other Languages on the Anglo-Saxon
Tr.\nsition from Anglo-Saxon to Modern English
The English a Composite Language
The English Poor in Formation and Inflection .
Dialects
Anglo-Saxon Inflection
Sejci-Saxon Inflection
Early English Inflection
Specimens of the English Language in its Earlier
Stages
INDO-GERMANIC roots in ENGLISH xl-liii
Historical Sketch of English xlv
A List of Roots of the Original Language in
English xlvii
VII
xii
xiii
xvi
XXX
XXX'
XXX
xxxi
XXXV
XX rv
X.-^£V
XX iii
xl
xlii
EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE REVISED ETYMOL
OGIES liv
:. GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION Iv-lxxxviii
Key to the Symbols Iv
Standard of Pronunciation Ivi
System of English Vowel Sounds ...,..'.. Ivi
Accent, Quantity, and Emphasis, and thstr Rela-
tions TO the Quality of Vowel Sounds *X • • lix
The Vowels of the Alphabet in Detail . . •-. /. Ix
Analytical Survey of the English Consonant
Sounds ixv
The Consonants of the Alphabet (with the Con-
sonant Digraphs) in Detail ^Ixviii
Syllabication Ixxi
Rules for the Syllabic Division of Words in Writ-
ing or Print l.-. : ii
Synopsis of Words differently pronounced by Dif-
ferent Orthoepists Ixxiii
ORTHOGRAPHY Ixxxix-xer-i
Observations Ixxxix
Rules for Spelling Certain Classes of Words . • xc
A List of Words spelled in two or more ways . iciii
Amended Spellings T-i-oiv
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK .... cv
Explanatory Notes cvi
DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 'V i-mi
iPPENDIX.
THE METRIC SYSTBM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURjiS 1682
EXPLANATORY AND PRONOUNCING DICTIONA|:Y
OF THE NAMES OF NOTED FICTITIOUS PER-
SONS AND PLACES J 1685-1716
PREFATORY REMARKS TO THE PRONOUNCING
GAZETTEER AND PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPH-
ICAL DICTIONARY 1717-1720
PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER, OR GEOGRAPHipAL
DICTIONARY' OF THE WORLD | . 1721-1816
PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.). 1817-1872
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTfURE
PROPER NiUIES 1873-188(1
Names prom the Cosoion English Version : . ISI-i
Names from the Anglo-Catholxc VFrv.sioh' . . 187*5
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GREEK AND
LATIN PROPER NAMES 1881-1900
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY Q^ COMMON ENG-
LISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR DER-
IVATION. SIGNIEICATIOi^, ETC 1901-1906
QUOTATIONS, WORDS. PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC.,
FROM THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MOD-
ERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES ltK»T-1018
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS USED IN
WRITING AND PRINTING l!)19-192o
ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND
PRINTDnG ... :'1-1928
A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OY PICTOrjAL iLLUi--
TRATIONS (see TtwAx on neirt page) V'*«9-20::-
AUSTRALASIAN SUPPLEMENT
NDEX
TO THE
CLASSIFIED SELECTION OE PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS.
AERIAL LOCOMOTION (see Vehicles) .
A.GEICITLTURE AND HORTICULTURE
ALPHABETS : Ancient
SiONS USED BY THE DeAF AND DuMB
A:UliSEMENTS (see Games)
ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND
PHRENOLOGY
NTIQUITIES, Deess, Utensils, etc
ARCHEOLOGY
ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING, ETC
ARMOR (see Middle Ages)
ART, OBJECTS OF : Ornaments, Instruments, etc. .
ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS
ASTRONOMY
BANNERS (see Flags)
BOTANY : Illustkations of Terms
Illustrations of Plants
CARPENTRY, JOINERY, AND MASONRY
CHiTALRY (see Middle Ages)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (see Mineralogy)
DEW
DOMESTIC ECONOMY: Utensils, etc
DRESS, ORNAMENTS, ETC.: Modern
AiJOIENT
Middle Ages
Religious
EMBRYOLOGY
FLIGS, BANNERS, INSIGNIA, ETC
F0>.5IL ANIMALS AND PLANTS (see Paleontology)
GAMES, AMUSEMENTS, ETC
GEOGRAPHY, TERMS IN
GEOLOGY
HAH.
HERALDRY
HOARFROST
HYDRAULICS (see Mechanics)
ICE
IDOLS (see Mythology) .
INSTRUMENTS: Art
Musical
Scii;ntipic
See also Tools
MACHINERY (see Mechanics)
MATHEMATICS
MECHANICAL POWERS .
MECHANICS, MACHINERY, HYDRAULICS ETC
METEOROLOGY : Snow, Hail, Hoarfrost, etc
MIDDLE AGfeS :\ Armor, Dress, etc.
MTTr'--.\R,Y TERMS, WEAPONS, ETC. . '. . .
Mi', ■.OGY, CRYSTALLOGPAPiry, ETC. .
^I OF THE HUMAN BODY .
(vi)
1949,
I9;i)
193
200'
193
1951
1934
1954
1935
1945
1935
1938
1944
1951
1953
2006
1944
1944
1931
1951
1958
1929
1945
1956
1945
1945
1946
2006
1947
2006
1949
2006
1954
1934
1954
1954
1961
1949
1948
2008
1949
2006
1951
1952
20ii
IN-
Ul
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
MYTHOLOGY, IDOLS, ETC
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, OPTICS, SCIENTIFIC
STRUMENTS, ETC
NAUTICAL AFFAIRS (see Ships)
OPTICS (see Natural Philosophy)
ORNAMENTS (see Art and Dress) 1934,
PALEONTOLOGY : Fossil Animals and Plants ....
PUNISHMENT, MODES OF
RACES OF MEN
RELIGION: Utensils, Dress, etc, used in Worship and
Religious Ceremonies
SHIPS AND NAUTICAL AFFAIRS
IjJlGNS USED FOR LETTERS BY THE DEAF AND
DUMB
!\KELETON, THE HUMAN
OW, HAIL, DEW, HOARFROST, ICE
S^TEAM ENGINES
OLS AND IMPLEMENTS, VESSELS, INSTRUMENTS,
ETC
NSILS : Ancient
Domestic
Religious
ee also Tools
VEHICLES FOR LAND AND AERIAL LOCOMOTION .
VESSELS (see Tools)
WEAPONS
ZOOIDGY : —
AkpHIBIANS
Ainelids
asachnids
Birds ■ :
Brachiopods ..."
Bryczoans
Ccelenterates
Crustaceans
echinoderms
Fishes
Helmihths
Insects
Leptocardians
Malacopods
Mammals
Marsipobbanchs .
Mollusib
Myriapods
Protozoans
Pycnogonids
:K<iES . .
'■ vicates , .
PAGE
1954
1954
1954
1958
1954
1944
19.^6
1958
19.58
1958
1958
1960
2009
2000
2005
1961
1931
1944
19."j8
1961
1962
1961
1952
1962
1963
1963
1964
1975
1975
1975
1977
1978
1979
1984
1985
1990
1990
1991
1990
1998
1990
2002
1963
2002
2004
2004
^!!lgggWlJI'WJ'-'IW!''!Jg"J'J'Jii)aa«i
MEMOIR OF NOAH WEBSTER
BY CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, D. D.
It is natural for tliose who make frequent use of a work like this, to
desire some knowledge of the author's life, and especially of that long
course of intellectual labor by wliich he contributed so largely to the liter-
ary treasures of our lang:uage. To gratify this desire is the object of
the prebcnt Memoir. A brief outline will be given of the leading occur-
rences of his life, with particular reference to the occasions which called
forth the principal productions of his pen. The materials of this sketcli
were obtained from Dr. Webster himself, about ten years before his
death, and were first used in the preparation of a memoir inserted in the
"National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans," in the year
1833. That memoir has been rewritten, with large additions, and is now
brought down to the period of the author's death.
Noah Webster was born in Hartford, Connecticut, about three miles
from the center of the city, on the 16th of October, 1758. His father was
a respectable farmer and justice of the peace, and was a descendant, in
the fourth generation, of John Webster, one of the first settlers of Hart-
ford, who was a magistrate, or member of the colonial council, from its
first formation, and, at a subsequent period, governor of Connecticut.
His mother was a descendant of Wilham Bradford, the second governor
of tlie Plymouth colony. The family was remarkable for longevity. His
father died at the advanced age of nearly ninety-two. He and one of his
brothers lived considerably beyond the age of eighty. His remaining
brother died in his eightieth year ; and of his two sisters, one was ad-
vanced beyond seventy, and the other had nearly reached the same age,
at the period of their death.
Mr. Webster commenced the study of the classics, in the year 1772, un-
der the instruction of the clergyman of the parish, the Rev. Nathan Per-
kins, D. D., and in 177i was admitted a member of Yale College. The
war of the Revolution, commencing the next year, interrupted the regular
attendance of the students on their usual exercises, and deprived them
of no small part of the advantages of a collegiate course of instruction.
In his Junior year, when the western part of New England was thrown
into confusion by General Burgoyne's expedition from Canada, Mr. Web-
ster volunteered his sei-vices under the command of his father, who was
captain in the alarm list, a body comprising those of the militia who were
above forty-five years of age, and who were called into the field only on
pressing emergencies. In that campaign, all the males of the family, four
in mmiber, were in the army at the same time. Notwithstanding the
interruption of his studies by these causes, Mr. Webster graduated with
reputation in 1778.
The class to which he belonged produced an unusual number of men
who were afterward distinguished in pubUc life. Among these may be
mentioned Joel Barlow, author of the Columbiad, and minister of the
United States to the court of France ; Ohver Woleott, secretary of the
treasury of the United States under the administration of Washington,
and subsequently governor of the State of Connecticut ; Uriah Tracy, a
distinguished member of the Senate of the United States ; Stephen Jacob,
chief justice, and Noah Smith, associate judge, of the Supreme Court of
Vermont ; Zephaniah Swift, chief justice, and Ashur MUler, associate
judge, of the Supreme Court of Connecticut ; besides a munberof others,
who were either members of Congress or among the leaders of our great
political parties at the commencement of the present century.
The period at which Mr. Webster entered upon life was an unpropi-
tious one for a yoimg man to be cast upon the world without property.
The country was impoverished by the war to a degree of which it is diffi-
cult, at the present day, to form any just conception ; there was no pros-
pect of peace ; the issue of the contest was felt, by the most sanguine, to
be extremely doubtful ; and the practice of the law, which Mr. Webster
intended to pursue, was in a great measure set aside by the general ca-
lanaity. It was under these circumstances that, on his return from the
Commencement when he graduated, his father gave him an eight-dollar
bill of the Continental currency (then worth about four doUars in sUver),
and told him that he m.ust thenceforth rely on his own exertions for sup-
port. As a means of immediate subsistence, he resorted to the instruc-
tion of a school, and, during the summer of 1779, resided at Hartford,
Connecticut, in the family of Mr., afterward Chief Justice, Ellsworth.
An intimate friendship was thus formed between these two gentlemen,
which was interrupted only by the death of the chief justice.
Not having the means of obtaining a regular education for the bar,
Mr. Webster, at the suggestion of a distinguished counselor of his ac-
quaintance, determined to pursue the study of the law in the intervals of
his regular employment, without the aid of an instructor ; and, having
presented himself for examination, at the expiration of two years, was
admitted to practice in the year 1781. As he had no encouragement to
open an office, in the existuig state of the country, he resumed the busi-
ness of instruction, and taught a classical school, in 1782, at Goshen, in
Orange county. New York. Here, in a desponding state of mind, created
by the unsettled condition of things at the close of the war, and the
gloomy prospects for business, he undertook an employment which gave
a complexion to his whole future life. This was the compilation of books
for the instruction of youth in schools. Having prepared the first
draught of an elementary treatise of this kind, he made a journey to
Philadelphia in the autumn of the same year, and, after exhibiting a
specimen of the work to several members of Congress, among whom- was
Mr. Madison, and to the Rev. S. S. Smith, D. D., at that time a pro-
fessor, and afterward president, of the college at Princeton, he was
encouraged by their approbation to prosecute his design. Accordingly, in
the winter following, he revised what he had written ; and, leaving Goshen
in 1783, he returned to Hartford, where he published liis ''''First Part of
a Grammatical Institute of the English Language." The second and third
parts were published in the years immediately following. These works,
comprising a Spelling Book, an English Grammar, and a compilation for
reading, were the first books of the kind published in the United States.
They were gradually introduced into most of the schools of our country ;
and to so great an extent has the Spelling Book been used, that, during
the twenty years in which he was employed in compiling his American
Dictionary, the entire support of his family was derived from the profits
of this work, at a premium for copyright of less than a cent a copy.
About twenty-four millions of this book have been published, down to
the present year [1847] in the different forms which it assumed under
the revision of the author ; and its popularity has gone on continually
increasing. The demand for some years past has averaged about one
million copies a year. To its influence, probably, more than to any
other cause, are we indebted for that remarkable uniformity of pronun-
ciation in our country, which is so often spoken of with surprise by
English travelers.
In entering thus early on his literary career, Mr. Webster did not
confine himself to the pubUeation of his own works. At a period when
nothing had as yet been done to perpetuate the memorials of our early
history, he led the way, in this important branch of literary effort, by
the publication of that highly valuable and characteristic work, Governor
Wintlirop's Journal. Having learnt that a manuscript copy was in posses-
sion of Governor Trumbull, of Connecticut, he caused it to be transcribed
at his own expense, by the governor's private secretary, and risked more
than the amount of his whole property in its publication. The sale never
remunerated him for the expenses thus incurred.
At the period of Mr. Webster's return to Hartford, in 1783, the State
was agitated by violent dissensions on the subject of a grai.t, r^^j/le liy
Congress to the army, of half pay for life, which was afte;-\ard com-
muted for a grant of full pay for five years beyond their term of s.^rvice.
To this grant it was strongly objected, that, if the army had suffered by
the reduced value of the bills in which they were paid, the country «t
large had sustained an equal loss by the depreciation of the currency, and
by other causes. So strong was the excitement on this subject, di?t pub-
lic meetings were held throughout the State, to prevent the laws of Con-
gress from being carried into effect ; and at length a convention met at
Middletown with the same design, at which two thirds of the towTis in
Connecticut were represented. In this state of things, Mr. Websti^t,
though only twenty-five years of age, came forward to vindicate r i>-
measures of Congress, and wrote a series of papers on the subject, undi ;
the signature of Honoeius, which were published in the " Connectieut
Courant," and read extensively throughout the State. The efif-ct w is
great. At the next election, in April, 1784, a large majority of the legib
lature were supporters of Congress in their measures. So higJ:' >' were
Mr. Webster's services appreciated on this occasion, that'he receiv.a the
th^nVs of Governor Trumbull in person, and was publicly decla.red by
Cvu)
VIU
MEMOIR OF NOAH WEBSTER.
a member of the council, to have " done more to allay popular discontent,
and support the authority of Congress at this crisis, than any other man."
These occurrences in his native State, together with the distress and
stagnation of business in the whole country, resulting from the want of
power in Congress to carry its measures into effect, and to secure to the
people the benefits of a stable government, convinced Mr. Webster that
the old Confederation, after the dangers of the war were past, was ut-
terly inadequate to the necessities of the people. He therefore published
a pamphlet, in the winter of 1784-85, entitled " Sketches of American Pol-
icy," in which, after treating of the general principles of government, he
endeavored to pi;ove that it was absolutely necessary, for the welfare and
safety of the United States, to establish a new system of goveniment,
which should act not on the States, but directly on individuals, and vest in
Congress full power to can-y its laws into effect. Being on a journey to
the Southern States, in May, 1785, he went to Mount Vernon, and pre-
sented a copy of this pamphlet to General Washington. It contained,
tiie writer beheves, the first distinct proposal, made through the medium
of the press, for a new Constitution of the United States.
One object of Mr. Webster's journey to the South was, to petition the
State legislatures for the enactment of a law securing to authors an exclu-
sive right to the publication of their writings. In this he succeeded to
a considerable extent ; and the public attention was thus called to a pro-
vision for the support of American literature, wliich was rendered more
effectual by a general copyright law, enacted by Congress soon after
the formation of our government. At a nmch later period (in the years
1830-31), Mr. Webster passed a winter at Washington, with the single
view of endeavoring to procure an alteration of the existing law, which
should extend the tei-ni of copyright, and thus give a more ample re-
ward to the labors of our artists and literary men. In this design he suc-
ceeded ; and an act was passed more liberal in its provisions than the
former law, tliough less so than the laws of some European govern-
ments on this subject.
On his return from the South, Mr. Webster spent the summer of 1785
at Baltimore, and employed liis time in preparing a course of lectures on
the English language, which were delivered, during the year 178G, in the
principal Atlantic cities, and were published in 1789, in an octavo voluiae,
with the title of " Dissertations on the English Language."
The year 1787 was spent by Mr. Webster at Philadelphia, as superin-
tendent of an Episcopal academy. The convention which framed the
present Constitution of the United States were in session at Philadelphia
during a part of this year ; and when their labors were closed, Mr. Web-
ster was solicited by Mr. Fitzsimmons, one of the members, to give the
aid of his pen in recommending the new system of government to the
people. He accordingly wrote a pamphlet on this subject, entitled an
" Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution.'"
In 1788, Mr. Webster attempted to establish a periodical in New York,
and for one year published the ^^ American Magazine," which, however,
failed of success ; as did also an attempt to combine the efforts of other
gentlemen in a simUar undertaking. The country was not yet prepared
for such a work.
In 1789, when the prospects of business became more encouraging,
after the adoption of the new Constitution, Mr. Webster settled himself
at Hartford in the practice of the law. Here he formed or renewed an
acquaintance with a number of young men just entering upon life, who
were ardently devoted, like himseK, to hterary pursuits. Among these
may be mentioned his two classmates. Barlow and Wolcott ; Tnunbull,
author of McFingal ; Richard Alsop ; Dr. Lemuel Hopkins ; and, though
somewhat older, the Rev. Nathan Strong, pastor of the First Congrega-
tional Church, who, in common with the three last mentioned, was highly
distinguished for the penetration of his intellect and the keenness of his
wit. The incessant contact of such minds at the forming period of their
progress had great influence on the literary habits of them all in after
life. It gave them a solid and manly cast of thought, a simplicity of
tasli; a c'^-ectness of statement, a freedom from all affectation and exu-
boran';e of i.aagery or diction, wliich are often best acquired by the salu-
tary use of )idicide, in the action and reaction on each other of keen and
penetrating minds. It had, likewise, a powerful influence on the social
circles in wldch they moved ; and the biographer of Governor Wolcott
has justly remarked, that at this time " few cities in the Union could
boast of a more cultivated or intelligent society than Hartford, whether
men or Vomen."
In the autumn of the same year, encouraged by the prospect of in-
creasing business, Mr. Webster married the daughter of William Green-
leaf, Esq., of Boston, a lady of a highly cultivated intellect, and of great
eleganof ai'.d grace of manners. His friend Trumbull speaks of this
even I, in one of his letters to Wolcott, who was then at New York, in his
char<>cteri£.tic vein of humor. " Webster has returned, and brought with
him i. very pretty wife. I wish him success ; but I doubt, in the present
d^cay of business in our profession, whether his profits will enable him
to keep up lie style he sets out with. I fear he will breakfast upon In-
stitutes, din. upon Dissertations, and go to bed supperless." The result,
however, was more favorable than it appeared in the sportive anticipa-
taoBB of Trumbull. Mr. Webster found his business profitable, and con-
tinnsUy increasing, during his residence of some years in the practice of
he law at Hartford.
This employment he was induced to relinquish, in 1793, by &v interest-
ing crisis in public affairs. General Washington's celebrated proclama-
tion of neutrality, rendered necessary by the efforts of the French minis-
ter. Genet, to raise troops in our country for the invasion of liouisiana,
and to fit out privateers against nations at peace with the United States,
had called forth the most bitter reproaches of the partisans of France ; and
it was even doubtful, for a time, whether the unbounded popularity of the
Father of his Country could repress the public effervescence in favor
of embarking in the wars of the French revolution. In this state of
things, Mr. Webster was strongly solicited to give the support of his pen
to the mepsures of the administration, by establishing a daily paper in
the city of New York. Though conscious of the sacrifice of personal
ease wliich he was called upon to make, he was so strongly impressed
with the dangers of the crisis, and so entirely devoted to the principles
of Washington, that he did not hesitate to accede to the proposal. Re-
moving his family to New York, in November, 1703, he connnenced a
daily paper, under the title of the ^''Minerva," and afterward a semi-
weekly paper, with that of the "iZeraW — names which were subse-
quently changed to those of the " Commercial Advertiser," and " New
York Spectator." This was the first example of a paper for the country,
composed of the columns of a daily paper, without recomposition — a
practice which has now become very common. In addition to his labors
as sole editor of these papers, Mr. Webster published, in the year 1794,
a pampldet which had u. very extensive circulation, entitled " The B.evo'
lution in France."
The publication of the treaty negotiated with Great Britain by Mr.
Jay, in 1705, aroused an opposition to its ratification of so violent a nature
as to stagger for a time the firmness of Washington, and to threaten civil
commotions. Mr. Webster, in common with General Hamilton and some
of the ablest men of the country, came out in vindication of the treaty.
Under the sigfnatui'e of Curtius, lie published a series of papers, which
were very extensively reprinted throughout the country, and afterward
collected by a bookseller of Philadelphia in a pamphlet form. Of these,
ten were contributed by himself, and two by Mr., afterward Chancellor,
Kent. As an evidence of their effect, it may not be improper to state
that ISIr. Rufus King expressed his opinion to Mr. Jay, that the essays of
Curtius had contributed more than any other papers of the same kind
to allay the discontent and opposition to the treaty ; assigning as a reason,
that they were peculiarly well adapted to the understanding of the people
at large.
When Mr. Webster resided in New York, the yellow fever prevailed at
different times in most of our large Atlantic cities ; and a controveiBy
arose, among the physicians of Philadelphia and New York, on the ques-
tion whether it was introduced by infection, or generated on tlie spot.
The subject interested Mr. Webster deeply, and led him into a laborious
investigation of the history of pestilential diseases at every period of the
world. The facts which he collected, with the inferences to which he
was led, were embodied in a work of two volumes, octavo, which, in
1799, was published both in this country and in England. This work has
always been considered as a valuable repository of facts ; and during the
prevalence of the Asiatic cholera in the year 1832, the theories of the
author seemed to receive so much confirmation, as to excite a more than
ordinary interest in the work, both in Eurojje and America.
During the wars which were excited by the French revolution, the
power assumed by the belligerents to blockade their enemies' ports by
proclamation, and the multiplied seizures of American vessels bound to
such ports, produced vaiious discussions respecting the rights of neutral
nations in time of war. These discussions induced Mr. Webster to exam-
ine the subject historically ; and, in 1802, he published a treatise full of
minute information and able reasoning on the subject. A gentleman of
competent abilities, who said he had read all that he coidd find on that
subject in the English, French, German, and Italian languages, declared
that he considered this treatise as the best he had seen. The same year,
he also published " Historical Notices of the Origin and State of Bank-
ing Institutions and Insurance Offices," which was republished in Phila-
delphia by one Humphrey, without giving credit to the author ; and a part
of which, taken from this reprint, was incorporated into the Philadelphia
edition of Rees's Cyclopedia.
At this time, Mr. Webster resided at New Haven, to which place he had
removed in the spring of 1798. For a short period after his departure
from New York, he wrote for the papers mentioned above, which, al-
though placed under the care of another editor, continued for a time to
be his property. He very soon succeeded, however, in disposing of his
interest in them, and from that time devoted himself entirely to literary
pursuits.
In the year 1807, Mr. Webster published " A Philosophical and Prac-
tical Grammar of the English Language." This was a highly original
work, the result of many years of diligent investigation. The author's
views may be gathered from the motto on the title-page, taken from
Lord Bacon's Aphorisms — " Antisthenes, being asked what learning
was most necessary, replied, 'To unlearn that which is naught.^" He
considered our English Grammars as objectionable in one important
respect, namely, that of being too much conformed to those of the Latin
and Greek languages in their nomenclature and classification. True phi-
losophy, he maintained, requires us to arrange things, and g:ive them
I
M
MEMOIR OF NOAH WEBSTER.
IX
names, according to their real nature. But our language is rude and
irregular in comparison with those of the ancients. It can not be reduced
to the same orderly system. The several parts of it can not be brought
under the same names and classifications. We need, therefore, a nomen-
clature of our own in some important particulars. Thus the word pro-
noun properly denotes a substitute for a ttoun. But, in many cases, words
of this class are substitutes for clauses, or parts of sentences, and not for
single nouns. There are also other words, not ordinarily ranged among
pronouns, which act equally iis substitutes, tliat is, perform the office of
pronouns. Mr. Webster, therefore, proposed to lay aside tlie word pro-
noun, and apply the term substitute to this whole chiss, as describing their
true office. Other clianges were proposed, of the same nature, and for
the same reasons. No one, who examines the subject with attention, can
doubt the advantages of Mr. Webster's nomenclature, in itself considered.
It enabled him to grive an analysis of sentences, and to explain construc-
tions, in a manner incomparably superior to that of the ordin;ii-y systems.
His intimate acquaintance with the sources of our language prepared him
to account, in the most satisfactoiy manner, for many puzzling forms of
expression. Still, the prejudice against a change of nomenclature is so
great, that this work has been far less known than it ought to be. It
contains much valuable matter found in no other work, and is beUeved
to be the most truly philosophical Grammar which we have of the Eng-
lish language.
After piibhshing his Grammar, Mr. Webster entered, in the same year
(1807), on the great work of his life, which he had contemplated for a
long period — that of preparing a new and complete Dictionary of the
English language. As preliminary to this, he had published, in 180(5, a
dictionary in the octavo form, containing a large number of words not to
be found in any similar work, with the definitions corrected throughout,
though necessarily expressed in verj' brief terms. From this time, his
reading was turned more or less directly to this object. A number of
years were spent in collecting words which had not been introduced into
the English dictionaries, in discriminating with exactness the various
senses of all the words in our language, and adding those significations
•which they had recentlj' received. Some estimate may be formed of the
labor bestowed on this part of the work, from the fact that " The Ameri-
can Dictionary of the English Language " contained, in the first edition,
twelve thousand words, and between thirty and forty thousand defini-
tions, which are not to be found in any preceding work. The number
has been swelled, by subsequent additions, to about tliirty thousand new
words. Seventy years had elapsed since the first publication of John-
son's Dictionary ; and scarcely a single improvement had been attempted
in the various editions through which it had passed, or the numerous
compilations to which it had given rise, except by the addition of a few
words to the vocabulary. Yet in this period the English mind rvas put-
ting itself forth in every direction, with an accuracy of research and a
fertility of invention which are without a parallel in any other stage of
its history. A complete revolution had taken place in almost every
branch of physical science ; new departments had been created, new prin-
ciples developed, new modes of classification and description adopted.
The political changes which so signally marked that period, the excite-
ment of feehng and conflict of opinion resulting from the Axiierican and
French revolutions, and the numerous modifications which followed in
the institutions of society, had also left a deep impress on the language
of poUtics, law, and general literature. Under these circumstances, to
make a defining dictionary adapted to the present state of our language,
was to produce an entirely new work ; and how well Mr. Webster exe-
cuted the task, wiU appear from the decision of men best qualified to
judge, both in this country and in Europe, who have declared that his
improvements upon Johnson are even greater than Johnson himself made
on those who preceded him. Still more labor, however, was bestowed on
another part of the work ; viz., the etymology of our leading terms. In
this subject, Mr. Webster had always felt a lively interest, as presenting
one of the most curious exhibitions of the progress of the human mind.
But it was not till he had advanced considerably in the work as originally
commenced that he found how indispensable a knowledge of the true
derivation of words is to an exact development of their various meanings.
At this point, therefore, he suspended his labors on the defining part of
the Dictionary, and devoted a number of years to an inquiry into the
origin of our language, and its connection with those of other countries.
In the course of these researches, he examined the vocabularies of twenty
of the principal lang:uages of the world, and made a synopsis of the most
important words in each ; arranging them under the same radical letters,
with a translation of their significations, and references from one to an-
other, when the senses are the same or similar. He was thus enabled to
discover the real or probable affinities between the different languages,
and, in many instances, to discover the primary, physical idea of an orig-
inal word, from which the secondary senses have branched forth. Being
thus furnished with a clew to guide him among the numerous, and often
apparently inconsistent, significations of our most important words, he
resumed his labors on the defining part of the Dictionary, and was able
to give order and consistency to much that had before appeared con-
fused and contradictory. The results of his inquiries into the origin
and filiation of languages were embodied in a work, about half the size
of the American Dictionary, entitled ".4 Synopsis of Wards in Twenty
Languages.'''' This, owing to the expense of the undertaking, has not yet
been published ; though its principal results, so far as our language is con-
cerned, are briefly given in tracing the etymology of our leading terms.
During the progress of these labors, Mr. Webster, finding his resources
inadequate to the support of his family at New Haven, removed, in 1812,
to Amherst, a pleasant country town within eight miles of Northampton,
Miissacliusetts. Here he entered, witli his characteristic ardor, into the
literary and social interests of the people among whom he was placed.
His extensive library, which was open to all, and his elevated tone of
thought and conversation, had naturally a powerful influence on the
habits and feelings of a small and secluded population. It was owing, in
part, probably, to his removal to this town, that an academy was there
established, which is now among the most flourishing seminaries of our
land. A question having soon after arisen respecting the removal of
Williams College from a remote part of the State to some more central
position, Mr. Webster entered warmly into the design of procuring its
establishment at Amherst, as one of the most beautiful and appropriate
locations in New England. Though the removal did not take place, so
strong an interest on the subject was awakened in Amherst and the
neighboring towns, that a new college was soon after founded there, in
the establishment of which Mr. Webster, as president of its first board
of trustees, had great influence, both by his direct exertions to secure
it patronage, and by the impulse which he had given to the cause of
education in that part of the State.
In 1822, Mr. Webster returned with his family to New Haven, and, in
1823, received the degree of LL. D. from Yale College. Having nearly
completed his Dictionary, he resolved on a voyage to Europe, with a view
to perfect the work by consulting Uterary men abroad, and by examining
some standard authors, to which he could not gain access in this country.
He accordingly sailed for France in June, 1824, and spent two months at
Paris in consulting several rare works in the Bibliotheque du Eoi, and
then went to England, where he remained till May, 1825. He spent
about eight months at the University of Cambridge, where he had free
access to the public Ubraries ; and there he finished " The American
DiCTiONABY." He afterward visited London, Oxford, and some of the
other principal cities of England, and in June returned to this country.
This visit to England gave him an opportunity to become acquainted with
literary men and literary institutions in that country, and to learn the
real state of the English language there.
Soon after Dr. Webster returned to this country, the necessary arrange-
ments were made for the publication of the work. An edition of twenty-
five hundred copies was printed in this country, at the close of 1828,
which was followed by an edition of three thousand in England, under
the superintendence of E. H. Barker, Esq., editor of the "Thesaurus
Grsecse LinguEe" of Hem-y Stephens. With the publication of the
American Dictionary, at the age of seventy. Dr. Webster considered the
labors of his literary life as brought, in a great measure, to a close. He
revised a few of his earlier works for pubUcation, and particularly his
^'' History of the United States," a book designed for the higher classes
of schools, for youth who are acquiring a taste for history, and for men of
business who have not time to peruse larger treatises.
In 1840-41, Dr. Webster published a second edition of the American
Dictionary, consisting of three thousand copies, in two volumes, royal
octavo. The improvements consisted chiefly in the addition of a num-
ber of thousand words to the vocabulary, the correction of definitions
in several of the sciences, in conformity with later discoveries and clas-
sifications, and the introduction and explanation of many phrases from
foreign languages, and of foreign terms used in books of music.
In 1843, he published "A Collection of Papers on Political, Literary,
and Moral Subjects," in one volume, octavo. This was composed chiefly
of tracts and disquisitions, which had been pubhshed at an earlier period
of his hfe, either in the form of pamphlets, or of papers read before lit-
erary and philosophical societies, and printed among their Transactions.
It contains his ''Observations on the French Revolution,'" his ''Essay on
the Plights of Neutral Nations," and the papers signed Cuiixros, in vin-
dication of Mr. Jay's treaty with Great Britain. To these is added an
elaborate dissertation " On the supposed Change in the Temperature of
Winter," which was read before the Connecticut Academy of Arts and
Sciences, in the year 1799. In this he controverts the opinion which has
generally prevailed, that the temperature of the winter season, in north-
em latitudes, has sufBered a material change, and become warmer in
modem than it was in ancient times. The subject was one which re-
quired very great minuteness and extent of historical research, and this
paper contains the result of a series of investigations, which had been
carried on, in conjunction with the author's other pursuits, for a period of
more than ten years. Many of the facts which it presents are of a very
curious and striking nature. There is, probably, no other treatise which
exhibits the historical evidence on this subject with so much fullness and
accuracy. In addition to this, the volume contains a number of other
papers of an interesting character, and the whole coUeetion forms a truly
valuable record of the author's earlier labors.
In thus tracing the principal events of Dr. Webster's life, we have
reached the commencement of the year in which he died ; and it may
here be proper to pause for a moment, and consider some of those quali-
ties and habits of mind which prepared him for this long course of public
MEMOIR OF NOAH WEBSTER.
service and literary labor. The leading: traits in the character of Dr.
Webster were enterprise, self-reliance, and indomitable perseverance.
He -was naturally of a sanguine temperament ; and the circumstances
under which he entered on the active duties of life were eminently suited
to strengthen the original tendencies of his nature. Our country was just
struggling into national existence. The public miud was full of ardor,
energy, and expectation. His early associates were men of powerful in-
tellect, who were engaged, to a great extent, in laying the foundations of
our government, and who have stamped the impress of their genius on
the institutions of their country. As the advocate of the Federal Con-
stitution, and a strenuous supporter of Washington's administration, he
was brought into habits of the closest intimacy with Alexander Hamil-
ton, John Jay, Oliver Wolcott, Timothy Pickering, and the other great
men on whom Washington relied for counsel and aid in organizing the
new government. The journal which he established at New York was
their organ of communication with the public, in the great commercial
emporium of the United States. He w;is thus placed on terms of con-
stant and confidential intercourse with the leading members of the cabi-
net, and the prominent supporters of Washington throughout the coun-
try. While he had their respect as a ready and energetic writer, he
enjoyed their counsel, imparted with the utmost freedom, as to the
manner in which he might best conduct the defense of their common
principles. The natural result, especially on a mind constituted like his,
was the formation of all his habits of thought and action into a resem-
' blance to theirs. Energy, self-reliance, fearlessness, the resolute defense
: ai^plvwhatever he thought right and useful, the strong hope of ultimate
jss, — these became the great elements of his intellectual character
He'^earried them with him, at a subsequent period, into all his literary
pursuits, and they sustained him under the pressure of difficulties which
•would have crushed the spirit of almost any other man.
One of the habits which Dr. Webster formed in this early course of
training, was that of arranging all his acquired knowledge in the most
exact order, and keeping the elements of progressive thought continually
within his reach. Although his memory was uncommonly quick and
tenacious, he saw, as the editor of a daily journal, how idle and unsafe it
is to rely on mere recollection for the immense mass of materials which
a public writer must have ever at command. He learnt, therefore, to
preserve documents of all kinds with the utmost care. All that he had
ever %vritten, all that had been written against him, everything that he
met with in newspapers or periodicals which seemed likely to be of use
at any future period, was carefully laid aside in its appropriate place, and
was ready at a moment's warning. He had also a particular mark by
which he denoted, in every work he read, all the new words, or new
senses of words, which came under his observation. He filled the margin
of liis books with notes and comments containing corrections of errors, a
comparison of dates, or references to corresponding passages in other
works, until his whole library became a kind of Index Berum, to which
he could refer at once for everything he had read.
Another habit, which resulted in part from his early pursuits, was that
of carrying on numerous and diversified employments at the same time.
To men of the present generation, Dr. Webster is known chiefly as a
learned philologist ; and the natural inference woidd be, that he spent
his whole life among liis books, and chiefly in devotion to a single class
of studies. The fact, however, was far otherivise. Though he was al-
ways a close student, — reading, thinking, and writing at every period of
his life, — he never withdrew himself from the active employments of
society. After his first removal to New Haven, he was for a number
of years one of the aldermen of the city, and judge of one of the State
courts. He also frequently represented that town in the legislature of
the State. During his residence at Amherst, he was called, in repeated
instances, to discharge similar duties, and spent a part of several winters
at Boston as a member of the General Court. He entered with zeal into
all the interests of the town and cotmty where he Uved, its schools and
academies, its agriculture and mechanic arts, its advance in taste and re-
finement. He gave freely of his time, his counsel, and the efforts of his
pen, when requested, in pubbc addresses, or through the medium of the
press, for the promotion of every kind of social improvement. Equally
large and diversified was the range of his intellectual pxrrsuits. There
was hardly any department of literature which he had not explored with
lively interest, at some period of his life. He wrote on a greater variety
of topics than perhaps any other author of the United States ; — on the
foundations of government, the laws of nations, the rights of neutrals,
the science of banking, the history of his country, the progress of dis-
eases, and the variations of climate ; on agriculture, commerce, educa-
tion, morals, religion, and the great means of national advancement, in
addition to the principal theme of his life, phUology and grammar. Such
was the activity of his mind, and the delight he found in new acquisi-
tions, that a change of employment was all the relief he needed from the
weariness of protracted study. The refreshment which others seek in
journeys, or the entire suspension of intellectual effort, he found, during
most of his life, in the stimulus afforded by some new and exciting object
of pursuit. Mental exertion was the native element of his soul ; and it
is not too much to say, that another instance of such long-continued lit-
erary toil, such steady, unfaltering industry, can hardly be found in the
annals of our country.
The last of those mental habits which will now be traced was that oS
original investigation, of thorough and penetrating research. The period
at which Dr. Webster came forward in public life was one, to an uncom-
mon extent, in which every important subject was discussed in its princi'
pies. It was a period when the foundations of our civil polity were laid,
and when such men as Hamilton, Madison, and Jay became " the ex-
pounders of the Constitution," and the advocates of the new government.
All things conspired to make the discussions of that day masterly exhi-
bitions of reasoning and profound investigation, — the character of the
men engaged, the conflict of great principles, and the weighty interests
suspended on the issue. Dr. Webster for some years took a large share
in these discussions, both in pamphlets and through the journal which
he conducted. The habits which he thus formed went with him into all
the literary pursuits of his subsequent life. They made him a bold,
original thinker, — thorough in all his investigations, and fearless in
proclaiming the results. He had no deference foi authority, except as
sustained by argument. He was i:o copyist, no mere compiler. Every-
thing he wrote, from a chapter in " The Prompter,'''' to his " Introduction
to the American Dictionary,''' bore the same impress of original thought,
personal observation, and independent inquiry.
It is imnecessary to say how perfectly tliese habits were adapted to pre-
pare Dr. Webber for the leading emplojTnent of his life, the production
of the American Dictionary. Nothing but liis eager pursuit of every
kind of knowledge, and his exact system in bringing all that he had ever
read completely under his command, could have enabled him to give in
his first edition more than twelve thousand words and forty thousand
definitions, which could then be found in no other similar work. Noth-
ing but his passion for original investigation prevented him from build-
ing, like Todd, on the foundation of Johnson, or arranging Home Tooke'a
etymologies, like Richardson, with some additions and improvements,
under their proper heads in a dictionary. But, commencing with the Di-
versions of Purley as the starting point of his researches, he was led by
the character of his mind to widen continually the field of his inquiries.
He passed from the Western languages to the Eastern, in tracing the
affinities of his native tongue. He established some of those great prin-
ciples which have made etymology a science, and led the way in that bril-
liant career of investigation by which the German philologists are throw-
ing so clear a light on the origin and filiation of the principal languages
of the globe. But into these studies he would never have entered, nor
even thought of attempting such a work as an original dictionary of the
English language, except under the impulse of those other traits, — that
sanguine temperament, that spirit of self-reliance, that fearless determi-
nation to carry out everj'thing that he thought useful and true, to its
utmost limits, — which were spoken of above, as forming the master
principle of his character. It is difficult to conceive, at the present day,
how rash and hopeless such an undertaking then appeared on tJie part of
any citizen of the United States. It was much as though we should now
hear of a similar design by one of the settlers of New Holland. He was
assailed with a storm of ridicule at home and abroad ; and even his best
friends, while they admired his constancy, and were fully convinced of
his erudition, had strong fears that he was engaged in a fruitless effort,
— that he would never have justice done him, in bringing his work before
the world under such adverse circumstances. Nothing, plainly, but un-
common ardor, boldness, and self-confidence, could have sustained him
under the pressure of these difficulties. But such qualities, it must be
confessed, notwithstanding all the support they afford, are not without
their disadvantages. They often lead to the adoption of hasty opinions,
especially in new and intricate inquiries. Of this Dr. Webster was aware.
He saw reason to change his views on many points, as he widened the
sphere of his knowledge. In such cases, he retracted his former state-
ments with the utmost frankness ; for he had not a particle of that pride
of opinion which makes men so often ashamed to confess an error, even
when they have seen and abandoned it. This ardor of mind is apt, also,
to lead men into a strength and confidence of statement which may wear
at times the aspect of dogmatism. If Dr. Webster should be thought by
any one to have erred in this respect, the error, it should be remembered,
was one of temperament — the almost necessary result of that bold, self-
relying spirit, without which no man could have undertaken, much less
have carried through, the Herculean task of preparing the American
Dictionary. Those, however, who knew him best, can testify that his
strength of statement, however great it might be, was never the result of
arrogance or presumption. He spoke from the mere frankness of his
nature ; he practiced no reserve ; he used none of that cautious phraseol-
ogy with which most men conceal their feelings, or gnard against miscon-
struction. He was an ardent lover of truth, and he spoke of the discov-
eries which he believed himself to have made, much as he would have
spoken of the same discoveries when made by others. He was aware
that there must be many things in a book like this, especially on a sci-
ence so imperfect in its development as etymology, which would not stand
the test of time. But he never doubted, even in the darkest seasons of
discouragement and obloquy, that he could at last produce such a work,
that the world "should not willingly let it die." The decision of the
public verified his anticipations, and freed him from the charge of pre-
sumption. Three very large editions, at a high price, have already been
exhausted in this country and England. The demand is stUi increasing-
MEMOIR OF NOAH WEBSTER.
XI
on both sides of the Atlantic ; and the author might well be gratified to
learn, tliat a gentleman who asked, some years since, at one of the prin-
cipal bookselling establishments of London, for the best English diction-
ary on their shelves, had this work handed to him, with the remark,
" That, sir, is the only real dictionai'y which we have of our language,
though it was prepared by an American."
In his social liabits, Dr. Webster was distinguished by dignified ease,
affability, and politeness. He was punctilious in liis observance of all the
nicer proprieties of life. There was nothing that annoyed him more, or
on which he remarked with greater keenness, than any violation of the
established rules of decorum, any disposition to meddle with the concerns
of others, or to encroach on the sanctity of those rights and feelings,
which, as they can not be protected by law, must owe their security to
delicacy of sentiment in an enlightened community. He liad an uncom-
mon degree of refinement in all his thoughts and feelings. Never, in his
most sportive or unguarded moments, did any sentiment escape him which
was coarse or vulgar. He had, in this respect, .Umost a feminine jjuvity
of mind. It miglit be truly said of him, as was remarked concerning
one of his distinguislied contemporaries in public life, that he was never
known to utter an expression which might not have been used with entire
freedom in the most refined female society. In his pecuniary transac-
tions, he was acknowledged by aU to be not only just, but liberal. It
was a principle with him, for life, never to be in debt. Everything was
paid for at the time of purchase. In all Ids dealings and social inter-
course, he was remarkably direct, frank, and open. He had but one
character, and that was " known and read of all men." Whatever faults
might be imputed to him, no one ever suspected him of double dealing ;
no one ever thought he was capable of a mean or dishonorable action.
In the discharge of his domestic duties. Dr. Webster was watchful,
consistent, and firm. Though immersed in study, he kept in his hands
the entire control of his fanxily arrangements, down to the minutest par-
ticulars. Everything was reduced to exact system ; all moved on with
perfect regularity and order, for method was the presiding principle of his
life. In the government of his children there was but one rule, and that
was instantaneous and entire obedience. This was insisted upon as right,
— as, in the nature of things, due by a child to a parent. He did not
rest his claim on any explanations, or on showing that the thing required
■was reasonable or beneficial. While he endeavored to make it clear to
his children that he sought their happiness in whatever he required, he
commanded as one having authority, and he enforced his commands to the
utmost, as a duty which he owed equally to his children and to God, who
had placed them under his control. He felt that on this subject there
had been a gradual letting down of the tone of public sentiment, which
•was much to be deplored. Many, in breaking away from the sternness
of Puritan discipline, have gone to the opposite extreme. They have
virtually abandoned the exercise of parental authority, and endeavored
to regulate the conduct of their children by reasoning and persuasion, —
by the mere presentation of motives, and not by the enforcement of com-
mands. If such persons succeed, as they rarely do, in preserving any-
thing like a comfortable state of subordination in their families, they fail
at least in the accomplishment of one g^reat end for which their offspring
were committed to their care. They send forth their children into life
without any of those habits of submission to lawful authority which are
essential to the character of a good citizen and a useful member of soci-
ety. In the intellectual training of his children, on the other hand, Dr.
Webster had much less of system and compUcated machinery than many
are disposed to adopt. His great principle was not to overdo, — to let na-
ture have free scope, and to leave the development of the mind, within
certain limits, to the operation of awakened curiosity directed to its
proper objects. He therefore threw open his extensive library to his
children at an early period of their lives, and said, 11 the words of Cotton
Mather, " Read, and you wUl know." He felt that children should learn
to acquire knowledge by severe effort ; that the prevailing disposition to
make everything easy is unphUosophical and wrong ; that the great ob-
ject of early training is to form the mind into a capacity of surmounting
intellectual difficulties of any and every kind. In his view, also, the
young have much to learn in early Ufe, the use of which they can not
then comprehend. They must learn it by rote, particularly the spelling
of so complicated a language as ours ; and all those systems which lead
forward children no faster than they can understand and apply every
word they spell, he considered as radically erroneous. He wished, on the
contrary, at this early period of ready memory and limited comprehen-
sion, to store the mind with many things which would afterward be found
of indispensable use ; thhigs which are learnt with the utmost reluctance,
or rather, in most eases, are not learnt at all, in the more advanced stages
of intellectual progress. He felt that there must necessarily be much of
drudgery in the formation of a tlioroughly educated mind. He thought
it wise, therefore, to commence those tasks which it involves, from the
earliest period at which the youthful intellect can endure them. Upon
these principles he constructed his Spelling Book, and other works for the
use of children. He designed to make them instructive, and not mere
books of amusement. Whether his views were incorrect or unphilosoph-
ical, the public will judge.
In respect to religion. Dr. Webster was a firm believer, during a large
part of his life, in the great distinctive doctrines of our Puritan ancestors,
whose character he always regarded with the highest veneration. There
was a period, however, from the time of his leaving college to the age
of forty, when he had doubts as to some of those doctrines, and rested
in a different system. Soon after he graduated, being uncertain what
business to attempt, or by what means he could obtain subsistence, he
felt his mind greatly perplexed, and almost overwhelmed with gloomy
apprehensions. In this state, as he afterward informed a friend, he read
Johnson's "Rambler" with unusual interest ; and, in closing the last vol-
ume, he made a firm resolution to pursue a course of virtue through life,
and to perform every moral and social duty witli scrupulous exactness,.
To this he added a settled belief in the inspiration of the Scriptures and
the governing providence of God, connected with highly reverential views
of the divine character and perfections. Here he rested, placing his chief
i-eliance for salvation on a faithful discharge of all the relative duties
of Ufe, though not to the entire exclusion of dependence on the merits of
tl'.e Redeemer. In tliis state of mind he remained, though with some
misgiving and frequent fluctuations of feeling, to the winter of 1807-8.
At that time, there was a season of general religious interest at New
Havjn, under tlie ministry of the Rev. Moses Stuart, now a professor in
tlie Andover Theological Seminary. To this Dr. Webster's attention was
firet directed by observing an unusual degree of tenderness and solemnity
of feeling in all the adult members of his family. He was thus led to
reconsider his former views, and inquire, with an earnestness which he
had never felt before, into the nature of personal religion, and the true •
ground cf man's acceptance with God. He had now to decide not for
himself only, but, to a certain extent, for others, whose spiritual int^wjAlf^''
ests were committed to his charge. Under a sense of this responsihifi|^^^ ••
he took up the study of the Bible with painful solicitude. As he^iid-
vanced, the objections which he had formerly entertained against the
humbling doctrines of the gospel were wholly removed. He felt their
truth in his own experience. He felt that salvation must be wholly of
grace. He felt constrained, as he afterward told a friend, to cast him-
self down before God, confess his sins, implore pardon through the merits
of the Redeemer, and there to make his vows of entire obedience to the
commands and devotion to the service of his Maker. With his charac-
teristic promptitude, he instantly made known to his family the feelings
which he entertained. He called them together the next morning, and
told them, with deep emotion, that, while he had aimed at the faithful
discharge of all his duties as their parent and head, he had neglected one
of the most important — that of family prayer. After reading the Scrip-
tures, he led them, with deep solemnity, to the throne of grace, and from
that time continued the practice, with the liveliest interest, to the period
of his death. He made a public profes^iion of religion in April, 1808,
His two oldest daughters united with him in the act- and another, only
twelve years of age, was soon added to the number.
In his religious feehngs. Dr. Webster was remarkably equable and
cheerful. He had a very strong sense of the providence of God, as ex-
tending to the minutest concerns of life. In this he found a source of
continual support and consolation, under the severe labors and numerous
trials which he had to endure. To the same divine hand he habitually
referred all his enjoyments ; and it was known to his family that he
rarely, if ever, took the slightest refreshment, of any kind, even between
meals, without a momentary pause, and a silent tribute to God as the
giver. He made the Scriptures his daily study. After the completion
of Ids Dictionary, especially, they were always lying on his table, and he
probably read them more than all other books. He felt, from that
time, that the labors of his life were ended, and that little else remained
but to prepare for death. With a grateful sense of past mercies, a cheer-
ing consciousness of present support, and an animating hope of future
blessedness, he waited with patience until his appointed change should
come.
During the spring of 1843, Dr. Webster revised the Appendix of his
Dictionary, and added some hundreds of words. He completed the print-
ing of it about the middle of May. It was the closing act of his life.
His hand rested, in its last labors, on the volume which he had com-
menced thirty-six years before. Within a few days, in calling on a num-
ber of friends in different parts of the town, he walked, during one after-
noon, between two and three miles. The day was chilly, and immediately
after his return, he was seized with faintness and a severe oppression on
his lungs. An attack of peripneumonia followed, which, though not
alarming at first, took a sudden turn after four or five days, with fearful
indications of a fatal result. It soon became necessary to inform him
that he was in imminent danger. He received the communication with
surprise, but with entire composure. His health had been so good, and
every bodily function so perfect in its exercise, that he undoubtedly
expected to live some years longer. But though suddenly called, he was
completely ready. He gave some characteristic directions as to the dis-
posal of his body after death. He spoke of his long Ufe as one of uni-
form enjoyment, because filled up at every stage with active labors for
some valuable end. He expressed his entire resignation to the will of
God, and his unshaken trust in the atoning blood of the Redeemer. It
was an interesting coincidence, that his former pastor, the Rev. Mr. Stu-
art, who received him to the church thirty-five years before, had just
arrived at New Haven on a visit to his friends. He called immediately;
and the interview brought into affecting comparison the beginning and
xu
MEMOIR OF NOAH WEBSTER.
the end of that long period of consecration to the service of Christ. The
same hopea which had cheered the vigor of manhood were now shedding
a softened light over the decay and sufferings of age. "I know whom
I have believed," — such was the solemn and affecting testimony which
he gave to his friend, while the hand of death was upon him, — " I know
whom I have believed, and that he is able to. keep that which I have
committed to him against that day." Thus, witliout one doubt, one
fear, he resigned Ms soul into the hands of his Maker, and died on the
28th day of May, 1843, in the eighty-fifth year of his age.
In his person. Dr. Webster was taU, and somewhat slender, remarkably
erect tliroughout life, and moving, even in his advanced years, with a
light and elastic step.
Dr. Webster's wdow survived him more than four years, and died on
the 25th day of June, 1847, in the eighty-second year of her age. He had
seven children who arrived at maturity, — one son, William G. Webster,
Esq., who resides at New Haven, and six daughters. Of these, tlie old-
est is married to the Hon. William W. Ellsworth, of Hartford, late gov-
ernor, and now judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut ; the second
AugusU 1847.
to the author of this sketch ; tlie third, now deceased, was first married
to Edward Cobb, Esq., of Portland, Maine, and afterward to the Rev.
Professor Fowler, of Amherst, Mass. ; the fourth, also deceased, was
married to Horatio Southgate, Esq., of Portland, Maine, and left at her
death a daughter, who was adopted by Dr. Webster, and is now married
to Henry Trowbridge, Jun., Esq., of New Haven ; tlie fifth is married to
the Rev. Henry Jones, of Bridgeport, Coim. ; and the sixth remains
unmarried, in the family of her brother.
In conclusion, it may be said tliat tlie name of NoAH Webster, from
tlie wide circulation of some of his works, is known familiarly to a
greater number of the inhabitants of the United States, tlian the name,
probably, of any other individual except the Father of his Countky.
Whatever influence he thus acquired was used at all times to promote
tlie best interests of his fellow-men. His books, though read by millions,
have made no man woree. To multitudes they have been of lasting
benefit, not only by the course of early training they liave furnished, but
by those precepts of wisdom and virtue with which almost every page is
stored.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1828.
In the year 1783, just at the close of the Revolution, I published an
elementary book for facilitating the acquisition of our vernacular tongue,
and for correcting a vicious pronunciation which prevailed extensively
among the common people of this country. Soon after the publication
of that work, — I believe in the follo-ndng year, — that learned and
respectable scholar, the Rev. Dr. Goodrich, of Durham, one of tlie
trustees of Yale College, suggested to me the propriety and expediency of
my compiling a Dictionary which should complete a system for the in-
struction of the citizens of this country in the lang^iage. At that time, I
could not indulge the thought, much less the hope, of undertaking such
a work, as I was neither qualified by research, nor had I the means of
support, during the execution of the work, had I been disposed to under-
take it. For many years, therefore, though I considered such a work as
very desirable, yet it appeared to me impracticable, as I was under the
necessity of devoting my time to other occupations for obtaining sub-
sistence.
About thirty-five years ago, I began to think of attempting the compi-
lation of a Dictionary. I was induced to this undertaking, not more
by the suggestion of friends, than by my own experience of the want of
such a work while reading modem books of science. In this pursuit
I found almost insuperable difficulties, from the want of a dictionary
for explaining many new words which recent discoveries in the physical
sciences had introduced into use. To remedy this defect in part, I
published my Compendious Dictionary in 180G, and soon after made
preparations for undertaking a larger work.
My original design did not extend to an investigation of the origin and
progress of our language, much less of other languages. I limited my
views to the correcting of certain errors in the best English dictionaries,
and to the supplying of words in which they are deficient. But after
writing through two letters of the alphabet, I determined to change my
plan. I found myself embarrassed, at every step, for want of a knowl-
edge of the origin of words, which Johnson, Bailey, Junhjs, Skinner,
and some other authors, do not afford the means of obtaining. Then,
laying aside my manuscripts, and all books treating of language, except
lexicons and dictionaries, I endeavored, by a diligent comparison of
words having the same or cognate radical letters, in about twenty lan-
guages, to obtain a more correct knowledge of the primary sense of orig-
inal words, of the affinities between the English and many other lan-
guages, and thus to enable myself to trace words to their source.
I had not pursued this course more than three or four years before
I discovered that I had to unlearn a great deal that I had spent years
in learning, and that it was necessary for me to go back to the first
rudiments of a branch of erudition which I had before cultivated, as
I had supposed, with success.
I spent ten years in this comparison of radical words, and in forming a
Synopsis of the principal Words in twenty Languages, arranged in Classes
under their primary Elements or Letters. The result has been to open
what are to me new views of language, and to unfold what appear to
be the genuine principles on which these languages are constructed.
After completing this Synopsis, I proceeded to correct what I had
written of the Dictionary, and to complete the remauiing part of the
work. But before I had finished it, I determined on a voyage to Europe,
with the view of obtaining some books and some assistance which I
wanted, of learning the real state of the pronunciation of our language
in England, as well as the general state of phUology in that country,
and of attempting to bring about some agreement or coincidence of
opinions in regard to misettled points in pronunciation and grammatical
construction. In some of these objects, I failed ; in others, my designs
were a.iswered.
It is not only important, but in a degree necessary, that the people of
this country should have an American Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage ; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England,
and it is desirable to perpetuate that sameness, yet some differences must
exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one
countr}' can not preserve an identity of ideas, they can not retain an iden-
tity Oi language. Now, an identity of ideas depends materially upon a
sameness of things or objects with which the people of the two countries
are conversant. But in no two portions of the earth, remote from each
other, can such identity be found. Even physical objects must be differ-
ent. But the principal differences between the people of this countiy
and of all others arise from different forms of government, different
laws, institutions, and customs. Thus the practice of hawking and hunU
ing, the institution of heraldry and the feudal system of England, origi-
nated terms which formed, aud some of wliich now form, a necessary
part of tlie language of that country ; but, in the United States, many
of these terras are no part of our present language, and they can not be,
for the things which they express do not exist in this country. They
can be known to us only as obsolete or as foreign words. On the other
hand, the institutions in this country which are new and peculiar g^ive rise
to new terms, or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people
of England, which can not be explained by them, and which will not be
inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ours. Thus the terms
land-office, land-warrant, location of land, consociation of churches, regent
of a university, intendant of a city, plantation, selectmen, senate, congress,
court, assembly, escheat, etc., are either words not belonging to the lan-
guage of England, or they are applied to things in this countiy which do
not exist in that. No person in this country wiU be satisfied with the
English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, etc. ;
for although these are words used in England, j'et they are applied in
this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country.
With our present constitutions of government, escheat can never have its
feudal sense in the United States.
But this is not all. In many cases, the nature of our governments and
of our civil institutions requires an appropriate language in the definition
of words, even when the words express the same thing as in England.
Thus the English dictionaries inform us that a Justice is one deputed
by the king to do right by way of judgment ; he is a lord by his office ;
justices of the peace are appointed by the king^s commission — language
which is inaccurate in respect to this officer in the United States. So
constitutionally is defined, by Chalmers, legally; but in this country the
distinction between constitution and law requires a different definition.
Ill the United States, a plantation is a very different thing from wtat it
is in England. The word marshal, in this country, has one important
application unknown in England, or in Europe.
A great number of words in our language require to be defined in
a phraseologj- accommodated to the condition and institutions of the
people in these States, and the people of England must look to an
American Dictionary for a correct understanding of such terms.
The necessity, therefore, of a dictionary suited to the people of the
United States is obvious ; and I should suppose that, this fact being
admitted, there could be no difference of opinion as to the time when
such a work ought to be substituted for Enghsh dictionaries.
There are many other considerations of a public nature which serve to
justify this attempt to furnish an American work which shall be a guide
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION OF 1847.
xiu
to tho youth of the United States. Most of these are too obvious to
require illustration.
One consideration, however, which is dictated by my own feelingrs, but
which, I ti'ust, will meet with approbation in correspondent feelings in
my fellow-citizens, ought not to be passed in silence. It is this : " The
chief glory of a nation," says Dr. Johnson, "arises from its authors."
With this opinion deeply impressed on my mind, I have the name
ambition wliich actuated that gi-eat man when he expressed a wish to
give celebrity to Bacon, to Hookek, to Milton, and to Boyle.
I do not, indeed, expect to add celebrity to the names of Franklin,
Washington, Auams, Jay, Madison, Mai«shall, Kamsay, Dwight,
Smith, Ti!umbull, Hamilton, Belknap, Ajles, Mason, Kent, Hake,
SiLUMAN, Cleaveland, Walsh, Irving, and many other Americans
distinguished by their writings or by their science ; but it is with pride
and satisfaction that I can place them, as authorities, on the same page
with those of Boyle, Hooker, Milton, Dkyden, Addison, Kay. Mij>
NEK, CowPER, Davy, Thomson, and Jameson.
A life devoted to reading and to an investigation of the origin and prin-
ciples of our vernacular language, and especially a particular examina-
tion of the best English writers, with a view to a. comparison of their
style and phraseology with those of the best American writei-s, and with
oiu- colloquial usage, enables me to affirm, with confidence, that the gen-
uine English idiom is as well preserved by the umiiixed English of this
country as it is by the best English writei-s. ... It is true that many of
our writers have neglected to cultivate taste and the embellishments
of style ; but even these have written the language in its genuine idiom.
In this respect, Franklin and Washin<;ton, whose language is their
hereditary mother tongue, unsophisticated by modern granmiar, present
as pure models of genuine English as Addison or Swift. But I may
go further, and affirm, with ti-uth, that our country has produced some of
the best models of composition. The style of President Smith ; of the
authoi-s of the Federalist ; of Mr. Ames ; of Dr. Mason ; of Mr.
Hakper ; of ChanceUor Kent ; [the prose] of Mr. Barlow ; of Dr.
Channing ; of Washington Irving ; of the legal decisions of the
Supreme Court of the United States ; of the reports of legal decisions
in some of the particular States ; and many other writings, — in purity,
in elegance, and in technical precision, is equaled only by that of the best
British authors, and surpassed by that of no English compositions of a
similar kind.
The United States commenced their existence under circumstances
wholly novel and unexampled in the history of nations. Tliey com-
menced with civilization, with learning, with science, vrith constitutions
of free government, and vnth that best gift of God to man, the Christian
religion. Their population is now equal to that of England ; in arts and
New Haven, 1828.
sciences, our citizens are very little behind the most enlightened people
on earth, — in some respects they have no superiors ; and our language,
within two centuries, will be spoken by more people in this country than
any other language on earth, except the Chinese, in Asia — and even that
may not be an exception.
It has been my aim in this work, now offered to my fellow-citizens, to
ascertain the true principles of the language, in its orthography and
structure ; to purify it from some palpable errors, and reduce the number
of its anomalies, thus giving it more regularity and consistency in its
forms, both of words and sentences ; and in this manner to furnish a
standard of our vernacular tongue, which we shall not be ashaiiied to be-
queath to Jive hundred luillions of peojile, who are destined to occupj',
and I hope to adorn, the vast territory within our jurisdiction.
If the language can be improved in regularity, so as to be more easily
acquired by our own citizens and by foreigners, and thi's be rendered a
more useful instrument for the propagation of science, arts, civilization,
and Christianity ; if it can be rescued from the mischievous influence of
sciolists, and that dabbling spirit of innovation which is perpetually dis-
turbing its settled usages and filling it with anomalies ; if, in short, our
vernacular language can be n-deemed from corruptions, and our philology
and literature from degradation, — it would be a source of great satisfac-
tion to me to be one among the instruments of promoting these valuable
objects. If this object can not be effected, and my wishes and hopes
are to be frustrated, my labor wiU be lost, and this work must sink into
obhvion.
This Dictionary, like all others "of the kind, must be left, in some
degree, imperfect ; for what individual is competent to trace to their
source, and define in all their various applications, popular, scientific,
and technical, seventy or eighiy thousand words! It satisfies my mind
that I have done all that my health, my talents, and my pecuniary means
■would enable me to accomplish. I present it to my fellow-citizens, not
with frigid indifference, but with my ardent wishes for their improve-
ment and their happiness ; and for the continued increase of the wealth,
the learning, the moral and religious elevation of character, and the
glory, of my coimtry.
To that great and benevolent Being, who, during the preparation of
this work, has sustained a feeble constitution, amidst obstacles and toils,
disappointments, infii-mities, and depression, — who has \)onie me and
my manuscripts in safety across the Atlantic, and given me strength and
resolution to bring the work to a close, — I would present the tribute of
my most grateful acknowledgments. And if the talent which he in-
trusted to my care has not been put to the most profitable use in his
service, I hope it has not been "kept laid up in a napkin," and that any
misapplication of it msy be graciously forgiven.
NOAH WEBSTER,
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION OF 1847.
The demand for The Asierican Dictionaky of the English Lan-
guage has increased so rapidly within a few years past, that the publish-
ers have felt the necessity of its being stereotyped, for the greater con-
venience of the public, in a single quarto volume. In deciding upon this
measure, they were desirous that the work should be thoroughly revised
anew, and that each department which it embraces should be brought
down, as far as possible, to the latest advances of science, literature, and
the arts, at the present day. With this view, it was placed in the hands
of the Rev. Chauncey A. Goodrich, Professor in Yale CoUege, as one
of the members of Dr. Webster's family, in the expectation of his ob-
taining such additional aid as might be necessary for the accomplishment
of this design. The Editor has not acted, however, upon his o^vn per-
sonal responsibility in executing this trust. He has, from time to time,
laid open the sheets to the inspection of the other members of the fam-
ily ; and no important alterations have been made, especially in any of
the leading characteristics of the work, except with the concurrence, or
at the request, of Dr. Webster's legal representatives. In laying before
the public an edition thus prepared, the fruit of nearly three years of
care and attention, the Editor will be expected to make some brief state-
ment of the principles on which he has conducted the revision, and the
result of Ms labors, as exhibited in the present volume.
This work was first published, in two quarto volumes, in the year 1828.
At the expiration of tv/elve years, or in the years 1840^1, a second edition
was published by the Author, in two royal octavo volumes. Of this he
thus speaks in the Advertisement prefixed : " The improvements in this
edition of the American Dictionary consist chiefly in the addition of
several thousand words to the vocabulary, the division of words into syl-
lables, and the correction of definitions in several of the sciences, which
are made conformable to recent discoveries and classifications. For the
latter improvements, the Author is indebted chiefly to Professor Tully,
of the Medical CoUege in New Haven. To these improvements may be
added the introduction and explanation of many phrases from foreign
languages, frequently used by English authors, and in conversation ; and
also of many foreign terms used in books of music." In conducting this
revision. Dr. Webster was aided in some part of his labors by his son,
William G. Webster, Esq., of New Haven ; who, also, at a subse-
quent period, prepared the revised Addenda, under the direction of his
father. The later improvements of the Author, down to the period of
his death, are here inserted under their proper heads, from the manu-
scripts which he left. By these successive revisions, and the one which
has now been made, new matter, to the amount of more than three hun-
dred pages, has been added to the work ; aU of which, by the use of a
smaller type, and by careful compression, is now brought within the com-
pass of this volume. Of the course pursued in the revision it wLU now
be proper briefly to speak.
In respect to the Etymologies, the Editor has not considered it as lying
within his province to make any material alterations. In a very few
eases of obvious necessity, some slight change has been made. But the
chief labor, in reference to this part of the work, has been bestowed on
the difficult task of giving with accuracy the numerous words from Ori-
ental and foreign languages, which are used in tracing the origin of our
own.
The chief value of a dictionary consists in its Definitions ; — in giving a
clear, full, and accurate exhibition of all the various shades of meaning
which belong, by established usage, to the words of a language. It is
in this respect, especially, that Dr. Webster's Dictionary has been gen-
erally considered superior to every other, both of this country and of
England. To this point, therefore, the labors of the Editor have been
mainly directed. No efforts have been spared to obtain the most recent
and valuable works, not only in lexicography, but in the various depart-
ments of science and the arts embraced in the American Dictionary. As
these su'.bjects are in a state of continual progress, every important word,
XIV
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION OF 1847.
in its various applications, has been diligently examined and compared
•with the statements made on each topic, by the latest and most approved
authorities. Smart's English Dictionary, in the edition of 18-K5, has been
carefully collated with this work, and also the unfinished one [Craig's],
in a coui'se of publication by Gilbert, so far as the numbers have ap-
peared. Reference has likewise constantly been made to Richardson's
Dictionary, — although this had been previously examined by Dr. Web-
ster, — and also to the Analytical Dictionary of Booth. Eacli of the
articles in Brande's Encyclopedia of Science, Literature, and Art, has
been collated with the corresponding portions of this Dictionary, as the
starting-point, when necessary, of investigation in larger treatises. The
Penny Cyclopedia has been consulted at every step, especially in mattere
of science; and the Encyelopasdia Americana (based on the German
Conversations-Lexikon) has been relied upon, particularly on subjects of
Continental literature, philosophy, history, art, etc. In order to secure
greater accuracy, numerous special dictionaries or vocabularies, confined
to some single department, have also been collated with this work ; and
the ablest treatises on important branches of science and art have been
diligently examined. In architecture, the cliief reliance has been placed
on the Oxford Glossary of Architecture (1845), and the Encyclopedia of
Architecture (1842,, by Gwilt, author of the articles on this subject in
Brande's Encyclopedia. In agriculture, Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopedia
(1844), and Gardner's Farmer's Dictionary (1840) have been chiefly used.
In general antiquities, the large treatise of Fosbroke has been frequently
consulted ; while in classical antiquities, the principal reliance has been
placed on the recent Dictionary of Sfnith (184()), as a work of the highest
authority. In respect to the antiquities of the church, the elaborate
work of Coleman (1841) has been frequently consulted ; and Hook's
Church Dictionary (1844) has been collated throughout, with reference to
the rites, ceremonies, vestments, etc., of the Church of England, and
also of the Roman Catholic and Greek churches. In botany, use has
principally been made of the writings of Lindley and Loudon. In
Natural History, Partington's British Cyclopedia of Natural History
(1835-37), and Jardine's Naturalist's Library (1834-43), have been much
consulted, in connection with the articles on these subjects in the Penny
Cyclopedia and similar works. In geology, mineralogy, and some asso-
ciated branches of natural history, Humble's Dictionary of terms in
these departments (1840) has been compared with this work throughout.
In respect to mercantile subjects, banking, coins, weights, measures, etc.,
M'Culloch's Commercial Dictionaa-y (1845) has been collated at every
step, as the standard work on these subjects. In manufactures and
the arts, Dr. Ure's Dictionary of Manufactures, Arts, and Mines, with
its Supplement (1845), has been relied upon as of the highest authority.
In engineering and mechanical philosophy, Hebert's Engineer's and
Mechanic's Cyclopedia (1842) has been carefully collated, with a constant
reference to the more popular and recent Dictionaries of Francis, Grier,
and Buchanan, in the editions of 1846. In seamanship, the Dictionary of
Marine Terms, in Lieutenant Totten's Naval Text-Book (1841), has been
taken as a guide. In military affairs, the Dictionary of Campbell (1844)
has been followed, in connection with the more extended articles con-
tained in Brande and the Penny Cyclopedia, on the kindred topics. In
the fine arts, much use has been made of the Dictionary of Elmes. In
domestic economy, the Encyclopedia of Webster and Parkes on this sub-
ject (1844) has furnished many important statements, on a great variety
of topics, presented for the first time in a scientific form ; and to this has
been added Cooley's Cyclopedia of Practical Receipts (1846), as exhibit-
ing much collateral information in respect to the arts, manufactures, and
trades. Such, in general, are the authorities which have been relied on in
this revision.
But it is obviously impossible for any one mind to embrace with accu-
rary all the various departments of knowledge which are now brought
within the compass of a dictionary. Hence arise most of the errors and
inconsistencies which abound in works of this kind. To avoid these as
far as possible, especially in matters of science, the Editor at first made
an arrangement with Dr. Jajvies G. Peecpv^al, who had rendered im-
portant assistance to Dr. Webster in the edition of 1828, to take the entire
charge of revising the scientific articles embraced in this work. This re-
vision, however, owing to causes beyond the control of either party ,^ was
extended to but little more than two letters of the alphabet ; and the
Editor then obtained the assistance of his associates in office, and of
other gentlemen in various professional employments. To these he would
now return his acknowledgments for the aid they have afforded. The
articles on law have been collated with Blackstone, and with Bouvier's
Law Dictionary, by the Hon. Eliztje Goodeich, formerly Professor of
Law in Yale College, and the errors discovered, which were few in num-
ber, have been carefully corrected. The departments of ecclesiastical
history and ancient philosophy have been thoroughly revised by the Rev.
James Murdoch, D. D., late Professor in the Andover Theological
Seminary, who has furnished, in many instances, new and valuable
definitions. The terms in chemistry have been submitted to Professor
SiLLEViAN, of Yale College ; and whatever changes were requisite in the
explanations have been made under his direction. In the departments of
botany, anatomy, physiologry, medicine, and some branches of natural
history. Dr. Webster received assistance, in the revision of 1840, as men-
tioned above, from Dr. Wtt.tjam TuiiT, late Professor in the Medical
Institution of Yale College. StUl further aid has been received from tlie
same source in tlie present revision, and much of the accuracy of this
work, in these branches, will be found owing to the valuable assistance
he has thus afforded. On topics connected with Oriental literature, aid
has frequently been obtained from Professor Gibbs, of Yale College. A
part of the articles on astronomy, meteorology, and natural philosophy,
in the edition of 182iS, passed under the revision of Professor Olmsted,
of Yale College. Tliis revision has now been extended to all the articles
on these subjects throughout the work, and new definitions have been
furnished in numerous instances. The definitions in mathematics, after
having been compared with those given in the Dictionaries of Hutton
and of Barlow, have been submitted to Professor Stakley, of Yale
College, and the alterations have, in all cases, been made under his direc-
tion. In the sciences of geology and mineralogj', a thorough revision of
the whole volume has been made by James D. Dana, Esq., Geologist
and Mineralogist of the United States Exploring Expedition, and asso-
ciate editor of the American Journal of Science and Arts, to whom the
editor is likewise indebted for assistance on various other subjects, which
has greatly enhanced the value of the work. In practical astronomy,
and the science of entomology, aid lias been frequently received from
Edward C. Herrick, Esq., Librarian of Yale College. Tlie articles on
painting and the fine arts have, to a great extent, passed under the
inspection of Nathaniel Jocelyn, Esq., Painter, of New Haven, and
new definitions have in many cases been furnished.
A correspondence has likewise been carried on with literary friends in
England, and especially with one of the contributora to the Penny Cyclo-
pedia, with a view to obtain information on certain jjoints, in respect to
which nothing definite could be learned from any books within the reach
of the Editor. Extended lists of words have been transmitted for exami-
nation, and returned with ample notes and explanations. Much obscu-
rity has thus been removed in respect to the use of terms which have
a peculiar sense in England, especially some of frequent occurrence at
the univei-sities, in the circles of trade, and in the familiar intercourse
of life. To the friends who have given their assistance in these various
departments the Editor would return his cordial thanks. Whatever
improvement the work may have gained from this revision, in respect
to clearness, accuracy, and fullness of definition, wiU be found owing, in
a great degree, to the aid which they have thus afforded.
With regard to the insertion of new words, the Editor has felt much
hesitation and embarrassment. Some thousands have been added in the
course of this revision, and the number might have been swelled to many
thousands more, without the slightest difficulty. There is, at the present
day, especially in England, a boldness of innovation on this subject which
amounts to absolute licentiousness. A hasty introduction into our dic-
tionaries, of new terms, under such circumstances, is greatly to be depre-
cated. Our vocabulary is already encumbered with a multitude of words,
which have never formed a permanent part of EngUsh literature, and it
is a serious evil to add to their number. Nothing, on the contrary, is so
much needed as a thorough expurgation of our dictionaries in this respect
— the rejection of many thousands of words, which may properly find a
place in the glossaries of antiquarians, as a curious axhibition of what
has been proposed, but never ado]ited, as a part of our language, but
which, for that reason, can have no claim to stand in a dictionarj' desigrned
for general use. All words, indeed, which are necessary to an under-
standing of our great writers, such as Bacon, Spenser, Shakespeare, etc.,
ought, though now obsolete, to be carefully retained ; and in the present
revision a considerable number of this class have been introduced for
the first time. Other words have likewise been admitted, to a limited
extent, namely, the f amiHar terms of common Uf e in England, which have
been much used of late by poijular writers in Great Britain. Many of
these need to be explained for the benefit of the readers in this country ;
and, if marked as " famihar," " colloquial," or " low," according to their
true character, they may be safely inserted in our dictionaries, and are
entitled to a place there, as forming a constituent part of our written and
spoken langruage. One of the most difficult questions on this subject re-
lates to the introduction of technical and scientific terms. Most of our
general dictionaries are, at present, without any plan as to the extent and
proportion in which such words should be inserted ; nor can they ever be
reduced to order until each department is revised by men of science who
are intimately acquainted with the cnbjects, and who are competent to
decide what terms ought to be admitted into a general dictionary, and
what terms should be reserved for special dictiouaries devoted to distinct
branches of science. Sometliing of this kind, on a limited scale, has
been attempted in the progress of this revision. Lists of words have
been obtained from the gentlemen mentioned above which might properly
be inserted in this volume ; and very few terras of this class have been
admitted except under their direction. In accordance with their advice,
a small number have been excluded ; but in this respect the Editor has
not felt at liberty to carry out his views in their full extent.
In respect to -dweri'cani'sms, properly so called, it is known to those
who are conversant with the subject, that they are less numerous than
has been generally supposed. Most of those famihar words, especially of
our older States, which have been considered as pecuUar to our country,
were brought by our ancestors from Great Britain, and are still in
constant use there as local terms. The recent investigations of Forby.
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION OF 1847.
XV
Holloway, and Halliwell have thrown much light on this subject ; and tlie
names of these authors are, therefore, frequently placed under the words
in question, to indicate their origin and their present use in England.
Notes have also been added to some words which are peculiar to our
country ; but their number is comparatively small.
In reference to Orthography, some important alterations have been
made, but in strict conformity, it is believed, with the Author's princi-
ples on tliis subject. Tlie changes in our orthography recommended by
Dr. Webster are of two distinct kinds, and rest on very dift'erent grounds.
These it may be proper for a moment to consider. His main principle
■was, that the tendencies of our language to greater simplicity and broader
analogies ought to be tvatched and cherished with the utmost care. He felt,
therefore, that whenever a movement toward wider analogies and more
general rules had advanced so far as to leave but few exceptions to
impede its progress, those exceptions ought to be set aside at once, and
the analogy rendered complete. On this ground, he rejected the « from
such words as favour, labour, etc. Of these we have a large number,
■which came to us, in most cases, from Latin terminations in or, througli
the Norman French, but encumbered with the silent «, as in emperour,
authour, editoiir, etc. From this entire class, except about twenty words,
the u has been gradually dropped ; and in respect to these, scarcely any
two persons can be found, however strenuous for retaining it, who are in
practice consistent with each other, or with themselves, as to the words
in which this letter is used. In fact, we have reached a point where,
unless we take Webster and the dictionaries which agree with him as
our guide, we have no standard on the subject ; for Johnson, Walker, and
others retain the u in numerous words into which no one would think
of introducing it at the present day. Public convenience, therefore,
demands that we do at once what must ultimately be done. No one can
believe that the progress of our language ■will be arrested on this subject.
The u will speedily be omitted in all words of this class, unless, from
the sacredness of its associations, it be retained in Saviour, which may
stand for a time as a soUtary exception. Nor is it Dr. Webster who is the
innovator in this case, but the English mind, which has for two centuries
been throwing off a useless encumbrance, and moving steadily on toward
greater simplicity in the structure of our language. Such, too, is the
case with certain terminations in -re, pronounced like -er; as, centre, metre,
etc. We have numerous words of this class, derived from the French, all
of which originally ended in -re; as, cider (cidre), chamber (chambre), etc.
These have been gradually conformed to the English spelling and pro-
nunciation, till the number in -re is reduced to not far from twenty words,
■with their derivatives ; and in respect to them also the process is still
going on. Center is, to a considerable extent, the spelling of the best
mathematical writers. Meter is the word given by Walker in his Ehjan-
ing Dictionary, from a sense of the gross inconsistency of attacliing to
this word and its derivative, diameter, a different termination. Others
are gradually undergoing the same change. Dr. Webster proposes, there-
fore, to complete the analogy at once, and conform the spelling of the
few that remain to the general principles of our language. Acre, lucre,
and massacre present the only difficulty, from their liability, if changed,
to be mispronounced, and may therefore be suffered to stand as necessary
exceptions. Another departure from the principles of English orthogra-
phy which Dr. Webster has endeavored to correct, is one that was pointed
out by Walker, in very emphatic terms, nearly fifty years ago. The
principle in question is this, — that, in adding to a word the formatives
-ing, -ed, -er, etc., a single consonant (if one precedes) is doubled when the
accent falls on the last syllable, as in forgetting, beginning, etc., but is not
doubled when the accent falls on any of the preceding syllables, as in benefit-
ing, gardening, etc. Walker, in his fifth Aphorism, says, "Dr. Lowth
justly remarks that an error frequently takes place in the words worship-
ping, counselling, etc., which, ha-ving the accent on the first syllable,
ought to be written worshiping, counseling. An ignorance of this rule
has led many to ■write bigotted, for bigoted ; and from this spelling has
frequently arisen a false pronunciation. But no letter seems to be more
frequently doubled improperly than I. Why we should write libelling,
levelling, revelling, and yet offering, suffering, reasoning, I am totally at
a loss to determine ; and unless I can give a better plea than any other
letter of the alphabet for being doubled in this situation, I must, in the
style of Lucian, in his trial of the letter T, declare for an expulsion."
These -tt'ere the deliberate and latest opinions of Walker. If he had
taken the trouble to carry them into his vocabulary, instead of relying
on a mere remark of this kind for the correction of the error, — if he
had simply stated, under about forty verbs, how the participle should be
spelt (for he did not give participles in his Dictionary), and had altered
six or eight words, as worshipper into worshiper, traveller into traveler,
etc., the error would probably, by this time, have been wholly eradicated
from our orthography, and Dr. Webster woidd have escaped much igno-
rant vituperation for foUo^wing in the footsteps of Walker and of Lowth.
Ne-w Haven, September, 1847. •
Walker also says in his Aphorisms, " Wh;- should we not write dullness,
fullness, skillful, willful, as well as stiffness, and gruff ness 'f " The prin-
ciples of our language plaiidy requu'e us to do so ; and Dr. Webster felt
that the change might easily be made. The words which need to be re-
duced to this analogy are only about eight in number, including install-
ment and inthrallment, which, if spelt with a single /, are liable to be
mispronounced instalment, etc. Again, the words expense, license, recom-
pense, which formerly had a c in the last syllable, have now taken an s,
because the latter consonant is the only one used in the derivatives ; as,
expensive, etc. A similar change is needed in only three words more to
complete the analogy, namely, defense, offense, and pretense; and these
Dr. Webster has changed. It is sometimes asked, "Why not change
fence also '? " For the simple reason, that its derivatives are spelt with a
c, as fenced, fencing ; and the word, therefore, stands regularly with
others of its own class. Finally, Dr. Webster proposes to drop the u in
mould and moult, because it has been dropped from gold, and all other
words of the same ending. Such are the principal changes, under this
head, introduced by Dr. Webster into his Dictionary. In the present
edition, the words are spelt in both ways, for the convenience of the pub-
lic, except in cases where this seemed to be unnecessary, or was found to
be inconvenient. These changes, considering the difficulty that always
belongs to such a subject, have met with far more favor from the public
than was reasonably to be expected. Most of them have been extensively
adopted in our country. They are gaining ground daily, as the reasons
by which they are supported are more generally understood ; and it is
confidently believed that, being founded in established analogies, and
intended merely to repress irregularities and remove petty exceptions,
they must ultimately prevail.
The other class of changes mentioned above rests on a different basis
— that of Etymology. These will be estimated very differently, accord-
ing to the acquaintance of different persons with the languages from
which the words are derived. When Dr. Webster substituted bridegoom
iov bridegroom, fether iov feather, etc., the German critics highly applauded
the change. They predicted its speedy and universal reception, because
similar- improvements, on a much broader scale, had been easily made in
their language. But Dr. Webster found the case to be widely different
among us. After an experiment of twelve years, he restored the old
orthography to a considerable number of such words. In the present
edition, it is restored in respect to nearly all that remain, fromi the full
con^viction, that, however desirable these changes may be, in themselves
considered, as they do not relate to the general analogies of the language,
and can not be duly appreciated by the body of the people, they will never
be generally received.
On the subject of Pronunciation, much labor has been bestowed in the
progress of this re^vision. A careful comparison has been made ^nt\\ the
latest authorities, and wherever changes seemed desirable, and could be
made in consistency -with the Author's principles, they have been here
introduced. The Key to Pronunciation has been somewhat enlarged,
and placed at the bottom of each page, for greater ease of reference, and
the pointed letters have been used to a still greater extent. Many
thousand words have been respelled, and no efforts have been spared to
render the work, in all respects, a complete Pronouncing Dictionary.
In the progress of these labors, the Editor has been frequently struck
with the wisdom of Dr. Webster, in not attempting too much as to mark-
ing the pronunciation. Most of the later orthoepists, as Iviio'>vles, Smart,
etc., have made their system of notation so extensive and conii)licated,
and have aimed to exhibit so many nice shades of distinction, as in many
cases to perplex, rather than aid.
The Publishers, being desirous to make this, in all respects, a com-
plete work of reference, have introduced, at the close of the volume, a
list of Greek and Latin Proper Names, with their pronunciation, pre-
pared by Professor Thachek, of Yale College ; a list of Scripture Proper
Names, prepared by Professor Pobtee, of Yale College ; and a Pro-
nouncing Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names, prepared also
tmder the superintendence of Professor Porter. Of these a full ac-
count wiU be found in the several prefaces by which they are accompanied.
In conclusion, the Editor would acknowledge his obligations to the
gentlemen who have aided him for more than two years in these labors
— Mr. Samuel W. Baenum, M. A., of Yale College, and William G.
Webster, Esq., of New Haven. The intimate acquaintance of the
latter with his father's -views has made his counsel and cooperation of
great value in the progress of this re-vision.
To the overseers of the mechanical execution of this work, at the
Boston Type and Stereotype Foundry, the Editor would likewise
make his acknowledgments for many valuable suggestions during the
progress of the revision, and for the watchful care and assiduity with
which they have performed the difficult task of giving accuracy to the
details of this volume.
Note. — Among the sources from which words not in former editions have been derived, mention should be made of a catalogue of between five and six thousand,
furnished by President Allen, late of Bowdoin College, which were collected by him in the course of his reading, during a period of forty years, from several hundred
volumes of general literature, and given for the most part with authorities annexed. This catalogue, added to a similar list formerly furnished to Dr. Webster, makes an
aggregate of some thousands of new words placed in the hands of the Author and Proprietor of this Dictionary, thus contributing materials for its improvement.
XYl
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1864.
EDITOK'S PKEFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1864.
Since the publication of the Revised Edition of Webstek's Dic-
TIONAKY in 1847, the purpose has been kept steadily in view to prepare
another edition, embracing: all the alterations and improvements which
the progress of the langru;ige and the additional facilities for improving
its Lexicogi-aphy might seem to require. The late Professor Goodrich
had, from the first, directed liis attention to the collection of words not
inserted in the previous edition, and to the preparation of definitions of
meanings which had been overlooked, or were made necessary by new
applications of words in the writings of respectable authors, and by the
progress of Science and the Arts.
•^ . .ji Many of these words and definitions were given to the public in the
1 ^''Pictorial Edition of 1859, together with numerous illustrative wood cuts.
. .' To these was added a large collection of discriminated Synonyms, which
• had been carefully prepared by Professor Goodrich. This edition w;is,
however, a provisional one, designed to serve only imtil the more careful
and thorough revision, which had been so long in contemplation, could be
perfected.
In preparing for the present revision, the attention of both the Editor
and the Publishers was first directed to the EtjTiiology. They were
aware that, however admirable the industry and valuable the contribu-
tions of Dr. Webster in this department, the science of comparative
Philology was by no means perfect in his time, if indeed it could be said
to exist at all. It is only witliin a very few years that the true principles
on which this science rests have been suggested and confirmed, and the
methods have been determined by which future investigations may be
successfully prosecuted. It seemed necessary, first of all, that these new
principles and methods should be applied in the entire revision of the
Etymologies of Dr. Webster, by a scholar who had made Etymology his
special study. In 1854, arrangements were made with Dr. C. A. F.
Maiin, of Berlin, Prussia, to undertake this task. Dr. Mahn was
recommended by some of the most distinguished scholars of Germany
as admirably qualified for the service, and he had been favorably known
by special researches in this department. He has employed several years
upon the work, anu hiM performed it in a maimer worthy of his high
reputation. The results are submitted to all pei-sons who are interested
in philological studies, with the belief that they will find in them a new
and valuable contribution to the stores of linguistic knowledge. This
feature of the present edition will, it is thought, be acknowledged by all
scholars as one of marked superiority, and will be gratefully welcomed
by the now very large number of instructors and studious persons who
are interested in acquiring a more thorough knowledge of the English
language.
Professor James D. Dana, of Tale College, had been engaged, at an
early date, to revise the definitions in Geologj', Natural History, etc., and
the revision in these and some kindred departments has been completed
by him, or has passed under his careftd scrutiny.
The work of re\'ising the definitions of the principal words occasioned
g^reat and perplexing difficulties to Professor Goodrich and those with
•whom he conferred. He was well aware of the defective method which
had been adopted by Dr. Johnson, of defining words by enumerating
and explaining their special applications rather than by developing their
broadly distinguished meanings ; and he knew that in this, Johnson had
furnished the model for most, if not all, of the defining dictionaries of
the English language which have since been published. Dr. Webster,
in his strictures on Johnson's Dictionary, noticed, as one of its defects,
that the author had, in many cases, failed to exhibit full and explicated
definitions of important significations. This fault Dr. Webster endeav-
ored to avoid, and with manifest success. His own definitions are supe-
rior to those of Johnson in fullness and precision, as well as in the greater
copiousness and appropriateness of illustrative phrases. But he had not
emancipated himself entirely from the influence of Johnson's example in
accumulating definitions that are really the same, though at first sight
they may appear to be difiEerent. Dr. Webster insists, also, with earnest-
ness, that it is the duty of the lexicographer to give first the primitive
signification of every word, and to develop and arrange the dependent
jneanings in the order in which they were derived. But his theory in
respect to these and other points was better than his practice. Of these
and other imperfections in Dr. V/ebster's definitions, Professor Goodrich
was fully aware. He was also aware that the dictionaries of many other
languages, both ancient and modem, had been constructed on a better
theory and after better methods. He had formed for himself a concep-
tion, more or less distinct, of the proper method of exhibiting and illus-
trating the definitions of the leading words. But it seemed to him an
Herculean task to undertake to revise the work of Dr. Webster and he
was reluctant to assume the labor and responsibility which it involved.
At last, with enfeebled bodily strength, he consented to enter upon a ten-
tative process in connection with able and experienced associates. These
associates were, at first, Mr. William G. Webster, the Rev. Chaun-
cey Goodrich, and Professor Chester S. Lyman, of Yale College, all
of whom had been employed in preparing the Pictorial Edition. Only
repeated trials could satisfy so conscientious a lexicographer as Professor
Goodrich in respect to the best plan of subjecting to new forms of expres-
sion the mass of valuable matter accumulated by Dr. Webster, and of
rearranging it according to more approved methods. The undertaking
involved so much labor, and required changes so extensive and material,
that Professor William D. Whitney and Professor Daniel C. Oilman,
both of Yale College, were soon added to the corps of associates. To
these gentlemen was assigfned the special duty of suggesting the changes
and modifications which seemed to be required in the definitions of the
principal words, their suggestions being submitted to Professor Goodrich
for his judgment and decision. Under this arrangement the work of
experiment was going on till the death of Professor Goodrich. This
untoward event occurred, however, before the experiment had been car-
ried so far as to determine how much it was desirable to attempt in
the way of recasting the definitions, or how much it was practicable to
accomplish.
After the death of Professor Goodrich, in ISfiO, the direction of the
work of revision was committed to Professor Noah Porter, who had
been intimately acquainted with his views ever since the publication of
the Re^^sed Edition of 1847, and had frequently conferred with him io
respect to the exeeUenoies and the defects of that edition, as well as
the methods by which these defects might be ramedied. Before the
present re^osion was undertaken, Professor Porter had communicated in
writing his views of the changes which ought to be made in the matter
and form of the Dictionary ; and, with a full knowledge of these views,
Professor Goodrich had earnestly solicited him to undertake the entire
responsibility and direction of the work. When the proposal was re-
newed by the proprietors of the copyright and by the family of Dr. Web-
ster, it could not easUy be declined ; for it was enforced by considerations
of affection and of duty, both to the living and to the dead. But the
service was assumed by him with great reluctance, as being foreign to his
special studies, and incompatible with very pressing occupations. At tlf
urgent solicitation of his valued friends the publishers, as well as of
the family interested, and of his beloved associate the late Edward C.
Herrick, — whose acquaintance with the Dictionary, and whose interest
in it, extended back to the publication of the first edition in 1828, — he
at first consented to undertake a general superintendence of the revision,
but soon, by the force of circumstances, was constrained to bestow upon
it a more minute attention. The collaborators already named continued
their services to the end, and others were from time to time employed
for a longer or a shorter period.
The following persons have been actively engaged in the preparation of
the work. Mr. William G. Webster, — who has for many years
labored in this field, first in cqnnection wdth his honored father, and sub-
sequently with Professor Goodrich, — has represented the views of his
father and of the family, in respect to all questions of doubt or difficulty,
and has also attended to the syllabication of the words, the determination
of the accents, and the marking of the pronimciation. Professors Wel-
LiAM D. Whitney and Daioel C. Oilman have labored at the defini-
tions of the principal words, recasting, rearranging, and condensing them,
introducing citations, etc. ; their work, in all cases, having been sanctioned
or revised by the Editor. Professor Chester S. Lyman has given his
attention chiefly to the terms in Mathematics, Physics, Technology, and
Machinery, with the exception of those relating to the Steam Engine and
to Railways. These last have been carefully defined, and in some cases
furnished, by Alexander L. Holley, Esq., an eminent Civil Engineer
of New York, who has also contributed many original valuable drawings
for the illustrative wood cuts. Captain William P. Craighill, of the
United States Engineers, recently Assistant Professor of Military and
Ci^dl Engineering and the Science of War in the Military Academy at
West Point, has given a like attention to the terms in Military Science,
Engineering, and Gunnery, furnishing original drawings when necessary.
It has already been stated that Professor James D. Dana had several
years since been employed in the departments of Geology, Natural His=
tory, etc., to prepare new deunitions, to recast the old, and to select new
words. At his suggestion, Wiluam C. Minor, M. D., was employed to
render assistance in these departments, and he has labored with great
abflitj' and zeal in connection with Professor Dana, who has, in every
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1864.
XVll
instance, carefully reviewed and expressly sanctioned Ids work. The
terms pertaining to Musical Science and Art were chiefly prepared or re-
vised by LowEiii Mason, Esq., of New York ; but many of the articles
■were written by John S. Dwight, Esq., of Boston. In Physiology and
Medical Science, Professor R. Ckesson Stiles, M. D., has fui-nished
many carefully considered definitions and emendations. The Hon. J. C.
Peiusins, of Salem, Massachusetts, who lias had long experience as editor
of various law publications, has, witli great labor and care, revised the
terms of Law and Jurisprudence. He has aimed to phrase these defini-
tions in the more exact language which is required by the advance of
Legal Science, and to support them by copious references to legiil author-
ities. E. E. O'Callaghan, LL. D., of Albany, has revised and rewritten
the definitions of such terms as have special meaning in the Roman Cath-
olic Church. It having been deemed desu-able slightly to condense some
of the etymological articles furnished by Dr. Mahn, and to translate por-
tions of them into English, this work was committed to tlie care of Mr.
Eugene Schuylek, under the direction of Professor James Hadley,
of Yale College. The derivation of a number of words of Indian origin
has been furnished by the Hon. J. Hammond Trumbull, of llai-tford,
well known as a learned and accurate student of the aboriginal languages
of America.
To the Rev, Chauncey Goodrich was committed the very important
duty of receiving the mass of material furnished by the most of the
assistants who have been named, verifying its accuracy, and tlien incor-
porating it into the final copy for the printer. In this work he was
assisted for several months by the Rev. FiSK P. Brewer and the Rev.
John M. Morris. Mr. Goodrich has also re'V'ised or prepared many of
the definitions in Agi-iculture and Horticulture, in Antiquities and Archi-
tecture, in Bibhcai matters and Ecclesiastical History, in Commerce
Domestic Economy, and the Fine Arts, making use of the best author-
ities in each of these departments. He has also brought to the service
the results of his own experience while laboring under his father's guid-
ance, and the remembrance of his father's views and wishes in respect
to many important details.
It was thought desirable, in order to secure the greatest possible accu-
racy and perfection to the copy, to place it for further revision in the
hands of some scholar of critical habits and approved experience, who
had not been concerned in its eai'lier preparation. Accordingly, Mr.
William A. Wheeler was employed for this service, and also to cor-
rect the proof sheets ; and with him was associated, at a later period,
Mr. Arthur W. Wright. Mr. Wheeler was also employed in various
other services hereafter to be named ; and he has furnished especially
valuable contributions from his ample hterary stores, and given the work
througliout the benefit of his exact learning and liis nice discrimination.
Mr. William G. Webster shared with Mr. Wlieeler and Mr. Wright the
responsibility of correcting the proofs. Mr. Samuel Porter, of Hart-
ford, besides reading a portion of the first proofs, has examined with
great care the final or plate proofs ; and the Dictionary is much the better
for his detection of oversights, and for the alterations he has suggested.
Vahieble assistance has been received from various persons connected
with the Boston Stereotype Foundry, especially from Mr. Thomas Holt,
the Reader of the establishment, whose taste, experience, conscientious
fidelity, and accurate but unpretending scholarship, have materially bene-
fited the work.
The preparation of the Appendix was intrusted almost entirely to the
supervision of Mr. Wheeler, who has read every page of it with critical
care. The " Pronouncing Vocabulary of Scripture Names " was whoUy
prepared by him, and he consti-ucted the very interesting and valuable
'■ Vocabvdary of the Names of Noted Fictitious Persons, Places, etc."
The full and accurate " Pronouncing Vocabulary of Greek and Latin
Proper Names " was prepared with much labor and care by Professor
Thomas A. Teacher, of Yale College. The " Pronouncing Vocabu-
laries of Modem Geographical and Biographical Names " are the work
of Dr. Joseph Thomas, of Philadelphia, the well-known editor of Lip-
pincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World, and his name will be a
sufficient guaranty for their trustworthiness and value. The " Etymo-
logical Vocabulary of Modem Geographical Names " was prepared by
the Rev. Charles H. Wheeler, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, who
also prepared the Explanatory Vocabulary of Christian Names, from
materials furnished in part by Charles J. Lukens, Esq., of Philadel-
phia. The Table of " Arbitrary Signs used in Writing and Printing "
was originally prepared by Professor Lyman, and has been revised for
this edition by Mr. Wright and Mr. William A. Wheeler. Mr. William
G. Webster, with the assistance of several of the other collaborators, has
revised and greatly improved the list of " Abbreviations and Contrac-
tions used in Writing and Printing," and the list of " Quotations, Words,
Phrases, Proverbs, etc., from the Greek, the Latin, and Modem Foreign
Languages," which were originally compiled by him. A particular
account of the various vocabularies wiU be found in the general Pref-
ace to the Appendix, and ia the special Prefaces to the Vocabularies
themselves.
The elaborate and learned Introduction to the pjcvions editions has
been omitted. It is not without regret that this venerable memorial of
the enterprise, the sagacity, and the scholarship of Dr. Webster, has
been displaced to make room for new matter more i ', accordance with
the advance of Philological Science and the wants of the present gen
eration. To supply its place, Professor Ja>ies Hadley has contributed
"A Brief History of the English Language," designed to show its philo-
logical relations, and to trace the progress and influence of the causes
which have brought it to its present condition. Professor Hadley has also
contributed his advice in respect to numerous questions, philological and
general, which were constantly arising, and has given his sanction to the
principles and aims that have guided the Editor and his collaborators in
the changes whicli have been adopted in this edition.
The " Principles of Pronunciation," originally prepared by Professor
Goodrich for tlie edition of 1859, have been carefully revised and much
expanded by Mr. Wheeler, whose attention had been previously directed
to this subject in the preparation of " A Manual of English Pronuncia-
tion and Spelling " (Boston, 18()1). Mr. Wheeler has also revised and
nmch enlarged the " Synopsis of Words Differently Pronounced by Dif-
ferent Orthoepists," which was originally prepared by Dr. Joseph E,
Worcester, and inserted in the Octavo Abridgment of Webster's
"American Dictionary," and which was afterward idvised by Prof essor
Goodrich.
The features of the present edition which deserve to be specially enu-^'^Jr '■
merated are the following : — ^
I. The Revised Etymology. This feature has already been noticed. It
is behoved that critical readers will acknowledge the learning, the brev-
ity, the sound judgment, the self-explaining order, and the minutely
traced ramifications, which characterize these etymologies, and it ia
hoped that they will attract the attention and stimulate the studies
of all who desire to know more of the varied history of their mother
■ tongue.
j II. The Revised Definitions. The definitions of the principal words,
not scientific or technical, have been carefully elaborated by Professors
. Whitney and Gilman, each possessing peculiar qualifications, and each
performing his work as thorouglJy as v^as possible within the limits pre-
I scribed. Their work was carefully reviewed by the Editor before it was
] admitted into the copy. The rule whicli he adopted for his own guid-
ance was fre(jly to accept and make any change in the matter and the
language of the previous edition which he had reason to suppose would
be desired by Dr. Webster himself, were he now living, and fully pos-
sessed of the principles which have been universally accepted by modern
philologists and lexicographers, or which Professor Goodrich would have
sanctioned, had he been able to give to the work of revision the fidl
measure of his well-known energy and sagacious judgment. In accord-
ance with this rule, great pains have been taken, 1. To contract and con-
dense the definitions into as few general heads, or numbered divisions, as
was practicable. In this the example of Dr. Goodrich, in his experi-
mental work, was followed, and the Revisers have sought to avoid all
redundancy and tautology, to strike out all mere enumerations of particu-
lar applications of meanings, and to reduce the number of illustrative
phrases to the actual wants of the reader. While they have been thus
bold on the one hand, they have been studiously careful, on the other, to
retain the exact language of the earlier edition, in every case possible,
esteeming very highly Dr. Webster's plain and clearly-expressed defi-
nitions for their own sake as well as for that of the author, and prefer-
ring to err On the side of cautious reverence rather than on that of
thoughtless innovation. In many cases in which the numbered articles
under a word have been diminished, it will be found that the number of
real definitions has been materially increased, and that the gathering of
them into fewer groups has contributed to their more easy comprehension
and more ready use. A single article often includes a group of kindred
meanings, and thus enables the reader to view at a glance their close
relation and similarity, and to trace out the subtle movement of thought
by which one was evolved from another. Often, too, a well-chosen cita-
tion from a good author has been preferred, as a means of definition, to
an explanatory circumlocution. 2. An effort has been constantly made
to develop and arrange the several meanings and groups of meanings in
the order of their actual growth and history, beginning, if possible, with
the primitive signification, as indicated by the etymology. As this, for
many reasons, has now become possible in numerous cases in which it was
impossible in the time of Dr. Webster, and as, in many instances, Dr.
Webster did not perfect this order when the materials were within his
reach, it has been often found necessary, in the present edition, to change
the arrangemeni; of the definitions. Special consideration has been given
to this point in view of the fact that the study, or even the casual notice,
of the order of growth in the meanings of single words, is a stimu-
lant of thought, and the habitual attention to it is of itself an educa-
tion, 3. Many new meanings have bewi added, either as they have been ^'
brought to light by an extended examination of authors in the earlier
and later periods of EngUsh literature, or as they have occurred to the
Revisers in performing their work, or have been suggested by the kind-
ness of critical and thoughtful friends.
III. The Illustrative Citations. Special effort has been made to obtain
illustrative passages from classical Enghsh writers, both old and new.
In order to collect such passages, and also to discover words and mean-
ings that had been omitted in other English Dictionaries, a systematized
XVIU
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1864.
plan was devised by which a large number of works in all departments
of literature were carefully read by many competent persons, and a copi-
ous collection of illustrative passages was placed at the disposal of the
Revisers. The principal dramatic authors, and various prose writers, of
the age of Queen Elizabeth, were read with care by Mr. H. S. Dana.
The plays of Shakespeare and the poetry of Milton were carefully studied
by the aid of the excellent Concordances of Mrs. Mary Cowden Clarke
.and Mr. Guy Lushington Prendergast, with particular reference to any
:special usage which these poets have sanctioned. The most prominent in
^;he long series of English writers, down to the latest, have been read for
tlie purpose of selecting illustrations, especially those writers whose use
of language is particularly idiomatic or classical. Sir Walter Scott,
Southey, Coleridge, Lamb, Byron, Washington Irving, De Quincey, Mac-
.aulay, Tennyson, Hawthorne, and many others, have received as much
iittention as the older writers. A comparatively small portion only of
the passages which were marked and copied has been actually used, it
being thought undesirable to multiply such passages when they were re-
quired for no valuable end. In cases where to cite a passage would serve
no purpose in illustrating a meaning or justifying the use of a word,
the name only of the author has been given, provided, as in the case of
words obsolete or not now approved, the authority of some writer was
deemed desirable. The free use of this large and varied collection of
citations will, it is thought, add greatly to the value and interest of this
edition. It is believed that no other dictionary of the language con-
tains so many apt illustrations from so large a variety of writers. The
citations which have been retained from the preceding editions, as well
.as those introduced for the first time, have, as far as possible, been veri-
fied and copied with scrupulous care. Such pa.ssages were preferred as
would throw additional light upon the definitions, or as possessed any
interest of tliought or of language.
IV. Thf Vocabulary. No pains have been spared to introduce addi-
tional words, provided they were of such a character as to djserve inser-
tion. At the same time, the Revisei-s have been actuated by no desire to
swell the list to the greatest possible number. Words which were the
offspring of the individual conceit of a whimsical or lawless writer, which
did not conform to the analogies of the language, and which were never
accepted or approved by good writers, of their own or a subsequent gener-
ation, have not been admitted. On the other hand, new words wliich
have been acknowledged and approved as good have been carefully gar-
nered, whether used by old authors or new. A great number of obsolete
or obsolescent words, which were once accepted and freely used, have
been recovered by the readings and researches that were directed in
part to this end. Self-explaining compounds have been designedly omitted
by hundreds, if not by thousands, while care has been taken to introduce
and explain all those which need to be defined. It will be observed, how-
ever, that this edition differs from the former editions in following a
strictly alphabetical arrangement of all such words. The participles,
participial adjectives, and verbal nouns in most cases do not appear in the
vocabulary as separate words, but are given under the verbs from which
they are formed, and which explain their meaning. But the participial
adjectives and verbal nouns have a separate place and treatment, in those
cases in which they have obtained a meaning different from that which
they derive from the verbs to which they belong. The principal parts of
the verbs, regular and irregular, are given together, within brackets,
under the verb, instead of being entered and defined separately. But
the principal parts of the irregular verbs are usually inserted in their
proper alphabetical places, with a simple cross reference to the verbs
themselves. A similar course has been pursued in regard to the com-
parative and superlative degrees of many adjectives, and the irregular
plurals of nouns. The vocabulary, as a whole, though not constructed for
any disjilay of enumerated titles, will be found to be greatly increased
and enriched. It comprises an aggregate of upward of 114,000 words.
V. The Scientijic and Technical Definitions have been carefully re-
vised and elaborated by very able gentlemen, and with the aid of the
best authorities. Many of the articles, it is believed, will command con-
fidence and elicit commendation for their scientific value, while their
brevity and plain language fit them for the use and instruction of all
classes.
VI. The Collection of Synonyms, so carefully prepared by Professor
Goodrich, has, with a few shght changes, been incorporated into the
body of the work for greater facility of reference. The number of the
words thus defined and distingviished is far greater than the number of
separate articles would seem to indicate. The meanings are thoroughly
discriminated in every case, the words being traced from their ety-
mology, and explained by formal defimitions, as well as illustrated by
contrasted examples of their various use. In addition, copious lists
of synonymous or interchangeable terms have been attached to most of
the important words, for the convenience of teachers and inexperienced
writers.
VII. The Pictorial Illustrations, more than three thousand in number,
have been inserted in the body of the work ; in the previous edition they
were printed as an appendix to the volume, but it was thought it would
be an improvement to place them under the words which they illustrate,
New Haven, Jtdy, 1864.
so as to avoid the necessity of any further reference, and it is hoped that
the advantages of the present arrangement will be appreciated. It will
be observed that an entirely new selection of illustrations has been made
for this edition, many being taken from original drawings, and the re-
mainder chiefly from works of high authority in their respective depart-
ments. For the artistic beauty of these cuts, the work is indebted to
Ml'. John Andrew, of Boston, who has a distinguished reimtation as
an engraver on wood. It will be remembered that only a partial selec-
tion could be made of objects to be illustrated. Even in illustrated
woiks on Natural History, it is customary to represent only a limited
number of objects ; and, in a work like the present, a still smaller num-
ber of such illustrations could be admitted. The general aim has been
to illustrate those objects of which a drawing would convey a better con-
ception than a mere verbal description. Those who use the Dictionary
will not fail to observe that, to many words which are not themselves
illustrated, there are subjoined references to illustrations given in con-
nection with other words ; as, under Withers, it is said, "[See Illust. oi
Hor.sv.]."
VIII. The Vocabularies in the Appendix have been reedited, or ex-
pressly prepared for this edition by able scholars, as will appear from
the full account of the Vocabularies themselves, and of the researches
and aims of the authoi-s in the special Introductions which accompany
them. The first and most prominent, the "Vocabulary of the Names
of Noted Fictitious Persons, Places, etc.," by Mr. ^Vheeler, is a novel
and appropriate accompaniment of an English Dictionary. It is the
firet attempt of the kind, at least in our language, and is valuable for
its interesting gleanings from history and biography, as well iis for its
explanations of many obscure allusions in the best and most popular
writeis. The remaining Vocabularies are all the products of original
and laborious research, or are trustworthy compilations from the best
sources.
IX. The Pronunciation of English words has been carefully attended
to in this edition. The principles adopted are stated at length and fully
illustrated in the article on the Principles of Pronunciation, which was
originally prepared by Professor Goodrich, and has Jeen elaborated by
Mr. Wheeler, with suggestions from able scholars, who, as well as him-
self, have made a special study of English orthoepy and the science of
phonology. A more thoroughly practical and satisfactory treatment of
the subject, the Editor confidently believes, can not be found in the lan-
griage. The " Synopsis of Words Differently Pronounced by Different
Orthoepists " will be found to be a comprehensive, practical, and fully
trustworthy exliibition of the various modes of pronunciation given in
the best English Dictionaries. The pronunciation of each word in the
Dictionary is indicated by the marked or figured Key which is to be found
at the bottom of the page. This Key has been remodeled and arranged
with special reference to this edition, and contains some few characters
additional to those of the Key previously used. The niimber of charac-
ters now employed is thought to be as large as is desirable. To attempt
more is to seem to promise more than it is practicable to perform, and
is, besides, open to the objection that a complex notation would not be
readily understood.
X. The Orthography. In this department no change has been made in
the principles adopted and clearly set forth in the Revised Edition of
1S47, and so generally accepted by the American pubUc. In a few classes
of words the Dictionary recommends and follows the peculiar modes of
spelling which Dr. Webster introduced for the sake of carrying out the
acknowledged analogies of the language — modes of spelling, which, in
every instance, had been previously suggested by distingruished English
grammarians and writers on orthography, such as Lowth, Walker, etc.,
and the propriety of which has been recognized by Smart and other recent
English lexicographers. But to remove everj' reasonable ground of com-
plaint against the Dictionary in regard to this matter, an alternative
orthography is now given in almost every case, the old style of spell-
ing being subjoined to the reformed or new. In two or three instances
it has been found that the forms introduced by Dr. Webster, or to
which he lent his sanction, were based upon a mistaken etymology ;
and therefore these forms have been set aside, and the old spelling has
been restored. Preceding this account are some Observations on the
general subject of Orthography, with copious " Rules for Spelling Cer-
tain Classes of Words," prepared by Mr. Wright, followed by " A List
of Words Spelled in Two or More Ways," compiled expressly for the
present edition. These new features give this edition of the Dictionary
a great superiority over the former editions.
In conclusion, the Editor desires to express his thanks to all the persons
who have assisted in the preparation of the present edition, for the fidel-
ity and perseverance with which they have discharged their duties. It
is to their industry, scholarship, and zeal, that the peculiar excellences
of this edition are chiefly to be ascribed. Though the Editor is more
sensible of its deficiencies than any other person can be, yet he does
not hesitate to commend it to the public for the improvements which are
due to the thorough research and careful attention which have been be-
stowed by his associates in preparing it. To them the public owe a debt
of gratef td appreciation, which, he believes, will be cheerfully discharged.
JSrOAH PORTER.
LIST OF AUTHORS QUOTED
AS AUTHORITY FOR, OR IN ILLUSTRATION OF, THE FORMS AND USES OP
WORDS GIVEN IN THIS DICTIONARY.
I^* Tlie Books of the Bible, Periodicals, and some works of anonymous or doubtful authorship, are cited by name only.
Quoted in
Diet, aa Nnines in full. Datea.
Abp. Abbot . . Abbot, .Ylip.aoorgoCEnKlish divine) IMi'-liiB
Abbott . . . . Abbott, lUiij- Vmighan. [iuni£)iV(.) IfWU-ltSW
E. A. jlbbott . . Abbott, EUwia Abbott (Eng. au-
thor) 183S-
X. Abbot! . . . Abbott, Lyniiin (.\m. clergyman) . 1S35-
Ld, Abingtr . . Abinger, Sir Jtinics Scarlett, Ld.
(English adv.KJute) KiiO-lSM
Abney .... Abney, Cupt. Wni. de Wivcleblio
(English writer iiu photog.) . . 1*43-
Jamea Adair . Aduir, Junies (Indian trader). [//u(.
of' Am. //j(/iu/i.<, 1775.]
J. Adana . . Adams, John (Pres. I'. S.) . . . . 1735-1826
J. Q. Adams . Adams, John Qnincy(Pn-8.U. S.) . 171>7-1S48
S.F.Adams . Adams, Sarah Klower (Eng. hymn
writer) 1805-1*48
T. Adavi! . . Adams. Thomas (Eng. divine) . 15*S?-1(!JJ?
.J</imson(r/aH.<.) Adanson. .Michel (Er. naturalist) . ir27-18llC
.i-liWis If Arnold Addis.Wm. E., and -\rnold, Thomas.
[Calh. Diet., 1SS5.]
Addison . . . Addison, Joseph (Eng. essayist) . in72-1719
Z. Addison . . Addison, Lancelot (Eng. autlior) . 1()32-1703
Ailreuturer . . (English journal. 1753-1754.)
Agassiz . . . Agassiz.LouisJohn Kudolph(Swia3
geol. and nat. in Am.) 1807-1S73
Ainsworth . . Ainsworth, Robert (Eng. lexicog.) .1660-1743
K'. //. .Jijijit'orlA Ainsworth, Wm. Harrison (Eng.
novelist) 1805-1882
Akenside . . . Akenside, Mark (Eng. poet) . . . 1721-1770
Albany Evening Journal (estab. ISao by T. Weed.)
J'. A. AltranUer Alexander, Joseph Addison (Am.
biblical commentator) 1809-1860
J. IF. Alexander Alexander, James Waddell (Am.
preacher) 1804-1859
Jlrs. Alexander Alexander, Annie F. Hector (Brit.
novelist) 1825-
F. P. Alexander Alexander, Patrick Proctor (Scot
author) 1824-1886
W. L. Alexander Alexander, Wm. Lindsay (Scot.
theologian) 1808-1883
Alford . . . . Alford, Henry, Dean of Canterbury
(Eng. poet) 1810-1871
Alison, Sir Archibald (Brit, hist.) . 1792-1867
Alison . . . .
Allen's iilass.)
Rpts. . . .
A. r. G. Allen .
D. O. Allen . .
J. Allen (1761) .
The American
Allen, Charles (.\m. jurist) . . . 1827-
Allen, Alex, \iets Griswold (Am.
theologian) l.'m-
AUen, David Oliver (Am. mission-
ary) 1799-1863
Allen, John, of St. Mary Magdalen
Hall, Oxford (Eng. divine).
Allibone, Samuel Austin. [_Dict. of
^irtAors, Phila., 1886] 1816-1889
(a weekly journal pub. in Phila.)
Am. ChevuJour- American Chemical Journal (bi-
nal
Amer. Cyc. . .
Ames . . . .
Anacharsis . .
Anderson (1573)
Andrews . , .
X Andrews . .
Aitgell . . . .
A S. Citron. . .
Angu.'i . . . .
Aimandale . .
Anson . . . .
Ansted . . . .
F.
Anti-Jacobin .
Arbuthnot . .
Arch. Pub. Soc.
Arden of Fever-
sham . . .
Jhtke of Argyll .
Armstrong . .
£. Arnold
M. Arnold
T. Arnold
Amould .
JbTiway .
.Ascham .
Ash . . .
-Ashmole .
monthly, estab. 1879).
American Cyclopaedia, with supple-
ment, 1S8.3.
Ames, Fisher (Am. statesman) . . 1758-1808
Anacharsis (Scythian philos.) . fl. 6th c. B. c.
Anderson, Anthony (Eng. divine) . -1593
Andrews, Ethan Allen (Am.
scholar) 1787-1858
Andrews, Lancelot (Eng. bishop) . 3555-1626
Angell, Joseph K. (Am. law writer) 1794-1857
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Angus, Joseph (Eng. author) . . .
Annaudale, Charles (Eng. lexicog-
rapher).
Anson, Ld. Geo. [Voyage round the
ITorZrf in 1740-44]
Ansted, David Thomas (Eng. geol.)
pseud, of Thomas Anstcy Guthrie
(Eng. novelist) 1S56-
Anti-Jacobin Review and Mag.
(Eng. pub., 1798-1821).
Arbuthnot, John (Brit, author) . .
Diet, of Arch, issued by Architec-
tural Pub. Soc. of Lond.
1816-
1697-1762
1814-1S30
1667-1733
(anon, historical tragedy, 1592.)
Argyll, Geo. J. Douglas Campbell,
eighth duke of (Brit, author) . . 1823-
Armstrong, John (Scot, physician
and poet) 1709-1779
Arnold, Sir Edwin (Eng. poet) . . 1832-
Arnold, Matthew (Eng. poet and
essayist) 1822-1888
Arnold, Thomas (Eng. historian) . 1795-1842
Arnould, Joseph. [Insurance and
^I'erajie, Lond., 1848] 1SI5-1S86
Aniway, John (Eng. Royalist) . . 1601-1653
Ascham, Roger (Eng. scholar) . . 1515-1568
Ash, John (Eng. lexicographer) . 1724-1779
Ashmole, Elias (Eng. antiquary) . 1617-1692
B
Quoted in
Diet, as
J. Ashurst . .
Astle ....
Sir R. Alkytis
(1712) . . .
Atlantic Monthly
Atterbury . .
L. H. Atwater .
Aubrey . . .
Audsley . . .
Audubon . .
Pro/'. August .
Jane Austen . .
Ayliffe . . . .
lip. Aylmer . .
Aytoun . . .
Bache ....
Bacon ....
X. Bacon . . .
Bagehot . . .
Bailey ....
J. Baillie . . .
B. Baillie . .
Bain ....
H. C. Baird . .
Baird ....
Baker ....
Sir S. Baker .
T. Baker . . .
V. Baker . . .
Bale ....
Balfour . . .
Balfour ( Cyc. of
India) . . .
A.J. Balfour .
F. Balfour . .
J. H. Balfour .
Bamfield . . .
Bancroft . . .
Abp. Bancroft .
Banister . . .
Sir J. Banks .
Mrs. Barbauld .
Barbour . . .
Barclay . . ,
Barclay {Digest)
Barham . . .
.?. Bai-ing-GouId
Barlow . . .
Bp. Barlow . .
J. Barlow . .
Barnes ....
D. H. Barnes .
W. Barnes . .
Barrough . .
Barrow . . .
Sir J. Barrow .
Barry (1611) .
Barth ....
Bartlett . . .
Barton . . .
J. Barton . .
Bartram . . .
J. Bascom . .
Bastian . . .
Bateman . . .
Bates ....
Edward Bates .
Baxter . . .
A. Baxter . .
Names in full. Dates.
Ashurst, John (.\m. surgeon) . . 1839-
AbtU*. Thomas (Eng. aiiiKiuury) . 1735-1803
Atkyne. Sir Robert (Eng. hiat.
writer) 1647-1711
(estub. in Boston, 1*57).
Atterbury, F^anci^ (Eng. bishop) . 1662-1732
Atwuter, l.yman Hotchkiss (Am.
mental philoHipher) 1813-1883
Aubrey, John (Eng. antiquary) . 1626-1697
Audbley. George Aschdown (Eng.
architect) 1838-
Andubon, John James (Am. nat-
uralist) 1780-1851
August, Ernest Ferdinand (Ger.
mathematician) 1795-1870
Austen, Jane (Eng. novelist) . . . 1775-1817
Ayliffe, John (Eng. jurist). . . . 1676-1732
Aylmer, Bp. John (Eng. prelate) . 1521-1594
Aytoun, Wm. Edmon&toune (Scot,
poet and essayist) 1813-1865
Bache, Alex. Dallas (Am. hydrog.) 1806-1867
Bacon, I'rancis, Baron W-rulam
(Eng. philos. and essayist) . . . 1561-1626
Bacon, Nathaniel (Eng. author) . 1593-1660
Bagehot, Walter (Eng. essayist and
journalist) 1820-1877
Bailey, Nathan (Eng. kxicog.) . . -1742
Baillie, .Miss Joanna (Scot, poet) . 1762-1851
Baillie, Rnbcrt (Scot, theologian) . 1602?-1662
Bain, Alex. (Scot, metaphysician) . 1818-1877
Baird, Henry Carey (Am. polit.
economist) 1825-
Baird, Wm. [Cyc. of Sat. History] 1803-1872
Baker, Sir Richard (Eng. historian) 1668?-1645
Baker, Sir Samuel White (Eng. ex-
plorer) 1821-189.'i
Baker, Thomas (Eng. antiquary) . 1866-1740
Baker, Valentine, called Baker
Pasha (Eng. quar. general) . . . 1825-
Bale, John (Eng. bishop) .... 1495-1563
Balfour. Francis Maitland (Eng.
embryologist) 1851-U82
Balfour, Edward (Eng. Surg. Gen.)
[Cyc. of India. 3d ed., Lond., 1885.]
Balfour, Arthur J. (Eng. writer) . 1848-
Balfour, Francis (Scot, physiciau) . fl. 18th c.
Balfour, John Button (Scot, bot.) . 1808-1884
Bamfield. or Bamford, Joseph (Roy*
alist officer under Chas, 1.)
Bancroft, Geo. (Am. historian) . . 1800-1891
Bancroft, Abp. Richard (Eng.) . . 1544-1610
Banister, John (Brit, physician) . 1540-1610
Banks. Sir Joseph (Eng. naturalist) 1743-1820
Barbauld. Anna L. (Eng. writer) . 1743-1825
Barbour, John (Scot, poet and his-
torian) 1316?-139S
Barclay, John (Scot, anatomist) . . 1760-1826
Barclay, John M. [Digest of Rules
of House of Rep. U. S.]
Baret, or Barret, John. [Alveary or
Quadruple Diet., 1580.]
Barham, Richard Harris (Eng. di-
vine and humorist) 1778-1845
Baring-Gould, Sabine (Eng. author). 1834-
Barlow, Peter (Eng. math.) . . . 1776-1862
Barlow, Bp. Thomas (Eng. divine). 1607-1691
Barlow, Joel (Am. poet) .... 1754-1812
Barnes, Robert (Eng. divine) . . 1495-l.MO
Barnes, Daniel H. (Am. conchol.) 1785-1828
Barnes, Wm. (Eng. philol. and
poet) 1820-1886
Barrough. Philip (Eng. physician). fl. 1590
Barrow, Isaac (Eng. theologian and
mathematician) 16.S0-1677
Barrow. Sir John (Eng. traveler) . 1764-1848
Barry, or Barrey, Lodowick (Brit.
dramatist). [Ram Alley.]
Barth. Heinrich (Ger. explorer) . 1821-1865
Bartlett. John Russell. [Diet, of
Americanisms, N. Y., 1848] . . • 18a5-1886
Barton, Benj. Smith (Am. botanist) 1766-1815
Barton, John. [Geog. of Plants,
Lond., 1827.)
Bartram, John (Am. botanist) . . 1701-1777
Bascom, John (Am. writer on
philos. and social science) . . . 1827-
Bastian. Henry Charlton (Eng.
physician) 1837-
Bateman, Thomas (Eng. physician) 1778-1821
Bates, Wm. (Em. divine) .... 1625-1699
Bates. Edward (Am. statesman) . 1793-1869
Baxter, Richard (Eng. divine) . . 1613-1691
Baxter, Andrew (Scot, antiquary). 1686?-1750
Quoted in
Diet, as
W. Baxter . .
Bayard . . .
Bayne ....
Beaconsjield . .
L. S. Beah: . .
Bealtie ....
Beau. !f Fl. . .
Beaumont . ,
F. Beaumont .
Sir John Beau-
mont . . .
Beck . . . .
Berk (Draper's
Did.) . . .
Beck/'ord . . .
Becon . . . .
Beddoes . . .
Culhbert Bede .
Bp. Bedell . .
John Bee . . .
H. ff. Beecher .
L. Beecher , .
W. O. Beers . .
E. Behnlx . .
Belkjiap . . .
Bell
A. G. Bell . .
A.M.Bea . .
H. G. Bell . .
T. Belsham . .
W. Belsham . .
E. van Beneden
Benjamin . .
Bp. Benson . .
Dr. G. Benson .
Benthatn . . .
(?. Bentham . .
Bentley
W. Bentley . .
Berington . .
Berkeley . . .
M. J. Berkeley .
J. Bemers . .
Zd. Bemers . .
W. Berry. . .
Berzelius . . .
W. Besant . .
Bescherelle . .
C. E. Bessey . .
Best
Betterton . ■ .
W. L. Sevan .
Beveridge • ■
Beverly . . .
Bible (1551) . .
Bib. Sacra . .
Bickerstaff . .
Bickersteth . .
Biddle ....
Jacob Bigelow .
Birch ....
Bishop ....
Bispham . . .
Joseph Black .
W. Black . . .
F. Blackhiirne .
J. S. Blackie .
Blackmore . .
R. D. Blackmore
Blackstone . .
Blackwall . ■
Names in full. Dates.
Baxter, William (Brit, antiq. and
philol.) 1650-1723
Bayard, James A. (Am, statesman) 17(17-1815
Bayne, Peter (Scot, author) . . . I.'j30-
Beaconstield, Benj. Disraeli, Earl
of (Eng. statesman and author) . 180.5-1881
Beale, Lionel Smith (Eng. physiol.) 1828-
Beattie, James (Scot, poet) .... 1735-1803
Beaumont, Francis, & Fletcher, John.
Beaumont, Joseph (Eng. poet) . . 1615-1699
Beaumont, Francis (Enr- dramatist) 158W615
Beaumont, Sir John (Eng. poet) . 1.582-1628
Beck, Charles (Ger. philol. in Am.) 1798-1866
Beck, Samuel Wm. [Draper's Diet.,
Lond., 1&S2.]
Beckford, Wm. (Eng. author) . . 17.59-1844
Becon, Thomas (Eng. reformer) . 1,512-1,570
Beddoes, Thomas (Eng. physician) 1700-1808
pseud, of Edward Bradley (Eng.
misc. writer) 1827-1889
Bedell, lip. Wm. (Eng. prelate) . . 1570-1641
pseud, of John Badcock. [Diet, of
the Turf, Ring, etc., Lond., 1823.]
Beecher, Henry Ward (Am. preach-
er and orator) 181,1-]887
Beecher, Lyman (Am. clergyman) 1775-1863
Beers, W. Geo. (Canadian writer
on sports),
Behnke, Emil. [Mechanism of the
Huiiian Voice, Lond.]
Belknap, Jeremy (Am. historian) . 1744-1798
Bell, George Joseph. [Law o)' Scot.] 1770-1843
Bell, Alex. Graham (Scot, inventor
in Am.) 1847-
Bell, Alex. Melville (Scot, deaf-
mute instructor) 1819-
Bell, Henry Glassford (Scot, writer) 1803-1874
Belsham, Thomas (Eng. divine) . 17.50-1829
Belsham, Wm. (Eng. historian) . . 1753-1827
Beneden, Edouard van (Dutch em-
bryologist) 1846-
Benjumin,Judah Peter (Am. polit.) 1811-1884
Benson, Bp. Martin (Eng. divine) . 1689-1752
Benson, George (Eng. divine) . . 1699-1763
Bentham, Jeremy (Eng. philos.) . 1748-1832
Bentham, George (Eng. botanist) . 1800-1884
Bentley. Richard (Eng. critic) . . 1662-1742
Bentley, Wm. (Am. author) . . . 17.58-1819
Berington, Jos. (Eng. R. C. clerg.) 1744-1827
Berkeley, Geo. (Ir. bp. and philos.). 1684-1753
Berkeley, Miles Joseph (Eng. bot.). 180-3-1889
Bemers, Juliana. [Hawking and
Hunting, 1486] 1388-
Bemers, John Bourchier.Ld. (Eng.
Chan.). [Trans, of Froissart] . . 1469i'-1532
Berry, William. [Encyc. Heraldica,
182*40] 1774-1851
Berzelius, Baron Jons Jakob (Swed.
chem.) 1779-1848
Besant, Walter (Eng. author) . . l*!-'5-
Bescherelle, Louis Nicolas (Fr.
gram, and lexicog.) 1802-1883
Bessey, Charles Edwin (Am. bot.) . 1845-
Best, Wm. Mawdesley (Eng. ju-
rist). [Evidence and Practice,
1849.]
Betterton, Thomas (Eng. actor) . . 1635?-1710
Bevan, Wm. Lotham (Eng. writer) 1821-
Beveridge.Wm. (Eng. linguist) . 1637-1708
Beverly, Robt. (.\m. historian) . . 1675-1716
(revised by Becke).
Bibliotheca Sacra (Am. theolog.
quarterly, estab. 184.3).
Bickerstaff , Isaac (Brit, dramatist). 1735?-1788?
Bickersteth, Edward (Eng. theol.) 1786-1850
Biddle, Nicholas (Am. financier) . 1786-1844
Bigelow, Jacob (Am. physician) . 1787-1879
Birch, Thomas (Eng. historian) . . 1705-1766
Bishop, Frederick (Eng. writer on
cookery, pub. 1,S52).
Bispham, Geo. Tucker (Am. jurist).
Black, Joseph (Brit, chemist) . - 1728-1799
Black, William (Scot, novelist) . . 1841-
Blackburne, Francis (Eng. clerg.) . 1705-1787
Blackie, John Stuart (Scot, class.
scholar) 180WS95
Blackmore, Sir Richard (Eng. the-
ologian and poet) 1^50?-1729
Blackmore, Richard Doddridge
(Eng. novelist) 1825-
Blackstone, Sir William (Eng.
jurist). [Commentaries] .... 172.3-1780
Blackwall, Anthony (Eng. author). 1674-1730
(xix)
xs.
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
Quoted in
Diet, as Names io fnlj. Datei.
Blackwood^s or Blackwood'H Edinburgh Magazine
Blachw. Mag. (fouoded 1817).
Blair, Hugh (Scot, divine and rheto-
rician; 1718-1800
Blair, Robert (Scot, clerg. and poet) 169J-1747
Blakely, Edward T. [Diet, of
ConCc'l Information, Lond., 1878.]
Bloomfield, Robert (Eng. poet) . . 1766-1823
Blount, Thomas (Eng. legal writer) 1618-1679
Blount, Chas. (Eng. deistic writer) 1654-1693
Blount, Sir Henry (Eng. traveler) . 1602-I6S2
Boaden, James (Eng. dramatist) . 1762-1839
Blair
R. Blair . .
Blakely . .
R. Bloomfield
Blount . . .
C. Blount . .
Sir //. Blount
J. Boaden
W.R.Boardman Boardman, Wm. £. (Am. clerg.).
Bolingbroke . . Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Vis-
count (Eng. statesman) .... 1678-1751
Bolton .... Bolton, Robert (Eng. Puritan di-
vine) 1672-1631
Bk. of Com.
Prater . .
Booth . . .
Boswell . .
Botworth .
Boucher .
Bourne
J. Bourne.
Bouvier .
F. Bowen . . .
Bowring . . .
A. K.H.Boyd.
Boyle . . . .
Bnyse . . . .
Braction . . .
Bradford . .
B. Brady . . .
Abp. Bramhall .
Bramston . . .
J. Brand . . .
Brande . • .
Brande * C. .
Brathwait .
T.Bray . .
Brende . . .
Brenwood . •
Breton . . • .
Brevint . . .
Brewer . • ,
A. Brewer . .
SirD. Brewster
Brieger . . .
J. Bright . . .
Brimley . . .
Brinton . . .
C. A. Bristed .
Brit. Critic . .
Britton . . .
Brockett . . .
Brovie (1659) .
C. Bronte . ,
Brooke (East-
ford) . . .
B. Brooke . .
W. K. Brooke .
Broom . . . .
Broome . . .
Brougham . .
Dr. J. Brovm .
G. Brown . . .
a. Brown . . .
T. Brown . . .
E. Browne . .
F. Browne . .
Sir T. Browne .
W. Browne . .
1766-1816
Book of Common Prayer.
Booth, David (English lexicog.) .
Boswell, James (biog. of Dr. John-
eon) 1740-1795
Bosworth, Joseph (Eng. philol.) . . 1789-1876
Boucher, Jonathan (Eng. author in
Am.) I7.»-1804
Bourne, Henry. [Antiquities, VOSl 1696-1733
Bourne, John (Eng. engineer).
Bouvier, John (Am. jurist). [Law
Diet.] 1787-1851
B. I. Bowditch . Bowditch, Henry Ingeraoll (Am.
Burg. and physiol.) 1808-
Bowen, Francis (Am. philoB.) . . 1811-1890
Bowring, Sir John (Eng. traveler
and linguist) 1792-1872
Boyd, Andrew Kennedy Hutchi-
son (Scot, clergyman) 1825-
Boyle, Robert (Irish chemist) . . . 1626-1691
Boyse, Samuel (Eng. pcet) .... 1708-1749
Braction, Henry de (Eng. lawyer).
[Laws, 1569] 1227?-1267
Bradford, John (Eng. martyr) . . 15107-1555
Brady, Robert (Eng. historian) . . 1&»3-1700
Bramhall, Abp. John (Eng. author) 1593-1663
Bramston, James (Eng. vicar) . . -1744
Brand, John. [Description qf Orh.
ney, Edin., 1701] 1668?-]7S8
Brande, William Thomoa (Eng.
chemist) 1768-1866
Brande, Wm. Thos., and Cox, Geo.
Wm. [Dict.of Sei.,Lit.,and Art,
Lond., 1875.]
Brathwait, Richard (Eng. poet) . . 1588-1673
Bray, Thomas (Eng. clerg. and
philan.) 1656-1730
Brende, John. [Qtiintus Curtius,
Lond., 1553.)
Brerewood, Edward (Eng. math.
and antiq.) 1565-1615
Breton, Nicholas (Eng. poet) . 1542?-1626?
Brevint, Daniel (Eng. divine) . . 1616-1695
Brewer, Edward Cobham (Eng.
compiler) 1810-
Brewer, Anthony (Eng. dram., time
of Charles I.).
Brewster, David, Sir (Brit, physicist) 1781-1868
Brieger, Ludwig (Ger. physiol.
chemist) 1S49-
Brlght, John (Eng. statesman) . . 1811-1889
Brimley, George (Eng. critic) . . 1819-1857
Brinton, Dan. Garrison (Am. cthnol.) 1837-
Bristed, Charles Astor(Am. writer) 1820-1874
British Critic (Eng. review, organ of
Higli Church party, 1793-18*3).
British Pharm. British Pharmacopceia.
firit. Quart. Rev. British Quarterly Review (estab.
London, 1845).
Britton, John (Eng. antiquary) .
Brockett, John Trotter (Brit, an
tiquary) 1788-1842
Brome, Richard (Eng. dramatist) . -1632
Bronte, Charlotte (Eng. novelist) . 1816-1855
Brooke, Wesley. [Eastford, or
Bouse/told Sketches, Boston, 1855.]
Brooke, Henry (Eng. poet) . . . 1706-1783
Brooke, "Wm. "Keith(Am. biologist). 1848-
Broom, Herbert (Eng. legal writer). 18I5-1S32
Broome, Wm. (Eng. translator) . . 1689-1745
Brougham, Lord Henry (British
statesman; 1778-1868
Brown, John (Scot, preacher) . . 1810-1882
Brown, Goold (Am. grammarian) . 1791-1857
Brown, Robert (Scot, botanist) . . 1773-1858
Brown, Tom (Eng. author) . . . 1663-1704
Browne, Edward (Eng. physician) 1644-1708
Browne, Peter (Eng. bishop) . . .
Browne, Sir Thomas (Eng. physi-
<:ian) 1605-1682
Browne, William (Eng. poet) . . 1590-1645?
Mrs. Browning . Browning, Eliz. Barrett (Eng. poet) 1809-1861
S. Browning . Browning, Robert (Eng. poet) . . 1812-1689
O. A. Brownson Brownson, Orestes Augustus (Am.
journalist and theologian) . . ,
James Bruce . Bruce, James (Scot, traveler) . . .
Sdbert of Brunne Mannyng, Robert, called R. of B.
(Eng. chron. and poet, trans.) . 1260?-1340?
i-auder Brunton Brunton, Thomas Lauder (Scot.
physician) 1844-
Bryant, William CuUen (Am. poet) 1794-1878
Bryant, Jacob (Eng. theel. and
mythol. writer) 1715-1804
Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton (Eng.
bibliographer) 1762-1837
Bryskett, Lodowick (Brit, poet and
translator) fl. 1671-1611
Buchanan, jamee. [Diet., 1757.]
Buchanan, Claudius (Scot, divine). 1766-1815
Buchanan, James (Fres. V. S.) . . 1791-1868
17n-1857
-1735
1803-1876
1730-1794
Bryant
J. Bryant
Brydges ,
Bryskett .
Buchanan
C. Buchanan
J. Buchanan
Quoted In
Diet, as
W. M. Buchanan
Buck ....
Sir G. Buck . .
Duke of Buck-
ingham . , .
Buckland . . .
Buckle ....
A. B. Buckley .
Buckminster . .
Budgetl . . .
Bujg'on ....
Bp.Bull . . .
BuUinger . . .
Bullokar . . .
Bungay . . .
Bunyan . . .
J. Burdon-San-
derson . . .
Burke ....
Sir B. Burke .
Ld. Burleigh .
Bum ....
Bp. Burnet . .
T. Burnet . . .
Burnet/' * * .
O. P. Bumham
Bums ....
F. Burr . . .
BurrilZ . . .
J. Burroughs .
Burrow . • .
Burt ....
Burton ....
J. B. Burton .
R. F. Burton .
Busby ....
B. Bushnell . .
Bp. Butler . .
C. Butter . . .
S. Butler . . .
Byles ....
Byrd . . .
James Byrne
Byrom . . .
Byron . . .
1807-1877
-1623
1627-1687
1784-1856
inS»-I796
1807-1869
<?. W. Cable .
Caird ....
Cairnes . . .
Calamy . . ,
Calderwood . .
Calderwood
(Fleming's Vo-
cabulary') . .
Callander , .
Calthrop . . .
F. C. Calva-t .
G. B. Calvert .
Camden . . .
Campbell . . ,
Campbell (Diet.
Mil. Sci.) . .
Dr. J. Campbell
G. Campbell
Lord Campbell
J. V. Cane . .
Canning ...
Capgrave . .
Carew ....
T. Carew . . .
Carleton . . .
Bp. of Carlisle .
Carlton • . .
Carlyle . . .
Dr. A. Carlyle
Carpenter . .
L. Carroll . .
CnrtwrigAt . .
W. Cartwright
B. F. Carp . .
Sir L. Cary , .
Names in full. Dates.
Buchanan, W. M. [Technological
Diet., Lond., 1846.]
Buck, Gurdon (Am. Burgeon) . .
Buck, Sir George (Eug. historian) .
Buckingham, Geo. Villiers, second
duke of (Eng. poet)
Buckland, William, Dean of West-
minster (geol. and paleon.) . . .
Buckle, Henry Thomas (Eng. his-
torian) 1821-1862
Buckley, Arabella Burton (Eng.
scientific writer) 1840-
BuckminBter, Joseph Stevens (Am.
Unitarian divine) 1784-1812
Budgell. Eustace (Eng. writer) . . 1685-1736
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc (Fr.
naturalist) 1707-1788
Bull, Bp. George (Eng. theologian) 1634-1710
BuUinger, Heinrich (Swiss re-
former) 1504-1575
Bullokar, William (Eng. gram.) . fl. 1580
Bungay, George W. (Am. journalist
and poet) 1825-
Bunyan, John (English preacher).
[Pih/rim's Progress] 1628-1688
Burdon-Sanderson, John Scott
(Eng. physiologist) 1828-1882
Burke, Edmund (Eng. statesman) . ]729?-1797
Burke, Sir Bernard (Eng. antiq.) . 1815-
Burleigh, or Burghley, Lord, Wm.
Cecil (Eng. statesman) 1620-159S
Burn, Richard (Eng. law writer) . 172(^1785
Burnet, Bp. Gilbert (Scot, historian) 1643-1715
Burnet, Thomas (Eng. writer).
[Theort/of the Earth] 16SS-171S
Bumey, Charles (Eng. author) . . 1TX-18U
Burnham, George Pickering (Am.
journalist).
Bums, Robert (Scot, poet) ....
Burr, Fearing, Jr. [I'egetabks of
Ameriea, Boston, 186.5.]
Burrill, Alexander Mansfield. [Law
Z)ic(., N. Y., 1S59]
Burroughs, John (Am. nat. and es-
sayist) 1837-
Burrow, Sir James. [Reports in
King:i Bench, 17.56-72] 170I-I782
Burt, Captain Edward. [Letters,
Lond., 1754] -1755
Burton, Robert (Eng. philos.).
[Anat. of Melancholy] 1577-1640
Burton, John Hill (Scot advocate). 1809-1882
Burton, Sir Richard Francis (Eng.
traveler) 1821-18W
Busby, Thomas (Eng. mus. writer). 1755-1838
Bushnell, Horace (Am. clergyman).
Butler, Bp. Joseph (Eng. theol.) . .
Butler, Charles (Eng. clergyman) .
Butler, Samuel (Eng. poet) ....
Byle«, Sir John Barnard (Eng.
writer on commercial law) . . . 1801-1884
Byrd, Wm. (Eng. musician) . . . ]S38?-1623
Byrne, James. [Eng. Language,
Lond., 1885.]
Byrom, John (Eng. poet) .... 1691-1763
Byron, George Noel Gordon, Ld.
(Eng. poet) 1788-1824
Cable, Geo. W. (Am. writer) . . . 1844-
Caird, John (Scot, clergyman) . . 1820-
Cairnes, John Elliot (Eng. poUt
economist) 1823-1875
Calamy, Edm. (Eng. divine) . . . 1600-1666
Calderwood, David (Scot, author) . 1575-1650
Caliierwood, Henry (Scot, philos.) . 1830-
Callander, John (Scot, lawyer and
editor) -1789
V/althrop, or Calthorp, Sir Harry
(Eng. jurist). [Customs of Lond.,
1612] 1686-1637
Calvert, Fred. Grace (Eng. chem.) . 1819-1873
Calvert, Geo. H. (Am. misc. writer) 180.3-
Camdcn, Wm. (Eng. antiquarian) . 1551-1623
Campbell, Thomas (Brit, poet) . . 1777-1844
Campbell, E. S. N. [Diet. Mil. Sci-
ence, Lond., 1830.]
Campbell, John (Scot, polit. hist.) . 1708-1775
Campbell, Geo. (Scot, divine) . . 1719-1796
Campbell, Lord, John. [LivesofLd.
Chancellors] 1779-1861
Cane, John Vincent (Eng. friar) . -1672
Canning, Geo. (Eng. statesman) . . 1770-1S27
Capgrave, John (Eng. historian) . 1393-1464
Carew, Richard (Eng. antiq.).
[Sun-ey of Comwatt, Lond., 1602] 1555-1620
Carew, Thomas (Eng. poet) . . 1598?-1639?
Carleton, Capt. Geo. [Memoirs of
an Eng. Oi?ce>-,Lond., 1728.]
Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, Bp. of . 1818-
Carlton, Robert, pseud, of B. R.
Hall (Am. writer) 1798-1863
Carlyle, Thomas (Brit. CBsayist and
historian) 1795-1881
Carlyle, Alexander (Scot, divine) . 1722-1805
Carpcnter.W'm. Benj. (Eng. physiol.) 1813-1885
Carroll, Lewis, pseud, of C. L.
Dodgson (Eng. writer) .... 1833?-
Cartwright, Thomas (Eng. Puritan
divine) 1535-1603
Cartwright, Wm. (Eng. poet and
dramatist) 1611-1643
Cary, Henry F. (English poet and
translator) 1772-1844
Cary, Sir Lneiiu (Brit political
writer) 1610?-1643
1802-1876
1692-1752
1559-1647
1612-1680
(Diet, of Xee-
dleiDork) . ,
Cavendish . .
Cawthom . . .
Caxton . . .
Cecil ....
Mrs. Centlivre .
The Century .
Chalkhai ,
Chalmers . .
A. Chalmers
Qiioted in
Diet, as Names in full. Dates.
Cas-iell (Diet, of Casseirs Dictionary of Cookery,
Cookery) . . London.
Dr. CastelUmi) Castell. Edmund (Eng. orientalist). 1606-168*
Oiton .... Caton. John Dean (Am. author) . 1812-
Caulfeild (j- S. Caulfeild, S. F. A., & Saward,
Blanche C. [Diet, of Needlework,
Lond., 1»«.]
Cavendish, Geo. (Eng. author) . . ISOO-lseir
Cawthom, James (Eng. poet) . . 17I9-176I
Caxton, Wm. (first Eng. printer) 1422?-14tf2
Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury
(Eng. statesman) 1563?-1612
Centlivre, Susanna (Eng. drama-
tist) 1667?-1723
The Century Illust. Monthly Mag.
(e.stab. in N. Y., mSI).
J. W. Chadwick Chadwick, John White (Am. Unit
divine) 1840-
Chulkhill, John, perhaps pseud, of
I;£iiak Walton.
Chalmers, Thomas (Scot, divine) . 1780-1847
Chalmers, Alex. (Brit, editor).
[Twlil-s Johnson's Did.]. . . . 1759-183t
Chambers. . . Chambers, Ephraim (Eng. editor) . -1740
Chambers . . Chambers, William and Robert
(Scot, compilers and publishers).
Chambers's En-
cyc Chambers's Encyclopedia, 1860-1868.
Chambers' 8 Jour- Chambers's Edinburgh Journal,
nal .... (estab. 1832).
Champness . . Champness, William Swain. [Insur.
Diet., Lond.]
Channing . . Channing, Wm. Eliery (Am. Unit
divine) 1780-180
A. L. Chapin Chapin, Aaron Lucius (Am. divine,
(Johnson's Cyc.) and writer on polit. eeon.) .■ . . 1817-
Chapman . . . Chapman, Geo. (En?, dramatist
and poet) 1557-163t
Mrs. Chapone . Chapone, Hester (Eng. author) . . 1727-1801
Charles L . . Chas. Stuart (k. of Eng., 1640-49) . 1600-1649
T. Chase . . . Chase, Thomas (Am. educator) . . 1827-
Ld. Chatham . Chatham, Wm. Pitt, I.ord (Eng.
statesman) 1708-1778
Chatterton . . Chatterton, Thomas ( Eng. poet) . 1752-1770
Chaucer . . . Chaucer, Geoffrey (Eng. poet) . . 1340?-1400
Chaucer's Dream (poem formerly attrib. to Chaucer).
Chauncy . . . ()hauncy, Chas. (Am. Unit, divine) 1705-1787
Chauvenet . . Chauvenet, Wm. (Am. math.) . . 1820-187O
Cheever . . . Cheever, Geo. Barrell (Am. clerg.). 1807-1890
SirJ.Cheke. . Cheke, Sir John (Eng. scholar) . . 1514-1557
Chenevix . . . Chenevix, Ricliard (Irish writer) . 1774-1830
Ld. Chesterfield Chesterfield, Pliilip Dormer Stan-
hope, Lord, [letter.^] 1694-1773
(Eng. ballad, in Percy's Relit/ues).
Cheyne, Geo. (Scot p'liys. and phil.) 1671-174S
Child, Sir Josiah (En;, economist) 16.')0-1699
Chillingworth, Wm. (Eng. divine
and controversialist) 1602?-1644
Chipman, Nathaniel (.\m. jurist) . 1752-1843
Chitty, Joseph (Eng. jurist) . . . 1776-1841
Choate, Ruf us (Am. oral, and jur.) 1799-1859
Christie, Wm. Dougal (Eng. dip.) . 1816-1874
Churehill.Chos. (Eng. poet and sat) 17.31-1764
Churton. Ralph (Eng. divine) . . 1754-1831
Cibber, Colley (Eng. dramatist and
octor) 1671-1767
Circular of Mass. Representatires (1768).
Clarendon . . Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first earl
of (Eng. historian) 1608-1674'
Clark, Daniel A. (Am. divine) . . 1779-1840
Clark, Wm. Smitli (pres. Amherst
Agricultural College) 1826-1886
Clarke, Henry Hyde (Eng:. philol.) 1815-1885
Clarke, Adam (Brit, philol. and
commentator) 1762?-1832'
Clarke, Charles C. (Eng. writer) . 1787-1877
Clarke, John ( Eng. phys. & writer) 1609-1878
CHarke, .Mary Victoria Cowden
(Eng. author) 1809-
Clarke, Samuel (Eng. philosopher) 1675-1729
{Claus, Carl Fricdr. (Ger. biologist) 18.35-
Sedgwick, Adam (Eng. geologist) 1785-187S'
Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanael
(Ger. physicist) 1822-
Clayion . . . Clayton, John. [Repts. antl Pleas
of Assizes at York, 1651.]
P. Cleaveland . Cleaveland, Parker (Am. geologist) 1780-1858
Cleland . . . Cleland. John (Eng. writer) . . . 1709-1789
Dr. R. Gierke . Clerke, Richard (Eng. divine) . . -1034
Cleveland, John (Eng. poet) . . . 1613-1659
Chevy Chase
Cheyne . . .
Sir J. Child.
Chillingworth
Chipman . .
Chitty . . .
R. Choate .
W. D. Christie
Churchill . .
Churton . .
Cibher . . .
D. A. Clark . .
IT. S. Clark . .
Clarke. . . .
A. Clarke . .
Coxoden Clarke
John Clarke . ,
Mary Cowden
Clarke . . .
S. Clarke . . .
Claus 8f Sedg-
wick
Clausius . . .
Cleveland . .
W. K. Clifford
Clifton .
Clifford, Wm. Kingdon (Eng. phil.) 1845-1879
Cnifton, WilUam (Am. poet) . . . 1772-1799
Be Wilt Clinton Clinton, De Witt (Am. etatesmon) . 1769-1828
A. H. Clough . Clough, Arthur Hugh (Eng. poet) 1819-1861
F.P.Cobbe • • Cobbe, Frances Power (Brit, wnter; 1822-
Co66c« . . . Cobbett, Wm. (Eng. polit. writer) . 1762-1&35
R. Cobden • . Cobden, Richard (Eng. economist) 1804-1865-
Cobham . . . Cobham, Sir John Oldeastle, Ld.
(Eng. martyr) 1360?-1417
Codker. . ■ • Cocker, Edw. (Eng. mathematician) 1631-1676
Cockeram . . Cockeram, Henry. [£«!;. Z)ic(., 1(«2.J
Codrington . . Codrington, Robt. (Eng. misc. writ-
er) 1602-1005
Cdgan .... Cogan, Thomas (Eng. physician
and divine). [The Passions] . . 1736-1818
Co3on(lS96). . Cogan, Thomas (Eng. physician) . 1545?-1607
Coke .... Coke, Sir Edward. [Laws of Eng.,
including Coke on Littleton]. . . 1552-1634
Colebrookt . . Colebrooke, Hen. T. (Eng. orient.) 1765-1&:;7
Coleman . . . Coleman, Lyman (Am. scholar) . 179C-1882
Coleridge . . . Coleridge, Samuel T. (Eng. poet) . 1772-18;!4
B. Coleridge . Coleridge, Hartley (Eng. poet) . . 1796-1849
Coles .... Coles, Elisha (Eng. lexicographer) 1640F-1686
Collection ofRec- Title to a Collection of Records
ords (1642) . (cited from Lathim's Diet.).
Collier. . . • Collier, Jeremy (Eng. divine) . . 1650-1726
J. P. Collier, . CoUier, John Pay ne CEng. lit hist) 178!>-188a
A
inaUilll.
PLatenr
Spain.
Sweden
Switxerland. United States f Brazil. Uruguay.
Venexi
CorVRieHT 1890 ■V6.»C-HERR1AHB'C0.
PLateV
ABMS AND FLAGS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND HER COLONIES
Malta
Newfoundland.
New Zealand
* The Motional Flag for use ashore. With certain insignia in the center, the Regimental color of
the Foot Guards, and the Queens Color d^ the Line RegimentsFlown. oir the jack-staff of men of u^ar,
and at the main iy the Admiral of the Fleet. With royal arms in rentpr, used hy diplomatic representa-
tives, ashore and afloat. Mth royal initials and a crown in center, used afloat by military authorities.
With colonial badge in center, used afloat by governors of Sritish Dominions and Colonies.
fFloH^i by ships of- war. and by vessels of the Hoyal Yacht Sq,uadron.
'^Flown by vessels commanded ly officers (f ftoyal .Vavat fieserve.and by hired vessels in survey-
ing senice.hfth colonial had^e in jfy. flown by vessels in the employment of a British Colony.
With other insignia in fly flown fy vessels in other public service. With royal arms in fly, flown,
afloat by consular officers. Flown by se^'eral yacht cluis. including the fioyal Canadian (with a
crown in the flyjand theRoycd Mova Scotia Yacht Sq,uadron, f without device. J
IFlownby firitish merchant shijos and vessels not otherwise provided for. With the imperial
crown in theflyfbwn by the British custom house Used b}' the Trinity ffouse withitsjack in the fly
XFlmvn at the main hy an Admiral,at the fore iy a Vice Admiral. and at the mizzen by a Rear
Admiral. Fn vessels of less than three masts, and in boats, a Vice Admiral adds .one 7'ed ball,
and a Bear Admiral adds t>vo red balls.
"W Flown at the main by Comtnodore of /I ?f Class : at fore, by Commodore of 2'd- Class,
and at Tnizzen by senior of two or more commanding officers iit company, when of
lower rank than Commodore.
New South Wales.
Queensland
South Australia S* Helena Straits Siettlements Tasmania
Trinidaa .
Victoria. Western Australia. Windward Islands
COPVfll«HT I»«0 IT «.»C.HftftRlAM»ca.
wumm
PLale VI.
FLAGS OF VARIOUS NATIONS
For the United States see Plate I.
For Great Britain and her Colonies, seePlateY
AuslTO'Hun^aiY'.Maii'OrWar
China.Manof -War. China.Merchant.
sea
Colombia
Costa Kca,Manof War*
(icrmaiiv. Merchant. Greo<-e.Manof\V'nr * Ouatejnala, Stale Flaj.*
fl
Honduras
Norway. Merchant. Oran^cFree State.
Italy. Man of War."^ ''Japan, Manof War.**
Portui^al. rtoumania " Riissia,Manof-WaT. IRussia,Merchant. Salva.dor,SfateFla^ll
* Wifhinil cocUof-atms or sun or other Symbol, these become the merchant flaq. + WithnvU the coat-of-ar/ns, this becomes
^1 the fta^ for men of-war and merchunhnen. -^ Without the crown (retaining the shield ) this becomes the merchant
^- flag. T On the reverse side, the reverse of the coaf-ofarms. II On the reverse side thirteen stars in place of the coat-
^ of- arms. The vierchant flaa has thirteen stars on both sides, without coat of- arms. ^* In the- mewhant flag ,
t?te sixteen red rays are omitted.
COPYRieHT 1890 BY G.>C-MEflRlAH»a
Piate W.
FLAGS OF VARIOUS NATIONS
Continued from Plate VI
H
L.
^fl
1
Sara
L>vak.
Servia.
Turkey and E^ypt. United States of BrtiziL.
Uruguay.
Venezuela. State Fla^. I
Z^anzibar.
*U7/hout coat of ntms this beromes the merchant ffa^.
iWitJwut coat of arms (relatninxf t/i^ steers.^ this htcomes the nmrchfttit fUttf.
TLAGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SIGNALS
Q
s.
\%nn
PILOT FIAGS OF VARIOUS :NATI0NS
For the United States, see Plate 1.
For Great Britain, see Plate Y
Deiunark.
Netherlands.
Belgium.
Greece . Italy.
Portugal
Bxissia.
Spain . Sweden and Norw<
COFrHiaHT ISSavV a.ftC-MEIIRIAHKCO.
fuae vni.
[American. [ Atlantic. [Baltimore.
I
Toledo. r Willjamsljur^. \ Winthrop.
Yale Corinthian . i Yonkers .
r ia*a tv a,»c.McnRiAM»ob.-
Yonkers Cor. i Ybrkville.
)n\oi\ yP>'Mf>//^.ir iVrsidcnt's Fla^.
Klagol Secrelan otNa>y.'l Admirals Flag. Vice Admiral's llajj. Rear Advnirars P
V
^
Senior
OClirer. "Rear Admiral's
A^hl House
Service.
NATION AT. KNSION.
0
11 \i«\/n 1
Naval
Reserve. Flag.
•
Hear Admii-al's
Narrow Peimaiil. ( Now. \
^-k^^^Kifif ^ •••••
Church Pennant.
Revenue Ensi^iL.
■
N arrow Pen nanl ( Reven ue M ari n e . )
OFFICIAL FLAGS
UNITED STATES.
Wind and Weather Fla^s
Tmiprmfutv .ligntil above a weather fla// i?u/;uY/^^s wari/ur,-
below uidicaifs rold^r weaf-her. Odd wave fUti/ hul irate.:
■f.'> °or loner. The easterly or wcsterli^ pe.niw.nt a bo>'e
rautJo/Mjy or .ilortn /layj inddzile.s twtiherly ^an/l eu.'iferl,i/
or wesi^erly/ win/Is;\i^\o'^ .■iou;di/'rly/fi?idea.Hl/:r/.y or lyestedy/win/h.
►
a»en'iia.rKdow.^ ^^///V
QearorPair. KdnorSnoM. Cold Wave. ^^^P^'"''*"''*' Westerly Winds , ^^^^^'^^y^''}^*" Cautionary. , Storm.
Signal. - ^^f"Jf"'"^^j'Y^'fDisptmfedont}uLa}<e^mly.) (WheatWoare
Yacbt Ensign
Hi.
when displayed alone.)
showtiJfurncane\}
SIGNAL FL\GS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NAVY
Isl. Repeater. Snd.Repealer. " 3rd. Repeater
Preparatory.
Tele^aph. Comet.
* Same with colors reversed
DespcitclL.
Quarantine
-/_.
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
XXI
Ouoted is
TDlct. ai
Collins. . . •
if. CoUins . .
r. W. Collins .
W. Collins . .
J. CoUyer . .
Colman , • .
Volman t( Oar-
rick ....
Colman.the Eld-
er, or a'&l) ■
P. Colqithotm .
O. Vombe . . .
Comber r .
Com'^ton , . .
Congreve . . .
ConstiUkUan q;
U.S. . . .
Contemp. Rev. .
Coni/beare • •
J. Conybeare .
Cook ....
JoKph Cook - .
CooAc(161S). .
J. P. Cooke . .
Jd. C. Cooke .
Cooley ...
A. J. Cooley. .
Coonibe . . .
Cooper ....
/. O. Cooper .
Cope ....
Copland ...
A. Copley. . .
Sp. Corbet . .
Comhill Mag. .
B. Cornwall
Sir C. Cormcal-
tis
The Coronation
E. L. Corthell .
Bp. Cosin . . .
Cot grave . . .
J. Cotgrave . .
Cotton ....
If. Cotton . . .
Coiies ....
The Council
Book (1651) .
Court of Love .
Cowthope . .
Coventry . . .
Coverdale . .
Cowell ....
Cowley. . . .
Cowper ...
Latty Cowper .
6. jr. Cox . .
Care ....
Bp. Coxe . . .
W. Coxe . . .
Cozzens . . .
Crabb ....
Crahbe ....
£. Cracroft . .
Craft of Lovers
(IMS) . . .
Craig ....
Sir T. Craig .
W. P. a-aighm
Craik ....
Cranch . . .
Cranmer . , .
Crashaw . , .
J. Cratafurd .
Creech ....
Creed of Pope
Pius IF. . .
Croft ....
Croker . . .
Croly ....
Crompton , .
Oliver Cromwell
W. Crookes . .
Croeby . . . .
Cross (Life of O.
Eliot) . , .
Crowley . . ,
Croxall . , ,
Cruise ....
Cudworth . .
W. CuUen . .
R. Cutriberland
Camming . . ,
T. Cunmngham
,°. Ctamingham
Vurran . . .
Names in full. Dates.
Collins, Wm. (Eng. poet) .... 1721-1759
Collins, Mortimer (Eng. writer) . 1827-1876
Collins, Thoniiis Wharton (Am.
poet and economist) 1812-1879
Collins, Win. Wilkio (Eng. novelist) 1824-1888
Collyer, John. ILuw o/ Partner-
ship, Lond., 184(1.]
Colman, Geo., the Younger (Eng.
dramatic poet) 1702-1836
Colman, Geo., the Elder, and Gar-
rick, David. [Cta7tdcsti;ie Mar-
nuf/e.]
Colman, George, the Elder (Eng. es-
sayist and drniuutist) 17.'^-1794
Colquhoun, Patrick (Scot, statis.) . 174A-1820
Combe, Geo. ^Seot. phrenol. writer) 1788-1858
Comber, Thos. (Denn of Durham) . l(;44-lGi)t(
Compton, Henry (Eng. bishop) . . 1(^2-1713
Congreve, Wm. (Eng. dram, poet) 167l)-ir2y
Constitution of the United States
(framed in the Feder&l Conven-
tion, 1787).
Contemporary Review (founded In
London, ISiMi).
Conybeore,Wm. J. (Eng. divine) . 1815-1857
Conybeare, John (Eng. bishop) . . 1692-1755
Cook, Capt. Jas. (Eng. navigator) . 172S-1779
Cook. Joseoh (Am. lecturer) . . . 1838-
{Descrijition of the /imly of J/an]
quoted from Richardson's Diet.
Cooke, Josiuh P. (Am. chemist) . . 1827-1894
Cooke, iMordecttiCubitt (Eng. bot.). 1825-
Cooley, Thos. M. (Am. lawyer, ed.
Story's and Blackstone's (jomm.) 1824-
Cooley, Arnold James. [Prac. Re-
ceipts, 4th ed., Lond., 1864.]
Cooinbe,Wm.(Eng. humorous poet) 1741-1823
Cooper, Jas. Fenimore( Am. nov.) . 1789-1851
Cooper, John Gilbeit (Eng. writer
on classics) 1723-1769
Cope, Edward Drinker(Am. nat.) . 1840-
Copland, Jas. (Scot, physician) . . 1791-1870
Copley, Anth(my. {Fits, Wits, and
Fancies, 15;i')] 3567-1607?
Corbet. Bp. Richard (Eng. poet) . 1582-1635
Cornhill Magazine ( London month-
ly journal, estab. 1859).
Cornwall, Barry, pseud, of B. W.
Procter (Eng. poet) 1787-1874
Cornwallis, Sir Charles (Eng. diplo-
mat) 1630?
(a comedy of 17th cent., either by
John Fletcher or by Shirley).
Corthell, Elmer L. (Am. engineer) . 184(^
Cosin, John (Eng. author) .... 1594-1672
Cotgrave, Handle (Eng. lexicog.) . -1634
Cotgrave, John. [(nCs Interpret.,
orEyig. Parnassits,l,ond.,16BS] . fl. 1655
Cotton, Chas. (Eng. trans, and poet) 1630-1687
Cotton, Nath. (Eng. phys. and poet) 1707-1788
Cones, Elliott (Am. naturalist) . . 1842-
The Council Book of the Eng. Com-
monwealth,
(a poem attributed to Chaucer).
Courthope.Wm. John (Eng. essayist) 1842-
Coventry, Henry (Eng. writer) . . 17107-1752
Coverdale, Jliles (Eng. divine) . . 1488-1568
Cowell, John (Eng. jurist). . . . 1554-1611
Cowley, Abraham (Eng. poet) . . 1618-1667
Cowper, William (Eng. poet) . . 1731-1800
Cowper, Mary (Eng. writer).
lDianj,m»] 1685-1724
Cox, Geo. Wm. (Eng. historian) . 1827-
Coxe, John Redman (Am. phys.) . 1773-1864
Coxe. Arthur Cleveland (Am. poet) 1818-1896
Coxe, Wm. (Eng. hist, writer) . . 1747-1828
Cozzens, Fred. S. (Air., writer) . . 1818-1869
Crabb, Geo. (Eng. lexicog.) [Syn.^ 1778-1851
Crabbe, Geo. (Eng. poet) .... 1754-1832
Cracroft, Bernard (Eng. essayist) . 1826?-1888
(a poem formerly attributed to
Chaucer).
Craig, John. [_Eng. Diet., Lond., 1852.)
Craig, Sir Thomas (Scot, lawyer
and antiquary) 1538-1608
Craighill, Wm. Price (Am. soldier) 1833-
Craik, Geo. Lillie (Scot, writer) . 1799-1866
Cranch, Wm. (Am. jurist) .... 1769-1855
Cranmer, Thomas (Eng. reformer) 1489-1556
Crashaw, Richard (Eng. poet) , . 16137-1649
Crawfurd, John (Scot, author) . . 1783-1868
Creech, Thomas (Eng. translator) , 1659-1701
Creed of Pius IV. (Pope, 1559-65) . 1499-1565
Croft, Herbert (Eng. bishop) . . . 160-3-1691
Croker.JohnW. (Brit, statesman) , 1780-1857
Croly, Geo. (Brit, divine and poet) . 1780-1860
Crompton, Hugh (Eng. poet) . . fl. 1657
Cromwell, Oliver (lord protector of
the Eng. Commonwealth) . . . 1599-1658
Crookes, Wm. (Eng. physicist) . . 1832-
Crosby, Alpheus (Am. educator) . 1810-1874
Cross, John Walter (husband of
Geo. Eliot, and ed. of her Life).
Crowley, Robert (Eng. divine) . . 1518-1588
Croxall, Samuel (Brit, divine) . . -1732
Cruise. William (Eng. legal writer) -1824
Cudwoith, Ralph (Eng. divine and
philosopher) 1617-1688
CuUen, Wm. (Scot. med. writer) . 1712-1790
Cumberland, Richard (Eng. poet
and dramatist) 1732-1811
Cumming, Roualeyn Geo. Gordon
(Scot, traveler) 1820-1866
Cunningham, John (Irish poet) . . 1729-1773
Cunningham, Peter (Eng. antiq.) . 1816-1869
Curran, John Philpot (Irish orator) 1750-1817
Quoted in
Diet, as
Cursor Mxmdi
B. R. Curtis .
a. T. Curtis . .
a. W. Curtis .
Cusliing . . .
Cussans . . .
Cttvier . . . .
C'l/c. qf Arts l(
Scicucet . •
Cyc.Med. . .
Da Costa . . .
D.Daggett . .
Dalgarno . . •
IC. Ji. Dall . .
Dahon . . • •
J/. Dalton . .
Dumpier . . .
Dana . , . .
E. S. Dana . .
R. H. Dana.Jr.
Daniel .
Daniell
D'AnrillelTram.
Mad. D-Arblay.
W. Darlington .
J. Durt . . .
Darrein . . .
E. Darwin . .
Davenant . . .
John Davidson .
S. Davidson . .
Davie» (with
name of work)
Davies Sf Peck
(Math. Did.)
Sir J. Davies .
E. Davis . . .
Mrs. R. H. Davis
F. Davison . ,
Davy ....
T. Dawes . . .
Dawkins . . .
B. Dawson . .
Day
De Bary . . .
Decker - - , .
The Declaration
of Independ-
ence ....
De Colange . .
J. Dee . . .
De Foe ....
De Morgan . .
Denham , . .
Dennis ....
De Quincey . .
Derham . . .
E. Dering (1576)
■Sir E. Dering .
Sir A. De Vere
De Watteville .
Dewey ....
Dibdm. . . .
T.Dick . . .
Dickens . ■ .
Diet, of Educa-
tion ....
Diet's Dry Din-
ner 0599) . .
Ld. Dighy . .
£. Digby . . .
Sir K. Digby .
Digges (1579) .
L Disraeli . .
Dittnn ....
IF. H. Dixon .
Doddridge . .
Dodsley . . *
A. E. Dolbear ,
Domat ....
Domesday Book
Donaldson . .
Donne . . . .
Dorset ....
Douay version .
Douce . . . ^
G. Douglas . ^
E. Dowden . •
Names in full. Dates,
(a metrical version of the Old and
New Testaments, interspersed
with legends, about 1.320).
Curtis, Benj. Robbins (Am. judge) 1809-1874
Curtis, Geo. Ticknor (Am. lawyer
and author) 1812-lsn4
Curtis,Gco. W. (Am. author and ed.) 1824-1S92
Cushing, Luther S. (Am. lawyer) . 1803-1856
CuBsans, John Edwin. [Handbook
qfj/enddry, l>ond., 1869.]
Cuvier, Georges Cliretien L. F. D.,
Baron (Fr. naturalist) 1769-1832
(o division of the English Cyclo-
pedia).
Cyclopoidia of Practical Medicine,
(183.3-35, ed. by A. Tweedie, John
Forbes, and John ConoUy).
Da Costa, Emanuel Mendes (con-
chologist. For. Sec. to Royal Soo.) -1788?
Daggett, David (Am. jurist) . . . 1764-1851
Dalgarno, George (Scotch writer) . 162G1'-1687
Dall, Wm. Healey (Am. explorer
in Alaska) 1845-
Dalton, John Call (Am. physician) 1825-1889
Dalton, Jlichael (Eng. lawyer) . . ]5.')4-162n
Dampier, Wni. (Eng. navigator) . 1652-1715
Dana, James Dwight (Am. geol.) . J813-1S95
Dana, Edward S. (Am. mineral.) . 1849-
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr. {7ivo
Years before the Mast. Practical
Seamanship] 1815-1882
Daniel, Samuel (Eng. poet and hist.) 1662-1619
Daniell, Edmund Robert (Eng.
jurist). [Prac. of High Court of
C/ianc.,lS45] -1854
)D'Anville, Jean B. B. (Fr. geog.) . 1697-1782
D'Arblay, Frances Burney, Madame
(Eng. novelist) 17.52-1840
Darlington, Wm. (Am. botanist) . 1782-1863
Dart.John (Eng. writer) .... -1730
Darwin, Chas. Robt. (Eng. nat.) . 1809-1882
Darwin, Erasmus (Eng. bot. and
poet) 1731-1802
Davenant, Sir Wm. (Eng. dram.) . 1606-1668
Davidson, John. \^Prac. Math.,
Edin., 1852.J
Davidson, Samuel (Brit. bib. critic).
Davies, John, of Hereford (Eng.
poet) 1565?-1618
(Davies, Chas. \\_Malh. Diet., 17ftS-1876
Peck, Wm. G./ N. Y., 1856.] 1820-
Davies, Sir John (Eng. phil. poet) . 1570-1626
Davis, Emerson (Am. clergyman) j 1798-1866
Davis, Rebecca Harding (Am. au-
thor) 1840-
Davison, Francis (Eng. statesman) fl. 1600
Davy, Sir Humphry (Eng. nat.
philosopher) 1778-1829
Dawes, Thomas (Am. judge) . . . 1757-1825
Dawkins, Wm. Boyd (Brit, geol.) 1838-
Dawson, Benj. (Eng. Presb. divine) 1729-1814
Day, .Jeremiah (Am. math.) . . . 1773-1867
De Bary, Heinrich Anton (Ger. bot.) 1831-1888
Decker, or Dekker, Thomas (Eng.
dramatist) 1670?-1640
(written by Thomas Jefferson, 1776).
De Colange, Auguste Leo (Fr. poet
and journalist) 1819-
Dee, John (Eng. math, and astrol.) 1527-1608
DeFoe, Daniel (Eng. writer) . . 1661?-1731
De Morgan, Augustus (Eng. math.) 1806-1871
Denham, Sir John (Eng. poet) . . 1615-1669
Dennis, John (Eng, dram, and
polit. writer) 1657-1734
De Quincey, Thomas (Enj. author) 1786-1859
Derham, Wm. (Enp. pliilosopher) , 1657-1735
Dering, Edwd. (Eng. Puritan divine) -1576
Dering, Sir Edward (Eng. polit.) . 1598-1644
De Vere, Sir Aubrey (Irish poet) . 1788-1846
De Watteville, Armand (med. elec.
in Eng.). [Introd. to Med. Elec,
Lond., 1878.]
Dewey, Orville (Am. clergyman) . 1794-1882
Dibdin, Thos. F. (Eng bibliog.). . 1775-1848
Dick, Thomas (Scot, author) . . . 1772-1857
Dickens, Charies (Eng. novelist) . 1812-1870
Dictionary of Education (ed. by
Henry Kiddk- and Alex. J.
Schem, N. T., 1877).
(notes on foods, with stories for the
table, by Henry Buttes, or Butts).
Digby, Ld. Geo. (Eng. politician) . 1012-1676
Digby, Robert (Eng. poet). [Letter
to Pope] -1726
Digby, Kenelm (Eng. philosopher) 1603-1665
Digges, Leonard (Eng. math.) . . -1573?
Disraeli, Isaac (Eng. misc. writer) . 1766-1843
Ditton, Humphrey (Eng. math.) . 1675-1715
Dixon, Wm. Hepworth (Eng. writ-
er) 1821-1879
Doddridge, Philip (Eng. divine) . 1702-1751
Dodsley, Robert (Eng. author) . . 1703-1764
Dolbear, Amos E. (Am. physicist) 1887-
Domat, Jean (Fr. jurist) .... 1625-1696
See in the Dictionary.
Donaldson, John Wm. (Eng. clas- ,
sioal scholar) .• • -f 1811-1861
Donne, John (Eng. divine) . . '. 1573-16.31
Dorset, Chas. Sackville, 6th earl ot 1637-1706
Douay version of Bible. See in Diet.
Douce, Francis (Eng. antiquarian). l*-"i -1834
Douglas, Gawin (Eng. translator) . HT4-15S2
Dowden, Edward (British literary
critic) ■ "'
Quoted in
liict. as
A. J. Downing .
Major Jack
Downing , .
J. R. Drake . .
iV. Drake . . .
Sir F. Drake .
Drant ....
J. W. Draper .
Sir W. Draper .
Drayton . . .
Drummond . .
A, Drummond •
Jl, Drummond ,
Sir W. Drum-
mond • . •
Dryden ...
C. Dryden . .
J. Dryden, Jr. •
Dryden fy Lee •
Du Bartas
(.Trans.) . .
Dublin Univ.
Meg
Dubois-Reymond
Du Chaillu
Lord DiiJJ'erin .
Narof s in full. Dates.
Downing, Andrew Jackson (Am.
agric. writer) 1815-1862
Downing, Major Jack, pseud, of
Scba Smith (Am. journalist) . . 1792-1868
Drake, Joseph Rodman (Am. poet) 17115-1820
Drake, Nathan (Eng. writer) . . 1760-1836
Drake, Sir Francis (Eng. navigator) 1640M596
Drant, Thos. (Eng. divine, made
tirst met. transl. of Iloroce, 1567) -1578?
Draper, John Wm. (Eng. philos.
ond scientist in America) . . . 1811-1882
Draper, Sir Wm. (Eng. controvers.) 1721-1787
Drayton, Miclniel (Eng. poet) . . 15GS-1631
Drunnnond, Wm.,o( llawthornden
(Scot, poet) 1685-1649
Drunnnond, Alex. (Eng. traveler) . -176^)
Drummond, Henry ^Scot. writer) . 1857?-
Drunmiond, Sir Wm. (Scot, diplom.
and writer) 1760?-1828
Dryden, John (Eng. poet) .... 1631-1701
Dryden, Chas. (son of J. Dryden,
and translator of Juvenal) . . . 1665-1704
Dryden, John, Jr. (Eng. transhitor) 1668-1701
Dryden, John, and Lee, Nathaniel.
[Oedipus. Dukeof Guise.]
Du Bartas, Guillaumc Sallu.ste (Fr.
poet). [ Works, trans, by Sylvester] 1644-1590
Dublin University Magazine (estab.
1832).
Dubois-Reymond, Emil Heinrich
(Ger. writer on physical science) . 1818-
Du Chaillu, Paul B. (Fr.-Am. trav.) 1835-
Dufferjn, Fred. Temple Black-
wood, 1st earl of (Eng. statesman) 1826-
Dugard . . • Dugard, Wm. (Eng. teacher and
poet) 1606-1662
Dugdale . . . Dugdale, Sir Wm. (Eng. antiq.) . 1605-1688
R. L. Dugdale - Dugdale, Richard L. (Am. social
scientist) 1841-1883
L.A.Duhring, Duhring, Louis .\. (Am. physician) 1845-
W. Dunbar . . Dunbar, Wm. (Scot, poet) . . . 1465?-1530?
Dunglison . . Dunglison.Robley (Am. physician).
[Med. Did.] 1798-1869
Dunlop .... Dunlop, John Colin (Scot. lit. hist.) -1842
Duponceau . . Duponceau, Peter Stephen (Am.
legal writer, born in France) . . 1760-1844
Duppa. , . . Duppa, Brian (Bp. of Salisbury) . 1588-1662
D'Urfey . . . D'Urfey, Thomas (Eng. dramatist) 1633-1723
Dr. T. Dwight . Dwight, Timothy (Am. educator) . 1752-1817
J. S. Dwight . Dwiglit, Jolin S. (Am. mus. critic) 181.3-1893
S. E. Dwight . Dwight, Sereno E. (Am. author) . 1786-1850
Dyche .... Dyche, Thomas (Eng. schoolmaster) fl. 1719
Dyer .... Dyer, John (Brit, clerg. and poet) . 1700-1738
T. H. Dyer . . Dyer, Thomas Henry (Eng. hist.) . 1804-
Eadie .... Eadie, John (Eng. theologian) . . 1810-1873
Earle .... Earle, John (Eng. scholar). [Philol.
of Eng. Tongue, 1871] 1824?-
Bp. Earle . , Earle, Bp. John (Eng. prelate) . . 1601-1665
East .... East, Sir Edw. Hyde (chief justice
of Calcutta) 1764-1847
C. L. Eastlake . Eastlake, Sir Charles Locke (Eng.
painter) 1793-1865
Eaton .... Eaton, Amos (Am. physicist) . . 1776-1842
D. C. Eaton . , Eaton. Daniel Cady (Am. botanist) 1834-1895
Echard . . . Eohard, Laurence (Eng. divine) . 1672-1730
Eclec. Rev. . • Eclectic Review (estab., Eng., 1805).
Eden .... Eden, Richd. (Eng. trans, of travels) 1621?-lil76
Miss Edgeworth Edgeworth, Maria (Eng. novelist) . 1767-1849
R. Edgeworth • Edgeworth, Roger (Roman Catholic
divine) -ab. 1560
Ed.Encyc. . • Edinburgh Encyclopajdia (edited
by Sir David Brewster, 1810-1830).
Ed. Rev. . . . Edinburgh Review (estab. 1802).
T.A.Edison . Edison, Thos. A (.Am. electrician) . 1847-
Edwards . . , Edwards, Eliezer (Eng. compiler).
[ Words, Facts, and Phrasa, 1881.]
A. B. Edwards Edwards, Amelia Blandford (Eng.
novelist and Egyptologist) . . . 1831-1892
B.Edwards . Edwards, Bryan(Eng. writerlnthe
West Indies) 1743-1800
J. Edwards . . Edwards, Jonathan (Am. clerg. and
metapliys.) 1703-1758
S. Edwards . . Edwards, Henry Sutherland (Eng.
author) 1823-
T. Edwards . . Edwards, Thomas (Eng. critic) . . 169i)?-1767
E. Egglestoii . Eggleston, Edward (Am. writer) . 1837-
Eikon BasiUke . Portraiture of Chas. L (attributed
to Bp. Gauden).
Lord Eldon . . Eldon, John Scott (Eng. lord chan-
cellor) 1751-1838
Eliot (imi) . . E\\ot,3ohn. [ITcw Eng. Biog. Diet.] 1754-1813
G. Eliot . . . pseud, of Mary Ann (b. Evans)
Lewes (later. Cross) (Eng. nov.) . 1820-1880
Queen Elizabeth Elizabeth, queen of England . . . 1533-1U03
Ld. Ellenborough Ellenborough, Edward Law (lord
chief justice of Eng.) 1750-1818
C.J.Ellicott . Ellicott, Charles John (Eng.com.) . 18Ili-
Ellia .... Ellis, George (Eng. misc. writer) . 1753-1815
A.J.Ellis . . Ellis, Alex. John (Eng. philol. and
writer on phonetics) 1814-1890
J. Ellis , . -. Ellis, John (vicar of St. Catherine's,
Dublin) fl. 1743
O. Ellsmrth . Ellsworth, Oliver (chief justice of
U.S.) 1745-1807
T. EHwood . . Ellwood, Thomas (Eng. Quaker) . 1639-1713
Ebnes .... Elmes, James (Eng. writer on art) « 1782-1862
Ellon ... Elton, Chns. Isaac (Eng. jurist) . 1839-
Sir T. Elyot. . Elyot, Sir Thomas (Eng. writer) . 1490?-1546
Emerson - . . Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Amer. es-
sayist and philosopher) .... 1803-1882
if. Emerson . . Emerson, Ralph (Am. scholar and
divine) 1787-186f.
Encyc. Brit. . » Encyclopasdia Britannica (9th edi- '
tion, also 8th). -
Encyc. Diet. . . Encycloptedic Dictionary (ed. by
Robert Hunter, 1879-1888).
xxu
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
Quoted in
Diet, as
Encyc. Dom.
Econ. . .
Encyc. of Rural
Sports . . .
Eng. Cyc. . .
Eng. Statute
Enfield. . . .
Enlick ....
Erskine . . .
Lord Er$kine .
Eton ....
Euclid ....
Eusden . .
Eustace . . •
Evans ....
J. Evarts . . .
Evelyn ....
Everest , , .
E. Everett . .
J. D. Everett .
Mrs. J. H.
Ewing . . .
Examiner . •
Q. S. Faber . .
Fabyan . . .
Fairbairn . . .
Fairfax . . .
Lord Fairfax .
JV. Fairfax . .
Fairholt . . .
Falconer . . .
Fallows . . .
Famhatoe . .
Faraday . . .
Farindon . , .
J. L. Farley . .
Farm. Diet. . ,
Farm. Encyc. .
Farm Journal
0886) . . .
Farmer . . .
FarmingEncyc.
(E. Edwards,
(ford.i) . . .
Farquhar . . ,
Farrar . . .
Farrier's Diet.
Farrow . . .
Dr. Favour . .
Fawcett . . .
Fawkes . . .
Featley . . .
Bp.Fell . . .
Feltham . . .
Fellon . . . .
C. a Fellon .
Female Quixote
Fcnton . . . .
G. Fenton . .
T. Finton . .
Ferguson . . .
Sir Samuel Fer-
guson . . .
J. Fergusson . .
Bp. Feme . .
Ferrand . . .
Miss Ferrier
Fidde.i. .
S. Field .
Fielding .
J. B. Finch
Bp. Fisher
J. Fiske .
Fisheries qf U. S-
0884) .
J. a. Fitch
Fitz-Geffry
Fitzpatrick
Flatman .
Flavel . .
Fleetwood
Fleming .
J. Fleming .
W. Flemming
G. Fletcher .
J. Fletcher .
P. Fletcher .
Flint . . .
C.Flint . .
Prqf. B. Flint
T. Flint . .
Florio . . .
Flower . ■ .
Names in full. Dates.
Eneycloptedia of Domestic Econ-
omy (ed. by Thos. Webster, 1845).
(ed. by J. H. Walsh, 1st Am. edi-
tion).
English Cyclopffidia (1793-1801).
Act of Henry VIII. (cited fr. John-
son's Diet.).
Enfield, Wm. (Eng. divine) . . . 1741-1797
Entick, John (Eng. misc. writer) . 1713-1773
Erskine, John (Scot. prof, of law) . 1695-17(S
Erskine, Thomas (lord chancellor
of Eng.) 1750-1823
Eton, Wm. (Eng. writer in Turkey) fl. 1800
Euclid of Alexandria (geom.) . fl. B. C. 300
Eusden, Lawrence (Eng. poet and
transl.) -1730
Eustace, John Chetwode (R. C. di-
vine) 1765?-1815
Evans, John (Brit, antiquary' . . 182V
Evarts, Jeremiah (Am. writer. • . 1781-1831
Evelyn, .Tohn (Eng. diarist) . . . 1620-1706
Everest, Chas. Wm. (Am. clerg. and
poet) 1814-1877
Everett, Edward (Am. orator) . . 1794-1865
Everett, Joseph D. (Eng. physicist) 1831-
Ewing, Juliana Horatia Orr (Eng.
nov.) 1842-1885
Examiner, The (Lond. weekly jour-
nal, 18U8-1881).
Faber, George Stanley (Eng. theol.) 17TS-1854
Fabyan, Robert (Eng. chronicler) . 1*50?-1513
Fairbairn, Patrick (Scot, clerg.) . 1805-1874
Fairfax, Edward (Eng. poet, trans.) 15807-1635
Fairfax, Ld. Tlios. (Eng. general) . 1611-1B71
Fairfax, Nathaniel (Eng. author) . 1637-1690
Fairholt, Fred. Wm. (Eng. art writ-
er) 1814-1866
Falconer, William (Scot, poet) . . 17.32-1769
Fallows, Samuel (Am. lexicog.) . . 1835-
Fanshawe, Sir Richard (Eng. states-
man and poet) 1603-1666
Faraday, Michael (Eng. chem. and
nat.) 1791-1867
Farindon, Anthony (Eng. divine) . 1696-1658
Farley, Jas. Lewis (Ir. journalist) . 1823-
Farmer's Dictionary (ed. by D. P.
Gardner, 1846).
Farmer's Encyclopedia (ed. by C.
W. Johnson, 1844).
(Philadelphia agric. monthly).
Farmer, Hugh (Eng. divine) . . . 1714-1787
Farming Encyclopedia (cited from
E. Edwards's Worda. Facts, etc.).
Farquhar, George (Irish dramatist) 1678-1707
Farrar, Fredk. Wm. (Eng. divine) . 1831-
Farrier's Dictionary (cited from
Johnson's Diet.).
Farrow, Edward S. (Am. mil. offi-
cer). [Mil. Encyc, N. Y., 1885.]
Favour, John (Eng. divine) . . . 1560?- 1623
Fawcett, Henry (Eng. pol. sci.) . . 1&33-18S4
Fawkes, Fr. (Eng. poet and trans.) . 1721-1777
Featley, Daniel (Eng. divine) . . 15S2-l(/44
Fell, Bp. John (of Oxford) .... 1625-1686
Feltham, Owen (Eng. moralist) . 16107-1G78?
Felton, Henry (Eng. divine) . . . 1679-1740
Felton, Cornelius C. (Am. author) . 1807-1S62
Female Quixote, 1752 (by Mrs.
Charlotte Lennox, 1720-1804).
Fenton, Elijah (Eng. poet) . . . 1683-1730
Fenton, Geoffrey (Eng. writer) . . -1608
Fenton, Thomas. [Sermon b^ore
Univ. of Oxford, 1720.]
Ferguson, James (Scot, astronomer) 1710-1776
Ferguson, Sir Samuel (Irish poet
and novelist) 1810-1886
Fergusson, James (Scot, architect) . 1808-1886
Feme, Bp. Henry (Eng. divine) . . 1602-1661
Ferrand, Jas. (Fr. phys.). [Love of
Melancholy, trans, by E. Chil-
mead, 1640.]
Ferrier, Susan E. (Scot, novelist) . 1782-1854
Fiddes, Richard (Eng. divine) . . 1671-1725
Field, Richard (Eng. divine) . . . 1561-1616
Fielding, Henry (Eng. novelist) . 1707-1754
Finch, John B. (Am. prohibitionist) 1852-1887
Fisher, Bp. John (Eng. divine) . . 1459-1535
Fiske, John (Am. phUos. and hist) 1842-
Fisherics of the United States 0884).
Fitch, J. G. (Eng. educ. writer) . . 1824-
Fitz-Geflry, Charles (Eng. poet) . 1575-1636
Fitzpatrick, ''ihn Bernard (R. C.
bp. of Boston) 1812-1866
Flatman, Thomas (Eng. poet) . . 1633-1672
Flavel, John (Eng. nonconf. dirine) 1630?-1691
Fleetwood, William (Eng. bishop) . 1656-1723
Fleming, 'VVilliam (Scot, divine and
scholar). [Vocab. of Philosophy,
2d ed., 1860] i:92?-1866
Fleming, John (Scot. nat. phiios.) . 1785-1857
Flemming, Walther (Ger. biologist).
Fletcher, Giles (Eng. poet) .... ]584?-ie23
Fletcher, John (Eng. dramatist and
poet) 1579-1625
Fletcher, Phineas (Eng. poet) . ]584?-lHf«?
Flint, Austin (Am. med. writer) . 1812-1886
Flint, Chas. Lewis (Am. agr. writer) 1824-
Flint, Robert (Scot, theol. and phi-
losopher) 1838-
Flint, Timothy (Am. author) . . . 1780-1840
Florio, John (Eng. lexicog. and
translator) 1563F-162S
Flower. Wm. Henry (Eng. zoblogist) 1S81-
Quoted in
Diet, as
Floyer ....
Foote . . . .
Admiral Foote .
D.Forbes. . .
E. Forbes . . .
J. D. Forbes
Forby . . . ,
Ford . . . .
Foreign Quart.
liev
Forney ....
Forsyth . . .
J. Forsyth . ,
Fortescue . . .
Fortnightly Re-
view ....
Fosbroke ...
Foster . . , ,
J. Foster . . .
Fotherby . . .
Fourcroy iTrans.
Fox
Foxe ....
Frampton . .
Francis . • •
O. Francis . .
Frankland , .
T.Frankland .
Franklin . . .
Sarah Franklin
Frater'sMag. .
E. A. Freeman .
Freewill Bapt.
Quart. . . .
J. C. Fremont ,
J. H. Frere . .
Froude . . .
Fry
Fryth . . . .
Fulke . . . .
Fuller ....
A. Fuller. . .
FumivaU . . .
Gage ....
Gale t( Whatley
T. Gale . . .
Oalt
F. GaUm . . .
Gamgee . . .
Gammer Gur-
ton's Xeedle .
Ganot ....
Tip. Gardiner .
Gardner . . .
Garrick . . .
Garrison . . .
Garth ....
Gascoigne . .
2Irs. Gaskell .
Gataker . . .
Gauden . . .
Gay
Gayton , . .
Geddes . . .
Gegenbaur • .
Geikie . . • .
C. Geikie . . .
Geneva Bible .
Genevan Test. .
Gent. Mag. . .
J. F. Oenung .
GerardeO^T) .
Gesta Rotnif
norum . . ,
Gibbon . . . .
Gibbs . . . .
Bp. Gibson . •
GiffordQSSO) .
G. Gifford . .
J. GiJTord . .
FT. Gifford . .
W. S. Gilbert .
H. Giles . . .
Gillespie . . .
Gilpin . . . .
Gladstone . .
Glanvill . . .
Giiddon . . .
Glover. . . .
Godfrey (1694) .
Godmrnt • . .
Gritnin . . .
r. iTod'CT* . .
Names in full. Dates.
Floyer, John (Eng. phys. and trans.) 1649-1734
Foote, Samuel (Eng. comedian) . 1720-1777
Foote, Andrew Hull (Am. admiral) 1806-1863
Forbes, Duncan (Scot, judge) . . 1685-1747
Forbes, Edward (Eng. naturalist) . 1815-IS54
Forbes, James D. (Scot, physicist) . 1809-18<W
Forby, Robert (Eng. philologist) . 1759-1825
Ford, John (Eng. dramatist) . . .1586-1639?
Foreign Quarterly Review (Lond.,
1827-1841)).
Forney, Matthias Nace (Am. me-
chan. eng.). [Car-Builder's Diet.,
1879.] 18S5-
Forsyth, J. S. [Med. Jurisprud.,
Lond., 1S29.]
Forsyth, Joseph (Scot, outhor) . . 1763-1815
Fortescue, Sir John (Eng. lawyer) 1395?-1486?
Fortnightly Review (London
monthly, estab. 1865).
Fosbroke, Thomas D. (Eng. antiq.) 1770-1842
Foster, Michael (Eng. physiol.).
Foster, John (Eng. essayist) . . . 1770-1843
Fotherby, Martin (Eng.' bishop). . 1559-1619
)Fourcroy, Antoiiie Franyois (Fr.
chemist) 1755-1809
Fox, Chas. Jaiiu's (Eng. statesman) 1749-1806
Foxe, or Fox, John ( Eng. martyrol.) 1516-1587
Frampton, John (Eng. merchant).
[Joy/'ul Xews, 1577.]
Francis, Philip (Eng. translator) . 1708?-1773
Francis, George Wm. (Eng. bot.
writer). [Diet, of Arts, Sci., and
Munuf, 185.'!] 1800-1865
Frankland, Edward (Eng. chemist) 182^
Frankland, Thomas (Eng. physi-
cian and liistorian) 1633-1690
Franklin, Benj. (Am. pliilosopher
and statesman) 1706-1790
Bache, Surah Franklin ^daughter of
Benj. Franklin) 1744-1808
Eraser's Magazine (London month-
ly, I830-1S,S2).
Freeman, Edward Aug. (Eng. hist.) 1823-1092
Freewill Baptist Quarterly (Dover,
N. H., lH5'S-18i,-9).
Fremont, John C. (Am. explorer) . 181S-1890
Frere, John Hookham (Eng. diplo-
matist and poet) 1769-1846
Froude, James Anthony (Eng. hist.) 1818-1894
Fry, Edmund (Eng. type founder) 1754-1S35
Fryth, John (Eng. martyr) . . . -15.33
Fulke, Wm. (Eng. Puritan divine) 1538-1589
Fuller, Thomas (Eng. preacher) . 1608-1661
Fuller, Andrew (Eng. Bapt. divine) 1754-1815
FumivaU, Fred. Jas. (Eng. pliilol.) 1825-
Gage, Thos. (Eng. divine and trav.) fl. 17th c.
Gale, Chas. Jas., and Whatley, T. D.
[0/1 Easements, Lond., i«39.]
Gale, Theophilus (Eng. nonconf.) . 1628-1678
Gait, John (Scot, novelist) . . . 1779-1839
Galton, Francis ( Eng. trav. and sci.) 1822-
Gamgee, Arthur (Eng. histologist).
(Eng. comedy attrib. to John Still).
Ganot, Adolphe (Fr. physicist) . . 1804-
Gardiner, Bp. Stephen (Eng. urel.) 1483-1555
Gardner, Dan. Pereira (Am. agr.
chem.). [Farmer's Diet.. 1846.]
Garrick, David (Eng. actor and
dramatist) 1717-1779
Garrison, Wm.L. (Am. abolitionist) 1805-1879
Garth, Sir Samuel (Eng. physician
and poet) 1661-1719
Gascoigne, Geo. (Eng. poet) . . . 1525?-1577
Gaskell, Eliz. Cleghom (Eng. nov.) 1810-1865
Gataker, Thos. (Eng. class, critic) . 1574-1654
Gauden, John (Eng. bishop, reputed
author of Eikon Basilike) . . . 1605-1662
Gay, John (Eng. poet and dram.) . 1685-1732
Gayton, Edm. (Eng. humorous wri-
ter). [Xotes on Don Quixote] . , 1609-1666
Geddes, Alex. (Scot. R. C. theol.) . 1737-1802
Gegenbaur, Carl (Ger. anatomist) . 1&30?-
Geikie, Archibald (Scot, geologist) 1835-
Geikie, Cunningham (Brit, divine) 1826-
(trans. byEng. exiles at Geneva, 1560).
Genevan Testament, 1557.
Gentleman's Jlagazine (London
monthly, estab. 1731).
Genung, John F. (Am. author) . . 1850-
Gerarde, John (Eng. herbalist and
surgeon) 1545-1608
(collection of old chronicles, leg-
ends, etc.. of unknown authorship).
Gibbon, Edward (Eng. historian) . ]7.'!7-1794
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (Am. philol.) 1790-1861
Gibson. Bp. Edmund (Eng. antiq.) 1669-1748
Gifford, Humfrey. [Poesie of Gilli-
fowers, Lond., 1580.]
Gifford, or Gy if ard, George (Eng. di-
vine). [Dialogue of Witches,m}S\ 156fl?-1620
Gifford, John (Eng. hist.) .... 1758-1818
Gifford, William (Eng. author) . . 1766-1826
Gilbert, Wm. S. (Eng. dramatist) . 1836-
Giles, Henry (Am. lecturer and es-
sayist) 1809-
Gillespie, Geo. (Scot. Presb. divine) 1613-1648
Gilpin, William (Eng. divine, . . 1724-1804
Gladstone, Wm. E. (Eng. statesman) 1809-
Glanvill, Joseph (Eng. phiios.) . . 1(36-1680
Gliddon. Geo. R. (Am. archaol.) . 1809-1857
Glover. Richard (Eng. poet) . . . 1712-1785
Godfrey of Bouillon (Fr. crusader) 1058P-1100
Qodman, John D. (Aro. physician) 1794-1830
Godwin, Wm. (Eng. misc. writer) , 1757-1836
G) '.<r;n. T'limas (Eng. antiq.) . • 1587-161.1
Quoted in
Diet, as
Golden Boke .
Golding . . .
Goldsmith . .
Good . . . .
Goodale . . .
G. B. Goode .
J. Goodman . .
5. G. Goodrich
Goodwin . . .
J. Goodwin . .
T. Goodwin . .
Oooge . . . .
T. Gordon . .
Mrs. Gore . .
Gorges . , . .
F. It'. Gosse . .
P. H. Gosse , .
Gossan ....
Gostwick (,Eng.
Gram.) . . .
Gould ....
B. A. Gould . .
X. D. Gould .
Gov. q/^ Tongue .
Gower ....
Grafton . . .
Graham , .
Grainger •
T. Granger
U. S. Grant . .
OranvUle . . .
Graunt . . .
Graves. ■ . .
Gray ....
T. Gray . . .
C. J. Grece
( Trans. Maetz-
ner's Gram.) .
J- R. Green . .
M. Green . . .
Robert Greene .
Greenhill . . .
Greerdeaf . .
B. Greenleaf .
Gregory . . .
G. Gregory . .
J. Gregory . .
James Gregory
Jolm Gregory .
Gregory X VL .
Greneway . .
Grew ...
Z. Grey . . .
Grier ....
E. D. Griffm .
S. B. Griffin .
W. E. Griffis .
Griffith (Cuvier)
M. Griffith .
Abp. Grindal .
A. Grisebach .
Grose ....
Gross ....
Grote ....
J. Gri^te . . .
Grove ....
W. R. Grove .
Guardian . .
Dr. Guest . .
Edmund Gurney
F. Guthrie . .
T. Guthrie . .
W. Guthrie . .
Guy of Warwick
Guyot ....
GwUt ....
ffabington , .
Hackett . . .
Bp. Hackett .
Hadley . . .
A. T. Hadley .
Haeckel . . .
H. R. Haggard
Hakewill . . .
Hakluyt . . .
Hcddeman . .
E.E.Hale . .
Sir M.Hale. .
Hales ....
W. Hales .
Names in fuH. Date».
Golden Boke (Life of Marcus Aure-
liuB, tr. by Ld. Berners, 1534).
Golding, Arthur (Eng. poet and
tronsltttor) 1536-1590?
Goldsmith, Oliver (Ir. poet, hist.,
and nov.) 1728-1774
Good, Joliii Mason (Eng. physician) 1764-1827
Goodulc, Geo. Lincoln (Am. bot.) . 1*59-
Goode, Geo. Brown (Am. ichth.) . 1851-
Goodnmn. John (Eng. clerg.l. [ irin-
ter Evening Conference, 16S4.] -1890?
Goodrich, Samuel G. (Am. misc.
writer, pseud. Peter Pariey) . . 1793-1860
Goodwin, Wm. W. (Am. scholar) . 1831-
Goodwin, John (Eng. divine) . . 1593-166J
Goodwin, Thomas (Eng. divine) . 1600-1697
Googe, Barnaby (Eng. poet) . . . 1538?-
Gordon, Thomas (Scot, relig. and
polit. writer) 1684?-1750
Gore, Catharine Grace (Eng. nov.) 1799-1861
Gorges, Sir Arthur. [Transcription
of His Majesty's letters patent,
Lond., 1611] -1625
Gosse, Edmund Wm. (Eng. poet) . 1849-
Gosse, Philip Henry (Eng. nut.) . 1810-1888
Goseon, Stephen (Eng. divine and
poet) 1554-1623
Gostwick, Joseph. lEng. Grammar,
1878] -1887
Gould, John (Eng. ornithologist) . ]«n4-I88I
Gould, Benj. A., Jr. (Am. ustron.) . 1824-1896
Gould, Nath. Duren (Am. mus-ician) 1781-186*
Government of the Tongue (by
John Ball, 1.585-llMO).
Gower, John (Eng. poet) .... 13.30-1408
Grafton. Richd.( Eng. chronicler) . -ah. 1.572
Graham, Thomas (Scot, chemist) . 1805-1869
Grainger. Jumes (Scot, physician
and poet) 1723?-176r
Granger, Tliomas. [Exjjosition on
Eccles., 1621.]
Grant, Ulysses Simpson (Am. gen-
eral and president) 1822-18aj
Granville, George, Vise. Lansdowne
(Eng. poet) 1667-1735
Graunt, John (Eng. tradesman) . 1620-1674
Graves, Richard (Eng. divine and
satirist) I7I5-1804
Gray. Asa (Am. botanist) .... 1810-1888
Gray, Thomas (Eng. poet). . . . 1716-1771
Grece, Clair James (translator of
.Maetzner's Eng. Grammar).
Green, John Richard (Eng. hist.) . 1837-1888
Green. Matthew (Eng. poet) . . . li»7-17.37
Greene, Robert (Eng. dramatist) . 1560?-1592
Greenhill, Thos. [Xecrokadeia, or
Art if Emhahning, Lon^., 1705.]
Greenleuf. Simon (Am. jurist) . . 178.3-I85S
Greenleaf, Benjamin (Am. math.) . 1786-1864
Gregory, Wm. (Scot, chemist) . . 1803-1S58
Gregory, George (Eng. physician) . 1790-1853
Gregory, John (Eng. divine) . . . 1007-1646
Gregory, James (Scot, jihysician) . 17.5.3-1821
Gregory, John (Scot, pliysician) . 1724-1773
Gregory XVI. (Pope, 1831-1846) . . 1765-1846
Greneway. Richard (class, trans.) . fl, 1598
Grew, Nehemiah (first veg. anat.
and physiol. of Eng.) 1623-17U
Grey, Zachary (Eng. divine, ed.
Hudibras) 1687-1766
Grier, Wm. (Scot, civil engineer).
Griffin, Edward Dorr (Am. divine) 1770-1837
Griffin, Solomon B. (Am. journalist) 18.52-
Griffis.Wm. Elliot (Am. writer) . . 1S43-
Griffith, Edw. (trans, of Cuvier'fl
Animal Kingdom, I827-I(«5).
Griffith. Matthew (Eng. divine) . fl. 1632-166S
Grindal, Abp. Edm. ( Eng. divine) . 15J9-15SS
Grisebach, August Heinrich Ru-
dolph (prof, of bot. at GSttingen) 1814-1879
Grose, Francis ( Eng. antiquary) . 1731-1791
Gross, Samuel David (Am. surgeon) 1805-1884
Grote, Geo. (Eng. hist, and phiios.) 1794-1871
Grote, John (Eng. phiios.) . . . 1813-1668
Grove, Sir Geo. (ed. of Mus. Diet.) . 1820-
Grove,Wm. R. (Eng. physicist). . 1811-1896
Guardian,The (Eng. period., March
to Oct., 1713).
Guest, Edwin (Eng. philologist) . 1800-1880
Guraey, Edmund (Eng. writer) . 1847?-1888
Guthrie, Frederick (Eng. physicist) 1833-1886
Guthrie, Thomas (Scot, divine and
philanthropist) 1803-1873
Guthrie, Wm. (Scot, historian) . . 1708-1770
(anc. Eng. poet, romance).
Guyot, Arnold Henry (Swiss-Am.
geog.) 1807-1884
Gwilt, Joseph (Eng. architect) . . 1784-1863
Habington, Wm. (Eng. poet) . . 1005-104.1
Hackett. Horatio B. (Am. biblical
commentator) 18118-1875
Hackett, Bp. John (Eng. divine) . 1592-1070
Hadley, James (Am. philologist) . 1821-1872
Hadley, Arthur T. (Am. econ.) . . 183K-
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich (Ger. nat.) 1834-
Haggard, Henry Rider (Eng. nov.) 1856-
Hakewill, Geo. (Eng. abp.) . . . 1579-1649
Hakluyt, Richard (Eng. geog.) . . 1553-l(;i6
Haldeman, S. S. (Am. misc. writer) 1812-1880
Hale, Edward Everett (Am. clerg.
and author) 1822-
Hale, Sir Matt. (Eng. Id. chief just.,
relig. and legal writer) .... 1609-1676
Hales, John (Eng. divine and critic) 15S4-li«6
Hales, Wm. (Brit. misc. author) . 1747-1831
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
xxu:
Quoted In
Uict. ai
Halifax . . ,
B.n.nait . .
Bp. Hall . . .
E.JIall . . .
Fitzcd. Ran ,
J. Hall (1X5) .
John Hall (1646)
Uarshall Hall .
Ji.Hall . . .
S. C. Hall . ,
Hdllam . • .
Hallcck . . .
H. rr. HaUedc .
Bailer ....
Ballifax , . .
Salliwett . . .
C. Hallock . .
Halhiwell. . .
C. G. Halpine .
Hamerton . •
Bam. Ifav. En-
ciic
Hamilton ...
A. Hamilton
J. Hamilton . •
B. n: Hamilton
Sir W. Hamillon
Sir IT. Ji. Ham.
ilton
Thomas Hamil'
ton ....
W. Hamilton
di/e qf Wal-
lace) ....
Hammond . .
5. //• Hammond
W. A. Hammond
W. Hajnper . .
Bampole . . .
Hanmer . . •
Jonathan Han-
mer ....
J. Hannay . .
Hansard . . .
F. Hardman .
A. S. Hardy .
Lady D. Hardy
T.Hardy. . .
Hare ....
J. S. Harford .
Harkness . . .
Harmar . . .
S- G. Harper .
Harpers* Latin
Diet. . . . ,
Harper's Mag. .
Barrington . .
Sir J. Harring-
ton ....
Harns , . , .
Harris ( Voyages)
J. C. Han-is .
5. Harris . . .
Sir W. S. Harris
T. W. Harris .
E. Harrison , .
J. A. Harrison
(Beoimtlx) . •
W. Harrison
(15S6) . . .
Barte ....
Bret Harte . .
Bartlib . . .
B. Hartshome .
Harvey . , .
6. Harvey , .
Haiiy ....
Havelok the
Dane . . .
H. a. Baweis .
Bawes ....
J. Hawes . , .
Hawkesworth ,
Sir J. Hawkins
Bawthorne . .
Julian Haw-
thorne . . ,
Bay (1754) . .
Haydn ....
B. B. Haydon .
Dr. Hayes . c
Haywarfl ...
J. Hayward
BazU±i
Namei In full. Dates.
Haliburton, Thos. C. CNova Scotia
humorist, pseud. Sam Slick) . . 1798-1865
Halifax, CIms. iMontagu, Earl of
(Eng. statesinau) Ififil-ITIS
Hall, Benj. Home (.\m. writer) . . 1830-
IIiiU, Bp.Josepli (Eng. scholar) . . 1574-1650
Hall, Edw. (Eng. chronicler). . . 1499?-1547
Hall, Fitzedward (.\m. philol. in
Eng.) 1S23-
Hall, John (Eng. poet). ICourt qf
Virtue, 15ia.]
HnlI,John( Eng. poet) 1627-1656
Hull, .Marshall (Eng. physician) . 17110-1857
Hall, Robert (Eng. Ba»t. divine) . 1764-1S'!1
Hall, Samuel Carter (Eng. author) 1801-1S.S9
Hallom, Henry (Eng. historian) . 1777-ls."i()
Halleck, Fitz-Greene (.\m. poet) . 1790-1867
Ualleck, Henry Wager (Am. gen.
eral, and mil. writer) 1S15-1872
Haller, Albrccht von (Swiss, father
of modern physiol.) 170.'>-1777
Hallifox, Samuel (Eng. divine) . . 1733-17BO
Halliwell-Phillipps, James Orchard
(Eng. antiquary) ]S2«-1889
Hallock, ChorIe8(.\m. writer^ . , 1834-
Hally well, Henry (Eng. vicar'v . . 17th c.
Halpine, Charles G. (Ir.-Am. jour.) 1829-1S6S
Hamerton, Philip Gilbert v.English
writer on ort) ....... 1834-18SM
Hamerslv's Naval EccyclopEcdia,
Phila., 1831.
Hamilton, Wm. (Scot, poet) . . . 1704-1754
Hamilton, .Wex. (Am. statesman) . 1757-18IM
Hamilton, Jas. (Scot, divine) . . 1S14-1S67
Hamilton, Richard Winter (Eng.
divine) 17W-1848
Hamilton, Sir Wm. (Scot, philos.) 17SS-1856
Hamilton, Sir Wm. Rowan (Irish
astronomer) 18Q5-lSa5
Hamilton, Thomas (Eng. author).
[ J/fH and .Vnimers in .Im., 1Sj3] . 1789-1842
Hamilton,Wm.(Scot. poet,abridged
the Hl'e of' .^tr ll'm. Wallace, a
metrical history, 1710) ....'. 1665?-1751
Hop mond, Henry (Eng. divine) . 1005-1660
Hammond, Sam. H. (Am. author) . 1S09-
Hammond, Wm. Alex. (Am. phya.) 182S-
Hamper,Wm. (Eng. antiquary). . 1776-1831
Hampole, Richard Rolle de (Eng.
poet; -1343
Hanmer, Sir Thos. (Eng. Shak. cd.) 1676?-1746
Hanmer, Jonathan (Eng. nonconf.
divine) -1687
Hannay, Jas. (Scot. crit. an-inov.). 1827-1873
Hansard, Luke (Eng. printer) . , 1752-1828
Hardman, Fred. (Brit, journalist) . 1813?-1874
Hardy, Arthurs. (Am. novelist) . 1847-
Hardy, Lady Duffus (Eng. writer).
Hardy, Thomas (Eng. novelist) . . 1840-
Hare, Augustus "Wm., and Hare,
Julius Charles (1795-1855) (Eng.
clergymen, and joint authors of
Guesses at Truth).
Hare, Augustus Wm. [Sermons to
a Country Congregation, 1S37] . . 1792-18M
Harford, John Scandrett (English
writer) 1783-1866
Harkness, Albert (.\m. educator) 1822-
Harinar, John (Eng. translator) , • -1613
Harper, Robt. G. (Am. statesman) . 1765-1825
Harpers' Latin Dictionary (revised
edition, N. Y., 1SS6).
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
(N. Y., estab. 1850).
Harrington, Jas. (Eng. polit. writer) 16U-1677
Harrington, Sir John (Eng. author) 1561-1612
Harris, Jas. (Eng. philol.). IHermes] 1709-1780
Harris, John (Eng. misc. writer).
[Collection of Voyages, 1701] . . 1667-1719
Harris, Joel Chandler (Am. writer) 1848-
Harris, Samuel (Eng. divine) . . 1683-1733
Harris, Sir Wm. Snow (Eng. elec.) 1792-1867
Han-is, Thaddeus Wm. (Am. nat) 1795-1856
Harrison, Frederick (Eng. author) 1831-
Harrison, James Albert (Am. phi-
lologist). [Beowidfi ..... 1848-
Harrison, William (Eng. divine).
[Description of England prefixed
to Holinshed, 1686] -1593
Harte, Walter (Eng. poet and hist.) 1700-1774
Harte, Francis Bret (Am. author) . 1839-
Hartlib, Samuel (Polish refugee,
friend of Alilton) ie0O?-I6e2
Hartshome, Henry (Am. physician) 1823-
Harvey, Wm. (Eng. anatomist) . . 1578-1658
Hars-ey. Gabriel (Eng. author) . 1545?-]630?
Hafly, Kene Just (Fr. mineralogist) 1743-1822
Havelok the Dane (Eng. romance,
about 1280).
Haweis, Hugh Reginald (Eng. cler-
gyman and musical writer) . . 1838-
Hawes, Stephen (Eng. poet) . . . 16th c.
Hawes, Joel (Am. clergyman) . . 1789-1867
Hawkesworth, John (Eng. compiler)171S7-]773
Hawkins, Sir John (Eng. rear adm.) 15ffl-]595
Hawthorne, Nathaniel (Am. nov.) . 1804-lt^
Hawthorne, Julian (Am. novelist) . 1846-
■Hay, William (Eng. essayist) . . . 1695-1755
Haydn, Joseph. [Diet, of Dates] . -1836
Haydon, Benj. Robt. (Eng. painter) 1786-1846
Hayes, Isaac Israel (Am. explorer) 1S32-1881
Hayward, Sir John (Eng. historian) ]560?-1627
Hayward, James (Eng. trans.). [ The
Banished Virgin, 1635.]
Hazlitt, Wm. (Eng. misc. writer) . 1778-1830
Quoted in
Diet, as
W. C. Hazlitt .
Sir F. Head .
J. B. Heard . .
Hearne • • .
Heber ....
Hebert. . . .
Hedge ....
Helinholtz . .
Belpi ....
ilrs. Hemans .
E. Henderson .
Mrs, Henderson
P. Henderson ,
Brorcrfts qf
Heiiding . .
Henfrcy . . .
Henrici . . ,
Henry ....
J/. Hejint • . .
P. Henry . . ,
if. Henry • . .
Jlenryson ...
Hensloio .. . ,
Herbert . • ,
Lord Herbert .
Sir T. Herbert .
Hermann . • •
Herrick . . .
SirJ.Herachd.
W. Berscliel . ,
Heiimann . . <
Hctcyt ....
He-cham . . .
Heylin ....
Heyse ....
Beywood , . .
J, Hey wood . .
Hey wood's Prov.
K- Hickeringill
lickes ....
O. Hickea . .
Bickok. . . .
Bighmore . .
B. BUdretb . .
Biles . . . .
Sir J. Bill . .
Hillhouse . . .
J. R. Hind . .
Hist. ofBichard
Hainam . .
Hitchcock , . .
B. D. Hitchcock
Bp. Boadleg. .
Hobart. . . ."
Bp.Bobart . .
Bbbbes. . . .
Hbblyn. . . .
Sir E. Baby.
R. Bodges , .
Boffman , . ,
Bofmcam ...
Bogg ....
B. BoJbeach^ .
Bolder. . . .
Holdswoirth . .
Bolinshed . .
Holland . • .
HoUoway . . ,
Holmes ...
A. Botmes . .
Ld.Hott . . .
Holwell . . ,
Bolyday . , .
HoTnans . . .
J. Home . .
Bomilies . .
Bood . . .
Hook . . .
T.Hodk . .
Booke ...
Booker . ,
J. D. Booker
Hoole . . ..
Hooper . •
J. Hooper •
Bopkins • •
Names in full. Dates.
Hazlitt, Wm. Carew (Eng. hist.) . ]ai4-1893
Head, Sir Fr. Bond (Eng. traveler) 1?J3-187«
Heard, John Bickford (Brit, clerg.).
Hearne, Thomas (Eng. antiquary) 1678-1735
Heber. Reginald (Eng, bishop and
hymn writer) 178S-1826
Hebert, Luke (Brit. ed.). [Engin.!(
Mech. Diet., Lond., 1842.]
Hedge, Frcdk. Henry (Am. clerg.) . 1805-1891
Helmholtz.Hermaim Ludwig Ferd.
(Ger. physicist and physiol.) . . 1821-1891
Helps, Sir Arthur (Eng. essayist
and hist.) 1818-1875
Hemans, Felicia D. (Eng. poetess) . 1798-1S35
Henderson, Ebenezer (.Scot, theol.) 1784-1858
Henderson, Mary Foote. [Prac.
Conking. N- Y., 1876] 1S35?-
Heuderson, Peter (Am. hort. writer) 1823-1890
Hending, or Hendyng. [Prorrrbs] )272-l,'!07
llenfrey, Arthur (Eng. botanist) . 161'J-lt>59
Uenrici, Olaus (Ger. math, at Univ.
of Lond.) 18(0-
Hcnry, William (Eng. chemist) . . I775-1S36
Henry, Matthew (Eng. bib. com.) . 1072-1714
Henry, Patrick (Am. orator) . . . 17S(M709
Henry, Robt. (Eng. historian) . . 171S-17iX)
Henrysou, Robt. (Scot, poet) . . 1423?-15fl6?
Henslow, John Stevens (Eng. bot.) 1700-ISi;i
Herbert, George (Eng. poet) . . . 1593-1032
Herbert, Ld. Edwd. (Brit, author) . 1581-1048
Herbert, SirTlios. (Eng. traveler) . 1600-1682
Hermann, Huns Rudolph (German
minerulogical chemist) .... 1805-
Hcrrick, Robert (Eng. poet) . . . 1591-1674
Uerschel, Sir John Fredk. Wm.
(Eng. astron., sonof W. H.) . . 1792-1871
Hcrschel, Sir Wm. (Eng. astron.) . 173S-1S22
Heumaun, Johann (Ger. jurist) . . 1711-1700
Ilewyt, John (Eng. divine) . . . -1658
Hexliam, Henry, [yetherduich and
Eng. Diet., 1658] 17th c.
Heylin, Peter (Eng misc. writer) . 1600-1002
Heyse, Karl AVilhelm Ludwig
(Ger. philol.) 1797-1855
Heywood, Thos. (Eng. dramatist). -lO')!)?
Hcywood, John (Eng. dramatist) . 1600-1505
(coll. of proverbs by J. Heywood).
Hickeringill, Edm. (Eng. controv.) 1630-1708
Hickea, Thomas (Eng. author) . . -1634
Hickes, George (Eng. divine and
scholar) 1642-1715
Hickok, Laurens Perseus (Am.
philosoplier) 1798-1888
Highmore, Nathaniel (Eng. jurist) fl. 1810
Hildreth, Richard (Am. journalist
and historian) 1807-1865
Hiles, Henry (Eng. mus. writer) . 1826-
Hill, Sir John (Eng. misc. writer) . 1716-1775
Hillhouse, Jas. Abraham (Am. poet) 1789-1841
Hind, John Russell (Eng. astron.) 1823-
Witty Rogue Arraigned, or History
of Richard Kaiuam, 1053.
Hitchcock, Edward (Am. geol.). . 1793-1864
Hitchcock, Roswell Dwight (Am.
theologian) 1817-1887
Hoadley, Bp. Benj. (Eng. prelate) . 1671-1761
Hobart, Sir Henry (Id. chief just.).
[LawRepts.] -1625
Hobart, Bp. John Henry (Am. Prot.
Epis. divine) 1775-1830
Hobbes, Thos. (Eng. philosopher) . 1588-1679
Hoblyn, Richard Dennis. [Diet, qf
Scientific Terms, 1849.] 1813?-1886
Hoby, Sir Edward. [Purgatory's
Triumi^h over Hell, l&lO] . . . 1560?-1616?
Hodges, Richard. [Plainest Direc-
tions for Tnie Writing, 1619.]
Hofiman,Chas.Fenno (Am. author) 1806-1884
Hofmann, August Wilhelm (Ger.
chem.) 1818-1892
Hogg, James (Scot poet. " The Et-
trick Shepherd ") 1772-1833
Holbeach, Henry, pseud, of Wm.
Brightly Rande (Eng. essayist) . 1827-1882
Holder, William (Eng. divine; . . 1614-1097
Holdsworth, Richard (Eng. divine) 1590-1649
Holinshed, Raphael (Eng. chron.) -l.WO?
Holland, Philemon (Eng. trans.) . 1651-1636
Holloway, Wm. (Eng. author).
[Diet, of Provincialisms, 1839.J
Holmes, Oliver Wendell (Am. pny.
sician and author) 1809-1894
Holmes, Abiel (Am. clergyman) . 1763-1837
Hole, Ld. John (chief just, of Eng.) 1612-1709
Holwell,Wm. (Eng. divine). [Myth.,
Etym., and Hist. Diet., 1793.] . . -1798
Holyday, Barten CEng. author) . . 1693-1661
Homans, J. Smith (father and son
of same name. Am. authors). [ Cyc
qf Commerce, N. Y., 1858,]
Home, John (Scot, dramatic poet) . 17247-1808
Bomilies of the Church of England,
2 vols., 1547 and 1563.
Hood, Thomas (Eng. poet and wit) 1798-1845
Hook, Walter Farquhar (Eng. di-
vine). [Church Diet, li:.i]. . . 1798-1875
Hook, Theo. Ed. (F.i'g. jouri.alist). 1788-1841
Hooke, Robert (E , math, and in-
ventor) 1635-1703
Hooker, Richard (Eng. 'dvine) . . 1654-1600
Hooker, Joseph Dalton (Brit, bot.) 1817-
Hoole, John (Eng. translator and
dramatist) 1727-1803
Hooper, Robert (Brit. med. writer) -18a)
Hooper, John (Eng. bp. and martyr) 1495-1555
Bopkins, Samuel (Am. theologian) 1721-1803
Quoted In
Diet, as
Bp. Hopkins
Hopkiuson . .
Up. Home . ,
L, Horner , .
Bp. Horsley . .
D. Husack . .
Hoskiug . . .
Bp. Hough . ,
J. Howe . . ,
Mrs. Jlowe . .
Howell. : . .
W. D. Howells .
Uowitt . . . ,
W. Hotoitt
Hoyle . .
JIudibras .
T. Hudson
Hughes • . .
T. Hughes . .
Huloet . . • •
Bumble . « .
Humboldt . . •
Hume . . . .
The Humorist •
//. Humphrey .
Leigh Hunt • .
R. Hunt . . .
T.S.Hunt . .
Hunter . • .
Bp. Hurd . .
Hutcheson , .
Lady Butchin-
son . • . •
Button. . . .
B. H. Button .
Huxley . . .
A. Hyatt . . .
R. Hyrde . . .
Idler
Names in full. Dates.
Hopkins, Bp. Ezekiel (Eng. divine) 10.33-1090
llopkinson, Francis (Am. author) . 1737-1791
Home, Bp. George (Eng. divine) . 1730-1792
Horner, Leonard (Scot, writer, tr.
of Villari's Hist, of Savanamta) . 1785?-1864
Horsley, Bp. Samuel (Eng. prelate) 17"3-I80(i
Hosack, David (Am. botanist) . . 170|i-18;!5
Hosking, William (Eng. architect). 18(V)-1S01
Hough, Bp. John (Eng. divine). . 1051-1743
Howe, John (Eng. Puritan divine). 1030-1705
Howe, Julia Ward (.\m. poet) . . 1819-
Ilowell, James (Brit, author) . . . 15!I5?-1666
llowclls, Wm. Dean (Am. novelist) 1837-
Howitt, Mrs. Mary (Eng. writer.
Howitt also indicates the joint
works of Wm. and Mary Uowitt) 1798-1888
Howitt, William (Eng. author) . . 1795-1879
Hoyle, Edm. (Eng. writer on games) 1072-1769
(a burl, poem by Sam. Butler, 1003.)
Hudson, Thomas (British poet).
[Trans, qf' Du Bartas's Hist, of
Judith, 1581.]
Hughes, John (Eng. poet) .... 1677-1720
Hughes, Thomas (Eng. author) . . 1823-1890
Huloet, or Hulett, Ricliard. [Latin-
Eng. Did., Lond., 1522.]
Humble, Wm. (Eng. gool.). [Diet.
of Geol. and Mining. 184(1.]
Humboldt, von, Friedrich lleinrich
Alexander, Baron (Ger. nat.) . . 1769-1859
Hume, David (Scot. hist, and phil.) 1711-1776
(esttays upon several subjects,
Lond., 1720, by Thomas Gordon).
Humphrey, Ileman (Am. clerg.) . 1779-1861
Hunt, Jas. Henry Leigh (Eng. poet
and essayist) 1784-1859
Hunt, Robert (Eng. scient. writer) 1807-1887
Hunt, Thomas Sterry (Am. chem.) 1826-1892
Hunter, Robert. [Hunter's Encyc.
Diet., 1879-1888.]
Hurd, Bp. Richard (Eng. author) . 1720-1S08
Hutcheson, Francis (Irish metaph.) 1694-1747
Hutchinson, Lucy (Eng. writer) . 1620-1059
Hutton , Chas.(Eng. mathematician) 1 737-182S
Hutton, Richard Holt (Eng. writer) 1826-
Huxlcy, Thos. Henry (Eng. nat.) . 1825-1885
Hyatt, Alpheus (Am. naturalist) . 1838-
Hi'rde, Richard (Eng. trans, of In-
struction of a Christian Woman,
Lond., 1540, from the Lat- of L.
VivesJ.
Idler, The (Eng. periodical, 1758-
1760), conducted by Johnson, Sir
J. Reynolds, and B. Langton).
Ulust. London Illustrated London News (weekly
Sews ... journal, estab. 1842).
Imp. Diet. . . Imperial Dictionary (new ed., 1882).
J.Ingelijw . . Ingelow, Jean (Eng. poet and nov.) 1820-
Intemat. Cyc . International Cyclopedia (Am. ed.,
N. Y., 1887).
E. Irving . . . Irving, Edward (Scot, preacher) . 1792-1834
W. Irving . . Irving, Washington (Am. author) . 1783-1859
Itard .... Itard,JeanE.M.Gaspard(Fi-.surg.) 1775-1838
C A. Ives . . Ives, Chas. Acton (Am. writer) . . 1856-
Jacob {Law Dtrt.)Jacob, Giles (Eng. legal writer) . . 1686-1744
Mrs. H. H. Jackson. Mrs. Helen Hunt, known
Jackson . . as "H. H." (Am. author) . . . 1831-1885
T. Jackson . . Jackson, Thomas (Dean of Peter-
borough) 1579-1640
R.Jago . . . Jago, Richd. (Eng. divine and poet) 1716-1781
James /. (1618) . James I. (king of Eng.) 1566-1625
James II. . . . James U. (king of Eng.) .... 1633-1701
James I. (of
Scotland) . . James I. of Scotland 1394?-]437
./aiHcs//.o/5co«. James II. of Scotland 1430-1460
G.P R.James James,Geo.P.Rainsford(Eng.nov.) 1801-1860
H. James . . . James, Henry, Jr. (Am. author). . 1843-
3lrs. Jameson . Jameson, Anna (Irish author) . . 1797-186C
B.Jameson . • Jameson, Robert (Scot, naturalist). 1774-1854
Jamieson ... Jamieson, John (Scot, lexicog.) . . 1769-183
Janet .... Janet, Paul (Fr. philosopher) . . . 1823-
Jardine . . . Jardine, Sir William (Scot, nat.) . 1800-1874
Jarman , . . Jarman, Thos. (Eng. legal writer) . 18U0?-1860
Jay Jay, John (first chief just, of U.S.) 1745-1829
W. Jay . . . Jay, William (Am. author) . . . 1789-1858
J{. Jefferies . . Jefferies, Richard (Eng. author) . 1848-1887
Jefferson . . . Jefferson, Thomas (Pres. of U. S.) . 1743-1826
Jeffrey. ... Jeffrey, Lord Francis (Scot, critic
and essayist) 1773-1850
W. E. Jelf . . Jelf, Wm. Edward (Eng. author) . 1811-1875
Fleeming Jenkin Jenkin, Henry Charles Fleeming
(Brit, electrician). 1833-1885
Jenkins . . . Jenkins, Sir Ljgliue (Eng. statesm.) 1023-1085
Jennings . • , Jennings, James'.' [Somerset Glos-
sary, Lond., 1823.] -1833
Jenyns . . . ^ Jenyns, Soame (Eng. misc. author) 1705-1787
D.Jerrold . . Jerrold.Douglas Wm.(Eng.author) 1803-1857
Jervas , ... Jervas.orJarvis, Chas. (Brit, trans.) ab. 1740
Jevons , . , , Jevons, Wm. Stanley (Eng. econ.) . 1835-1.SS2
Jewel .... Jewel, or Jewell, John (Eng. bp.) . 1.522-1.571
JodreR. . . . Jodrell, Richard PauKEng. philol.) 1745-1831
Johnson . . . Johnson, Dr. Samuel (Eng. lexicog.
and misc. writer) 1709-1784
Johnson's Cyc. . Johnson's Universal Cyclopsedia
(N. Y., 1886).
K. Johnston . . Johnston, Alex. Keith (Soot, geog.) 1804-1871
W. P. Johnston Johnston, William Preston (Am.
educator) 1831-
W. R. Johnston Johnston, Walter RogerstAm. writ-
er) 1794-1852
Johnstone. . . Johnstone, John ^ng. physician) . 1708-1836
Joint Rules of Joint Rules of the Congress of the
Congress, (I. S. United States.
Sir W.Jones . Jones, Sir Wm. (Eng. orientalist) . 1746-1794
XXIV
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
Quoted in
Diet, as
B. Joitson . .
Jordan , . .
Jortin ....
Journal H. of
R., U.S. . .
Journal of the
Senate, U. S. .
JoioetHThucyd.)
Joye
Judd ....
Jukes ....
F. Junius . . .
Junius ....
Karnes . ,
Kane . .
Karslake .
Keary . . .
Keats . . .
Keble . . .
Keightley . .
Keill . . .
Keith . . .
J. P. Kemble
D. Kemp . .
Bp. Ken . .
T. Kendall .
O. Kennan .
Kennet . . .
Bp. Kennet .
Kenney . .
Kenrick . .
Kent . . .
Kepler . . .
Kerr . . .
Kersey . . .
Kettlewell .
F. S. Key . .
KilUngbeck .
R. B. Kimball
King . . .
Bp. Kinn . . .
Bp. J. King OeO!*)
King Atisaunder
King Horn . .
C. Kingsley . .
H. Kingsley . .
Kirby . . .
Kirby !( Sjience
Kirwan . . .
Kitto ....
W. Kittredge .
Knatchbull . .
Knight ....
C. Knight . .
Knolles . . .
Knowles . . .
J. Knowles . .
Sheridayt Knowles
Bp. Knox . .
John Knox . .
V.Knox . . .
Kollock . . .
J, KHstlin
( Scka^ff'-Berzog
Encyc.) . . .
Krauth . . .
Krauth-Fleming
W. Kiihne . .
Kyd
Names in full. Dates.
Jonsoii, Beu (£iig. dramatist) . . 1574!'-lt*i7
Jordan, Thos. (Kny:. poet and uctor) -IGSj ?
Jortin, John (E»g. divine aud essay-
ist) I(i98-irr0
Journal of tlie U. S. House of Rep-
resentatives.
Journal of the U. S. Senate.
Jowett, Benjamin (Eng. scholar) . 1817-18!I3
Joye, or Gee, George (Eng. reformer
and printer) Hg'iP-lS*!
Judd, Sylvester (.\m. novelist) . . !.SI3-I.-vi3
Jukes, Joseph Beete (Eng. geol.) . ISIl-l.Mffl
Junius, Franciscus (Eng. philnl.) . 15i>a-lU7r
Junius Letters (issued in JUiblic
Advertiser, 171)0-1772, and attrib-
uted to Sir Philip Francis).
Kames.Hen. Home. Ld. (Scot, phil.) 1696-1782
Kane, Elisha Kent (Am. e.xplorer) . IsaMSS?
Karslake, William Henry (Eng. di-
vine, and writer on logic) . . . 1825?-
Keary, Charles Francis. [Dawn of
Histoni, I87fi.]
Keats.John (Eng. poet) 1795-1821
Keble, John ( Eng. divine and poet) 771I2-I8(l(i
Keightley, Thomas (Brit, author) . ]7.-5>-l.s72
Keill, Jolm (Scot. math, and phil.) Ili71-1731
Keith, Rev. Patrick. [I'hysiolog.
Botiiny, I.ond., isii;.)
Kemble, John P. (Eng. trogedian) . 1757-1823
Kemp, Dixon (Eng. nout. writer).
Ken, Bp. Thomos (English hymn
writer) VXil-MW
Kendall, Timothy (English poet).
{Flnn^er.'t of Epigrams, l.>77.]
Kennan, George (Am. traveler) . . 1^5-
Kennet, Basil (Eng. clasps, writer) . IH74-1714?
Kennet, Bp. White (Eng. historian) 1(1(10-1728
Kenney, James (Irish dramatist) . 1770-1.849?
Kenrick. William (Eng. critic) . . 1720-1779
Kent, James (Am. jurist) .... 17(i.'!-I.H47
Kepler, Johann (Germ. ostronomer) I.i71-I(1.31
Kerr, Robert (Scot, historian) . . 1755-1813
Kersey, John (Eng. math, and phi-
lol.). [Kng. Dicl.,Um] . . . 161fi?-l(S0?
Kettlewell, John (Eng. divine) . . KlVWiII.)
Key, Francis Scott (Am. poet) . . 1780-1843
KilUngbeck, John (Eng. prebend-
ary) fl. 1725
Kimball, Richd. Burleigh (Am. noT.) ]Sir.-lS»2
King, William (Eng. author) . . l(k«-17I2
King, Bp. Henry (Eng. divine) . . 1591-103
King, Bp. John (Eng. divine) . . 1559-1621
(a trans, from Latin of a part of the
Romance of Alexander, ab. l;)40.)
(prob. a trans, of Fr. romance of
Horn & Rimcnhild, before I.'IOO.)
Kingsley, Chas. ( Eng. nov. and poet) 1819-1875
Kingsley, Henry (Eng. novelist) . ]824?-I87G
Kirby, Williani (Eng. entomologist) 1759-1850
Kirby, William, and Spence. W.
[Int. to Entomol., 7tli ed., I&i6.]
Kirwan, Richard (Irish physicist) . 1750-1812
Kitto, John (Eng. biblical writer) . 1804-1854
Kittredge.WaIter(Am. song writer) 1832-
Knatchbull, Sir Norton (Eng. au-
thor) I60I-1684
Knight, Edward Henry (Am. en-
gineer), [ilfchan. Diet.] . . . ]S20?-18S3
Knight, Chas. (Eng. ed. and author) 1791-1873
1545?-I(il0
17797-1810
17.84-18(8
17IK1?-IK.3I
1305-1572
Knolles, Ricliard (Eng. author)
Knowles, James (Brit, educator,
revised Walker's Diet., 1845). . .
Knowles, John. [Klem. and I'rac.
of Marine Architecture, 1S22.J
'Knowles, Jas. Sheridan (Ir. dram.)
Knox, Bp. William (Ir. divine)
Knox, John (Scot, reformer). . .
Knox, Vicesimus (Eng. divine and
essayist) ]7.'i2-182l
Kollock, Henry (Am. clergyman) . 1778-1819
Kbstlin, Julius (German theolo-
gian, writer in Schaff-Herzog En-
cyc.)
Krauth, Charles Porterfield (Am.
divine and philosophical writer) .
Krauth, C. P., and Fleming. Wm.
( Vocah. of FIdlos. Sci., I.'iHi.]
Kfihne, W. (Ger. physiologist).
Kyd, Thomas (Eng. dramatist) . .
1826-
1823-1883
Laing ....
Lamb ....
Zambarde . .
Lambert . . .
Lament, of Mary
Magdalene .
M. S. Lamson .
Landois Sf Stir-
ling ....
Landor . . .
E. W. Lane . .
Lanekam . . .
A. Lang . . .
Langham . . .
Langhome . .
J. Langley (VAi)
S. P. Langley .
Kay Lankestcr .
Lansdoxvne Ms.
Laing, Samuel (Eng. traveler) . .
Lamb, Charles (Eng. essayist) . ,
Lanibarde, William (Eng. author).
Lambert, John (Eng. traveler) . .
Lamentation of Mary Magdalene
(poem occas. ascr. to Chaucer).
Lamson, Mary Swift. [Life of
Laura Briiigmnn, 1,S79.]
•)'}:
{Landois, Leon. (Ger. physiol.)'
Stirling, Wm. (Eng. p
Landor, Walter S. (Eng. author) .
Lane, Edw. Wm. (Eng. orientalist)
Laneham, Robert. [Pageants be-
fore Queen Elizabeth, Lond., 1575.]
Lang, Andrew (Eng. writer) . . .
Langham, William (Eng. physi-
cian). [Garden of Health, 1579.]
Langliorne, John (Eng. divine) . .
Langley. John. [Seinuons, 1(144.]
Langlej*. Samuel P. (Am. astron.) .
Lankester, Edwin Ray (Eng. geol.)
(public records, state papers, cor-
respondence, etc., in Brit. Mu-
seum, formerly belonging to the
Marq. of Lansdowne, 1737-1805).
fi. 1580
1780-1868
1775-18.'!4
]5.W-l(i01
1775?-
1837-
1 775-1 ,<»»
180I-IS7C
Quoted in
Diet, as Names in full. Dates.
Lardner . . . Lardner, Dionysius (Brit. sci. writer) 1793-1859
La Rt)chet'ou- La Rochefoucauld. Francois, due
cauld (Trans.) de (French author)
Latham . . . Latham, Robert Gordon (Eng. phi-
lol. and lexicog.) [Johyv^on's Diet.]
Latinter . . . Latimer, Hugh (Eng. reformer) . .
Laud .... Laud, William (Eng. abp.) . . .
H. Laurens . . Laurens, Henry (Am. statesman) .
Lauson . . . Lauson, William. ( Comments on
Secrets of Angling, llio-'J.]
Bp. Lavington . Lavington, Bp. Geo. (Kng. divine) .
Laroisier . . . Lavoisier, Ant. Laurent (Fr. chem.)
Law .... Law. Wm.( Eng. divine and author) l(MM7i;i
IS p. Law . . . Law, Bp. Edmund (Eng. divine) . 170tt-17S7
James Law . . Law, Jas. (Scot.-.\rn. veter. sci.).
[Farmer's Veter. Adviser, 7th ed.,
18H5)
G. A. Lawrence Lawrence, Geo. Alf. (Eng. nov.) .
Sir ir. Lawrence Lawrence, Sir Wm. (Eng. surgeon)
Laws ofMassa'
1613-1680
1812-1888
14r:;.'-l.v>.j
l,-)7.j-ic.45
1724-1792
1 68,3-1 7(B
174:i-1794
IHIS-
1S27-187(1
1783-1867
chttsetts .
Layamon . .
Layard . .
Laycock . .
A'. .V. Leake
Lecky . . .
J. Le Conte .
J. Ledyard .
Lee . . . .
F. O. Lee .
J. Lee . . .
II'. Ue . .
Laws of .Massachusetts.
Layamun's Brut (a poetical chron-
icle of Britain, 12III?).
Layard, Sir A. 11. (Eng. archoaol.) . 1817-1894
Laycock, Thomas (Eng. physician) 18I2-I87()
Leake, Stephen .M. (Eng. writer) . 170'2-1773
Lecky, Wm. Edw. Hartpolc (Brit.
hist.) 18.38-
LeConte, Joseph (Am. geologist) . 1823-1891
Ledyard, John (Am. traveler) . . 1751-1789
Lee, Nathaniel (Eng. dramatist) . l('Ai?-1692
Lee, Frederick Geo. (Eng. divine) . 1832-
Lee, James(Eng. botanist) .
Lee, William (Irish clergyman)
-1795
1815-1883
1646-1716
1823-1891
1602-1U71
Legend of Dido (poem formerly attrib. to Chaucer).
Leibnitz . . . Leibnitz, von, Gottfried Wilh.,
Baron (Ger. philos. and math.) .
Leidy .... Leidy, Joseph (Am. naturalist) . .
Sir E. Leigh . Leigh, Sir Edward (Eng. theologian
and linguist)
Abp. Leighton . Leighton, .\bp. Robt. (Scot, divine) 1611-1684
Leland . . . . Leiund, John (Eng. antiquary) . . 1506';'-1552
C. G. Leland . Lcland, Cha.s. Godfrey (Am. author) IH24-
C.Uslie. . . Leslie, Charles (Brit, outhor). . . 1650?-1722
L'Estrange . . L'Estrange, Sir Roger (Eng. polit.
writer) 1616-1704
Letter dated Letter dated Sept., 1543 (cited from
Se/it., 1543 . . Nares).
C. Lever . . . Lever, Charles James (Irish nov.) . 1806-1872
G.H.Lewes . Lewes, George Henry (Eng. philos.) 1817-1878
Lewin .... Lewin, Thomas (Eng. author) . . 1805-1H77
John Lewis . . Lewis, John (Eng. divine and antiq.) 1675-1746
M.G.Lewis . Lewis, Mat. Gregory (Eng. author) 1775-1818
Sir G. C. Lewis Lewis, Sir George Cornewall (Eng.
states)nan and author) .... 1806-1863
LiddeU S( Scott Liddell, Hen. Geo. (isil- ) and
Scott. Robt. (1.S11-18S7) (Eng.cler-
gymen and editors). [Greek-Eng-
lish le.ricon, 7th ed.]
F. Lieber. . . Lieber. Francis ( Am. publicist) . . I80O-1872
Life of A. Wood (extracts from his diary and papers
by T. Hearne and R. Kawlinson,
166,3).
Lightfoot . . . Lightfoot, John (Eng. theologian
and rabbinical scholar) .... 1602-1675
J. B. Lightfoot . Lightfoot, Jos. Barber (Eng. comm.) 1828-1889
Lincoln, Abraham (Pres. of I'. S.) . 1809-1865
Williams, John (bp. of Lincoln and
later aop. of York) 1582-1650
Lincoln, Mrs. D. A. [Boston Cook
Book, Boston, 1888.]
Lindisfarne Ms. (an Anglo-Saxon Ms.)
Lindley . . . Lindlcy, John (Eng. botanist) . . 1799-186J
Sir X. Lmdley Lindley, Sir Nathaniel (Eng. jurist) 1.^28-
Lingard, John (Eng. historian) . . 1771-1851
Sw. Linne, Carl von (Swedish bot.J 1707-1778
Lincoln
Bp. Lincoln .
Mrs. Lincoln
( Cook Book) .
ISM-
1847-
Lingard
IJnnseus . . .
Mrs. E. Lynn
Linton . . .
W. J. Linton .
Lisle . . . .
./. rj.<ter . . .
Lithgnw . . .
Littleton . . .
A. Littleton . .
Littri . .
Livingstone
Llewellyn .
Linton, Eliza Lynn (Eng. novelist) 1822-
Linton, Wm. J. (English-.\merican
engraver) 1812-
Lisle, William (Eng. antiquarian) . -!6.'i7
Lister, Joseph (Eng. author) . . . 1627-1709
Lithgow, William (Scot, traveler) . l.>s.1-1640
Littleton, Sir Thomas ( Eng. jurist) 1420?-1487
Littleton, .-\dam (Eng. theol. writer
and philologist) lfi27-16fV4
Littre. .Maximilien P. t. (Fr. philol.) l.s()l-18SI
Livingstone, David (Scot, explorer) 1S17-I.S73
Llewellyn, Martin (Brit. poet).
( Fer.4s to Chas. II., Vri).]
Lloyd .... Lloyd, Robert (Eng. poet) . . . . 17.^3-1764
Bp. Lloyd . . Lloyd, Bp. William (Eng. divine) . 1627-1717
Humphrey Lloyd Lloyd, Humphrey (Brit, physicist) 1800-1881
Lloyd's Ms.,
British Museum.
Locke ....
Lockhart , . .
Lockyer . . .
E. Lodge . . .
T. Loilge . . .
Logan ....
London Acad-
]ft32-ir04
1794-1854
Locke, John (Eng. philosopher)
Lockhart, John G. (Scot, author)
Lockyer, Jos. Norman (Eng. astron.) l.s.'?(;-
Lodge, Edmund (Eng. writer) . . 17.i(;-lS.'!9
Lodge, Thos. ( Eng. poet and dram.) ].»6-l(i25
Logan, John (Scot, poet) .... 1748-1788
London Academy. The (weekly
journal, estab. l.sdO).
London Athenaeum. The (weekly
journal, estab. l,s'2.S).
London Encyclopiedia (ed. by
Thomas Curtis, l.S2lM,S.34).
London Field. The (weekly jour-
nal, estab. 1853).
London Graphic London Graphic. The (weekly
journal, estab. Is<i9).
London Literary London Literary World, The
World . . . (weekly journal, estab. 1x69).
London PuncI" . London Punch, The (weekly jour-
nal, estab. 1841).
London Quart. London Quarterly Review (quar-
Sev. , ■ . , terly journal, estab. 1609).
emy . . .
London Athe-
nseum . .
London Encyc.
London Field
Quoted in
Diet, us
London Sat. Rev.
London Specta-
tor ....
London Stand-
ard ....
London Tele-
graph . . .
London Times .
London lYuth .
G. Long . . .
Roger Long . .
Longfellow . .
S. Longfellow .
Xort/ (1630) . .
Loudon . . .
T. R. Lounsbury
Luveday . . .
Lovelace . . .
Lover ....
Lowell ....
M. A. Lower .
Lowndes . . .
Lowth ....
Lubbock . . .
Lucar ....
Luce ....
Ludden . . .
Ludlow . . .
Lupton ....
Ltfdgate . . .
Lyell ....
Lyly ....
Lyman ....
Lyttelton . . .
R. H. Lyttelton
Ld. Lytton . .
Macaulay . .
J. McCarthy .
McCheyne . .
Gen. G. B. Mc-
Clellau . . .
McC Unlock . .
McCosh . . .
WCuUoch . .
J. it. M'Culloch
G. MacDonald
MeElralh . .
C. Mackay . .
Mackeldey . .
MacKellar . .
McKendrick
D. L. Mackenzie
G. Mackenzie .
Lord Mackenzie
Moreil Macken-
zie ....
T. Mackenzie .
Sir J. Mackin-
tosh ....
MacKnight . .
Madison . . .
J. P. Mahaffy .
Mohan . .
Ld. Mahon
Medcom , . . .
Mallet . . . .
Mallock . . .
Malone . . .
Sir 7'. Mnlory .
Sir ./. Mande-
vdle . . . .
Cardinal Man-
ning . . . .
Bp. Mannyng-
ham . . . .
Mansel . . . .
Lord Mansfield
Mantell . . .
F. A. March .
Mar. Diet. . .
Markham . .
Marlowe . . .
Sir J. Marriot .
Marryat . . .
Q. P. Marsh .
Names in full. Dttte«.
London Saturday Review, The
(weekly journal, estab. ISjj).
London Spectator (weekly journal,
estab. I.'«i8).
London Standard (daily journal,
estab. 1N27).
London Telegraph (daily journal,
estab. 1855).
London Times (daily journal, es-
tab. 17.SS).
London Truth (daily journal, es-
tub. 1877).
Long, George (Eng. scholar) . . . 1800-1879
Long, Roger (Eng. astron.) . . . 1680-1770
Longfellow, Henry \V. (Am. poet) 1807-1882
Longfellow, Samuel (Am. poet and
essayist) 1819-
Lord, Henry (Eng. traveler). [Sect
ol'the Banians, Lond.. li^X).]
Loudon, John Claudius (Scot, bot.) 1783-1843
Lounsbury, Thomas Raynesford
(Am. scholar and author) . . . 1838-
Loveday, Robert. [Cleopatra, 1687.]
Lovelace, Richard (Eng. poet) . . 161S-1(»8
Lover, Samuel (Irish nov. and song
writer) 1797-1868
Lowell, James Russell (Am. poet
and essayist) 1819-
Lower, Mark Antony (Eng. nntiq.) 1813-1876
Lowndes, Win. Thos. (Eng. bibliog.) 1800-1843
Lowth, Bp. Robert (Eng. writer) . 1710-1787
Lubbock, Sir John (Eng. scientist) 1834-
Lucar, Cyprian (Eng. trans.). [Art
of Shooting, Lond., 1583.]
Luce, Stephen Bleecker. [Text-
book of Seamanship, rev. ed., 1H84.] 1827-
Ludden, Wm. (Am. mn«. writer).
[/'/■OH. Jfei. />(■<•(.. N. v., 1N751 . 182.3-
Ludlow. Edmund (Eng. republican
leader) I617F-1602
Lupton, Thomas. [^1 Thousand Sot-
able Things, Lond., 15«6.)
Lydgate, John (Eng. pcetl. . . 13"0?-1«1?
Lyell, Sir Charles ( Brit, geologist) . I797-187S
Lyly. John (Eng. dramatist) . . . 1553?- 1606
Lymun. Chester Smith (Am. physi-
cist and astron.) J8I4-1S90
Lyttelton. Ld. Geo. ( Eng. writer) . 1709-1773
Lyttelton, Richard Hen. [Cricket,
BadmingtonLib.) 1854-
Bulwer- Lytton, Edward George,
Baron Lytton (Eng. novelist) . . 1803-1873
Macaulay, Thos. Babington (Eng.
historian and essayist) 1800-1859
McCarthy, Justin (Brit. hist, and
nov.) 1830-
McCheyne, Robert M. (Scot, divine) 1813-1843
McClellan, George Brinton (Am.
general) I826-I88S
McClintock, Sir Francis Leopold
(Irish arctic explorer) 1819-
McCosh, Jas. ( Scot, metaph. in Am.) 1811-1891
M'Culloch, John Ramsay (Scot.
polit. economist) 1789-1864
M^Culloch, Jas. Melville (Scot, edu-
cational writer) 1801-1883
MacDonald. George (Scot, novelist) 1824-
McElrath, Thomas (Am. lawyer).
[Comuiercm/Zlic/., N. v., )87"l) . 1807-1888
JIackay, Charles (Brit, poet and es-
sayist) 1814-1889
Mackeldey, Ferdinand (Fr. legal
writer).
MacKellar, Thomas (author of
America)! Printer) 1812-
McKendrick.John G. (Scot, physiol.)
Mackenzie, D. L. [Eng. S/»i., IS54.J
Jlackenzie, George (Scot, phys.) . -1726
Mackenzie, Lord Geo. (Scot, lawyer) 1636-1691
Mackenzie, Sir Moreil (Eng. physi-
cian) 1837-1892
Mackenzie, Thomas (Scot, judge) . 1807-1869
Mackintosh, Sir James (Brit. hist.
and statesman) 17(;W8.32
MacKnight, James (Scot, divine) . 1721-lSOO
Madison, .lames (Pres. of U. S.) . . 1751-1836
Mahaffy, Jolin Pentland (prof. Anc.
Hist., Trinity Coll.. Dublin) . . IK19-
Mahan, Dennis Hart(Am. civ. eng.) 1802-1871
Mahon, Philip Henry, Earl of Stan-
hope (Eng. historian) 1805-1.875
Malcom, Howard (Am. traveler) . 1799-1879
Mallet, David (Scot, poet) . . . . 1700-1765
Mallock.Wm.HurrelK Eng. author) 1M9-
Malone, Edm.dr.Shak. scholar) . 174I-1.SI2
Malory, Sir Thos. (Brit, translator) 1430?-
Maudeville, Sir John (Eng. travel-
er) 1300?-1372
Manning. Henry Edward (Eng.
cardinal) 1808-1892
Mannyngham, Bp. Thomas. [Dis-
courses, KSl.] -1722
Mansel, Henry L. (Eng. philos.) . 1820-1871
Mansfield, William Murray, Lord
(Eng. jurist) 1705-1793
Mantell, Gideon A. (Eng. geol.). . 1790-1852
March, Fr. Andrew (Am. philol.) . 1825-
Marine Dictionary (ed. by Wm.
Falconer. 17(!9). ,
Markham, Gervase (Eng. poet) . 1570.'-l(i55?
Marlowe, Christopher (Eng. dram.) 1564-1.593
Marriot, Sir James (Eng. judge). , fi. 1769
Marryat, Frederick (Eng. naval of-
ficer and novelist) 1792-1848
Marsh, Geo. Perkins (Am. philol.
and diplomat) 1S0I-18S2
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
XXV
Quoted in
Diet, m Names in fall. Dates.
ifarshall . . . Marehall, John (Am. statesman) . 1755-1835
W. ilarahall . MursliuU, William (£ug. bot. and
ugric. writer) 1745?-1819
Marslon . . . Marston, John (Eng. poet). . . . 157i-liiS4
Vean Martin . Martin, Edwd. (Deuu of Ely.) [i«t-
(er,«, lli(i2.) -1GU2
H. A'. J/artin . Martin, Heury Newell (Am. biol.) 1S48-
T. Martin . . Martin, Thomas (Eng. divine) . . -I5S4
H-Mailincau . Mnrtineau, Harriet (Eng. writer) . 1S02-1S7G
J. Martineau . Martineau, Jas. (Eng. Unit. divine) 1S05-
Martyn . . . Martyn, John (Eng. botanist) . . Iia9-17(iS
Murrell . . . Marvell, Andrew (Eng. misc. author) 1(121-1678
Mason .... Mason, William (Eng. poet) . . . 1725-1797
J. M. HoMon Mason, John Mitchell (Am. divine
and orator) 1770-1S29
J. Y. Mason . . Mason. John Young (U. S. minister
to trance) 1799-1859
Mass. Records
(11X7) . . . Massachusetts Records, 1647.
G. Masnei; . . Massey, Gerald (Eng. poet) . . . 182S-
W. Massey . . Massey, \Vm. Nathaniel (Eng. hist.) 1809-1881
Massinger , , Massinger, Philip (Eng. dramatist) lJSS-lti40
Masson . . . Masson, David (Brit, author) . . Itiffl-
M. 1'. Masters . Masters, Ma.iwell Tylden (Eng.
bot.). {ieg. Teratology, imi] . . 1833-
H. Masters . . Masters, Kobert (Eng. historian) . 1713-1798
Cotton Mather Slather, Cotton (Am. theologian) . 1663-1728
Mat/lias . . . Mathias, Thoma« James (Eng. poet) 1750?-1835
Matthewa . . Matthewes, A. (tranalator of Ta«-
so's Aniinta, 1628).
Maunder . . . Maunder, Samuel (Eng. compiler) 1785-1849
Mawidrell . . Maundrell, Henry (Eng. traveler; . 1650?-1710
ituvry .... Maury, Matt. F. (Am. nav. officer) lS0t»-lS73
Clerk Maxwell . Maiwell, James Clerk (Brit, physi-
cist) 1831-1879
Mas/ May. Thomas (Eng. poet and trans.) 15947-1650
Sir T. E. May . May, Sir Thomas Erskine (Eng. le-
gal and parliamentary writer) . 1815-1886
Maydman • ■ Maydman, Henry. ISaval Specu-
lations, ItBl.]
A. M. Mayer . Mayer, Alfred Marshall (Am. sci.) 1836-
Mayhew . . . Mayhew, Henry (Eng. author) . . 1813-1887
Mayne . . . . Mayne, Robert Gray (Eng. surg.) . 1808-1868
W. S. Mayo . . Mayo, William Starbuck (Am. nov.) 1812-
Mease .... Mease, James (Am. physician) . . 1771-1846
Medbery . . . Medbery, James Knowlea. [Men
and Mysteries of WaB. St., 1870.]
Mede .... Mede, Joseph (Eng. divine) . . . 1586-1638
Med. Sepository Medical Repository (New York
raed. journal, 1797-1824).
Meismer . . , Meissner, Georg (Ger. physicist) . 1829-
Melloni . . . Melloni, Macedonio (Ital. physicist) 1801-1854
Melmoth . . . Melmoth, Wm. (Eng. class, trans.) 1710-1799
Owen Meredith Meredith, Owen, pseud, of Ed.
Robt. Bulwer-Lytton (Eng. poet) 1831-1891
B. A. Merewetker Jierevether, Henry Alworth (Eng.
lawyer), (/fist. o/Borouff/u, 1822.] -1864
C. Merivale . . Merivale, Charles (Brit, liistorian) 1808-1893
C. ff. Merriam Merriam, Clinton H. (Am. omith.) 1856?-
Memick iAncien', .Meyrick, Sir Samuel Rush (Eng.
Artnor). . . antiquary) 1783-1848
Mickle . . . . Mickle, William Julius (Eng. poet) 1735-1788
Middleton . • Middleton, Thomas (Eng. drama-
tist) . 1570?-1G27
C. Middleton . Middleton, Conycra (Eng. contro-
versialist) 1683-1750
Miege .... Miege, Guy (Eng. lexicog.). [Great
French-Eng. Diet., Lond., 1688.]
J. Mm .... Mill, James (Eng. historian) . . . 1773-1838
J. S. Mill . . . Mill, John Stuart (Eng. philoso-
pher and polit. economist) . . . 1806-1873
Miller. . . . MUler, William Allen (Eng. chem.) 1817-1870
ff. Milter . . . Miller, Hugh (Scot, geologist) . . 1802-1836
P. Miller . . . Miller, Philip (Eng. botanist) . . 1691-1771
& Mller . . . Miller, Samuel (Am. divine) . . . 1769-1850
Milles ( JfS. Dev- Milles, Jeremiah (Dean of Exeter).
on Gloss.) . . [MS. Glossary of Devonshire
Words'] ]n4-17S4
S. J. Mills . . Mills, Samuel John (Am. clerg.) . 1783-1S18
Milman . . . Milman, Henry Hart (Eng. hist.) . ]791-I8tB
Milne .... Milne, CoUn (Scot, botanist) . . . 1744?-1813
Milner .... Milner, Joseph (Eng. church hist.; 1744-1797
Milnes .... Milnes, Richard Monckton, Lord
Houghton (Eng. traT. and poet) . 1809-1885
Milton. . . . Milton, John (Eng. poet) .... 1608-1674
Milward . . . Milward, Richard. [Xf/e o/5e!cfen.J -1680
Miner .... Miner, Thomas (Am. physician) . 1777-1841
C. S. Minot . . Minot, Chas. Sedgwick (Am. biol.) 1852-
Minsheu . . . Minsheu, John (Eng. linguist).
[Guide i7Uo the Tongues.KlT] . 16th-17th c.
Mir. for Mag. . Mirror for Magistrates (a collection
of narratives by several poets).
D. G. Mitchell . Mitchell, Donald G. (Am author) . 1823-
Mitford . . . Mitford, William (Eng. historian) . 1744-1827
J. Mitford . . Mitford, John (Eng. biographer and
editor) 1781-1859
ifiss Mitford , Mitford, Mary R (Esg. -VTriter) . . 1786-1865
Mlvart .... Mivart, St. George (Ecg. biologist) 1827-
Mohs .... Mohs, Friedr. (,Gev. mineralogist) . 1773-1839
ilfosr .... Moir, David Macbeth (Scot, poet
and novelist) 1798-1851
Mollett .... MoUett, John W. [Diet, of Art and
Archaeology, Boston, 1883.]
S. Monro . . , Monro, Robert. [Expedition, 1637.J
Bp. Montagu . Montagu, Bp. Richd. (Eng. divine) 1678-1641
Col. G. Montagu Montagu, Col. George (Eng. omith.) -1815
Lady M. W. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu . . (Eng. writer) ](»9-17f)2
Mrs. E. Montagu Montagu, Eliz. R. (Eng. writer) . 1720-1800
W. Montagu . Montagu, Walter. [Deiout Essays.
Shepherd's Paradise] 1604-1677
t7. Montgomery . Montgomery, James (Scot, poet) . 1771-1854
Monthly Rev. Monthly Review (Eng. journal,
1749-1840).
Montrose . . . Montrose, James Graham, Marquis
of (Scot, royalist) ...... 1612-1650
afoore .... Moore, Thomas (Brit, poet) . . , 1779-1852
Quoted in
l>ict. as Names in full. Dates.
E. Moore . . . Moore, Edward (Eng. dramatist) . 1712-1757
J/bort (A'/icyc. q/" Moore, John Weeks (Am. musical
Music)
Dr. H. More .
Hannah More
Sir T. More . .
J. D. Morell .
L. H. Morgan
Fynes Morison ■
lI.Morley . ,
J. Morley . . ,
C Morris . , .
G. P. Morris .
H. Morris . ,
\f. Morris . .
J, Morse . . .
J. H. Morse . .
writer) 1807-
More, Dr. Henry (Eng. philosopher) 1614-1687
More, Hannah (Eng. writer) . . . 1745-l.S'!;!
More, Sir Thomas (Eng. pliilos.) . 147t-1535
Morell, John D. (Eng. philos.) . . 1815-
Morgan, Lewis Henry (Am. sci.) . 1818-1881
Morison, Fynes (Eng. traveler) . . 1666-1614?
Morley, Henry (Eug. author) . . 1822-1884
Morley, John (Eng. polit. author) . 1838-
Morris, Charles (Am. scientist;.
Jlorris, Geo. Perkins (Am. journ.) 1802-1864
Morris, Richard (Eng. philol.) . . 1S)»-1894
Morris, William (Eng. poet). [Jason] 1834-18!)U
Morse, Jcdiditth (Eng. poet) . . . 1761-1826
Morse, James Herbert (Am. writer) 1S41-
Morte d' Arthure Morte d'Arthure (old alliterative
poem, about 1360).
Mortimer . , . Mortimer, John (Eng. writer on
husbandry) -1730
Morton (1632) . Morton, Thomas. [Jfew Eng. Ca-
rioan, 1632] I5907-1646?
Bp. Morton . . Morton, Bp. Thomas (Eng. theol.) 1564-1659
Moseley . . . Moseley, Hen. (Eng. mech. writer) 1801-1872
IP. M. Moseley . Moseley, Walter Michael (Eng.
author). [Essay on Archery, MVtl] 1765-1827
Mosheim . . . Mosheim, von,JohannLorenz(Ger.
theologian) 16947-1755
Mother Goose . Songs for the Nursery, 1719.
Molhertcell . . Motherwell, Wm. (Scot, poet) . . 1797-1835
Motley .... Motley, John Lothrop (Am. hist.) . 1814-1877
Motto of the Mac- Mottool the Mackintoshes (a Scot-
kintoihes . . tish clan).
^foun(rort . . .Mountfort, Wm. (Eng. dramatist) . 16.')9-ie!>
Moxon .... Moxon, Joseph (Eng. math.) . . . 1627-1700
Moztey !( White- f M o z 1 e y, Herbert Newman.)
ley .... \W h i t e 1 e y, George Crispe./
[Law Diet., Lond., 1.S76.)
Mvffett .... Muffett, or Moufet, Thomas (Eng.
physician) 1550?-1600?
Muirhead . . Muirhead, Jas. (Scot, law writer) . -1889
Max MiUler . , Mttller, Friedrich -Max (Ger.-Eng.
philol.) 1823-
Munday . , . Munday, Anthony (Eng. dramatist) 1554-1633
Murchison . . Murchison, Sir R. I. (Bnt. geol.) . 1792-1871
Murdock ... Murdock, James (Am. divine and
scholar) 1776-1856
A. Murphy • . Murphy, Arthur (Brit. dram, and
essayist) 1727-1805
J. Murphy . . Murphy, James Gracey (Irish Heb.
scholar) 180S-
Dr. Murray , . Murray, James Augustus Henry
(Eng. lexicog. and philol.). 1837-
Lady Murray . Murray, Lady Griaeld (Eng. writer) 1693-1759
Murray's Hand-
book of London Murray, John, Jr. (Eng. publisher) 1808-
Mushet .... Mushet, Robert (Eng. lawyer) . . -1828
Xares .... Nares, Rob. (Eng. critic and theol.)
yash .... Nash, Thomas (Eng. dramatist)
The Nation . , Nation, The (N. Y. weekly journal,
estab. 1865).
National Review (lyond. journal,
1855-1864).
Nature (Eng. -reekly jour, of sci.,
estab. 1869).
Naunton, Sir Robert (Eng. author)
N, Brit. Review North British Review (Edin. quar-
terly, 1844-1871).
yeal .... Neal, John (Am. misc. writer) . .
Necde .... Neale. John Mason (Eng. divine,
author, and trans, of hymns) . .
Nelson, Horatio, Lord (Brit, adm.)
Nelson, Robert (Brit, writer) . . .
Nevile. Thomas (Eug. translator) .
New American Cyclopedia (edited
Cyc by G. Ripley and C. A. Dana, 1857)
yewcomb . , , Newcomb, Simon (Am. math.) . ,
Abp. Newcome . Newcome, Abp. Wm. (Eng. divine)
Xew England New England Tales (quoted fr.
Bartlett's Americanisms).
New English Dictionary (edited by
Dr. J. A. H. Murray).
Newman, Fr. Wm. (Eng. author) .
Newman, Cardinal John Henry
(Eng. theologian and author) . .
Newton, Thomas (Eng. physician)
Newton, Hubert Anson( Am. math.)
Newton, John (Eng. clergyman) ,
Newton, Sir Isaac (Eng. philos.
and math.)
yew York Kmes New York Times (daily journal,
estab. l.Sofl).
Nichol, John Pringle (Brit, sci.) . .
Nichols, John (Eng. antiquary) . .
Nichols, James Robinson (Am. in-
ventor and scientific writer) . .
Nichols, William (Eng. divine) . .
Nicholson, Peter (Brit, architect) *
Nicholson, Bp. Wm. (Eng. divine) .
Nicholson, Henry A. (Eng. geol.) .
Nicholson, William (Eng. chemist)
/Nicolay, John Geo (Am. author)
I7SS-1829
1564-1600
yational Bev.
Natwe . .
Xaunton
yelson . . .
R. yelson .
T. yeviU . .
yew American
Tales
yew English
Diet
F. W. yevman
J. H. yewman .
yewton . . .
H. A. yewton .
J. yewton . .
Sir 1. yewton .
yichol ....
yichols . . .
J. R. yichols .
W. yichols . .
yichclson . .
Bp. yicholson .
H. A. yicholson
W. yicholson .
yicolay Sf Hay
(Life of Lincoln) \Hay, John (Am. author) .
yicolls .... NicoUs, Thomas (Eng. translator).
[Thticydides, 1530.]
Abp. yicolson . Nicolson, Abp. Wm. (Eng. divine)
yordheimer . . Nordheimer, Isaac (Ger. Hebrew
scholar) .
yorris .... Norris, John (Eng. clergyman) . .
W. E. yorris . Norris, W. E. (Eng. novelist).
6. yorth (1575) North, George (Eng. trans.). [Phi-
losopher of the Court, 1575.]
Ld. yorth . . North, Frederioh, second earl of
Guilford (Eng. statesman) . . .
R. North . . North. Roger (Eng. writer) • . •
1793-1876
1818-1866
1758-1805
1656-1713
fl. 1758
1835-
1729-1800
1805-
1801-1890
-1607
1830-1896
1725-1807
1642-1727
1804-1859
1743-1826
1819-1888
1664-1712
1763-1844
-16a
1844-
1738-1815
1832-
1839-
1809-1842
1658-1711
1847-
1732-1792
1650-1733
Quoted in
l)ict. as
Sir T. North
yorth Am. Rev,
yorth Brit. Rev.
Northbrooke
A. Norton . .
.Vo«
yugee Antiq. .
Oakeley , . .
O'Brien . . .
Observer . . .
Occli-re . . .
Odling. . . .
J, O'Donot'on
O. Eng. Oath of
Allegiance
Ogilvie ....
O'Ketfe . . .
Oldenburg . .
Oldham . . .
Oldys ....
Oley ....
N. Oliphant . .
Mrs. Oliphant ,
T. L. K. Oliphant
OrfXa ....
Ormulum . . .
Orrery. . . .
Osborne ,
Olway . .
Overbury .
Owen . .
Oioen (Epi-
grams) . ,
C. Owen .
Oxf. Gloss.
Packard . . .
Page ....
T. N. Page . .
Paget ....
Pagitt ....
Painter (Palace
of Pleasure) .
Paley ....
Palfrey . . .
F. T. Palgrave
Sir F. Palgrave
W. G. Palgrave
Pall Mall Ga-
zette ....
Ld. Palmerston
Palsgrave . .
Papin ....
5i> W. Parish .
Park ....
Prof. Park . .
R. Park . . .
Parker. . . .
Abp. Parker .
Bp. Parker . .
Martin Parker ,
T. Parker . .
Parkhurst . .
Parkman . .
Parliamentary
History (1648)
Pamell . .
Parr ....
R. Parr . . .
S. Parr . . .
ParsoJiS ...
Parth. Sacra
(1633) . . .
Pastor Fido
(1602) . . .
W. Pater . . .
Bp. Patrick . .
W. Pattison . .
Paulding . . .
J. Payn . .
Payne . . , ■
P. Cyc. . . ,
Feacham . . .
Bp. Peacock .
Bp. Pearce . .
Bp. Pearson
C. H. Pearson .
Peele . . .
Pegge . . . .
Names in full. Dates.
North, Sir Thomas (Eng. transla-
tor). [JHuturch's Lives, 1579.]
North American Review (Am.
monthly, estab. 1815).
North iii-itisli Review (Edin. quar-
terly, 1844-KS71).
Northbrooke, John (Eng. divine).
[Treatise on Dicing, etc., 1576.J
Norton, .\ndrew8 (Am. theologian) 1786-1852
Nott.Josiuh Clark (Am. etlmol.) . 1804-1873
Wug«) Anliqu^B (prose and poetry
fr. Sir J. Harrington and others).
Oakeley, Fred. (Eng. R. C. clerg.).
[Catholic Warship, I8()7.] .... 1602-1880
O'Brien, John (proi. at Mount St.
Mary's College, Md.) -1879
Observer, The (Eng. serial, i 785-90).
Occleve, Thomas (Eng. poet) . . IZIOI-WAI
Odling, William (Eng. chemist) . 1829-
O'Donovon, John (Irish archffiol.) 1809-1861
Old English Oath of Allegiance
(quoted by Blackstone).
Ogilvie, John (Scot, lexicog.). [Imp,
Did.. 1856] 1707-1807
O'Keete, or O'Keeffe, John (Irish
dramatist) 1747-1*33
Oldenburg, Hen. (Ger.-Eng. writer) 1615?-1(;73
Oldham, John (Eng. poet) . . . . 1(WM6»3
Oldys, William (Eng. bibliographer) 1696-1761
Oley, Barnabas (Eng. divine) . . -1686
Oliphant, Lawrence (Eng. traveler) 1829-1888
Oliphant, Margaret O. Wilson (Brit.
writer) 1818-
Oliphant, Thomas Lawrence Kings-
ton (Eng. writer) 1831-
Orfila, Mateo Jos6 B. (Fr. chem.) . 1787-1853
Ormulum, The (an imperfect series
of homilies, about 1200).
Orrery, John Boyle, Earl of (Eng.
writer; 1707-1762
Osborne, Francis (Eng. writer) . . ]589?-1659
Otway, Thos. (Eng. dram, and poet) 1651-1685
Overbury, Sir Thos. (Eng. author) 1581-1613
Owen, Richard (Eng. naturalist) . 1804-1892
Owen, John (Brit, writer) .... 1560-1622
pseud, of Mrs. Helen A. Nitsch
(Am. writer on cookery) .... -1889
Oxford Glossary of Architecture,
1845 (later ed. cited as Parker).
Packard, Alpheus S., Jr. (Am. nat.) 1&S9-
Page, David (Brit, geologist) . . . 1814-1879
Page, Thomas Nelson (Am. author) 1853-
Paget, Sir James (Eng. surgeon) . 1814-
Pagitt, Ephraim (Eng. author) . . 1575-1647
Painter, William (Eng. compiler).
[Palace of Pleasure, ISOfi] . , . -1<94
Paley, Wm. (Eng. theologian) . . 174.3-1805
Palfrey, John Gorham (Am. hist.) 1796-188)
Palgrave, Fr. T. (Eng. art critic) . 1824-
Palgrave, Sir Francis (Eng. hist.) . 1788-1861
Palgrave, W. Gifford (Eng. traveler) 18'26-1888
Pall Mall Gazette (Eng. daily jour-
nal, estab. 1865).
Palmerston, Henry John Temple,
3d viscount (Eng. statesman) . . 1784-1865
Palsgrave, John (Eng. linguist) . . 1480?-1554
Papin, Denis (French physicist) . 1647-1714
Parish.Sir Woodbine (Eng.diplom.) 1796-1882
Park, Sir James Allen (Brit, jurist) 1763-1838
Park, Edwards Amasa (Am. theol.) 1808-
Park, Roswell (Am. author) . . . 1807-1869
Parker, John Henry (Eng. archse-
ol.). [Gloss, of ArcJiitecture, 1H79] 1806-1884
Parker, Abp. Matt. (Eng. divine) 1504-1575
Parker, Bp. Samuel (Eng. divine) . ltHO-1687
Parker, Martin (Eng. poet). [The
Nightingale, 1632.)
Parker, Theodore (Am. theologian) 1810-1860
Pcrkhurst, John Luke (Am. gram.) 1795?-185e
Parkman, Francis, Jr. (Am. hist.) . 1823-1893
Parliamentary History, 1648 (cited
from Richardson's Diet.).
Parnell, Thomas (Brit, poet) . . . 1679-1718
Parr, Bartholomew. [Med, Diet.,
Lond., 180H] 17.50-
Parr, Richard (Eng. divine) . . . 1617-1691
Parr, Sam. (Eng. crit. and scholar) 1747-1825
Parsons, Theophilus (Am. jurist).
[Contracts] 1797-1882
Parthenia Sacra ; or, Myst. Garment
of the Sacred Parthenes ; by Hen.
Hawkins.
Letters of the Paston family of
Norfolk (a record of social cus-
toms of 15th century, edited by
SirJ. Fenn,1787).
Pastor Fido (written by G.B. Gua-
riai, 1537-1612, tr. by Fanshawe)
Pater, Walter Horatio (Eng. writer) 1S;9-1MI4
Patrick, Bp. Symon (Eng. com.) . 1626-1707
Pattison, William (Eng. poet) . . ]7I)6-1727
Paulding, James K. (Am. author) . 1779-18C0
Payn, James (Brit, writer) . . . 1830-
Payne, John Howard (Am. dram.) . 1792-1852
Penny Cyclopsedia (ed. by Chas.
Knight, laiJJ-I^SS).
Peacham, Henry (Eng. painter and
author) -164nv
Peacock. Bp. Reginald (Brit, prel.) 13!H)-14i»i?
Pearce, Bp. Zaclmry (Eng. divine) . ]6!in-I774
Pearson, Bp. John (Eng. theol.). . 16l.-i-li-<i«
Pearson, Chas. Henry (Eng. hist.) . IMii-
Peele, George (Ens. poet) . . . .1,W8?-1597'
Pegge, SamueUEng. antiquary) . 1704-1738
XXVI
Quoted in
Diet, as Names in foil. Dates.
Pegge (1814) . . PegKe, Samuel (Eng. writer) . . . 17SI-ibO0
J. I'eiie . . . Peile.John. {Gr.and LaUEtymol.,
2(1 ed., Lond., 1872.]
Pennant , . . Pennant, Thomas (Brit. zoBlogist) . 3r26-l"as
Pepys .... Pepys, Samuel (Eng. diarist) . . . 1632-1703
Percival . . . Percival, James Gates (Ata. poet
and geologist) 1795-18,V>
Percy .... Percy, Thomas (Eng. bishop) . . 1729-1811
Percy^a Heliquea (a collection of old lyrics, ed. by
Bishop Percy, 17iJo).
Pereira . . , Pereira, Jonathan (Eng. physician) 1804-1853
Jacob Perkins . Perkins, Jacob (Am. inventor) . . 17(jfi-1840,
Perkins . . . Perkins, William (Eng. divine) . . 1558-1G02
Perrier . . . Perrier, Edmond (Fr. naturalist) . 1844-
Perry .... yerry, William (Eng. lexicogra-
pher). [Dict.,n<J5.^
Peters .... Peters, Richard, Jr. (Am. biog.) . 1780-1848
B. Peters . . . Peters, Hugh (Eng. divme) . . . IKIil-IIJUO
J.P.Peters. . Peters, John Punnett (Am. trans.). 18.V'-
Petherick . . . Petherick, John (Brit, traveler) . .1820?-
Sir P. Pelt . . Pett, Sir Peter (Eng. poUt. writer) . 11130-
Pettie .... Pettie, George. [Introti. to Guazzo's
Civil Conversation, IWi] .... 1548?-15S9
Sir W. Petty . Petty, Sir Wm. (Eng. polit. econ.). )U23-1(X7
Phaer .... Phaer,Thos. (Brit. phys. and poet) -1.5HI
Philips . , , Philips, Ambrose (Eng. poet). . . 1671-1749
J. J'/iilips . . Philips, John (Eng. poet) .... 1670-1708
Pliillips . . . Phillips, Willard (Am. jurist) . . 1784-1873
E. FlnlUps . . Phillips, Edward (Eng. lexicog.) . 1630-1 6SIS?
TV. Phillips. . Phillips, William (Brit, geologist) . 177»-1S28
7Fen.-/c«PAi7Kpj Phillips, Wendell (Am. orator) . . 1811-1884
Pickering . . Pickering, Tim. (Am. statesman) . 1745-1829
J. Pickering . Pickering, John (Am. philologist) . 1777-1846
lierpont . . . Pierpont, John (Am. poet) . . . 1785-1866
Piers Plowman Vision of Piers Plowman (satirical
poem of 14th cent., by Wm. Lang-
land, or Langley).
Piffard , . . Piffard, Henry Granger (Am. phy-
sician). [Ther. of Skin, 1881.]
C.C.Pincknsy. Pinckney.Chas. C.( Am. statesman) 1746-1825
Pinel .... Pinel, Philippe (Fr. physician) . . 1745-1826
Pinkerton . . Pinkerton, John (Scot, author) . . 1758-1826
Pitk-in .... Pitkin, Timothy (Am. historian) . 1766-1847
Pitman . . . Pitman, Isaac (Eng. phonographer) 1813-
Pitt Pitt, William (Eng. statesman) . . 1759-1806
C.Pitt. . . . Pitt, Christopher (Eng. poet, trans.) 16il9-I748
Plaifere . . . Plaifere, John (Eng. divine) . . . -1608
Planchi . . . Planche.JamesR. (Eng. dramatist) 1796-1880
Plautns (^Trans. (Eng. translation by Lawrence
1691) .... Echard, 1671-17.30).
Playjair . . . Playfair, John (Scot. math, end
physicist) 1748-1819
Lyon Playfair . Playfair, Lyon (Eng. chemist) . . 1819-
Plumptre . . . Plumptre, Edward H. (Eng. clerg.) 1821-1881
E. Pocock . . Pocock, Edward (Eng. orientalist) . 1604-1691
Pococke . . . Pococke, Bp. Richard (Eng. trav.) . 1704-17(15
Poe Poe, Edgar Allan (Am. poet) . . . 1809-1849
Poem in Essex John Noakes and Mary Styles (a
Dialect . . • poem exhibiting the localisms
peculiar to Essex, Lond., 1839).
Pole .... Pole, Wm. (Eng. musician and 8ci.) 1814-
Pollok .... Pollok, Robert (Scot, poet) . . . 1798-1827
J. J\'. Pomeroy . Pomeroy, John Norton (Am. legal
writer) 1828-1885
Pomfret . . . Pomfret, John (Eng. poet). . . . 1667-1703
Madame de Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette
Pompadour . Poisson, Marquise de (Fr. mar-
chioness) 1721-1764
E.W.Poole . Poole, Hen. Ward (Am. mu8.writer) 1825-
R. S. Poole . . Poole, Reginald S. (Eng. archffioL) 1832-1895
Poor Pobin's
Almanack . (Eng. almanac, 166.3-1828)
Pope .... Pope, Alexander (Eng. poet) . . . 1688-1744
Pop. Sci. Month' Popular Science Monthly (N, Y,
ly magazine, estab. 1872).
Person . . . Porson, Richd. (Eng. Gr. scholar) . 1759-1808
Porter .... Porter, Noah (Am. metaphysician) 18I1-18M
E. Porter . . Porter, Ebenezer (Am. divine) . . 1772-1834
Porteus . . Porteus, Beilby (Eng. bishop) . . 1731-1808
Pothier . . . Pothier, Robert Joseph (Fr. jurist) 1699-1772
Abp. Potter . . Potter, Abp. John (Eng. prelate) . 1674-1747
E.Potter. . . Potter, Francis (Eng. mechanician) 1594-1678
P. Powell . . Powell, Baden (Eng. philosopher) . 1796-1860
Sir John Powell Powell, Sir John (Eng. judge) . . 1633?-16!k;
Pownall . . . Pownall, Thomas (Eng. antiquary) 17.'22-1805
P. Plowman , See Piers Plowman.
Praed .... Praed, Winthrop M. (Eng. poet) . 18(8-1839
Pr^. to Book of
Com. Prayer . Preface to Book of Common Prayer.
Prescott . . , Prescott, Wm. Hickling (Am. hist.) 1796-1859
Preston . . . Preston, John (Eng. divine) . . . 1587-1628
T.Preston . . Preston, Thomas (Eng. dramatist). -1598
Price .... Price, Richard (Brit, finan. writer) 1723-1791
Price O610) . . Price, Daniel (Eng. divine) . . . 15797-1631
Prichard . . . Prichard, James C. (Eng. ethnol.) . 1786-1843
Prideaux . . . Prideaux, John (Eng. divine) . . 1578-1650
n. Prideaux . Prideaux, Humphrey (Eng. hist.) . 1648-1724
Priestley . . . Priestley, Joseph (Eng. chem. and
physicist) 1733-1804
Prior .... Prior, Matthew (Eng. poet) . . . 1664-1721
Dr. Prior . , Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander
{Pop. Names of Brit. Plants, 1879^ 1809-
Pritchard . . Pritchard, Andrew (Eng. naturalist) 1804-1882
R. A. Proctor . Proctor. Richard A. (Eng. astron.) . 1837-1888
Prompt. Parv. Promptorium Parvulorum (Eng.-
Lat. Diet., by Geoffrey the Gram-
marian, 1440).
Proudfit . • . Proudfit, Alexander M. (Am. di-
vine) 1770-1843
Prout .... Prout,William(Eng.med. chemist) 1786-1850
Pryce .... Pryce, Wm. (Eng.min. andarchsol.) fl. 1790
Prynne . , . Prynne, William (Eng. lawyer) . 1600-1669
Pugin .... Pugin, Augustus N.W. (Eng. arch.) 1812-1852
Puller. . . . Puller, Timothy (Brit, divine) . . -1693
Punch .... See London Punch.
i'uTdias . . Purchas, Samuel (Eng. compiler of
travels) ......... (578-1628?
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
(Quoted in
Diet, as Names in full. Dates.
The Puritan The Puritan, or The Widow of
(1607) . . . Watling Street (an anon. play).
Putlcnham . . Puttenham, George (Brit, writer) 1632?-1600?
M. J. Pye . . . Pye, Henry James (Eng. poet) . . 1745-1813
Quain .... Quain, Richard (Brit, physician) . 1816-18S7
Quain'sAnat. , Quain, Jones (Eng. anatomist) . . 1795-1851
Quarks . . . Quarles.Fr. (Eng. poet). [Emhlems] 1592-1644
Quart. Rev. , . Quarterly Review (Eng. periodical,
founded 1809).
Queen of Corinth (a play by Massinger, Fletcher,etc.)
Qiiincij . . , Quincy, John (Eng. medical writer) -1723
Josiah Quincy , Quincy, Josiah (Am. statesman) . 1772-1864
lip. Rainbow . Rainbow, Bp. Edward (Eng. divine) 160S-1684
Sir W.Raldoh Baleigh, Sir Walter (Eng. states-
man and navigator) 1552-1618
Rambler ... Rambler, The (Eng. periodical,
17.50-1752).
Ramsay . . . Ramsay, Allan (Scot, poet) . . . 1685-1758
D.Ramsay . . Itamsay, David (Am. historian). . 1749-1815
E. B. Ramsay . Ramsay, Edward 3. (Scot, clerg.) . 1793-1872
J. Randolph . Randolph, John (Ain. politician) . 1773-isr!3
T.Randolph . Randolph, Thos. (Eng. dramatist) . 1605-1634
Rankinc . . . Rankine, W. J. Macquom (Scot.
mechanician) 1820-1872
Rawle .... Rawle, Wm. (Am. lawyer and
scholar) 1759-1836
O. RawUnson . Rawlinson, George (Eng. historian) 1815-
Sir H. Rawlin- Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke
son .... (Eng. orientalist) 1810-1«\5
Ray Ray,John(Eng. nat.andcompiler) 1628-1705
Payer .... Rayer, Pierre Francois Olive (Fr.
medical writer) 1793-1867
Raymonds . . Raymond, Rossiter Worthington
(Am. engineer). [Mining Gloss.]. 1840-
ff. Read . . . Read, Henry (Am. author) . . . 1808-1854
Charles Reade . Reade, Charles (Eng. novelist) . . 1814-1884
Compton Reade Reade, Compton (Eng. novelist) . 1834?-
J. Reading , , Reading, John (Eng. divine) . . . 1588-1677
Rees Rees, Abraham (Eng. cyclopedist). 1743-1825
T. Reeve (.16S0 . Reeve, Thomas (English divine).
[God's Flea for Xineveh, l(x'>7.)
Reid Reid, Thomas (Scot, metaphysician, 1710-1796
Remedy ofZove (a poem attributed to Chaucer).
/. Remsen . . Remsen, Ira (Am. chemist) . . . 1846-
Rep. Sec. of War Report of the Secretary of War,
(1860) ... U. S., for 1S(».
Rev. Ver. . . . Revised version of the Bible, 1884.
Bp.Romolds . Reynolds, Bp. Edw. (Eng. divine). 1599-1678
Sir J. Reynolds Reynolds, Sir Joshua (Eng. portrait
painter) 1723-1792
Rhemish Trans. Rheinish translation of the New
Testament, 15S2.
Rich, the Rede- Richard the Redeless (a poem by
less .... Wm. Langland, or Langley, 1.199).
Richardson . . Richardson, Samuel (Eng. nov.) . 1689-1761
Richard son Richardson, Charles (Eng. lexicog-
(Dict.) . . . rapher) 1775-1865
B. W. Richard- Richardson, Benjamin Ward (Eng.
son .... physician) 1828-
Bp. Richardson Richardson, Bp. John (Eng. Iheol.) 15797-1654
J.Richardson • Richardson, Jonathan (Eng. painter
and author) 1665?-1745
Rider's Diet.
(1640) . . . Rider, John. [Lal.-Eng. Diet.] . 1562?-1632
Ridley .... Ridley, Nicholas (Eng. bishop) . . 15007-1555
Riemann . . . Riemann, Hugo (Ger. mus. writer) 1849-
Rivers .... Rivers, Antony Widvile, or Wood-
ville. Earl of (Eng. class, tranel.) 1442-1483
Robert ofBrunne See Brvnne.
R. of Gloucester Robert of Gloucester (Eng. antiq.
historian) fl. ISthc.
Robertson. . . Robertson, William (Scot, historian) 1721-1793
F.W.Robertson Robertson, Fred. Wm. (Eng. clerg.) 1816-1853
O.C.Robertson Robertson, Geo. Croom (Scot, phil.) 1842-
Robinson . . . Robinson. John. [Eudoxa. 1658.]
CaTion Robinson Robinson, Chas. K. (Eng.divine).
E. Robinson . . Robinson, Edward (Am. philol.) . 1794-1863
E.G.Robinson. Robinson, Ezekiel G. (Am. divine) 1815-
RobiTison's ir/(i(6y Robinson, F. K. (Eng. scholar).
Glossary (1875) [ Whitby Glossary, 1875.]
Robynson iMore's
Utopia) . , Robynson, Raphe (Eng. translator) fl. 1651
Rochefoucauld . See La Rochefoucauld.
Rochester. . . Rochester, John Wilmot, second
earlof (Eng. courtier) 1647?-]680
Rockstro • . . Rockstro,Wm.S.(Eng. mus. writer).
Rogers .... Rogers (quoted from Johnson's
Diet.).
D. Rogers . . Rogers, Daniel (Eng. divine) . . 1573-1652
J. Rogers (1839) Rogers, John (of St. John's Coll.,
Cambridge).
J. Rogers . . . Rogers. J. (writer in Eng. Mechanic,
London, ISiS).
S. Rogers . . . Rogers, Samuel (Eng. poet) . . . 1763-1855
Thorold Rogers Rogers, James Edwin Thorold
(Eng. political economist) . . . 1823?-
Roget .... Roget, Peter Jlark (Eng. physiolo-
gist). [Thesaurus'] 1779-1869
J. RoHand . . Rolland, John (Scot, poetical trans.)
G.Rolleston. . Rolleston, George (Eng. physiol.) . 1829-1881
Romilly . . . RomiUy, Sir Sam. (Eng. statesman) 1757-1818
Rom. of R. . - Romaunt of Rose (Eng. trans, of
French romance, formerly attrib.
to Chaucer).
T. Roosevelt . . Roosevelt, Theodore (Am. author) 1858-
IT. Roscoe . . Roecoe, Henry (Eng. jurist) . . . 1799-1836
H.E.Roscoe . Roscoe, Henry Enfield (Eng. chem.) 1833-
R OS cot (f /Roscoe, Henry E. \ [Treatise on
Schorlemmer . ISchorlemmer, Carl./ Chem.]
Roscommon . . Roscommon, Wentworth Dillon,
Lord (Eng. poet) 16a3?-1684
Ross .... Ross, Alexander (Brit, theologian) 1590-1654
A. Ross (1778) . Ross, Alexander (Scot, poet) . . . 1699-1784
J.Ross. . . . Boss, James. [Diseases of the Xerv*
ous System, 1883.]
Quoted in
Diet, as Names in full. Dates.
Sir J. Ross . . Ross. Sir John (Brit, arctic navigator) 1777-18S6
J. J. Rousseau . Rousseau. Jean Jocques(Fr. philos.) 1712-1778
Rowe .... Rowe, rsicholas (Eng. dramatist) . 167.'J-1718
S.Rowlands . Rowlands, SamuelcBnt. poet) . 1S73?-16'I4?
Rowley . . . Rowley, Wm. (Eng. actor and dram.) fl. I7thc.
Ruddiman . . Ruddinian. Thomas (Scot, scholar) 1674-1758
Rusk .... Rush, James (Am. physician an(l
philanthropist) 1786-1869
Ruskir . . . . Ruskin, John (Eng. writer on art) . 1819-
Sir W. 0. iJussen Russell, Sir William 01dnall(Eng.
legal writer) 17857-1833
W. C. Russell . Russell, William Clark (Eng. nov.) 1844-
W. H. Russell . Russell. Wm. Howard (Brit, journ.) 1821-
Bp.Rust. . . Rust, Bp. George (Eng. di\ine) . . -1670
Ruxton. . . . Ruxton, Geo. Fred. Aug. (Eng. trav.) 1821-184»
Rycaut , , . Rycaut, Sir Paul (Eng. traveler and
diplomatist) 16'?0-1700
Rymer . ... Rymer, Thomas (Eng. antiquary) . 1639?-1713
Sachs .... Sachs. Julius (Ger. botanist) . . . 1832-
Sackville . . . Sackville, Thomas, first earl of Dor-
set (Eng. poet) 1527-1608
Sir E. Sackville Sackville,Sir Edw. (Eng. statesman) 1590-1652
Saintsbury . . Saintsbury, George Edward Bate-
man (Eng. literary historian) . . 1845-
Q.A.Sala . . Sala, George .\ugustu8 Henry
(Eng. journalistand author) . . 1828-lSa>
J. Salkeld . . Salkeld, John (Brit, clergymon) . 1575-1659
Salmagundi . . Salmagundi (a series of papers.
1807, by Wm. Irving, Washington
Irving, and J. K. Paulding).
Salmon . . . Salmon, Nathaniel (Eng. antiquary) 1676-1742
Abp. SancrofI . Sancroft.Abp.William (Eng. divine) llilf>-l(i9t
Bp. Sanderson . Sanderson, Bp. Robt. (Eng. divine) 1587-lU(i3
Sandys. . . . Sandys, Geo. ^ Eng. trav. and poet) 1577-1643
Abp. Sandys . Sandys, Abp. Edwin (Eng. divine) 1519-1589
Sir E.Sandys. Sandys, Sir Edwin (Eng. writer) . 1561-1629
Sir M.Sandys. Sandys, Sir Miles (Eng. writer) . . 1600-
C. S.Sargent . Sargent, Chas. Sprague (Am. bot.) . 1841-
Sat.Rev.,oTSat- Saturday Review (a London weekly
nrday Review journal, estab. IKS.'i).
Sauiiier . . . Saimier, Claudius (Fr. mechanician).
Savage . . . Savage, Richard (Eng. poet) . . . 1698-1743
M. W. Savage . Savage, Marniion W. ( Brit, novelist) 1815?-1872
W. Savage . . Savage, William (Eng. printer) . . 1771-1843
Savile .... Savile, Sir Henry (Eng. math, and
cla!,sical scholar) 1.549-1622
J.G.Saxe . . Saxe, John Godfrey (Am. poet). . 1816-1887
A. B. Saxton . Saxton, .Andrew B. (Am. poet).
Say Say, Thomas (Am. naturalist) . . 1787-1834
Sayce .... Sayce, Archibald Henry (Eng.
orientalist) 1846-
Schaeffer . . . Schaefter, Chas. Fred. (Am. theol.) 1807-1880
Schaff .... Schaff, Philip (Am. theologian) . 1819-lts93
Schafi-Herzog fSchalT, Philip 1819-189.1
Encyc. . . iHerzog, John Jacob 1805-1882
[Encjic. of Relig. Rnowl.]
Schmidt . . . Schmi(lt, Alex. (German scholar).
[Shak.Lex.] 1S16-
SchodUruft . . SchooIcraft,HenryR.(Am. ethnol.) 1793-1864
Scientific Amer- Scientific American (N. Y. weekly,
lean .... estab. IK46).
Sclater QJJii) . Sclater, William (Eng. clergyman).
[Sermon at Funeral of A. Wheel-
or/.-, 1654.)
P.L.Sdater . Sclater, Philip I.utley (Eng. nat.) . 1829-
R. Scot . . . Scot, Reginald (Eng. writer against
superstition) 154.5-1509
Scott .... Scott, Joseph N. (Eng. lexicog.) . . -1773
Dr. J. Scott . . Scott, Dr. John (Eng. divine) . . 1638-1694
H. L. Scott . . Scott, Henry L. (Am. mil. officer) . 1814-1886
J. Scott of Am-
well .... Scott, John, of Amwell (Eng. poet) 1730-1783
Sir W. Scott . . Scott, Sir Walter (Scot, novelist
and poet) 1771-1832
T.Scott . . . Scott, Thomas (Eng. commentator) 1747-1821
William Scott . Scott, William. [/>ic(., 1797] . . fl. 1750-180^
F. L. Scribner . Scribner, F. Lamson. [Report of
U. S. Dept. ofAgric, 1887-88.)
Scudamore . • Scudamore, Edward. [Xomenclator.
or Terminolog. Diet., Lond., 1841.)
Bamas Sears . Sears, Barnas (Am. scholar) . . . 1802-1880
Seeker. . . , Seeker, Thomas (Eng. archbishop). 1693-1768
J. Seed . . . Seed, Jeremiah (Eng.divine) . . -^747
J. R. Seeley . . Seeley, John Robert (Eng. author) 1834-1895
P.J.Selby . . Selby, Prideaux J. (Brit, ornith.) . 1780?-1867
Selden .... Selden, John (Eng. statesman) . . ]584-l(B4
J. M. SetcaU . Sewall.Jona. Mitchell (Am. poet) . 1748-18as
A.Seward . . Seward; Anna (Eng. writer) . . . 1747-1809
W. H. Seward . Seward, Wm. H. (Am. statesman) , 1801-1872
Shaftesbury . . Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Coo-
per, third earl of (Eng. writer) . 1671-1713
J. C. Shairp . Shairp, John C. (Brit, scholar) . . 1819-1865
Shakeipeare . Shakespeare, Wm. (Eng. dramatist) 1664-1616
Sharp .... Sharp, John (Eng. prelate) . . . . 1644-1714
G. Sharp . . . Sharp, Granville (Eng. abolitionist) 1734-1813
S.Sharp . . . Sharp, Samuel (Eng. surgeon) . . -1778
S. Sharpe . . Sharpe, Samuel (Eng. bib. scholar) 1799-1881
G. Shaw . . . Shaw. George (Eng. naturalist) . . 1751-1813
Shedd .... Shedd, Prof. Wm. Greenough
Thayer (Am. theologian) . . . 1820-1894
Sheldon • . ■ Sheldon, Richard (Eng. divine).
[Miracles nf Anti-Christ, 1616.]
Shelford . . . Shelford, Robert. [Learned Dis-
course, 1635.)
M.W.Shelley. Shellev, Mary Wollstonecraft (Eng.
novelist) . . ...... 1797-1851
Shelley .... Shelley, Percy Bysshe (Eng. poet) 1792-1822
Shellon . . - Shelton, Thomas (Eng. translator
of Don Quixote) 1580?-
Shenstone . . . Shenstone, William (Brit, poet) . . 1714-1763
Sherburne . . Sherburne, Sir Edward (Eng. poet
and translator) 1618-1702
Sheridan . . . Sheridan, RichardB.B.(Brit.dram-
atist) ^ 1751-1816
Dr. Sheridan . Sheridan, Dr. Thomas (Brit, elocu-
tionist and lexicographer) . . , 1721-178&
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
XXVll
Quoted in
l)ict. as Nomee in full. DateB.
p. H. Sheridan Sheridan, Philip H. (Am. general) . 1831-1888
Sir A. Sherley . Sherley, Sir Anthony (Eng. trav.) . ISfiS-KaO
£p. Sherlock . Sherlock, Bp. Thomas (Eng. divine) 1678-1761
Om. iV. T. Sher- Sherman, Wm. Tecuniseh (Amer.
man .... general) 1S20-1891
Sherwood . . Sherwood, Robert. [Diet, qf Eng.
and Fr., 1632.)
Shipley . . . Shipley. Orby (Eng. eccl. writer) . 1832-
T. Shipman . . Shipman, Thomas (Eng. dramatist) fl. 17th c.
Shirley . . . Shirley, James (Eng. dramatist) . 1584?-lWi6
J. V. Shoemaker Shoemaker, John V. (Am. phys.;.
Sir J. Shore. . Shore, Sir John (Eng. writer) . . 1751-18,'i4
Shuck-lord . . Shuckford, .Sam. (Eng. historian) . -17M
Algernon Sidney Sidney, Algernon (Eng. patriot) . 1622?-ia'i3
Sir H. Sidney . Sidney, Sir Uenry (Eng. statesman) -158ii
Sir P. Sidney . Sidney, Sir Pliilip (Eng. statesman) 1554-1586
Siemens . . . Siemens, Karl Wilhelm (Ger. nat.
philosopher in England) . . . . 1823-1883
The SOkworm) Silkworms and their Flies. The ;
(1599) . . . described in verse by T. M. (said
to be Thomas Muffett, or Moufet).
Silliman . . . SiUiman, Benj., Sr. (Am. physicist) 1779-1864
Simmondit . . Simmonds, Peter Lund. [Trade
Products, Lond., 1S5.S.J
Sir J. Y. Simpson Simpson, Sir Jas. Young (Scot. phyB.) 1811-1870
Sinclair . . . Sinclair, Sir J. (Scot, statistician) . 1754-1835
A. P. Sinnelt . Sinnett, A. P. (Eng. writer).
Skeal .... Skeat, Walter Wm. (Eng. philol.) . 18S5-
SMton . . , Skelton, John (Eng. poet) .... 14«0?-1529
P. Sketlon . . Skelton, Philip (Brit, divine) . . 1707-I7.S7
Skinner . • . Skinner, Stephen (Eng. philologist) 1623-1667
T. H. Skinner . Skinner, Thomas II. (Am. divine) . 1791-1S71
Smalridge , . Smalridge, George (Eng. bishop) . 1663-1719
Smart. . . . Smart, Benj. II. (Eng. lexicog.) . . 1787?-1S72
C. Smart . . . Smart, Cliristopher (Eng. poet) . . ir22-1770
Smee .... Smee, Alfred (Eng. electrician) . . 1818-1877
Smiles . . - . Smiles, Samuel (Scotch biographer) 1816-
A. Smith . . . Smith, Adam (Brit, polit. economist) 1723-1790
Alex. Smith . . Smith, Alexander (Scotch poet) . 1S)1-1867
Copf. JoAn5mi(A Smith, John (Eng. a<lventurer) . . 1579-1632
C.J.Smith . . Smith. Charles John (Eng. gram.
and lexicog.) 1819?-1872
Dr. John Smith Smith, John (Eng. physician) . . 1630-1679
Dr. IT. Smith . Smith, Wi.j. (Eng. class, scholar) . 1813-l.s:e
£. Smith . . . Smith, Edmund (Eng. poet) . . . 1GS8-1710
O.S.Smith. . Smith, Geo. Barnett(Eng. essayist) 1841-
Goldwin Smith Smith, Goldwin (Eng. historian) . 1823-
H. Smith . . . Smith, Horace (Eng. author) . . 1779-1849
J, Smith (Did. Smith, John (curator of Kew Gar-
icon. Planlf) dens) 1798?-18SS
J. tr H.Smith ./Smith, James (1775-1839)\ (joint
tsmith, Horace } authors
of Rejected Addresses, 1812).
J. P. Smith . . Smith, John Pye (Eng. divinfl) . . 1774-1851
J.W.Smith. . Smith, John Wm. (Eng. legal writer) 1S09-1S45
M.H.Smil.^. . Smith, Mary L. Reiny(.\m. poetess) 1842-
Percy Smith : Smith, Hen. Percy (Eng. compiltr) 1826?-
5. F.Smith. . Smith, Samuel Fr. (Am. divine) . . 1808-18ri.-.
Sir T. Smith . Smith, Sir Thomas (Eng. scholar) . 1514-1577
S.S.Smith . . Smith, Sam. Stanhope (Am. divine) 1750-1819
Sydney Smith . Smith, Sydney (Eng. essayist) . . 1771-1843
Smollett . , . Smollett, Tobias George (Brit, uo^.) 1721-1771
Smyth .... Smyth, William Henry (Eng. naval
officer) 1788-1865
Somerville . . Somerville, William (Eng. poet) . 1677-1742
South .... South, Robert (Eng. divine and au-
thor) 1631-1716
Southern . . Southern, Thos. (Brit, dramatist) . 1660?-1746
Southey . . . Southey, Robert (Eng. poet) . . . 1774-1843
Southwell . ■ Southwell, Robert (Eng. poet) . . 1560-1593
Sover .... Soyer, Alexis (French cook) . . . 1800?-1S5.S
W.Spalding . Spalding, William (Scotch logician) 1809-1859
Spa'-ks .... Sparks, Jared (Am. historian) . , 1789-1S66
Spectator . . . Spectator, The (Eng. periodical
edited by Addison, Steele, and
others, 1711-1714).
Speed .... Speed, John (Eng. historian) . . . 1542?-1629
Spelman . . . Spelman, Sir Henry (Eng. antiq.) . 1562-1641
Spence .... Spence, Ferrand (English trans.).
[Lucian, Lond., 1(J84.)
J. Spence . , . Spence, Joseph (Eng. critic) . . , 1698?-1"6S
H. Si>encer . . Spencer, Herbert (Eng. philos.) . • 1820-
/. S. Spencer . Spencer, Ichabod S. (Am. divine) . 1798-1854
J. Spencer . , Spencer, John (Eng. divine) . . , 1630-1695
Spenser . . . Spenser, Edmund (Eng. poet) •. . 15S2?-1599
Spotswood . . Spotswood, or Spotiswood, John
(Scot. eccl. hist.) 1565-1639
C.Sprague . . Sprague, Charles (Am. poet) . . . 1791-1875
W. S. Sprague Sprague, Wm. Buell (Am. divine) . 1795-1876
Sprat .... Sprat, Thomas (Eng. bp. and hist.) 163G-1713
6. Spring . . Spring, Gardiner (Am. clergyman) 1785-1873
£. G. Squier . Squier, Ephraim George (Am. ar-
chseologist) 1821-1888
Stackhouse . . Stackhouse, Thos. (Eng. clerg.) . . 1680-1752
A. Stafford . . Stafford, Anthony Ambrose (Eng.
writer) -1641
Stainei- !f Bar- fStainer, John \ (joint editors of 1840-
rett .... iBarrett, W. AJ 3fus. Diet.) . . 1835-
Stallo .... Stallo, John B. (Am. physicist) , . 1823-
A. P. Stanley . Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (Dean of
Westminster) 1815-1881
T. Stanley ■ . Stanley, Thomas (Eng. philos. and
poet) 1625-1678
H. Stansbury . Stansbury, Howard (Am. civil en-
gineer) 1806-1863
StanyhuTSt . . Stanyhurst, Richard (Brit, historian
and poet) 1545?-1618
Stapleton . . . Staplefon, Thomas (Eng. divine) . 1535-1598
Starkie . . . Starkie.Thos. (Eng. legal writer) . 1782-1849
Slate Papers . State Papers (of Gr. Brit, and Ir.).
State Trials . . State Trials (of Gr. Brit, and Ir.).
Statutes of Mass. Statutes of Massachusetts.
T.Sta-celey . . Staveley, Thos. (Eng. eccl. writer) . -1683
Stedman . . . Stednmn. John Gabriel (Brit. mui.
tary officer) 1745-1797
B.C. Stedman. Stedman, Edmund C. (Am. poet) . 1833-
fiteefc . , . Steele, Sir Richard (Eng. essayist) 167&-1729
Quoted in
Diet, as
Steevens .
Stephen .
J. F. Stephen .
Leslie Stephen .
Sir J. Stephen .
Stepney . . .
Sterling . . ,
Sternberg . . .
Sterne . . . .
Stertihold . . .
J. Stevens , .
J{. L. Stevenson
Stewart . . .
B. Stewart . .
E. Stiles . . .
J. Still ....
1S50-18!H
1753-1828
1S2.S-
1727-1795
Names in full. Dates.
Steevens, Geo. (Eng. commentator) 1736-1800
Stephen, Henry John (Eng. legal
writer) 1787-1864
Stephen, James Fitzjames (Eng.
legal writer) 1829-i8y'l
Stephen, Leslie (Eng. literary hist.) 1832-
Stephen, Sir James (Eng. historian) 1789-1859
Stepney, George (Eng. poet and
statesman) 1603-1707
Sterling, John (Brit, essayist) . . 1806-1844
Sternberg, Geo. M. (.\m. army surg.) 1838-
Sterne, Lawrence (Eng. humorous
writer) 171.3-1768
Sternhold,Tliomas( Eng. poet) . . 1300;'-1549
Stevens, John (Eng. translator) . . 16(ju;'-1726
Stevenson, Robert L. (Scot, author)
Stewart, Duguld (Scotch nietaph.)
Stewart, Balfour (Brit, pliysicist) .
Stiles, Ezra (Am. divine and liist.).
Still, John (Eng. divine and au-
thor) 1543-1007
Bp. StillingtUet Stillingfleet, Bp. Edward (Eug. di-
vine) 1C35-1099
Stillman {The Stillmun, J. D. Babcock (Am. phy-
Horse in Motion) siciun) 1810-
Stviing . . . Stirling, Wm. Alex. (Scot, poet) . 1580-1640
J.H.Stirling . Stirling, James Hutchinson (Scot.
critic and philosopher) .... 1820-
Stith, William (.\m. historian) . . 1689-1755
Stocqueler, Joucliitn Haywood
(Eng. author). [.Vil. Em-yc, 1X5.3.]
Stoddard, Richd. Ilcn. (Am. poet) . 1825-
Stokes, Geo. Gabriel (Brit, physi-
cist) 181»-
Stokes, David (Eng. orientalist). . fl.l7thc.
(pseud, of J. H. Walsh).
Stormonth, James (Scotch philol.
and lexicog.) 1825-l&'i2
Story, Joseph (Am. jurist) .... 1779-1845
Story, Bp. Josiah (Irish divine) . . 1679?-I757
Stow, John (Eng. antiquarv) . . . 1525?- 1005
Stowe, Calvin Ellis (Am. clerg.) . 1802-18S6
Stowe, Harriet Beccher (Am. writ-
er) 1811-1896
Stowell, William Scott, Lord (Eng.
judge) 1745-18.30
Stower, Charies (Eng. printer) . . 1779?-1810
Strafford, Thos. Wentworth, Earl
of (Eng. statesman) 1593-1641
Strauss, David Friedr. (Ger. theol.) 1808-1874
Strutt, Joseph (Ens. antiquary) . . 1749-1802
Strype, John (Eng. biographer) . .
Stuart, Gilbert (Scot, historian) . .
Stuart, Moses (Am. theologian) . .
Stubbes, Philip (British writer).
[Anatomy qr Abuses, 1583.)
Stubt>s, William (Eng. historian) .
Stnkeley, Wm. (Eng. antiquary) .
Suckling, Sir John (Eng. poet) . .
Sully, James (Eng. metaphysician)
Summary on Du Summary on Du Bartas (tr. fr. the
Bai-tas (1621) French by Thomas Lodge, Lond.,
1621).
Charles Sumner Sumner, Charles (Am. statesman) .
jr. 6'. Sumner . Sumner, Wm. Graham (Am. polit.
economist) 1840-
Sunderiand, LeRoy (Am. essayist) 1802-1885
Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of
(Eng. poet) 151C?-1547
Swedenborg, Emanuel (Sw. philos.) 1688-1772
Sweet, Henry. [Phonetico, Oxford,
1877] 1845?-
Swift, Jonathan (Brit, author) . . 1607-1745
Swift, Zephaniah (Am. jurist) . . 1759-1823
Swinburne, Algernon Chas. (Eng.
poet) 1837-
Swinburne. Henry (Eng. traveler) 1752-1803
Swinton, John (Scot. joum. in Am.) 1830-
Sydenham, Floyer (Eng. essayist
and translator) 1710-1787
Syd. Soc. Lex. Sydenham Society Lexicon.
Sylvester . . , Sylvester, Joshua (Eng, poet, and
translator of Du Bartas) .... 1563-1618
J. J. Sylvester . Sylvester, James Jos. (Eng. math.) 1814-
E.Symmons. . Symmons, Edward (Eng. Royalist) fl. 1648
J. A. Symonds . Symonds, John Addington (Eng.
writer) 1840-1893
Tait Tait, Peter Guthrie (Brit, physicist
and mathematician) 1831-
H. F. Talbot . Talbot, Wm. Henry Fox (Eng. an-
tiq. and philol.) 1800-1877
Tale of a Usurer (title of a tale in English Metrical
Homilies, about 1330, edited by
John Small, Edin., 1862).
TaleofBeryn . (title of a spurious tale of 15th
cent.).
Tale of Ga„ielyn (called also Coke's T. of G., and
formeriy attrib. to Chaucer).
Talfourd . < . Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon (Eng.
poet and essavist) 1795-1854
Tate .... Tate, Nahum (Eng. poet) .... 1652-1715
Tatham . , . Tatham, Edward (Eng. divine) . . 1749-1834
Tatler .... Tatler, The (Eng. periodical con-
ducted by Steele, Addison, and
others) 1709-1711
Taytor (1630) . Taylor, John (Eng. "Water Poet").
[Works, 1611, 1630. Drink and
Welcome] 1580-1654
A. S. Taylor . Taylor, Alfred Swaine (Eng. legal
writer). [Med. Jurisprudence] . 1806-1880
B. Taylor . . Taylor, Bayard (Am. traveler and
author) 1825-1878
H. Taylor . . Taylor, Sir Henry (Eng. dramatist
and essayist) ......... 1800-1886
I.Taylor, . . Taylor. Isaac (Eng- divine and phi-
losopher) 1787-1865
W. Stith . . .
Stocqueler . .
P. H. Stoddard
Stokes ....
D. Stokes (1659)
Stonehenge . .
Stormontk . .
Story ....
Bp. Story . .
Stow ....
Stowe ....
Mrs. Stowe . .
Lord Stowell .
Stower . . .
Earl of Straf.
ford .
Strauss
Strutt .
Strype .
O. Stuart
M. Stuart
Stubbes
Stubbs .
Stukeley
Suckling
J. Sully
L. Stmderland ,
Surrey . . . .
Sicedenborg • .
H. Sweet . . .
Swift . . . .
z. Swift . . .
Swinburne . .
H. Swinburne .
John Swinton ,
Sydenham . .
1643-1737
1742-1786
1780-1852
1825-
16S7-1765
1610-1641
1842-
1811-1874
Quoted in
Diet, as Names in fall. Dates.
7. Taidor (with Taylor, Isaac (English clergyman),
name ot work) [Words l( Places. The Alphabet] 1829-
Jer. Taylor . , Taylor, Jeremy (Eng. bishop and
author) 1013-166!
John Taylor Taylor, John (Eng. clergyman and
(17.W) ... law writer) 1703-1766
N.W.Taylor . Taylor, Nathaniel Wm. (Am. thcol.) 178(;-lt»i
W. Taylor . . Taylor, William (Eng. autlior) . . KOfr-l.-^i;
Sir W. Temple . Temple, Sir Wm. (Eng. statesman) 1628-16UU
Te7ment . . . Tenuent, Sir James Emerson (Brit.
author) 1794-1861)
Tennyson . . Tennyson, Alfred (Eng. poet) . . 1809-1892 •
Terence in Eng- Terence in English (trans, by Rioh-
iis/i(1614). . ard Bernard, 1567?-1041).
Bp. Terrot . . Terrot, Bp. Chas. Hughes (English
commentator) 1790-1872
E. Teny . . . Terry, Edward (Eng. traveler) . 1690?-1660i
Testament of Testament of Love (anon, prose
Love .... treatise, about 1400).
Thackeray . . Thackeray, Wm. M. (Eng. nov.) . 1811-1863
Theobald. . . Theobald, Lewis (Eng. scholar) . 1688-1744
Thirlwall. . . Thiriwall, Connop (Eng. divine) - 1797-1875
Thodey . . . Thodey, Samuel (Brit, divine).
[Life in Dmth, IW.".)
Thomas {Med. Thomas, Joseph (Am. physician
Diet.) . . . and editor) 1811-
T. G. Thomas . Thomas, Theodore Gaillard (Am.
physician) 1831-
i?. Thompson . Thompson, Robert. [Qardener^s
Assistant, 1859.)
5. Thompson . Thompson, Silvanus (Eng. physi-
cist).
IF. Thompson
(1745) . . . Thompson, William (Eng. poet) . 1718?-176ll
Thomson . . . Thomson, James (Scotch poet) . . 1700-1748
Thomson S( Tait -f Jhomson, Sir Wm.-> [El<^ments of
iTait, Peter G. / Xal. Philos.]
Abp. Thomson . Thomson, William (Eng. divine) . 1819-
J. Thomson . . Thomson, James (Brit. math, and
physicist) 1816?-
5t;' W. Thomson Thomson, Sir William (Brit, physi-
cist and matliematician) .... 1824-
W. M. Thomson Thomson, Wm. McClure (Am. di-
vine) 1806-
Thoreau . . . Thoreau, Henry David (Am. nat-
uralist and writer) 1817-1862
T. B. Thorpe . Thorpe, Thomas Bangs (Am. artist
and author) 1816-1878
Thudichum , . Thudichum, .John Louis Wm.
(Eng. chemist and pathologist).
Tliynne . . . Thy nne, Francis (Eng. herald and
antiquary) 1545?-1608?
Tickell .... Tickell, Thomas (Eng. poet and
essayist) 1080-1740
C. P. Tiele Tiele, Cornelis Petrus (Dutch hist.
{Encyc. Brit.) writer) 18.30-
Tijfany . . . Tiffany, Chas. Louis (Am. jeweler) 1812-
Tdlotson . . . Tillotson, John (Eng. archbisliop) . 1030-1604
Todd .... Todd, Henry John (Eng. biog. and
editor). [Johnson's Diet., 1818] . 1763-1845
H. A. Todd . . Todd, Henry A. (Am. educator) . 1854?-
Tndd s- R /Todd, Robert Bentley . \ [Physiol. 1809-1860
* . . \Bo„man, Sir William./ Anat.] 1816-
Todhunter . . Todhunter, Isaac (Eng. math.) . . 1820-1884
Tondins . . . Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne (Eng. le.
gal writer). [Law Diet., 1810] . 1702-1.S41
Tomlinson . . Tomlinson, Chas. (Eng. physicist). 1808-
Tooke .... Tooke, John Home (Eng. philol.) . 17.30-1812
T. Tooke . . . Tooke, Thos. (Eng. polit. economist) 1774-1858
IF. Tooke . . . Tooke, Wm. (Eng. writer). [Pussia] 1744-1820
Tooker .... Tooker, William (Eng. divine) . . -1620
Toone .... Toone,Wm.(Eng.compiler). [(7/o.ss.
of Obs.and Uncom . Words, 1832.]
Topsell. ... Topsell, Edward (iSnglish writer).
[Hist, of Four-footed Beasts, 1607.) fl. 1607
Totten .... Totten, ijenjamin J. (Am. naval of-
ficer). [.V«i;a;i)irt., 1841] . . . 1803-187?
Tovey .... Tovey, Charles (Kng. wine mer-
chant). [ Wine and Wine Counr
tries, 1802.]
Tomneley Myst. Towneley Mysteries (ab. 1450).
G. Townsend . Townsend, George (Eng. divine
and author) 1788-1867
J. Trapp . . . Trapp, Joseph (Eng. poet and es-
sayist) 1679-1747
Travis . , , . Travis, John (Eng. surgeon, cited
from Penny Cyc).
Trench . . . Trench, Abp. Richard Chenevix
(Brit, poet and scholar) .... 1807-1886
W. S. Trench ■ Trench, Wm. Steuart (Brit, author) 1808-1872
Trendelenburg . Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf
(Ger. philosopher) 1802-1872
Trevelyan • . Trevelyan, George Otto (Eng. poli-
tician and author) 1838-
Trialofthe
Regicides . . (cited in State Trials, 1660).
A. Trollope . . Trollope, Anthony (Eng. novelist) 1815-1882
Mrs. Trollope - Trollope, Frances Milton (Eng. au-
thor) 1780-1863
Troubles of Queen If you know not me, you know no-
Elizabeth (1639) body, orTroubles of Queen Eliza-
beth (an historical play, written
by Thomas Leywood, 1639).
J. T. Trowbndgt Trowbridge, John T. (Am. author) 1827-
Trumbull . . . Trumbull, John (Amer. satirical
poet) 1750-lS3i
B. Trumbull . . Trumbull, Benjamin (Am. divine
and author) 1735-1820
A. Tucker , . Tucker, Abraham (Eng. metaphy-
sician, pseud. E. Search) .... 1705-1774
J.Tucker. , . Tucker, Josiah (Brit, divine) . . . 1711-1799
Tidly .... Tully, William (Am. physician) . 1785-1859
Turbervile . . Turbervile, George (Eng. poet) . . 1630-1600?
R. Tumbull . . TurnbuU, Robert (Scotch-Amer.
clergyman) 1809-1877
Turner .... Turner, Edward (Eng. chemist) . 1797-1.'S37
2'umer. . . ^ Turner, Wm. (Eng. phys. and nat.) -l^w
xxvm
AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.
Qimted in
Diet, as Names in full. Dates.
S. Tui-ner . . Turner, Sharon (£Dg. historian and
piiilologist) ir68-1847
Tusser .... Tusser, Thos. (Eng. poet and agri-
cultural writer) ]S15;'-1580?
Prof. H. TntlU Tuttle, Herbert (Am. hist, writer) . 1S4&-
SirR.Twisden Twisden, Sir Koger (Eng. antiq.) . 15i>r-16r2
Two X. Kim. , Two Xoble Kinsrnec (a play ascr.
to Shakespeare and Fletcher).
Tylor .... Tyler, Edward Burnett (Eng.
archaeolojiist and ethnologist) . . 1833-
TyndaU . . , Tyndale, William (Eng. reformer,
and translator of the Bible) . . . 1484-1536
Tijndall . . . Tyndall, John (Brit, physicist) . . !«2i>-l(i93
D.A.Tyng. . Tyng, Dudley A. (Am. lawyer) . . ir«)-18Sfl
Tyrwhitt . . . Tyrwhitt, Thomas (Eng. critic) . . 1730-1786
Udall .... Udall, Nicholas (Eng. teacher and
dramatist) 1.50<i-]5<M
Upton (Tactics) Upton, Emory (Am. major general) lOTMSsi
Ure X're, Andrew (Scotch chemist) . . i778-l»57
UrquAart . , . Vrquhart, Sir Thomas (Scotch poli-
tician). [Trans, of ItaMais] . . 1605?-ie60
U. S. Census . United States Census, 1««).
U. S. Const. . . United States Constitution. See
Co7i.stitution.
U. S. Disp. , . United States Dispensatory.
U. S. Int. Bev. United States Internal Revenue
Statutes . . Statutes.
U. S. Pharm. . United States Phannacopceia.
If. S. Statutes . United States Statutes.
Usher .... Usher, James (Eng. archbishop) . IS80-1&S6
Vanhrugh. . . Vanbrugh, Sir John (Eng. dram.) . 1666-1720
H. Van Laun , Van Laun, Henri (Fr. tr. in Eng.).
Vattet CTrana.) Vattel, de, Emmeric (Swiss publi-
cist) 1714-1767
£. Vaughan. . Vaughan, Edmund (Eng. divine) 1611?-lt'«)?
H. Vaughan . Vaughan, Henry (Brit, poet) . . . 1621-mai
K. Vaughan . . Vaughan, Rowland (Brit, trans.) . fl. 17th c.
S.A. Vaughan Vaughan, Robert Alfred (Eng. poet
and reviewer) 1823-1857
Keffe<iu«(ZVan«.) Vegetius, Flavins Renatue (Lat.
military writer) fl. .385
Vernier . . . Venner, Tobias (Eng. physician) . 1577-16C0
A. E. Verrill . Verrill, Addison Emery (Am. 208I.) WSt-
Verstegan . . Verstegaii, Richard (Eng. antiq.) . -1(335?
Vicars. . . . Vicara,John(Eng. divine and trans.) 15S2-l(i52
Virchow . . . Virchow, Rudolf (Ger. physiol.) . 1.S21-
Vives .... Vives, Juan Luis (Sp. scholar) . . 1462-1540
Waddell . , . Waddell, John Alex. Low (civil en-
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£. F. Wade . . Wode, Benjamin Franklin (Am.
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Wagner , , , Wagner, Rudolf Johannee (Ger.
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W. Wagstaffe . Wagstaffe, William (Eng. phys.) . 168.5-1725
Wake .... Wake, William (Eng. archbishop). 1672-17.37
Wakefield . . Wakefield, Gilbert (Eng. theol.). . ]75<M80I
Walker . . . Walker, John (Eng. lexicographer) ]7.;2-ISi)7
Dr. »Fa;i-er(1678)WaIker, Anthony (English divine) 1629?-1700?
F. A. Walker . Walker, Francis Amasa (.4m. polit-
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A. B. Wallace . Wallace, Alfred Russel (Eng. trav-
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D. M. Wallace. Wallace, Donald Mackenzie (Scotch
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L. Wallace . . Wallace, Lewis (Am. author). [Ben-
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Waller. . . . Waller, Edmund (Eng. poet) . . . 1605-1687
Wallis .... Wallis, John (Eng. mathematician
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Walpole . . . Walpole, Horace (Eng. author) . . 1717-1797
Walsh .... Walsh, Robert (Am. author and
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XH. Walsh. . Walsh, John Henry (Eng. writer
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Walton . . . Walton, Izaak (Eng. writer). [CJ)ni-
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Bp. Warburton Warburton, Bp.Wm. (Eng. author) 1698-1779
Ward .... Ward, John (Eng. writer) . . . . 1679?-1758
A. W. Ward . Ward, Adolphus William (Ejg.
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£p. Ward . . Ward, Bp. Seth (Eng. divine) . . 1617?-1689
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C. T>. Warner . Warner, Charles Dudley (Am. au-
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Diet, as Names in full. Dates.
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Sir T. Watson . Watson, Sir Thomas (Eng. phys.) . 1792-1882
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Wayland . . , Wayland, Francis (Amer. moral
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D. Webster . . Webster, Daniel (Amer. statesman
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J.Webster . . Webster, John (Eng. dramatist) . I6th-I7thc.
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Sir A. Weldon . Weldon, Sir Anthony (Eng. au-
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Wesley .... Wesley, John (Eng. founder of
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Westminster
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Wharton {Law Wharton, John J. S. (Eng. barris-
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P. Whitehead . Whitehead, Paul (Eng. poet and
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J. D. Whitney . Whitney, Josiah Dwight( Am. geol.) 1819-1896
Mrs. Whitney . Whitney, Adeline D. Train (Am.
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W. D. Whitney Whitney, William Dwight (Am.
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J. Whitworth , Whitworth, Joseph (Eng. mecha-
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Wliole Duty of
Man .... (author unknown).
Wieders/ieim . Wieder.sheim, Robert Ernst Edu-
ard (Ger. anatomist) 1848-
WiWerforce . . Wilberforce.Wm. (Eng. philanthro-
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and physiolugist) 1841-
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D. WiR-ins . . Wilkins, Dr^vid (Eng. author) . . 1685-1745
Wilkinson. . . Wiltinson, Sir John Gardner (Eng.
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William of (a poem in the Jlidland dialect,
Paleme . . . partly trans, from the French,
about 1350).
Quoted in _,
Diet, as Name." in full. Datea.
G.U. Williams Williams, George IIuntlngtonCAm.
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H. M. Williams Williams, Helen Maria (Eng. au-
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Sir R. Williams Williams, SirRoger (Eng. mil. hist.) -159J
5. If. IVilliama Williams, Samuel Wells (Am. Chi-
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Willi- 4- Clem,
ents (.The (V.'ilhs.W., lr.\[The Platinotype,
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D.Wilson . . Wilson, Daniel (Brit. archiDologist) 1816-
G. Wilson . . Wilson, George (Scotch chemist
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Gov. Winthrop Winthrop, John (Govemorof Mass.
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[7Vra(Hie7i( o/'iromirf.«, 1672] . . fl. 17th c.
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WiCs Hecrea- (a compilation of poems and epl-
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W. H. WoUaston Wollaston, William Hyde (Eng.
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Wood S- Bache /Wood,George B.\ [U. S IJispensa- 1797-1879
It ooa If aacne tuache, Franklin./ Jo/-.«, 15th ed.] IJiS-lM
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in America) 1014-1691
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5. Woodworth . Woodworth, Samuel (Am. poet) . 1785-1842
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Manuel, 1576] 15.35?-1593f
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C. Wordsworth Wordsworth, Christopher (Eng. di-
vine) 1807-1885
John Worlhing-
ton .... Worthington. John (Eng. writer) . 1618-1671
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tist and author) 1568-1639
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critic, and historian) 1666-1726
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Advice. Blossoms of Helicon.] , -1791
Wraxall . . . Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel Wm. (Eng.
author) 1751-1831
Bp. Wren . . Wren, Bp. Matthew (Eng. divine) 1585-106}
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tist) 1640?-171o
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translator of the Bible) . . . . 1.324 ?-I384
Sir J. Wynne • Wynne, Sir John (Brit, writer) . . 1553-1026
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Yelverton . . . Yelverton, Sir Henry (Eng. writer) 1560-1030
Miss I'onge . . Yonge, Charlotte JIary (Eng. nov-
elist) 1823-
Youatt .... Yonatt, Wm. (Eng. veterinary sur-
geon) 1777-1847
Young .... Young, Edward (Eng. poet) . . . 1084-1765
C. A. Young . Young, Charles Augustus (Am. as-
tronomer) 1834-
J. Yomg . . . Young, John (Scotch divine) . . . ],'(n6-liWi
YuU Yule, Henry (Brit, geographer). . 1820-1881!
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
By JAMES HADLEY, LL. D.,
PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN YALE COLLEGC.
Revised by GEORGE LYMAN KITTREDGE, A. B.,
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH.
§ 1. Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Indo-European. The Englisli language is the de-
scendant and representative of tlie Anglo-Saxon. It has lost very much of the
inflection, and very many of the words, which belonged to the old language ; and, on
the other hand, it has borrowed words very largely, to the extent even of half its
vocabulary, from other languages, especially the French and the Latin. Yet all the
Inflections that remain in it, and most of its formative endings, the pronouns and
particles, and, in general, the words which are in most frequent and familiar use,
have come to it from the Anglo-Saxon. With all its mixture of foreign elements, it
is still a Teutonic language, like the German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and others.
These, again, make one branch in that great family of languages, which, as it extends
from India westward, and covers nearly the entire area of Europe, is called Indo-
European. Among all families of kindred tongues, the Indo-European is preeminent,
both for the perfection of its organic structure, and for the value of its literary mon-
uments. The parent of the whole family, the one primitive Indo-European language,
has left no such monument of itself ; but its forms and roots may be made out, to a
' great extent, by the scientific comparison of the languages which are descended from
it. The main branches of the Indo-European family are the following : —
§ 2. I. The Indian. The Sanskrii of the four Vedas, the sacred books of the
Brahman religion, is more ancient than the common or classical Sanskrit. Even the
latter had ceased to be the language of common life as early as the third century
before Christ. It was succeeded by the Prakrit dialects, one of which, the Pali, is
the sacred language of the Buddhists in Ceylon and Farther India. These, in their
turn, were succeeded by the modem idioms of Northern Hindostan, — the Bengali,
Mahrati, Guzerati, and others. The Hindoostanee (or Urdu), formed in the camps
and courts of the Mohammedan conquerors of India, is largely intermixed with Per-
sian and Arabic. The widely scattered Gypsies speak, with great diversity of dialect,
a language which is clearly of Indian stock.
§ 3. n. The Iranian. To this branch belong : 1. The Zend, which is believed to
iiave been the language of ancient Bactria, and is preserved in the Avesta, or sacred
writings of the Parsees. 2. The Old Persian, which is seen in the cuneiform (or
irrow-headed) inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes. The modem Persian has lost nearly
All the ancient inflection, and with the Mohammedan religion has adopted a multitude
of words from the Arabic. Other languages belonging to this branch are those of
the Kurds, the Afghans, and the Osseies (in the Caucasus). The Armenian (ancient
and modern), formerly regarded as belonging to the Iranian family, is now recognized
as an independent branch of the Indo-European stock. The Indian and Iranian are
often classed together as forming the Indo-Persian, or Aryan, branch of our family.
§ 4. in. The Gbeek. Of its numerous dialects, the first to receive literary cul-
ture was the Old Ionic, or Epic, followed by the ^olic, the Doric, the New Ionic,
and finally the Attic, which became at length, though with some change of form, the
common language of literature and society. It is represented now by the Romaic,
or Modem Greek. The Albanian, spoken in a large part of modern Greece, is sup-
posed to be a descendant of the ancient Ulyrian. It is not a near relative of the
Greek, but is commonly accounted as a distinct branch of the Indo-European family.
Its position and relations, however, are still very obscure.
§ 5. IV. The Italic. This is often joined with the preceding, as the Greoo-ltalio,
or Classical, branch, but this classification is unsound. The Italic branch is, in many
respects, not so nearly related to the Greek as to the Celtic. The most important
member of the Italic branch is the Latin. Closely akin to this were the other Italic
languages — the ^aoan, Umbrian, etc. — in Central Italy. The modem descendants
of the Latin are called the Romance languages. They are the Italian, the Spanish,
the Portuguese, the Catalan (eastern coast of Spain, Balearic Islands, etc., and the
former county of Roussillon in Southern France), the Provencal (of Southern France,
used in the Middle Ages as a literary language), and the French (originally the pop-
ular dialect of Northern France). AU these contain a small proportion of Teutonic
tvords, brought in by the barbarian conquerors of the Western Roman Empire. But
another Romance language — that of the Wallachians, the descendants of the Ro-
manized Dacians — is largely intermixed with borrowed words, taken chiefly from the
neighboring Slavonic tribes. The term Rhssto-Romanic language is applied collect-
ively to several Swiss dialects spoken in Tyrol, the Grisons, and Friaul.
§ 6. V. The Celtic. This branch is divided by strongly marked differences into
Cwo sections : 1. The Gaelic, including the Irish (or native language of Ireland),
ihe Erse (or Highland Scotch), and the Manx (the corrupt idiom of the Isle of Man).
The last two are little more than dialects of the Irish. 2. The Britannic, including
the Cymric, or Welsh (the native language of Wales), the Cornish (which was spoken
in Cornwall, but went out of use in the last century), and the Armorican, or Bas-
Breton (still spoken in the French province of Brittany, the ancient Armorica). The
oldest manuscript specimens of the Gaelic belong to the close of the eighth century ;
for the Cymric, the oldest which are at all copious are three or four centuries later.
§ 7. VI. The Slavonic. The earliest monument is the incomplete version of the
"Sible, made in the ninth century, by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius,
into the Old Slavonic (often called Ecclesiastical Slavonic, or Old Bulgarian), the
idiom spoken by the Bulgarians of that time. This widely diffused class of languages
divides itself into two principal sections : 1. The South-eastern Slavonic, including
the Russian, the Ruthenian (in Galicia), the Bulgarian, and the three Ulyrian
idioms, Servian, Croatian, and Slovenic. 2. The Western Slavonic, including the
Polish, the Bohemian (with the Moravian and Slovaek dialects), the I/usatian or
Wendish, and the extinct Polabian.
§ 8. VII. The Baltic. The most important language of this family is the Lithu-
anian, which has no monuments older than the middle of the sixteenth century, but
which has preserved in a surprising degree the ancient inflection and structure. To
the same stock belong the Lettish of Courland and Livonia, which is much less ancient
in its form, and the Old Prussian, which was once spoken on the coast of the Baltic
east of the Vistula, but became extinct in the seventeenth century. The connection
between this and the preceding branch is such that they are often classed together aa
the Letto-Slavic languages.
§ 9. VIII. The TEtiTONic. Here again the earliest monument is a version of the
Bible, made by Ulfllas, an Arian bishop of the fourth century, into his native Gothic
(or Mceso-Gothic), the language spoken at that time by the Goths on the Lower
Danube. This work is preserved only in fragments, but these are of considerable
extent, and are of inestimable value to the philologist. The Teutonic languages are
distinguished as, —
§ 10. 1. The Gothic, almost the only monument of which is the Bible translation
of Ulfilas. Some remarkable agreements between Gothic and Scandinavian have
caused many scholars to include these two languages in a single class, the East Ger-
manic.
§ 11. 2. The Norse, or Scandinavian. The Old Norse is also called Old Icelandic,
as most of its abundant literature (Eddas, Sagas, etc.) was composed in Iceland. The
oldest manuscripts in which it is preserved are of the twelfth century ; but many of
its productions are of earlier origin, going back even to the heathen times of Scandi-
navia. The modem Icelandic has adhered with remarkable fidelity to the forms of
the ancient language. But the modern idioms of the Scandinavian mainland, the
Swedish, the Vanish, and the Norwegian, have undergone extensive changes.
§ 12. 3. The West Germanic, conveniently divided into High Germanic and Low
Germanic.
I. The High Germanic is the language of Upper or Southern Germany. The Old
High German is seen in Otfrid's Krist, Notker's Translation of the Psalms, and
other monuments, most of them in verse, from the eighth century to the end of the
eleventh. The Sliddle High German, from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, has
a rich poetical literature, including the Nibelungen NSt with its attendant epics, and
the lyric poetry of the Minnesinger. The New High German is the language of
Luther's Bible version and of all German literature since the Reformation.
n. The Low Germanic, spoken in Northern Germany and the Netherlands. Here
belong : (a) The Friesic, which was once spoken along the whole northern coast of
Germany, from the Elbe westward. Its early monuments consist almost wholly of
laws, beginning with the fourteenth century. For a long time it has existed only as
a popular idiom, and is now confined to a few small and .scattered localities. (6) The
Anglo-Saxon (sometimes called simply Saxon), which in the fifth and sixth centuries
was transplanted from Northeastern Germany to Britain, and has had its subsequent
development and history in that island, (c) The Old Saxon, which was spoken in
Northern Germany between the Rhine and the Elbe, south of the narrow sea-coast
region, wliioh was occupied by the Friesic. It is known almost solely from the
Hgliand (i. e., Savior), a metrical narration of the gospel history, preserved in man-
uscripts of the ninth century, ((f) The Old Prankish, the language of the Nether-
lands in the same period, was closely allied to the Old Saxon. I-ts modem represen-
tatives are (1) the Dutch, or Low Dutch, spoken in Holland, and used as a literary
language since the last part of the thirteenth century ; and (2) the Flemish, spoken
in Flanders, and often erroneously regarded as a dialect of the Dutch, (e) The Low
German, strictly so called (or Plattdeutsch), the idiom of the common people in
Northern Germany, is the lineal descendant of the Old Saxon. In the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries, it was used as a literary language ; but political circum-
stances, giving ascendency to the High German, have reduced it to the inferior posi-
tion of a popular dialect.
§ 13. Languages not kindred to the English. The Indo-European family has
no isolated domain, but comes in contact with various other families of languages. It
is bounded along its northern frontier by the Tartaric (or Tataric) family (called also
the Turanian, or the Altaic), which includes the numerous and widely different lan-
guages of the Mantchoos, the Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and Europe), the Magyars
(in Hungary), the Finns, and a multitude of other tribes. To the southeast it touches
on the so-called Dravidian family, consisting of the Tamil and its sister idioms in
Ceylon and Southern India. In Southwestern Asia it is in contact vrith a more re-
markable family, — the Semitic, — including the Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethi-
opic, with their ancient and important literatures. Even in Southwestern Europe, it
is doubtful whether the ancient Etruscan belonged to our family. It is perfectly cleai-
(xxix)
XXX
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
that the ancient Iberian did not belong to it, which was once the prevailing language
of the Spanish peninsula, and wliich still lives, on the two sides of the Pyrenees, in
the strange language called Basque {Biseayan, or Euscarra). Whether the Indo-
European lias a primitive connection witli any of the adjacent families, is a question
whicli has not been, and perhaps never will be, decided by pliilological evidence. At
all events, it is certain tliat between Welsli and Sanskrit, distant as tliey are in space
and time, tliere is an infinitely closer connection than between tlie neigliboring pairs
of Russian and Finnish, German and Hungarian, or Greek and Hebrew. It is true
that some languages of our family have borrowed particular words from languages of
other families. The English, for example, lias taken from the Hebrew such words as
shekel, eherub, seraph, jubilee, pkarisee, cabala, etc. ; and from some of them lias
formed derivatives, such as seraphic, jubilant, pharisaical, pharisaism, cabalisl, cab-
alistical, etc. But tliis borrowing can only occur where tliere are historical condi-
tions that favor it : even then it has its limits and its distinctive marks, and must not
be confounded with a radical affinity between two languages. All etymologizing
which assumes or implies a radical affi;iity between English and Hebrew, English and
Finnish, or the like, is, in the present state of philology, unscientific and illusory.
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE TEUTONIC LANGUAGES, PARTICULARLY
THE ANGLO-SAXON.
§ 14. Frogxesslon of Mutes. In examining the sounds of the Teutonic languages
we find that the primitive Indo-European mutes have undergone a remarkable series
of changes. The smooth mutes {lenuc:) of the parent tongue, p, i, k (preserved as
Buch in Greek and Latin), appear in Gothic asf,p (th),h; the primitive middle mutes
(mediae), b, d, g, as p, t, k ; and the primitive medial aspirates (mediae aspiratae),
hh, dh, git, (in Greek 0, 6, x)i as /, d, g. This process, known as the Progression
of Mutes, is often stated thus : the primitive smooth mutes pass in Gothic into the
corresponding aspirates, the primitive middle mutes into the corresponding smooth
mutes, and the primitive medial aspirates into the corresponding middle mutes. But
this form of statement, though convenient as an aid to memory, is open to grave ob-
jections from a scientific point of view : for example, the letters 6, d, g, in Gothic, do
not always stand for the sounds of the middle mutes, but in certain positions repre-
sent spirants, and Gothic f,p, h, are spirants, not aspirates. In the Progression of
Mutes the other Teutonic languages agree in general with the Gotliic ; but the Old
Higli German has gone one step farther, changing the Gothic 6, d, g, iiitop, /, k ; the
Gothic p, t, k, into/, z (for th), ch ; and the Gothic p into d. The change from 6, g,
to p, k, however, is unknown to the New High German. In Old High German it was
confined to certain dialects, .and it had begun to lose ground before the beginning of
the Middle High German period. To the rules thus roughly given, there are numer-
ous apparent exceptions (thus after s, the primitive smooth mutes remain unchanged),
but all of tliese can be shown to depend on special laws. The following examples
will serve as illustrations of the Progression of Mutes : —
Greek.
Latin. Gothic.
Eng.
0. H. Ger.
N. H. Ger
irous (for Tro5-9)
pes (toTped-s) jotus
.fool
Jnoz
fuss
rpfU
Ires preis
three
drl
drei
Kap^ia
cor(d) hairto
heart
herza
herz
KavvoL^L':
cannabis (borrowed from Greek) hemp
hanaf
hanf
6uo
duo twai
two
ztco
zn-ei
yeVos
genus kuni
kin
chunni
(kin-d)
tj>paTr)p
/rater bropar
brother
pruodar
bruder
6vpa
fores daur
door
tor
thor
X")"; (for xi"-')
anser (for hanser)
goose
gans
vrrj-vaL
sta-re sta-ndan
sla-nd
sta-ndan
steh-en
§ 15. Variation of Vowels. It is a thing of familiar occurrence in all the Teu-
tonic languages, that the same root appears with a variety of vowel sounds, as in
ring, sang, sung, song ; bind, bound, band, bond. Similar variations of vov/el sound
are met with in other languages. What is peculiar to the Teutonic is the frequency
and regularity with which they are used as a means for the inflection and formation
of words. They appear thus most frequently and regularly in the earliest Teutonic
idioms ; many words which had them in the Anglo-Saxon have lost them in the
English. Different from these variations of vowel is that attenuation, or change
from a more open vowel sound to a closer, which we see in vian, men, foot, feet,
mouse, mice. This change, which is unknown to the Gothic, has arisen from the
influence of a close vowel (i) belonging to an inflection ending, which has dropped
off from the English men, feet, mice, but which is still heard, in a modified form, in
the German plurals, mdnn-er, fUss-e, mdus-e.
§ 16. Nuiuhers. The Indo-European inflection distinguished three numbers, sin-
gular, plural, and dual. In the Teutonic languages, the dual form of the noun has
wholly disapp.eared : that of the verb appears only in the Gothic, and there only in
the first and second persons. The pronouns of the same persons show a dual form,
not only in the Gothic, but also in the Anglo-Saxon : thus AS. wit, we two, unc, us
two, git, ye two, inc, you two, but in the plural wi, us, ge (ye), eow (you), as in
English,
§ 17o Genders. The Indo-European system of gender seems to have commenced
with some differences of inflection between the names of personal and those of imper-
sonal objects. Among the first, certain forms of inflection were afterward appro-
priated to the names of female persons. The result was a threefold system of gender,
corresponding to the real distinctions of sex. But its character was modified, almost
from the outset, in two difEerent ways : first, many objects which are without sex
were thought of as having in their attributes an analogy to male or female persons,
and accordingly received masculine or feminine inflection ; and second, in some cases,
objects wliich have sex were thought of without special reference to sex, and accord-
ingly received neuter inflection. Thtis, the system of granunatical gender assumed
to a great extent a fictitious, and even an arbitrary, character. This system had
become fully developed before the separation of the Indo-European family ; and it is
found, essentially unchanged, not only in the Gothic and the Anglo-Saxon, but even
in the modem German. In the English, on the contrary, it has ahnost entirely dis-
appeared : the same forms of the article, the adjective, and even of the pronoun, are
used for all kinds of objects. The only distinction is in the personal pronoun of
the third person, where in the singular we use special forms (he, she; his, her ; him,
her) in reference to male and female objects. But in the Anglo-Saxon, he is used in
referring to se mona, the moon, si stan, the stone, as well as se cyning, the king ;
heo (she), in referring to seo simne, the sun, sea sprskc, the speech, as well as seo
sweoslor, the sister ; hit (it), in referring to p«t heafod, the head, but also to beet
beam, the child, and e\eupxt xvif, the woman, wife.
§ 18. Cases. The Indo-European had eight cases ; the nominative, for the sub-
ject of a sentence ; the accusative, for the direct object ; the dative, for the indirect
object (to or for which something is done) ; the genitive, or o/-case ; the ablative, or
/rom-case; the instrumental, or with-ca,se (denoting either association or instru-
ment) ; the locative, or m-case ; and, finally, the vocative, or interjectional case,
wliich does not enter into the construction of the sentence. Of these, the abla-
tive and locative are nowhere found in the Teutonic languages. The vocative, which
is not wanting in the Gothic, is scarcely known to the Anglo-Saxon. The instrumen-
tal, which has nearly disappeared in the Gothic, is seen in the inflection of Anglo-
Saxon adjectives and demonstratives. The remaining four cases, the nominative,
accusative, dative, and genitive, are common to all the older Teutonic languages,
and are still distinguished in the modem German. The English distinguishes nomi-
native and accusative in the personal pronouns only ; in substantives, it lias the geni-
tive (though in the plural coimnonly without a distinct form), but confines it almost
wholly to the possessive relation.
§ 19. Declensions. Tlie Anglo-Saxon, like the other Teutonic languages, has two
schemes of noun inflection, which may be termed the Vowel Declension and the
N Declension : they are often called strong and weak declensions. The few Anglo-
Saxon substantives whicli do not agree with either of these schemes may be treated
as anomalous. But different from both is the Pronominal Declension, seen in tlcia
demonstrative and most other pronouns. One of the most remarkable peculiarities
of the Teutonic is the fact that every adjective is inflected in two ways : it follows
the pronominal declension when its substantive is indefinite; but if the substantive
is definite, as when it is connected with the definite article, or with a demonstrative
or possessive pronoun, the adjective follows the N declension. Thus the Anglo-Saxon
has u-ls cyning, a wise king, genitive wises cyninges, dative n'isum cyninge ; gdd
noma, a good name, genitive g6des namnn, HaXive gddum natnan ; but se wisa cyning,
the wise king, genitive pses wi-san cyninges, dative pdni wisan cyninge; si gida
noma, the good name, genitive pses gddan naman, dative pdm gddan naman. This
distinction of the definite and indefinite adjective is preserved in modem German,
but is wholly lost in modern English. In substantives, the English still shows a trace
of the N declension, in a few plurals, like oxen, children, brethren, kine ; though all
of these, except oxen, are Old English blunders, the n being misapplied to words that
did not liave it in the Anglo-Saxon. The famiUar archaic form eyne (eyes) shows a
genuine Anglo-Saxon plural in n (eagan).
§ 20. Voices. The Teutonic verb, when compared with the Indo-European, shows
extensive losses. It has but one voice, the active, having given up the middle (or
reflexive) voice and the passive. In the Gothic, indeed, we still find the ancient
middle, formed as in the Greek, and used generally in a passive sense ; it is confinedi
however, to the present tense, and shows by other signs that it was beginning to
disappear from the language. The Anglo-Saxon has preserved a single relic of the
old medio-passive, — the form hdlte (Goth, haitada, is called, 0. Eng. hight). In
the past tense of the Gothic, and in both tenses of the other old Germanic idioms,
the place of a passive verb was supplied by using the passive participle, sometimes
with the verb which means to be (Goth, wisan, AS. wesan, or beon, etc.), and some-
times with the verb which means to become (Goth, wairpan, AS. weorSan, Old
Eng. icorth in woe worth the day). In all the modem Germanic idioms, except the
Englisli, only the latter verb (Ger. iverden, Dutch warden, etc.) is used to make up
the passive. The English alone, doubtless under French influence, has fixed upon
the verb to be for this purpose. The Danish and Swedish have a passive made by
addmg s to the forms of the active. But for this j the Icelandic has st, and in the
earliest manuscripts sk, which is plainly the reflexive pronoun sik (self, selves) short-
ened and added to the active verb. Here, as in many other languages, the passive
was originally reflexive.
§ 21. Moods and Tenses. The Teutonic verb has three finite moods, the indica-
tive, the subjunctive (Greek optative, Sanskrit potential), and the imperative : the
second of these has, to a great extent, disappeared in modem English. It has also
an infinitive, and a participle active and passive, which are essentially verbal nouns.
Of the primitive moods, it wants only the one which is represented by the Greek
subjunctive. Of tenses, it has lost the primitive imperfect, future, and aorist, retain-
ing only thepreseiU and the perfect. The reduplication of the perfect (seen in Greek
Ae'-Au-ica, Latin tu-tud-i) is preserved by the Gothic in a few verbs, as haihald, held j
in the other idioms we find little more than traces of its former existence.
§ 22. Persons and Nnmliers. There is good reason to believe that the per-
sonal endings (except perhaps that of the third person plural) were in their origin
pronouns, appended to the verb, and denoting its subject. The Gothic, in general,
distinguishes the three persons of the singular and those of the plural by as many
difEerent endings. The Anglo-Saxon confounds the three persons in the plural of
the indicative, and in both numbers of the subjunctive ; but still distinguishes be-
tween the singular and the plural. Even this last distinction is, to a great extent,
lost in modern English. The Teutonic Imperative has only a second person.
§ 23. Verbs of Primary and Secondary Inflection. The Teutonic verbs divide
themselves into two well-marked classes, which may be called verbs of primary, and
verbs of secondary, inflection : they are often called verbs of strong and of weak in-
flection. To the first class belong words like fall, fell; know, knew ; swear, swore ;
drive, drove; choose, chose; lie, lay; come, came; sing, sang, etc. In these, the
past tense adds nothing, except personal endings, after the root or stem of the verb.
They are further characterized by that variation of the radical vowel (internal inflec-
tion), which has been already noticed as a striking peculiarity of the Teutonic. To
the second class belong words like kill, killed; lie, lied; lay, laid; lead, led (for
leaded) ; leave, left (for leaved) ; have, had (for haved) ; make, made (for maked) ;
etc. In these, the past tense adds d (in High German, t) to the root or stem. Only
a few of them have also a change of radical vowel, as sell, sold; bring, brought, etc.
In most forms of the Gothic perfect, this d is doubled, as in lag-i-dedum, w-e laid, lag-
i-dedup, ye laid, etc. This has been thought to be the reduphcated perfect of a verb
corresponding to our do ; thus lag-i-dedum = lay-did-we, we made a laying ; but
there are great difficulties in the way of such an explanation. In Gothic, this class
embraces the derivative words, while nearly all primitive verbs have the inflection of
the first class. But the tendency in all Teutonic languages has been to increase the
second class at the expense of the first. Many Anglo-Saxon verbs of the first class
belong in Old English to the second : thus, AS. murnan, to mourn, pf. mearn, but
0. Eng. morned ; baean, to bake, pf. bSc, O. Eng. baked and bok ; leosan, to lose, pf.
leas. 0. Eng. loste. And many Old English verbs of the fir-st class belong in modem
English to the second : thus, 0. Eng. seic (pf. of sow), now sowed; 0. Eng. glod (pf.
of glide), now glided; 0. Eng. gnow (pf. of gnaw), now gnawed. Very rarely the
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
XXXI
change has been in the opposite direction : thus, Eng. wore (pf. of wear), AS. werede
(O. Eng. wered). The result of these clmnges is, tliat in modern Kuglish, tlie verbs of
the first class, when compared with those of the second, have the appearance of anom-
alous and capricious exceptions to a general law of intiection.
THE ANGLO-SAXON AS A LITERARY LANGUAGE.
§ 24. Name. The emigrants from Germany, who invaded Britain in the fifth and
sixth centuries, and after long struggles conquered most of the island, appear to have
come in great part from the districts now called Sleswick and Holstein, on the east-
ern shores of tlie North Sea. The Angles, who seem to have been tlie most numerous
portion, established themselves in the east and north of Britain, but left the Scottish
Highlands to their Gaelic population. The Saxons occupied the south imd west, but
left Wales and Cornwall to their Cymric population. A third fraction, of far infe-
rior numbers, the Jutes, took possession of Kent in the southeast of England. There
is reason to believe that there were differences of dialect among these settlers ; and,
particularly, that the idiom of the Angles varied in some degree from that of the
Saxons; but it can not well be doubted that they all spoke substantially the same
language. This common language boars a close resemblance to the Friesic and to the
Old Saxon, holding in some respects an intermediate position between them. In its
oldest monimients (which, however, are about three hundred years later than the
Anglo-Saxon conquest) four dialects are distinguishable : the two Anglian dialects
(the A'orl/nimbriaiJ, and the Mercian or Midland), the Kentis/i, and the Suxon. Of
these the Saxon has left a considerable literature (chietly in the West Saxon dialect),
but the otlier tluee have come down to us in scanty remnants. The first of the four
to receive literary cultivation was the Northumbrian, which developed a considerable
literature ; but with tlie transference of power from the north to the south, the
Saxon (especially tlie West Saxon, or language of Wessex) became the literary dia-
lect, so that tlie old Northumbrian poems have reached us only in a Saxon dress.
The term English (Etiglisc, belonging to the Angles) was, however, retained by the
Saxons as a designation for their own language as well as that of tlieir more northern
countrymen. The term Anglo-Saxon, originally political in its application (and
meaning perhaps not Angle and Saxon, but English-Saxan) was first applied to the
language by modern scholars. Though strongly objected to in some quarters, this
term is too convenient to be lightly rejected in favor of the ambiguous name Old
English. In this sketch Anglo-Saxon words will be given in their West Saxon form
unless the contrary is mentioned.
§ 25. Alliterative Verse. There was no written Anglo-Saxon literature until
after the conversion of the people to Christianity. The earliest productions were po-
etical, and, like all Anglo-Saxon poetry, indeed like all early Teutonic poetry, they
are alliterative. The verses are not confined to a uniform number of syllables, nor
do they have final rhyme. But in each line several prominent words, two, three, or
four, either all begin with the same consonant, or all begin with vowels, which are
not required to be the same. In the most common arrangement, there are three al-
literative words in the line, two in the first half-verse, and one in the second. A
word which has an unaccented prefix is treated as if the prefix were no part of it.
Every line falls into two half-verses, each of which has two full accents. The meas-
ure admits of great variety, but recent investigations indicate that it is controlled by
definite laws and largely dependent on quantity. To illustrate the description, we
subjoin the so-called Hymn of Cfedmon as given in a West-Saxon form by King
Alfred in his translation of Bede. We divide each line into its two half-verses, and
mark the initial letter of the alliterative words. In the annexed translation, otlier
objects are sacrificed in order to represent the alliteration.
Nu wi sceolon Aerian,
Aeofon-rices weard,
OTetodes jnihte,
end his mod-geponc,
weorc tt'uldor-faeder,
Bwa h6 ifundra gehwaee
ice dryhten
ord onstealde.
H^ serest gesc^op
eorSan bearnum
Aeofon to Arofe,
Aalig scippend :
fa middangeard
TTioncynnes weaid
^ce dryhten
asfter t^ode,
/irum/oldan,
/riSa aelmihtig.
Now must we glorify
the guardian of heaven's kingdom,
the maker's might,
and his mind's thought,
the zcork of the worshiped father,
when of his wonders, each one,
the ever living lord
ordered the origin.
He erst created
for earth's children
Aeaven as a Aigh roof,
the Aoly creator :
then this mid-world
did man's great guardian
the ever living lord
afterward prepare,
for men a ?nansion,
the master almighty.
§ 26. Works ol Poetry and Prose. Among the longer Anglo-Saxon poems, the
most remarkable is the epic called Bt5owulf , from the name of its Danish hero. It is
preserved in a manuscript of the tenth century, but is certainly much more ancient
in its origin. In substance, it must have come down from heathen times, though the
form in which we have it shows the work of Christian hands. In the same manu-
script is preserved a fragment of 350 lines belonging to an epic poem on the history
of Judith. This is one of the best of the Anglo-Saxon poems. Its date is uncertain
(perhaps the ninth century). We have also a long series of Scripture narratives
(Genesis, Exodus, Daniel) in Anglo-Saxon verse : these, too, are found in a manu-
script of the tenth century. They have been generally regarded as productions of
Csedmon, a monk who lived in the last half of the seventh. This theory, however, is
now universally abandoned. In their present shape the poems are later than the
time of Caedmon, and certainly not all the work of one author. Professor Eduard
Sievers has shown good grounds for believing that much of the Genesis is translated
from a lost Old Saxon original. A manuscript of the eleventh century contains the
last two thirds of a metrical version of the Psalms, which, though considerably older
than the manuscript, is certainly not the work of Caedmon's contemporary Aldhelra
of Malmesbury. To Cynewulf, by many supposed to be a Northumbrian poet of tlie
eighth century, are ascribed with certainty three long poems, Christ, Juliana (a life
of the saint of that name), and Elene (an account of the discovery of the cross), as
well as the Fates of the Apostles and a collection of metrical riddles. Among other
poems with more or less probability ascribed to the same author may be mentioned
Lives of St. Andrew and St. Guthlac, the Phoenix, and the Dream of the Rood. Of
uncertain authorsliip are several interesting short poems, tlie Wanderer, the Sea-
farer, the Battle of Maldoii, Atlielstan's Victory at Brunanburh, and the very pe-
culiar and artificial Rhyming Song. The famous Exeter manuscript of the eleventh
century contains most of the poems ascribed to Cynewulf and several known not to
be his. In prose, besides versions of ditterent parts of the Bible, the most important
works are the translations made from the Latin by King Alfred in the ninth century
(including Gregory's Pastoral Care, the History of Orosius, the Ecclesiastical History
of Bede, and Boethius on the Consolations of Philosophy) ; the Homilies of iEltric,
who was Abbot of Egnesham (Enshaui) ill the earlier part of the eleventh century ;
the Homilies of Wulfstan, who was Archbishop of York from lOO'i to 1023 ; and the
Saxon Chronicle, in which the principal events of Anglo-Saxon times are recorded in
the form of dry and meager annals, by several successive writers, the last of whom
wrote about a century after the Norman conquest.
An excellent bibliographical account of the literature of the Anglo-Saxon period is
Wulker's Grundriss zur Geschic/Ue der angcls'dchsisclLen Lilteiatvr, Leipzig, 1885.
INFLUENCE OF OTHER LANGUAGES ON THE ANGLO-SAXON.
§ 27. The Celtic. The Saxons and Angles, wlirn they entered Britain, were
brought into contact with a Celtic-speaking population. It is true that the Latin
had been spoken by the dominant people in England during more than three centu-
ries of Roman occupation. But it seems not to have established itself, as it did in
Gaul and Spain, so as to supplant the native language of the country. It had rather
the position which was afterward held on the same ground by its own child, the
French, lor more than two centuries after the Norman conquest. It was spoken by
the ruling caste, wlille the mass of the people adhered to their own mother tongue,
though they naturally received into it, as time passed on, a considerable number of
words learned from their rulers. In Wales, which has retained the same population
from Roman times, the vernacular idiom is not of Latin origin, nor is it very largely
intermixed with Latin : it is true and genuine Celtic. The probability is, that the
great body of those whose possessions passed into Anglo-Saxon hands spoke substan-
tially the same language. This being so, it would not have seemed strange if the
idiom of the conquered people had acted on that of the conquerors, so as to introduce
a large Celtic element into Anglo-Saxon and English. But the fact is quite the con-
trary. The Celtic words in English are altogether few in number : most of them —
as bard, druid, croud (a fiddle), etc. — belong to objects which are specially Celtic ;
and a large part — including nearly all those of Gaelic origin, as brogue, clan, ivhisky,
etc. — are of recent introduction. It should seem that in the slow and gradual prog-
ress of the Saxon conquests, the native British fell back from point to point before
the invaders ; or, if a part remained in their old homes, they were too few to main-
tain their old language, and had to exchange it for the Saxon ; while the inde-
pendent Britons and the Saxons, engaged in constant hostilities, were cut off from
that free and peaceful intercourse which might have left a marked impress on the
languages of both. There have been, indeed, etymologists who regarded a large
number of English words as borrowed from the primitive British. But in many of
the cases brought forward, there is no real connection between the words compared.
Thus AS. cuS, known (seen in Eng. nn-couth), has nothing to do with Welsh gwydd,
knowledge ; givydd stands, by Welsh phonetic change, for earlier vid which corre-
sponds to Lat. vid-eo, Eng. wit (as verb, to know) ; while cuS is identical with Ger.
Icund, and comes from the root seen in our ken and knoto. In many other cases,
there is a real connection, but no borrowing, the words having come down both in
the Teutonic and the Celtic from the common Indo-European stock. Thus barrow,
which has been identified with W. berfa, is really derived from the root of the verb
to Jear, Goth, ftajrara, Lat. fero; while berfa, if not taken from the English, was
formed on Celtic ground from the same root, as seen in Ir. beirim. For in many
cases, when borrowing has occurred, it has clearly been in the opposite direction, by
the Celtic from the English, or from the French or the Latin. Thus the English
solder and locker do not come from the Welsh sawduriaiv and llogell, but have other
satisfactory etymologies; while sawduriaw is plainly taken from the English, and
llogell (i. e., locel) is simply the Latin loculus. There remain, however, a small num-
ber of words — such as basket, glen, lad, dun (color), etc. — in which an early bor-
rowing from the Welsh is either certain or probable. But the words bran, piece,
quay, and a few others like them, if they are really of Celtic origin, have not come to
us directly from the Celtic, but have passed from a Celtic source into the Romance
languages, and from thence into the English.
§ 28. The Latin. The introduction of Christianity among the Anglo-Saxons, at
the opening of the seventh century, brought with it the study of the Latin. The
cultivation of learning and letters belonged almost exclusively to ecclesiastics, with
whom Latin was the professional language. Hence a number of Latin or Latinized
Greek words, many of them words connected with church or religion, passed into the
Anglo-Saxon ; thus : —
Lat.
diabolns
AS. deofol
Eng
devil
presbyter
preost
priest
episcopus
biscop
bishop
monasferium
mynster
minster
clericus
cleric, clero
clerk
prxdicare
predician
(preach)
Gr.
Kvpiaxrj, or J
KvpiaKov f
cyrice
( church
\ (kirk, Scotch)
€\€rffiotnjvyj
sslmesse
alms
Lat.
pondo
pund
potmd
moneta
mynet (money)
mint
The names of months were also borrowed from the Latin. It is worthy of notice,
that, while minster and mint have come to us through the Anglo-Saxon, we have
the same Latin words by more recent importation in monastery and money, which
come through the French monasthre and monnaie. The number of Latin words that
made their way into the language before the end of the Anglo-Saxon period is very
considerable. Professor Skeat gives a list of upwards of one hundred and forty. A
very few of these were known to the Anglo-Saxons before their conversion to Chris-
tianity, either from their having become a part of the common Teutonic speech, or
from their having been adopted from the conquered Britons (such are strdt, street,
from strata [via'], a paved road ; mil, a mile, Latin mille [passus'], a thousand paces).
xxxu
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
§ 29. The Scandinavian. In the year 827, Egbert, king of tlie West Saxons,
became the acknowledged lord of all the separate fractions into which Anglo-Saxon
England had before been divided. But the united kingdom was destined to suffer
severely from a cause which had begun its work with tlie opening of that century.
Piratical rovers from the regions about the Baltic were at this period the scourge and
terror of Europe. These Scandinavians — or Danes, as the Saxons named them all,
whether coming from Denmark or not — infested the whole eastern coast of England,
not only making occasional descents, but conquering large districts, and forming per-
manent settlements. Alfred the Great, though he succeeded in checking their prog-
ress and in forcing them to acknowledge his authority, allowed them to remain under
their own laws in tliis part of England, which was thence called Danelagh (Dane-law).
Under his weak successors, the Danes resumed their conquering progress, and at last
became masters of the whole country. The Danish kings, Sweyn, Canute, and Har-
dicanute, held the English throne from 1013 to 1042. Yet the Danes do not appear
to have settled in large numbers, except in the eastern part of the island. A trace
of their existence here is still seen in Ashby, Rugby, Whitby, and many other names
of places with the same ending ; for -by is the Icelandic bf/-r, Swedish by, Danish by,
a town, village. There is no evidence that the Danes of England sought to perpetu-
ate or to extend the use of their own language. Even under Danish kings, the Anglo-
Saxon continued to be used in public acts and laws. The truth appears to be, that in
England, as well as in Normandy, the Scandinavian settlers did not long retain their
mother tongue, but gave it up for the more cultivated idiom of the people among
whom they settled. At the same time, they did not fail to communicate some of
their own words to tlie new speech of their adoption. The extent of the influence
thus exerted by the Danes upon our language, it is very difficult to determine. Eng-
lish words which are found in the Scandinavian idioms, and are not found in the ear-
lier Anglo-Saxon or other Low Germanic idioms, we may naturally suspect to have
come in by this channel. But the inquiry is subject to great uncertainties. The
existing monuments of the early Anglo-Saxon are evidently far from showing its com-
plete stock of words ; and the other old monuments of Low Germanic idioms are by
no means copious enough to supply the deficiency. It is certain, however, that the
Danish influence has been greatly overrated by those who have ascribed to it any
considerable fraction of the English vocabulary. To this influence we may trace
tlie verb call (Icelandic kalla), which seems not to occur in Anglo-Saxon till 993
(ceallian) and for which the earlier documents use clypian. So perhaps the adjective
same ; for though the Anglo-Saxon has the word as an adverb, it always uses ylc for
the adjective (compare Scotch of that ilk, i. e., of the same, of a place bearing the
same name as a person). Many other words (as screech, grime, bow of a ship), though
doubtless introduced at a very early time, are not found in our monuments till after
the Norman conquest, that is, till after the close of the Anglo-Saxon period.
§ 30. The Norman-Fiencll. The Normans (or North-men) were a body of Scan-
dinavian adventurers, who, while their countrymen, the Danes, were making con-
quests in England, succeeded in establishing themselves on the opposite coast of
France. In 912, King Charles the Simple ceded to Duke RoUo and his Norman fol-
lowers the province which took from them its name of Normandy. Here they soon
ceased to speak their own language, adopting that which was spoken by the native
population. If in this they took the same course with their Danish kinsmen in Eng-
land, the change was a much greater one in the case of the Normans ; for the Scan-
dinavian differed far less from the Anglo-Saxon, another member of the same Teu-
tonic family, than from the French, which was a daughter of the Latin. The dialect
which thus grew up in Normandy differed in many particulars from the other dialects
of the French language, and is commonly known as Norman-French. The influence of
the Norman-French began to be felt in England, even before the Norman conquest
of the country. It seems to have been much used at the court of Edward the Con-
fessor, who followed the Danish dynasty, and reigned from 1042 to 1065. This prince,
though of Saxon birth, had speut his youth in Normandy. When he became king of
England, he surrounded himself with Normans, exciting thus the jealousy of his
native subjects, who in 1052 constrained him to banish the obnoxious foreigners.
After his death, Duke William of Normandy laid claim to the English crown ; and
the hard-fought battle of Hastings, in 1066, in which Harold, the Saxon king, was
elain, and his army totally defeated, established the claim of the Conqueror. This
event, which has affected the whole subsequent history of England, has had the most
important influence on its language. It was not, indeed, the intention of William to
suppress the language of his new subjects. He is said to have made an attempt,
though an unsuccessful one, to acquire it himself. But the political and social con-
ditions which followed the conquest were extremely unfavorable to the language of
the conquered people. Their obstinate resistance and repeated insurrections led the
Conqueror to treat them with the utmost severity. They were shut out from oflSces
of state ; they were removed from ecclesiastical positions ; they were deprived of
lands, and reduced to poverty aud wretchedness. The court, the nobility, the landed
gentry, the clergy, the army, were all Norman. The Anglo-Saxon language was ban-
ished from these circles, and the French took its place. The instruction of the
schools was given in French alone. There was nothing to stimulate, there was every,
thing to discourage, the cultivation of the native language.
TRANSITION FROM ANGLO-SAXON TO MODERN ENGLISH.
§ 31. Periods. For five centuries after the Norman conquest, the language of
England was in a constant and rapid process of change. During the first of these
centuries, we may believe that it had not yet departed very widely from the earlier
type. The last monument of the old language is the concluding part of the Saxon
Chronicle, in which the history is brought down to the death of King Stephen in 1154.
We can not, however, suppose tliat the writer of that part has used the idiom which
was spoken by the people in his own time. The change by which, in grammatical
endings, the older vowels a, o, u, have all passed into e, is found in High German
from the beginning of the twelfth century : it began even earlier in our language. In
the second century after the conquest, the old inflection, with the change just de-
scribed, is still for the most part retained, but in a state of much confusion and cor-
ruption : this is called the Semi-Saxon period. In the third century, a large part of
the old inflection has disappeared, while no great proportion of French words has yet
come into the language : this is called the Old English period. In the fourth and fifth
centuries, we find a vast body of French words mixed with those of native stock,
while the old inflection is brought down to that minimum which remains in the lan-
guage at this day : this is called the Middle English period. It must be remembered
that the process of change was gradual and incessant : the language did not remain
fixed for a time, and then on a sudden leap to a new position. Hence the periods
here distinguished are in some degree arbitrary, at least as regards their bomidaries ;
and writers may be found of the same period who are separated from each other by
marked differences of language.
§ 32. Changes. It is implied in the foregoing statements that the changes in our
language, consequent on the Norman occupation of England, were mainly of two
kmds: 1. The loss of the Anglo-Saxon inflection; and, 2. The introduction of new
words from the French. The latter change did not go on to any great extent until
more than two centuries after the conquest ; yet no one can doubt that it was caused
by that event. But in regard to the earlier change, — the loss of the ancient inflec-
tion, — it is maintained by some writers that this was in no degree occasioned by the
coming of the Normans. A similar change in the modern languages of Latin origin
is often explained from the difficulty which the barbarian conquerors of the Roman
empire must have found in mastering the complex system of Latin inflection. The
explanation, whether satisfactory or not for the Romance languages, can not be ap-
plied to ours ; for the change in question had nearly run its course before any large
part of the Normans had begun to speak English. It is true also that changes of the
same nature have been made, and not very far from the same time, in the other Ger-
manic idioms : in each of them, the one vowel e has taken the place of other vowels in
grammatical endings, and in each a part of the endings have been confounded with one
another, or have disappeared altogether. What is peculiar to the English is the rapid-
ity of this movement and the extent to which it was carried. No written language of
Germanic stock, no unwritten dialect of any province or people, shows, even at the
present day, a loss of inflection equal to what appears in the English of five hundred
years ago. This striking peculiarity in the effect compels us to seek for a peculiar
cause ; and no cause can be found so likely to produce it, as the long subjection of
the English-speaking people to a people of different race and language. Tlie tenden-
cies and influences which would in any case have given a new form to tlie English,
as they have to its sister idioms, derived additional force and greater quickness of
operation from the depressed circumstances of the English people. The language
shared in the suffering and degradation which fell on those who spoke it. Used only
by the lower classes, and regarded with contempt by the higher, shut out from the
schools, from cultivated society, and, with few exceptions from works of literature,
it was left without standards of correctness ; it was deprived of those conservative
influences which might otherwise have retarded the progress of change and disinte-
gration.
§ 33. Seml-Sazon Period, 1150-1250. The Anglo-Saxon Inflection is still in
a great measure retained, but with e instead of other vowels in the endings, and with
much confusion and irregularity of use. This period is represented chiefly by four
works : 1. The Brut of Layamon (La;amon), a long narrative poem, which recites
the early fabulous history of Britain. It is a free translation, or, more truly, a work-
ing over, of the Roman de Brut, composed in French by Wace, and finished in 1155.
Layamon was a priest, who lived at Ernley, in North Worcestershire, near the close
of the twelfth century. His work consists of 32,000 short lines, partly alliterative,
like the Anglo-Saxon verse, partly rhymed, like the French original, both kinds being
very loosely constructed and irregularly mixed together. A second manuscript of
the poem affords an instructive example of the way in which older writings were
wont to be modernized in successive transcriptions ; it is, perhaps, half a century
later than the first, and shows a text which is much altered, and decidedly more
modern. 2. The Ormulum, as it is called by its author, an Augustinian monk, from
his own name, Ormin, or Orm. The poem — or what remains of it — contains nearly
20,000 short lines, and consists of thirty-two parts, founded on successive gospel selec-
tions in the daily church service, the narrative being first set forth in a loose para-
phrase, and then followed by homiletic comments. The verses are arranged in coup-
lets, with a line of eight syllables followed by one of seven : they are constructed
with much regularity of accent, though without either alliteration or rhyme. Tlie
language of the poem is more like modern English than that of the contemporary
Layamon, but this comes from its being written in a different dialect. Its appear-
ance is rendered uncouth by a peculiarity of spelling, which is not without interest
and value to the philologist : it carries out consistently the tendency of English or-
thography to double the consonant which follows a sliort vowel : thus, and, this, after,
under, are spelt, annd, thiss, affterr, unnderr. 3. The Ancren Riwle, or rule of fe-
male anchorites, a prose work by an unknown author, containing a code of monastic
regulations for a household of religious ladies. Owing, perhaps, to the nature of its
subject, it shows a considerable number of words borrowed from the French and
Latin, while in the works before named such words are altogether rare. 4. A met-
rical paraphrase of the books of Genesis and Exodus. It must not be forgotten that
during this period each of the Anglo-Saxon dialects was continuing its own course of
development or decay. The confusion and distress reigning in the North of England
were such that we have no memorials in the Northern Dialect during most, if not the
whole, of the Semi-Saxon period. The Southern Dialect, however, has come down to
us in an almost unbroken series of works, including the Ancren Riwle and various
homilies and lives of saints; while the Midland Dialect (the descendant of the ancient
Mercian) is represented by the latest portion of the Chronicle (1124-1154), by the
Ormulum (about 1300), and by Genesis and Exodus (about 1240). The gieat work of
Layamon is referred to the West Midland Dialect.
§ 34. Old English Period, 1250-1350. Here the Anglo-Saxon inflection is to a
great extent discarded, but only a moderate proportion of words is yet adopted from
the French. The principal monuments are: 1. A proclamation of King Henry III.,
issued in 1258, a short but highly important document. 2. A series of metrical ro-
mances, — Kyng Alisaunder, the Geste of Kyng Horn, Havelok the Dane, and others,
which belong to the latter part of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth
century. They are composed in rhymed verses, and are most of them founded on
French originals. The pretty poem of the Owl and the Nightingale belongs to the
first half of the same century. 3. The long rhymed chronicle by Robert of Glouces-
ter, who flourished about 1300, and the still longer one by Robert Manning, or Robert
de Brunne, who wrote some years later. Both these writers traverse the whole field
of English history, mythical and veritable, from Brut and his Trojans down to Henry
III. and Edward I. There is also a collection of lives and legends of the saints,
which is ascribed (but on insufficient evidence) to Robert of Gloucester. 4. The Cur-
sor Mundi, a rhymed series of Bible stories, legends, etc., covering the seven ages of
the world, and containing about twenty-five thousand lines with some five thousand
more by way of appendices. 5. The Ayenbite of Inwit (the Again-bite [i. e.. Remorse']
of Conscience), a translation by Dan Michel of Kent, preserved in an autograph man-
uscript of 1340.
Throughout this period English was in a state of great dialectical confusion. Th&
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
xxxiii
Englisbman of Northumberland spoke a language almost or quite unintelligible to
the Englishman of Sussex or Wessex, and the Midland dialects formed a sort of
mean between the two extremes. Of the works enumerated, the Proclamation and
the Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester are South English, the Chronicle of Robert of
Brunno is Midland, and the Cursor Mundi is written in tlie Northern dialect, wliich
again makes its appearance as a literary language. Tlie Ayenbite is . pure specimen
of the dialect of Kent. The language of the metrical romances ir the form in which
we have them, shows a mixture of dialectic forms, due to the scribes.
§35., Introduction ol Frencll Words. In a rocabulary of the words used by
English writers during the last lialf of the thirteenth century, only about twelve per
cent of the wliole number are foreign to the Anglo-Saxon. If we take the words of
any writer as they stand in his pages, tlie proportion will be much smaller. For
Robert of Gloucester, it does not exceed four or five per cent. But from the middle
of the fourteenth century, English literature presents in this respect a different
appearance. A multitude of Romance words is everywhere seen, mixed with those
of Teutonic origin. Even works which, like The Vision of Piers Plowman, were in-
tended for the people, abound in words taken from the French. The difference be-
tween the English of 1300 and that of 1350 marks this as the time when the higher
classes in England became generally acquainted with the English language. Up to
this time the inhabitants of the country had been divided into two bodies, having
each a language of its own. The nobility and gentry of Norman origin retained their
French, and only in occneional instances acquired the Saxon, which tliey looked on
with contempt, as rude in itself and spoken by an inferior race. They had a copious
literature, consisting chiefly of poetry and romance, composed in French, but much
of it written on English soil. On the other hand, the mass of the people spoke
only English. Of course there must have been many individuals who knew both lan-
guages, and could act as necessary mediators between the great parties that knew but
one. These, however, formed only a small fraction of the whole people. In those times,
a work composed in English could not admit French words to any great extent ; for
Buch a work would not be read by the higher classes, and to the lower classes French
was generally unintelligible. But the events of the thirteenth century had been
gradually filling up the chasm which before separated the two races. When the
French possessions of the English crown were wrested from the feeble hands of
John, the political ties were severed which had long connected the Normans of Eng-
land with their brethren across the Channel. Henceforth England, not France, was
their country : the English people, not the French, were their countrymen. They
fought with Saxon fellow-soldiers against French enemies : they struggled against
royal prerogative with sympathy and aid from their Saxon fellow-subjects. At the
same time, social barriers were giving way. Marriage ties were connecting the two
races. Saxons were acquiring wealth, passing into the ranks of the aristocracy, or
rising to high positions in the church. The feeling of a common nationality was
coming to prevail over the alienating memories of race and conquest. Under such
influences, it was natural that the French-speaking aristocracy should begin to learn
English. They did this as a matter of convenience, to carry on the necessary inter-
course of business and society, without designing to give up the French, which in
many instances continued to be spoken in their families for two or three generations
longer. The change, we may presume, commenced with that lower, but more nu-
merous, part of the Norman aristocracy who resided constantly on their estates, sur-
rounded by a Saxon population. Once fairly initiated, the movement must have gone
forward with rapidity. The court was the last place to be reached by its influence.
It is believed that none of the three Edwards was accustomed to speak English. In
the schools, it is stated that during the first half of the fourteenth century, French
was still used as the language of instruction and the medium for learning Latin, but
that during the last half of the same century the English gradually took its place.
By a statute of 13G'2 it was enacted that " all pleas which shall be pleaded in any court
whatsoever, shall be pleaded, shewed, defended, answered, debated, and judged in
the English tongue," not, as heretofore, in French. Now, EngUsh, as spoken by the
higher classes who learned it, would naturally be intermixed with French expres-
sions. It would have been otherwise if they had regarded the English as a superior
language, as having a finer nature or a higher cultivation than their own. But they
doubtless felt that by an intermixture of French they were enriching and ennobling
an unrefined and meager idiom. 'Whenever the French word which rose to their
mind bore a shade of meaning for which they found no equivalent in English, they
did not content themselves with a loose expression, nor did they endeavor to form by
English analogy one that should be exact : they employed the French word itself.
They did this even when the English offered an equivalent expression, if the French
word was particularly recommended by interesting or agreeable associations. For
words of a technical character they would scarcely think of seeking equivalents in
English. The body of the EngUsh people were now for the first time brought into
oral communication with their rulers. Hearing the French words with the Saxon,
they were able to understand their meaning. Hearing them from the lips of their
superiors they naturally imitated and adopted them. Thus the new importations,
bearing the stamp of elegance and fashion, passed from the circles of polite society
into the language of the vulgar. They found free entrance into works of literature,
not only because they supplied real deficiencies in the English vocabulary, but also
because they were especially famUiar and acceptable to those classes whom the
author would most wish to interest and please.
§ 36. Middle EngUsh Period, 1350-1550. From the Norman conquest to
1350 there had been, as we have seen, no one dialect which was regarded as the Eng-
lish literary language, as Tuscan is regarded as Italian, Castilian as Spanish. In the
latter half of the fourteenth century, however, the Midland dialect showed signs of
getting the start of the other two. As the language of London, and as a dialect in-
telligible to both Northern and Southern Englishmen, it had obviously great advan-
tages, and was rapidly becoming in some measure the common speech, when the
Wyclifite versions of the Bible and the works of Chaucer, both composed in this dia-
lect, stamped it at once and for all time as literary English. Thus the common Eng-
lish of to-day is the direct descendant, not of King Alfred's West Saxon, but of the
old Mercian dialect, and the modern dialects of Somerset and other South English
Bliires are the only living representatives of the West Saxon.
In the Middle English period the old inflection undergoes some further losses ; the
unaccented final e (as in love, fame, etc.) begins to disappear in pronunciation ; but
the great characteristic of this period is the immense accession of words taken from
the French. It will be enough to name here a few of the most important works and
authors. In the poems of Laurence Minot, written about 1350, we find for the first
time a large proportion of French words. These were followed (between 1360 and 1370)
by the popular poem entitled The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman,
a satirical allegory by William Langland. It is written in alliterative verse of very
regular construction. The same species of verse is found in some poems of a similar
character which followed the Vision ; but it was not used by Chaucer and Gower in
the same age, nor has it been used by any poet since the end of that century. The
great name of early English literature is Geoffrey Chaucer, who died in 1400 ; and
the Canterbury Tales is the most perfect, as it is probably the latest, of his produc-
tions. The charge often brought against liim of having corrupted the simplicity of
the native popular English by large importation of French words only shows a want
of acquaintance with the literature of that time. His contemporary, Jolin Gower,
whose chief English work is the Confessio Amantis, though far inferior in genius to
Chaucer, was for a long time held in equal estimation. To the first half of the
fifteenth century belongs John Lydgate, a copious writer and fluent versifier, but of
little poetic talent. Among the prose writings of this period, but more important
in their influence on the language, were the Wyclifite Versions of the Bible. The
Old Testament is supposed to have been translated by Hereford, the New Testament
by Wyclif himself, the whole being finished about 1380. To Purvey is ascribed a re-
vision of the whole work, made some eight or ten years later, with many alterations
and corrections. The Travels of Sir John Mandevile, formerly supposed to have been
written in English about 135G, is now known to be merely a translation made from
the French about the beginning of the fifteenth century.
§ 37. The century from 1450 to 1550 might be regarded as a distinct period. The
unaccented final e was now generally neglected, and at length wholly lost, in pronun-
ciation ; and in many ways the language assumed a more modern aspect. Litera-
ture received a new impulse from the art of printing. Among the most important
of the numerous books which issued from the celebrated Caxton press (1470 to 1490)
was the Morte d' Arthur, by Sir Tliomas Malory, a prose compendium of the poet-
ical legends concerning King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. The
translation of Froissart's Chronicle by Lord Berners, which appeared in 1523-25,
was not unworthy of tlie rich and glowing original. We may mention also, as excel-
lent specimens of the language at that time, the writings of Sir Thomas More, and
the New Testament translation of William Tyndale, which was printed in 1526. As
for the poets of that most unpoetic age, it is enough to name the rude but vigorous
Skelton. The poems of Surrey and Wyatt, though written before 1550, belong more
in language and character to the following period.
§ 38. Commencement of tlie Modem Period. With tlie middle of the sixteenth
century, the Englisli enters on a new stage of its history. It did not cease to change ;
for then it would have ceased to be a living language. But its later changes have not
had the rapid progress and the radical character which belonged to those of the pre.
ceding centuries. Many words which were in use three hundred years ago have
since become obsolete. A much larger number have been added to the language,
including not only technical and scientific terms by the thousand, but a multitude of
words which belong to the common stock of literature and society. Words which
have been retained have often lost their old meanings and taken on new ones. In
the combination and construction of words, in phrase and idiom, the changes have
been yet more numerous, and the general color and fiavor of English style are quite
different now from what they were in the last half of the sixteenth century. But
these differences are mainly lexical and rhetorical, rather than grammatical. As to
inflection, the little which remained at that time has come down to us with hardly
any change. Yet the ending th in the third person singular of verbs (as cometh,
doelh or dolh) has all but disappeared from the common language, and remains chiefly
as an archaism of the solemn or religious style, being kept in memory by the usage of
the English Bible. The subjunctive, as distinct from the indicative in the third per-
son singular (as if he come, if he do it, if it be so), is also growing obsolete. Still, we
never feel that the language of Shakespeare and Bacon is widely different from our
own. Even Spenser, notwithstanding the archaisms with which he loved to garnish
his style, appears to us much less strange and remote than Lord Berners and Sir
Thomas More. The great writers of the Elizabethan age have done much to perpet-
uate and keep alive the form of English which is seen in their works. The author-
ized version of the Bible has exerted a conservative influence of the same kind, and
one even more powerful. It must be observed, however, that this version as printed
now has not in all respects its original appearance : the spelling has been modern-
ized, and a number of obsolete forms have given place to those in present use. Thus,
moe is changed to more, sith to since, fet to fetched, owelh to otvnelh, unpossible to
impossible, etc. The recent revision of the English Bible has removed still more of
these archaisms, but has left a great many intact. If works printed in Shakespeare's
day appear strange, at first view, to the modern reader, it is chiefly owing to changes
since made in the spelling, which did not become fixed until a century later. Unfor-
tunately, these changes are far from having made the orthography of the language
simple and consistent. The defects of English spelling have to a great extent arisen
from the mixture of different elements in the language. Neither the Anglo-Saxon
orthography nor the Norman-French was distinguished for its regularity. But when
the two were thrown together, the result was a mass of confusion and anomaly
hardly to be paralleled, except, perhaps, in the spelling of the native Irish. The
present system retains much of this chaotic character. It is, perhaps, too firmly
fixed for extensive changes, such as could alone effect a material improvement. But
it is not creditable to the English name, nor accordant with the practical spirit of the
English people. With a multitude of signs for the same sound, and a multitude of
sounds for the same sign, it poorly fulfills the original and prop»r office of orthogra-
phy, to indicate pronunciation ; nor does it better fulfill the improper office, which
some would assert for it, of a guide to etymology. It imposes a needless burden on
the native learner. To a foreigner it seriously aggravates the difficulty of acquiring
the language, and thus restricts the influence of English literature on the mind of the
world.
§ 39. Introduction of Latin and Greek Words. We have already seen that a
number of words passed from the Latin into the Anglo-Saxon. The same process has
gone on in the subsequent stages of the language. With the inception of the Middle
English period, it received a new impulse. The admission of foreign words in great
numbers from the French, a daughter of the Latin, made it natural and easy to admit
them also from the mother language. In many instances it is difficult to determine
whether a word of Latin origin has come to us through the Frencli, or has been taken
directly from the Latin. But while the importation of Frencli words ceased, after a
time, to be an active and prominent agency in the growth of the language, it has been
otherwise with the tendency to borrow from .the Latin. This became even stronger
with the increasing attention to classical studies. The fondness for Latin phraseol-
ogy is noticed with censure by Thomas Wilson in his System of Rhetoric and of Logie,
published in 1553 : " The unlearned or foolish fantastical, that smells but of learning
XXXIV
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
(such fellows as have seen learned men in their days), will so Latin their tongues,
that the simple can not but wonder at their talk, and tliiuk surely they speak by
some revelation." In like manner, an author of the next century, Sir Thomas
Browne, whose own style is in a large measure Latin, remarks, " If elegancy still
proceedeth, and English pens maintain that stream we have of late observed to flow
from many, we shall within a few years be fain to learn Latin to understand English,
and a work will prove of equal facility in either." The practice of adding to the Eng-
lish vocabulary words adopted from the Latin and the Greek is still carried on with
activity, and there is little prospect of its ceasing. It is almost necessary as a means
of denoting those new objects, ideas, and relations, which are continually appearing
and demanding expression. Tlie resources of the English for the formation of new
words from elements already existing in it are so limited that aid from other lan-
guages is indispensable. The new terms which are required by the progress of sci-
ence are almost wholly drawn from these sources, especially from the inexhaustible
storehouse of Greek expression.
THE ENGLISH A COMPOSITE LANGUAGE.
§ 40. Proportion of the Elements. There is no language, probably, in which all
the words are formed by its own processes from roots that originally belonged to it.
What is peculiar to tlie English is not that it has words borrowed from other lan-
guages, but that it has so many of them ; that a large part of its vocabulary is of
foreign origin. In this respect it may be compared to the modern Persian and the
Wallachian. The French words which have been ingrafted on the native English
stock are, with few exceptions, derived from the Latin ; and « hen added to the
almost equal number which have come directly from that language, they make, per-
haps, four fifths of all our borrowed words. Much smaller, though still considerable,
«speciaUy in scientific use, is the number of words taken from the Greek. The re-
mainder of our foreign words can hardly exceed a twentieth part of the whole vocab-
ulary, and are drawn from a great variety of sources — Celtic, Danish, Dutch, He-
brew, Arabic, Turkish, etc. If all the words in a large English dictionary were
classed according to their origin, it would appear that the foreign or non-Saxon
■words make a decided majority of the whole number. It must be remarked, how-
«ver, that in such a dictionary there are many words which, though perhaps put for-
ward by distinguished writers, have never established themselves in general use ; and
also many words which belong, indeed, to the established phraseology of particular
sciences and arts, but are unknown to the great majority even of educated people.
Jn both classes the number of foreign words is disproportionately large. Hence, if
we take all the distinct words used by particular writers, we shall find a different
ratio between the Saxon and foreign elements. Of those used by Shakespeare, it is
said that sixty per cent are of Saxon origin ; and the ratio is about the samo for the
common version of the Bible. But in most literary works of the last two centuries,
the foreign element is certainly larger: in general, doubtless, it would be found, if
reckoned in this way, to equal or exceed the Saxon. But if, instead of counting only
distinct words as they would be given in a vocabulary, we count all the words of a
writer as they stand on his pages, we shall obtain very different ratios. The Saxon
w^ords will now be found in a large majority, varying from sixty to more than ninety
per cent of the wliole number. The style of Johnson abounds in words of Latin or-
igin ; but in the Preface to his Dictionary there are seventy-two per cent of Saxon
words. In Milton's poetical works about two thirds of the vocabulary are foreign ;
but in the sixth book of Paradise Lost, four fifths of all the words are Saxon. The
explanation of these appearances lies in two facts : 1. The words which belong more
to the grammar than to tlie lexicon — which express not so much conceptions of the
mind as the relations between its conceptions — are almost wholly Saxon. To this
■class belong articles, pronouns, adverbs from pronominal roots, nearly all preposi-
tions and conjunctions (only save, except, duriyig, concerning, because, and a few
more, are French). These are words which occur in every sentence. In a language,
like ours, of scanty inflection, it is hardly possible to form two consecutive sentences
■without them. The substantial elements of the proposition, nouns, adjectives, verbs,
may all be obtained from abroad ; but the connecting links, which must vmite them
in the framework of sentences, can be found only at home. 2. If we turn to these
substantial elements, and fix upon the objects, qualities, states, and actions which
most frequently present themselves to the mind, and thus call for the most fre-
■quent expression, it will be found that a large majority of them are denoted by words
of Saxon origin. We refer to objects, such as man, horse, bird, body, flesh, blood,
head, hand, heart, soul, mind, heaven, wind, rain, day, summer, icater, stone, gold,
field, tree, appie, etc. ; to qualities, such as good, ill, long, short, cold, hot, hard, soft,
■while, black, etc. ; to actions, such as to lie, sit, stand, icalk, run, do, say, have, break,
think, feel, love, fear, find, etc. There are borrowed words of similar meaning, as
beast, eagle, vein, face, spirit, air, hour, autumn, river, gem, fruit, floiver, etc. ;
large, false, tender, pure, purple, etc. ; to move, enter, touch, please, enjoy, etc. ; but
they are altogether fewer, and generally of less frequent occurrence. The words
for numbers lower than a million are all Saxon : among the ordinals only second
has come in from the French.
§ 41. Fusion of the Elements. The foreign words that have come into our lan-
guage do not stand by tlieniselves as a distinct and independent class : they are An-
glicized, subjected to English laws and analogies, and thus assimilated to the older
denizens of the language. This has taken place chiefly in three ways : 1. Tliey are
in most cases accented according to English analogy. This assumption of a new ac-
cent has been a gradual process. In early English poetry we find oiintre (country),
colour, comaundcment, messangere, benysoun (benison), castell (castle), etc., accented
as in French on the vowel here marked. The usage of Chaucer is quite variable.
Such words as honour, difficultee, penaunce, vanguesh, manere (manner), conseil
(counsel), viage (voyage), etc., he often gives, as here marked, mth the French
accent ; yet not unfrequently he shifts their accent, according to English tenden-
cies, toward the begiiming of the word. In the next century the French accent
is still to be seen, but with a greater prevalence of the English. And the latter had
established itself in Shakespeare's time nearly as at the present day. A number
of words which as verbs retain the French accent, when used as nouns exchange it
for an English one : thus decent and !o accent, concert and to concert, insult and to
insult, etc. 2. The borrowed words are declined according to English analogy. It is
true that radius, nucleus, momentum, criterion, phenomenon, and some other words,
retain their Latin and Greek plurals, radii, nuclei, motnenia, criteria, phenomena,
etc. But these are rare exceptions. In general, the few inflections left in English
are applied as readily to a French or Latin word as to a Saxon one. As the Saxon
verb love makes tovest, loves, loved, lovedsl, loving, so the French verb move makes
movest, moves, moved, movedst, moving. 3. The borrowed words are often made to
receive prefixes which come from the Saxon, as in be-siege, U7i-pretending, mis-con-
ceire, under-value, over-turn, after-piece, oul-line, etc. ; or formative suftixes which
come from the Saxon, as in large-ness, duke-dom, f(dse-hood, apprenticeship, use-
less, grate-ful, quarrelsome, fool-is/i, etc. It affords a still more striking evidence
of the fusion which has taken place among the elements of our language, that the
process here described is in many cases reversed ; tliat particular endings which were
found in the foreign words, have become so f.-vmili;n- to the English ear and mind,
as to be disjoined from their coimections, and applied witli more or less frequency
to words of native stock. Thus, we find Saxon words with Latin or French prefixes,
as in en-dear, dis-belief, re-light, 'Mter-mingle, trans-ship, etc. ; and Saxon words
with Latin or French formative suffixes, as \n fnrbcur-ance, bond-age, atone-meni,
Ihiev-ery, stream-let, eat-able, buri-al, murder-ous, etc.
§ 42. Different Character of the Elements. It nuist be admitted that the fusion
of which we have spoken is not a complete one. The borrowed words, taken as a
class, have a peculi.ar character, which separates tliem, even to the feeling of unedu-
cated persons, from those of native stock. There are, indeed, particular cases in
which the ordinary relation does not hold ; there are some in wliich it is actually
inverted, as in sigyi and token, color and hue,poirer and might. Here the familiar
sign, color, power, are from the French, and tlie more poetical token, hue, might, are
from the Saxon. But in general the Saxon words are simple, homely, and substantial,
fitted for everyKlay events and natural feelings ; while the French and Latin words
are elegant, dignified, and artificial, fitted for the pomp of rhetoric, the subtility of
disputation, or the courtly reserve of diplomacy. The difference arises partly from
the fact already noticed, that the most familiar objects, qualities, and actions have
generally retained their primitive Saxon designations. The foreign words bear an
impress derived from the courtiers and scholars who introduced them. To a great
extent they stand for conceptions which belong especially to disciplined thought and
cultivated feeling. But the difference, no doubt, depends also on the impression
which the two classes of words make upon the car. The Saxon are shorter, in great
part monosyllabic, and often full of consonants ; while the French and Latin words
arc longer, smoother, and have greater breadth of vowel sounds. It can not well be
denied that this marked diversity of character between native and foreign words
gives to our language a somewhat heterogeneous and incongruous aspect. Yet it
furnishes means for great variety in the expression of the same thoughts, and serves
to distinguish and individualize the styles of different authors. Among writers
who in this respect occupy an extreme position, may be named, on the one side,
Bunyan, De Foe, Franklin, and Cobbett; on the other. Hooker, Milton, Johnson, and
Chalmers.
§ 43. It has been observed that in the Liturgy of the church of England there is a
marked tendency to couple French and Saxon expressions of the same, or nearly the
same, meaning : thus, " to acknowledge and confess ; " " by his infinite goodness and
mercy;" "when we assemble and meet together." A similar tendency has been
pointed out elsewhere, as in the writings of Hooker.
§ 44. It was natural that when a multitude of foreign words were brought into
our langiiage, many should coincide in meaning with words that already belonged to
it. In some cases, as in will and testament, yearly and annual, begin and commence,
etc., the two words have continued to be used with scarcely any difference of mean*
ing. But the tendency has been to turn the new material to good account by giving
to the words of each pair senses more or less clearly distinguished from each other.
In body and corpse, lore and amotir, work and travel, sheep and mutton, etc., the dis-
tinction is a broad one: in bloom and flotver, luck and fortune, mild and gentle, ivin
and gain, etc., it is shghtcr and more subtile. The discriminations thus established
have added much to the resources of the language, giving it a peculiar richness and
delicacy of expression.
THE ENGLISH POOR IX FORMATION AND INFLECTION.
§ 45. PO'Wer of Self- development lost. Tlie English has lost a large part of the
formative endings which belonged to the Anglo-Saxon. Many which still appear in
English are confined to the particular words that now have them, and can no longer
be used in the formation of new words. Only a very few (as -er, -ing, -ness, for sub-
stantives ; -y, -ish, for adjectives ; -en for verbs ; -ly for adverbs) continue to be used
with much freedom for this purpose. So, too, many prepositions and particles which
were once freely employed as prefixes in the formation of compound verbs, are no
longer used in this way. From the simple verb to stand the English makes under-
stand and withstand; the Anglo-Saxon had setslandnn, bestandan, bigstandnn, for-
stnndan , forestandan, gestandan, 68standan, understandan, uiSstandan, ymbslnndan.
This deficiency in English is made up in a measure by the use of separate particles, as,
to stand up, to stand off, to stand by, to stand to, etc. Still the formative system of the
language has become greatly restricted. It no longer possesses the unlimited power
of development from its own resources which we see in the Anglo-Saxon and in the
modern German. If a new word is wanted, instead of producing it from elements
already existing in English, we must often go to the Latin or the Greek, and find or
fashion there something that will answer the purpose. By this process our language
is placed in a dependent position, being reduced to supply its needs by constant bor-
rowing. But it is a more serious disadvantage that in order to express our ideas we
are obliged to translate them into dead languages. The expressiveness of the new
term, that which fits it for its purpose, is hidden from those who are unacquainted
with the classic tongues ; that is, in many cases, from the great body of those who
are to use it. To them it is a group of arbitrary syllables, and nothing more. Tlie
term thus loses its suggestiveness, and the language suffers greatly in its power of
quickening and aiding thought.
§ 46. Freedom of Position restricted. It is one disadvantage arising from the
loss of inflection that our language is much restricted in the position and arrange-
ment of words. The result is unfortunate, not only as it tends to monotonous uni-
formity of expression, but still more as it takes away the best means of representing
emphasis, or the superior importance of a particular word in the sentence. The sim-
ple Latin sentence, "(/«j: regem decepit," may be arranged in six different orders
without doing violence to Latin idiom ; the choice of one order rather than another,
if partly regulated by euphony or by love of variety, is also much influenced by the
relative importance of the terms. But the corresponding English sentence has its
fixed, invariable order, " the general deceived the king : "- transposition would give it
a wholly different meaning. It is true that we are able by a change from active to
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
XXXV
passive, as well as by other devices, to secure variety of expression, and to satisfy the
demands of euipliasis : thus " the king was deceived by the general ; " " it was the
general who deceived the king ; " " it was the king who was deceived by the gen-
eral ; " "a deception was practiced by the general on tlie king," etc. Still, with all
such helps, we are often obliged to indicate by the clumsy device of Italic letters
what a more highly inflected language could have shown in the position of the words.
It should be said, however, in justice to tlie Englisli, that it uses nearly all the free-
dom of arrangement, which, scantily inflected as it is, would be consistent with per-
spicuity. It is therefore superior in actual variety of arrangement to the French,
and perhaps not inferior to the more highly inflected German, which in the ordi-
nary prose style has limited its natural freedom by inconvenient and cumbrous
restrictions.
§ 47. MonosyUabism and Want of Euphony. The loss of inflection has reduced
a multitude of English words to the form of monosyllables. It is not uncommon
to find whole sentences which contain no word of greater length. This peculiarity
helps us to understand, better than most other nations are able to do, that primitive
monosyllabic condition which must have preceded all inflected language — a condition
which has remained inichauged to this day in languages like the Chinese, where every
syllable is a separate word, with its own accent and its own distinctly apprehended
meaning. If this monosyllabic character gives a certain plain directness and pithy
force to Englisli expression, it can hardly be doubted that it is a disadvantage to eu-
phony and rhythm. Pope complains that " ten low words oft creep in one dull line."
And no one can read Chaucer's poetry, pronouncing the unaccented e as the verse
requires, and as it was actually pronounced in the poet's time, without regrettuig
that a hurried and slurring pronunciation of our fathers sliould have destroyed this
pleasing feature of the old language. The suppression of tliis e has also been unfavor-
able to euphony by producing, in a multitude of cases, the harshest combinations of
consonants; as in hosts, breadt/ts, texts, shifts, thirsts, bulg{e)(l, starch{e)d, task(^e)d.
In these words, which can not be properly pronounced without a strong effort of
will and of vocal organs, the earlier dissyllabic forms, host-es, breadlh-es, starch-ed,
task-ed, etc., presented little or no diflBculty of utterance. In most of these cases,
as in many others, the harshness has been aggravated by that extended use of the
final 1, which has given a peculiar sibilating character to the pronunciation of our
language. In Anglo-Saxon, only a part of the nouns took s in the plural, and those
only in two out of the four cases : in English, the s has been applied to nearly all
plural nouno, and for all cases of the plural. In Anglo-Saxon, the verb in the third
person singular of the present has th (3 or p), never ,s (though the Northumbrian
dialect has often -ei) : in the English of our day, this th is still occasionally employed
as an archaic form, but in all ordinary use « has taken its place.
DIALECTS.
§ 48. The English language is not spoken with imiformity by all who use it.
Nearly every county in Britain has its local dialect, its peculiar words and forms,
which are used by the common people of the lower classes. This diversity is, in part,
of long standing ; in some points, it goes back even to Anglo-Saxon times. This great
variety of local idioms may be classified, according to Mr. Ellis, in six divisions :
Southern, "Western, Eastern, Midland, Northern, and Lowland (Scotch), each of which
falls apart into several subdivisions or districts. For most of the dialects, glossaries
have been published, often with specimen-compositions of greater or less extent ; but
only the Scotch (the lineal descendant of the Old Northumbrian) can be said to have
a literature. Scottish literature, which is almost wholly poetical, begins in the four-
teenth century, with John Barbour, a contemporary of Chaucer. His long historical
poem, entitled The Bruce, was followed in the early part of the next century by the
Origiuale Clironykil of Andrew of Wynton, and in its latter part by the Wallace of
Henry the Minstrel, often culled Bluid Harry. But the King's Quair, by the unfor-
tunate James I. of Scotland, is not written in the Scottish dialect. In the sixteenth
century we find, first, Gawin Douglas, the translator of the Jineid and author of the
Palace of Honour, and then two poets of higher genius, William Dunbar and Sir David
Lyndsay. In more recent times, tlie most eminent writers of this dialect are Allan
Ramsay, the author of the Gentle Shepherd, and, greatest of all, Robert Burns.
§ 49. In every dialect, apparently, there are preserved a certain number of old
words and forms, which have passed out of use or have suffered alteration in the
common language ; but it is equally true that every dialect has lost or altered some
wliicli remain unchanged in the common language. Thus, if the Scotch kye for cows,
brak for broke, etc., are closer to the Anglo-Saxon than are the corresponding English
words, the contrary is true of gie for give, fa' tor fall, hand for hold, winna for ivill
not, etc. It is believed that, on the whole, the common English stands nearer than
any of the dialects to the early form of the language.
§ 60. Tlie English, as spoken by the common people of Ireland, has many pecul-
iarities, both of sound and of idiom, borrowed from the Gaelic, which was once th©
language of the whole island.
§ 51. In America, settlers from different parts of the mother-country were
brought togetlier in tlie same colonies, so that no dialect of England or Scotland has
been preserved in its distinctness on the new continent. At the same time, the mi-
gratory habits of the people have had the effect of securing a general uniformity of
language in all parts of the country. With the exception of the negro dialect in the
Southern States, it can hardly be said that there are strongly marked local dialects in
America. The forms of speech which are noticed as Americanisms, are not, in gen-
eral, confined to a particular State or district. Under this name are included expres-
sions which are widely different in their character. Some are confined wholly to un-
cultivated people ; others to those who are not only uncultivated, but vulgar ; while
a large part are constantly, and indeed necessarily, used by persons of the hignest
education. They also differ widely in their origin. Some are derived from the native
Indian languages, as wigwam, squaw, hominy, etc. ; some from the French, as levee,
crevasse, bayou, etc.; some from the Spanish, as rancho, canyon, stampede, etc.; yet
more from the Dutch, as patroon, boss (master-workman), stoop (porch), etc. Most
of the foregoing words relate to things that are specially American : to express other
objects or relations of this kind, new formations have been made from English words,
as congressional, federalist, mileage, nullification, etc.; or English words have been
used in new meanings, as eagle (coin), corduroy (road), to locate land, etc. There are
other cases of new formation, which have no such reason, as outsider, to eventuate,
etc.; or of new senses for old words, as to fix (put in order), creek (small river), etc.
Some words which once belonged to the common language, but have become obsolete
in England, are still heard in America, as fall (autumn), gully (channel worn by
water), peek (peep), rare (underdone), etc. A larger number of Americanisms have
come from the English dialects, as bail (handle of pail), shack (worthless fellow), spry
(nimble), to lam (beat), to slump (break through snow or bog), etc. And beside these,
there are words and uses of words which are mere vulgarisms, the language of cant
or slang, as to absquatulate (abscond), splurge (pompous display), to fork over or shell
out money, etc. A number of words will always be wanted to express what is pecul-
iar to America in nature, society, and institutions. But apart from these, it is not
probable that Americanisms will ever be multiplied to any great extent. For, besides
the active and increasing intercourse with the other side of the Atlantic, the almost
universal habit of reading, which finds exercise both in English and American au-
thors, will have a powerful tendency to keep the language, even of the poorer classes,
in substantial agreement with the common language of literature.
The following brief sketch of Anglo-Saxon inflection follows mainly the Angel-
s'dchsische Grammatik of Eduard Sievers, 2d edition, Halle, 1886. The outlines of
early English inflection are founded on Eduard Fiedler's Wissenschaftliche Grammatik
der englischen Sprache, Leipzig, 1861, and the Historische Grammatik der englischen
Sprache of C. Friedrich Koch, with much help from Prof. F. J. Child's Observations
on the Language of Chaucer (in Memoirs of the American Academy, New Series,
Vol. vni.).
ANGLO-SAXON INFLECTION.
§ 62. The Anglo-Saxon had seven long vowels, d, i, i, 6, ti, SB, «^. The first five
appear to have been sounded as in Eng. par, prey, caprice, prone, prune : & was
probably sounded much like Eng. ai in fair. The sound of y apparently, like that
of French u and German il, was intermediate between u and i. To these correspond
seven short vowels, a, e, i, o, u, ss (like Eng. a in hat), y, which were less prolonged
ir utterance. The short i and y are often confounded In writing, as hyrde or hirde
(hierde), shepherd, cining (but more correctly cyning) king.
§ 53. The Anglo-Saxon had four diphthongs, ea, eo, io, ie, which in some cases
stood for original short vowels, and were then short in quantity, in other cases were
genuine (long) diphthongs (written la, io, ic, ie). Whether long or short the first
element of the double sound received the strea of voice. Short ea and eo (or io)
commonly stand for original a and e (or i) respectively ; long ea, eo, for primitive
Teutonic au, eu. Short ie (later written i, y) is commonly a modification of ea or eo;
long ie (later i, y), a modification of ea, eo.
§ 54. The Anglo-Saxon had two characters for the interdental spirant (th), S and
p. These signs were used without distinction of sound. The old theory that p rep-
resented the whispered sound heard in Eng. thin, breath, S the vocal (voiced) sound
heard in this, breathe, is not borne out by the MSS. Both sounds were doubtless
known to the Anglo-Saxon, but there was no attempt to distinguish them in writing.
In normalized texts many modem editors print /> at the beginring of a word, else-
where S ; but there is no uniformity of practice in this respect.
§ 65. The Anglo-Saxon never uses y asa, consonant ; but g was sometimes used to
express that sound, as in geoc, yoke, git, you two. The letter h before a consonant,
or at the end of a word, must have had a stronger sound than in English (cf. the
sounds of ch in German ach and ich). The letter / served to indicate two sounds :
that of Eng. / in father (so always at the beginning of a word), and that of English v
In have (so generally in other places in the word).
C
§ 56. It is a general rule that a consonant can not be doubled either at the end of
a word or before or after another consonant, as swam (for swamm), he swam, swimS
(for swimmS), he swims, sende (for sendde), he sent, ehte (for ehtte), he persecuted.
SUBSTANTIVES.
TOWEIi DECLENSION.
§ 67. Mascnllnes. Paradigms : fisc (stem fisco- or fisca-), fish ; hierde (steni
-djo- or -dja-), shepherd.
Sing.
Nom. fisc
Gen. fisces
Dat. fisce
Ace. fisc
Plur.
fiscas
fisca
fiscum
fiscas
Sing.
hierde
hierdes
hierde
hierde
Plur.
hierdas
hierda
hierdum
hierdas
§ 68. Femlnlnes. Paradigms : gi;fu (stem •&•, -5-), gift ; d£d (stem dsedi-), deed.
Plur. Sing. Plur.
giefa, -e died d&de, -a
Sing.
Nom. giefu, -o
Gen. giefe
Dat. giefe
Ace. giefe
giefa (-ena)
giefum
giefa, -e
§ 59. Neuters. Paradigms : seip (stem seipo- ot
-ja-), kingdom.
d£de dsedum
d&d (later -e) d&de, -a
•a-), ship ; rice (stem tlcjo- <yc
Sing.
Nom. scip
Gen. scipes
Dat. scipe
Ace. scip
Plur.
sdpu, -0
tcipa
scipum
scipu, -0
Sing.
rice
vices
rice
rice
Plur.
ricu
rica
ricum
ricu
§ 60. Words of more than one syllable which end in -el, -en, -er, -or, are often syn-
copated before a case-ending, as ealdor, masc, elder, gen. ealdres ; idcen, neut., token,
plur. tacnu : so, also, some others, as indSum, masc, treasure, gen. mdSmes.
§61. Masculines and neuters of one syllable which have the vowel as, take a
instead of as in the plural, as dseg, masc, day, plur. dagos; fset, neut., vessel, plui
faiu.
XXX VI
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
§ 62. Masculines and neuters sometimes have -ena or -ana, instead of -a, in the
gen. plur. A few masculines — as liode, people, Dene, Danes — have -e in the nom.
ace. plur. Sunu, son, nom. ace. sing., makes suna in the gen. dat. sing, and nom. gen.
ace. plur., sunum in the dat. plur. V/udu, masc, wood, is declined in the same way,
but also later with gen. sing, wudes, nom. ace. plur. wudas (so also sunas). The dat.
sing, in -a is seen also in masc. winter, winter, sumer, summer, /eld, field, ford, ford,
weald, wood, and fem. hand, hand, duru, door. The last two words have -a in the
gen. sing. Feld, etc., have later gen. sing, in -es, nom. ace. plur. in -as.
§ 63. Neuters of one syllable which have a long vowel or end in two consonants,
drop -u in the nom. ace. plur., as Ua/, leaf and leaves, word, word and words.
Neuters of more than one syllable have sometimes -u, sometimes no ending.
N DECLENSION.
§ 64. Paradigms : masc. oxa (stem ozan-), ox ; fem. tunge (stem tungan-), tongue ;
neut. eage (stem Sagan-), eye.
Masc.
Bing. Nom. oxa
Gen. oxan
Dat. oxan
Ace. oxan
Plur. Nom. oxan
Gen. ozena
Dat. oxum
Ace. oxan
Fem.
tunge
tungan
tungan
tungan
tungan
tungena
tungum
tungan
Neut.
(age
iagan
Sage
Sagan
Sagena
Sagum
Sagan
§ 66. Of consonant stems ending in other letters than n, the language has only
traces. Thus substantives in -nd from present participles are declined in the sing.
like flsc. The nom. and ace. plur. are either like the nom. aing. or add -e, but in
some words the ending -as occurs : thus, kelmberend, helm-bearer and helm-bearers ;
heiiend, -e, haters ; wealdendas, rulers. In dissyllables the gen. plur. always ends in
■ra: thus wigendra, from wlgend, warrior. FrSond, friend, aaifeond, foe, make dat.
sing, friend, fiend, or freonde, f Sonde ; plur. nom. ace. friend, fiend, or friond,
fSond, in poetry often frSondas, feondas.
The masculines f6t, foot, i6S, tooth, man (gen. mannes), man, and the feminines
(nom. and ace.) b6c, book, brSc, breeches, g6s, goose, c«, cow, lus, louse, mus, mouse,
burg, burh (gen. burge, also byrg, byrig), town, fort, turf, turf, make in the dat. sing,
and nom. ace. plur. fSt, teS, men, bic, brec, ges, cy, lys, mys, byrig, tyrf.
§ 66. Fxder, father, is indeclinable in the sing. (gen. sing, rarely feed{e)res) ; in
the plur. it is declined like fisc. BrdSor, brother, nom. gen. ace. sing., makes dat.
brSSer; plur. nom. ace. brdSor or brdSru, dat. brdSrum. Similarly are declined
m6dor, mother (nom. ace. plur. mddra, mddru), dohtor, daughter (dat. sing, dehler),
tweostor, sister (sing, indeclinable ; plur. nom. ace sweostor).
§ 67. The fem. niht, night, and msegS or mstgeS, maid, make the ace. sing, and
Dom. ace. plur. like the nom. sing. The neuters ^g, egg, cealf, calf, and lamb (lomb),
lamb, make in the nem. ace. plur. segru, cealfru, lambru (lombru), retaining an
old r. aid, child, which is usually declined like word, has also sometimes nom. ace.
plur. cUdru, gen. cildra. Feminine abstracts in o or « — as ieldu, old age — are in-
declinable in the sing. The fem. s£, sea, has some mascvdine forms : it is declined,
nom. dat. ace. sing, sse, gen. s& or s!es, nom. ace. plur. s^s or s&, gen. ssewa, dat.
sAm. The fem. Sa, water, is usually indeclinable in the sing, (but sometimes has
gen. dat. le ; in the plur. it has generally nom. gen. ace. ea, dat. Sam. The fem. &,
law, is invariable in the whole sing, and the nom. ace. plur. (gen. dat. sing. Awe some-
times occur).
ADJECTIVES.
% 68. Indetmlte Declension. Paradigm : blind, blind.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Ins.
Masc.
blind
blindes
blindum
blindne
blinde
Sing.
Fem.
blind
blindre
blindre
blinde
Neut.
blind
blindes
blindum
blind
blinde
Plur.
blinde (neut. blind)
blindra
blindum
blinde (neut. blind)
§ 69. The instrumental case is not distinguished from the dative, except in the
aing. masc. and neut. In the plural, the three genders are alike, except that the
neuter of monosyllabic adjectives short in quantity and (though not uniformly) of
adjectives of more than one syllable has -u or -o, instead of -e, in the nom. and aoc. :
thus, masc. fem. pi. tile, neut. tilu, from til, good. Another ending for the nom. ace.
plur. fem. of all adjectives is -a. Adjectives of one syllable, unless they have a long
vowel or end in two consonants, add -u in the nom. sing, fem.; as, smalu, from
smsel, small : so, also, many adjectives of more than one syllable.
§ 70. The following peculiarities extend also to the definite declension. Adjec-
tives of one syllable, which end in a single consonant preceded by a, take a, instead
of «, when a vowel follows in the inflection ; as, smxl, small, smselne, smxlra, but
smalu, smales, smalum, etc., and def. smala, smalan, etc. Adjectives of more than
one syllable which end in -el, -en, -er, -ig, are often syncopated when a vowel follows
in the inflection; as, fseger, fair, fsegeme, fxgerra, hxA fxgrii, fsegres,fsegrum, def.
fxgra, fxgran. Adjectives of more than one syllable which end in -e lose this -e
before all endings ; as, bliSe, blithe, bliS-es, bUSre, bliSum, bliSne, def. bliSa,
IblitSan. This last remark applies to all present participles.
§ 71. Adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding -e.; as, swlSe, strongly, very,
from swiS, strong, hraSe, soon, from hrxS, quick. Adverbs in -lice (Eng. -ly) were
first made by adding -e to compound adjectives in -lie ; as, Malice, highly, from healic,
a compound of heah, high, and -lie (cf . gelic), like : but the adverb is often found where
there is no adjective in -lie, as sdSlice, truly, from s63, sooth, true.
§ 72. SeQlllte Declension. When the substantive to which the adjective belongs
is definite, — as when it is connected with the definite article, or with a demonstra-
tive or possessive pronoun, or with a genitive case, and when it stands in the vocative,
— the adjective is inflected according to the N declension, as follows : —
Sing.
Plur.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
blinda
blinde
blinde
blindan
Gen.
Dat.
blindan
blindan
blindan
blindan
blindan
blindan
blindra (-ena)
blindum
Ace.
blindan
blindan
blinde
blindan
§ 73. Comparative and Superlative. The comparative takes r, and follows th^
definite declension ; as, leofra, dearer, from leaf, dear. The superlative takes -osl
(or -est), and is decUned both definitely and indefinitely : as, leofost (or ISofest),
dearest. Some adjectives suffer a change of vowel, in which case the superlative can
not have -ost: lang, long, Strang, strong, take e: as, lengra, strengest: eald, old,
geong, young, feor (adv.), far, take ie ; as, ieldra, fierrest : heah, high, 7iSah (adv.),
nigh, make hierra, hiehst (kiahst, hehst), nearra, niehst (nyhst). Several superlatives,
most of them from adverbs, take -mest; as, formesi or fyrmest, foremost ; asftermest,
aftermost ; Isetemest, last ; siSemest, latest ; niSemest, lowermost ; yfemest (ufemest),
uppermost ; ytemesl ifUemesl), outmost ; innemest, inmost ; midmest, midmost ; hinde-
mssi, hindmost : these are reaUy superlatives from forms in -ma with the definite
declension, as, forma, hindema, in which 'Tna is a superlative ending. Yet more
irregular are —
Pos.
Compar.
Superl.
g6d
betera, bettra
betsl, betest, betost
good
Vfel
wiersa
wierrest, wierst
evil
lytel
IsEssa
l&st
little
micel
mdra
m&st
much
§ 74. Comparative and superlative adverbs are regularly formed from adjectiTM
by the endings -or and -ost; as, hraSor, hraSost, from hrseS, quick.
PRONOUNS.
§ 76. The Personal I^ononns are decUned as follows : —
First Person.
Sing. Dual. Plur.
Nom. ic wit wS
Gen. min uncer iiser
Dat. me unc lit
Ace. me, mec unc ut
Second Person.
Sing.
pa
pin
P(
pS,pec
Dual.
git
incer
inc
inc
Plur.
Sower
Sow
Sow
Masc.
Nom. hS
Gen. his
Dat. him
Ace. hine
Third Person Sing.
Fem. Neut.
hSo, hie, hi hit
hire his
hire him
hk, hi, /iio hit
Third Person Plur.
hie, hi, hSo
hiera, hira
him
hie, hi, heo
Other forms are uncit {^= unc), incil (= inc), in the ace. dual ; usic {= us), Sowia
(=: Sow), in the ace. plur. ; lire (= user) in the gen. plur. ; hiere in the gen. dat.
sing. fem. ; hig {^= hi) in the nom. ace. plur. ; heom (= him) in the dat. plur. ;
heora {■=i hira) in the gen. plur.
§ 76. The Possessive Pronouns of the first and second persons are made by
giving to the genitives of the personal pronouns the inflection of the indefinite adjec-
tive ; as, nom. mm, inln, mln, my, mine, gen. mlTies, mlnre, mines, dat. minum,
minre, minum, etc. User, before all endings but -ne, becomes uss by assimilation
of r: thus, gen. usses, usse, lisses (for iis{e)res, etc.). The possessive of the third
person is simply the uninflected genitive of the personal pronoun, his, hire, his,
plur. hira. But sin is sometimes used in the reflexive sense, his own, her own, ill
own, their own.
§ 77. The Demonstrative Pronouns are declined as follows : —
1. Se, seo,pxt, used also as a definite article, and as a relative pronoun.
Sing.
Masc.
Fem.
Nom. se
seo
Gen. pxs
p&re
Dat. pxm,pdm
p&re
Ace. pone
pk
Ins.
J>Ss,pe6s,pis.
Sing.
Masc.
Fem.
Nom. pes
peos
Gen. pises
pisse
Dat. pisum
pisse
Ace. pisne
p&s
Ins.
Neut.
pxt
pxs
p£m,p&m
pxt
py
Neut.
pis
pises
pisum
pis
pys,pis
Plur.
p6,
para {pdray
p&m,p&m
p&
Plur.
p&s
pissa
pisum
p&s
Varying forms are pissere or pisre (=.pisse), pissera or pisra {=ipissa), and
pds {=pas).
§ 78. Other demonstratives are swUc, swelc, or swylc, such, pyslic, pillic, and
puslic (pullic), such, ylc, the same, with definite declension ; self or sylf, the same,
with definite declension : self, sylf, vAth indefinite declension, is emphatic ; as, ic
self, I myself, me sylfum, to me myself.
§ 79. The Interrogative Pronouns are hw&, masc. and fem., who ? hwxt,
neut., what? — hwxSer, which of two? — hwilc or hwylc, of what sort? The last
two are regularly declined as indefinite adjectives. The first is declined as follows : --
Masc. and Fem.
Neut.
Nom. hw&
hwxt
Gen. hwxs
hwxs
Dat. hwsem, hw&m
hwdm, hw&m
Ace. hwone
hwxt -^
Ins. --
hw^, hwi
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
XXX vn
§ 80. The interrogatives are changed to indefinites by various additions : dghwd,
£ghwset, gehwi, gehwoet, whoever, whatever, each one; swd hwa sw&, iwd htvset
twd, whosoever, whatsoever; hwvet-hwugu or hwait-hwegu, somewhat, a little; leg-
hwseSer or legSer, gehwxSer, whichever, each, of two; dhwieSer, dwSer, ddor,
either of two; n&hwmSer, ndwSer, n&Ser, neither; xgkwilc, gehwilc, whichever,
etc. Other indefinites are die, each, call, all, sum, some, 6Ser, other, manig, many,
dnig, any, an, one, a, nan, none, nmnig, not any, wikt, thing, dwihi, dwlit, dht,
aught, ndwHit, n&wht, ndhl, naught, etc.
§ 81. As a Relative Pronoun, the Anglo-Saxon either uses the demonstrative
si, sio,pset, or employs the iudecliaable/>« W^), and sometimes adds the latter to the
former ; as, sipe, seope, etc
VERBS.
§ 82. VortS ol Primary InfleoUon {Strong Verbs). These form the perfect
mthout any addition, except the personal endings, after the root or stem. Those
which have the vowels i or eo in the perfect, show traces of a primitive reduplica-
tion, and are divided into several classes according to the vowels — a, d (not followed
by w), d (followed by «•), «§, ea, ea, 6 (e) — which they have in other parts of the
verb. In the examples we give, 1. Tlie infinitive ; 2. The singular of the perfect ;
3. The plural of the perfect ; and, 4. The passive participle.
Inf.
I. blandan
II. Mean
m. bid wan
rv. Idlan
v. healdan
TL hiaioan
vn. rdwan
wipan
Those which do not have ^ or ^o in the perfect are divided into six classes accord-
ing to the series of vowels found in the principal parts (inf., perf. sing., perf. pL,
pass, part.) : (I.) {, d, i, i, including all verbs that have i in the inf. ; (II.) eo (u;,
ta, u, 0, distinguished by the io (or u) of the inf. ; (m.) i (e, eo), a {ea), u, u {o),
— falling into three subclasses according as the vowel of the inf. is followed, 1. by
a nasal and a consonant, 2. by I and a consonant, 3. by r or A and a consonant ;
(IV.) e, as, d, o, including such verbs as have in the inf. e followed by a single
liquid ; (V.) e, se, &, e, including such as have in the inf. e followed by a single con-
gonant, not a nasal or a liquid ; (YI.) a, 6, 6, a, verbs that have a in the inf.
rf. Sing.
Perf. Plur.
Pass. Part.
blind
blindon
blanden
blend
lie
lecon
l&cen
play
bliow
bleowan
bid wen
blow
lit
liton
Iseten
let
Mold
hioldon
healden
hold
hiow
kiowon
heawen
hew
reow
riowon
rdwen
row
wiop
wiopon
wipen
weep
Inf.
Perf. Sing.
Perf. Plur.
Pass. Part.
I.
selnan
le&n
scinon
scinen
shine
drifan
drdf
drifon
drifen
drive
n.
breowan
briaw
bruwon
broicen
brew
suean
siae
sucon
socen
suck
in.
(l)findan\
fand
fundon
funden
find
(2) delfan
dealf
dulfon
dolfen
delve
(3) weorpan
wearp
wurpon
uorpen
throw
IV.
beran
bser
bdron
boren
bear
stelan
stsel
stdlon
stolen
steal
V.
cnedan
cnxd
ensedon
cneden
knead
metan
mset
mselon
meten
measure
VI.
galan
g6l
gdlon
galen
sing
weaxan
w6x
xcdxon
waxen
wax
Niman, to take, n6m, ndmon, numen, and cuman, to come, c{w)6m, c{w)6mon,
eumen or eymen, show special irregularities, but may be referred to Class IV.
§ 83. In verbs of primary inflection, the vowel which appears in the infinitive be-
longs also to the present indicative and subjunctive, the imperative, and the active
participle. The vowel which appears in the plural of the perfect indicative belongs
also to the second person singular, and to the whole perfect subjunctive. But in the
second and third person singular of the present indicative, a is changed to e / a to i§ /
a to I (ie) ; 6toi ; eo, ia, to ie {i, later i) ; Hoy ; ea, eo, to ie (i, later y). It will
be enough to give a single paradigm : —
Helpan (3d class), to help.
Pres.
Pert
Ind.
. Subj.
Ind.
Subj.
Bing. 1. kelpe
kelpe
healp
hulpe
2. hilp{e)st
helps
hulpe
hulpe
3. hilp{e)S
helpe
healp
hulpe
Plur. 1, 2, 3. helpaS
helpen
hulpon
hulpen
Imp.
Inf.
Part.
Bing. 2. help
heipan
Act.
helpende
Plur. 3. helpaS
helpanne
Pass
. holpen
§ 84. The form helpanne is a dative of the infinitive, and is used vrith the prepo-
sition t6.
§ 85. When the plur. of the pres. ind. and of the imper. is followed immediately
by the subject pronoun {we, ge, etc.), the regular form in ^ao is often replaced by a
form in -e ; as, helpe we, helpe ge, etc., for helpaS we, etc. A similar change some-
times appears in the perf. ; as, hulpe ge, for hulpon ge.
§ 86. In the pres. ind., 2d and 3d sing., the vowel e is generally omitted from the
endmg; as, hilpst, hilpcS. This often causes phonetic changes; as, cwist, cwi6, for
cwiS-st, cwiS-S, from eweSan, to say ; hlest. Met, for hled-st, hled-S, from hladan,
to load ; blet, for blet-S, from bUtan, to sacrifice ; ciest, ciest, for eies-st, eies-S, from
ciosan, to choose.
§ 87. The letter g at the end of a root generally becomes h, unless it is followed
by a vowel ; as, silhS, sidh, from stigan, to mount. In the dissyllabic forms of the
perfect and in the passive participle, a final h of the root passes into g, a final c! into
d, and in some verbs a final s into r; as, slagen, cweden, coren, passive participles of
tUan (for sla{h)(m), to strike, eweSan, to say, ceosan, to choose. Final h of the stem
is often syncopated in the present and infinitive ; as, slian, teon, for sla{h)07i, to
strike, se{h)on, to see. From sion, to see, come pres. sio, siehst, siehS, plur. sioS,
perf. seah, sdwe, seah, plur. sdwon, pass. part, sewen or sawen.
§ 88. Verbs Ol Secondary Inlleotlon ( Weak Verbs). These form the perfect by
adding -de to the root of the verb. They are divided into two classes, according
as -de alone, or -ode, is added to the root. The passive participle is formed by
adding -d and -od in the two classes, and often with ge- prefixed ; as, gelegd, laid,
ge&rod, honored, from lecgan, drian: ge- is also used, but not so frequently, in the
passive participle of primary verbs.
§ 89. In the first of these two classes, -de after c, t, h, s, becomes -te, and c is then
generally changed to h. Several verbs show a different vowel (ea or o) in the perfect
from that of the present (e, i). Paradigm : —
Pres.
Sican, to seek.
Perf.
Subj.
Ind.
Subj,
sece
sShte
sdhte
sice
sdhlest
sdhte
sice
sdhte
sdhte
ticen
idhton
tdhten
Inf.
Part.
sican
Act.
sicende
sicanne
Pass
. ge-s6ht
Ind.
Sing. 1. sice
2. sicest
3. siceS
Plur. 1, 2, 3. sicaS
Imp.
Sing. 2. sec
Plur. 2. secaS
§ 90. In the pres. ind., 2d and 3d sing., e is often omitted from the ending, with
euphonic changes, as in verbs of primary inflection. The verb nerAan, to preserve,
has ner-e-st, ner-e-S : it takes e also in the sing, of the imper., ner-e, in the whole
perf. (as ner-e-de), and in the pass, part., has ner-e-d, but in all other forms has i be-
fore a or 6 (as, neriaS, nerien, etc.) like verbs of the following second class. And
the same is true of a few other verbs in which the stem is a short syllable ; as, derian,
to harm, herian, to praise.
Instead of secaS before a subject pronoun, we have also siee.
§ 91. For the second class, we give as paradigm : ^
Pres.
Lufian, to love.
Perf.
Ind.
Subj.
Ind.
Subj.
Smg. 1. lufie
2. lufast
3. lufaS
Plur. 1, 2, 3. lufl
iS
lufie
lufie
lufie
lufien
lufode
lufodest
lufode
lufodon
lufode
lufode
lufode
lufoden
Imp.
Inf.
Part.
Smg. 2. lufa
Plur. 2. lufiaS
lufian
lufianne
Act.
Pass
lufiende
lufod
Instead of lufiaS before a subject pronoun, we have also lufie.
§ 92. In these verbs, -ie is often written as -ige, and -ia- as -iga- or -igea~, where g
has the sound of a consonant y ; thus, lufige, lufigeaS. Before d of the perf., a is
sometimes written in the sing., and e in the plur., instead of the regular o.
§ 93. The verb liofian, to live, belongs to this claos, but generally takes libb- in
place of liofU; as, inf. libban, part, libbende ; pres. 1. libbe, 2. liofast, 3. liofaS, pL
libbaS ; imp. leofa, pi. libbaS ; perf. lifde (late liofode) ; pass. part, gelifd {liofod).
The verb habban or hxbban, to have, is still more irregular : it makes pres. 1. habbe,
2. hafast, hxfst, 3. hafaSS, hxfS, pL habbats ; imp. hafa, pL habbaS ; perf. kxfde;
pass. part, hsefed or gehsefd.
§ 94. Anomalous Verbs. A. There are twelve preteritive verbs, in which an old
perfect of primary formation came to be used in the sense of a present, after which
a new perfect was added with secondary formation. These are witan, to know ; dgan,
to own ; dugan, to avail ; unnan, to grant ; cunnan, to know ; purfan, to need ; dur-
ran (inf. not found), to dare ; sculan, shall, should ; ge-munan, to remember ; magan
(inf. not foimd), may, might ; ge-nugan (inf. not foimd), to suflSce ; mdtan (inf. not
found), to be allowed. We give, in five colimms, the pres. ind. 1, 3 sing., the 2 sing.,
the plur., the pres. subj. sing., and the perf. ind. 1, 3 sing ; the L, II., etc., refer to the
corresponding classes of non-reduplicating strong verbs : —
Present.
Perfect.
Ind. Smg. 1, 3.
Smg. 2.
Plur.
Subj. Sing.
Ind. Sing. 1, 3.
L
(a) wdt
wdst
loUon
wite
wisse, wisle
(b) dg, ah
dht, dhst
dgon
dge
6hie
n.
(c) deag, deah
[doht]
dugon
duge
dohte
m.
(d) an, on
(North, giunne
) unnon
unne
ase
(e) can, con
canst, const
cunnon
cunne
c&Se
(f) Pearf
pearft
purfon
purfe
porfte
(g) dear (North.
dearsi
durron
durre
dorste (Mercian
darr)
durste)
rv.
(h) sceal
scealt
sculon
scyle, settle
sc{e)olde
(i) man, man
manst, monst
munon
mune
munde
geman, -mon
V.
(j) msig
meaht, mihi
magon
mxge
meahte, mihte
(k) ge-neah
■nugon
•nuge
be-nohte
VI.
(1) mdt
mdst
mdton
m6te
mdste
Somewhat similar to these is (m) the verb willan, to will, which makes pres. 1.
wille, 2. wilt, 3. roille, pi. willaS ; perf. wolde. So, too, nyllan (=2= we willan), to be
unwilling, pres. nylle, nylt, nylle, nyllaS (or nelle), etc. ; perf. nolde.
§ 95. B. (a) Wesan, to be, is thus conjugated : —
Pres.
Perf.
Ind.
Subj
Sing. 1. eom
sie
2. eart
sie
3. is
sie
-^■^'^'^■"^dZ}
Ind.
Subj.
wees
wdre
w&re
udre
wees
wdre
wdron
iv&ren
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
XXSVIU
Imp.
Sing. 2. u-es
Plur. 2. weiaS
For He, in the subj., are also used *i, sig, seo, and s^; for sien, sin and syn.
In the pres. ind. 3. pi. the Northumbrian dialect has also aron (Mercian earun).
There is also a defective beSn, to be, the present of which is generally used in a
future sense.
Inf.
Part.
wtaan
Act. wesende
wesanne
Pass, gewesen
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Pres.
Ind.
heom, beo
bist
biS
Plur. 1, 2, 3. bSoS
Subj.
beo
beo
bSo
bion
Imp.
beo
beoS
Inf.
bion
Part.
beonde
(b) G&n, to go, defective, found in pres. 1. g&, 2. g&st, 3. g^S ; subj. g& ; imp.
gd, pi. gdS. From the same root come pres. gange ; perf. gieng, geong, and gengde.
The defective perf. eorf«, went, is used in prose instead of geong, etc.
(c) D6n, to do, makes pres. 1. d6, 2. dest, 3. deS, pi. dddr ; subj. dS, pi. rf($n ; perf.
dide (or rfj/rfs) ; imp. dd, pi. rf*}* / part. act. ddnde, pass. ge-d6n.
§ 96. 0. Severiil verbs which have the primary inflection in the perfect and the
passive participle, appear in their otlier forms as verbs of secondary inflection. Thus,
biddan, bxd, biedon, beden, ask, bid ; sitlan, sxt, sxton, seleri, sit ; licgan, Ixg, Isegon,
legen, lie ; picgan, peak or p&h or pigede, piegon, pegen (?), touch, taste ; hebban,
Mf, hdfon, ka/en, heave, lift ; swerian, sudr, swdron, sworen, swear.
From the contracted forms /cJn, to take, h6n, to hang (Goth, fahan, hdhan), come
pres. 1. f6, h6 ; 2. /est {fxst, fse/ist) ; hist {Jiehst, hsest) ; 3. JkhtS {fileS, fsehS) ; MS
(hehS, hAS) ; pi. S6S, h6S. From the same roots coma fangan, hangan, perf.
feng, heng.
The verb bringan, to bring, has two formations in the perf. and the pass. part. :
brang, brungon, brungen, and brdhte, brdhton, ge-brdht ; standan, to stand, drops n in
the perf. slSd, stddon, standen: bregdan, to braid, brsegd, brugdon, brogden, often
drops the g, and lengthens the preceding vowel, bridan, br&d, brs&don, brdden :
[plhanj, to thrive, pdh, pigon, pigen, of the 1st class, has passed into the form of
the 2d, peon, peak, pugon, pogen ; and the same is true of [sihan'] seon, to strain,
[ti/ianl, tSon, to convict, Iwrlhan'], wrSon, to cover.
§ 97. D. The following verbs of secondary inflection are irregular : pencan, to
think, perf. pShte ; pyncan, to seem, perf. puhle ; wyrcan, to work, perf. worhte ;
byegan, to buy, perf. bohte ; gearwian, gyrwan, to prepare, searuian, syrican, to
equip, perf. gyrede, syrede, but pass. part, gegyrwed, gesyrwed. Buan, to inhabit,
perf. bude, but pass. part, gebun : from the same root come biiian, buwian, of the
second class.
§ 98. Missing Forms. The Anglo-Saxon has no future tense, but uses the present
tense, both as a present and as a future. The verbs wille and sceal are sometimes
used, as in Enghsh, to express the future, but generally not without the idea of voli-
tion or of necessity, which properly belongs to those verbs.
The perfect definite and the pluperfect are supplied, as m English, by using forms
of habban, to have, with the passive participle of the verb.
The passive is supplied by using the auxiliary verbs wesan, to be, or weorSan, to
become, with the passive participle. Thus, eom and weorSe are used for the present
passive; wxs and wearS for the perfect; beo or sceal bion for the future; eom —
worden for the perfect definite, and wxs — warden for the pluperfect.
PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS.
§ 99. Prepositions are used with the accusative, dative, and genitive : we give tha
simple prepositions, and some of the more important compound ones.
With the accusative : geond, beyond, throughout, through ; purh, through, by ;
ymb iymbe), round, about; abutan, about ; ymbutan, round about.
With the dative : xfler, after ; aer, ere ; ml, at ; be, bi, by, concerning ; fram,
from ; niah, near ; of, of ; 16, to ; int6, into ; tdweard, toward ; bexften (bxften),
behind ; beheonan, on this side of ; betwix (belweox), betwixt ; betwionum {betwynan),
between ; bufan, above ; biitan {buton), without, except ; wiStitan, without ; wiSin-
nan, within.
With the genitive : andlang (ondlong), along.
With the accusative and dative : ofer, over ; on, an, on, in, to ; in, in, into ; 6S,
unto ; under, under ; beforan, before ; gemang, among ; ongian (ongen), against, to-
ward, over against; t6-gianes, toward, against; innan, within; tippon (vppan),
upon; lilan, witliout. These generally take the accusative when motion to a place,
the dative when rest in a place, is either expressed or implied. Mid, with, takes
the accusative, the dative, and also the instrumental, which generally coincides in
form with the dative. For takes the dative or instrumental in the sense of for, the
accusative in the sense of instead of. Some of the prepositions mentioned above as
taking the dative are occasionally found with the accusative.
With the accusative, dative, and genitive : wiS, with. Some other prepositions
occasionally take the genitive.
§ 100. The most important conjunctions, etc., are ac, but ; and, and ; buton (btltan),
imless ; iac, also ; elles, else ; ge, and ; gea, gise, yea, yes ; gif, if ; huru, at least, yet ;
hwxt, low, truly ; hwxSer, whether ; 7ie (ne), not ; n6, n6, nese, not, nay, no ; nu, now ;
oSSe, or ; sxcA, so, as ; swilce, as if ; pxt, that ; peah, though ; ponne, then, than ;
uton (with infin.), let us; — for p&m pe, because ; for py, therefore ; mid py, since,
seeing ; t6 p&m pxt, in order that ; py Ids pe, lest ; — gi . . . gi, both . . . and ;
xgSer gi . . . gi, both . . . and ; hwxSer pi . . . pi, whether . . or ; n&Ser nS . . .
ni, neither . . . nor ; oSSe . . . oSSe, either ... or ; lam . . . sam, whether ... or;
SW& . . . swd, so as, as.
SEMI-SAXON INFLECTION.
§ 101. For the sake of convenience, A. will be used for the earlier text of Layamon
B. for the later, and O. for the Ormulum. It is proposed to represent chiefly the
inflection of A. in its characteristic features, adding at the same time the principal
variations of B. and O.
§ 102. The Semi-Saxon retains in A. the two Anglo-Saxon characters for th {S and
p) ; we represent them by th. B. and O. have only p. Besides the ordinary Koman g,
the Semi-Saxon uses the Anglo-Saxon g (^). The former sign presents no difficulty,
being for the most part equivalent to our hard g (in go), i, however, is used in
various ways. When initial, it is equivalent to our consonant y (in young) ; when
not initial, it is often equivalent to y (sometimes even vocalic), but often represents a
guttural sound, probably that of ^ in sagen (as pronounced in North Germany). The
use of the character is different in different MSS. In O. ^ seems to be usually a con-
sonant y, while ^h is used to express the guttural sound just indicated ; but j is also
used instead of i in diphthongs. Instead of ^, a u> is often used in B. and sometimes
in A. ThaB,'B. has LawemanioT La^amon. In Semi-Saxon, as in English, the Anglo-
Saxon hw is written wh (yet in B. simply w). It must be remembered in regard to
the Ormulum, that by a uniform peculiarity of orthography, a consonant is doubled
where the vowel before it in the same word is short.
§103. If we compare the Semi-Saxon inflection with the Anglo-Saxon, we find, as
the most striking difference, that the vowels a, o, u, in the old grammatical endings,
are all changed to e. Thus, the AS. fscas, fishes {dat.),Jiscum, to fishes, cearu, care,
exan, oxen, lufodon, they loved, become in Seim-Sajion fisces, Jiscen, care, oxen, lufe-
den. In A. the vowel a is occasionally foimd in grammatical endings, but irregu-
larly and capriciously used. Next to this substitution of e for a, o, u, the most impor-
tant differences are caused by the frequent loss of the final n: thus, mid greaiere
heorle (AS. mid griatre heortan), with great heart ; tha heye men (AS. pa hiahan
men), the high men. The commencement of this change is seen in A., where the
final n is occasionally dropped from many forms, yet not wholly discarded from any ;
and, as a natural consequence, it is sometimes added to forms that have no right to
it ; thus, in the dat. sing, of the vowel declension, than kingen (AS. pdm cyninge),
to the king ; in feminines of the vowel declension through most of the cases, as,
la^en (AS. lagu, lage, laga), law, laws ; in the nom. sing, of adjectives in e, as, he wes
blithen (AS. hi wxs bllSe), he was blithe ; and in the singular of verbs after e, as,
ic habben (AS. ie hxbbe), I have, he senden (AS. hi sende), he sent. In B. and C,
where the omission of a final n is more fixed and regular, that letter is hardly ever
misapplied in this way.
SUBSTANTIVES.
§ 104. It is sometimes the case, even in A., that the accusative, both singular and
plural, is used in place of the dative ; as, than king (for than kinge), to the king,
of hinges (for of kingen), of kings. In B. this is much more frequent ; for the plural,
at least, it is the prevailing usage. In O. it is the general rule : though the -e of the
dat. sing, after a preposition is sometimes retained where the verse favors it (as to
binge), yet it is oftener omitted ; and the inflection, sing. nom. dat. ace. king, name,
gen. kingess, namess, pi. nom. gen. dat. ace. kingess, namess, is the usual one for
substantives of all classes and genders. The gen. pi. in -es, as hinges, occurs also in
A. &B.
§106. Vowel Declension. The normal forms for the Masonllne are .- —
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
king
hinges
Gen.
kinget
kinge
Dat.
kinge
kingen
Ace.
king
hinges
Sing.
Plur.
mete
metes
metes
mete
mete
meten
mete
metes
But in the gen. pi., the more common ending is -ene (or -en) ; as, kingene (or kingen),
for kinge. (Compare late AS. dagena, for daga, of days.) For dat. pi. kingen,
occurs also, in B., kinge, with omitted -n ; and in A., for dat. sing, kinge, occurs also
kingen, with -n irregularly added. A few words show in the nom. ace. pi. the ending
-en (or -e) irregularly brought in from the N declension.
For the use of the ace. in place of the dat. which is common in B. and O., and for
the gen. pi. in -ess which is common in O., see § 104.
§ 106. Sune, son, has in A. gen. sing, sune, and sunen (sonen) is found in the nom.
ace. plur.; wude (B. wode), wood, has nom. ace. plur. wudes or wude; but otherwise
they are regular. Man (or man), gen. mannes, makes men in the nom. ace. (and
sometimes the dat.) pi., but not in the dat. sing. ; the gen. pi. is monne (A. B.), mon-
nene (A.), and mannen (e) (B.). O. makes sing. nom. dat. ace. mann, gen. manness,
pi. nom. dat. ace. menn, gen. menness.
§107. The Neuters, as in AS., are declined like the masculines, except in the
nom. ace. pi. : here they are either without ending ; as, wif, wife, wives ; land, land,
lands ; or they take -en (rarely -e), as in the N declension ; as, wifen, londe. But
sometimes the ending -es of the masc. is applied to the neut. ; as, wifes, londes. In
B. tliis is more common, and in O. it is the general rule ; yet even O. makes shep,
sheep, in the pi. as in the sing., while from deor, animal, it makes pi. deor, der, and
deoress. From child come nom. ace. pi. children (also childre in A., childres in B.).
gen. childrene, dat. children. O. makes childre as pi. of child, and lambre of lamb.
§ 108. For Feminines the normal forms would be : —
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Hut.
Nom. la^e
la^e
dede
dede
Gen. la^e
la^en^e)
dede
dede
Dat. la^e
la^en
dede
deden
Ace. la^e
laie
dede
dede
For n added in A. after final , see § 103. Where the nom. sing, ended originally
in a consonant, e is generally added to it ; as, dede, for AS. ddd, and the suffixes
-inge, -messe, for AS. -ing, -nes. The nom. ace. pi. have also the masc. ending -es:
this is rare in A. , but common in B. , and nearly universal In O. : thus, B. lawes, dedes,
O. la^hess, dedess (rarely dede). Boc, book, makes boc in dat. ace. sing., and nom.
ace. pi. ; but bxc also occurs in nom. ace. pi. : B. has boke in dat. sing., and bokes in
nom. ace. pi. Burh, town, castle, makes gen. dat. ace. sing, burh or bur^e (burh^e),
nom. dat. ace. pi. buries (burh^es) or burden (burh^en), gen. Jurje .• but in B. the
gen. dat. sing, is borewe, and the whole plural borewts. Weorld, world, sometimea
makes the gen. ia -es.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
xxxix
S109> H Deolenslon. The normal forms would be : —
Masc.
Fem.
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
stede
steden
Gen.
steden
steden
Dat.
steden
steden
Ace.
steden
steden
Sing.
Plur.
keorle
heorten
heorten
heorten
hearten
heorten
heorten
heorten
§ 110. But tliU decleuaiou is much disfigured by the omission of the final -n, which
Is frequent in A., and nearly universal in B. For -n sometimes added in A. to the
nom. sing., see § 103. In B. the gen. sing, is sometimes, and the nom. ace. pi. are com-
monly, made in -es, the maseuliue ending of the vowel declension ; as, stedes, steeds,
heortes, hearts, drakes, dragon's; but -e is also found in the plur., as teone, sorrows.
The gen. pL has, besides -en, sometimes -ene, sometimes -enen : thus, gumene, or
gomenen (A.) ; -ene is regular in B. In O. the peculiarity of this declension is wholly
lost, a« we see in natne, gen. natness, dat. ace. name, pi. naviess in all eases. Yet
from the neut. ejAe, eye, gen. e^hess, O. makes the irreg. pi. ehne. In Layamon the
word occurs generally in the plur. (egen, «jene(n)), but a dat. sing. «jen (eje B.) is
also found.
§ 111. Feond &i\dfreond make in nom. ace. fl. /e<md,/reond, or /eondes,/reondes,
or feondeifi), Jreonde{n).
§ 112. Fader, moder, brother, susier, dohier, have the same form through the sing. ,
and in the gen. pi. ; but the dat. sing, sometimes takes -e, and the gen. pi. sometimes
•ne or -en. The otlier plural cases have -en {-es in B., -ess in O). But for broth{e)ren,
we find also breth{e)ren ; and in O. brelhre is the only plural form of brotherr. The
« in brother, stisler, dohter, is often lost before a case ending.
§113. The fem nom. ace. niht, night, has nihles in the gen. sing., nifite in the
dat. : the pi. is regular in A., but in B. is sometimes indeclinable, niht or nUfit. The
fem. se, running water, and sx (B. sH), sea, are indeclinable in the singular.
§ 114. In proper names of men, the genitive Caper his, for Caperes, is sometimes
found in A., oftener in B. : that his here is no real pronoun, is evident from the want
of any genitive feminine similarly formed with Aire.
sue.
ADJECTIVES.
For the Indefinite Declension the normal forms would be :—
Sing.
Plur.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut
Nom. god
Gen. godes
Dat. goden
Ace. godne
god
god{e)re
god{e)re
gode
god
godes
goden
god
gode
god{e)re
goden
gode
For the DeUnlte Deolenslon they would be : —
Sing.
Plur.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom. gode
Gen. goden
Dat. goden
Ace. goden
gode
goden
goden
goden
gode
goden
goden
gode
goden
goden{,e)
goden
goden
§ 117. For -n sometimes added in A. to forms with final -e, see § 103. On the
other hand, -n is often omitted in A. from forms with final -en, as gode for goden ; and
this is vmiformly the ease in B. The endings -es and -re in the gen. sing, and pi. are
little used in B., the forms gode and god being used instead. By these changes, the
difference between the definite and indefinite declensions became much less distinct ;
and it is not therefore surprising that, even in A. , the one is sometimes used instead
of the other : with the definite article, the definite forms are almost always used ; but
with other adjective pronouns and with the possessive genitive the indefinite forma
are not uncommon.
§ 118. In O. the indefinite adjective has only the forms god for the sing., and gode
for the pi. ; the definite only the form gode (and very rarely a form in -ere). Adjec-
tives in -e, as dene, clean, are therefore without inflection. But the gen. pi. allre, of
all, is still found with the superlative ; as, allre firrst, first of all.
§ 119. The comparative ends in -re, and has only definite inflection. The superlar
tive ends in -est, and is inflected both ways ; but the indefinite superlative is unde-
clined in the sing., and takes only -e (in A. also -en) in the pi.
§ 120. Adverbs are formed frem adjectives as in Anglo-Saxon: thus, swUhe,
strongly, very, from sivith; hxhliche (0. hehlike), highly; rather, sooner.
PRONOUNS.
§ 121. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons me declined in sing.,
dual, and pi. as in Anglo-Saxon. The genitives are nearly confined to the possessive
use. The dual forms, though found in O., are unused in B. We have in B.^ou, ou,
and in O. s^uw, for eow, eou ; in O. junnc for inc.
S 122. The pronoun of the third person is thus declined : —
Plur.
heo, hi {hit)
heore (hire)
heom (ham,^am)
heom {ham, ^am)
The forms in () are found in B., but not in A. B. also often uses him for hine.
The nom. pi. is almost always heo in A., hii or hi in B. Rare forms for the nom. ace.
pi. are thea in A., tkaie in B. O. has in the nom. sing. fem. jho (i. e., hyo), neut. iti;
in the ace. smg. masc. himm, fem. hire, neut. iti; in the pi. nom. th^j (i. e., tTiey),
gen. rtejjre (i. e., theyre) and heore, dat. ace. th^pn (i. e., theym) and hemm.
§ 123. The possessive pronouns min, my, thin, thy, are declined as indefinite
Sing.
Masc
Fem.
Neut.
Nom. he
heo (jeo, je)
hit
Gen. his
hire
his
Dat. him
hire
him
Ace. hine
heo {hire)
hii
adjectives. Before a consonant 7nin. thin, sometimes become mi, thi: mire, thire,
take the place of minre, thinre. But for all the forms with case endings, B. has only
mine, thine. The other possessives, unker{e), our (of two), inker{e) (O. }unnkerr),
your (of two), ure or oure, our, eower or eow{e)re (B. ^oure, }ure, O. iure), your,
are undeelined. In O. hiss, his, is treated as an adjective, with pi. hise.
§124. The indefinite article an — which is only the numeral " one " applied to
this use — is declined, both in A. and B. ,with the same peculiarities as min. B.
often uses on, one, for an, ane ; but when n is dropped, it has a, never o. A genitive
ones is also found in B., and a gen. aness and dut. asnjie are met witli in O.
§ 126. The definite article is thus declined : the forms in quotation marks are
found only in A.
•>
Sing.
Plur.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom. the
' tha,' the
that
•<Aa,' the
Gen. thes
• there,' ihare
thes
' there,' thare
Dat. than
' there,'' thare
than
'than'
Ace. t/iene
<■ tta,' the
that
• tha,' the
The variations, most of them orthographical, are numerous : thus, in A., thse for
tha; tlixt, thet, for that; thses, ihas, for thes; thsere for there, etc.: in B., this
for thes: in both, thon for than; thane for than and tkene. Add theo for sing.
tha, and thaie for pi. tha.
The form the is sometimes used in B. as an indeclinable article for all cases and
numbers. Traces of this use are found even in A. In O. it is general ; tliough the
antecedent of a relative pronoun takes, instead of the, a demonstrative, thatt, tha, or
thiss, thise.
§ 126. The demonstrative thes is thus declined :»
Sing.
Plur.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
thes
'thas,' theos
thu
* thas,' iheos
Gen.
thisse{s)
thisse(re)
thisse(,s)
thisse{re)
Dat.
thisse(,n)
thisse{re)
thisse{n)
ihisse{n)
Ace.
'thesne,' thisne
' thas,' theos
this
'thas,' iheos
For thas, which is confined to A., we find theos and thes in both A. and B. For
thisses, Ihissere, thissen, B. has almost always Ihisse. For most of the forms, B. has
also this used as an indeclinable demonstrative ; and traces of this use are found even
in A.
O. has sing, thiss, this, pi. thise, these ; while it makes also sing, thatt, that, pi. tha,
those ; approaching nearly to the later English usage.
§ 127. Swilc or swulc (B. soch), such, is declined as an indefinite adjective. Ilk,
declined with the definite article, is used for " the same."
§ 128. The interrogative pronoun wha, who? makes gen. whes (Only in A.), dat.
and ace. wham, whan, neut. nom. ace. what. These in B. are spelled wo, warn, wan,
wot. O. uses whamm as dat. ace. sing. The use of this pronoun as a proper relative
begins to appear in B. and O. Whalher (B. wather) is vmdeelined. While or whulc
is declined as an indefinite adjective : in B. it is written woche, and begins to be used
as a relative.
§ 129. The relative pronouns in A^ are the and that, for all genders and numbers,
the latter being especially used in reference to an indefinite or an omitted antece-
dent ; also th/j (more rarely iAe"), in reference chiefly to a feminine or a plural. In
B. and O. that has taken the place of all the rest, and become the general relative.
VERBS.
§ 130. General Remarks. In the inflection of the verb, the final -en of the
infinitive, the plural forms, and the passive participle, often loses the -w in A., gen-
erally so in B., but rarely in O. For -re added in A. to forms that end in -e, see § 103.
§ 131. In A. and B. the plural of the present indicative ends in -elh (AS. -a?S). But
in O. it has the ending -enn, which came in, probably, from the subjunctive and
the perfect ; as, we hellpenn (A. B. we helpeS), we help. The Anglo-Saxon use of -e
instead of -aS, when the verb is followed by a subject pronoun, — as, helpe we, —
appears also in the Semi-Saxon. The form of the verb in the plural of the pres. ind.
aSords a convenient criterion for dialect. South English has the ending -eth {helpeth,
AS. helpaS) ; the Midland dialect has -ere (helpen) ; the Northern, -es (Jielpes). In
the Semi-Saxon period we have, as has already been remarked, nothing preserved
in the Northern dialect.
§ 132. The dative of the infinitive in -enne (or -ene), with the preposition to, —
as, to helpenne, — is occasionally found in A. and B., rarely in O. It is sometimes
written vrith -ende for -enne, by a confusion with the active participle. But commonly
the preposition to is prefixed to the infinitive in -ere / as, to helpen.
§ 133. The active participle is singularly infrequent in the Semi-Saxon ; and partly
perhaps on this account became confounded with the verbal substantive in -inge. In
A. the old termination -ende (or -inde) is stUl the prevailing one for the participle ; but
in B. -inge occurs about as many times as -ende.
§ 134. The passive participle very frequently takes the prefix i- (AS. ge-), which,
however, is not confined to the participle : thus, iboren (AS. geboren) = boren, bom.
But this prefix is scarcely at all used in O.
§ 135. Verbs oi Primary Inilection {Strong Verbs). The classes of the Anglo.
Saxon are more or less confounded, as will appear from the following specimens. We
give the infinitive, the singular of the perfect, the plural of the perfect, and the pas-
sive participle. The vowels are given (when possible) according to O., where they
are written more consistently than in A. and B.
REDUPLICATING CLASSES.
Inf.
Perf. Sing.
Peif. Plur.
Pass. Part.
I.
[blenden']
II.
haten
het or hehte
hehten
haten
bid
III.
cnawen
cne{o)w
cne{o)wen
cnawen
know
rv.
men
let
leten
leieri
let
slxpen
slep or slepte
slepten
sleep
V.
halden
held
helden
halden
hold
fallen
fell
fellen
fallen
fan
VI.
hsewen
he{o)v)
he{o)wen
hxwen
hew
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
NON-REDUPLICATING CLASSES.
Inf.
Pert. Sing.
Perf. Plur.
Pass. Part.
I. drifen
draf
drifen
drifen
drive
writen
wrat
wrllen
writen
write
II. 6«^n
bxh
bu^en
boien
bow
luken
Ixc
luken
loken
lock
ni. (1) finden
fand
Junden
funden
find
(2) deJfen
dalf
dulfen
dolfen
delve
(3) wurthen
warth
wurden
wurthen
become
IV. beren
bar
bseren
boren
bear
nimen
nim
nomen
numen
take
cumen
cSm
comen
cumen
come
V. Wen
3>if
isefen
Sifen
give
VI. faren
for
Joren
faren
fare
waxen
wez
wezen
wazen
wax
drajen
droh
drojen
dra^en
draw
Most of these forms appear also in A. and B., but accompanied often by other
modes of spelling. Thus, in some cases, o is used for a, and eo for e ; as, fond, bigon,
nom, drof, torot, for f and, etc. ; weox, xveopen, for wex, u-epen ; holde, cnowe, B.,
for halden, cnawen. In B., e is used for ae, and sometimes eo for a ; as, hewe, ieaf,
for hxwen, ^nf. In A., a, as, e, are much confounded ; as, halden, hxlden, helden. -
§ 136. Paradigm : helpen, to help.
Pres.
Ind.
Sing. 1. helpe
2. helpest
3. helpeth
Plur. 1, 2, 3. helpeth
Imp.
Sing. 2. help
Plur. 2. helpeth
Perf.
Subj.
helpe
helpe
helpe
Itelpen
Ind.
halp
hulpe
halp
hulpen
Inf.
helpen
helpenne
Subj.
hulpe
hulpe
hulpe
hulpen
Part.
Act. helpende
Pass, holpen
The omission of e in the 2d and 3d sing, of the pres. ind. is much less common than
In AS. ; as, halt for haldeth.
§ 137. In O. the 2d sing, of the perf. ind. is sometimes the same as the 1st and 3d
sing. ; as, badd, badest, barr, borest, for bxde, biere.
§ 138. The changes mentioned in § 87 are found also in Semi-Saxon ; as, droh,
drew, from dra^en (AS. dragan), to draw ; sloven, they slew, from slan (for slakan),
to slay ; coren (also chosen), from chesen, to choose. From seon, sen, to see, come
pres. 1. seo, se, 2. sihst (O. seost^ sest), 3. siht, seoth (O. seih), pi. seoth (O. sen), subj.
seo, se; perf. sah, pi. sse^en ; pass. part, sejen, sen.
§ 139. Verbs OJ Secondary Inflection ( Weak Verbs). The first class form the
perfect by adding -de (or -te, after a surd) directly to the root ; before this -te, a k
or ch is sometimes changed to h, the root vowel appearing as e in the present, but
as o in the perf. and the pass. part. ; thus, sechen (0. sekenn), to seek.
Pres.
Perf.
Ind.
Subj.
Ind.
Subj.
Sing. 1. seche
seche
soTiie
sohte
2. sechest
seche
solUest
sohte
3. secheth
seche
sohte
sohte
Plur. 1, 2, 3. secheth
sechen
sohten
sohten
Imp.
Inf.
Part.
Sing. 2. seek
sechen
Act.
sechende
Plur. 2. secheth
sechenne
Pass
. sola
§ 140. The second class form the perfect by adding -ede to the root ; as, makien.
to make.
Pres.
Perf.
Ind.
Subj.
Ind.
Subj.
Sing. 1.
makie
makie
makede
makede
2.
makest
makie
makedest
makede
3.
maketh
makie
makede
makede
Plur. 1,
2, 3. makieth
Imp.
makien
Inf.
makeden
makeden
Part.
Sing. 2.
make
makien
Act.
makiende
Plur. 2.
makieth
makienne
Pass
maked
§ 141. The i of these verbs is lost in O. ; thus, makerm, subj. make, for makien,
makie ; lufenn (A. ImUen), to love ; oppnenn (A. openien), to open ; spellenn (A. spe-
lien), to declare. In the sing, imp., e is sometimes omitted; as, mace, in O., for
make, loc, O., lok, B., though both have also lake, from lokien (O. lokenn), to look.
§ 142. From leouien (pronounced leovien), or libben, to live, A. makes pres. 1.
leouie, libbe, 2. leouest (O. lifesst), 3. leoueth (O. lifethth) ; perf. leouede. From hab-
ben, to have, come pres. 1. habbe, 2. hauesl, fiafesi, 3. haueth, hafeth, pi. habbeth,
subj. habbe; perf. hafde (also hauede in A., hadde in B.) ; pass. part, haued.
§ 143. Anomalous Verbs. A. The Preteritives (§ 94) are —
Pres.
Perf.
J
Sing. 1, 3.
Sing. 2.
Plur.
1
(a) wat, wot
wast, wost
wl/en
wisle, wusie
know
{b) ah
a^est
ajen
ahte
own
(c) dxh
avail
(d) an, on
i-unnen
tithe
grant
(e) can
canst
cunnen
euthe
know
(f) tharf
therft
thurfen
thurfte
need
(g) dar, der
darst, derit
durren
durste
dare
(h) seal
scalt
sculen
scolde
shaU
(i) may
mihi
ma^en
mi lite
may
(j) mot
mote
molen
moste
may, must
For seal, etc., O. has shall, shallt, shulenn, shollde ; for majen, mujhenn. From
tharf, A. makes 2d sing. pres. ihrxt, dert (for thert), B. thert. In the perf. B. makes
theorte, O. ihurrfle. For may (B.), O. has mojs, A. mxi, etc.
The verb (k) wuUen,to will, makes pres. 1. wulle,nuUe (=.ne wulle, will not),
2. wult, nult, 3. wulle, nulle, pi. wulleth, nulleth, perf. wolde, nolde. In the pres.
B. has wolle, nolle, wall, nolt, etc. ; O. wVe, nile, tcillt, nillt, pi. wMenn, nilenn.
A. shows considerable variety in spelling, having, besides wulle, etc., forms like wUle,
wolt, wolleth, wulde, etc.
§ 144. B. (a) The verb of existence is thus inflected : —
Pres.
Ind. Subj.
Sing. 1. am
2. art
3. is
Plur. 1, 2, 3. sunden
Sing. 1. beon, beo beo
2. beost, bist beo
3. beoth, bith beo
Plur. 1, 2, 3. beoth, beo(n) beon
Imp.
Sing. 2. beo
Plur. 2. beoth
Perf.
was
were
[were]
were
was
were
weren
weren
Inf.
beon
Part.
Pass, beon, beo
In the ind. 1st sing., O. has only amm. In B. and O., eo is often contracted to e,
thus, O. has best for beost, and ben, belh, as well as beon, beoth. In the i)erf.,
O. writes wsere, wserenn, instead of were, n-eren ; but in the ind. 2d sing, it has
wass, wert. The plural, sunden, is not found in B., which uses beoth, belh, instead.
O. has sinndenn, but uses also arrn (Eng. are). The subj. sing, si is still found in
O. and A. ; the plur. seon in A. In the imperative sing. A. has also seo.
(b) gan, d. inf. ganne ; pres. (1. ga), 2. gsest (O. gast), 3. geth (O. ga/h), pi. gath,
ga (O. gan) ; imp. ga, pi. gath ; p. act. ganninde (B. goinde, goinge), pass. gan. In
all these forms, B. has o for a. A verb ^eongen (B. ^ongen, O. ganngenn) is also
used in the present, and A. and B. have a perf. gengde or geinde. The common perf.
is code (O. jeode, B. ^ede). In frequent use, also, is the perf. wende, went, from the
regular verb wenden.
(c) don, d. inf. donne; pres. (1. rfo), 2. (?e«^ (B., O., do^Oi 3. deth, doth, pi. doM
(O. don) ; imp. do, pi. doth; perf. (iede, dwde (O. dide) ; p. act. donde, pass. don.
i 145. C. Several verbs vacillate between primary and secondary inflection ; as,
perf. bash or bo^ede, from bu^en, to bow, perf. for or ferde, from faren, to fare ; perf.
pi. heo clumben, B. Att clomden, from climben, to climb.
The verbs /on, to take, Aora, to hang, make present forms from these roots ; as, un-
derfoth, they undertake ; but irom fangen and hangen, the perf ects /en^r, heng. The
verb standen (O. stanndenn) makes perf. stod, pi. stoden, part, slonden (O. slanndenn).
§ 146. D. The following verbs of secondary inflection are irregular : thenchen
(0. Ihennkenn), to think, perf. thohte, part. ^AoW / thunclielh (O. thinnkethth), seemeth,
perf. thuhte ; wurchen (O. wirrkenn), to work, perf. wrohte, part. i<;roAi (in A. also
worhte, worht); buggen (O. biggenn), to buy, perf. Jo/i^e, part. 6oA</ bringen, to
bring, perf. brofite, part. 6roA<.
EARLY ENGLISH INFLECTION.
§ 147. The periods in the history of our language which are known as the Old
English and the Middle English differ chiefly in the vocabulary ; in grammatical
points they are not so far unlike as to require a separate treatment. One can be
briefer here, as the inflectional system is now reduced more nearly to its modern pro-
portions ; and in the Ormulum, which, though written about 1200, stands, by virtue
of its more northern dialect, farther than Layamon from the Anglo-Saxon, we have
already seen much of what is most striking in early English inflection. The object
will be to represent especially the language of Chaucer in its characteristic features.
§ 148. It must be observed at the outset, that the unaccented final -e, which is
silent in modem English, was generally pronounced by Chaucer. A multitude of
apparent exceptions are accounted for by noticing these two peculiarities in the poet's
verse : 1. The imaccented final e generally unites in one syllable with a vowel at the
beginning of the next word ; and this union takes place, even when the next word is
a pronoun or adverb with initial 7i-, or a form of the verb to have. 2. An unaccented
final -er is often treated as a part of the preceding syllable, its e being suppressed,
especially where a vowel or h follows in the next word ; and sometimes an unaccented
final -en or -eth is treated in the same way. Many of the exceptional cases are un-
doubtedly attributable to variations and corruptions introduced by the transcribers.
SUBSTANTIVES.
§ 149. NominatiTe Singular. Where the Anglo-Saxon had a final vowel (a, e,
0, u) in the nom. sing., the early English (like the Semi-Saxon) has -e; as, oze, herte,
ere, herde, lawe, elde (AS. oxa, ox, heorte, heart, eare, ear, hierde, (shep)herd, lagu,
law, ieldu, age). Even where the Anglo-Saxon had a final consonant, most feminine
words have an added -e ; as, dede, sorwe, youthe (AS. dsed, deed, sorh, sorrow,
geoguS, youth) ; but the verbals in -yng do not generally add -e ; as, connyng, less
often connynge, cunning. An unorganic -e is also found in the nominative of some
masculines and many neuters : thus, weye (but also wey), dale, etc. In Chaucer these
final -e's are not unf requently suppressed in pronunciation, and occasionally, after two
consonants, in writing : thus, herte is sometimes treated as one syllable, and sometimes
written hert. ^
§ 150. Genitive Singular. The gen. sing, ends in -es ; as, kinges, names, from
king, name. In Chaucer the -es is almost always a separate syllable. Genitives
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
xli
without -ea are eometlines found, in accordance n-ith earlier modes of inflection ; as,
myn herte blood, his lady grace, hir fader houi ; but heven king, AS. heojon-cyning,
is properly a compound word.
§161. Dative and Accusative Singular. The ace. sing, is always like the nom. ;
the dat. sing, is usually so. But where the uom. ends in a consonant, a dative in -e is
often found with prepositions, especially at the end of a line in verse ; as, to bedde,
with golde, in house, out 0/ his sleepe, from bed, gold, hous, sleep.
§ 162. Plural. The plur. has -es iu all the cases ; as, uom. gen. dat. ace. hinges,
dedes, shippes, wyfes, names, hertes (AS. uom. pi. cyningas, dseda, scipu, wif,
naman, heortan). In Chaucer the plural often euds in -i alone (or -es pronounced
as -s), especially where two or more syllables precede ; as, shoos, pilgryms, lovers,
frankeleyns, servantes (pronounced serv&nts). Some words still retain tlie plural
of the old N declension ; as, oxen, eyen (eyes), asshen (also asshes), shoon (also
shoos), etc. ; while some others take -n by mistaken analogy, as bretheren, sistren
(also sustres), children (also childre or childer), kyn (kine), etc. Some words, which
were of neuter gender in the AS., make the plur. like the sing. ; as, pi. deer, good,
sheep, sivin (awine), folk (oifolkes), hors {01 horses), thing (or thinges),yer (01 yeres).
The plurals with change of vowel are feet, gees, men, teeth, etc., as in modem
English.
§ 163. If the ending -es (or -s) is not used in the nom. pi., it is added to form the
gen. pi. ; as,/oiies rvyves, mennes soules, uymmens counseiles.
ADJECTIVES.
§ 164. Adjectives are inflected as in the Ormulum : the pL of the indefinite
adjective and both numbers of the definite end in -e ; as, yong man, yonge men,
the yonge man, the yonge men. In Chaucer this inflection is almost confined to
monosyllables; nearly all adjectives of two or more syllables, and of course all
adjectives 'ihat end in -e, are uninfiected. In occasional instances the indefinite
adjective takes -e in the sing., especially after prepositions or before names of
persons. On the other hand, -e of the indefinite plural is sometimes omitted when
the adjective is a predicate; as, they were glad: the predicate participle is almost
always undeclined.
§ 156. Chaucer has a remnant of the old gen. pi. indef. in aller or allher, of all ;
as, at your alther cost, alther best.
§ 156. The comparative and superlative are formed as in modem English. Su-
perlatives of one syllable are inflected ; as, the beste man, his laste icord. Change of
vowel is seen in lenger, from long ; strenger, strengesi, from strong ; elder, eldest,
from old.
§ 157. Adverbs are formed from adjectives as in the earlier language : either with
the ending -e ; as, brighte, faire, harde, longe, from bright, fair, etc. : or with the
ending -ly (AS. -lice, Semi-Saion -liche, -like) ; as, shortly, sothely, sikurly, specially,
from short, soth, etc.
PRONOUITS.
§ 168. In the first person, Chaucer has I, rarely yk and ich (for AS. ic, which is
still found in Old English). Yk and ich are probably due to the copyists. In the
second person, he has thou, ye, you (which are found also in Old English), for AS.
pu, gS, iow. The dual forms are no longer met with. In the third person, he has —
Plur.
they
here
hem
hem
The forms hire and here were probably pronounced hir, her, and were sometimes
■written so. In the Old English we still find heo in the nom. sing, fern., and heo or hi,
hii, in the nom. plur.
§ 159. Reflexives are made in Chaucer by adding self, or selve, or selven, to my,
thy, him, hir, our, your, hem ; as, myself, myselve, myselven, etc.
§ 160. The possessives myn, ihyn, in Chaucer, retain n before a vowel or h, some-
times before other consonants : they retain it also when used absolutely, i. e., after
the substantive, or without a substantive, or as predicates, in which cases, too, they
admit of inflection ; as, children myne, thin be the glorie, neghebour ofmyne. The
possessives cure, youre, are pronounced our, your, and are sometimes written so :
when used absolutely, they usually take -^ / oures, youres (in two syllables). Hire,
her, and here, their, have the same absolute form (heres).
§ 161. Among the forms of the definite article which we have seen in the Semi-
Saxon, there are some that appear occasionally and irregularly in Old English ; but
the one form the is generally, and at length constantly, used for all genders and
numbers. The indefinite article an gives up its n, except before a vowel or h.
§ 162. The demonstratives in Chaucer are sing, that, pi. tho, and sing, this, pi.
tliese (pronounced as one syllable, and sometimes written thes, this). That, in that
oon, that other, sinks from a demonstrative to a mere article.
§ 163. The interrogatives are who, what, whos, whom, which, whether, used as in
modem English.
§ 164. The common relative in Chancer, as iu the Ormulum, is that for all num-
bers and genders. Instead of that, we sometimes find which that; as, Creon, which
that was of Thebes king. Which itself, or the whiche, is used as a relative, but
chiefly after prepositions or in agreement with a substantive following. We find also
w!io, whos, whom, nsed as relatives ; but they are comparatively rare.
VERBS.
§ 166. The verbs of primary inflection (strong verbs) are now greatly reduced in
number, many which once belonged to this order having taken up the secondary
(weak) inflection. In those which remain, the classes have become much obsciired
and confounded, as will be evident from the following examples, in which are given,
as before, the infinitive, the singular of the perfect, the plural of the perfect, and
the passiTe participle : — .
Sing.
Mafic.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom. he
she
it
Gen. his
hire
Ms
Dat. him
hire
him
Ace. him
hire
it
REDUPLICATING CLASSES.
Inf.
Perf. Sing.
Perf. Plur.
Pass. Part.
I.
Iblenden"]
blend
n.
haten
heet or highte
highten
hoten
bid, etc,
m.
knowen
knew
knewen
knowen
know
IV.
leten
leet
leeten
. let
let
slepen
sleep
steepen
slept
sleep
V.
holden
held
helden
holden
hold
fallen
/el
fellen
fallen
fall
VI.
beten
beet
beeten
beten
beat
VII.
wepen
weep
weepen
wept
weep
NON-REDUPLICATING CLASSES.
Inf.
Perf. Sing.
Perf. Plur.
Pass. Part.
I.
risen
roos
risen
risen
rise
driven
drof
driven
driven
drive
writen
wrot
writen
writen
write
II.
chesen
cliees
chosen
chosen
choose
crepen
creep
cropen
cropen
creep
III.
(1) finden
fand
founden
founden
find
bi-ginnan
-gan
-gonnen
-gonnen
begin
(2) helpen
halp
holpen
holpen
help
(3) kerven
carf
corven
corven
carve
IV.
beren
bar
beren
boren, born
bear
comen
cam
comen
comen
come
V.
yiven
yf
yaven
yiven
give
speken
spak
speeken
spoken
speak
VI.
shapen
shop
shopen
shapen
shape
waxen
wex
wexen
waxen
wax
drawen
drough
drowen
drawen
draw
We also find slepte, wepte, crepte, secondary perfects for sleep, weep, creep ; also,
fond, bigon, for fand, bigan, and fonden for founden. In the forms of waxen, a
and e are much confounded, and a participle woxen is met with. Chaucer and others
often use y for i ; as, fynden, bygynnen, dryven ; or e for i ; as, yeven.
§ 166. Final -n. In the inflection of the verb, the final -n of the infinitive, the
plural forms, and the passive participle, is omitted with great freedom : thus, to maken
or to make, we knowen or we knowe, they sayden or they sayde, founden or founde.
An unaccented e, before the omitted n, is generally sounded in Chaucer, but was some-
times dropped in pronunciation, and occasionally so in writing ; as, to let, they sayd.
§ 167. Present Indicative. The first person singular still ends in -e, which in
Chaucer is generally sounded ; as, / saye, I knowe. The -est (or -si) of the second
person singular occasionally drops the ( ; as, thou ne has (for hast). The third per-
son singular ends in -eth, from which e is sometimes omitted ; as, telleth, comth. The
3d sing, in -es or -s is not frequent in Chaucer. Where the root ends in -t or -d, con-
traction generally occurs ; as, sit for sitielh, byi for byddeth, slant for standelh ; and
in like manner rist for riseth. In the plural the old ending -eth is still found in Chau-
cer ; as, we lovelh ; but the common termination is -en (or -e) ; as, we loveti (or love).
§ 168. Perlect Indicative. Verbs of primary inflection make the second person
singular like the first and third; as, thou bar, thou spak, thou swor; but a few
instances show the old ending -e / as, thou loere, thou yave ; and a few others show
the secondary -est ; as, thou knewest. The plural has -en (or -e).
§ 169. Verbs of secondary inflection add -de to the root, either immediately, as
sayde, answerde, or with a connecting e, as weddede, servede. In the former case,
-de after p, k, i, s, or gh, becomes -te; as, kepte, meiie, kiste : alight-de is changed to
alighte, fast-de to faste, send-de to sende or sente, wend-de to wenle, and the like.
For other changes, see § 181. The final -e of the 1st and 3d sing, is often dropped j
as, seyd, loved, went. The 2d sing, has -est, the plural -en (or -e).
§ 170. Suhjunctlve. The subjunctive in both tenses has -e in the three persons
of the singular, and -en (or -e) in the plural.
§ 171. Imperative. The singular of the imperative is the same as the root of the
verb ; as, spek (speak), ber (bear), com (come), yif (give). But verbs which have
-ede in the perfect take -e in the imperative ; as, love, aske ; and this is true of some
others also ; as, bygynne, telle. The plural ends in -eth (or -th) ; as, eometh, draweth,
saith, goth, beth : but in Chaucer this ending is occasionally reduced to -e; as, holds
(for holdeth) ; and is frequently omitted altogether ; as, tel (for telleth), iak (for
takeih), let (always for letleth).
§ 172. Infinitive. The infinitive ends in -en (or- n), but often drops the final -n ;
as, helpen, yiven, don, ben ; or, helpe, yive, do, be. A few forms in Chaucer, like to
doone, to sayne, appear to come from the old dative case of the infinitive.
§ 173. Participles. The old ending for the active participle, AS. -ende, Semi-
Saxon -inde, is still found in the Old English ; as, wepinde, weeping. But it yields
more and more to the termination -inge or -ing (in Chaucer -yng or -ynge), which, in
the Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic languages, belongs solely to abstract nouns of ac-
tion. The Isolated forms in -and found in Chaucer are doubtless due to the scribes.
§ 174. The passive participle of primary inflection freely gives up the final -n ; as,
comen or come, songen or songe. It is thus often omitted in Chaucer from partici-
ples that always have it in modern English ; as, yiven and yive, gon and go, ben and
be. The prefix i- or y- (AS. ge-) is often used by Chaucer before this participle ; as,
i-maked or i-maad, y-brent (burnt), i-writen, y-corve (carved), i-be (been) ; seldom
before other forms of the verb.
§ 175. Primary inflection : helpen, to help.
Pres. Perf.
Ind. Subj. Ind. Subj.
Sing. 1. helpe helpe halp holpe
2. helpest helpe halp holpe
3. helpeth helpe halp holpe
Plur. 1, 2, 3. helpeiri) kelpe(,n) holpe{n) holpe{n)
Imp. Inf. Part.
Sing. 2. help kelpe(,n) Act. he!ping(e)
Hur. 2. helpeth Pass, holpein)
yIi'i
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
§ 176. Secondary Inflection : taken (aechen), to seek.
Pres.
Perf.
Ind.
Subj.
Ind.
Bubj.
Sing.
1. seke
seke
sougkt(e)
soughte
2. sekesl
leke
toughtest
toughte
3. seketh
seke
sought{e)
soughte
Plup.
1,2,3. seke{n)
Imp.
teke(n)
Inf.
soughiei^n)
soughte{n)
Part.
Sing.
2. sek
sekef,n)
Act
. seking[e)
Plur.
2. sekelh
Pass, sought.
§ 177. Secondary Inflection : loven, to love.
Pres.
Ind.
Sing. 1. love
2. lovest
3. loveth
Plur. 1, 2, 3. love(n)
Imp.
Sing. 2. love
Plur. 2. loveth.
Subj.
love
love
love
love{n)
Ind.
loved{e)
loredest
loved(e)
lovede(n)
Perf.
Inf.
love{n)
Subj.
lovede
lovede
lovede
lovedein)
Part.
Act. lovingi^e)
Pass, loved
§ 178. The verb haven loses its v in several forms : thus, inf. have{n) or han, pres.
1. have, 2. kast, 3. hath, pi. have(n) ; perf. hadde ; pass. part. Aarf. Tlie verb maken
loses its A in certain forms : thus, perf. makede or made ; pass. part, maked or maad.
§ 179. Anomalous Verts. A. The Preteritives (§ 94) are as follows : in all of
them, the form of the pres. 1, 3 sing, is also used as a pluraL
Pres.
Perf.
Sing. 1, 3. Sing. 2.
Plur.
(a) wot wosl
(b) owe, oweth owest
witein)
oweifl)
wisie
oughte, aughte
Pres.
Perf.
Sing. 1
3.
Sing. 2.
Plur.
(c) can
canst
conne(n)
couthe, cowde
(d) dar
darst
dar, dor
dorste, durste
(e) shal
Shalt
shuHl)en
sholde, skulde
(f) may
might
mowein)
mighte
mayst
may
(g) mot
most
mote{n)
moste
Wil has 2 sing, wilt, wolt, pi. wil^n), wol(n), perf. wolde; nyl has nylt and noldt.
The AS. thearj (Semi-Saxon tharf), needs, is represented by the defective thar,
used only in the pres. ind. {thar, tharti, thar, plur. thar).
§ 180. B. (a) The verb of existence is thus declined : —
Pres.
Perf.
Ind.
Subj.
Ind.
Subj.
Sing. 1. am
be
was
were
2. art
be
were
were
3. is
be
was
were
Plur. 1, 2, 3. be(n) or
be{n)
were{n)
were{n)
are{ii)
Imp.
Inf.
Part.
Sing. 2. be
beinV
Act. being(e)
Plur. 2. helh
Pas3. ie(«)
(b) Inf. go{n) ; pres. 1. go, 2. gost, 3. goth, pi. go(,n) ; perf. went{e) ; pass. part. go{n).
(c) Inf. do(n) ; pres. 1. do, 2. dost, 3. doth, pi. rfo(n) ; perf. dtcfe; pass. part. do{n).
§ 181. C. Several verbs of secondary inflection liave in the perfect and the passive
participle a vowel different from that of the present stem : thus, sellen makes solde,
sold; tellen, tolde, told; cacchen, caughte, caught; lechen, tatighte, taught; rechen
(reach), rauglUe, ratighl ; recchen or rekken (reck), roughte, rought ; strecchen,
straughte, straug/it ; sechen or seken, soughte, sought; beyen, boughte, bought;
bringev, broughte, brought; thitiken, thoughte, thought ; werken, wroughte, wrought.
From /ecchen (fetch) comes an irregular pass. part./«<.
SPECIMENS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ITS EARLIER STAGES.
§182. The so-called Hymn of Cxdmon ; A. in the old Northumbrian dialect
{from a MS. of the eighth century). B. in the West Saxon dialect {King Alfred'*
version).
A. B.
Nii scylun hergan
hefsen-ricses uard,
metudaes msecti
end liis m6d-gidauc,
uerc uuldur-fadur ;
eu6 h6 uundra gibuses,
^ci Dryctin, or astelidffi.
H6 ^rist scop
selda bamum
heben til hrofe
haleg scepen.
Tha middungeard,
moncynnses uard,
6ci Dryctin,
aefter tiadfe
firum fold[u],
fri5a allmectig.
For translation see § 25.
Kii w6 Bceolon herian
heofon-rices weard,
metodes mihte
and his mod-geponc,
weorc wuldor-f leder ;
swd h6 wundra gehwaes,
ice Dryhten, ord onstealde.
H6 arrest gesct-op
eorSan beamum
heofon to hrofe
halig scippend.
pi middau-geard
moncynnes weard
6ce Dryhten
aefter t^ode
firum foldan
fr^a selmihtig.
§ 183. From, an interpolation made by King Alfred in his translation of Orosius
{the extract here given is preserved in a contemporary MS., and therefore gives a
trustworthy represeiitation of the West Saxon dialect of the ninth century).
6htere 8s6de his hlaforde, .ffillfr^de cyninge, paet b6 ealra NorSmonna norSmest
btide. T3.6 cwaeS faet h^ biide on psemlande uorSweardum wiS pa Westssfe. H6 ss&de
f^ah pset paet land sie swiSe lang norS ponan ; ac hit is eaU w6ste, biiton on f^awum
stowum stycceniEelum wiciaS Finnas, on hunto3e on wintra, ond on sumera on fis-
caSe be psere safe. H6 ssfede paet h6 aet sumum cirre wolde fandian hu longe paet land
norSryhte Is&ge, oS3e hwseSer £6nig monn be nor3an paem w6stenne bude.
Translation. — Ohtere said to his lord, king Alfred, that he dwelt farthest-north
[northmost] of all Northmen. He said [quoth] that he dwelt in the land northward
along the West Sea. He said, though, that that land extended [was] far [long] north
from tliere ; but it is aU waste, except that in a few places here and there Finns live,
hunting [in hunting] in winter and in summer fisliiiig [iu fishing], by that sea. He
said that he on one occasion wished to explore how far tliat land extended due north
[how long that land lay north-right], or whether any man dwelt north of the waste.
§ 184. From the Anglo-Saxon version of Maltheio {about the year 1000), eighth
empter, verses 1-10.
SoSlice pa se Hs&lend of pirn mvmte nySer-astdh, pa fyligdon him mycle meenio.
bi gen6al»hte an hr^ofla to him and hine to liim ge-6a8m6dde, and pus cwseS :
Drihten, gyf pu wylt, pu miht m6 geclaensian. Jja astrehte se H^lend hys hand, and
hrepode hyne, and pus cwseS : Ic wylle, bdo geclsfensod. And hys hrSofla wses hrjed-
lice geclsfensod. J>a cwaeS se Hefelend to him : Warna p^ paet pi'i hyt nsfenegum men
ne secge ; ac gang, seti^ow p6 pam sacerde, and bring hym pa lac pe Moyses beb^ad,
on hyra gecySnesse. S631ice p.i se Hffelend in^ode on Caphamaum, pa genfelsehte
hym iin hundredes ealdor, hyne biddende, and pus cwe3ende : Drihten, min cnapa liS
on niinum hiise lama, and mid j'fie gepr&d. \>a. cwae3 se H^lend to him : Ic cume
and hine gehafele. J>a andswarode se hundredes ealdor and pus cwseS : Drihten, ne
eom ic wyr3e paet pu ingange under mine pecene ; ac cweS pin an word, and min
cnapa biS gehsfeled. S631ice ic eom man under anwealde gesett, and ic haebbe
begnas under m6 ; and ic cweSe to pysum. Gang, and h6 gffeS ; and io cwe3e to
63rum, Cum, and h6 cymS ; to minum p^owe, Wyrc pis^ and h6 wyrc3. Witodlice
pi. se Hselend pis gehyrde, pa wimdrode h6 and cwasS to pdm pe hi in fyligdon : S6S
ic secge 6ow, ne gem^tte ic swa mycelne gel^afan on Israheh
Translation. — [Words wanting in the original are introduced in Italics : explana-
tions or kindred words are inserted in brackets.] Soothly when the Savior from the
mountain came-down, there followed him a great multitude [mickle many]. Then
came-neai a leper to him, and him (self) to him humbled, and thus said [quoth].
Lord, if thou wilt, thou mayest me cleanse. Then stretched-out the Savior his hand,
and touched him, and thus said : I will, be cleansed. And liis leprosy was quickly
cleansed. Then said the Savior to liim ; Beware [warn tliee] that tliou it to no man
say ; but go : show tliee to-the priest [Lat. sacerdos], and bring him the gift that Moses
bade, for their information. Sootlily when the Savior weut-iu to Capernaum, there
came-near him an hundred's chief [elder], him begging [bidding], and thus saying:
Lord, my boy [knave] lieth in my liouse lame [paralytic], and with evil afflicted.
Then said the Savior to him : I will come and liim heal. Then answered the hun-
dred's chief and thus said : Lord, I am not wortliy that thou go-in under my root
[thatch] ; but say thy one word, and my boy will-be healed. Soothly I am a man
under authority set, and I have servants [thanes] under me ; and I say to this, Go,
and ho goeth ; and I say to an otlier. Come, and he cometli ; to ray servant, Work
this, and he worketli it. Indeed, wlieu the Savior this heard, then wondered he, and
said to those that followed him : Sooth I say to-you, I have not met [ne met I] so
much faith [beUef] in Israel.
§186. From the loiter part of the Saxon Chronicle.
An. MLXXXVII. — . . . Dissura pus gedone se cyng Willelm cearde ong^an t6
Normandige. R^owlic ping h6 dyde and r^owlicor him gelaiup. Hii r^owlicor?
Him gej-felade, [63] piet liim stranglice eglade. Hwaet mag ic teollan ? Se scearpa
d6a3, p6 ne forlfet n6 rice menn n6 h^aue, si hine geuam. 13.6 swealt on Norman-
dige on pone n^xstan dfeg sefter natiuitas See Marie ; and man bebyrgede hine on
Capura set See Stephanes mynstre : Eerer h6 hit arserde, and si33an maenifealdlice
gegodade. 6ala, hii Mas and Ini uuwrest is pysses middan-eardes w61a. 86 pe
waes »rur rice cjTig and maniges landes hlaford, h6 n;Efde pa ealles landes biiton
seofon fot msfel ; and s6 pe waes hwilon gescrld mid golde and mid gimmum, h6 laeg
pd, oferwrogen mid moldan. S6 Isfefde asfter him pr^o sunan ; Rodbeard h^t se
yldesta, s6 waes eorl on Normandige sefter him : se 63er h6t Willelm, ]>6 baer sefter
him on Engleland pone kine-helm: se prjdda hit H^anric, pam se feeder becwseS
gersuman unatealleudlice.
Translation. — A. D. 1087. — ... This being thus done, the king William returned
again to Normandy. A rueful thing he did and a ruefuller befel him. How rueful-
ler? He [lit., to him] grew-ill, till that it strongly ailed him. What may I tell?
The sharp death, that does not let-pass neither rich men nor poor, this took him. He
died iu Normandy on the next day after the nativity of St. Mary ; and men [man]
buried him in Caen at St. Stephen's minster ; earlier he up-reared it, and afterward
[sithence] manifoldly enriched [conferred-<?ood«-on] it. Alas I how loose and how
unstable is this mid-world's weal ! He that was earlier powerful king and many a
land's lord, he had-not then of-all land but seven feet measure ; and he that was
whilom clothed [shrouded] with gold and with gems, he lay then covered-over
with mold. He left after him three sons : Robert was-named [hight] the eldest,
who was earl in Normandy after him ; the other [second] was-named William,
that bore after him in England the crown [regal-helm] : the third was named Henry,
to-whom the father bequeathed treasiires innumerable [un-ieH-able].
§ 186. From Biowulf (710-722).
)'a com of more under mist-hleoSum
Grendel gongan, godes yrre ba;r.
Mynte se manscaSa manna cyrmes
sumne besyrwan in sele pam h^an ;
wod under wolcnum to paes pe h6 winreced
goldsele gumena gearwost wisse
fafettum fahne : ne wses paet forma siS
paet h(5 Hr63gares ham gesohte.
Nsefre h& on aldordagum ^r n^ si33an
heardran haele healpegnas fand !
Com pa to recede rinc siSian
dr^anium bedsfeled : duru sona onam
fyrbendum faest, sy33an h6 hire folmum hr^n.
Translation. — Then came from the moor under mist-hills Grendel to-go, God'e
ire he bare. Se meant, the wicked-destroyer [scather], of men's kin some one to
insnare in the high hall ; he stalked under welkin, until^that the wine-mansion, the
gold-hall of-men, he most-clearly knew, with-jewels bedecked : nor was that the first
[foremost] time that Hrothgar's home he visited [sought]. Never m his life-days,
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
xlili
are this nor since, a hardier hero or hall-servants [hall-thanes] lie found ! Came
then to the mansion tlie umrtial-oue to-journey, from-joys divided ; the door soon gave-
w»y, though with-fire-bands fast, when he it [her] with-Aw-palms touched.
§ 187. From the Genesis ascribed to Csedmon (U. 129G-1305).
Ic wille mid fl6de folo dcwellan,
and cynua gehwilo cucra wuhta,
pdra pe lyft and Hod IsedaJS and fedaS,
feoh and fuglas : pu scealt friS habban
mid sunum pinum, pouue sweart waiter
woune wselstr^amas werodum swelgaS
scaaSum scyldfuUum. Ongyn ]>i scip wyrcao,
merehds micel, on pam pu monegum scealt
reste geryman, and rihte setl
s^lcum, lef ter ageuum, eorSau tudre !
Translation. — I will with a flood the folk destroy [quell, kill], and each ot-t/te-
kindreds of-liring creatures [quick wiglits], of-those that air and flood do lead and
feed, cattle and fowls : thou shalt have peace, with thy sous, when the swart waters,
wan death-streams, swallow multitudes, wretches guilt-full. Begin thee a ship to-
work, a great sea-house [meer-house mickle], on which thou for-many shalt a rest-
ing-place make-roomy, and arrange [make-right] a seat for-each one, after its own
kind, of earth's races.
§ 188. From Layamon's Brut (11. 1-22). [West Midland dialect, about 1200.]
A. Earlier Text.
An preost wes on leoden,
Lajamon wes ihoten :
he wes Leouenatlies sone ;
lithe him beo drihten :
he wonede at Ernleje,
at fetheleu ai-e chirecben,
nppen Seuarne stathe :
sel thar him thulite :
on fest Radestone,
ther he bock radde.
Hit com him on mode,
and on his mem thonke,
thet he wolde of Engle
tha setheloen telleu,
wat heo ihoten weoren,
and wonene heo comen,
tha Englene loude
eerest aliten
sefter than flode
the from drihtene com,
the al her a-quelde
quic that he f unde.
B. Later Text.
A prest was in loiide,
Laweman was [i]hote :
he was Leucais sone ;
lef him beo drihte :
he wonedo at Eruleie,
wid than gode cnithte,
uppen Seuarne :
merie ther liim thohte :
fastebi Radistone,
ther lie bokes radde.
Hit com him on mode,
and on liis thouke,
that he wolde of Engelond
the rihtnesse telle,
wat the men hi-hote weren,
and wauene hi comen,
the Englene lond
serest afden
after than flode
that fram god com,
that al ere acwelde
cwic that hit fuiide.
■ Translation [by Sir F. Madden. The quotation marks show what belongs only
to A., the brackets what belongs only to B.]. — There was a priest on earth (or in
the land), tcbo was named Layamon ; he was son of ' Leovenath ' [Leuca], — may
the Lord be gracious to liiin ! — he dwelt at Emley, ' at a noble church ' [with the
good knight] upon ' Severn's bank ' [Severn], — ' good ' [pleasant] it there seemed
to him — near Radestone, where he books read. It came to him in mind, and in
his ' chief ' thought, that he would tell the ' noble deeds ' [history] of ' the English '
[England] ; what ' they ' [the men] were named, and whence they came, who first
'possessed' [had] the English land, after the flood that came from 'the Lord'
[God] ; that destroyed here all that it found alive.
§ 189. From the same (U. 25,725-25,744).
A.
To there midnihte,
tha men weoren aslepe,
Arthur forth him wende,
athelest aire kinge.
Biforen rad heore lod-cniht,
that hit was daeiliht :
heo lihten of heore steden,
and rihten heore iweden.
Tha isejen heo nawiht feorren
a muchel fur smokien,
nppen ane hulle,
mid sae ulode bi-uaUen ;
and an other hul ther wes swithe heh ;
thas sse hine bifledde ful neh ;
ther uuen on heo isejen a fur,
that wes muchel and swithe stor.
Thse cnihtes tha tweoneden,
to whathere heo faren mihten,
thet the eotend war neore
of theos kinges fore.
B.
To thare mid-nihte,
tho men were a-sleape,
Arthur forth him wende,
baldest aire kinge.
Bi-vore 5eode hire lod-cniht,
forte hit was day-liht :
hii lihte of hire stedes,
and rihte hire wedes.
Tho hii sehjen noht voire,
on mochel fur smokie,
uppen one hulle,
mid s66 flode bi-falle ;
an other hulle was thar heh ;
the s^6 hine biflojede swithe neh ;
thar upon he iseh a fur,
that was mochel and swithe stor.
The onihtes tho nuste,
to wather hii wende mihte,
that the eatant war neore
of this kinges fore.
Translation. — At the midnight, when men were asleep, Arthur forth bimwent,
' noblest ' [boldest] of all kings. Before ' rode ' [proceeded] their guide, until it was
daylight ; they alighted from their steeds, and righted their weeds. Then saw they
uot far, a great fire smoke, upon a hill, surrounded by the sea flood ; ' and ' another
bill there was ' most ' high ; the sea by it flowed ' full ' [very] nigh ; thereupon ' they '
pie] saw a fire, that was mickle and most strong. The knights then ' doubted ' [knew
not], to whether of the two they might go, that the giant were not aware of the
king's movement.
§ 190. From the beginning of the Ormulum (U. 1-16). [East Midland dialect,
about 1200.]
Nu, brotherr WaUterr, brotherr min
affterr the flseshess kinde ;
annd brotherr min i Crisstenndom
thurrh f ulluhht annd thurrh trowwthe ;
annd brotherr min i Godess hus,
3et 0 the thride wise,
thurrh thatt witt hafenu takenn ba
an rejhellboc to foU^herm,
unnderr kanunnkess had annd lif,
swa summ Sannt Awwstin sette ;
ice hafe don swa summ thu badd,
annd forthedd te thin wlUe,
ice hafe wennd inntill Ennglissh
Goddspelless hall^he lare,
affterr thatt little witt tatt me
min Drihhtin hafeth lenedd.
Translation. — Now, brother Walter, brother mine after the flesh's kindred; and
brother mine in Christendom through baptism and through truth ; and brother mine
in God's house, yet on the third wise, seeing [through] that we-two have taken both
one rule-book to follow, under a canonic's hood and life, so as Saint Austin set ; I
have done so as thou badest, and furthered thee thy will, I have turned into Eng-
lish the Gospel's holy teaching [lore], after the little wit that to me my Lord hath
lent.
§ 191. From the same (11. 95-110).
Annd wliase wilenn shall thiss boc
ett't other sithe writenn,
himm biddo ice tliatt het write rihht,
swa summ thiss boc himm taechethth,
all thwerrt ut affterr thatt itt ies
uppo thiss firrste bisne,
withtli all swillo rime alls her iss sett,
witlith all se fele wordess ;
annd tatt he loke wel tliatt he
an bocst.att' write twijjess,
e55wha>r tliaer itt uppo thiss boo
iss writenn o thatt wise :
loke he well thatt het write swa,
forr he ne ma^^ noliht elless
onn Ennglissh writenn rililit te word,
tliatt wite he wel to sothe.
Translation. — And whoso shall wish this book again another time to-write, him
bid 1 that he-it write right, so as this book him teacheth, all throughout after that
[i. «., according as] it is upon this first exemplar, with all such meter [rhyme] as
here is set, with all so many words ; and that he look well that he a letter write
twice, everywhere where it upon this book is written on that wise ; look he well that
he-it write so, for he may not else in English write right the word, that wit he well to
sooth [i. e., let liim know that well for truth].
§ 192. From the Ancren Eiwle. [South English dialect, first quarter of 13th
century.]
" Thet is the ende of the tale," seith Seneke the wise, " Ichulle thet ^e speken
selde and theonne buten Intel." Auh moni punt hire word uorte leten mo ut, as me
deth water et ter mulne cluse ; and so duden Jobes freond thet weren icuinen to uro-
uren him, seten stille alle seoueniht. Auh theo heo hefden alles biguune uorto spe-
kene, theone kuthen heo neuere astunten hore cleppe. So hit is ine monie, ase seint
Gregorie seith : " Silence is wordes fostrild." Long silence and wel iwust nedeth
the thouhtes up touward ther heouene ; also as je muwen iseon the water, hwon me
punt hit and stoppeth biuoren wel, so thet hit ne muwe adunweard, theonne is hit
ined ajein uorto climben upward.
Translation. — "That is the end of the tale," saith Seneca the wise, "I will that
ye speak seldom, and then but little." But many a one shuts up [irapoundeth] her
words for-to let more out, as one does water at the milldam [close] ; and so did Job's
friends that were come to comfort him, — sat still all a week [se'nnight]. But when
they had once began for-to speak, then they could never stint their noise [clap]. So
it is in many, as Saint Gregory saith : " Silence is word's foster-mother." Long
silence and well guarded forceth the thoughts up toward the heaven ; just as you
can see the water, when one confines it and stops it well in front, so that it can not
flow downward, then is it forced again for-to climb upward.
§ 193. From the Cursor Mundi (11. 3,595-3,608). [Written in the latter part oi
the 13th century in the Northern dialect ; preserved in MSS. of the 14th century.]
Sua 1 has eild ^ now this Ysaac ledd
That he in langur lijs in bedd ;
Him wantes sight, als I said yow,
And cald on his son Esau.
" Esau, life 3 son," he said,
" Ga lok thi taele be purvaid.
And f aand * to stalk the sa nere,
That thou mai drep ^ me sum dere ;
If thou me dere flesse » ani gete,
Gladli wald I thar-of ete.
Leve sun, thou has hidir-till
Gladli don thi fader wiU,
Tliou ert schotter wit the beist,'
Bath in feild and in forest."
1 sua. 80.
2 eild. age.
8 life. dear.
*faand, make triaL
B drep, strike, slay.
6 flesse. flesh.
7 wit the heist, among
[with] the beet.
[Dialect ot
§ 194. From the Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (11. 7,537-7,547).
Gloucestershire, about 1300.]
Thus com lo ! Engelond into Normandies hond,
and the Normans ne couthe speke tho bote hor owe speche,
and speke French as hii dude atom, and hor children dude also teche »
so that heiemen of this lond, that of hor blod come,
holdeth alle thulke speche that hii of hom nome ;
vor bote a man conne Frenss, me telth of him lute ;
ac lowe men holdeth to Engliss and to hor owe speche jute.
Ich wene ther ne beth in al the world contreyes none
that ne holdeth to hor owe speche, bote Engelond one.
Ac wel me wot vor to conne bothe wel it is ;
vor the more that a mon can, the more wurthe he is.
Translation. — Thus came, lo ! England into Normandy's hand, and the Normans
knew not how to speak then but their own speech, and spoke French as they did at-
home, and their children did so teach, so that the high-men of this land, that of
their blood came, hold all the-same [the-ilk] speech that they of them took ; for
unless [but] a man knows French, men reckon [tell] of him little ; but the low men
hold to English, and to their own speech yet. I ween there be not in the world
countries none, that hold not to their own speech, but England alone [one]. But,
well men wot, for to know both well it is ; for the more that a man knows, the more
worth he is.
§ 195. From the Chronicle of Robert Manning of Brunne (11. 1,309-1,322). [Mid-
land dialect, 1303.]
When the Troianes were al dight
Wyth seyl upon the mast upright.
With anker and ore and other ware,
And were al redy for to fare.
When the wynd was wel them lent.
They toke ther leve and forth they went.
When they were redy to saille ;
Thre hundred schipes ther was in taille.
And foure mo, the story seys,
When they departed fro the Gregeys.
Two dayes they sailled and two nyght,
That lond ne haveue reche they ne myght ;
The thrydde day in the even tyde,
In Leogise they gon to ride.
xliv
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
§ 196. From Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwit. [Dialect of Kent, 1340.]
Thyse byeth the tuelf articles of the cristene byleue, that ech man cristen esel yleue
etedeuestliche, uor otherlaker he ne may by yborje, huaniie he heth wyt and scele.
And therof byeth tuelf, by the tale of the tuelf apostles, thet hise zette to hyealde
and to loky to alle thon thet wyleth by yborje. . . . The uerste article is thellich :
"Ich beleue ine God, the uader almijti, sseppere of heuene and of erthe." This
article zette saynte Peter. The other article belongeth to the zone, aze to his god-
hede, thet is to zigge, thet he is God, and is thellich : " Ich beleue ine Yesu Crist,
cure Ihord, Godes zone, the uader, in alle thinges thet belongeth to the godliede, an
is onlepi thing mid the uader, bote of the persoue thet is other thanne the persona
of the uader." This article zette sayn Ion the godspeUere.
Translation. — These are the twelve articles of the Christian belief, that each
Christian man must [shall] believe steadfastly, for otherwise lie can not be saved
when he hath understanding [wit] and reason [skill]. And of them [thereof] are
there twelve, according to [by] the number [tale] of the Twelve Apostles that ap-
pointed [or composed, sef^ these for all those that wish to be saved to hold and to
look to. . . . The first article is this : " I believe in God, the father almighty, creator
of heaven and of earth." This article Saint Peter composed. The second article
pertaineth [belongeth] to the Son, as to his godhead, that is to say that he is God,
and il is this : "I believe in Jesus Christ, our Lord, son of God, the Father, in all
things that pertain to the godhead, and is one and the same tiling with the Father
except as regards [but of] the person, which is otlier than the person of the Father."
This article St. John the Evangelist [gospeler] composed.
§ 197. From the beginning of LnnglamV s Piers Plowman.
land and Southern ; middle of fourteenth century.]
[Mixed dialect, Hid-
In a somer seson whan soft was the fionne,
I shope me iu sliroudes • as I a shepe ^ were,
In habite as an lieremite unholy of workes,
Went wyde in this world wondres to here.
Ac ' on a May momynge on Malverne hulles
Me byfel a ferly* of fairy me thoujlite.
I was wery for-wandred and went me to reste
Under a brode baiike by a homes side.
And as I lay and lened and loked in the wateres,
I slombred in a slepyng, it sweyed so merye."
Tlianne gan I meteii a merveilouse swevene,"
That I was in a wildernesse, wiste I never where ;
And as I bihelde into tlie est on hiegh to the Sonne,
I seigh ' a toure on a toft ' trieliche y-maked,"
A depe dale binetlie, a dongeon thereinne.
With depe dyclies and derke and dredful of sight.
A faire felde ful of folke fond I ther bytwene.
Of aUe maner of men, the mene and tlie riche,
Worchyng •" and wandryng as the worlde asketh.
1 shope me in shroudea, pnt me into clothes.
2 shepe^ shepherd,
3 ac, but.
* f^rly^ strange thing.
6 sweyed so nierye^ sounded so pleasant.
0 swcvene, dream.
7 sei(/hy saw.
8 toll. hill.
0 trieliche y-maked. excellent made.
10 worchyng, working.
goith i and to another. Come, and he cometh ; and to my seruaunt. Do this, and
he doith it. And Jhesus herde these thingis, and wondride, and seide to men that
sueden him : Treuli I seie to jou, Y foond not so greet feith in Israel.
§ 200. From the Prologue to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales {EUesmere MS.).
Whan that Aprille with hise schoures soote •
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every vejTie in swich licour,
Of which vertu engendred is the flour ; —
Whan Zepliirus eek with his swete breeth
Inspired hath in every holte and heeth
The tendre croppes, and tlie yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his half [e] cours y-ronne,*
And smale foweles maken nielodie.
That slepen al the nyght with open eye,'
So priketh hem nature in here corages : * —
Thaune longeu folk to gon on pilgrimage[s].
And palmers for to seeken straunge stroudes,
To feme halwes, kowthe ^ in sondry loudes ;
And specially, from every shires eude
Of Engelond, to Caunturbury they wende,
The holy blisful martir for to seke.
That hem hath holpen wlian that they were seeke.*
1 soote. sweet.
8 U-ronm. run.
3 Read ye. eye.
4 corages, hearts.
6 feme holwes, kowthe, ancient saints known.
6 seeke, sick.
§ 198. From Wyclifs Translation of the Bible, the first ten verses of the eighth
chapter of Matthew. [Midland dialect, about 1380.]
Forsothe when Jhesus hadde comen doun fro the hil, many cumpanyes folewiden
hym. And loo ! a leprouse man cummynge worshipide hjm, sayinge : Lord, jif thou
wolt, thou maist make me clene. And Jhesus holdynge fortlie the bond, touchide
hym, sayinge : I wole ; be thou maad clene. And anoon the lepre of hym was clensid.
And Jhesus saith to hym : See, say thou to no man ; but go, shewe thee to prestis,
and ofEre that jifte that Moyses comauudide, in to witnessing to hem. Sothely when
he hadde entride in to Caphamaum, centurio neijide to hym, preyinge hym, and
saide : Lord, my child lyeth in the hous sike on the palsie, and is yuel tourmentid.
And Jhesus saith to hym : I shal cume, and shal hele hym. And centurio answerynge
saith to him : Lord, I am not worthi that thou entre vndir my roof ; but oonly say bi
word, and my cliild shall be helid. For whi and I am a man ordeynd vnder power,
hauynge vnder me kni^tis ; and I say to tliis. Go, and he goth ; and to an other. Come
thou, and he cometh ; and to my seruaunt. Do thou this thing, and he doth. Sothely
Jhesus, heerynge these thingis, wondride, and saide to men suynge him : Trewly I
Baye to 50U, I fond nat so grete feith in Tsrael.
§ 199. The same, from Purvey's Recension of Wyclifs Translation. [About
1388.]
But whanne Jhesus was come doun fro the hil, mych puple suede hym. And loo !
a leprouse man cam and worschipide hym, and seide : Lord, if thou wolt, thou maist
make me clene. And Jhesus helde forth the hoond, and touchide hym, and seide :
T wole ; be thou maad cleene. And anoon the lepre of him was clensid. And Jhesus
seide to hym : Se, seie thou to no man ; but go, shewe thee to the prestis, and offre
the 3ift that Moyses comaundide, in witnessyng to hem. And whanne he hadde
entrid in to Cafamaum, the centurien neijede to him, and preiede him, and seide :
Lord, my chUde lijth in the hous sijk on the palesie, and is yuel turmentid. And
Jhesus seide to him : T schal come, and schal heele him. And the centurien an-
sweride, and seide to hym : Lord, T am not worthi, that thou entre vndur my roof ;
but oonli seie thou bi word, and my childe shal be heelid. For whl Y am a man
ordeyned vndur power, and haue kny^tis vndir me ; and T seie to this, 60, and he
§ 201. From the Tale ofMelibeus, in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales {Ellesmere MS.).
A yong man caUed Melibeus, myghty and riche, bigat upon his wif , that called was
Prudence, a doghter which that called was Sophie. Upon a day bifel, that he for bis
desport is went into the feeldes hym to pleye. His wyf and eek his doghter hath
he left invvith his hous, of which the dores wereii fast y-shette. Thre of hise olde
foes han it espyed, and setten laddres to the walles of liis hous, and by wyndowea
ben entred, and betten his wyf, and wounded his doghter with fyve mortal woundea,
in fyve sondry places, this is to seyn, in liire feet, in hire liandes, in here erys, in
hir nose, and in hire mouth ; and leften hire for deed, and wenten awey.
§ 202. From. Trevisa's translation of Higden's Polychronicon (vol. ii., p. 161).
[South English dialect, 1385.]
lohn Comwaile, a maister of grammer, chaunged the lore in gramer scole and con-
struccioun of Frensche in to Englische ; and Richard Pencriche lemed the nianere
techynge of hym and otliere men of Pencrich ; so that now, the jere of oure Lorde a
thowsand thre hundred and foure score and fyve, and of the secounde kyng Richard
after the conquest nyne, in alle the gramere scoles of Engelond, children leveth
Frensche and construeth and lerneth an Englische. . . . Also gentil men haveth now
moche i-left for to teche here children Frensche.
§ 203. From Caxton's Prologue to Malory's Morte d' Arthur. [1485.]
For it is notoyrly knowen thorugh the vnyuersal world that there been ix. worthy
and the best that euer were, that is to wete, thre pajTiyms, thre Jewes, and thre
crysten men. As for the paynyms, they were tofore the incamacyon of Cryst,
whiche were named, the fyrst Hector of Troye, of whome thystorye is comen bothe
in balade and in prose ; the second Alysaunder the grete ; and the thyrd Julyoa
Cezar, emperour of Rome, of whome thystoryes ben wel kno and had. And as for
the thre Jewes, whyche also were tofore thyncarnacyon of our Lord, of whome the
fyrst was due Josue, whyche brought the chyldren of Israhel in to the londe of
byheste ; the second Dauyd kyng of Jherusalera ; and the thyrd Judas Machabeus ;
of these thre the Byble reherceth al theyr noble hystoryes and actes. And sythe the
sayd incamacyon have ben thre noble crysten men stalled and admytted thorugh the
vnjoiersal world in to the nombre of the ix. beste and worthy, of whome was fyrst the
noble Arthur, whos noble actes I purpose to wryte in thys present book here fol.
owyng : the seconde was Charlemayn, or Charles the grete, of whome thystorye is
had in many places bothe in Frensshe and Englysshe ; and the thyrd and last was
Godefray of Boloyn, of whos actes and lyf I made a book vnto thexcellent prjmce
and kyng of noble memorye kyng Edward the fourth.
§ 204. From Tyndale's New Testament, the first ten verses of the eighth chapter
of Matthew. [1526.]
When lesus was come downe from the mountayne, moch people folowed him. And
lo, ther cam a lepre and worsheped him sajmge : Master, if thou vrylt thou canst
make me clene. He putt forthe his bond and touched him, saynge : I wyll, be clene,
and immediatly his leprosie was clensed. And lesus said vnto him : Se thou tell no
man, but go and shewe thy silf to the preste, and offer the gyfte that Moses com-
maunded to be offred, in witnes to them. When lesus was entred into Capernaum
there cam vnto him a certayne Centurion, besechyng hym and saynge : Master, my
servaunt lyeth sicke att home of the palsye, and is grevously payned. And lesus sayd
vnto him : I wyll come and cure him. The Centurion answered and saide : Syr I
am not worthy that thou shuldest com vnder the rofe of my housse, but speake the
worde only and my servaunt shalbe healed. For y also myselfe am a man vndre
power, and have sowdeers vndre me, and y saye to one, go, and he goeth, and to
anothre, come, and he cometh : and to my servaunt, do this, and he doeth it. When
lesus herde these sayngs, he marveyled and said to them that folowed him, Verely y
say vnto you, I have not f ounde so great fayth : no, not in Israeli.
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH.
By august FICK, Ph. D.,
PBOFESSOB AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRESLAU ; AUTHOR OF " VERGLEICHENDE8
WORTERBUCH »ER INDOGERMANISCHEN SPRACHEN."
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ENGLISH.
With reference to its rocabulary, English must be styled a composite language.
As is well known, it has two principal sources : the Anglo-Saxon, the language of
the Angles and Saxons, who in the fifth and sixth centuries took possession of Great
Britain, and the Old French, spoken by the followers of William the Conqueror, who
in 10C6 Jl. d., through the battle of Hastings, became master of England.
Already, before the introduction of the Norman French, the Anglo-Saxon had
appropriated various elements from other languages, though to a less extent.
Like the other Teutonic peoples, the invading Angles and Saxons had borrowed
single literary terms from the Latin, the language of the Roman empire. They bor-
rowed somewhat on British soil from the speech of their Keltic subjects. A further
importation of Latin and Greek words was caused by the adoption of Christianity.
Finally, the dominion of the Danes is proved by numerous terms borrowed from the
Old Norse vocabulary, as, for example, ransack.
Even after the mingling of the Anglo-Saxon with the French of the conquerors,
there were still frequent adoptions of foreign elements. Owing to the diligent fos-
tering of the ancient languages in church and school in England, learned expressions
found their way in a body into the language of ordinary life. This stratum of words
is often clearly distinguished in form from the Romance words of ordinary life, the
element which the Normans brought with them ; in the common word the sounds of
the Latin are transformed according to definite laws of development, while in the
learned word they have remained intact. Thus, emperor and imperatorial both come
from the Latto imperaior, which in emperor has undergone a popular transformation,
but in imperatorial is presented to us in its learned form. These two words are
related to one another as empereur and impiratrice in French, where the distinction
between the common language and the speech of the learned is still more evident.
In the centuries just past, also, the English vocabulary has materially increased.
New inventions and discoveries demand new terms, which are supplied chiefly by
means of the ancient languages, the Latin, and particularly the Greek. Since the
English language has spread over all the continents of the Old and New Worlds,
expressions have been added to its ever-increasing vocabulary from the languages of
the Hindoos, the American Indians, and many others.
In this constant adoption of new materials of speech, the history of the English
people is reflected ; yet the language has not become a mere conglomerate of opposing
elements, or a confused medley, but has preserved its xmity and its original character.
The wealth of the language was doubled by the adoption of the French vocabulary.
The shortsighted purist fails to see that herein lies a great superiority of English
over the Romance and Teutonic languages. Should it not be regarded as a mark of
superiority, that in English the vocabularies of the Latin races and the Teutons are
organically combined, that is to say, the vocabularies of the races which, since the
downfall of the ancient civilization, have determined the fate of the world ? Both
elements are in English united in one harmonious whole by reason of the same pro-
nunciation. In a tasteful use of the language, the Teutonic element will, as of its
own accord, predominate in poetry and the expression of feeling, the Romance ele-
ment in philosophic and scientific thought, while in the language of ordinary life both
elements will be equally represented.
In spite of this mingling with foreign languages, English has, by its internal struc-
ture and its grammar, remained a member of the Teutonic group of languages, al-
though infinitely enriched, developed in an independent manner, and exalted to the
position of a universal language. Within the Teutonic group, the English language
belongs, first of all, to the Old Saxon branch, or to the group of dialects which have
remained at the stage of the first Lauiverschiebung [or shifting of sounds (Grimm's
Law)], from which the High German, by a new shifting of sounds, has departed. At
first the Teutons divided into Teutons of the East and the West, or, more accurately,
into Goths and Germans. The former perished, and the further development was
consummated among the Germans, the Teutons of the West.
The Teutons, as we learn by comparison of languages, are closely related to the
Kelts, Italic peoples, and Greeks. The Kelts, after obtaining an astonishing extension
over Gaul and the British Isles, halt of Spain, Northern Italy, Southern Germany, and
the regions on the Danube, have disappeared, save for comparatively small remnants
in Ireland, the Highlands of Scotland, Wales, and Brittany. Of the Italic dialects,
the Latin, the language of Rome, mistress of the world, has been preserved in the
languages of the Romance peoples. Lastly, the Greeks— without reference to the
ancient colonies — have but poorly maintained their former extension.
The peoples of Western Europe — Teutons, Kelts, Italic peoples, and Greeks — are
plainly separated in language from the Indo-Germans of Eastern Europe, that is, the
Lithuanians, Letts, Kurlanders, Prussians, and Slavs, who are called collectively
Letto-Slavonians (t. «., Lettic peoples and Slavs). Perhaps it would be still better
to call them Slavo-Baltic people, if we follow the example of noted investigators, and
name the Lettic group Baltic, after their habitations on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
A third group, distinctly separate in language from the peoples of Eastern and
Western Europe, is formed by the Indo-Germans of Asia. To these, and to these
alone, belongs strictly the name Aryan, by which title they called themselves. They
must, therefore, be thus called by science. But since prominent English scholars —
aa Sayce and Max Miiller — also call the Indo-Germans collectively Aryans, the
members of the Asiatic group of our family of peoples and languages — Persians,
Bactrians, and Indians (Hindoos) — may be here called East Aryans. The name Indo-
Iranians would also be an appropriate appellation, since by this title the inhabitants
of India and Iran are embraced in one term.
The East Aryan languages, whose oldest monuments are the Indian Vedas, the
Zend-Avesta, and the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, are distinguishable at the first
^ance from the languages of the European Indo-Germans of the East and the West.
While among the Europeans the whole vowel system rests on the triad a e o, of
which the last two vowels stand in a plain relation of ablaut to each other (as in
<|)€'pe, </)6po5), among the East Aryan peoples we find in place of these three vowels
the monotonous a. The vowel system of the Europeans, a e o, is most nearly pre-
served in Greek ; it may, therefore, suffice for the explanation of the difference in
vowels between the Europeans and Asiatics of our family, to compare with one
another some examples from the Greek and Sanskrit : Gr. ayia I lead ^ Skr. aja-mi ;
Gr. (fie'pe bear := Skr. bh&ra ; Gr. (^okos murder = Skr. ghands. Further, in place of
the weakening of the three long vowels of the Europeans, a, e d,to a e o, among all the
East Aryan peoples i i appear as a weakening of a : Gr. o-TOTds placed, ord := Skr.
stMta,stha ; Gr. Sctos placed, flrj^Skr. dhitk, dha ; Gr. kotos grudge, iraKiy-Korot
growing malignant again, kid = Skr. fita, fa ; Gr. itoto! drunk, nut = Skr. plla, pa.
Also in the consonants, the East Aryan languages are materially different from those
of the Europeans ; especially surprising is the almost entire lack of I, so that for the
two sounds, I and r, of the European languages, we find among the East Aryans only
r .• Gr. TroAi/'t much z= Skr. purus ; Gr. jr\i) to fill = Skr. pra. To the peculiar com-
bination of sounds ksh in Sanskrit, Zend, and Old Persian, there correspond in
Greek kt, and in other European languages the simple k sound; e. g., Skr. kshi to
settle = Gr. kti'^u ; Skr. hshema =z Lith. kemas, Goth, haims, E. home.
Just as sharply as the East Aryans are distinguished from the Europeans, are the
West Europeans (Teutons, Kelts, Italic peoples, and Greeks) distinguished from
the East Europeans and East Aryans. The characteristic difference here is in the
consonants. The East Europeans and East Aryans possess two series of gutturals,
k g gh and f z zh: e. g., Lith. kas who, OSlav. kyj := Skr. kas ; Lith. gerti to drink
:= Skr. gar to devour ; Lith. gana enough, OSlav. goneii to suffice = Skr. ghanA mass ;
Lith. szimtas hundred, OSlav. suto ■=. Skr. fatam ; Lith. iindii to know, OSlav. znati
=^ Zend zna to know ; Lith. zelli to be green, OSlav. zlato gold = Skr. har, Zend zar,
to be yellow, green (from zhar). To both these series of sounds, k g gh and f z zh,
which are common, as the examples cited show, to the East Europeans and the East
Aryans, quite different sounds correspond in the languages of the West Europeans.
To the k series in the languages of the East corresponds in the West a q series ; that
is to say, sounds in which the guttural is closely vmited with a following labial, v or
w, so that in place of the k g gh of the East we have in the West kv gv ghv, which
may also, through influence of the v, be changed into the labials p b bh, and which
also show other changes which presuppose the ground forms kv gv ghv. Some exam-
ples may illustrate this : —
Goth, hvas who, E. what, Olr. co- = Gallo-Britlsh po-; L. quo-d r= Oscan pud; L.
ubi where, ali-cubi somewhere = Oscan pitf; Gr. ttwi how = Ionic kws. Here every-
where evidently the ground form is kvos ; while in Lith. it is ia«, in OSlav. ko-, and
in Skr. kas.
Goth, qino, qens, wife, woman, E. queen = Olr. ben woman, wife, Gr. yvvrj, Boeo-
tian Pai/a, but Prussian geno, Skr. gna; E. path, G. pfad, L. venio I come = Oscan
ben, Gr. jSatVu I go, ^acris a stepping, but Skr. gam, ga, to go. In these examples the
forms of the sound in the languages of Western Europe are only to be explained by
assuming the original sound gv.
E. warm (from gvarm), L. /ormus = S. gharma; Gr. (fidvos murder =; Skr. ghani;
the West European ground form is evidently ghvormS-s, ghvono-s.
The f series of the East Europeans and East Aryans appears in the languages of
Western Europe as a A: series, so that in place of the Eastern sounds f 2 zh, in the
West the pure k sounds appear, k g gh, subjected to no change.
E. g., E. hund-rei, Goth, hund, Ir. cet, Gallic cent-, L. centum, Gr. eKarov ; but
Lith. szimtas, OSlav. suto, Skr. fatam: Goth, iaihun ten, Ir. dec, L. decern, Gr. 6«a;
but Lith. deszimtis, OSlav. desetl, Skr. dafa.
E. knovu, G. kennen, L. (g)no-sco, Gr. yiyvdia-Ka ; but Lith. iinSti, OSlav. znati, Zend
zna, to know : ONorse aka to drive, E. acre, Ir. ag-, L. ago I drive, ager field, Gr.
dyti), aypds, but Zend azami I drive.
E. goose, G. gans, Ir. g6s, Gr. xn" ; t>nt Lith. iqsis, Skr. harhsa (for zhansa) goose :
E. gang, Goth, gaggan ; but Lith. zeng-ti to step, Zend zaflgra foot.
These examples may suffice for illustration of the fact that the languages of West-
em Europe are strictly distinguished from all their relatives in the consonant system,
having q and k sounds respectively where the rest display k and f sounds.
The languages of Eastern Europe, or of the Slavo-Lettic peoples, are likewise plainly
separated from all the rest in phonology. They have lost the old aspirates, the soft
[voiced] as well as the hard [voiceless], and have replaced them by the mediae g zd
and the tenues k f t.
The Indo-Germanic languages thus fall into three groups, according to their origi-
nal phonetic condition : —
1. The East Europeans, or Slavo-Lettic peoples, have the vowels a e o and the
sounds k and ;, but no aspirates.
(xlv)
xlvi
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH.
2. The West Europeans have a e o, and q and k sounds respectively in place of
the k and f sounds.
3. The East Aryans, or Indo-Germans of Asia, have a instead of a e o, and k and f
Bounds.
If we transform these statements into an historical view, they show that the Indo-
Oermans were already, in very ancient times, divided into three peoples, one dwelling
in Asia, one in Eastern Europe, the third m Western Europe.
In order to be able to draw further historical information from these linguistic
facts, we must determine which of the three groups has preserved the original system
of sounds.
The agreement of the West Europeans and the East Aryans in the possession of
aspirates shows that these were originally common to all Indo-Germaus, and thus
belonged to the original language, but were lost at some later date by tlie Slavo-
Lettic peoples. Likewise it may be proved that the East Aryans also originally pos-
sessed e and o, and at a later date replaced them by a. The proof lies in the fact that,
according to the discovery of Collitz, the k sounds become palatal before a, when e
corresponds to this a in the European languages : e. g., Skr. ca = Gr. re = L. que.
The proof that tlie k and y sounds were the original ones, and that the g and k
sounds of the West Europeans were derived from these by a kind of partial Lautver-
echiebung, can not be given here. I refer to the fourth edition of my " Vergleichendes
Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen," where the reader will find in general
a more careful proof of the statements given here.
According to these statements, the sounds of the original language were a e o and
k and f . The East Aryans, when separated from the original people but still united
among themselves, gave up e and o, as well as I, and replaced these sounds by a and r.
The West Europeans, at a time when they still kept together, shifted the k and f
sounds to g and A', but retained the original vowels a e o. Finally, the Slavo-Lettic
peoples, while united among themselves, gave up the aspirates for mediae and tenues.
While the Indo-Germans still formed one people, and still spoke one language with
the ae 0 and k and f sounds, they dwelt probably on the confines of Europe and Asia,
in the southern branches of the forest-clad Ural Mountains, as neighbors of the
primitive Finnish folk which occupied the central or mineral region of the Ural
Mountains. From these regions the East Aryans wandered as nomads to the east, the
Western division journeyed towards the west, perhaps through the fruitful district
which now is called the Black Earth and reaches from Penza to Kharkov. The rich-
ness of the soil may have occasioned a change from grazing to agriculture. At all
events. West Europeans and Slavo-Lettic peoples were still one united folk when their
forefathers took up agriculture. This is proved by the agreement in the terms relat-
ing to agriculture : e. g., Goth, arjan to plow, L. arare, Gr. ap6ui =: Lith. arii, OSlav.
orJQ ; E. sow, Goth, saian, L. sero, semen seed = Lith. siju, I sow, OSlav. seja, etc.
The phonetic system of the original speech was, according to the foregoing, essen-
tially like that of the Slavo-Lettic peoples. It was characterized by the three vowels
ae 0, the sounds k and c, and the possession of I together with r. But we ask now,
what linguistic formations and what words in the Indo-Germanic languages belonged
already to the original language? The question is properly already solved by the
preceding statements. It is practically the same as the question of the first separation
and division of the hitherto united folk. According to the foregoing inquiry, the East
Aryans emigrated from the soutliern Ural region over the Turanian steppes to Iran
and India, as a consequence of which the bond between the emigrants and the parent
folk was sundered. From this it follows that everything which in the speech of the
Europeans and East Aryans is originally identical belonged to the original language.
In considering this, it is a matter of no consequence whether the word has been
retained in several members of the European and the East Aryan group, or whether
it occurs only in one member of each group. So, e. g., the verb dhreugho (I deceive)
is to be assigned to the original language, although, outside of the Sanskrit and Zend
drugh, it occurs only in the Teutonic ; OS. bi-driogan = G. betriegen. Likewise
fvento-s (holy) is a word of the original language, although it is retained only in the
Slavo-Lettic (Lith. szvenias = OSlav. svetu) and the Zend fpenta. To produce another
example from the English, dhuneyo (I din) was already present in the original lan-
guage, although it can be certainly pointed out only in the English din = AS. dynnan
and in the Skr. dhunaya (dfivanaya) to sound.
If one wishes to ascertain what is common to the East Aryans, and thus restore the
East Aryan unity of speech, he must in like manner trace out the first separation
which occurred among the peoples of this linguistic group. This was the separation
into Iranians and Hindoos of Aryan race; and accordingly all originally identical
speech material which occurs west as weU as east of the Soliman mountains that sep-
arate Iran and India, is East Aryan. Here, too, it is enough that a word occur in
one member of each group, and so, e. g., the comparison of the word modor, mohar,
first found in Pehlevi (=: Pers. muhr seal) with the Skr. mudra (seal) would be a suf-
ficient reason for assigning mudra to the East Aryan original speech, if one were sure
that here some later borrowing from the Sanskrit, or vice versa, had not taken place.
When the Europeans moved west from the foot of the Ural Mountains, they re-
mained for some time together. They made in common the transition to agriculture,
as is proved by the expressions common to West and East Europeans which refer to
this occupation. To this period belong also the remaining words which are common
to both groups of Europeans, but are unknown to the East Aryans. But this union
of the Europeans was not of long duration, and the phonetic system of the original
speech was not essentially altered meanwhile.
The Slavo-Lettic peoples remained near the old home. But while still united as
one folk, they gave up the old aspirates, and in many other ways altered the inher-
itance which had come down to them. They separated at first into Slavs and Baltic
(Lettic) peoples ; the Slavo-Baltic (Slavo-Lettic) language is therefore obtained by
a comparison of both groups.
The West Europeans, or the ancestors of the Teutons, Kelts, Italic peoples, and
Greeks, at some period while they were still one people and possessed one speech,
changed the inherited k and p sounds into g and /.- sounds. The Greeks were the
first to separate from this union, while the forefathers of the three remaining peoples
still for some time continued united. Consequently, the West European group of
languages would fall into an older and a more recent stratum. To the older stratum
belong those words which occur in the Greek and also in at least one of the three
remaining divisions. To the other stratum belong those words which never appeared
in Greek, but which can be traced in at least two of the other three divisions.
To the Teutonic unity of speech is to be assigned everything which occurs both
among the Goths and also among the remaining Teutons, and shows itself to be
original. In other words, the Teutonic people, after separating from the West Eu-
ropean union, first divided into West Teutons and Goths. Phonetically, the Teutonic
is plainly separated from all its relatives by its Lautverschiebung : the Goths,
or East Teutons, are characterized by the preservation of the old e, which the West
Teutons changed into a ; e. g., Goth, gebum we gave =: OS. gabun ^ E. gave =
OHG. kapun.
From the West Teutonic came the High German through a new, though partial,
Lautverschiebung, while the remaining dialects, among them those of the Saxons and
Angles, kept to the older phonetic system.
Thus we have come back to the Anglo-Saxon element of the English language, from
which we started. We have seen above how this primitive form of the EngUsh lan-
guage has been enriched in historical times through the reception of words from for-
eign tongues into its vocabulary. At the beginning of our article, the Anglo-Saxon
foundation was considered as something given, not as a thing to be comprehended in
its gradual origin. But now we can distinguish in the Teutonic element in English
several strata, according to the time of their origin.
The original Anglo-Saxon kernel of the English language belongs to the periods
enumerated in the following statement : —
I. Period of the original speech.
At this time all those words were coined which occur in the original English and
also among the East Aryans ; e. g., E. warm = Skr. gharmi-s warmth.
II. Period of the unity of speech of the Europeans of the East and West.
To this time belong those words which occur in the original English and also in
the Slavo-Lettic; e. g., E. / sow := Lith. seju, OSlav. seJQ. The phonetic system of
this period is not different from that of the original speech, and forms only a tran-
sition to III.
III. West European period.
This time is characterized by the substitution of q and k for k and f respectively.
Here belongs all the original English which occurs at the same time among other
Europeans of the West, outside of tlie Teutons ; that is, among Kelts, Italic peoples,
and Greeks; e. g., E. beech, book = L. fagus beech = Gr. <(>i)y69, <^ay<i5, oak; E.
law, AS. lag = L. lex (ground form legh, dat. laghei), akin to E. lie, lay. With this
last example compare the Gr. to KeCy-cvov, wliich from its literal meaning, that which
is laid down or established, comes to signify law.
As subdivisions of III., we might place under Ilia, whatever occurs at the same
time in Greek and English ; under 1116. what occurs only among the other West
Europeans.
IV. Period of the Teutonic unity of speech, after the Lautverschiebung.
Here everything of the original English is coined which occurs at the same time in
Gothic ; e. g., E. holster = Goth, hulistr a veil. What appears only in Low and High
German is to be given separately.
If one arranges the primitive English, or the Anglo-Saxon element of English, in
these categories, or separates it according to these divisions, he obtains insight into
the gradual rise of the same, and reconstructs the prehistoric periods through which
the language passed on its way from the original language to the language of the
Anglo-Saxons, when tliey crossed over to England under their Old Saxon horse banner
and coat of arms, which tradition has personified as Hengist and Horsa. In the solu-
tion of this problem the etymologist becomes an investigator in a prehistoric field,
and his activity may be compared with that of the anthropologist when he arranges
prehistoric finds according to the different ages, — the stone age, the bronze age, and
the iron age.
Quite different is the task of the etymologist in the investigation of the store of
words which came into the English language after the emigration of the Anglo-Sax-
ons from the Continent. Here he must separate the different strata in the accretions
which in the course of time were added to the original English stock. These strata
may here be named again, arranged according to the periods before and after the bat-
tle of Hastings.
I. Anglo-Saxon period.
A. Words borrowed from the language of the original Keltic inhabitants of
the British Isles. These appear to be few.
B. Words borrowed from the ecclesiastical language ; — caused by the adop-
tion of Christianity ; e. g., bishop.
C. Words borrowed from the Northern tongues ; — caused by the reign of the
Danes; e. g., ransack.
II. English period from lOGG A. d. on.
A. Introduction of the Old French spoken by the Norman conquerors.
B. Learned words borrowed from Latin and Greek.
C. Words borrowed later from the various languages with which the English
has come into contact.
In the following list of words an attempt has been made to lay a foundation for
such an historical investigation of the English language as has been indicated here.
To this end I have endeavored to present the share of the English in the first prehis-
toric period, that of the Indo-Germanic original speech, or the speech of the primitive
folk before the separation of the East Aryans from the parent stock. All the roots
and words of the original language are enumerated which are found in the original
English, that is, in the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary of the English language; and that
form of these roots and words is placed at the head which, according to our pres-
ent information, they possessed as parts of the original language. The sounds of the
original language as here adopted are : —
a e o i u ; k kh g gh, g z zh, t th d dh, p ph bh ; n m y j r 1 v s.
The palatals are denoted by ZT^A g gh, the semivowels hy n y r l y s.
The verbal and pronominal roots are separated from each other, a matter that re-
quires no justification. The prepositions are likewise grouped together as a separate
class, as they usually can not with certainty be referred to either of the above classes
of roots. A fourth class is formed by the nouns of the original speech, which are de-
rived from verbal roots, to be sure, but whose origin is often obscure. Finally, as a
fiith class, the numerals are given, the treatment of which likewise presents diflScul-
ties. For convenience of reference, the roots and words in the following lists have
been numbered consecutively from 1 to 310 by the American editom.
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH.
xlvii
LIST OF ROOTS OF THE ORIGINAL LANGUAGE IN
ENGLISH.
|^=" Tlie roots in the foUowing list are numbered, and references are made to
them from the etymologies of words in the main vocabulary by means of corre-
eponding numbers.
I. VERBAL ROOTS.
1. V A^- to be sharp.
E. ear (of grain) = Goth, ahs ; E. awn = Goth, ahana chaff, OHG. agene = L.
<xgna a blade, a straw ; E. edge, egg, v. t. =: AS. ecg, n., OHG. ekka = L. acies • of. h.
acu3 chaff, acer sharp, Gr. aicd>/i) a whetstone, dKa;^«VoE sharpened, aKuiioj a point,
Skr. a(an, apia, agman, a stone, agri corner, etc.
2. V -^zo I drive, lead.
E. acre = Gr. oypo; field, Skr. ajri field, and in the E. words agent, agile, act,
action, etc., from L. ago I lead, drive = Gr. d'yoi, Skr. ijami, Zend azdmi.
3. V AZHO, ANZHO, I narrow.
E. ail, awe = AS. oge, ege, Goth, agis, Gr. dxos distress; E. u^some, wp/esome,
ugly = AS. egle, Goth, agls unfitting : cf. Gr. oxAe'u I disturb, Goth, agan, Sg, to
fear, Gr. dp^o; distress, dxofiat I grieve, Skr. Ahami I unite closely ; E. angry, cf. L.
ango I strangle, Gr. dyx'^i S'^''- omhu close, iffihas pressure.
4. V E^MI, im£s, i6nti, I, we, they go.
OE. yode I went r= Goth, iddja ; E. year = Zend yare, and E. aye = Gr. alpeC :
of. Skr. ayiij life, iva course ; L. eo I go, ire to go, Gr. eJfii, Ifitv, laat, I, we, they
go = 8kr. emi, imis, i&nti.
6. V (Eiso), pres. ISKO I desire, demand.
E. ask = OHG. eiscon, lath. jeskSti to demand : cf. Skr. icchimif pres. of ish
to wish.
e. V ^d6 I eat.
E. eat, ate, eaten ■=. Goth, itan to eat ; E. etch = Goth, atja I cause to eat, G.
iitse : cf . L. ecfo I eat, Gr. eSoiiai, Lith. edmi, SJsr. admi, imperfect dcfo/.
7. V ^m6 I take.
This is the basis of ykmo (from £-Nfi-M-Ml, 3d pi. S-nEmonti) : fiMO =: L.
emo I buy, perf. ewi, Lith. irwu, I take, perf. eniiau, Skr. dmati (perf. act. part.
emt^fJnu) he seizes : NfiMO occurs in E. nim, nimmed, cf. AS. niman to take ; E.
nimble = AS. nemol (equivalent to L. capax) ; E. numb, cf. G. hanommen ; Gr.
ve/no) I distribute, possess := Goth, nima I take.
8. V 6RA : KA to row.
E. oar = ONorse ar (from er) ; E. roio, v. = AS. rowan, MHG. riiejen ; E rother-
nail, rudder ^ AS. roSer, G. ruder: cf. Lith. tn'u, t'rfj, to row, Gr. epirrii a rower,
ipeaaio I row, eper/ads an oar := L. remus, ratis a raft, Skr. ariidr rower, ariira oar.
9. V 6sMI I am, :fesTl he is.
E. I am, he is = Goth, ini I am, ist he is ; E. are =: ONorse eruni .• cf. Gr. ia I
was, L. eravi. Skr. if jT.j thou wast ; E. sooth =l AS. soS, OS. io^A, ONorse sannr
(cf. Goth. «(n!i), from the participle ; cf. Gr. iav, p. pr., being, L. aib-sens absent.
Cf. Gr. tljii I am, core he is, L. ^m I am, es^ he is ; Skr. &smi I am, &sti he is,
j(5n, f. sati, being.
10. V OK to see.
E. eye, pi. eyne, eyen = AS. e&ge, Goth, augd, pi. augona (att-go stands for
ahvgo, i. e., ahv :=ok, with the diminutive suffix go); OKy I eye is in Lith. akis,
L. oc-idus, Gr. ocr(7« (;= oxie) the two eyes, Skr. akshi (i. e., ak~yi) eye; the verb
OKY- to see, in Gr. oaaoiiai. I see := Goth, ahja I think, Gr. oipo/jMi I shall see,
oirwTra I have seen : cf . Skr. iksh to see.
11. V OR-, pres. RNfiUMi I arouse.
E. earn to curdle, from AS. eman = rennan; E. run, ran, rennet, rindle, rill,
akin to Goth, rinnan, rann, to run, derived from RNU which occurs in Gr. opwfii
I arouse = Skr. j~ndmi (wpro aor. 3d sing. = Skr. arta), L. orior I rise ; E. em,
earn, eagle, cf. OHG. aro, pi. emi, OSlav. ort-lii, Gr. opvis bird.
12. V 15BKO, icfiNKO, I surround, gird.
E. Iiag a witch, haugh, haw, a hedge =: AS. haga, cf. G. hag, hain, grove ; E.
hedge = LG. hegge, G. AecA-e; E. Aeci (= hetch) = G. Aeei; E. hatch, v. = G.
hecken; E. AocA-, AoujfA = AS. hoh (from honha), Lith. i-inia kneejoint; E. AeeZ =
AS. hela ; E. Ao* = OHG. hahsa hind leg, L. coxa hip, Skr. '-akshd girdle, shoulder,
concealment. Cf. Gr. KtyKXCi latticed gates, L. cancelli, Skr. kacate he binds, kdRd
girdle.
13. V KfeTO 1 hide.
E. hood = AS. hod, MHG. huol; E. Aeerf = AS. hedan, MHG. hueien; also E.
Aa?, hatted, cf. G. Am<; here also E. hide, n. = G. Aazi< =; L. rafts (ea< from quei) :
cf. AS. heaSor "receptaculum," Goth, hep-jo chamber, L. catinus bowl, catillus,
Gr. KOTuAos, Skr. catati he hides.
14. V JtEMO I surround, arch, hide.
E. hem edge, hemmel shed, cf. Goth, hamon to cover, OHG. HmfZ heaven
(:= G. himmel) and LG. hammel hem : cf. L. camurus crooked, camera a vault,
Gr. (canivos oven, Zend kamara girdle, Skr. kmdraii he bends.
15. V &*MO I hum, buzz.
E. hem, v. i., hum, humming, humblebee = G. hummen to hum, hummel humble-
bee = OHG. humbal: cf. Lith. kim-ii to be hoarse, kamane wood bee, Prussian
kamus, Skr. in camara "bosgrunniens."
18. V ^ER-, 4erv-, to turn.
E. whir, whirl (= hurl); E. harrow = AS. hyrwe; E. hoard, hoarding, fence,
screen := Goth. haHrds door, G. Ajirtfe hurdle : cf . L. crato hurdle, harrow ; E.
hurdle = AS. hyrdcl; E. rtffjre = AS. hrycg, ONorse hryggr, OHG. hrucki, stand-
mg for hruvi : cf . OSlav. f rfiu^ worm, krivu ^ Lith. kreivas bent, L. CMr»!W, cor-
<»na kettle, Gr. /n pros curved, Kopufo;, Skr. carM kettle, A^™* worm.
17. V 6elo to strew, cover.
OE. hele, heal, to conceal, cover = G. hehlen ; E. hell =: G. AoKe ; E. htlm = G.
helm; E. hull, hill — G. hiille, hiillen; E. holster = G. hol/ter: cf. L. oc-eulo I
cover, color color, Skr. ki^dti to strew, bestrew.
18. V KRfiu to be wounded or bloody, to fear.
E. raw =: AS. hredw, G. roh ; E. rear, rare, raw = AS. hrere : cf. Gr. xpaOpo?,
Skr. kriird ; E. roajA, ru^= OHG. ruh, G raw A / E. rM« = G. reue, akin to OS.
hrewan to pain : cf. L. cruor blood, crudus raw ; Gr. icpuo? frost, xpaOpo? brit-
tle, xpe^as flesh; Skr. irftvii (= Gr (cpe'foj), krUmd, kriird horrible. With Gr.
Kpu'oraAAo! ice, cf. E. freeze, frost = G. frieren, frost, ONorse hrjosa to freeze
{f=h = Aryan A).
19. V KRfiKO (KRENK) I roar, croak.
E. raven := ONorse hrafn, 6. rabe, cf. Gr. xdpaf ; E. ring, rang, rung =: A3.
hringan: cf. Lith. krak-ti to roar, krank-ti to croak, L. crocio I croak, Gr. Kpe'xu I
play on an instrument, Skr. kraksh to roar.
20. V KJEYO I delay.
E. while := G. wei/e ; E. home = AS. ham; E. hamlet, cf. Goth, haims village,
Lith. kemas, Skr. kshima rest, stop ; perhaps also E. A«aW belongs here, G. heide,
cf. Skr. fo/i^^j-a field.
21. V GA to go.
E. pad, path = AS. psed, pseS, G. pfad ; E. pad, v., padded, paddle, v. = LG.
pedden, paddeln : cf. Gr. j3aiVw I go, «j3>) he went, (Sardi passable, Skr. ga, jigdti,
to go.
22. V GE to sound.
E. caiD, kaw, chough =z AS. ced, OHG. ohaha ; Skr. gSyami I sing, is the basis
of E. g!(o</t (= Goth, qap, f r. 5?>a I speak), and of B. chat, chatting, OE. chaiten ;
E. chitchat, cf. Skr. gadgada stammering, from gad to speak.
23. V Gi;MO I come, go.
E. come, came =: Goth, qima, qam; E. queme = AS. cweman, akin to cweme fit,
pleasing, cf. OHG. bi-qudmi fit, G. bequem convenient. Cf. Skr. gdmati = Zend
jamaiti he comes.
24. V GERO to sound.
E. chirre = AS. ceorian ; E. chirm, churme =: AS. ceorm, n., cyrman, v. : cf. Gr.
/3p6/uu, OHG. chweran, Skr. jdrate, to roar, sing. Also, E. crane, cf. Gr. ye'pacos;
E. crou), V. ^ AS. ci'aioan, OHG. chrdjan, G. kr'ahen: cf. Lith grdju, grdti, to
crow ; E. croore = OHG. chron talkative.
25. V Gi:R6 I swallow.
E. querken, cf. ONorse gjjeri throat, OHG. querka: cf. L. gurges gulf, abyss,
jKr(7ii/(o gullet. E. crajr, crau)^ OHG. chrago, G. Arraj'ere collar : cf. L. t/ocare to
swallow, Gr. /SijSpwo-Kw I eat, /3opd food, Skr. girdti he swallows.
26. V Gl:^u to form into balls.
E. clew, clue =: LG. klauen, AS. cledw : cf. Gr. -yAoDTos the rump, Skr. glau ball,
akin to L. gluere to draw together. E. crewel stands for clewel, as G. kn'dul for klduel.
27. V GLfiUKO I pluck.
E. pluck ^= AS. pluccian, ONorse plokka, G. pjlucken. E. pfacJ is intensive of
Goth, pliuhan as E. tuck (:= G. sucken, zucke^i) of Goth. <mAa I lead, draw (= L.
dUco). To the root verb pliuha corresponds exactly the Skr. gltcdmi I rob, cf.
ONorse plokka to tear away, rob.
28. V GLfiZHO to play for a wager
E. play, pledge, plight = OSax. plegan to answer for, OHG. pflegan to care for,
G. pflegen, pjlicht duty: cf. Skr. gldhate he plays at dice, he wins at play, glaha
stake at play.
29. V GHADH- to grasp, fit.
E. gather, together, cf. LG. vexgadern, Goth. gadi-Mggi a relative, OS. gi-gado,
6. gatte husband, OSlav. godi-<i to fit, to please, Skr. gadh to cramp, bind fast,
puri-a-gadhita grasped. With E. good, G. gut, cf. Gr. dyaflds (properly, fitting,
suitable) ; the ground form is gAdhos, locative gadhei.
30. V GHEDHYOlask.
E. bid, bade, bidden ^ Goth, bidjan : cf. Gr. Betra-Ofiai I pray (from OeSjOfiai, in
which $ is palatal for ^f ), noBos a yearning, Irish guidiu I entreat, Zend jaidhyemi
I ask. Perhaps E. god belongs here.
31. V GHENO I strike, kiU.
E. bane ^ AS. bona; perhaps also E. gin, bepin =: OHG. biginnan: cf. OHG.
gund, gundia, battle, Irish benim "ferio," Lith. ginu, ginti, to defend, genu, ginti,
to drive cattle, Gr. 6eiv(a I strike, eve(j>vov I slew, <f>6m9 murder, Skr. hdnmi I
strike, ghands (= Gr. (fiovos).
32. V 6 HERO I burn, glow, pres. GHRNa-TI.
E. bren, brenning, brand, branded (= brinded) ; E. brine := AS. bryne ; E. brun
(= burn) ; E. bourn = G. born, brunn; E. brunt, cf. G. brunst ; E. bum = AS.
beornan, Germanic brennan, brann: cf. L. furnus an oven, formus warm, Gr.
eepo/iiai I become warm, flcpfids hot, Skr. h&ras glow, ghj-)}d, ghfni, glow ; E. warm
:= OS. warm, G. warm, stands for gvarm-, and is identical with L. formus warm,
Skr. gharmd heat.
33. V GHiiRYo I desire.
E. yern, yearn = AS. geom desirous, G. hegehren to desire, gier greed, gem
willingly : cf. Oscan her-est, Umbrian heriest, " volet," L. horior I urge, hortari to
urge, Gr. xa'P'" I rejoice, xp^'f" I desire, Skr. Mr, hdryaii, to love, like.
34. V GHRBDYO (to step Out), to desire.
E. greed = Goth, gredus; E. greedy = AS. gredig: cf. Goth, grids step, L.
gradior I step, Skr. gfdhyati to step quickly, to be eager, grdhnU, quick, hasty,
grdhra eager.
35. V GHREMO I distort the mouth.
E. grar/i, grum, grumble, grumpy, cf. G. grimm grim, gram grief, grummeln to
rumble: cf. \j.fremo I roar, Gr. xp6M«Tt'f« I neigh, xpoMos a crashing sound, Skr.
harman yawning, Zend grafita furious. To the same root belong E. grin, grinning
(= G. greinen) ; E. groan (= AS. grdnian, where a =: ai).
36. V 9AD- to go ; causative, to set on, to hunt, to excite.
E. hate, haired = Goth, hatis, n., halizon, v., G. ?mss, hassen ; also E. hint, haunt,
hunt, hunter : cf. L. cado I fall, cedo I go, Skr. fddati he goes, fdddyati he sets
on, drives.
37. V 9ANk6 I hang.
E. hang, hung = G. hangen; E. hone to pine, to long z= AS. hon to hang, Goth.
hdhan (from hanhan) : cf. L. eunctdri to delay, Skr. panM hanging, wavering,
fdnkate he doubts, hesitates.
38. V ?6 to sharpen.
E. hone a stone == ONorse hein, AS. in hxnan to stone : cf. Zend faeni point, Gr.
K<i>vog cone, KdT09 grudge, TroAiy-KOTOt sharp, L. cotes whetstone, eatus shrill, Skr.
fitd sharp, pa, gigdmi, to sharpen.
39. V fOG- to help, assist.
E. hap, happen, happy, mis-Aap = ONorse happ success, Gallic cob, Irish cobh
success, victory, in Coftnertus, Skr. gag- in gagma helping, profitable.
40. V tLtYO I bend, lean.
E. lean = AS. hlinian, G. lehnen ; E. ladder =. AS. hinder, OHG. hleitara, G.
leiter ; E. lid = AS. AKd, G. -lid: cf. L. incllnare to incUne, Gr. kAiVw I incline,
KKCiiai ladder, Skr. grkyate to lean.
xlviii
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH.
41. V (;Lfiv6, pLfiuso, I hsar.
E. loud =: AS. hlud, OHG. AiSi, G. iaw^ Irish cloth : cf . L. mclutus celebrated,
Gr. KkuTOi, Skr. fruta, Gr. icAe/ro/iiat I am celebrated, Skr. ffntmi I hear. To
fLEUS- belongs E. Zi'rfera = AS. hlystan to hear, cf. AS. hlysl = Skr. frushfl hear-
ing, n. , Qr6shamai}a-s hearing, p. pr.
42. V 9VEID- to be white.
E. white ^= Goth, hveit-s, G. weiss; cf. Gallic vindo- white (as in Ftndobona),
Skr. fvid to be white, cf. fvet& white. The basis is fvi.
(3. V 9vi;s6 I snort, hiss.
E. wheeze, whiz, whizzed, whist, whistle ; whiz = hizz, whist = hist ; huzz,
huzza, akin to AS. hweosan to snort, to hiss : cf. L. queror, questus, to complain,
Skr. fvdsiti, (us/ii, to snort, hiss.
44. V ZENA, ZIJIA, to produce, arise.
E. kin, Ai'njman, Ai'njwoman, Ainrfolk, akin = AS. cynne, UHG. kiinne ; E. king
=: AS. cyng, cyning, G. konig ; to zjfA belongs L. gna in co-gndtus related, natio
race, nation, from which E. nation is borrowed, Goth. knO in knSds race, Skr. ja in
jati bom (=: L. gndtos). Cf. L. <7enK« race, gigno, genitus, to produce, Gr. yei-ot
race, yiyi/o/nai, ycve'o-flat to be bom, Skr. j&ndmi I beget, Zend zan, zayeite (= Skr.
jayate is born).
46. V ZENO, ZNO, to recognize.
E. can, could (= couth) = G. kann, konnte ; E. ken, v. = G. kennen; E. conny,
cunning, cund (:= cond) ; E. kith = AS. cyd, cyS ; E. kythe, kyd, kid =: AS. cySan,
OS. kundian ; E. Aeen ^ AS. cen« bold, OHG. chuoni, G. kiihn ; E. know =z AS.
cnatfon, OHG. chndan. Cf. Lith. iin^t to know, iintii information (:= OHG.
kundi), L. nosco I come to know, co-gn5vi I know, Gr. ytyvu-amt, Skr. jdn&ti,
jfldtd, to know, Zend zainti ir^ormation, znd to know.
46. V Z^USO I choose.
E. choose, chose, chosen = Goth, kiusan, G. kiesen, kor ; E. choice, from F. cAoiar
(from the G.) : cf. L. gustus taste, gusiare to taste (hence E. juri, dia-yiu/), Gr.
y«v'o;tiat I taste, Skr. jishati, Zend zuiA, to taste, like.
47 a. V ZHA to go.
E. go, gone, agone, ago = OHG. gen to go, G. gehen, akin to Skr. Aa, y(AUe, to
go, go away, give way, Zend za, zazditi, to go.
47 ft. V ZHA to separate, gape.
E. yawn =: AS. gdnian (from Germanic ginan) =: G. gdhnen : cf. Lith. iiSli to
gape, L. Aljco I gape. Mare to gape, Gr. x°^<'i"^ I g^P^) S. Aa, j&hdti, to leave,
vihayas air (properly, the gaping one, cf. Gr. x<io? chaos, space). 47 b is really
identical with 47 a.
48. V ZHfiNGHO I step out.
E. gang, v. = Goth, gaggan ; E. ffanj, n. = G. gang a going : cf. Lith. iengiu,
iengti, to step, Skr. iajdmhas &v/ay,jaghdna buttock, j&figha the lower part of
the leg, Zend zaUgra foot.
§9. V ZHiiLO to be green or yellow.
E. gall = G. galle: cf. Gr. xo^o'i Zend hdra-s gall ; E. goel, yellow = AS. geolo,
gelu, OHG. gelo, G. pe?6 ::: L. hilvus, helvus, yellow ; E. gold =z Goth, gulp ; ct.
OSlav. zlalo gold (E. guluund is borrowed from Icelandic gul-ond). Here also
probably E. glow, v. = 6. gluhen : cf. Lith. Heja break of day. Cf. Lith. ielti to be
green, L. helvus yellow, holus vegetables, Jel gall, Gr. xo-^os gall, x^ofos a greenish
yellow color, x^^pos greenish yellow, Skr. hirarfya gold =^ Zend zaranya, etc.
60. V ZHREDO to sound.
E. gi-eet = AS. grsetan, MHG. griiezen : cf. MHG. grdzen to cry, rage, Skr. hrdd
to sound, Zend zradnnh coat of mail (rattling).
61. V TEN-, pres. TjiNUTAf, to span, extend.
B. thin, thinner = OHG. dunni, MHG. dunne, G. dilnn ; Germanic punnja-
reats on punnu-s, and this = Skr. <anu-i (from tnnu-s) stretched out : cf. L. tenuis
thin, and Gr. ravapoi stretched. Also L. teneo I hold, tendo I stretch, Gr. jeiVw,
TaioiTai =; Skr. tanute is extended.
62. V T^NYETI it thunders.
E. thunder, n., thunder, v. = OHG. donar,n., G. donner, n.,donnem,y. ; TAorin
E. Thursday = O'Soiae porr, AS.punor, OHG. donar: cf. L. tonare, v., tonitru, n.,
Skr. t&nyati it thunders, AS. punjan to thunder.
63. V t6bo to bore, prick.
E. tharm = G. darm, cf. Gr. rpdim the perineum ; E. <Aom =: 6. dorn, OSlav.
<rtnS thorn ; E. thorough, thorow, through = OHG. duruh, G. durch, cf. Skr. iiVd*
=: L. trans ; E. ^AzVZ ^ thrill, from Miwi ^ AS. thyrhil a hole. Cf. L. <ero I rub,
terebra a borer, Gr. TtrpaiVu I pieice, Tetpu I wear away, Skr. tfiyi grass, and t&rd,
tfndtti, to pierce.
64. V T^BS- to gape from dryness.
E. thirst, thirsty = G. durst, n., dursten, v., durstig, adj. : cf. Iiish tart thirst, L.
torreo, tostus, to parch, Gr. Tepa-o/xai I dry up, Skr. tjshyan thirsty, t^shu thirsty.
66. V TfiLA, TALA, to bear, endure.
E. thole =: Goth, pulan, OHG. dolen, cf. G. dulden, v., geduld patience : cf. L.
tollo, tetuli, to raise, Gr. xeAafiuii' a band, joAas wretched, ToAavrov a balance, tal-
ent, exArji' I endured, Skr. tul, tilati, to raise, weigh.
66. V Ti:VA, TU, to swell, be strong.
E. thaw =: AS. pawan ; E. thew, pi. thews, manner, custom := AS. pe&w, OS. than,
custom; E. thews muscles, cf. Skr. tavds strength; E. thigh ^ AS. pe6h, OHG.
dioh thigh : cf. Lith. iauka-s = OSlav. iuku fat ; E. thumb = OHG. dUmo, G. dait-
men, cf. Zend tuma strong; E. thimble, cf. thumb-staM. Cf. L. /Jicor I watch,
defend, tumeo I swell, Skr. tu, tdviii, to have power, thrive.
67. V TVANK to draw together.
E. thong =: AS. pwang thong : cf. Skr. tvafic, tvandkti, to draw together.
68. V DA, DAI-, to divide.
E. ted, tedding, teathe =: ONorse taS, aMn to Gr. iarcofxai I divide, from Sa ;
E. tide = OHG. zTt ; E. tidy = G. zeitig ; E. tidings = G. zeitung : cf . Gr. iai'?,
iotTu's, a meal ; E. time =z ONorse tlmi : cf. Gr. Sai/Miv share (in ev-, Kaico-5aiji<oi') ;
E. tea«e =: AS. tsesan, OHG. zeisan (from dai-sS) : cf. Gr. Saioiaou, Skr. da, diJrt,
to mow off, cut off, ddyate he distributes.
68. V DA9-, DANg., to bite.
E. tat7 =: Goth, iagl, OHG. zagal ; cf . Skr. dafd fringe ; E. tear (of the eye) =:
AS. tseher, G. zdhre := Gr. Sa/cpu (the tear " bites ") ; E. tang a strong taste, cf.
OHG. zangar biting ; E. tongs = AS. tange, Q. zange: cf. Gr. Sokvio I bite, Skr.
ddgati he bites, ddmshfra-s fang.
60. V DEIQO I show.
Only in E. toe = OHG. zeha, G. zehe : cf. Goth, gateihan to tell, L. dS*o I say,
Qr, icucw/Lii I show, Skr. dif, dideshfi, to show.
61. V DEMA, DAME, to tame.
E. tame, adj., tome, v. = G. zahm, adj., z'dhmen, v. : cf. L. domare, Gr. ja^au 1
tame, Skr. damdyati he tames.
62. V D^MO I build.
E. timber = ONorse timbr, OHG. zimpar, G. zimmer, zimmem, Goth, (intr^anto
build : cf. Gr. 6e>.M I build, Sofio; = L. domus = Skr. ddma-s house.
63. V DERA, DRNATI, to Split, cleave.
E. tear, v., tare, torn = Goth, ga^tairan, OHG. zeran, G. zehren to consume ; E.
far = AS. tearo, LG. Meer, G. zehr (in Hessen) = Lett, darwa tar, ONorse <yrr,
Lith. derva resinous wood ; E. tetter, cf. OHG. zitaroch = Skr. dadru, dadruka, a
cutaneous eruption ; E. tree = Goth, triu, cf. Gr. 6dpu, ipOt, Skr. d(ir«, dni, wood ;
E. trough =: G. trog (from dru-ka) ; E. farre to irritate = LG. tan-en, cf. G. zejren
to pull, zergen to provoke ; E. tart sharp, cf. Gr. iipta = Lith. diru I flay, OSlav.
dera, drati, to cleave, Skr. dar, drxditi, to cleave : MHG. trinnen to go away, is
from DR{iA.
64. V DEVA, DU, to draw, tear, torment.
E. taw, tew = AS. tedwian, Goth, taujan, OHG. zawian; E. team = AS. /eiw
brood ; E. tedder = ONorse tJoSr, LG. tuder ; E. /ze band, tool =z ONorse tsl ; E.
teen == AS. <e(5n, tynan ; E. <oie, totwe == LG. tusen, G. zausen : cf. L. diico I lead,
draw, Gr. Sifios destructive, iafifw I tear apart, Gr. Bvri misery, &v<t- ill, mis-,
Skr. du to draw, ddvlyas further, ddvishtna furthest, fr. dUrd far, duti messen-
ger, Skr. dush to destroy, dus- ill, mis-.
65. V DHE, DIDHEMI, toset, do.
E. do, did, done = G. thun, that, gethan ; E. deed = Goth, deds, G. that ; E. doom,
kingdom, deem, v. ; cf. Gotli. dom-s judgment, G. kUntglhum kingdom, Goth.
ddmjan to deem; E. ado ^ at do; don = do on; doff-:=do off; dout =^ do out;
dup — do up ; E. dole = Goth, dails, 6. theil, cf. OSlav. delii part ; E. deal, v. =
Goth, dailjan, G. theilen, OSlav. de/;Vf I divide : cf. Gr. xiflij/at I put, fut. e>i(r<o,
Lith. deti = OSlav. de^i to put, do ; Skr. dAa, dddhdti, to put, do.
66. V BHE, DHAVO, to suck, suckle.
E. day iu daymaid, daywomau, dairy, dey a servant, doe (= AS. dd) ; E. dug ■=.
ONorse d'dggja to suckle, Goth, daddjan, OHG. tdan. Cf. OSlav. dopg I suckle,
Gr. 9r)cr0ai, flijo-acrflai, to suckle ; Skr. dAa, dhdyati, to suck.
67. V DHj&lGHO I smear, cement, knead.
E. dig, digging, du<7 =: Goth, deigan, daig, to form from clay; E. dough, duff
= AS. dag, ddh = OHG. teic, G. teig; cf. L. Jingo I handle, shape, Jigulus a pot-
ter, Gr. Tetx"'' Toixo?, wall, Skr. di'A, dtlcati, dtgdhi, to smear, cement, anoint.
68. V DHfeUGHO I am of use, I give profit.
E. doughty = AS. dyhlig, G. tiichtig, akin to Goth. dUgan, v., G. laugen : cf. Skr.
duh, duhi, dihute, to give profit ; this is the original meaning, and from this is de.
rived the meaning, to milk, give milk. Of like origin is E. daughter =: Gr. 6vya.rrjp
=z Skr. duhitdr, named as a\(j>eaipoi.a bringing in oxen (as presents from suitors).
69. V DHfiGHO I burn.
E. day, daisy (= day's eye) = Goth, dags day, G. tag, akin to Lith. degu, degti,
to bum, daga summer, Skr. daA, ddhati, to burn. According to an ancient and
poetical conception, the day is every morning " kindled."
70. V DHfiRso I am courageous, I dare.
E. dare, derring (= daring), durst = Goth, dars, dairsum, to dare : cf. Gr.
Sdpaoi courage, Spatru^ bold, Skr. dhi'shan, dhi'shniti, dadhdrsha, to dare, be bold,
71. V DHfeVA, DHU, to breathe, kindle.
E. deer := AS. dedr an animal, Goth, dius, G. thier (related to DHfe VA to breathe,
as L. animal to anima breath) : cf. Lith. dvesti to breathe, OSlav. duchu soul ; E.
dag, dag, v., dogging, cf. LG. ^^ dag un dau;" also E. dawn, properly, kindling,
from DHVES ^ Lith. dvesti to breathe, Skr. dhvas to disperse ; E. doze ^ MG.
hedusen ; E. daze, dazzle, dazzled = LG. dusseln ; E. dozy, dizzy ^ AS. dysig, LG.
diisig, ddsig, OHG. lusic; E. dust zz. G. dust, dunst ; E. dusk, dusky, akin to AS.
dwxscan to put out, cf. Skr. dhUsnra dust-colored. Cf. Gr. 6vio I storm, Skr. dAu
to shake, storm, dhvas to disperse, splash.
72. V DH^vo I flow, run.
E. dew, dewy, dew, v. := AS. dedw, n., G. thau, n., thauig, adj., thauen, v. : cf.
Gr. 64pu> I run, fut. dei/Vofxai, Skr. dhdvati it runs, streams, dhauti source.
73. V DHRAGHO to draw (bear).
E. draw, drew, draivn = AS. dragan, G. tragen, trug ; E. dray, drag, dragged,
draught (= draft) =: AS. droht; E. draggle, drail, dredge, droger, drogher, drabble
{= draggle), drabble-tail (=: drajg'/e-tail) : cf. Skr. dhraj, dhrdjati to glide, pass,
go, dhriji a passing, going.
74. DHViiNO, DHUN:fevd, I sound.
E. dun, dunned, din, dinned = AS. dyn, n., dynnan, v., OS. dunjan, Skr. dhv&nati
it sounds, dhun&yati it roars.
75. V JPA to protect.
TS,. father =z Goth, fadar, Skr. pitdr; E. food, n. , feed, fed, v. = Goth. fSdjan, v. ;
"E. foster = ONorse fostr; E. fodder, father, f udder, fur = G. fuller, n., fiittem
to feed : cf. L. pdBCO I feed, pabulum food, Skr. pa, piti, to protect.
76. V P^TO I fly.
E. feather = Skr. pdtra, G. feder: cf. Gr. nrepov, akin to n-eVo/iav I fly, Skr. pd-
tdmi I fly.
77. V p:6do I go, fall.
E. fet, fetch, v. = AS.fetian; E.fet,Jit, attack, fit, fitter, fitted, fetter = MHG.
vezzer; E./eflock, cf. G. fessel fetter, pastern, Gr. Tre&ij fetter, L. pedica ; E.foot,
feet, cf. L. pes, Gr. ttow, Skr. pdd, foot : cf . Skr. pad, pddyate, to go, fall.
78. V PfeRO to go, go across.
'E.fare, v. ^ G.fahren; E. fear, feere, companion =: AS. /era ; cf. G. gefdhrte;
'E. ferry = G. fdhre ; 'E. ferry, v. =zG. fergen ; E. firth{=z frith) := OJSoTse fjorSr ;
E. forth, ford, v. =: G. furth, n.,furthen, v. Cf. Gr. irepaia I pass, cross, Trdpos a
ford, way, L. porta a gate, portare to carry, Skr. jjar, piparmi, to go across.
79. V p:6rdo I fart.
E. fart, n., fart, v. := OHG. virzu, Lith. perdiu, Gr. jrepSo/toi, Skr. pard, pdr-
date, to fart.
80. V P:fel'A, PLA, to fill.
E. /aZi = Lith. pilnas, OSlav. plunu full ; E. fill, v. := AS. fyllan, G. fiillen :
E.flow = ONorse floa; E. flood = Goth, flodus, G. fluth: cf. L. implere to fiU,
Gr. irip.n\r\ij.i. I fill, fut. ttA^o-m, Skr. par, piparmi, to fill. Teutonic J?5 =: (p)la
in Irish Zaa f uU, and Skr. pUr in pur-na full.
81. V P', PIYATI, to hate.
E. fiend = Goth, fljands enemy, G. feind ; E. fot, old pi[l font ^ AS. yS, Goth.
faian to blame : cf. Skr. piyati he reviles, mocks.
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH.
x\i\
92. V pO, PiJyATi, to rot.
E. foul, file, filth =; Goth, fula foul : cf. 6. faul, Lith.jpufi to rot, L. pus ^\a,puteo
to stiiik, Gr. mios pus, Tnidu to rot, Skr. pu, puyaCi, to rot, stink.
83. V PKI to love.
E. friend = Goth, jrij^nds, G. freund, p. pr. of Goth. friJBn to love, from Skr.
priyd dear ; E. -/red (as in Alfred, Frederick) z= G. friede peace : cf . OSlav. prijaJQ
I care for, prijatetX friend, Skr. pfi to love.
84. V Pli&VO to spring, swim.
E. flume comes from a form flu equivalent to plu, cf . flam =: AS. fledm flight ;
E. /wf A, cf. OHG. flusc loose, like LG. fluderig; E. /j/, /ew, flown = AS. fledgan,
6. fliegen ; E. yi«e, ^m^ = Lith. plukas down ; E. fly, n. =: AS. fledge, G. ^le^e /
'E. fledge (=l flidge) ^ Q. fliigge, fliick ; E. flicker, v. ^ AS. fluccerian ; TS,.fly, v. r=
G. /leAera ; E. flee, flight, flighty = G. flucM, n.,fluchtig, adj. ; E. flea = MHG.
vlBch, G. /oA (from flauhi, flu = Skr. /ite to spring) ; E. fleet, float, flote, flit,
flutter, flitter, cf. G. fliessen to flow, flotte a fleet, flott afloat. Cf. Gr. nXifu I
sail, L. pluo to rain, Skr. plu, pldvate, to swim, ^ru to fly, hasten (spring).
86. V BHA to shine.
E. bald (OE. baliid) r= AS. Jsi brightness : cf. Gr. <J>oAds shining, Litli. balti to be
wliite, OSlav. belU white ; E. bare, a. =: OHG. 6aru, Litli. basas barefoot, OSIav.
bosti (properly, blank) : cf. Skr. bhUs to sliine ; £. bend = Goth, bandita a sign, Gr.
^aiVu I show. Cf. Skr. bhd, bhAti, to shine.
86. V BHA, BHAN, to Speak.
E. ban, to ban, banned = G. bann, n., bannen, t. ; E. boon, cf. L. aJfaniae chatter,
Skr. bhan, bhdnati, to sound, L. fdri to speak, Gr. i^i)fii I say.
87. V BHEiDO, BHm:£:DMi, I split.
E. bite, bate, bitten = ONorse bita (to split, which meaning appears in jamftWr
iron-cleaver), G. beissen to bite ; E. bit, bitter, bitts, bait: cf. L. flndo I cleave, Skr.
bhid, bhinddmi, bkittum, to cleave.
88. V BHiiUGHO I beud.
E. bow, bough, bought, n., bight ^ Goth, biugan to bend, G. fciejen ; cf. Lith.
bug-ti to be afraid, Gr. (^euyw I flee, L. fugio, Skr. bhuj to bend.
89. V BH&UDHO I bid.
E. bode, forebode, beadle =:iQoth. biudan to bid, G. bieten, Gr. nnOoiiaL, TruOeaSai.,
to leam, Skr. bidhati (to awake), to observe.
90. V BHENDH5 I bind.
E. bind, band, bound := Goth, bindan, v., G. binden ; E. binder, band, bond, bundle
=: G. binder, band, bund, biindel: cf. L. in oifendix, of fendimentum, knot, Gr.
veio-jua a cable (= irwSjua), n-eveepds father-in-law, Skr. badhniti he binds.
91. V BHiiRA to hew, bore.
E. bore, boring, borer = G. bohren, v. , L. forare (ferio I strike), Gr. <j)ap6iu I plow,
^apcrof a part, OSlav. briti to shear {brati to strike), Skr. bhrl, bhriniti, to cleave.
■With E. bar a barrier, cf. Lith. baras division, It. forum market place, /orurt book-
case, from BHERA to separate, cut off.
92. V bh:6ro I carry.
E. bear, bare, bore, bom = Goth, bairan, v., G. geiaren / E. bam, barley, from
tear, bere, barley =: AS. here, cf. L. far spelt ; E. bird, brid, bred = AS. bridd ; E.
birth, burden, cf. OSlav. ber§ I carry, Olr. biur, L. fero, Gr. ijiipui, &ki. bhdrdmi
I carry. To AS. beran to raise (LG. b'dren), belong E. board, border, bore, burl, birl.
93. V BH:feRU, bhru, to bubble, boil.
E. barm = AS. beorme, cf. L. fermentum, from ferveo I boil ; E. brew, brewis,
brose, broth := G. brauen to brew : cf. L. iefrutum must boiled down, Gr. /SpuTov
beer; also probably E. beer z^ OHG. pior (for brivorf), and E. bread =. OHG.
prbt on account of the fermentation of leavened bread ; E. brown = G. braun : cf.
Skr. jarbhuraii it bubbles, and babhru brown.
94. V BH£:R90 I shine.
E. bright := AS. beorht, OHG. perahi, Goth, brahw augins moment : cf . Skr. bhrdf
to shine.
86. V BHfiRZHO I raise, assist.
E. berg, bergh = G. berg, OSlav. bregu bank; E.^borough a town = G. burg ; E.
borough a pledge, borrow =: G. biirge security, biirgen to give security, borgen
to borrow ; E. barrow a hog = G. ftor^schwein, akin to AS. byrgian, beorgan, to
taste, cf. Gr. <J>e'p^a) I feed ; E. bury, burial, fr. AS. bergan, in the meaning of the 6.
yerbergen to hide ; E. brag, bragged, brangle, brabble ^^ G. prachen, prangen, to
make a show, brag, cf. Lith. brangus dear ; E. brain =: LG. bregen, cf. Gr. /3pe;yxds
the back of the head ; E. brawl, akin to MHG. brogeln, from brogen to raise. Cf.
Skr. bfhdnt high, bdrhishlha highest, Zend barezaiih height.
93. V BHiiRso I project, stand out.
E. bristle z=. AS. byrst, G. borste : cf. OHG. parren to project, Skr. bhrshfi spike,
point.
97. V BHj&vo, BHfivA, BHiJ, to become, be, dwell.
E. be, been, being = AS. beSm I am, Lith. bu-ti to be, OSlav. byti, L. fuam, fui,
fore, Gr. (fiCyai, Skr. bhdvdmi (= AS. beom) ; E. beam ray = AS. beam tree, G.
baum : the change of signification is as in the L. radius staff, ray. E. bee = AS.
bed, probably named from its building, and akin to AS. butoan to dwell : cf . L. fa-
vus honeycomb, fUeus a drone ; E. bye dweUing ; E. build, fr. AS. bold a biulding ;
E. bower = ONorse bur, G. vogelJaaer bird cage, akin to AS. buwan to dwell,
OHG. puan, G. bauen to build, to till: cf. Skr. bhuvana dwelling.
98. V BHLEGd I bum.
E. black =1 OHG. plah fallow ; E. blink, blanJe^G. blinkers, v., blank, adj., akin
to Gr. i^\iyia I bum, L. flagrare to bum, /u^jrMr lightning, Skr. bhdrgas splendor,
bhrdj (= Zend bardz) to shine ; E. bleak = OHG. pleihh pale, cf. Lith. bligsti to
shimmer, where bhlig seems to be developed from bhleg.
99. V ME (MEDO) to measure.
E. mete =: Goth, mitan, G. messen : cf. L. modus measure, mediiari to reflect,
Gr. fie'So/uai I think on, nieSi/;ij/05 a com measure, akin to L. 7««tior I measure, Skr.
TOO, mimdii, to measure.
100. V MEI-, MEITHO, to change, exchange.
E. mad, madder, madden ^= AS. gemdd " vanus," Goth, maidjan to alter, to cor-
rupt; E. yeoJMara =: Goth, gamains common, G. gemein; E. mis- = AS. miss-, G.
miss- ; E. miss, v. := AS. missian, G. missen, akin to Goth. m,issa-, from mitsa-: cf.
OSlav. mite changeable, Skr. mithds changing, miihu wrong.
101. V MEI-, MI-, to diminish.
E. mince = AS. minsian, akin to Goth, mins less ^ L. minus, OSlav. rninij :
cf. Gr. jneiajv less, L. minuo I lessen, Skr. mi, miniti, to lessen.
102. V MEIZHO I wet = L. " mingo."
E. mist := ONorse misir, Goth, maihstus dung, G. mis<, akin to ONorse mtga to
urinate = LG. migen = Skr. mihati he urinates, mW, meghd, fog, cloud : cf. L.
mingo to urinate, Gr. bixix^u, 6/in'xAi) mist (=: OSlav. mlgla cloud).
103. V ME 9-, MEZH-, to be able or strong.
B. may, mought, mote =: AS. mag, meahte, mihte, G. mag, mochte ; E. maw =
AS. maga, G. magen; E. might, n. =: G. macht, OSlav. moshti might; E. maid
= Goth, magaps, G. magd, maid; E. tooj/ a maiden =: AS. mie*? =: Goth, mawi,
fern, of magti-s boy; E. mai?j strengtli = OHG. magin, G. mein- ; E. more, moit
=: Goth, mais, maists ; E. many =^ Goth, manags = OSlav. mnogu many; E.
much = ONorse mjiik = Gr. jne'ya; E. mvchel, mickle = Gotli. mikils, cf. Gr.
fieydAi), fern., great: cf. L. magnus great, major greater, Skr. mdh to be able, maAii
great.
104. V (MEN), MiiMONA, to tliink of.
E. mind = AS. mynd, Goth, munds, Skr. matl, L. mens; E. mean, v. := G. «iei-
nen ; E. j/jon, pi. men = G. mann, cf. Skr. mdnus primitive man : cf. Gr. /utVot
force, spirit, temper, ^e/xoi/a I wish = Goth, man I think, Skr. man, mdnyate to
think.
105. V MRYAf I die.
E. murder =z Goth, maurpr, MHG. morderon, v., akin to L. morior I die, Skr.
mriyi I die.
106. V MfeRZO I wander, border.
E. marc, mark, march, merk, merke z= AS. marc, G. mark boundary, marke a
mark : cf. L. margo border, Zend merezu border, akin to Gr. biiopyvvixi I wipe,
Skr. marj, mirshii, to stroke, to wipe.
107. V MiiLZO I milk.
E. milk =: G. milch, akin to OHG. melchan to milk z=z Gr. d/ie'Ayu I milk : cf. L.
mulgeo, Skr. mary, mArs/i{i, to stroke, to wipe.
108. V mAldo I dissolve.
E. malt r= G. maZs / E. melt, molten ; E. milt z= G. miZz, akin to Gr. dij.a\Svvto I
crusli, Slir. mj-d, marmartti, to rub in pieces, mfd earth. The simple MEl,- is in
E. meal = OHG. melo, melwes, G. mehl ; E. mill =z G. miihle ; E. tomH, mullock,
mulmul = LG. tomH rubbish, G. gemiilm, Goth, malan, mol, to grind, L. moio 1
grind, Gr. (iuAij a mill, /nuAAco := L. mo/o.
109. V JEUG- to yoke.
E. yoke := Goth, juk, Gr. fuydi', L. Jugum, Skr. yugd, akin to L. jungo I joii!,
Gr. ffiiyn^ni, Skr. t/ty, yundkti, to yoke.
110. V (YEg), YfTAf, to rule over, to possess.
E. owe, ought = AS. dgan, dhte, to have, Goth, aigan, OHG. eigan ; E. own =
OHG. eican, G. eigen, Skr. if, ife, to rule over, possess. If being derived from a
form ya^ which is preserved in ydfas glory, wealth.
111. V J^so I ferment, boil.
E. yeast, yest =^ AS. gist, G. gest, from OHG. jesan to ferment, G. gdhren : cf.
Gr. ^e'u) I boil, Skr. yas to boil.
112. V RAS- to sound, cry.
E. roar = AS. rSrian, OHG. reren to bleat, bellow, LG. rohren to cry, Goth.
razda := ONorse rodd voice, sound : cf. Skr. ras, rds, to sound, cry.
113. V REUDHO I redden.
E. red, redden :rz G. roth, adj., rdthen, v. ; E. reddle {= ruddle) =; G. rothel; E.
rud, rudd, ruddock, ruddy, rust (;= G. rost) = ONorse rjoSa to redden, AS. reddan,
Gr. ipevBu I redden : cf . L. rubeo, Skr. rudhira red, blood, rthita red.
114. V Ri:UP6 I tear, break.
E. reave, reft, reaver, riever = AS. redfian to rob, Goth, biraubon, G. rauben ;
E. ro6, robber, robbery = AS. redfan to break, to tear apart, ONorse rfufa: cf. L.
rumpo I break, Skr. ropa hole, lumpdmi I break.
115. V Rfizo = L. "rego."
E. reach, raught, rought =: AS. reciare, G. recken, reckte; E. racJ, n., rack, v. .:^
G. reck, n., recken, v. ; E. reai a rush = LG. rick; E. rijAi := G. recht, L. rectus,
Zend rapia ; cf . L. rejo I direct, Gr. ope'yw I reach, Skr. raj, xfijAmi, to extend.
See REZ king, V283.
116. V REDHO I advise.
E. read, rede =^ AS. rxd advice, rsedan to advise, consult, OHG. rat, n., rdtan,
v., Goth, garedan, v., G. rath, n., rathen, v. ; E. riddle = AS. rsedels, G. rdihsel:
cf. Skr. radA to accomplish.
117. V REVO, RUVO, to loose, break in pieces.
E. rot, rotten = AS. rotian, v., G. veirolten ; E. ret, retting, rettery = LG.
rotten, v., akin to L. ruo I fall, Skr. ruvdti to break in pieces.
118. RESO I run, flow.
E. race = AS. ries, ONorse rds a race, rasa to race, G. rasen to rage : cf. Gr. fpdia
I pour out, eptoe'co I rush, L. ros dew, OSlav. roiM, Slir. rasA fluid, flood.
119. V LifelKO I leave.
E. loan — AS. ?«n, OHG. lehan, G. ieAn, akin to Goth, leikwa I lend = Gr. AciVw
I leave ; E. leave, left = AS. Ixfan, ONorse leifa ; E. lave, n. = AS. Z5/ = Gr. Aootos
remaining; E. life, pi. Zii^es z= AS. fi/, G. leben: cf. L. linquo, llqui, lictum, to
leave, Gr. AetVw, AiTreii/, Ae'AoiTra, Skr. ric, recati, rindkti, to leave. In the Teu-
tonic languages the verb was originally leihva, Idihv, libum, libdns.
120. V LEIGO I tremble, slop.
E. lake, v. i. = Goth. Isikan to leap for joy ; E. lay a song = MHG. leich song,
akin to Gr. eAeAi'fu I whirl, shake, Skr. rej, rejati, to shake, tremble. Also E,
limp, V. (= MHG. limpfen to limp) probably belongs here.
121. V LfilZHO I lick.
E. lick = AS. liceian, G. lecken, which is an intensive of Goth. Toilaigon: cf. Gr.
Aei'xo), ki.xy-i.ia, I lick, L. Zinffo, Skr. lih, le^hi, to lick.
122. V LEUKO, LEugo, I give light.
E. light, n. = AS. ledht, G. KcA^; E. light, v. = Goth, liuhtjan to give light, Gr.
Aeuo-cTO) (for \evKTj<o) I look ; E. Zeme, Zimn =: AS. ledma light ^ L. lumen ; E.
?ooTO ^ AS. ledmian : cf. L. lUx light, ZSceo I shine, Gr. Aev/cds bright, Aeuao-u I
look, Skr. rucate to shine, riigat bright.
123. V L^feUDHO I mount, grow.
E. lead = AS. ledd, MHG. Zi!<<, G. leute people ; also E. lad, laddy, ladkin, lass (for
laddess), lassie, cf. LG. liit girl ; E. iead the metal = MHG. lot, G. loth, n., Idthen
to solder : cf. Goth, liudan to grow, Gr. eAeuo-Oftai I shall go, y)\v6ov I went
(properly, to mount), Zend rud, raodhaiti, to mount up, grow, Skr. ruh, rihati,
to grow.
124. V L^UBHO to desire eagerly.
E. lief, leve, leef, dear =:: G. lieb ; E. leve, v. t., beZie/, beKeue = G. glauben; B.
Zeajjg, n. ^ G. uxlaub, erlauben to allow ; E. love = AS. lofian to praise, G. lobeni
cf . Lith. laup-se praise, Skr. tubdhd eager, lobha desire, longing.
1
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH,
126. V i-fiNG-o to spring, advance, succeed.
E. light not heavy =: Goth, leihts, G. leichl (from linhis) ; E. long = G. lang, L.
longus; E. lungz=. G. lunge, cf. AS. lungre straightway = Gr. i\aitip6i light; E.
limber := G. lummer (6 = gi) ; E. linger, cf. G. lungern to idle about, akin to MHG.
lingen, lang, to succeed, G. gelingen : cf. Gr. eAey^w I censure, disprove, prove,
eAoxus small, eAac^pos light, L. ^eww, Skr. langh, ramh, to spring, hasten, advance.
126. V L^^yo I dissolve, let flow.
E. lime a viscous substance =: AS. ilm, 6. leim, n., leimen to glue: cf. L. Z(;niM
slime, imere to besmear, Skr. n, riyati, to dissolve, let flow.
127. V LfiVA, lO, to loose.
Lengthened by « in E. leese, lose, lost, losel (= lorel), loss ; E. loose ss AS. le&s,
G. /oi/ E. fathertos=;G. vater?os; cf. L. &olvo I loose, solUtus loosed, Gr. Avw
I loose, Skr. lu, lunAti, to cut off.
128. V VAi to suffer.
E. woe = AS. ted, Goth, wai .', waja-merjan to blaspheme, OHG. we I, wewB woe,
6. wehe, interj., weh, n. ; E. woe, adj. sr Lett, wahjsch {z= vajas) : cf. L. vael,
Zend roya miserable.
129. V VAG- to cry, sound.
E. weep, wept = AS. wepan, Goth. wBpja.i to cry out, OHG. vmofan .• cf. Skr.
vagmi-s soimding, roaring.
130. V VALGO to hasten.
E. walk, cf. Skr. valg to spring, gallop.
131. V VE to blow.
E. wind = G. wind, L. ventus ; E. window ; E. windy ^ G. mndig; E. toiTi-
no!o =: AS. windician; E. winder to winnow, akin to Goth, winpjnn to winnow,
Goth, waian, waiwo, to blow, MHG. wsejen = Litb. fe/u I blow, Gr. aprjiu, Skr.
ra, D(i<i, to blow.
132. V VEIGO I give way.
E. weak = G. weich, akin to OSax. wikan to give way, OHG. w^chan, G. weichen,
Skr. ry, vijate.
133. V VEID-, perf. VOIDA, VIDiVl:^, I, we, know.
E. I wot =: Goth, wait, Gr. poiSa, Skr. ti^rfa / E. ife^ K'o< := G. tuissen, wussle ;
E. wit ^ G. jwjVz/ E. witness, wit, v., cf. Goth, witan to know; E. w'ite, n.,
uitVe, V. = AS. w'ltan, cf. G. vertt'ewen, L. video I see, tldi I have seen, Gr. folSa.
I know, fCSnev we know, piSeti/ to see, Skr. tJ^da I know, vidmi we know.
134. V VfiGO I am awake, grow.
E. wake, woke, v. i. = G. wachen ; E. xoake, waked, v. t. = G. tcecken ; E. waken,
v., watch, n., watch, v., cf. AS. jcacce watch ; E. liniV, akin to OHG. ^caht : cf.
L. vir/il awake, vigeo I thrive, vegeo I arouse, Skr. vaj to be lively, to be strong,
vAja strength. Cf. VfiKSO.
136. V viiKso I grow.
E. wax, wex, v. = Goth, wahsjan ; E. wax, woxen = G. wuchs, gewachsen : cf.
Gr. a/r^fw I increase, strengthen, Skr. vaksh, perf. vavdksha, to grow up, to become
strong. The Goth, wahsjan comes from the perf., Skr. vavdksha.
136. V VfiZHO I move = L. " veho."
E. way = Goth, wigs, G. weg; E. wight =. G. wicht ; E. aujA/ =; AS. awuht;
E. jfey, weigh = G. wdgen ; E. u-nra, loagon = G. wagen ; E. tf aw =: Goth, ice^i,
G. wage ; E. joojr, wagged =: AS. waginn ; E. tciggle, waggle := LG. woggeln, from
Teutonic wigan, wag, wegum: cf. L. i^eAo I convey, Skr. vnA, vdhdmi, to move.
137. V VED-, Vl^JD-, to wet.
E. waier =: OHG. wazar, G. wasser : E. uie^ adj. ^ ONorse vdtr; E. winters:
G. xointer ; also E. oWer = Skr. udra .• cf . Gr. iiSiap water, L. unda wave, Skr. vad,
undtti, to wet.
138. V VfiNO to desire, win.
E. win, winning, wan, won := G. gewinnen; E. icmsome = G. wonneaara ; AS.
wynn joy = OHG. wunni, G. wonne; E. a»on to dwell, toone, «;07i< = G. wohnen
to dwell, gewoAn^ wont : cf. Skr. van, vdnati, to desire, win.
139. V V?)SKh6 I wish.
From V5ISKHO we have E. wish, n., wish, v. ^G. wunsch, n., wUnschen, v. : cf.
Skr. vtiRchati he wishes, vdUcha, wish: v?iskho is present of v£n6 I desire,
V138. From vjfcNO come: E. roanhope ^ Goth, wans lacking, cf. Goth, wens
hope, G. wahn delusion ; E. wane = AS. wanian; E. want, v. = ONorse vanta: cf.
Skr. Snii lacking, Gr. evfis bereaved.
140. V VEN- tohurt.
E. wound, n. ^ G. wunde ; E. wound, v. = G. vencunrfen / E. jcoanifwort ^ G.
uiandwurz : cf. Gr. df du I infatuate, oirraw I wound (for o-Finaia), Skr. vanati to
subdue, vanus enemy. Cf. VAi to suffer, V128.
141. V vfiYO I wind.
E. wire = AS. wlr, L. viriae armlets, cf. Wr. fipis rainbow; E. with, n., withe,
cf. L. ri^i'i vine, G. weide willow, akin to L. vieo I weave, Skr. vyd, vydyati, to
wind about, envelop.
142. V VERO to ward, guard, perceive.
E. ware, aware =z G. gewahr, cf . Gr. opdia (fopcua) I see ; E. warn, v. ^ G.
women; E. warren, warrant, akin to Goth, warjan to hinder; E. wear, weir, cf.
G. &Bchwehr: cf. L. vereor I fear, Gr. /ropoio I see, Skr. var, vpioti, vpidti, to guard,
ward off.
143. V v:&Rt6 I turn.
E. -ward, e. g. ddtexward, cf. G. voiwdrts forward ; E. weird ■= AS. wyrd fate ;
E. worth, V. =: L. rerio, vorto, I turn, Skr. vart, vdrtate, to turn.
144. V v^RGO, VRNfiGMl, I turn, twist.
E. wrinkle = AS. wrincle ; E. wrench =: G. rank crookedness, r'dnke intrigues ;
E. wrench, v. = G. renken, -verrenken ; also, with ^ =: i, E. wrap, wrapped, warp,
T. =: AS. weorpan to throw, G. werjen = OSlav. vrtgq 1 throw, properly " torqueo : "
cf. L. vergo I turn, Gr. fpeju/3io I turn round, fpoyu/Sot a spinning top, Skr. varj,
vp}dkti, to turn.
146. V VERZ-, pres. VRZYO, I effect.
E. tcork, n. =: G. werk == Gr. pepyov ; E. work, v., wrought = AS. wyrcan, Goth.
waurkjan, waiirhta = Zend verezyeimi I effect; E. «)n5A<,as in 8liipu)nVA<, wheel-
wright = Goth. waHrhts.
146. V VELA, VELU, to turn, twist.
E. tcaZe ^ AS. walu, Goth, tra^ui staff ; E. welt, v. = G. wdhen to welter ; E.
welter, v. = L6. woltem; E. woold, v., cf. G. bewuAZeji to woold, G. welle wave =:
Lith. vilnis; E. ujooZ =: G. wolle, Lith. vilna, Skr. urna wool. Cf. L. roivo I roll,
6r. eiAiiu I enfold, Skr. var, vp}iti, to wind, surround.
147. V VEL- to undulate, boil.
E. wallow, wallop, walm, cf. OHG. walm heat, Skr. Urmi wave ; E. weel (= well.
n.) = Goth, walwjan to roll, wulan to boil. V147 was perhaps originally Identical
with V14:6.
148. V Vi:so I dwell, tarry.
E. was, wast {wot), were r= Goth, wisan, was, wesum, G. toar, ware, getceserii
wesen a being, essence, cf. Skr. vas, vdsati, to tarry, to pass the night. To this last
signification we are perhaps to refer E. west, western = G. west west, as the place
where the sun goes for the night.
149. V VES, VS (AUS), to light up, become day.
E. east, eastern z=: G. ost east, ostern Easter, Lith. ausz day breaks, L. aurora
dawn, Gr. avu;, rjm, Skr. ushds dawn, akin to vas, ucchdti, to become day, light
up. The European Aus- corresponds to the Aryan US-, both coming from ys-, a
weakened form of VKS-.
150. V vfesKo I wipe.
E. wash, V. =^ G. waschen, not to be separated from G. wUch rag, wUclian to wipe :
cf. Skr. pra-iiiich to wipe away {uRch is from VlfSKHO).
161a. V SEIKO I pour out.
E. sieve = OHG. sip, genitive sibes, G. sieb: cf. Gr. Ti//ai to sift, Tpuyoin-o? strain-
ing cloth, akin to OHG. sJhan to strain, sift, G. seihen; E. sijt = AS. si/tan, LG.
si/ten, G. sichten; E. sile z=. LG. sil, n., sielen, v. ; E. sig urine, cf. 6. seigen to
filter, strain ; here belongs also E. sea ■=. Goth, saiws (from saihvas), akin to Skr.
sic, siric&ti, to wet, pour out, seka a wetting, effusiou.
1516. V sfiiKO I dry.
E. sew to drain =: AS. seSn to strain, filter, OHG. sihan, G. seihen, and -versiegen
to dry up : cf. Zend haecaya to dry up, hisku dry. V151 b is probably a develop^
meut fvom yiBlo.
152. V .sfiuso I dry.
E. sear, sere, a., sear, v. =: AS. se&rian, OHG. sSren, akin to Lith. sausas dry, OSlar.
suchu: cf. Gr. aJot dry, Skr. fush, fusliyati, to dry, fushka dry, fush- standing
for sush; as is proved by Zend htish to dry.
153. V s£zHO I grasp, subdue.
E. sail =: G. segel, n., segeln, v. ; E. seward r= OHG. sigwart, from sig victory
= Gotli. sigis=: Skr. sdhas power, akin to Gr. e;(w I have, ecrxov I had, Skr. sa\.
sdhaie, to conquer, subdue.
154. V sfeDO I sit.
E. sit, sat, silten ^ OHG. sizjnn, cf. Goth, sitan; E. seat^AB. sect, set, Q.
sitz; E. sunset, scl-oS {z= oSset), set, v., selling =z Goth, satjan to set, G. se-
tzen ; E. sett=zG. satz; E. settle, n. := Goth, sitls, G. sessel, cf. L. sella (from
sedla) ; E. settle, v. : cf. L. sedeo I sit, Gr. tfo/iai, I'^w, Skr. iad, sddati, to seat one's
self.
156. V sfiLPO I glide.
E. salve =: AS. ««ay ointment, OHG. salba, Goth, salbon to anoint, G. Mffie, n.,
salben, v., akin to Gr. oAmj an oil flask, cAtto! oil, fat, Skr. sarpls melted butter,
sjprd smooth (^ Gr. \nrap6<;). s^LPO was probably originally silRPO, cf. Skr.
sdrpdmi I creep =: Gr. ipTrui, L. seipo.
166. V sii:vo I sew.
E. sew, sewed = AS. sedwian, OHG. siwian, Goth, siujan ; E. seam, teamster :=
AS. sedm seam, G. saum, n., faumen, v. : cf. L. suo I sew, Skr. siv, sivyati, to sew.
167. V SKEI- to shine.
E. sheer ^ AS. scir bright, Goth, skeirs clear; OHG. scir, G. sehier sheer ; E.
shine :^ AS. sdnan, Goth, skeinan, G. scheinen; E. shimmer =: G. schimmem., v.,
schimmer, u., akin to AS. sctma brightness : cf. Zend khshaeta light, clear, Skr.
khyd to appear or see.
168. V SKEU- to cover.
E. sky = OS. skio cloud, sky; E. scum, n., scum, v., scumming, scumble, skim,
skimmed ^ G. schaum foam, schdumen to foam, akin to Skr. sku, skundti, to
cover.
159. V sk£v6 to hasten, shoot.
E. shoot = G. schiessen ; E. sheet ■=. AS. scete, sc§te ; E. shot = G. schuss ; E.
icw< ^ ONorse sAo<e projection, MHG. schiez gable side of a building, cf. L. cauda
tail, Goth, skauis border of a garment; E. iAw^, shutting ^ AS. scyttan, cf. 6.
schiXtzen to protect ; E. shuttle (=: shittle) = AS. sceatel, Dan. skyttel, cf. G. schiitz
shuttle ; E. skittles = skayles ; E. jiiV, skittish ; E. jcud = Dan. iAyrfe to fly ; E.
«Ae(f , sliedding = OS. skuddian to shake, G. schiitten to pour, shed. The simple root
(s)KU is in the Goth, skewjan to go, Skr. cj^B, cydvate, to hasten, Gr. <reuw (= Kjevua)
I move.
160. V sk:6ubh6 I shove.
E. shove, shoved, cf . AS. sce6fan, Goth, skiuban, G. schieben ; E. shovel = G.
schaufel, akin to Skr. kshubh to begin to move.
161. V SKHEG, SKHAG, to move, shake.
E. shake, shook := AS. sceccan, ONorse skaka; E. shock, n., iftoci, v. = OHG.
scoc, D., MHG. schocken, v. ; E. shank =z AS. scanca, cf. OHG. scinko shin, G.
schinken ham, schenkel thigh; E. jiraZ:, v. = OHG. scencan, G. schenken, from
shank shinbone, which served as faucet for the cask : cf. Skr. khdja turmoil,
khanj to limp, like ONorse skahkr limping.
162. V SKHO to shade.
E. shade, shadow r= Goth, skadus, G. schatte : cf. Gr. ctkotos darkness, o-xoidf
dark, trKid shadow, Skr. chdya shade.
163. V STA to stand.
E. stay, v. = OHG. sten ; E. staw, stow = AS. siowan ; E. staddle = AS. staSol ;
E. stead = Goth, stops, G. statt, stdtte ; E. steady = G. stetig; E. stud = AS. stsd
OHG. stuot, G. gestiit; from this comes E. steed = G. stiite mare ; E. j<ooi = G
stuhl; E. stoom; E. storeti, v., rfoo«i =: Goth, standan, OHG. stantan, stuont; E.
«<aH, n., rfa/e, v., to make water, stell, n. = G. stall stall, stallen to make water,
j^eHe place : cf. L. itore to stand, Gr. 'ia-Trmi I stand, Skr. stha to stand.
164. V STEIGHO I mount.
E. stigh, sty = AS. stige, ONorse sfia, OHG. sttga, swinsfiga ; E. stair = LG.
steiger step; E. s<ee, stey= LG. i<7^e; E. j^iVe = AS. stigil, LG. stegel; E. i^'mip
= AS. ««ijn:ap, G. stegreit ; E. steward = AS. stigeweaTd, fr. Teutonic idpa = Gr.
oTei'xu I walk, cf. Skr. stigh, stighnoti, to mount.
165. V STiiNO I groan, roar.
E. stank, v. =: ONorse stjanka, akin to AS. gesfun din, stunian to make a din,
Gr. <TTev(ji I moan, o-toi/os a sighing, Skr. stan to roar.
166. V STfiRA, STERU = L. " stemere."
E. stare = Goth, and-startare, OHS. staren, G. starr fixed, starren to stare ; E. stem,
adj. = AS. Sterne, stymi, OHG. stomf.n to be astonished, cf. L. eonstemare to
terrify ; E. stem, n. ^ AS. £2eam, cf . Gr. <rrelpa the cutwater of a ahip ; E. atir.
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH.
H
atimd = AS. ityrian, OHO. storran, G. it'oren ; E. storm = Q. sturm ; E. start a tail
rz AS. steort, G. sterz, cf. 6r. ordpO)) point ; E. start, v., startle, ttart-up (= up,s(ar<)
= OE. sterle to start, LG. slorten, OHG. siursian, G. stiirzen, to hurl, plunge : cf. L.
ttemo, stratum, to strew, spread out, Skr. jfar, stpiAti (from j/dri =: j/era), to strew.
To V BTAru point : E. strew z= Goth, straujan, G. sireuen ; E. i/rou; = OHG. *<r5,
6. tiroh, Gr. o-ropw/ni I strew, (npaxrut I shall strew, Skr. star, stp}tti to strew.
167. V S^I-f STIA, to be pressed hard.
E. stone = G. stein: cf. Gr. oria stone, akin to Skr. stya to be pressed, pra-s<Jma
pressed together, ONorse sClm struggle.
168. V 8TU-, STEU, to stand fixed.
E. stow := G. slauen; E. steer, v. ^ G. steuer rudder, steuem to steer, cf. ONorse
slaurr =: Gr. <TTaup<i9 stake ; E. steer the animal =: Goth, sliur, G. «<ter bull ; E.
stun, V. = AS. stunian to make a din, G. staunen to be astonished : cf. Gr. oroa
porch, oTavpo; stake, orvw I ati&en, otvAos pillar, Skr. stdvira strong, sthuma
pillar, sthura bull.
169. V sPEt;v6 1 see, spy.
E. spy = OHG. speho, akin to spehOn to watch, G. spiihen, L. specio I look,
Joniptcio I observe, Skr./xjfyami I see, perf. pa-spof^ ; E. spight woodpecker =
6. speeht, which is probably to be connected with OHG. spacht noise.
X70a. V SFHE to stretch out, span.
E. span space = OHG. spanna, G. spanne; E. span a pair := 6. gespann; E.
spatvn, ProT, B. Jjpene ^ AS. spanu "ubera; " E. spane, v., «pin, jpan, ipim =: G.
spinnen; E. spindle, spill, n. r= G. spindel spindle, spill capstan ; E. spoon, span,
cf. Gr. <r<j)TJv wedge ; E. spile ^ LG. spile, G. speil ; E. spit = MHG. jp!0, akin to
Skr. sphya chip; E. spoke, n. ^OHG. speihha, G. speicke, cf. Skr. spfiigl hip, G.
armjc/iricAe main bone of the arm. Cf. Skr. sp/td, in sphana increasing, sphirA fat.
170 6. V SPHE, SPHYE, to thrive, come forward.
E. speed, sped, speedy =: AS. sped, spedan, spedig, OHG. spuot speed, fr. spe =:
Lith. spHi, OSlav. speti to succeed, Gr. <f>6a.va I come first = Zend fpanvdmi, Skr.
sphd, sphe, to thrive.
171. V spHiiRA to resist, strike out behind.
E. spar, n., spar, v., sparring = G. sparre a spar, sich sperren to resist ; E. spoor,
tpere, t., «peer =r 6. spur track, spiiren to trace ; E. spur, n., spur, v., spurring =
OHG. iporo spur, G. sporn, p). sporen ; E. spurn, v., cf. L. spemere, properly, to
push away with the foot, ON. spirna, spam, to kick backwards : cf. Gr. OTraCpio I
gasp, dcTTrcupa) I gasp or struggle, <r^vp6v ankle, Skr. sphiir, sphur&ti to flounder,
ttpasphura kicking, Zend fpar, fparaiti, to trample, to struggle.
172. V SNfilGHETI it snows.
E. snojv, n. = Goth, snaiws, OSIav. snegti, G. schnee, akin to OHG. sniwit it
snows, Lith. snig-ti to snow, L. ningit it snows, nix snow, pL nives, Gr. vtC<j>(i,
it snows, Zend fnaeshefiti it snows.
173. V sivtfiYO I smile.
E. smile =:MB.G. smielen: cf. MHG. smieren to smile, akin to Gr. itei-itaui I
smile, Skr. smi, smdyate, to smile.
174. V SRfivo I flow.
E. stream =: OHG. Strom, G. Strom, from «/)•« =r sru in Gr. pe'fw (for srkvo) =
Skr. jrdjjami I flow.
175. V SVADAI I take pleasure, relish.
E. sweet (sote, soote) = OS. swoti, OHG. swuazi, suozi, G. suss ; cf. L. suavis
(from suadr-is), Gr. i)&vi = Skr. svdd'ds sweet, akin to svade I take pleasure : cf.
Gr. avBivu} I please, etc.
176. V svEP- to sleep.
OE. sweven a dream ^ AS. swefn sleep, MHG. entsweben to make sleepy, akin to
L. somnus sleep, somnium dream, Gr. utitos sleep, ivvTTviov dream, Skr. svapna
sleep, and L. sopire to put to sleep, Skr. svap, svdpiti to sleep.
177. V sv^RO I speak, sound.
E. swear, v. =: G. sckiDoren, properly, to speak ; cf. B. answer =z ONorse svar
answer, akin to Skr. svar, sv&rati, to praise, resound ; E. sioarm z= G. schwarm,
n., schwdrmen, v. ; E. swirl =: G. schtcirren, surren, to whir, buzz : cf. L. susurrus
a humming, sorex a shrew mouse =: Gr. vpaf.
178. V sviDio I sweat.
E. sweat, n., sweat, v., swet, swot = OHG. sweis, n., swizjan, v. : cf . L. sudor
sweat, sUdare to sweat, 6r. iS«o I sweat, tSos sweat, Slo:. svid, svidyati, to sweat,
svtda sweat.
n. PRONOMINAL ROOTS.
179. V EZO L
E. /= OS. ek, Goth, ik, ONorse eh, G. ich: cf. Lith. asz, older esz, OSlav. /azS,
Gr. iyia, L. ego; the East Aryan forms, Skr. aham, Zend azem, rest on the ground
formEZHOM.
180. V ONO-s that, in onteros other.
E. other ■=X%. uSer, Goth, anpar, G. anderer : cf. Lith. antras, OSlav. vUtoryj
the other, Skr. dntara the other. From ONO-s, that, come : Lith. anas = OSlav.
eni>. that; Skr. ana, which is used to form certain cases of iddm; h. ollus (for
onulus).
181. V IS m; EYA /., ID n., the, that.
E. it = Goth, ita, G. es (esz), fr. Goth, is, ita, G. er, es, L. i*j, ecr, id, Skr.
aydm, iydm, iddm, this.
182. V KOS TJi., KA /., KOD n., who, what, which.
E. wJio, tvhat = Goth, /nvas, hivo, hwa, G. iver, was, Lith. ftas, ka, Gr. Ko-dev whence
(= -noBtv), L. gui, yune, guoif, who, which, what, Skr. has, kd, had; E. whether =
Goth, hwapar, Lith katras, Skr. iatarii which (of two) ; E. ivhy = Goth. Ajct, Gr.
■ml ; E. wAicA = Goth. 7iwi-leiks, G. jce/cft / E. when = ONorse hvana, G. tcaren ;
E. where = Goth. Aaiar.- cf. L. car (older gwor) why, Skr. kar in Mr-Ai when; E.
how = AS. tea ^ Goth. Aice.
183. V 9isthi6.
K Ae, Aim ^ OS. he, hi, nom., Goth, hina ace, himma dat. : cf. Lith. isis this,
OSlav. si, Gr. tKet there, iceivo! that, L. -ce, cis on this side, ciira. In the East
Aryan branch, possibly by chance, no examples are to be cited. With E. hither,
cf. Goth, hidre, L. extra on this side, cHerior, adj.
184. V TOD that, originally SO m., sa /., tod n.
E. <Aa< = Goth, sa, so, pata ^ Skr. sa, sd, tad; E. though = AS. jbefiA, 6. docA,
from pa and «A = L. gue, Gr. t«, Skr. ea; E. there = Goth./>ar, cf. Skr. tdrAa
then.
186. V t6 {from T6vo) thou.
S. <Aou, thine, thee ^ Goth. />« thou, peima thy, O. da thou, dein thy : cf. Lith.
tu thou, OSlav. /I/, Gr. tu, (tv, L. ffi, Skr. tuam, Zend iflm thou. From t6vo, cf.
Skr. ^ava gen. =; Gr. re'/ro, etc.
186. V NO-S nom. pi. ; no nom. dual ; NOS, enclitic IfS, we, us.
E. us =: Goth. KTiSij dat., uns ace. ; E. our := G. unser. I/ns r= jrs =: Gr. aa- in
a/i;u,6i, V'5, Skr. a* in asmdd abl. pi., asmadiyas our. ps is the weakect form of
NOS, wliich occurs in Skr. nas, ace, gen., dat. The strongest form, NO, occurs in
Gr. via we two, L. nos we, us, nobis to us.
187. V ME ace, me.
E. me, mine = Goth, mik me, mis to me, meina my, G. mich me, mir to me,
meira my ; (Goth, mi-k = Gr. e-/i«-y«) : cf. Gr. fu, e/ue, me, L. m«, Skr. mS, mam,
ace, mahyam dat., mama gen.
188. V YE- that, this.
E. yon, yond, yonder = Goth, jaind there, jainar, jain-s, that, G. jener. To
YE- in the meaning " this " belongs E. yea ■=. AS. gea, Goth. & G. jd =: Gr. Jj ; also
E. yes, properly "so." Cf. Lith. jis, jo, pron., OSlav. i, ja, Je, that, Gr. os
who, wliich :=jos; cf. Skr. ya who, which (originally demonstrative).
189. V YUS you, 2d pers. pi.
E. you, ye, your, yours = Goth, jus nom., izvis aco. & dat., ievar your, G. t'Ar
nom., you, euer your, Lith. jus you, Skr. yuyam nom., you ; yusmS appears in Gr.
unfie, i/itet?, you, Skr. yushmdd abl. pL
190. V vfeYEs we.
E. we =: Goth, weis, G. tair .• cf. OSlav. ve we two, Skr. vayam we. The base Is
VE, cf. Skr. ram nom. dual.
191. V SO, SA, the ; SOMO-S the same ; s6m(5-s some one.
Goth, sa m., so f., the, that = Skr. sa, sd, the. E. same =: ONorse samr := Gr.
ojiids =: Skr. sama-s the same ; E. some ^ Goth, sumai, cf. Gr. afioBev from some-
where, Skr. iomii every ; E. seem, v., akin to ONorse soemr becoming, flt, from
soTna the same = Zend hdma.
192. V SVE own, self.
E. so = AS. swd, Goth, swe as, G. so so ; E. smcA = G. solch •• cf. L. sui of him-
self, suus his, Gr. fot to himself, fe ace, himself, fos his, Skr. sva own. From
SEVO, cf. L. xoi'os := suus, Gr. e^d; his.
193. Of pronominal origin is also E. now: cf. G. km, wjm, Lith. nu, OSlav. nyne, L.
num an interrogative particle, n!<nc now, Gr. vv, vvv, Skr. nu. The word goes
back to the pronoun NE this, and designates the present time as "here,'* just aa
time is elsewhere designated as place.
Also NE not, in E. no, none = L. ne, non, not, Gr. vr)-, Skr. na. Weakened to 51,
it occurs in E. un-, Goth, un-, L. in-, Gr. a-, av- := Skr. a-, an-, and may be origi-
nally pronominal. " Here good " can mean " not good," namely, good there where
good is not.
in. PREPOSITIONAL ROOTS.
194. V APO from, off.
E. off, aft, after, e/< = Goth, af- oft, G. ah: cf Gr. otto, L. ah, Skr. & Zend
npa; E. after, cf. Gr. airoiTepia farther off, OPers. apatara the farther, other.
195. V ANA on.
E. ore = Goth, ana, G. an, Gr. if a, Zend ana : Skr. a is the weak form of ana
as Skr. dti duck is of anati (;= L. anas).
196. V ANTI against.
E. answer := ONorse and-svar, Goth, anda-, and-, against, G. areiworten to an-
swer, ereigegen against: cf. Gr. avn, L. ante before, Skr. anti against, Gr. avroficu,
I meet.
197. V ENI, EN, in.
E. in = Goth., OHG., & G. in, Gr. ivi, iv, L. in, cf. Skr. ni (from 2«Q.
198. V UD out.
E. out = Goth. & OS. at, OHG. Hz, G. aus; E. ba<, cf. LG. hUten from bi-5iere.'
cf. Goth, utana outside ; E. utter, utaioat, uttermost = G. dussern to utter : cf. Gr.
vCTTepo^ latter, v<TTaToq last, Skr, ud out,
199. V UPO over, under, uperi over.
E. above = a-be-oven = OS. obhana from above, OHG. obana, akin to Goth, uf
under = Gr. iird = Skr. & Zend upa to, over, under ; E. over = Goth, ufar, G.
iiber, Gr. uirep, Skr, updri.
200. V DO to,
E. to = OHG. 2M0, ze, zi: cf. Or. (^/x6Tepo:'-)5w, (W^ioi'-)8e homeward, Zend
vaegmen-da to the house, Lith. do, da, to, OSlav. da, do, to.
201. V NE, NEI, down: niteraM, 51DHEROS.
E. rae<Aer = OHG. nidar, adv., down, G. nieder: cf. Skr. nitaram, adv., down-
wards ; E. 7m(;er = Goth, aredar = ndhero = L. ire/ra below, inferior lower, fn-
/mas lowest, Skr. adhara lower, adhama lowest, fr. Skr. adkas below. Cf. Skr.
ni down, Gr. vet/rd? fallow land,
202. V p5ra, pSroi, before.
E, for = Goth, fa-Hra before = Gr. jropa beside, Ttapoi-Oev before, cf. Skr, pur&
formerly, pare later ; E. from, cf. Lith. pirm before, Goth, fro- = Gr. rrpo before,
Skr, pra.
203. V BHi by.
E. by, be- = G. bei, be-, cf. Gr. (oxe<r-)iJ)c, BHI is also in Gr. djou^i around, OHO.
um6!, Skr. a-bhi.
TV. NOTTNAL ROOTS.
204. V Al:feRI loc, early (properly, "at davm").
E. or before, yore, of yore, ere, early = Goth, air (from ajer), adv., early. Or.
^pi, -jjeptos, adj., early, apitrrov breakfast (from ajepitrrov), Zend ayare day, AI&RI
is from EIMI I go (V4),
205. V AKSO- axle.
E. ax, axle, axis =: G. achse, Lith. aszis, OSlav. osX, L. axis, Gr. a^iav, Skr.
Aksha, probably from Skr. aj, anj, to smear, or from AZO I drive (V2).
206. V AZRO-s field (properly, pasturage).
E. acre = OHG. ahhar field, G. acker ^ L. ager, Gr. dypdr, Skr. Ajra plain,
field. AZRO-s is from AZO I drive (V2), as G. trift pasture from treiben to drive.
207. V ANATl-s, ?lATf-S, duck.
E. gulaund = Icel. gulond; E. drake (from and-rake) = OHG. enirehho, O.
enterich, akin to ONorse and duck = OHG. anut, L, anas, gen. anatis, Gr. viiava
(for KOTi-a, vaTi = Skr, ati-s a water fowl).
208. V ANTO-s end,
E, end, n., end, v., en(fless = Goth, andeis end, G. ende, n., enifen, v., etuflos
endless, Skr. dnta end. Akin to Gr. di/rofiai I meet.
lii
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH.
209. V AYU, AIVO-, time.
E. aye always ^ Goth, aiw ever; E. each, from S-lic (from a = Goth, aiw ever
and tic like) = G. jeglich every, from OHG. eo ever, and pa/JA like : cf . L. aevum
age, eternity, Gr. alfeC alvpaye, aifuji' age, Skr. aj/ti-s life, time, eva course, custom
= OS. ezoa custom, ayu belongs to Eflttl I go (V4).
210. V Ayos ore, metal.
E. ore = Goth, aiz, OHG. er, G. eren (vpritten e?iem) brazen : cf. L. aes metal,
copper, bronze, aenum a bronze vessel, aUneus of bronze, Skr. ayas metal, iron.
211. V ARMO-s arm.
E. arm = Goth, arms, G. arm : cf. L. armus shoulder, Zend arema arm. ARMO-s
is probably akin to Gr. dpapio-xio I fit together, cf. apuoi shoulder joint.
212. V OK eye.
E. eye z= Goth, augd, G. auge : augo stands for ahv-go, ahv =: ok in L. oculus,
Gr. oo-cre (= OKie) the tvpo eyes, cf. Skr. dkshi, aksh&n, eye. OK eye is akin to OK
to see = Gr. oo-crojiai I see, oirwjra I have seen.
213. V OVi-s sheep.
E. ewe =: Goth, awi- in awf-str sheepfold, OHG. ouwi sheep, ewe = Lith. avis,
OSIav. ovz'C'i, L. avis, Gr. o/rit, Skr. Avi sheep. This belongs probably to :fcvo to
clothe, which occurs in L. induo I put on, exuo I strip off, Lith. auii to clothe the
feet.
214. V UKSfiN, loc. UKSfiNI, dat. UKSNfil, OX.
E. ox, pi. oxen = AS. oxa, Goth, auhsa, Q. ochse: cf. Cambrian yck, pi. ychen,
'Rytychen (= Oxford), Skr. uksh&n bull, from vaksh, uksMii, to moisten, or from
vaksh to grow.
216. V UDROS otter.
E. otter = G. otter, Lith. udra, OSlav. v-ydra, Zend udra otter or water dog :
cf. Gr. vSpoi, iiSpa, water snake, Skr. udra, m., crab or otter. Properly, UDROS is
an abbreviation of a compound with udro water ; cf. Skr. an-udra waterless, udra-
jivin living in water, Gr. ev-vSpd otter.
216. V Odhar udder.
E. udder =: OHG. uter, 6. enter, L. uber, Gr. ov$ap, Skr. xidhar.
217. V KAITU-S appearance.
E. -hood = AS. -had = G. -heit in achonheit beauty, wahrAeiY truth, akin to Goth.
haidu-s manner, OHG. heii manner, condition ;= Skr. ketu-s appearance, form.
KAlTU-s (or, better, KOITU-S?) is akin to Skr. cil, cetali, to perceive.
218. V KEKLO-s wheel.
E. wheel = AS. kweogol, hweohl, hweSl, ONorse hjol, Gr. xvkAot, Skr. cakr&.
219. V KERU kettle.
E. ewer =: AS. hwer, ONorse hverr, Olr. coire kettle, Cambrian peir kettle, pot,
Skr. caru.
"MO. V KJOIMO-S home.
E. home, -ham (in proper names), Aamlet, cf. Goth, haims village, 6. ?ieim, adv.,
home, heimath, n., home, Lith. kema-s village, Skr kshema dwelling, rest, from
kshi to dwell r= Gr. kti^io I build, found.
221. V GENi-s woL:an.
E. queen, quean = Goth, qen-s wife, Skr. jani, as in dvi-joni having two wives,
Zenijeni woman. Not connected with ZEN to produce.
222. V GOLBHO-S calf.
E. calfz=. G. kalb: cf. Gr. JeAijiiJi womb, 4e'A(^af a young pig, Skr. g&rbha womb,
embryo, apa-^a^ftAa miscarrying.
223. V GOV cow.
E. cow, pi. ky, kine = AS. cu, pi. gen. cuna, G. huh, OSlav. In gov-eio horned
cattle, Lett, gicws, Olr. bo, L. bos, Gr /Sous, ace. pHv, Skr. gau, ace. gam (— pCiv).
224. V ghorm6-8 warm.
E. warm z= G. warm, Goth, warmjan to warm, L. formus warm, Skr. gharmd
warmth, heat. From d-HER- to glow (V32). The Teutonic warm stands for gvarm
from European ghvormo-s.
226. V PAPHO-s hoof.
E. hoof z= G. Am/, Skr. (apha, Zend (a/a hoof, claw. Its origin is quite un-
certain.
226. V C^ASO hare.
E. hare = AS. hara, OHG. haso, G. hase, OPruss. sasin-, Skr. fOfa for fosa.
227. V 9ERD, 5 rd, heart.
E. heart := AS. heorte, Goth, hairto, MHG. herze, G. herze, herz : cf. IJth. szirdis,
OSlav. sr^dl-ce, Gr. xpoSta, L. cor, cordU. (;Kl> agrees with Skr. h^d, hxdaya, heart.
The ground form is perhaps ^!HERD.
228. V 901NI-S sharpness.
E. hone = ONorse hein whetstone, cf. Zend faeni top, peak. Akin to Skr.
fa, fifati, to sharpen : cf. Gr. xavot cone, L. cattu shrill, sagacious = Skr. fUi
sharp.
229. V 9U0N, gen. fUNds, dog.
E. hound = Goth, hunds dog, G. hund, Lith. szA, gen. szuns, Gr. kvuc, «cwos, Skr.
yt>a, gen. (unas.
830. V ?RVO- homed.
E. hart = AS. heorot, OHG. hiruz, G. hirsch, from L. cervus = Gr. icepofos
homed, Zend frva of horn.
231. V ZENU, ZNU, knee.
E. knee = Goth, kniu, G. knie, L. genu, Gr. ywo), npi-xyv on one's knees, Skr.
jdnu,jnu, knee, Zend zanva nom. pi.
£32. V ZENU-s chin, jaw.
E. chin = Goth, kinnus cheek, G. kinn chin, L. gena cheek, ^enu-inus of the
cheek, Gr. yeVus under jaw, cheek. ZENU agrees with Skr. h&nu jaw.
233. V ZHANs goose.
E. goose, pi. geese = G. gans, pi. gdnse, Lith. igsis, gen. pi. i^su, L. anser (for
hanser), Gr. xvv, Doric xaf, pi. xoi'f? := x°>'<''«!, Skr. h&msa goose, swan.
234. V ZHOLTOS : ZHLTds, gold.
E. gold, golden, gild, gilt =z Q. gold, golden, \eTgUlden to gild, Goth, gidp gold,
OSlav. zlato, Skr. hataka, cf. hirwn,ya gold, harita yellow, zholtos is from the
verbal root which occurs in Lith. ielti to be green or yellow (V49).
236. V ZHJES yesterday.
E. yesterday = Goth, ^'rfradagis to-morrow, G. gestern yesterday, ONorse gxr,
L. heri, hesternus of yesterday, Gr. e\6ii yesterday, x^'fos of yesterday, Skr. hyas
yesterday, Zend zyo.
236. V TELO deal, board.
E. thill =: G. diele board, OSlav. tlo, (Uo, ground, floor, Skr. tola. Perhaps from
TELA to carry (V55).
237. V T^NtJs thin.
E. thin, thinner = OHG. dunni thin, G. diinn. Teutonic punnja-s arose fron>
punnus = TJ^lN^js. Cf. L. tenuis, Gr. ravafo^ stretched, Skr. ianii (for itftiii) thin.
238.' V TRSDO, TORSDO-, thrush.
E. throstle = MHG. drostel, L. turdela : cf. Lith. strazda-s, OPruss. treste,
ONorse prostr, L. turdus, Gr. <TTpov8oi sparrow, Skr. tarda-s a certain bird.
239. V DENTS, dat. dijitki, tooth.
E. tooth, pi. teeth = Goth, tunpus ; cf . OHG. zand, G. zahn, L. dens, Gr. oSov;,
Skr. dant, dalka.
240. V DEDRU, DERDRU, DEDBUKO-, eruption.
E. tatter, tetter (also dartars, dander, dandruff), akin to OHG. zilaroch erup-
tion on the skin, Skr. dadru, dardru, dadruka, eruption on the skin, itch. Cf.
also Lith. dederv-mh herpes, eruption. From the intensive of deb, Gr. Sipa
I flay (V63).
241. V D^RU, DRfeu, DRU, wood, tree.
E. tree, trough = Goth, triu tree, piece of wood, MHG. troc, gen. troges, trough :
cf. Gr. Sopv beam, spear, ipCs tree, oak, Skr. daru, dru, wood, tree. It probably
belongs to der- to cleave (V63).
242. V DORBHO-S, DRBHOS, turf.
E. turf =LG. <or/'peat, OHG. zurba turf (G. tor/ is from LG.), Skr. darbha
bunch of grass. From the verbal root found in Skr. darbh to wind, wrap.
243. V DJJIZHVA tongue.
E. tongue =: Goth, tuggo, OHG. zunka, OL. dingua, L. lingua (cf. OPruss.
insuwis, Lith. leiuvis, OSlav. jezy-ka, OPer. izdva, Zend hizva, hizu, Skr. jihvtl,
juhU). The ground form of the word is preserved in Teutonic and Old Latin.
244. V DYi:us (pater), gen. div<5s, name of the highest god.
E. Tuesiay = AS. Tiwesi^eg, MHG. ziestac from Tiw = OHG. Ziu : cf. L. Jupi-
ter, Gr. Zevs nariip, gen. Aipog, Skr. Dyaushpita, gen. Divas, Zeus, sky. To be
derived from the root Div (more correctly from dI) to shine.
246. V dhughXter daughter.
E. daughter = G. tochter, Lith. dukte, OSlav. dusliti, Gr. Bvyarrip, Skr. duhit&r.
From DHUGH to be of use (V68), as e. g. E. maid, Goth, magaps, from magan to
be strong.
246. V DHUR, dhura, door.
E. door = AS. duru, OHG. tura, G. ihiir, thor: cf. Lith. dvara-s yard, Gr. Bvpa
door, L. fores. Skr. dvara yard, dvdr, dur, door agrees with dhvoro-s, dhur.
247. V PATl^R, loc. PATfiRl, dat. PATRfil, father.
E. father = Goth, fadar, G. vaier, Olr. athir, L. pater, Gr. iroi-^p, Skr. piVS,
loc. pit&ri, dat. pitri. It is derived from PA to protect ( V75).
248. V PETRO- feather.
E. feather = G. feder, Gr. n-Tepdc, Skr. p&tra. From the root found in Gr. -niro-
fxai I fly = Skr. pat to fly.
249. V PEfU cattle.
E. fee = Goth, faihu cattle, G. vieh, L. pecu, Skr. p&fu, pafH. In the mean-
ing "possession" E. fee agrees with AS.feoh, Goth, faihu, cf. L. pecUnia prop-
erty, money.
260. V POD, dat. PODfel, foot.
E. foot, pi. feel = Goth, fotus, MHG. vuoz, G. fuss, pi. fusse, L. pes, Gr. jrou'j,
Skr. pad. It belongs to ped to go (V77).
261. V BHAZHU-s shoulder joint.
E. bough = OHG. puac shoulder joint, shoulder, MHG. buoc, G. bug, Gr. rrijxvt
forearm, arm, Doric irax^^, Skr. bahii, Zend bazu.
252. V BHANSO- cow stalL
E. boose (cf . goose = G. gans) = ONorse bas, MHG. banse : cf. Goth, bansts bam,
Skr. bhasn cow stall.
263. V bhebhru-s beaver.
E. beaver ziz G. biber, OSlav. bebrH, L. fiber, Skr. babhru a sort of ichneumon,
also as an adj., brown, Zend bawri beaver : cf. E. brown =: G. braun.
254. V BHERZA, BHRZA, birch.
E. birk, birch = G. birke, Lith. beria-s, OSlav. breza, Skr. bhUrja a kind of birch.
Here belongs E. bark = G. borke.
266. V BHODROS good.
E. batful, battel, batten, cf. Goth, batnan to be profited ; E. better, best (betst) ^
G. besser, best; E. bote, boot = OHG. puoza profit, penance, compensation, G. busse
penance, compensation, cf. Skr. bhadra auspicious. Perhaps it is akin to the Skr.
bhand to praise.
256. V BHUzo-buck.
E. bzick = Zend bUza, cf. Skr. bukka (from bhuj-kaf).
257. V BHUDHNO- ground, bottom.
E. bottom = AS. botm, OSax. bodem, G. boden: cf. Gr. vv6ij.riv, Skr. budhna. Ct
E. body := MHG. bottich, pottich. From bottom has sprung bum the buttocks, cf.
MHG. budeming tripe..
258. V BHRATOR brother.
E. brother = Goth, bropar, OHG. pruoder, G. bruder, L. frater, Gr. (^pijrwp,
Doric <i>paTu>p = Skr. bhratar,
259. V NAGHO- nail.
E. Mat7, n., nat7, v. =: AS. n«peZ nail, Goth, nagljan to nail, G. nagel, n., nageln,
V. : cf. Gr. 6nj| nail, L. unguis, Skr. nakha (from nagh-ka).
260. V NABHA nave (of a wheel), navel.
E. raai)e, mai'e? ^ OHG. napa nave, napalo navel, G. nabe nave, note? navel. Old
Prussian nabis nave, navel, Lett, naba navel, Gr. o/ii|)aAos, L. umbilicus, Skr.
nabhi nave, navel.
261. V NASA nose.
E. noie, nase, me.s«, nozzle = AS. no«M, na^a, nose, OHG. nasa, G. na.se, L. nasus,
nares, nose, Skr. Tlo*, nasa ; E. noitril ^ AS. nose pyrel.
262. V NKPOT grandson, descendant.
E. nephew, a imion of AS. nefa (= OHG. nefo, G. neffe), and F. neveu, from
L. nepos grandson, nephew, descendant = Skr. n&pat grandson, descendant.
263. V NBVOS, NKVios, new.
E. new := Goth, niujis, G. neu, OSlav. novU, Lith. naujas, L. novus, Gr. »/e/:os,
Skr. nava, navya. Here probably also E. now =z Skr. na, n«, now. This is prob-
ably of pronominal origin, from NE- this.
264. V NESDO-S nest.
E. nest = AS. nest, G. nest, L. nidtis (from nisdus), Skr. nMd nest (from nisda).
266. V n(5kti-s night.
E. night = G. nachi night, Lith. TKZito night, OSlav. nosh(l,Ij. nox, noctium. Giv
INDO-GERMANIC ROOTS IN ENGLISH.
liii
vvi, Skr. ndkti; E. nightingale = AS. nihtegaXe, 6. nachligaW; E. nightma.re =
6. Aachtmahr.
266- V NOGN(5-s naked.
E. nake, naken, naked =■ Goth, naqaps, ONorse naA-mn, G. nackl, nackend, Lith.
nSjoj, OSlav. nagu: Skr. nagnu uaked agrees with Zend maghna.
267. V NOMt), loc. NOMfiNi, </a/. NOMNiii, name.
E. name, neven, nempne, nempt = Goth, namo name, AS. nama, nemnian to
name, G. name, n., nennen, v., L. nomen, n., Gr. oi/o^a, i-wroftor, nameless, Skr.
lUijna name. It belongs to the verbal root found in Gr. oi/Ofiai I blame, ovora^u),
L. noto a mark, notare to blame, to mark.
268. V MAT^R mother.
E. mother = OHO. muoter, G. mutter, L. mater, Gr. tt-irrip, Doric ixarnp, Skr.
269. V MARYA mark, sign.
E. mear, mere, a boundary, cf. Skr. mary5, maryada, mark, sign. It probably
belongs to MAR to shine ; cf. Gr. ij.apfj.a{pta I sparkle, etc.
270. V Mi:DHU mead.
E. mead := A3, meodo, OHG. metu, G. meih, Cornish medu, OSlav. med^, Gr.
liiBv wine, Skr. m&dku sweet, honey, mead.
271. V MfiDHYO-s middle.
E. m.id, midday, middle, meddle ■= G. mitte, n., middle, mitt&g midday, mittel,
adj., middle, L. medius, Gr. fie'acrot (from fieS/ot), Skr. m&dhya.
272. V MENS moon, month.
E. moon =: AS. mono, OHG. mano, Goth, mena ; E. month ■=. AS. mSnaS, OHG.
tnano/, Goth, menops, G. mond moon, monat month, L. mensis, Gr. /x^v, /net's,
fiijras, Skr. mas, masa, month. It is derived from ME to measure (V99).
273. V MERZU mark.
E. marc, mark, merk, merke =: AS. marc a mark, G. mark a, mark, boundary,
marke a mark, sign : cf. L. margo border, Zend merezu boundary. It belongs to
MERZ to border, V106.
S74. V MOZG(5-s marrow.
E. marrow = AS. mearg, G. mark; E. marl ^ G. mergel : cf. OSlav. mozgu
marrow, Skr. majjdn {JJ from sf).
276. V MONA (mane), neck.
E. mane =: OHG. mana, 6. mahne, akin to Skr. manyS neck, as OSlav. griva
mane is akin to Skr. griva neck. Also OS. meni necklace, OSlav. moni-sio, L.
moni-le.
276. V MISDH<5-s reward, meed.
E. meed ^ AS. med, meord, Goth, mizds, OHG. niaia, G. miethe hire, rent, Gr.
(lurBoi pay, reward, Zend mizhda reward.
277. V MUS mouse.
E. mouse, pi. mice =: G. maus, pi. m'duse, L. mUs, Gr. /uus, Skr. mu^A.
278. V M]»(TI thought, sense.
E. mind = AS. mynd, Goth, munds, L. menj, men/f-um, Skr. 7«a<£ (for m>!?t).
It belongs to MEN to think (V104).
279. V ^'ER year.
E. year := Goth, ^er, OHG. jar, G. jaAr := Zend yare season. Perhaps Gr. upij
season, year, also belongs here.
280. V JUGO-M yoke.
E. yoke =. Goth, juk, OHG. johh, G. joch, L. Jugum, Gr. ^trydi/, Skr. yuga-m.
From JEUG to yoke (VIOS).
281. V Yuvix {dat. yunei), yuv^iko-s, young.
E. young, youngling, younker, youth = Goth, juggs young, jUhiza younger, jZnda
youth, L. juventa, G. Jung young, jiin^ling a youth. Junker young nobleman,
jugend youth, L. Juvenis young, Skr. yuvan, dat. ji,ne, young ; E. young z=: L.
Juvencus, Olrish dc =: Cambrian ieuanc, Skr. yuvaka (for yuvrpka),
282. V REGOS, ROGO-, dark.
E. rack =: AS. racu moisture, thin clouds, akin to Goth, riqis darkness, Gr. epe-
Pos, Skr. rajas dark.
283. V REZ king.
E. rich, richly = G. reich rich, reichlich richly, akin to Goth, reiks prince =
E. rick (in Frederick), rich (in Eicha,id z= OHG. iJJAhart) : cf. Gallic rex, rix,
king, L. rex, Skr. raj, rijan.
284. V viDHfiVA widow.
E. widow = Goth, widuwo, OHG. wituwd, 6. witwe, wittib, OSlav. ritZora, L.
vidvM, Skr. m'dAdwa. From the verbal root found in Skr, vidh to lack.
285. V VlR<5-s man.
E. weregild, werewolf =: G. weArgeld, wehrv!d\t werewolf, Goth, walr man,
OHG. wer, L. vir, Olr. /er, Skr. vlrd man, hero, Lith. vyra-s man.
286. V vtKO-s wolf.
E. wolf = Goth. icwZ/s, G. wolf, Lith. r'?ZA;a.s, OSlav. vluKii, L. Zwptti, 6» Avkos,
Skr. vfka. It belongs to the verb velk = Lith. velkti to tear, pulL
287. V VLNA wool.
E. wool, woolen, woolly = G. wolle wool, wollen woolen, wollig woolly, Goth.
wulla wool, OHG. wolla, Lith. vilna, OSlav. vluna, Skr. ui'yd. It belongs to VEL
to turn, twist (V146).
288. V ys, ysoS; morning red.
E. east, eastern = G. ost east, oster, ostem, Easter, Lith. ausz-ti to dawn, L.
aurora dawn, Gr. auiot = 1710!, Skr. iish, ushds, from vas, uechdti, to dawn. The
European aus has, like the Skr. its, arisen from ys (VES) (V149).
289. V SEBHA kin, SEBHios related.
E. sib = AS. gesib, Goth, sibja relationship, OHG, sippa, G. sippe, akin to Skr.
sabka assembly, kin, sabhya, adj., belonging to kin.
290. V SENVA sinew.
E. sinew =: OHG. senawa, G. sekne, cf. Skr. snava, snu-tas, sinew.
291. V sfiLPOS, SOLPA, salve, ointment.
E. salve, n., salve, v. = Goth. «rfi(on to anoint, G.«aWe,n.,sai6en> v.: cf. Gr. oAmj
an oil flask, cAttos oil, fat, Skr. sarpis melted butter, s^pra oily (:= Gr. Aiwopo!).
292. SOMO summer.
E. summer = Goth, sumrus, OHG. su/mar, G. aommer, akin to Skr. sama, year,
Zend hama summer.
293. V sUNtr-s son.
E. son =^ Goth, sunus, G. sohn, Lith. sunu-s, OSlav. synu, Skr. sunu, Zend hunu.
Skr. su does not mean to beget, but to press out (the soma juice).
294. V su-s pig.
E. soiv = OHG. sU, G. sau : cf. Gr. v«, L. *iw, Zend AS boar.
295. V sKH^GO-s goat.
E. sheep = AS. seep, OS. skdp, OHG. «ca/, G. sckaf, Skr. cAdf^a goat : cf.
Phrygian arnj-yos goat.
296. V STER, dat. STRfil, star.
E. star=zGoth.stalmo,G.stem: cf. L. Stella {ster-la), Gt. aarnp, a-a-rpov, Skr. iter.
According to Max Miiller, from ster to strew, as " strewers of light (?) " (V166).
297. V SVEN, loc. svtm,dat. sUNiii, sun.
E. sun = Goth, sunna, sunno, G. Sonne ; E. south = OHG. sund, G. sud: cf. Gr.
livoi^, i. e. fTJv-oifi, sparkling, Zend geSg (i. e. svetis) sun.
298. V sv6s6r sister.
E. sister, suster =2 Goth, swistar, G. schwester, L. soror (from «ji«5r), Skr.
svdsar, Zend ganAar.
V. NUMEEAL ROOTS.
299. V OiNO-s one.
E. one, an, a = AS. an, 60th. ains, G. ein. Old Prussian ain^, Lith. v'ina-s,
OSlav. inU, Gr. oin; ace, L. oireoj one := iinus, Olr. oen, Cambrian ««. Cf. Zend
aeva, OPer. az'va =:Gr. ot/:os alone, Skr. e-Aa one.
300. V DUO two.
E. two = Goth, toai, twos, iwa, Gr. Wco, 5uo, L. daS, Skr. dra.
301. V TR:fe YES, TO.,/., three.
E. /Aree =: Goth, preis (prijos), prija neut., Gr. Tpets (from rpe/ts), rpio, L.
fre.s, Ma; Skr. trdyas m. (iwras f. ; /rtiji neut.).
302. V KETVORES four.
E. four = Goth, fidwor, fidur-, G. vier, Gr. ricraapei, Trt'ovpes, L. quaiudr, Skr.
catviras m,
303. V Pi:NKE five.
E. five = AS. /i/, Goth. Jimf, G. ^re/, Gr. itevre, Ik quinque (from ^wgije),
Skr. pdnca.
304. V SVEKS six.
E. «a; = Goth, saihs, G. sechs, L. iez, Cambrian chweeh (from ij^efo), Gr. /re'f,
Skr. shash, Zend kshvas.
305. V SEPTlJ seven.
E. .seven := Goth. «6Bn, G. sieben, L. sepiem, Gr. cirra, Skr. iop^d (from sept^.
306. V ogTO, OfTOU, eight.
E. eight = Goth, ahtau, OHG. aAW, G. ocAie, acA/, L. octo, Gr. oktu, Skr. a*A/5,
ashiau.
307. V NiiVTJ nine.
E. nine = Goth, mure, G. neun, OSlav. deved, Gr. trwa, L. novem, Skr. ndjjo
(from navT}).
308. V Dfi<??i ten.
E. <en = Goth, taihun, G. eehen, Gr. 5e'/co, L. decern, Skr. <fiipa (from daj:;?).
309. V 9I1t6m hundred.
E. hundiei = G. Aurarfert, Goth, hund, L centum, Gr. e-Koroi', Skr. f a^ii (from
p?i<a).
310. Here belongs E. both = Goth, bajops, from 6ai, neut. ba, akin to OSlav. 06a, Gr.
ap.^<a, L. amfto, Skr. u6Aa, u6AaM. OSlav. o-ba is compound of o and 6a, Gr. ofi-^
of d-f and <j>ia, Skr. ti-dAa of u and bhS.
EXPLANATORY NOTES
ON
THE REVISED ETYMOLOGIES.
It waa Intended that the etymologies of the former edition should be simply
revised — that is, should be retained in the present edition in matter and form
except so far as errors had been detected, or new discoveries made, or better methods
of presentation devised. The application of this rule has led to several important
changes, a brief notice of which may be useful.
I. A method has been adopted by which the history of the words treated may be
indicated. The older English forms, if known and differing from those now in use,
come first; then the earlier forms, — Anglo-Saxon if the word is native; French,
Latin, Scandinavian, etc., if the word is from a foreign source. Not infrequently a
word is in this way traced back to two or more languages ; thus, the French words
in English usually come from Latin, but not always directly. Such words as apricot,
escort, guise, spy, will illustrate the arrangement of forms. When the direct history
has been followed as far back as possible, then cognate words in other languages of
the Indo-European family are added ; but these kindred words are always clearly dis-
tinguished from the actual sources of the English words. For comparatively rare
or obsolete words, the history is not, as a rule, carried beyond the iipmediate source
of the English forms ; but common words receive fuller treatment. No attempt is
made to give roots ; but an idea of the present views of scholars as to the probable
primitive forms can be obtained from Professor Fick's " List of Roots of the Original
Language in English," pp. xxiii-xxxi, to which reference is made by number under
the sign V. The historical order here indicated is departed from in certain cases
where no inconvenience or misunderstanding seemed likely to result ; namely, when
a foreign word, usually a French one, is given in an old form, while that now in use,
if the word still exists, is different. In these cases the modern form is added imme-
diately after the old one ; readers thus being enabled to recognize the English word as
really identical with the modern French one, though not, properly speaking, coming
from it. Examples of this may be found under the words able, catch, governor, and
many others. It was often doubtful whether a word came into our language directly
from Latin, or passed through French first on its way into English. In such cases,
if the Latin is given as the source, the possibility that the French was really the im-
mediate source is indicated by putting at the end of the etymology the French form
with the abbreviation "cf." preceded by a colon. Sometimes a different wording
has been employed to express such a doubt clearly.
n. By recognizing and indicating this historical order of word forms, it has been
possible to omit a considerable number of forms which throw no light on the history
of the English words. If a given word comes from the French, and the French
word is a direct descendant from the Latin, then the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,
and Provengal cognates are evidently unimportant. If, however, the French word is
from Italian, for example, the insertion of the Italian word is necessary for the com-
plete history of the English one.
m. A special feature of the revision is the careful and extended use of cross
references. Derivative words refer — except in case of rather uncommon (or tech-
nical) words whose full history is less important — to a simpler form when one exists,
where the final etymology is given ; and under this simpler form reference is again
made to the most interesting or typical derivatives from the name root. The words
known as doublets, in which the same original word appears in the language in two
or more differing forms, as guard and ward, each having its own history, regularly
refer to each other. By this means not only is the history of a word given, but
attention is directed to kindred words, whose relations, often not obvious at first
sight, are made clearer by the history briefly indicated in the etymology of each.
The composite character of the English vocabulary, and the great fertility of roots,
are thus illustrated. Common words, such as two, five, ten, father, cow, water, full,
loud, red, thin, be, come, stand, etc., will serve as illustrations. Tliis system of ref-
erences, the same in principle as that used by Skeat in liis Etymological Dictionary,
has here been carried out, it is believed, more thoroughly and consistently than in
any other English dictionary.
IV. In general, the final etymology has been put under the commonest form of the
simple word, — that which is in most familiar use in the language. This is usually a
native English word, or a word early adopted into English. Compare father with
paternal, foot with pedal, inspect vrith spy, three with trio, etc.
V. The fact that not aH the etymological problems of English have been solved,
and that much work is devoted to the subject, with a consequent steady advance in
our knowledge, makes obvious the need of caution. Especially is this true when, as
here, the attempt is made to popularize some of the results of scientific philological
study. The frequent use of such words as " perhaps," " possibly," " probably," or
the abbreviation "cf.," which makes no positive assertion, will show that in the
revision the danger of too positive statement has been kept in view.
VI. For the spelling or transliteration of foreign words in the etymologies, Skeat's
system has generally been followed. The only important variations are those which
follow. In Sanskrit words, c is used instead of ch, ch mstead of chh, and r, fi 4^ (A,
dh, n, instead of rt, t, d, th, dh, n. Instead of m, the sign m has probably been used
once or twice. In Gothic words, g is used instead of kw, p instead of th, and the
short ai and au are written al, au. In Arabic words, the fourteenth letter of the
alphabet is rendered by f instead of s. Long vowels are marked throughout with
the macron (a, e, etc.) in the languages where it is usual to mark long vowels aa
such.
Vn. Besides the Rev. W. W. Skeat's Etymological Dictionary of the English
Language, many other books and philological journals were used, particularly
KLuge's Etymologisches Worterbuch der deutschen Sprache, the fourth edition of
which became available towards the close of the work. These works, with MBtz-
ner's excellent but incomplete Old English dictionary in the second volume of his
Altenglische Sprachproben, Stratmann's Dictionary of the Old English Language,
and Sievers's Angelsdchsische Grammatik, among others, furnished a solid basis for
the Germanic side of English. For that part of our vocabulary which comes from
French or other Romance languages, the reliance was mainly on Diez's Etymologische*
Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen, with Scheler's supplement, and the additions
and conections due to other scholars, and found in the periodicals Romania, and
Zeilschrift fur romanische Philologie, and elsewhere, together with the various lexi-
cons, especially Littr6's Diclionnaire de la langue frangaise, and Godef roy's Diction-
naire de Vancienne langue franfaise, so far as it was available. The invaluable Neta
English Dictionary, edited by Dr. Murray, could be used only for a second revision
of a number of separate articles, almost all in the letters A and B, and for such
words beyond the first letters of the alphabet as the first parts of that work throw
light on incidentally.
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
B
§1. KEY TO THE SYMBOLS.
In the RESPEIXING FOR PRONtTNCIATION in the Dictionary, there is employed — as shown in the Table — a symbol for every clear vowel or diphthongal
gound in the language; with, in four instances, a pair of equivalents for the same sound as occurring in different situations, viz.: ^ ^ «)b ; ii ^ <Jb ; d:=ai and
y (final) =; i ; besides a and e, italicized, as these vowels are in certain cases obscured and turned toward the neutral form ; also, apostrophe for the voice-glide ; and
K to indicate foreign nasalized vowels ; — some of the sounds occurring only in accented and others only in unaccented syllables, and some others, with but slight difference
of quality, in both; — the e is always of the "narrow" form in accented and the "wide "in unaccented syllables. The S, e, and S are used to represent the similar
lounds in foreign words, but not limited as they are in English to unaccented syllables. The ii is employed, as the nearest English vowel we have, inexact as it is, to
replace u French and u German ; and in like manner the e for the eu French and ii German.
The consonant letters b, d, f , h, j, fc, 1, m, p, p, t, v, w, and y, and the digraphs sh and ng, are used with their ordinary normal value ; g, s, z, and ch are
each limited to a single sound ; n and th are marked for one sound of each and used unmaiked for the other. No use is made of c, q, x, or the digraphs pli, gh, dg,
■cd wb. The principal substitutions made with each consonant symbol in the respelliug are noted in the Table.
B.
as in
A,
It ff
ft,
i« i>
ft.
)> »
&,
)» »»
a,
»» ff
a.
ft If
9>
ff ff
e,
ff ff
«.
t) ff
e.
11 ff
«,
ff ff
e.
»i ff
1,
ff ff
t.
If i»
I,
't ff
. ale, fate, laHbor, cha'os, cliamlier, pa'trl-ar'chal.
. seu'^te, pref'Sce, del'i-cSte, S-e'ri-al, chS-ot'ic, sal'u-tft-ry.
. c&re, s]i<ire, pdi-'eiit, coin-pare', plovv'sh&re', be&r, air.
. &ta, Udd, f^t, ritii'dom, &t-tftck', &c-cept', re'iid-iiilt'.
, arm, far, fa'ther, mar'tyr, ah, alms, art, piilin.
. ask, grass, dance, a-bate', A-iner'i-ca, so'fa, bot'a-ny.
, fi'nal, In'fnnt, guid'ance, val'lant, bus'bdud, mad'am.
> all, a^ve, swarm, talk, dra^v.
, eve, mete, se-rene', lie'li-om'e-ter.
, S-vent', d$-pend', cre-ate', so-ci'e-ty, dS-Un'S-ate, sS-rene'.
, €nd, mSt, 6x-cuse', 6f-face', car'pgt, con'dem-na'tiou.
fern, Iier, er'miiie, per-vei"t', ev'er, in'fer-ence.
re'cent, de'ceiircy, prxi'dence, pen'i-tent, nov'el.
, ice, time, sight, bind, in-spire', jus'ti-fi'a-ble.
t-de'a, tri-bii'nal, dt-am'e-ter, bt-ol'o-gy.
, HI, pin, pit'y, ad-mit', hab'it, di-vlde', in-fin'I-tive.
. old, note, row, bold, o'ver, pro-pose', lo'co-mo'tive.
. S-bey', t6-bac'cft, sor'pftTV, a-nat'd-my, pro-pose'.
. orb, Idrd, or'der, land'Idrd', ab-hor', ab-hdr'ring.
. £dd, ii5t, tSr'rId, ffir'est, 3c-cur', in'cor-rect'.
. iise, piire, mute, tune, lute, du'ty, hu'man, as-sume'*
. Sl-nlte', ac'tu-ate, ed-ti-ca'tion, hft-mane'.
. ryde, ru'mor, in-trude'.
. full, put, push, ful-lill', joy'ful, in'stru-ment.
. iipj ttib- stiid'y, iin'der, siib-mit', in'dus-try.
. Arn, fftrl, con-cUr-', uttrii.
. pit'y, lii'ju-ry, di-vin'i-ty.
. food, moon, fool, noon, wob'ing.
. foot, wo'bl, bdbk, g<>^d, crc^k'ed.
. out, thou, de-vour'.
. oil, nois'y, a-void', re-jolce', em-brold'er-y, goi'ter.
N, representing simply the nasal tone (as in French or Portuguese) of the preceding
vowel ; as in ensemble (aN'saN'b'l), intrigante (SN'tre'gaNf ).
' (for voice-glide), as in pardon (par'd'n), eaten (et"n), evil (e'v'l).
o,
IS in
6,
,, „
5,
„ „
u,
If f»
ft,
» ff
M.
ff ff
V'
If if
^,
If ff
A,
If If
y.
ff ff
oo
If If
&0
11 ff
ou
11 ff
oi.
11 If
g (hard): as in go, begin, great, anger; for gu, as in guard; for gue,as
in plague ; for gh, as in ghost.
B (surd, or sharp) : as in so, this, haste ; for c, as in cell, vice ; for sc, as in
aceue, science; for ss, as in hiss.
K (like 8 sonant) : as in zone, haze ; for s, as in Is, Uvea, wise, music, ears,
figs ; for X, as in Xenophon, xylography,
eh (= tsh) : as in chair, miich ; for tch, as in match, etcliing.
■h: for ch, as in machine, chaise, chandelier; for ce, as in ocean; for
ci, as in social ; for set, as in conscious ; for s, as in siire ; for se, as
in nauseous; for si, as in pension; for ss, as in issue; for ssl, as in
passion ; for ti, as in nation.
Zll (= sh made sonant): for z, as in azure; for zi, as in glazier, brazier; for
8, as in pleasure, usual ; for si, as in vision ; for ssl, as in abscission ;
for g, as in rouge, cortege, genre,
j (= dzh) : for g, as in gem, giant, engine ; for gi and ge, as in religion,
pigeon; for dl, as in soldier; for dg, as in edge, kno^vledge.
Ik : for ch, as in cliorus, epoch, anarchy ; for c, as in cat, cube ; for.ck, as
in pack, duck ; for qu, as iu conquer, coquette ; for quei as in pique^
oblique.
kw : for qu, as in queen, quit, quality.
ks (surd) : for x, as in vex, exit, perplex, dextrous.
gz (sonant) : for x, as in exist, exact, example.
f : for ph, as in philosophy, triumph ; for gh, as in laugh, rough.
hw : for wh, as in what, wliy, where.
t : for ed, as iu baked, crossed, capped ; for th, as in thyme, Thomas.
ng : as in long, singer ; for ngue, as in tongue.
TH (like ng) ' for n before the sound of k or hard g, as in bank, junction, lin-
ger, single, canker.
n (the ordinary sound) : as in no, none, man, many.
til (sonant) : for th, as in then, though, tliis, smooth, breathe.
th (surd) : as in thin, through, wealth, worth, breath, width.
H
Note. Foreign consonant sounds are represented by the nearest English equivalents.
Repebences. Figures annexed to the respelled form of the words refer to sections in the Guide to Peonttnciation.
AccEKTs AND HYPHENS. The principal accent Is indicated by a heavy mark ('), and the secondary accent by a lighter mark O, at the end of the syllable,
division is otherwise indicated by a light hyphen ; a heavier hyphen joins the members of compound words.
Syllabio
The Table here appended, together with the preceding Table, furnishes a method of INDICATING PRONUNCIATION WITHOUT RESPELLING. It is, in its
aiain features, the same as that employed in previous editions of the Dictionary, and will serve except in the case of a comparatively few words, which must be respelled.
Use is made of it in this Guide to Peonunciaiion.
To each of the symbols here given, the equivalent is added that takes its place in the respelling (thus : a = 6, etc. ; what = wh5t, etc. ; « = k, etc.). The
■onmarked letter in a digraph is to be taken as if silent ; as in break, bread, hail, yield, veil, etc. Silent e at the end of syllables, as in fate, etc., or in the ed
of preterites and participles, aa in baked, burned, etc., need not be marked.
The method has diacritical marks applied to all such consonant letters and digraphs as offer especial occasion for their use. In other instances in which they might
Oe employed (z, gh, ti, as in nation, etc.), it is better to dispense with them. The sounds, as described, of x, ph, qu, and wh, unmarked, are what these characters
will usually, but not invariably, represent.
a (= 8), .... as in What, Was, Qual'1-ty, In'staMa'tlon.
E, e (= a), . • . . „ „ Eight, Prey, Vein, O-bey', Un-feign'ed-ly.
E, e (= a), . . . . „ „ Thfire, Where.Heir, Wh6re-in'T
Ew, ew (= u), . „ „ Ewe, De-w, Hevi'n, etc. ; or (= u), as in Brew.
Ee, ee(=e),. . . „ „ Eel, Feet, Fee'ble, Unseen', See'ing.
ii (— e), .... „ „ Pique, Ma-chine', Po-lice'.
1, 1 (= e), „ „ Irk'some, Fir, BIrd,Vir'tue,Vir-gin'i-ty, E-Iix'ir.
O , e (= do), ... „ „ Qoze, Dfi, W^ho, Tomb, Ke-mov'al.
C, « (= k), as in Cat, Concur.
?. f (= si „ „ 9ell, Vif e.
Ch, «h (= k), „ „ Chorus, Echo, Epoeb.
?h, f-ti {— sh), „ „ Qhalse, Machine.
^> g (= S)f < „ „ Get, Beg-in, Anger.
Oi e (= j)i „ „ Gem, Engine.
K
o(=<Jboru),asin Wolf, Wom'an, Wol'ver-ine', Bos'om.
6, 6 (= fi), . .* . „ 1, Oth'er, Son, Wel'come, Wis'dom, Can'ndn.
Ow, ow (= ou), „ „ Owl, Covp'ard, Vovr'el, Al-low', Bow'vi'ovir'.
Oy, oy(=oi), . „ „ Oys'ter, Boy, Roy'al, En-joy', An-noy'ance.
y (= i), . . . „ „ Fly, Sky, Style, De^y', Dy'ing.
■S',y(=:i), . . . „ „ Yt'tri-a, Hymn, i:,yr'ic, My-thol'o-gy.
y (= e), ... „ „ Myrrh, Myr'tle, Sa'tyr, Mar'tyr-dom.
dg (= j) as in Edge, Bridge, Badger.
§ (= z), ....... . „ „ I§, Ha§, Wi§dom.
3C ( = gz), „ „ E^ist, Example.
X (= ks), „ „ Vex, Exit.
Ph,ph(=f), . . . . . . . „„ Phantom, Sylph, Sulphur.
Qu, qu (^ kTv), „ „ Queen, Conquest.
Wh. wh (= hw), ..... „ „ When, ^Vhat.
ttv)
M
Ivi
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
STANDARD OF PRONUNCIATION.
§ 2. The ultimate standard of pronunciation for the English language is the usage
that prevails among the best educated portion of the people to whom the language is
vernacular ; or, at least, the usage that will be the most generally approved by them.
The pronunciation of this class of persons, all over the world, is for the greater part of
the words of the language substantially uniform, and distinguished by only compara-
tively unimportant shades of difference.
There are, however, sundry diversities of importance which affect the pronuncia-
tion of a good many words. And there is no country or locality the custom of which
can claim precedence as the everywhere acknowledged standard by which such differ-
ences are to be adjudged. The most approved pronunciation in London and the
southeast of England is in some points different from what prevails anywhere else.
But, notwithstanding the advantage connected with the metropolitan position, the
usage of London and the vicinity is not really the standard for the other parts of
Great Britain itself, in the sense of securing actual conformity, or even of being
acknowledged as the model which should be followed. There are as yet but few of
the best educated of the American people who are disposed to take the usage of Lon-
don as the standard for their own pronunciation. Thus there is in fact no single
absolute and universal standard to serve for every case.
Uniformity is to be preferred to diversity. There is no reason why it should be
deemed desirable in itself to set up an American as opposed to a London or an Eng-
lish standard. But any fashion anywhere intrinsically bad should be avoided. As
the nasal tone in speaking, which is yet too commonly heard in America, is a thing
to be corrected, and would be such even if it had become the fashion In London, so
any habit of pronunciation whatever that comes in as a change for the worse should
be strenuously resisted, even if it should have gained foothold or have become the
ruling mode in the higher circles in London.
The aim of a pronouncing dictionary should of course be to serve as an exponent
of the usage which is the ultimate standard of pronunciation. In the case of diverse
usages which have extensive prevalence, either within different local boundaries or
side by side in the same community, a dictionary that is to serve for universal use
should take note of each of them, without, however, being required to notice local
peculiarities not approved by the best educated people. This is all that the dictionary
has to do, except that it may and should present the reasons, when such exist, which
render one mode of pronunciation preferable in itself to another. Its proper o£9ce is
to indicate and record, not to dictate and prescribe. So far as the dictionary may be
known and acknowledged as a faithful interpreter of the actual usage, so far and no
further, and in no other sense, can it be appealed to as an authority. It is only in its
representative capacity that a dictionary may ever be taken as itself a standard of
pronunciation. This would still be true of any work of the kind that might exercise
such influence and gain such ascendency as to become a universally accepted and
virtually authoritative standard.
§ 3. The task assumed by a pronouncing dictionary is not easy of achievement.
Supposing no doubt to remain as to what is the actual usage to be indicated, even
then nothing more than an approximation to exactness can possibly be attained.
The sounds which we indicate by the same symbol, and which, it may be, we regard
as identical or absolutely alike, have in fact only a certain general resemblance in
common, and are subject to allowable variation within certain limits. This is true
universally , while occasionally the limits are so wide, and the actual variations so
considerable, that the symbols need to be especially noted as having only an indeter-
minate value as exponents of common usage ; — as in the case of d (orb), and of ■&
(firn), and e (fern), in this Dictionary (see §§ 87, 113, 139). What we mark in any
case is only a general type of sound. Each element midergoes variation as conjoined
with this or that other element in a syllable or in a word or phrase : the ii (use,
tune, etc., § 131) is a signal instance. Pronunciation modeled after a common stand-
ard will vary somewhat in different localities, and somewhat as given by different
individuals in the same community, and even as given by the same person at different
times. Differences in stress, quantity, and pitch have effect upon orthoepical quality.
In the case of unaccented syllables, there is in the vowels an obscurity and uncer-
tainty, a want of imif ormity in usage, and an allowable and proper variation according
as the utterance is quite rapid or more or less deliberate, which make it peculiarly
difficult to define and describe them precisely. The proper medium has to be sought
between the indiscriminating fashion which would reduce these vowels to the smallest
dimension, giving them all the same neutral sound at all times, and on tlie other
hand a pedantic and affected precision wliich will deprive the syllables of their proper
character as unaccented (see §§ 36-41).
There are, moreover, sundry uses of words in which some departure from the
ordinary sf^audard of pronunciation is allowable, or even absolutely inevitable. Vio-
lent emotion will subdue and bend the words to a fitness for the expression it
strives after. It was aptly said by a master of dramatic art, Mr. Henry Irving,
" You can not stereotype the expression of emotion; . . . the speaker who is sound-
ing the gamut of human feeling will not be restricted in his pronunciation by the
dictionary rule." In singing, the exigencies of the art require certain deviations
from the normal pronunciation of spoken words ; though none are to be made with-
out good reason. Poets now and then take liberties with the accent of words ; and
sometimes, in setting verse to music, violence is done in the same act to the proper
accent of the verse and of the word ; such deviations are, of course, exceptional.
The means of indication at command for a pronomicing dictionary are unavoidably
imperfect. The fact will hardly be credited by those who have not tested the matter
by special observation that it is impossible, in the case of some of our vowel sounds,
to select for an example any word not subject to such diversity of pronunciation as
to render it unfit to serve the purpose in other than a most imperfect manner. Yet
this is and must be the chief means of indication to be employed.
This inadequacy is a cogent reason, in addition to others, for resorting to the
positions and motions of the organs as a means of identifying the sounds. But this
method also is beset with difficulties. The organs as employed in speaking are, for
the most part, out of sight, and have to be observed tlirough the tactual or the mus-
cular senses ; and these perceptive faculties require to be developed for this particu-
lar service by special training, and may sometimes need to be aided by artificial
devices. In this as in every method there is required, of course, a discriminating
ear for the articulate sounds of speech, which, like an ear for music, may be sadly
wanting while the power of hearing is without defect. When a correct description
of the organic process has been furnished, there will still be some difficulty in apply-
ing the instruction, so long at least as the requisite training is neglected in our
schemes of education. It is to be added that, in pursuing this method, some allow-
ance is to be made for differences in the shape and structure of the organs in differ-
ent persons, and for the somewhat different ways in which sounds nearly or essen-
tially the same may possibly be produced.
Since no single method is perfectly adequate, the best attainable result is to be
gained by employing the different methods that are any way available, and making
one supplement the defects of another.
§ 4. In preparing the revised editions of this Dictionary issued in 1847 and in 1864,
thorough endeavor was made to ascertain the actual usage which might properly be
taken as the standard of correct pronunciation, whether in America or England. The
words in the vocabulary were marked in accordance with what was believed to be
the pronunciation most generally approved by well-educated people in America ; and,
in cases of difference between American and English usage, or of divided usage in
America or in England, and especially in cases of disagreement among authorities,
there was added a reference to the statement of such difference or disagreement in
the " Principles of Pronunciation," or else to the "Synopsis of Words Differently
Pronounced by Different Orthoepists." In the present revision the same course is
followed in these particulars ; and the pronunciation as given in 1864 is retained,
except when decisive reasons for a change have become apparent. In some cases of
divided and unsettled usage, the word in the vocabulary is supplied with alternative
forms. The plan of respelling for pronunciation is adopted in this revision, as pref-
erable on the whole to the former plan of diacritical marks without respelling;
and the unaccented syllables are marked, as well as the accented, instead of being
left to the guidance of general rules; — something of this kind being demanded in
order to supply a want that has been felt, and that has previously been left un-
suppUed, mainly because of the difficulty of accomplishing the end in a satisfactory
SYSTEM OF ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS.
Note. — The System of the Vowels which is here presented has for its basis the
manner of their formation by the organs ; and agrees, ;n its general features and the
main part of the nomenclature, with that advanced by Alexander Melville Bell and
the same as modified by Henry Sweet ; though differing from both in some points of
considerable importance. A synopsis of the scheme is presented in the Diagram at
the foot of the next following page.
§ 5. Vowel sound, whether uttered with tone as in speaking aloud or merely
whispered, has its source in the glottis, that is, the vocal cords, or vocal ligaments,
with the narrow opening between them, in the upper part of the larjmx (see Fig. 1).
The vocal ligaments, with their membranous covering, serve to produce tone in
speaking and singing, in just the way the lips do in blowing a horn or tnmipet, —
with this important difference, that they have a capacity of adjustment for tone modu-
lation such as the lips have not. Whispered vowel sound is made by friction of the
breath against the vocal cords or the arytenoid cartilages, which are not then drawn
close together as they are for tone vibration ; and there is also, in most if not in aU
cases, some sound produced by friction in the passage through the mouth.
The sound thus originated is variously modified by resonance in the oral cavity ;
which is molded to different forms by different adjustments of the flexible and
movable parts of the mouth, namely, the tongue, soft palate, jaw, lips, cheeks, and
the walls of the pharynx ; and hence arise the qualities by which vowels are distin-
guished one from another. The nasal vowels, as in French, add a resonance in the
nasal passage, but a nasal tone is always a blemish in English speech, except in the
proper nasal consonants, n, m, ng (§ 167).
In speaking aloud or in singing, the voice may be pitched higher or lower at pleas-
ure, carrying with it all the while for any individual vowel the characteristic quality
imparted by resonance from the suitably adjusted oral cavity. The process is ex-
plained by Helmholtz as the reinforcement of a part of the compound tone that
issues from the larynx. In a whisper, we have tones elicited from the mouth cavity
such as come from a flute or an organ pipe so badly blown that the instrument refuses
to speak but still gives out windy tones of recognizable degrees of pitch; and each
whispered vowel has its ov?n characteristic tone, which is of a definite pitch invaria-
ble for that vowel. Thus, whether the vowel be voiced or whispered, it is the tone
proper to the cavity as adjusted for the vowel, that serves, in the one way or the
other, to produce the characteristic quality.
§ 6. Every part of the oral cavity — or, more precisely, the whole passage from the
larynx at one end to the outer edge of the lips at the other — will more or less modify
the sound ; but for any one vowel, only a certain portion is instrumental in giving the
characteristic quality by which it is individually recognized. This part, as thus
employed and adjusted, may be called the vowel-chamber forthat vowel; through
its action as a resonance chamber, the vowel quality cornea into being. In the for-
mation of a vowel-chamber, there is in every instance a PtAOE OF constriction •
made by a more or less close approximation of some part of the tongue to the hard
palate, or the soft palate, or the pharyngeal wall ; on each side there is actual con-
tact, leaving a passage through in the middle ; for some vowels the lips are contracted,
making a superadded place of constriction. The vowel-chamber consists of the pas-
sage at the place of constriction within the mouth, and together with this, in most
cases, the cavity, or compartment, before or behind this place, — unless both the one
before and the one behind be included. To make the vowel-chamber complete for a
clear vowel sound, the lateral margins of the tongue are firmly applied all along to
the sides of the pharynx and soft palate, or also still further on to the borders of
the hard palate ; and for the labial vowels the walls of the chamber are formed in
part by the cheeks and lips. A tense condition of the soft parts of the walls is
requisite for the resonance that is essential to the production of a vowel sound.
The position of the lower jaw is important, though in a subordinate and secondary
sense, and through its connection with the organs directly concerned. Thus, when
• See Vb^ctl Theories, by Alexander Qraham Bell, in " American Journal ol Otology," July, 1879.
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ivii
depressed, it carries with it the under Up and lower teeth, stretches the cheeks, and
allows of tongue configurations and positions otlierwise difficult or impossible. The
position of the lower jaw may sometimes affect indirectly that of the larynx, and
even that of the soft palate. In all this field of inquiry, it is important to distin-
guish the incidental from the essential.
§ 7. The character of the resonance proper to any cavity, and thus to any particular
vowel-chamber, will depend on the size and shape of the cavity, and together with
this the nature and condition of the material of which the several parts of the
Inclosing walls are composed. The term resonance, as descriptive of the means by
which vowel quality is imparted, needs to be taken, however, as implying more than
the simple resonance we should have if the sound wera of outside origin : as the
current of vocal breath strikes upon or rubs against the walls of the oral passage in
one or another way or place, the Affects thus produced will mingle with and otherwise
modify those due simply to the size, shape, and structure of tlie cavity. Some of
them will be really fricative, even in vocal speech, and thus similar in kind to such as
characterize certain of the consonauts. The specially effective agency may also be
determined to a particular portion of a vowel-chamber, by the energetic action and
tense condition of such part, and by a direction of the vocal current so as to impinge
upon the same. The tone proper to the vowel-chamber as a resonant cavity simply,
while it is a prime factor, is not the only factor, in determining the quality of a vowel.
We find this view of the matter confirmed, if we try to utter vowel sounds while
drawing in the breath. We can by this process elicit vocal tone ; but we can in this
way make only a faint approximation to the vowel qualities evoked in the ordinary
manner. And again, the flowing tones of the singing voice bring out these qualities
less distinctly than do the tones of speech, which are, as we may say, thrown into
the oral cavity, instead of flowing in.
Some vowels are taken more easily at a low and others at a high pitch. But this
is due mainly, if not wholly, to the connection, by muscle and ligament, between the
larynx and the root of the tongue ; in consequence of which certain positions of the
tongue favor the adjustment of the larj-nx for a higher and others for a lower pitch.
A change in the pitch of a given vowel may thus involve some change in the shape
of the vowel-chamber, but not so great as to forbid a sufficiently accurate definition of
the several vowel positions.
§ 8. For the vowel a (arm, ah), — with its "wide" variant a (ask, pass, §§ 13,
61), — the constriction is made by approximating the extreme back part of the tongue
to the back wall of the pharynx ; the place is thus very near to the larynx and the
root of the tongue (see Fig. 1). Above this place, the vowel-chamber curves forward
and opens gradually between the tongue on the one hand and the pharyngeal wall
and soft palate on the other. It reaches no further forward than the front limit of
the soft palate : the vowel gets its essential quality in the space thus bounded,
though subject to some modification by means of parts of the mouth further forward ;
contraction of the lips, though it may impair, will not obliterate the characteristic
quality of the vowel -
This may properly oe denominated the Open-throat vowel, since it is formed
in the throat and the parts adjacent, and with the throat in the upper or forward part
quite open, neither obstructed nor constricted, so that the sound is reflected and
thrown forward, directly and without hindrance, from the pharyngeal wall. By the
throat is here meant the fauces, — the passage that runs from the mouth to the oesoph-
agus and the larynx, — the proper meaning of the word as applied to interior parts.
The peculiar formation of this vowel is a sufficient reason for separating it from the
back vowels (§ 11), among which it has been ranked by Mr. Bell ; these involve a con-
striction in the front of the throat. The description here given makes clear the rela-
tions of this vowel to the two series of the front and the back vowels. — See §§ 12,
15, 57-69.
§ 9. For the two groups (§§ 10, 11) next to be mentioned, the constriction is made
by approximation of the tongue to the hard palate in the one case and to the soft
palate in the other, — thus in each case dividing the oral passage into two compart-
ments, one of which, however, contributes so much more than the other to the
quality of the vowel that this one may, together with the constricted channel, be
properly regarded as the vowel-chamber.
§ 10. When the constriction is made by arching up the tongue under the hard
palate, we have the tripartite series, namely, e (eve), a (ale), and & (care), each
member of which has also its " wide " variant (§ 13). These are denominated FRONT
VOWELS, and otherwise are often called palatal vowels.
The three members of the series are distinguished as HIGH (e), MID (a, without the
"vanish "), and low (a, without the glide to r). The change from e to a, and again
from a to &, is made by lowering the parts of the tongue before and in the front
and behind and at the hinder end of the place of constriction, which is thus made
shorter ; the channel of the vowel-chamber at the place of constriction is at the same
time made broader from side to side ; but the distance between tongue and palate
at this place need not be increased ; * in each case the passage may be as close as it
can be without consonantal friction. — See Fig. 2.
If we consider the vowel-chamber as made up of the passage where constricted
together with the cavity behind this place, we may, as has often been done, compare
it to a bottle with a narrow neck, — the neck curved forward somewhat like the
• See " Handbook of Phonetics," by Henry Sweet, p. 211.
beak of a retort, — and with the neck broader and shorter for the lower than for
the higher of the series, and the body of the bottle differing in size and shape
for the one and the other.
For the high, e (eve), the root of the tongue is drawn forward ; also, the surface of
the tongue back of the place of constriction and down toward the root is quite con-
cave from side to side, and up and down as well ; it becomes less and less so for the
mid aud the low, falling back with a more and more even slope ; the arch of the soft
palate is at the same time more and more flattened, and the lower jaw is of neces-
sity more and more depressed, and is also drawn back ; if it be not so drawn back,
the soft palate will be dragged forward by the tongue, and thus a nasal twang will
be inevitable. It is further to be noted that the most effective part of the vowel-
chamber for the high (e) may be perceived as extending not far back from the place
of constriction, aud as reaching further and further back for the mid and for the low.
The passage at the place of constriction and the larger compartment behind the
same are two distinct resonant cavities, each having as such a pitch proper to itself.
The investigations of Helmholtz, Graham Bell, and others have shown that, in pass-
ing from the low, fi, (c&re), to the high, e (eve), the pitch of the forward portion
rises ; while, conversely, that of the cavity behind it becomes at the same time
deeper ; — as a consequence, of course, of corresponding changes of configuration.
For the front vowels in detail, see §§ 43-50, 75-84, 102-104.
§ 11. When the constriction is at the soft palate, involving retraction and humping
up of the tongue, we have another series of three, with their " wide " variants (§ 13),
denominated back vowels, namely, db (food) high, o (old, without the usual
"vanish ") mid, aud a (all) LOW, — differenced as the tongue is swelled up higher
or less high in the back part of the mouth, and thus reaches to a higher or lower — or,
what is the same thing, a more or less forward — point along the soft palate. Thus, in
the back as well as the front vowels, the place of constriction is longest for the high,
shorter for the mid, and still shorter for the low, — shortened at the forward or upper
end of the place for the back vowels, as it is at the rearward end for the front
vowels. The broadening of the vowel-chamber, the flattening of the arch of the
soft palate, and the lowering of tlie jaw, in the change from high to mid and from
mid to low, occur in the back as well as in the front vowels. The more and more
gradual and regular, and longer and longer, slope of the surface of the tongue back-
wards in the front series, is paralleled, inversely, by a similar change forwards in
the back series. The extreme retraction of the fore part of the tongue for the high-
back, ob (food), corresponds to the drawing forward of the root and hinder part of
the tongue for the high-front, e (eve). — See Figs. 2, 4.
All of the back vowels take a labial modification, and are thus of the class termed
labial, or ROUNDED, vowels. The high are more rounded, that is, have the lips
more contracted, than the mid, and the mid more than the low. The vowel-chamber
for all of the back vowels has its forward limit made by the lips, and takes in at the
other extremity the place of constriction on the soft palate, the compartment below
this place contributing but a comparatively unimportant part.
The labial modification is quite indispensable for the back vowels. If we try to
" imround " them — that is, to utter them with the corners of the lips drawn far
back, while nolding the palato-lingual position unchanged — we succeed in getting
only a kind of noise made by friction of the vocal current against the soft palate aud
uvula, with the loss of clear vowel quality. We can, indeed, by retracting the tongue
much more than is done for the normal back vowels, produce something strongly
resembling them, with comparatively little help from the agency of the lips and
cheeks. But such sounds and such positions of the organs bear no part in correctly
spoken English. It is at the same time true that, to a certain extent, diminished lip-
rounding may be fairly well compensated by increased retraction of the tongue.
The greater contraction and protrusion of the lips, and the greater retraction of
the tongue and consequent greater dimensions of the cavity, — the depth of which
is also increased by the upward bulging of the soft palate, — cause the high position
for the back vowels to give a deeper resonance than the mid, and the mid than the
low : there is thus presented a correspondence in this respect with the back cavity of
the front vowels.
For these vowels in detail, see §§ 70, 74, 108-122, 126-128, 136-138.
§ 12. In both the front and the back series (§§ 10, 11) the change of organic position
from that of the open-throat vowel, a (arm), a (ask, § 8), is least for the low, and
greatest for the high ; this vowel being nearly related to the low in both series. It is
thus properly to be regarded as the common extremity, or point of departure, for
the two series, which proceed from it by a regular gradation, as is represented in the
Diagram.
§ 13. Each of all these vowels (§§ 8, 10, 11) has a variant denominated WIDE, as
distinguished from the above described, the narrow.* We have a (arm) narrow, st
(ask) wide ; & (c^re) narrow, a (am, cat) wide ; a (ale, without the " vanish ")
narrow, e (end, pet) wide ; e (eve) narrow, i (ill, pit) wida ; and a (all) narrow,
6 (5dd) or a (wliat) wide ; o (old) narrow, 6 (obey) wide ; oo (food) narrow,
<ib (f d'bt) wide. The place of constriction is widened out by increase of distance
between the tongue and the palate or the pharyngeal wall, not only by drawing away
the entire body of the tongue, but by reducing the convexity across the surface, that
is, by letting down the tongue in this way toward the condition of indifference it
• The narrow, so termed by Mr. Sweet and others, were called the primary by Mr. Bell.
DIAGRAM OF THE SIMPLE VOWEL SOUNDS IN ENGLISH.
The Diagram exhibits the arrangement of the vowels in the System and represents their relations, as explained in these pages; giving also their descriptive
names. — See § 25.
The a (ale) and 5 (old) are here to be taken as meaning only the radical part without the usual " vanish " (§ 18) ; and the & (cftre) as apart from the " glide " to
the r. For the back vowels, except the back-mixed, the term " roimd" (§ 11) is commonly added as part of the name. Thus, a (all) is the low-back-narrow-round vowel.
arm ; • • described as . . . • • • Open-throat : narrow.
ask ;...„„ Open-throat -. wide.
ft) ft; 5, a ,-
care, am ; odd, all ;
Low-front : narrow, wide. Low-back : wide, narrow.
a, 8;
ta.s;
S,o;
St I; db, ob ;
iSX, htwi initial part ;
ale, end ; obey, old ;
iff ern, ever ; [lip, flrn ;
„ „ €ve, ill ;
>, „ [use;
f dbt, food ; „
. Mid-front : narrow, wide.
[Mid-front-mixed : narrow, wide.
High-front : narrow, wide.
[High- front -mixed: wide.
Mid-back : wide, narrow.
[Mid-back-mixed : wide, narrow.
High-back : wide, narrow.
M
Iviii
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
takes when in repose. For the narrow, the tongue is pressed with some force toward
the palate or pharyngeal wall, making contact and meeting resistance on the lateral
margins, and being thus firmly braced in position,. For the wide, this pressure is not
exerted, and this support is wanting ; the tongue is merely projected into position,
and leans upon nothing, or only spreads itself against the teeth or other parts on each
side, and finds in any way but slight support, — hence the commonly abrupt charac-
ter and naturally short quantity of the wide. " A sort of precision aud firmness " in
the one case, and the opposite in the other, have been emphatically noticed by Mi-.
Bell (University Lectures) as differentiating qualities of the "primary" and the
"wide."— See §21.
The widening causes change in the shape and size of the whole vowel-chamber. It
makes it larger in the case of the front vowels (§ 10). lu the case of the open-
throat a (arm, § 8) narrow, a (ask) wide, it is to be noted that for the narrow the
fore part of the tongue is of necessity pressed downward and rather retracted, while
for the wide it is projected forward and considerably raised, — in consequence of
the widening at the place of constriction. Also in the back vowels (§ 11), the fore
part of the tongue is necessarily less retracted for the wide than for the narrow ;
the labial rounding or contraction is at the same time less, and is made with less
tension. The channel through the back part of the mouth is in all cases made larger
for the wide. — See Figs. 1, 3, 5.
The changes in the form and position of the tongue, from the narrow to the wide,
carry with them corresponding changes in the position of the lower jaw.
All the front vowels are converted from narrow to wide in the way shown for &,
(c^re), in Fig. 3 ; and all the back vowels, as sho\vn for ob (food), in Fig. 5.
§ 14. The narrow and the wide may, in a given case, be regarded either as dif-
ferent vowels or as different forms of the same vowel, but are commonly spoken of
as different vowels. The two of each pair are perceived as characterized by the
same fundamental quality, and as differentiated by features common to all the wide
and the opposite appertaining to all the narrow.
§ 15. There are intermediate degrees of narrow and wide which need to be noticed
(§§ 23, 48) ; and there are forms of forcible tongue pressure away from the palate,
making vowels still more open than what we call the wide, and with prolonged quan-
tity, as heard in certain provincial and rustic modes of speech (see § 50). There are
also various shades of sound between the high and mid, and between the mid and
low. And every vowel is subject to variations in position and in sound as conjoined
with different consonants. These many and minute varieties can not all be defined
with accuracy. In a vowel scheme for ordinary uses, only the more prominent and
plainly distinguishable diversities are to be marked, and the fixed points on the
Bcale are to be taken with some latitude of variation.
In the case of the open-throat or pharyngeal vowels, of which we have noted a
narrow, a (arm), and a wide, a (ask), a nicer analysis might give as many varieties,
though not so strongly marked, as we have in the other groups, that is to say, a high,
a mid, and a low, and of each of these a narrow and a wide. But, for ordinary
orthoepical purposes, such a minute subdivision is unnecessary. Only, when the
wide a is prolonged, it takes a narrow form, but not identical with a (iirm), being
made with the place of constriction higher up in the pharynx. The vowel quality,
as made higher or lower in the way here described, will naturally vary with the
higher or lower pitch of the voice. And it is to be remarked that the ordinary
"Italian a" in English, as in father, etc., is heard in various forms as higher and
lower in organic position. The a (ask) will, indeed, be ordinarily higher as well as
wider than the a (arm). — See § 59.
§ 16. (a) There is a fourth order of vowels in addition to the three above de-
scribed (§§ 8, 10, 11), though it would not be altogether amiss to regard it as a variety
running through the other three. To this the term MIXED is applied in the Bell
nomenclature. It comprises, in the English, ■& (ftrn), u. (up), and e (fern, ever).
Sounds of this order occur also in the first part of the glide between the initial and
the final elements of the long i and ou diphthongs (§ 19 a) ; and make the glide
between any vowel not of the mixed order and a following r, to which consonant
the mixed vowels themselves bear a close resemblance. Unaccented vowels tend,
for the most part, to a sound of this sort, when they do not go over to the neutral
vowel. — See §§ 17, 38, 39, 85-95, 105, 123, 124, 139-142.
These are called " mixed " because regarded as formed by a kind of blending of
the organic positions for the front and the back vowels, or a neutrality between
them. Though the term, as thus understood, is not wholly inappropriate, the more
essential characteristic of this class is that the passage at the place of constriction
— which in this case is both longer and mucli more open than it is for the other
vowels — has the part of the tongue along the middle line depressed and the lateral
borders raised, so as to form a sort of trough, and to make, in conjunction witli the
palate, a rough approximation to a cylindrical dumnel* Instead of a passage with
cross section somewhat crescent-shaped, concave on the palate and convex on the
tongue, as for other vowels, we have a passage concave on both tongue and palate.
And this passage may be regarded as constituting the entire vowel-chamber, being,
as it is, the main and the effective portion of all that might be included in the desig-
nation.
(b) The vowels of this class may properly be subdivided into front and back,
and under each may be distinguished a HIGH, a MID, and a LOW ; also, mider each
of these, a narrow and a wide. The front-mixed are made mainly under the hard
palate, and the back-mixed mainly under the soft palate. For the high of each the
vowel-chamber reaches well forward, and in the change from high to mid, aud again
from mid to low, falls back somewhat in place, and is made larger in dimension.
The Enghsh O. (firn), narrow, and ii (up), wide, are mid-back-mixed ; e (fern),
narrow, and e (ever), wide, are mid-frout-mixed. The high-f ront-mixed, — which,
labially rounded, make the u French and U German, — we have in English as the
brief initial element of u (use, § 132).
The liigh-front-mixed, just above described, are closely related to the high-front
vowels, e (eve, § 10) and i (ill) ; the mid, e (fern, ever), to the mid-front, a (ale)
and 6 (find) ; a variant pronunciation in fern, earn, etc., low instead of mid, —
more common formerly than at present, — is nearly related to the low-front, 5, (cftre).
The mid-back-mixed, fi (lirn), li (iip), have a similar relation to the mid-back, o
(old) and 6 (obey), though not so obvious, because these (5 and 6) are labially
rounded, while the ft aud u are not so, or but sUghtly if at all ; a variety, low instead
of mid, heard as a dialectic or an indiWdual pecuharity in the pronunciation of these
vowels, has a quite obvious affinity to the open-throat, ii (iirm), a (ask). The Dia-
gram exhibits these relations in the leading instances. The existence of tlie relations
as here pointed out justifies the introducing of such terms as front-mixed and back-
mixed.
The ft (firn) and e (fern) are distinguished as narrow., from ii (tip), e (ev6r),
wide. They are marked as such by the essential characteristics of the narrow and
wide of the other groups (§§ 13, 21) ; only in this case we have for the wide a concav-
ity made less deep, instead of a convexity flattened down, and we have the bracing
action for the narrow made by a pull downward on the middle line and a firm
pressure at the sides. It is no matter if, by a partial change in signification, of a
kind not uncommon in scientific as well as in popular language, it so comes about
that the wide have the interval between tongue and palate no greater in this case
than the narrow, since the essential and more important characteristic remains, as
before described (§ 13).
(c) The rounding of the tongue in these vowels produces an effect for the ear
somewhat like that of lip-rounding. Tongue-rounding and lip-rounding are combined
in the French eu and u, German o and ii. The term tongue-rounded would in fact
describe the whole class more accurately than mixed. It is to be noticed that the
lip-rounding takes a characteristically different shape in the mixed from what it
does in the back vowels. There is some degree of lip-rounding in ti (iise), and even
a slight degree in e (fern).
(d) The mixed vowels are closely allied to the consonant r, into which they ar»
• See Wilhelm Victor : EUmeiite der Fhonetik, § 5G.
VIEWS OP THE VOCAL ORGANS (THE RIGHT HALF) IN VOWEL POSITIONS.
1 Hard Palate. 2 Soft Palate. 3 4 Back Wall of
the Pharynx. 5 Tongue. 6 Tongue Bone. 7 Right
Vocal Cord, below; right False Vocal Cord, abo\e,
both attached to the Thyroid Cartilage in front, and to
the right Arytenoid Cartilage behind. 8 Fold, ex-
tended from the border of the right haU of the Epiglot-
tis in front to the right Arytenoid Cartilage behind ,
back of which is shown, in cross-section, the Transverse
Muscle that runs from the right to the left Arytenoid
9 Cricoid Cartilage. 10 Windpipe. 11 Oesophagus
C Place of Constriction.
[The Thyroid Cartilage extends back in two broad
plates, one on each side ; each one hinged, or pivoted,
at a point on the outside and near the bottom of the Cri-
coid. The Thyroid thus serves as a lever for stretching
. Narrou, arm. Wide, ask.
or relaxing the Vocal Cords. The Tongue Bone ex-
tends back in two branches above the Thyroid plates.
Each Arytenoid is a pyramid with a triangHlar base, of
which the outer angle (not seen in the engraving) rests
upon the Cricoid, while the inner front angle holds the
end of a Vocal Ligament, and the inner angle in the
rear is held fast by a short Ugament to the Cricoid. The
Arytenoids serve as levers for moving and adjusting
the Vocal Cords. When the Cords are brought close
together, the passage between the Cartilages may either
remain open or be closed : closed by the joining, and
opened by the disjoining, of their front edges, from the
bottom to the top, — the Transverse Muscle barring the
way behind at all times. The False Vocal Cords have no
direct agency in phonation.]
High, eve. Low, care.
Narrow, care. Wide, am.
High, food Low, ^U. .j
Narrow, food. Wide, foot.
On Fig. 2, a (ale) would take an intermediate position : so 5 (old), on Fig. 4. Wide forms of all front vowels are fashioned as shown by Fig. 3 j of back vowels, as by Fig. 5.
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
lix
converted by raising the point of the tongue toward the palate (see § 250). Hence,
they form the glide couuecting r with vowels preceding. The mid-mixed e (fern,
ever) is more nearly allied to the dental r (§ 251), and the low-mixed to the palatal
(§ 252). It is through the influence of the following r that the present sound of e in
fern, her, etc., and of I in fir, sir, etc., has been developed from the original
sounds of 6 (6ud) or a (ale), and i (ill) or e (eve).
§ 17. The English vowels of the mixed (§ 16) class are the nearest to the obscure
sound of the so-called NEUTRAL VOWEL, otherwise named the natural vowel, — that
is, the vocal sound produced with the least articulative effort, or with none at all,
and heard, except as a glide, only in unaccented syllables. The latter differs from
the former in being made without the concave configuration of the tongue, and with
a less tense condition of the organs. It admits of considerable variety of tongue
position. Every short vowel is liable in very rapid speech — though some more than
others — to fall into it (see §§ 3S, 39). We have it also in the voice-glide (§ 95), heard
in the final syllables of words like open, able, and of words (really dissyllabic) like
cbasm. The glide (§ IGl) from vocal consonant to vowel, as in go, day, low,
etc., and from vowel to consonant, as in ebb, add, oar, etc., goes through the
neutral vowel in most cases. So does the glide within diphthongs (§ 19 a).
§ 18. The nineteen (see Diagram) as above described, aside from the neutral
vowel, but inclusive of the initial element in u (use, §§ 19 6, 132), make up the
complete list of the simple vowel sounds, or of what need to be noted as such
(§ 15) in English. The i (ice, § 100) and the u (use, § 132) are diphthongs. Also,
a (ale, § 45), with the usual vanish in i (ill), and o (old, § 109), with the vanish in
db (f o^ot), are diphthongs.
§ 19 (a). The PURE DIPHTHONGS in English are made up as follows : — (1) The i
(ice, § 100) consists mainly of the glide between the initial and the final element, no
one part having i-iedominance. It begins with a (ask, § 61), or a sound nearer to u
(tip, § 141), and proceeds through sounds of the mixed order (§ 16), followed by those
of the neutral vowel, on to the final element i (ill, § 103). As usually pronounced, it
differs somewhat from the word aye (yea) : this begins with a (arm, § 57), and
also gives more prominence to the initial element and somewhat more to the final,
and less to the connecting glide. (2) The ou (out, § 129) is like i (ice, §§ 99, 100)
in having no part predomintmt ; also, in beginning with the same element ; it then
takes a different direction, through sounds of tlie mixed and the neutral order, with
gradually increased labial rounding, and terminates in o~o (fo^bt, § 128). (3) The
oi (oil, § 129) begins with a (all, § 70), or a sound between this and 6 (ddd, § 118),
taking it for the main part, and glides on to i (ill, § 103). Both (4) a (ale, § 45)
and (5) o (old, § 109) with the usual vanish, give much the greater prominence to
the initial element. (6) The u after certain consonants — as in liite, jii'ry, suit,
duke, tiiue, etc. (see § 134 ) — begins with the high-front mixed vowel allied to i
(ill, § 166), and, without taking the y sound, glides on to ob (food, § 127), and has
that for the main part.
(6) The following, as taking a semivowel y or w sound within the glide, are impure
DIPHTHONGS: — (1) The u (iise, pure, § 132), or e-vv in few, etc., differs fro-
the ii in IQte, etc. — the pure diphthong No. 6 above, — by interposing the y sound
OS part of the glide between the initial and the final elements. (2) There are several
impure diphttongs that begin with a brief i (ill) and run through y to different
endings; as the ea in malleable — when pronounced mai'lya-b'l (§97) — the
eou in nauseous, the eu in grandeur (§ 97) ; the la in cordial, filial, fa-
miliarity, iou in bilious, iu in genius, io in minion (§ 106) ; also, ya in
yarn, you in young, yo in yore, and ya^v in yawl, when uttered, as is com-
monly done, with a brief initial i sound (§ 272). (3) The other kind of impure diph-
thong begins with a brief do (f <MJt, § 128) sound, and glides through a more or less
complete consonant w on to the final vowel sound ; as in quail, quite, quality,
guano, swim, s^van, sivell, wben, etc. ; and may be heard even iu warn,
ivish, well, woe, we, aa usually pronounced (§ 266).
(c) Of the pure diphthongs, it is to be noticed that they all proceed from a place of
constriction further back in the mouth to one more forward, or from a low to a high
vowel, — that is, from a more open to a more close palato-lingual position ; or else, as
the u in liite, etc.. No. 6, from a more open to a more close lip configuration. The
impure diphthongs with y for the connecting glide proceed in a backward direction
from their high-front starting point ; and those with the w glide proceed from a more
close to a more open lip configuration : the consonant glides in these cases are gen-
erated by the relaxation from vowel tension that ensues in passing from close to
open.
(d) The vowelized r (§ 253), when this form is used, — as in far, ear, ire, more.
worm, earth, etc., — is usually a sound of the mixed (§ 16) class ; and may either
be added to the preceding vowel as a separate sound, or may in conjunction with it
make a diphthong of a peculiar kind. Besides this sort, and that heard, as stated
above (6), in grandeur, nauseous, bilious, genius, etc., and the long 1, pre-
ferred by some, commencing with a mixed vowel sound, — ui instead of ai, — other
possible diphthongs with mixed vowels bearing a part as initial or final elements are
not actually heard in Eughsh, unless as dialectic or individual peculiarities.
(e) In uttering a diphthong, the organs are not held anywhere in a fixed position,
but proceed by a continuous glide from beginning to end ; only the change goes more
slowly to or from any element that appears to predominate. Tliis is true even of
a (ale) and o (old) as uttered with the " vanish."
§ 20. The terms OPEN and CLOSE may be applied to describe either the difference
of low, mid, and high, or that of narrow and wide, — or that between the open-
throat vowel and any or all of the others. Tliey are thus wanting in exactness. We
can not say, for instance, of the low-front-narrow a (c&re), that it is more or less
open than the mid-front-wide 6 (find), or even the high-front-wide i (ill); — see
§§10, 13. It is impossible to arrange all the vowels on a single linear scale, or even on
two single lines, as more or less open and close. We can say, however, of the a (arm)
that it is the most open of all.
§ 21. Among the vowels as narrow and wide (§ 13), there are certain important
relations as concerns LONG and short quantity. Some are naturally long, and
can not be shortened beyond a certain limit without a change of quality. Others are
naturally short, and can be prolonged only by a special effort. All the wide are natu-
rally short, and the narrow naturally long, because of the fixed, braced position of
the tongue in the latter case and the opposite in the former (§ 13). Also, the wide
require a greater expenditure of vocalized breath to produce the proper resonance in
the wider passage, and hence are not so easily prolonged, and can not possibly be
prolonged to an equal extent ; their duration being limited simply by the supply of
air from the lungs. The narrow long vowels, when shortened, verge toward the wide ;
the shorter wide, when lengthened, tend to the narrow, or may turn to a still wider,
or rather a more open, form. — See §§ 15, 30, 37.
§ 22. The sounds symbolized by a, e, i, 5, ii, as being the most frequent of the
long sounds denoted by these letters, are called their REGULAR LONG sounds; and,
for the like reason, a, fi, i, o, ii, their regular short sounds. The regular long
and short of the same letter are, however, in no case variants of each other, as
narrow and wide, or as the long and short of the same sound. This discrepancy is a
consequence of changes in orthoepic quality which the long or the short, or both,
have undergone since their place was fixed in the general orthography of the language.
§ 23. The regular short vowels a, 6, i, 5, ii (am, find, ill, odd, up ; pat, pet,
pit, li6t, hilt), pronounced in the proper English way, are a marked peculiarity of
the language. The vowel sounds that, in the other languages of Europe, come near-
est to any of these are, for the most part, considerably less wide. Hence, people bred
to those languages find it difficult to give these sounds with precision. The foreign
variation is also habitual with the people of Scotland. In the peculiar English man-
ner, these sounds are distinguished by a brief, abrupt, jerky form, and by ending
with a sharp percussion in the consonant that closes the syllable.
§ 24. All the regular long vowels, as also all the diphthongs, may form the closing
element of an accented syllable (as day, e'vil, li'ar, etc.), while the regular short
naturally have the syllable closed by a consonant sound (as at'om, cop'y, cit'y,
etc. ; though such words as con-di'tion, na'tion-al, etc., can not well be so di-
vided in writing and print. Even as unaccented, four of these, namely, a, fi, 6, ii,
— that is, all except i and of course its equivalent y, — are commonly joined on to a
following consonant sound : unaccented a ending a syllable takes usually the mark
a or else a ; u takes u or u ; e and o take e and 6. — See § 275.
§ 25. The relations of the vowels, as respects organic formation, — carrying with
them also corresponding acoustic relations, — are represented in the Diagram on
p. Ivii. We have the front and the back series of the narrow, diverging from
the narrow a (arm), and of the corresponding wide, diverging from the wide a
(ask) ; from which starting points the two aeries proceed by successive steps of
change in organic position ; while between a (arm) and a (c&re) the connection can
be equally well traced, as indirect, through their wide lorms, a (ask) and a (am).
We have the vowels of the mixed class interpolated under others to which they are
nearly related. We have a (ask) in proximity to a (am) and 6 (odd) and ii (up),
to all of which it is closely related by organic position. And throughout we have near-
ness of organical relation indicated by proximity on the diagram. The neutial vowel,
as having no fixed place of articulation, is not included in the scheme.
B
H
ACCENT, QUANTITY, AND EMPHASIS, AND THEIR RELATIONS
TO THE QUALITY OF VOWEL SOUNDS.
§ 26. ACCENT, in the wider sense, may be defined as the prominence given, or
the act of giving prominence, by whatever means, to one syllable over others in a
word or in a phrase, when not bestowed in the way of emphasis. Or it may be
defined as a mode of utterance that gives such prominence. The prominence thus
customarily accorded, in the case of any word, is called the accent of the word.
Accent serves to mark the unity of the group of syllables composing the word or
phrase, and is a help to fluency ui utterance. The accent is an essential part of
the form of a word ; and sometimes makes the only difference in form between two
words that have, it may be, totally different meanings ; as, in'cense and in-
cense' ; the word co-erce', if the accent be transferred to the first syllable, will
be heard as differing but slightly from a deliberate utterance of the word coarse.
Emphasis has a general resemblance to accent in the means it employs ; but, in-
stead of being fixed by habitual usage, it varies with occasions : it has for its office
to make prominent and impress, and oftentimes to color and modify, and to suffuse
with emotion, the idea or meaning conveyed. It usually falls on whole words or
groups of words, — though sometimes on significant parts of a word, such as the pre-
fixes un-, dis-, etc. In the latter case, accent will give way to emphasis ; as it obvi-
ously may do in the case of a phrase. For the purpose here in view, it is a matter of
indifference whether what we have in any instance be accent or emphasis.
§27. A phrase as subject to accent is one consisting, either whoUy or in
part, of monosyllabic words, among which the prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns,
the articles, and verb auxiliaries predominate. The more unimportant members fall
naturally, and thus habitually, into less prominence in expression ; — the same princi-
ple worked at an early period in fixing the accentuation of words. Both phrase and
word accent bear an important part in the rhythm of verse.
§ 28. Accent, in the general sense as above, may be effected by greater stress, or by
longer quantity, or by a distinction of pitch, in the accented syllable, — or by any
two or by all of these combined. Accent, in a more special sense, may signify that
— whether stress, quantity, or pitch — by which the syllabic prominence is effected.
Accent, considered as made by stress alone — or, it may be, by pitch, — is quite com-
monly thus contradistinguished from quantity; — see § 33. Emphasis not only em-
ploys the same means and in like manner as accent does, but makes use of stress,
quantity, and pitch, all and each, in various ways peculiar to itself, — the exposition
of which hes within the province of works upon elocution and oratory.
§ 29. Pitch — that is, modification of voice as high or low on the musical scale —
is not a recognized element in English accentuation, as it has been and is in that of
some languages, — notably in the ancient Greek. Yet even in English, in the speech
of some persons, and in some dialects, it appears as such in a noticeable degree, com-
bined with one or both the other elements.
§ 30. Quantity means the length of time occupied in uttering either a syllable-or
an alphabetic element. Vowels are distinguished as intrinsically, or naturally, long
or short (§ 21), according as they can or can not be easily prolonged, and as they do
or do not resist being made short ; consonants also are distinguished as continuous
and as momentary (§ 176) ; syllables, of course, take character from their components.
As applied to the syllables in an English word or phrase, quantity may ordinarily best
be understood as not necessarily signifying any intrinsic quality in the vowel of the
syllable : a relatively long syllable may be made by prolongation of the vowel or
the consonant elements, or of both ; or may be made such virtually and in effect by a
pause, or rest, at the end.
§ 31. Stress — in speech — means force of li'torance. ThlE force Is resolvable, ia
k
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
the last analysis, into muscular tension, — tension, be it observed, not merely of the
muscles that drive the air from the lungs, but of those which stretcli and stitfen the
vocal cords for tone vibration, and of those whicli hold the mouth organs in the vari-
ous positions and configurations for vowel resonance, and move or hold them for the
consonant articulations. We thus have reaction against, as well as direct propulsive
action upon, the vocal current. And much of this reaction goes not to increase the
loudness, or power, of the sound, but to impress upon it certain modifications with
greater distinctness and effectiveness. Thus, the prominence given by accentual stress
is not merely due to greater loudness, or intensity, of sound ; but sometimes as much,
if not more, to the fuller distinctness of the articulation.
Besides simple accentual stress, we shall have occasion in the sequel (§§ 1G3, 1G4,
275) to consider stress as laid upon different parts of a syllable, or of a vowel or con-
sonant element, — namely, the beginning, middle, or end, — and as gradual or abrupt.
§ 32. Stress in utterance is a thing of degree, and is entirely relative. The nearest
to an absolute determination is found in the least stress with which a syllable can be
uttered and yet be perceived as a syllable^ Above this least degree in one syllable or
more, other degrees may exist in other syllables of the same word, and thus form a
ground for distinguishing a primary, a secondary, or even a tertiary accent.
§ 33. In English, stress is the chief, and is commonly regarded as the sole, constitu-
ent of accent. Yet, quantity is ordinarily combined with stress : that is to say, syl-
lables that take the absolutely least degree of stress commonly take, at the same
time, the absolutely shortest quantity, that is, the shortest possible for the syllable ;
and with higher degrees of stress there go corresponding prolongations in quantity;
— and quantity, in its turn, carries stress along with it. Tlie two things are sepa-
rable ; but, in Euglish, the two are ordinarily combined, so that an increase or dimi-
nution of the one involves an increase or diminution of the other. — See § 30.
§ 34. Tlie syllable or syllables that, in a word or phrase, may be uttered with the
absolutely least stress and quantity — or with a near approach to this quite least
degree — are said to be unaccented. The one syllable which takes the relatively
greatest stress and prolongation is, of course, an accented syllable. In many
words of several syllables — usually of more than three — there is occasion to note
two accents, a stronger and a weaker, denominated a primary and a secondary
accent, distinguished in this Dictionary by a heavier and a lighter accentual mark ;
as, e. g., mag'iii-ft'er, af 'fa-bil'i-ty. There is, in many three-syllable words,
such a secondary accent. It may fall on the first syllable ; as in un'der-take',
con'tra-clict' ; in which case it is usually marked in dictionaries. Or it may fall
on the third and final syllable; as in inag'ni-f y ; the final syllable of this word
having equal stress with the third in mag'iii-fl'er, and thus differing from the third
In van'I-ty ; and as in the verb propH'e-sy, which differs from the noun proph'-
e-cy : in such cases it is not the custom to insert the accent mark ; in this Diction-
ary, when the vowel of the syllable is long, the secondary accent is implied by the
mark of long quantity ; as, mag'iil-f y, ded'i-cate, tur'pen-tine.
There are, also, words of two syllables, neither of which can be properly spoken
with the absolutely least stress and least quantity ; such as a-men, f are-%vell, con-
quest, horse-rake. House-top ; including most of the two-syllable compounds,
and many words not of that class : as joined with other words in a phrase or a sen-
tence, the more feebly accented of the two syllables has accentual prominence above
the unaccented syllables with which it stands associated. Thus, the & in ivine'-
press, ab'scgss, con'tfist, ac'cgss, re'grgss, etc., differs from the 6 in lieir'-
Sss, tall'6st, ax'gs, Con'grgss, etc. There may be as strong a secondary accent
employed in dis-taste', dls-prove', etc., as in dis're-gard', dis're-pute'. It
has not been common to mark such words as taking a primary and a secondary
accent ; one of the syllables having been reckoned as accented, and the other as
unaccented ; though the fact of the two accents is sometimes noticed by gramma-
rians. The New English Dictionary by Dr. Murray gives the two marks in the case
of ariuen and a number of two-syllable compoimds ; and the same is done in this
work.
There are no principles by which to determine the accent in English ; and in many
cases some variation from the more customary form will pass uimoticed. The gen-
eral tendency of the language is to carry the chief accent back towards or to the first
syllable. In the case of some two-syllable words, the final one is accented for the
verb, and the other for the noun or adjective ; as, con-test' and con'test, sub-
ject' and sub'ject, ab-sent' and ab'sent, etc. But many others are accented
alike for both noun and verb ; as, de-feat', re-gard', at-tack', cap'ture, ges'-
ture, al-ly', re-mark', etc.
§ 35. It is to be observed that there are distinguishable degrees and shades of
accentual stress and quantity, besides the two which we mark as primary and sec-
ondary. No less than four or five degrees may be found in some single words, such,
for instance, as incommunicability. Also, there can be, in this matter, no pre-
cise determination of degree ; and hence it becomes, in many cases, a nice question
for decision as to whether a syllable should or should not receive the mark of second-
ary accentuation. Initial and final syllables usually make no more than a quite near
approach to an absolutely least accent ; this falls more commonly and properly upon
medial syllables.
§ 36. That differences of accent will have effect in MODIFYING or changing
THE quality of articulate elements is evident from the foregoing definitions of
stress and of quantity. Certain of the elements require a considerable degree of
articulative stress and some extent of time for their clear enunciation ; while others
are compatible with a more relaxed, or less tense, condition of the organs, and with a
quicker deliverance of ths sound. It is, however, the quantity, and not the stress,
that directly affects the quality. — See §§ 30, 33.
§ 37. All the naturally LONG VOWELS (§ 21) and the diphthongs are under
accentual stress, either primary or secondary (though indicated in the Dictionary, it
may be, sometimes only by the vowel quantity) : they never occur imder the weakest
stress ; they can not suffer weakening or loss of accent without alteration of quality.
Thus, e (S-venf, § 78) differs in quality from e (eve) ; 1 (i-de'a, § 101) from
i (ice) ; although, as thus weakened, these do not come down to the absolutely least
accent ; — see §§ 21, 42. The a in sen'Ste is nearly as wide as the 6 in bon'nSt.
The second e in ce'res', when it turns to e in ce're-al, is hardly distinguishable
from the quite wide i in se'ri-al. The o in o-bey' and e in ev'er differ from
o (old) and e (fern), simply as wide from narrow. The narrow 6 of in-form'
becomes the wide 5 in in'f 6r-ma'tion ; the narrow o (old) in im-pose', the
wide 6 (o-bey') in im'po-si'tion ; the narrow a (iirm) in bar'ba-rous is con-
siderably widened in biir-ba'ri-an, if it does not indeed become the quite wide
a (ask). — See § 15 and the Diagram. A diphthong, when deprived of accent, is
necessarily curtailed, — either preserving the middle portion (§ 19), as mii-lord'
(my lord), or the middle and terminal element, as in t-o'ta (§ 101) or the terminal,
as mi-lord' ; — if, indeed, this last be not a survival rather than a development.
§38. Among the naturally SHORT VOWELS (§ 21), there are differences to be
noted. The high-front-wide i (pit, § 104) undergoes but slight alteration as deprived
of accent. Thus, between the vowels in the accented and the unaccented syllables
in pit'i-fiil, finlsli, in'fi-nite, in-stil', there need be only a slight and hardly
appreciable difference in quality. The mid-front-wide 6 (gnd, § 83) with least acceu).
tends to i (ill) ; as in riv'et, Uitcli'en, riv'6t-ed, heir'^ss-Cs. In situations
where it holds its proper quality but slightly modified, — as in ef-face', fix-ist', —
though weakened, it does not sink to tlie degree of least accent ; but here, in very
rapid speech, it may fall into the neutral-vowel sound (§ 17). The low-front-wide
9- (am, § 56) is never given with quite the least accent ; yet it may have a weakened
accent, with a slight modification of quality ; as in ftt-tack', Jif-f ord', ai-low',
a,c-cept' ; and in rapid speech may change to a (ask) and then fall to the neutral
place, — and especially in unemphatic monosyllables, such as ^nd, ftn, ftm, tliitt,
etc. The a can not itself gradually pass into an obscure vowel sound. It is apt to
drop forward into d : thus accept and gxcept are not distinguished by the illit-
erate ; and can in vulgar speech becomes k£n, and even kin.
§ 39. In the other naturally short vowels, there is a general tendency, on the remis-
sion of accent, to fall towards or sink into the neutral-vowel sound (§ 17), a sound
which is taken only by syllables with the least accent. The 5 in cSn-nect', rec-61-
lect', etc. (§ 120), has some tendency this way, but rather adheres to its proper
sound, yet as modified and somewhat obscured ; but does not, in such case, take
quite the absolutely least accent. The letter o in final syllables with the least accent,
as in f el'on, at'om, big'ot, act'or, etc. (§ 124), may be reg.irded as first taking a
ii sound as in son, or a sound of that class, whence it often passes over to the obscure
neutral sound. The u in aw'f ul, f ul-fil', etc. (§ 138), has some tendency to the
neutral quality, but is well able to retain its proper sound somewhat modified. The
a (ask) and ii (iip) need suffer but slight alteration by the weakening or loss of
accent; as in so'fa, bot'a-ny, cau'cils, iln-done', etc., — partly perhaps because
they are so near to the neutral vowel.
§40. The TENDENCIES, on the remission of accent, maybe SUMMED UP as fol-
lows : — The narrow long vowels tend to the wide form; — see §§ 21, 37, and the Dia-
gram. Of the wide short vowels, those at the three extremes of the scale, namely,
a (ask), iih (fobt), and i (ill), and also the mixed ix (up), have their quality but
slightly changed by loss of accent ; — e (end) and a (am), of the front group, tend
in the forward direction, though a. (am) has equal proclivity toward a (ask) or
ii (lip) and thus to the neutral vowel; — for all the wide back vowels, namely, 5
(5dd), 6 (obey), u (full), or do (fot>t), the tendency is to the neutral form ;
into which, indeed, every short vowel will sometimes fall. In general, the narrow
and long, when shortened and widened, may then further, in very rapid speech, take
the course of the wide short vowels, as indicated above. — See § 48.
In hurried and careless colloquial speech, these modifying and obscuring tenden-
cies, in both word and phrase, are intensified. Such coUoqiiial usage, however preva-
lent it may be, will be acknowledged as a deviation from the standard of correct
pronunciation. In England, the virtual obliteration of the secondary accent of words
is a common fault. The opposite error of exaggerating the secondary accent is more
or less common in America, but only to a limited extent among the well educated.
§ 41. These tendencies take the reverse direction when, instead of accent
remitted or weakened, we have the quantity of a vowel, or both the stress and quan-
tity, increased. In all cases of quite deliberate speech — as in oratorical delivery,
and especially in that most effective kind of emphasis which makes use of long-drawn
time, — also in the measured recital of verse, — we have increased quantity and stress
upon both unaccented and accented syllables ; while yet their relations to each other
as such remain unchanged. The ordiaarily obscured vowels of unaccented syllables
are then and thus made to take some clear vowel sound. It is often a nice point to
determine what the sound is that is thus to be taken. It should be, if possible, in
every case, a sound between which and the obscure unaccented sound a gradual trans-
ition is possible and natural and easy. It will not, indeed, for the most part, reach
the exact and full sound proper to the vowel as accented ; — thus, in the word
sen'ate, however deliberately spoken, the vowel in the final syllable would never
take the exact sound it has in the word fate ; — see § 42. But it should make a
more or less near approach to this, — yet retaining enough of the modified form to
indicate that it belongs to an unaccented or weakly accented syllable.
§ 42. In the marking of the pronunciation of unaccented syllables, in this Diction-
ary, the intention is to give in each case — the e in pru'dent, nov'el, etc. (§ 94),
and a in in'f ant, o'ral, etc. (§ 69), excepted — the mark of that one of the clear
vowels employed in accented syllables to which the unaccented vowel is to be con-
sidered as making the nearest approach when properly uttered in quite deliberate
speech ; as, ex-press', ad-mit', c6r-rect'. The sound thus indicated should at all
times be held clearly in the mind of the speaker. In the case of the naturally long
vowels when under weakened accent (a, e, i, o, ft), it would, in theory, have been
sufficient to retain the mark they have when fully accented (a, e, I, o, u) ; but, as a
practical matter, it is doubtless best to indicate the modified sound by a modification
of the mark. The absence of accent sufficiently distinguishes the wide e in ev'er.
pa'per, etc. , from the narrow e in fern, mer'cy, etc.
THE VOWELS OF THE ALPHABET IN DETAIL.
A.
§ 43. This letter is employed for eight variations of sound : a; ft; k\ &; a; a;
a ; a ; besides the exceptional sound as in § 47, and the sound of obscure quality,
indioatftd ^v t* italic (J ri). S'oi- a as part of a digraph, see §§ 44, 49, 54, 57, 70.7^
82, 85, 99, 104 lOS, 113; 131.
§ 44. (1.) A, a; as in ale, fate, maU'er, pro-fane', pa'tri-ar'clial. Th
sound is otherwise represented, as in pain, day, gaol, gauge, break, veil, whey,
also aye (ever) ; and is the name sound of the letter. The vowel is commonly called
"long a."
§ 45. We have here the mid-front-narrow vowel (§ 10) ; of which the wide (§ 13)
eorrelatlTe is 6 (gnd). Taking this for the main element, the English a commonlj
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixi
ends with a vanish — a brief terminal sound — in 1 (ill), sometimes running even to e
(eve). As thus spoken, the vowel is really diphthongal (§ 19 e) — made with a con-
tinuous glide, — though with much less rapid change near tlie initial than near the
vanishing element. The vanish comes out more clearly in some syllables than in
others. It is not used in the Scottish dialect ; and is not apt to be given by people of
foreign birth and training.
§ 46. There is some diversity in the sound of this vowel, is spoken by different
persons and as occurring in diflerent words; not only as concerns the vanish, but as
the sound verges more or less toward the lower and more open vowel, d, (cftre, § 49),
or is even made identical with that; the more open form occurring mainly as an
archaic survival.
§ 47. The radical part of the a sound, widened usually so as to be undistinguish-
able from 6 (j^nd), is the exceptional sound of a iu a'ny, ma'uy, Xliames, and
of al in said, a-gaiu', a-gaiust' ; — see § 82.
§ 48. (2. ) A, ]1 : a modification of the preceding vowel in syllables without accent ;
wider (§ 13), rai jing between a (alo) and 6 (find); and never taking the vanish
(§45). It occurs in the endings -ace, -age; as, pref'Sce, sol'&ce, rav'Sge,
ad'itge, etc. The ending -ate, in the case of verbs, takes a (iile), with accent,
primary or secondary (though witli the secondary accent not marked iu the Diction-
ary) ; as, ro-late', ad'vo-cate {v.), em'u-late, con'ju-gilte (v.), ag'gre-gate
(v.), etc. ; while, in the case of nouns and adjectives, & without the accent is com-
monly used ; as, sen'^te, prel'Ste, ad'vo-cilte(«.;, ag'gre-gate (».), con'ju-
g^te (a.). Also, Soften occurs as preceding another vowel — usually accented —
in the following syllable ; as, Sl-e'rl-al, cliS-ot'ic, Ju'dS-ism. In words like
mls'cel-lS-ny, sal'u-tft-ry, sump'tu-S-ry, the a, before ny or ry final, and
witli the preceding syUable unaccented, has properly this sound ; but if the preceding
syllable be accented, as in bot'a-ny, di'a-ry, sal'a-ry, pri'ma-ry, boun'da-ry,
the a sound (ask, so'f a, § 66) is usually preferred ; yet in con'tra-ry and li1jra-ry
the S is the easier to give, and in these and some others of the class is common and
allowable. In final syllables, the tendency of the sound is to turn to i (ill) in rapid
speech, — passing through fi on to i (§ 83) : this change is common in words like
■vll'lSge, sur'fSce, etc., in which the & is followed by a j or an s soimd. The
ai iu moun'tain, cap'tain, etc., as also ay in Mon'day, etc., takes nearly
the & sound, — falls between this and i (ill). For the a, sound iu accented syllables,
aee § 81.
§ 49. (3.) A, d. : only in syllables closed by r and more or less strongly accented ; as
in c4re, sliAre, com-p&re', p&r'ent, plow'shftre'. The sound is also repre-
sented by e (tlidre, § 84) ; and otherwise as in air, bear, heir, prayer.
The a before r does not ordinarily take this sound when the r precedes a vowel or
another r in a following syUable of the word ; as iu par'i-ty, pSr'ry, com-par'-
i-eon, ciiftr't-ty, etc. (a. as in am) ; and in va'ry, Ma'ry, etc. (a usually as in
ale). See an analogous rule for e (ierii) in § 85, and for 6 (orb) iu § 114. But
the sound remains without change by an added verb inflection or the suiBx -er ; as in
com-p3.r'iiig, sh&r'er ; and appears exceptionally in par'ent, pAi^ent-age,
gar'isll, and sometimes indeed in v^r'y, Mftr'y; also in chS.r'y, Tvar'y.
§ 50. The sound is the narrow correlate of the wide & (am) ; — see §§ 10, 13. It
is not simply a prolongation of that sound ; though, if we attempt such proloiijation,
the organs naturally and unconsciously slide into a position which gives the sound in
question ; — they may, however, turn to a more open position (§ 15), and thus give
out a harsh, flat, nasal sound, which would be quite wrong.
§ 51. Mr. Henry Sweet (Handbook, p. 28) describes this vowel as low-front-narrow ;
Identifying it with the French pfere, faire, and distinguishing it from the mid-front-
narrow a (ale). It is, indeed, essentially the same as the so-called "open e " in
French (t6te, pfere, etc.), German (echt, leben, etc.), Italian (cielo, etc.). It was
the common sound of the English long a two hundred years ago, and still later ;
and the influence of the r would tend to hold it unchanged.
The vowel is otherwise described by some authorities, either because of a difference
in the actual pronunciation, or of a disagreement as to the analysis of what may
really be the same. The dictionaries'of Walker, Smart, Stormonth, and OgUvie iden-
tify it with a (ale). Cooley and A. M. Bell do the same. Mr. BeU gives also an
alternative pronunciation, as of e in let prolonged ; and the sound is thus described
by A. J. Ellis, and by Dr. Murray in the New English Dictionary. But the & in 16t
is the wide of a (ale) ; and it is to be remarked of this, as of the a (am), that the
attempt to prolong the sound is likely to change the position of the organs, especially
as before r, and bring it to that of the vowel here in question. To pronounce the e
in let, end, as the exact short of d> (care) is a foreign peculiarity ; characteristic
also of the Irish and the Scotch.
Most of the authorities above cited take notice expressly of the vanish, or glide, in
e (ev'er) through which the vowel passes on to the following r. — See § 250.
§ 52. The error, into which some have been misled, of giving to this S, the sound
of a (ale), with the usual vanish in i (ill), is a fault which no orthoepist would
sanction. When the vowel before r is, in some words, — such as par'ent, ere,
e'er, their, etc., — respeUed by a (ale) as well as a, it is to be vmderstood that the
vanish is in e (ev'er) and not in i (HI). — See Synopsis, § 277.
§ 53. In syllables under least accent, the S. never occurs : in words like vpel'f are,
war'fare, cor'sair, etc., the final syllable may be regarded as actually under a
secondary accent (§ 34).
§54. (4.) A, a : as in am (emphatic), add, fat, ran'dom, have, par'i-ty ;
also in plaid, guar'an-ty, etc. ; the regular "short a." It is usually followed by a
closing consonant sound, whether accented or unaccented (§ 24). — See § 50.
§ 55. Those to whom this peculiarly English sound is not native rarely learn to
give it accurately; —see § 23. They use a (ask) in its place. There are English
and Americans who do the same ; as is always done in the Scottish dialect.
§ 56. As UNACCENTED, it is common only in initial closed syllables ; as in ai-lude',
at-tack', an-nul'; in cases like ab'stract (a.) there is actually a secondary
accent on the final syUable. — See §§ 34, 38, and Fig. 3.
§57. (5.) A, a: as in arm, far, father, ah, alms, palm, etc. ; having
equivalents as in hearth, aunt, guard, etc. ; commonly called the " Italian a." In
England, and rarely in America, this sound is given to the e before the r in clerk
(§86) ; and this in ser'geant is the leading pronunciation in both countries.
§ 58. This is the narrow variety of the open-throat vowel. For more particular
fleaiiription, see §§ 8, 13, 62 ; see, also, Fig. 1.
§ 59. There is a good deal of latitude of variation in the actual pronunciation of the
"Italian a" in English, extending all the way between the farthest extremes possi-
ble for a (iirm) and a (ask, 62). A medial form is at present most approved.
§ 60. In unaccented syllables, whenever the mark a (iirm) is employed, it is to
be understood that the vowel is wider — nearer to a (ask) — than when accented ;
the latter would, in the opinion of some orthoepists, be the proper mark.
§61. (6.) A, a. This is the sound to be preferred in certain words or syllables
ending in sk, ff, ft, th, 88, sp, st,_nce, iit, nd ; as, ask, statT, graft, path,
pass, grasp, last, dance, chant, com-mand'; and in some other cases; be-
sides its frequent use in unaccented syllables, — for one class of which (§§ 68, 69),
it will in tills dictionary be indicated by a, the italic form of the letter.
§ 62. This vowel is to be clearly distinguished from a (am, hat, § 54). In organic
position it lies between this and a (iirm) ; but in quality, as well as position, more
nearly resembles the latter. It is the wide correlate of a (arm, §§ 8, 13), and is
naturally shorter (§ 21) ; the main part oj. the tongue is raised higher; the lower
jaw is not so much depressed, and the mouth is not so widely opened : hence, a (arm)
has been commonly and correctly described as broader than a (ask). — See Fig. 1.
This vowel slides easily into ii (up, § 16), especially when unaccented ; and a slight
retraction of the tongue with elevation of the back part will convert the vowel to 5
(ndt) ; the reverse transition, as of n5t to iiat, PrSv'i-dence to Prav'i-dencc,
b6d'y to bad'y, etc., is a common fault ; and also that of biit to bat is not
altogether uncommon ; — see § 25. The two forms, Mahomet and Mohammed,
have come to us through a confusion of the two vowel sounds.
§ 63. Fulton and Knight described the a in the class of words in question as " a
shortened form of the Italian a." A. J. Ellis (Pronunciation Jor Singers, pp. 33,
34), speaks of " the fine, thin sound of A', much used by delicate English speakers,
especially ladies," for the words in question ; a sound which he also recommends in
singing — not in speaking — such words as hand, pat, bad ; and which, he says, is
"common now [1877] in Paris " as a sound of the French a. The sound is one which
many persons have not ear and vocal organs so trained as to appreciate.
§ 64. The pronunciation of the a in the words in question (§ 61) is, indeed, various
and unsettled. It is so represented by Mr. Ellis in his Early English Pronuncia-
tion (pp. 1147-48). Also, the A'ew English Dictionary, by Dr. Murray, marks the
vowel in these words with an ambiguous sign, for an optional pronunciation, that
may be that of a (arm) or of a (man, am), or be intermediate, as that here indi-
cated by a. In the dictionaries of Walker, Smart, Cooley, Stormonth, and Ogilvie,
the mark is a (am). Yet, by Smart (Principles, 11) and by Cooley, the proper
sound is admitted to be intermediate between a (am) ?nd a (arm). With the
actual diversity in general usage, — in both America and England, — it seems clear
that the sound a (ask), the wide of a (arm), as the best and most agreeable to the
ear, is the one to be preferred.
§ 65. In UNACCENTED SYLLABLES this sound (a) is of frequent occurrence, though
in rapid speech more or less obscured and falling sometimes into the neutral form
(§ 17).
§ 66. In open syllables unaccented, as in a-rise', di'a-dem, ca-lor'ic, mu'ta-
ble, bot'a-ny, sal'a-ry, vil'la, so'fa, mes-si'ah, etc., this is clearly the proper
sound when the syllable is at all prolonged in emphatic or deliberate utterance. See
§§ 37, 42.
§ 67. In the dictionaries of Walker, Cooley, Stormonth, and Ogilvie, the mark in
all such cases is A (am). Tet probably no one would regard this as the exact sound,
if we except those who pronounce the a (am) as foreigners are apt to do (§ 55), that
is, with a proper a (ask) sound. Walker admits (Principles, 92) that, in such cases
as a-bound', di'a-dem, i-de'a, Af'ri-ca, etc., the sound approaches the " Ital-
ian a." Smart describes this as the Italian a, but as coming near to the " natural," or
neutral (§ 17) vowel. The Encyclopxdie Dictionary marks it as an obscufre sound.
The New English Dictionary, by Dr. Murray, marks it as the " obscure " form of the
a in bar (arm, § 57), and the a before r in ar-te'ri-al, etc., as the " ordinary,"
and not the " long," form of the vowel. — See § 39.
§ 68. In final or medial syllables, unaccented, and closed by n, 1, nt, nee, nd,
8, ss, st, p or ph or ff, m, or d, as in syl'van, va'can-cy, mor'tal, loy'al,
va'cant, val'iant, guid'ance, hus'band, bi'as, com'pass, bal'last,
break'fast, jal'ap, se'raph, dis'taff, mad'am, myr'i-ad, etc., the vowel,
when prolonged in deliberate or emphatic speech, will quite commonly be sounded
as a (§ 61), or nearly enough to be properly so described. In accordance with this
view, the New English Dictionary, by Dr. Murray, gives the same mark — the " ob-
scure" of a in alms, bar — in the final syllables of ac'tu-al, ac-quit'tal,
a-bun'dant, a-bun'dance, as in the open syllables above mentioned (§ 66).
The dictionaries which give the mark a (am) in open syllables, as above stated (§ 67),
use the same also in this case, and with the same inexactness.
§ 69. Some authorities note a difference between the two cases of the a when the
syUable is open (§ 66) and when it is closed by n, 1, etc. (§ 68). Because of such
diversity of opinion, an Italic a is used, in the spelling for pronunciation in this
dictionary, for the latter of these cases ; as in in'f ant, f a'tal-ly, etc. — See § 42.
§ 70. (7.) A, a : as in all, talk, swarm, wa'ter, ap-pall', b^l'sam, etc. ;
otherwise represented in haul, draw, awe ; also in orb, born, bought, etc.
(§ 113), as often if not more commonly pronounced. The digraphs au and aw are
the special representatives of this sound in English ; though, in some words, such as
aunt, daunt, etc., the au has passed over to the Italian a sound.
§ 71. This is the low-back-narrow-round vowel (§ 11), — made with the place of
constriction (§ 6) between the back tongue and the lower border of the soft palate.
The lower jaw is depressed, and the opening of the lips is elongated up and down
and drawn in from side to side. — See Fig. 4.
§ 72. There are words, such as salt, malt, quar'rel (§ 74), etc., in which the
sound faUs between ^ (all) and o (obey) ; or in which there is, at least in soma
cases, an aUowable latitude of variation. — See § 115.
§ 73. In UNACCENTED SYLLABLES, initial, the sound sometimes occurs, somewhat
modified by being less narrow and less rounded ; as iu {{.l-might'y, au-thor'1-tyi
aus-tere', au-dac'i-ty, ^1-though'.
§ 74. (8. ) A, a : as in was, what, wan'der, w^il'low, qual'i-ty, etc. The
sound is identical, or at least nearly so, with that of d (ddd, ndt), and ow in
knowl'edge, etc. In the respeUing for pronunciation, it wiU be represented by &
— See §§72, 118
B
E
Q
H
K
M
Ixii
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
§ 75. The letter e has seven variations of sound ;e;6;e;6;6;e, accented ;
and e, the wide variant, unaccented ; besides its use as a silent letter and its use with
consonant value ; and besides the sound of obscure quality indicated by e (italic) ;
as see in § 94. For e as part of a digraph, see §§ 44, 49, 57, 70, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 97,
99, 103, 104, 108, 113, 126, 131, 141, 143.
§ 76. (1.) E, e : as in eve, mete, con'crete', cen'ti-pede', etc. ; with the
name sound of the letter; and having equivalents as in feet, beam, de-ceive',
peo'ple, key, Cse'sar, ma-chine', field, quay, Phoe'bus, Por'tu-guese', etc. The
vowel is commonly called the " long e."
§ 77. This is the high-front-narrow vowel (§ 10). As actually uttered, especially
when preceded by a consonant, it is not usually this absolutely simple element : it
commonly starts at a slightly wider degree, somewhat towards i (ill), and moves to
a position the closest possible to a consonant y, — in obedience to the diphthongahz-
ing tendency of the language. — See § 127. — It is a fault to end it in an actual y sound.
— See Fig. 2.
§ 78. (2.) t, g : in unaccented syllables, as e-veiit', fe-pit'o-m^, cre-ate', dS-
llii'e-ate', so-ci'e-ty ; shorter usually than accented e (eve), and somewhat less
narrow, verging towards, or sometimes even reaching, the wide i (ill). See § 37.
§ 79. To give ti (tip) in place of e (as so-ci'u-ty), or to give the quite narrow
form e (as so-ci'e-ty), is, in either case, offensive to the ear of a correct speaker.
§ 80. (3.) E, e. This, in genuine English words, occurs only with 1 or y added,
so as to make a digraph ; as in eiglit, prey, vein, etc. The sound is identical
with a (ale, § 44), and will be indicated by a in the respelling.
§ 81. In naturalized and half-naturalized foreign words, as forte, finale, abbe,
ballet, consomme, adobe, auto-da-fe, Jose, and in the interjection eh and
In a few other instances, we have this sound of e accented, but without the vanish
(§ 45) in i (ill). In such cases, it may, in the respelling, be well enough indicated by
the symbol & (§ 48).
§ 82. (4.) £, 6 : as in gnd, p6t, tfin, fir'ror, etc. ; othervrise as in feath'er,
heifer, leop'ard, friend, di-aer'e-sis, as/a-foef i-da, biu'y, guess, a'ny, said, etc. ;
the so-called " short e ; " — mid-front-wide ; correlative of the narrow e (eight), a
(ale) ; — see §§ 45, 47. The syllable is usually closed by a consonant sound.
§ 83. Unaccented it occurs, as in gx-ctise', Cn-large', fif-f ace', 6s-tate', 6r-
ro'ne-ous, lev'61, in'tfiUect', car'p6t ; and sometimes it verges to or towards i,
as in ro'sSs, hors'fis, f air'fist, wis'gst, riv'fit, end'fid, 'wiclt'ed, wool'Sn,
kitch'^n, Sn-cour'age ; — see § 38. The pronunciation of hors'es, chick'en,
wit'uess, as hors'iiz, chick'un, wifnus, — H (up) for 6, — is not approved.
§ 84. (5.) £, 6 : as in there, Vfhere ; also in heir, etc. ; only before r ; — iden-
tical in sound with Si, (cftre, § 49) ; — heard also as unaccented in whereby',
whfire-in', etc.
§ 85. (6.) £, S : as in fgrn, err, hSr, er'mlne, vSrge, in-fSr', per-v8rt' ;
— otherwise as in sir, bird, earn, mirth, myr'tle, guer'don, etc. It occurs before
r and in accented syllables ; but not when the r precedes a vowel or another r in the
following syllable of the same word, as in v6r'y, pgr'il, mgr'ry, gr'ror, he'ro,
pe'r i-od, etc. , except that verbs having this sound of the letter almost always re-
tain it when inflected or suffixed ; as in con-fSr'rlng, de-t6r'ring, con-fer'rer,
re-fer'ri-ble, etc. ; — compare § 49. In England, the word cleric is stiU com-
monly pronounced with the a (iirm) sound (§ 57), as Berkeley and Derby were
till of late. And, in New England, an a (iirm) or a (c&re) sound was once usual
in such words as serve, eartli, earn, term, etc. For ser'geant, see § 57.
§ 86. This is the mid-front-mixed-narrow vowel (§ 16), — distinguished as front
from the back ft (iirn), and as narrow from the wide imaccented e (ev'Sr, § 90).
§ 87. The distinction of sounds here noted, as between e (f Srn) and ti (firn) is
quite clear; and the majority of orthoepists at the present time are in favor of
observing it. It is at the same time true that, by the majority of English-speaking
people, it is not actually observed. But those who employ only one of these two
sounds do not all use the same one : there are some who habitually pronounce both
fern, or sir, and urn, burn, with the distinctive e (fern) sound ; while others
give to fern and sir the proper tl (lirn) sound. The unsettled usage makes such
diversity allowable ; — see § 3. One desiring to find out whether there is for him
any distinction of the kind may do so by trying whether he can conceive of a sound
admissible in ui-n, turn, hurl, tur'bid, and yet objectionable in earn, term,
girl, in-terred'.
§ 88. By Walker, the e in this case is marked 6, as in bgd, end, etc. ; and the 1
is marked in some words 6, and in others u (up). Yet he says : " This sound [of
e] before r is apt to slide into short u, and we sometimes hear mercy sounded as if
written murcy ; but this, though very near, is not the exact sound." Smart speaks
of er and ir, when distinguished from ur, as " delicacies of pronunciation that pre-
vail only in the more refined classes of society ; " describing the sound as one that lies
between a (ale) and «. (iip). The New English Dictionary, by Dr. Murray, employs
trwo different symbols, one for the sound in fern, fir, etc., and another for that in
urn, fur, etc., the vowels being, he says, "discriminated by the majority of orthoe-
pists, though commonly identified by the natives of the south of England." The
dictionaries of Stormonth and of Ogilvie distinguish between the e in her and the u
in bud ; but they assign the former sound to nearly every case in which we have
the spelling ur, as in burn, hurl, oc-cur', etc., giving the sound as in bud
to u before r doubled, as in cur'rent, tur'ret, liur'ry, oc-cur'rence.
§ 89. The e (fSrn) — the sound as here intended to be understood — is quite
near to the French eu, as in jeu, jeune, leur, amateur, etc., and to the Ger-
man o, oe, as in schon, Goethe, etc. ; the difference being that the French and
German words take more of a labial modification. — See §§ 16, 86.
§90. (7.) Unaccented S (before r), — as in ev'er, read'er, lov'er, sev'Sr,
sev'er-al, per-fornx', rev'er-ent, in'fer-ence, in'ter-view, cav'ern, etc.,
with equivalents in e-lixlr, zeph'yr, ac'tor, etc., — is the wide variant of the ac-
cented S (fern, §§ 85, 14, 16 6). Its quality as such is plain in deUberate utterance,
though somewhat obscured in rapid speech. The closing element of the eu in
grandeur has this sound, and that of the u in nature, pleasure, etc., takes
it or inclines to it ; — see §§ 19 6, 135. Closely related to this is the sound explained
below (§§ 91-94) ; as also the voice-gUde (§ 95). — See §§ 105, 124, 135, 145.
§ 91. The e before n in unaccented syllables, — as in pru'dent, sev'en-ty, ral'-
ment, con-ven'ient, cre'dence, de'cen-cy, etc., — takes a somid of obscure
quality in rapid speech. In the case here presented, — of the n followed by another
consonant, — the question arises whether the sound, when prolonged, becomes the
same as does that of e before r ; — see § 42. In such words as dif'fer-euce, in'-
fer-ence, rev'er-ent, there is a plain similarity between the vowel of the middle
and that of the final syllable, if the words are pronounced as they usually and nat-
urally are by the majority of well-educated people. The n may make the e a Uttle
higher than it is before r, but should not change it to g (find) ; — though, indeed,
this form is inculcated by some orthoepists. The e before n in wool'en, kitcli'-
en, etc., takes properly the g (find) sound, which in rapid speech tends toward I
(ill) ; — see § 83. To allow a sound like e (end) in de'cent, pen'i-tent, sev'-
en-ty, etc., would brmg in a tendency in these cases to let the sound fall to i (ill),
which certainly should be avoided. Another fault, not less to be avoided, is that of
suppressing the e in pru'dent, de'cent, etc., giving only the voice-glide (§ 95), as
if to be pronounced pru'd'nt, etc. In words like com'meiit, con'vent, —
correct with 6 (Cnd), not e (ev'er), — we have tlie final syllable actually under a
secondary accent.
§ 92. Before 1, the unaccented e is, in some cases, like that above before n ; as
in nov'el, in'A-del ; while in shriv'el and some others it takes tlie form ex-
plained below (§ ^b) ; — but, in many cases, it is commonly and properly given as 6
(find) ; thus in jevv'fil, cru'el, cam'fil, gos'pfil, fun'nfil, au'gfil, chan'-
nfil. In some of these, and in other words of the kind, there is considerable diver-
sity of usage as between these sounds.
§ 93. Authorities differ as to the true character of the obscure unaccented sound of
o before n, 1, r (§§ 90-92), or hesitate to decide upon It. Mr. Ellis (Euriy English
Pronunciation , pp. llGl-1163, and Pronunciation for Singers, p. 139), prefers most
decidedly his equivalent for g (fern) obscured, rather than 6 (find), m in'no-
cent, pru'dence, etc., — the same which he gives for the e before r, as in read'-
er, rob'ber, ev'er, etc. The JVew English Dictionary, by Dr. Murray, gives the
e in mo'ment, sev'er-al (-er-), as the " obscure " form of e in yet, ten ; and
marks the e in en-tail', and also the e in add'ed, as the " obscure " form of the
vowel that is " long " in fern, fir, earth, and " ordinary " in ev'er (-er) and in
na'tion (-on). Mr. Ellis assigns a quite different sound to the e in add'ed, namely,
that of 6 (find), or fi falling into i (ill). These authorliies are thus at variance.
§ 94. In the case of words like pru'dent, nov'el, etc. (§§ 91, 92), because of
the difference of opinion as to what the clear sound of the e before n or 1 should be
when prolonged (§ 42), and to avoid misleading such as might not clearly apprehend
the sound if e were employed, the vowel will be indicated by a bare Italic e in the
spelling for pronunciation.
§ 95. The unaccented vowel of obscure quality before n or 1, as above (§§ 91-94),
is sometimes reduced to the attenuated form called tlie voice-glide (§ 17) ; expressed
not only by an e, but by an i or an o vowel letter, — e being most frequently written
after 1, — as in eat'en, heav'en, o'pen, shriv'el, a'ble, gen'tle, par'ti-cle,
ba'sin, cous'in, par'don, sea'son, etc. In some cases, the articulative position
for the n or 1 is so nearly the same as it is for the preceding consonant that no sound
need come between, and the n or 1 may serve in place of a vowel for the formation of
a separate syllable ; as in eat'en, gold'en, swol'len, can'dle, cat'tle, etc.
But, even in these cases, it is allowable to break the contact of the organs for an
instant, and interpose the voice-glide. When the articulative positions are quite differ-
ent, the voice-glide naturally intervenes in making a separate syllable with the 1 or
n. Thus a sound comes between b and 1 in a'ble, as not in a'bler, a'blest,
bless, blow ; and between p and 1 in ap'ple, as not in ap-ply' ; and between
k and 1 in tac'kle, as not between the same sounds in cloiid, ac-claim', etc. ;
and in e'ven a sound comes between v and n, as not in eve'ning.
Syllables are also made by m with the voice-glide, which in that case is more
nearly allied to ii (iip) than to e (ev'er) ; as in schism (siz'm), chasm (kJz'm),
mi'cro-cosm (-kSz'm), etc.
Syllables thus made with n, 1, or m, may be closed by an added consonant ; as in
strength'ened, hap'pened, chasms, rea'sons, rea'soned, poi'soned,
set'tled, en-fee'bled.
The voice-glide (§ 17) differs from other cases of the neutral vowel by its extreme
brevity only — ordinarily the extremest possible ; — and, when followed by n or 1,
is more nearly related to e (ev'er) than to any other clear vowel sound. In slowly
repeating the line " Was not spoken of the soul," there are different forms supposa-
ble for " spoken." We may divell on the closing consonant only; but it will sound
better to dwell briefly also on the voice-glide ; and, for the clear vowel to be thus
approached (§ 42), e (ev'er) is far preferable to ii (up), while fi (find) is least of all
to be allowed.
In this Dictionary, an apostkophe (') is used in the respelling for pronunciation to
indicate the vowel elision or the voice-glide ; as, par'd'n, a'b'l, etc.
§ 96. (8.) The letter e silent. As annexed to a consonant at the end of a syllable,
this letter has no sound of its own ; but serves, in accented syllables, to indicate the
preceding vowel as long ; as in came, tone ; and may be regarded as forming with
that vowel a sort of digraph. But in some instances the preceding vowel has become
short ; as in give, hSve, b3,de, done, hyp'o-crite, etc. ; is short also in olive,
prom'ise, ex-am'ine, etc. It also marks the preceding consonant c or g as soft ;
as in ser'vice, rav'age, vice, o-blige'. In the endings -ed, -en, of past tense
and participle of verbs, the e, except in the solemn style, is for the most part elided,
— imless the verb stem ends in d or t, as in add'ed, o-mit'ted, thus requiring
the -ed to be fully pronounced.
§ 97. The letter e, with consonant value. Like the short i (§ 106), when e unac-
cented is closely followed by another vowel, it naturally takes on, or falls into, more,
or less of a consonant y sound, and the e thus makes, or may make, with the following
vowel an impure, or semiconsonantal, diphthong (§ 19 b). In Shakespeare and
Milton the words hideous and lineal make but two syllables ; and lineament,
three. The pronunciation as above described is upheld by Cooley, Smart {Princi-
ples, 146-7), and Walker. After t, or d, or ^, or s, this y sound often coalesces with
the consonant and changes its sovmd ; as ii. right'eous "("'chus ; by some pro-
nounced rit'yus, ri'che-iis, etc. ; § 277), gran'deur (grSn'dur ; by some, grSnd'yer ;
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixiii
by others, grSn'jSr ; § 135), ml-ca'ceou8 (-shSs), o'cean (o'sban), and nau'seous
(n^'shQs). Even after the sound of the e has changed the preceding consonant, it
may still appear, especially when the accent falls upon the following vowel ; as in
o'ce-an'lc (o'she-Sn'Ik), nau'se-a'tion (na'she-a'shun), etc. Orthoepists are
DOW more generally in favor of not allowing the vowel to take consonant value at
all in cn-ta'ne-ous (-ne-us), hid'e-ous (-e-Qs), lin'e-al (-e-al), mal'Ie-a-ble
(-l«-4-b'l), and the like. See §§ IOC, 134, 135, 277 (SynopaU).
I.
§ 98. This letter has five variations of sound : I ; t ; V ; I ; t ; besides its use with
consonant value ; and besides its significance as a voice-glide (§ 95).
For 1 as part of a digraph or trigraph, or of a diphthong, see §§ 44, 48, 49, 54, 76,
82, 84, 90, 99, 103, 104, 106, 126, 129, 131, 141.
§ 99. (1.) f , I : as in ice, time, sight, cliild, bind, gi'ant, miglit'y, jus'-
tl-fl'a-ble ; with the name sound of the letter. It is commonly called " long i."
Equivalents are vie, guile, height, aisle, thjr, buy, choir, lye, eye, ay or aye
(yes) as sometimes heard.
§ 100. The sound is diphthongal. The main part is the glide between the initial
element and the terminal i (iii) ; — see § 19. The initial varies in different localities
and as spoken by different persons, ranging all the way from a (arm) to 6 (Slid).
It varies also somewhat as affected by the preceding consonant. It falls more com-
monly between a (asfc) and H (fip).
§ 101. (2.) X, t: unaccented ; as in 1-de'a, bt-ol'o-gy, trl-bu'nal, bt-carTbo-
nate, dt-am'e-ter. The quality of the sound is subject to variation ; the diph-
thong being more curtailed as the syllable takes less stress and shorter quantity. In
words like em'pire, con'trite, con'ftnes (n.), there is actually a secondary
accent upon the iinal syllable, as implied in the full diphthong of the long i (ice).
§ 102. (3.) t, i : as in pique, ma-cliine', iii-trigue', etc., — words from other
languages, with the foreign and original sound of the letter retained. The sound is
the same as that of e (eve, § 76), by which it is represented in the respelling for pro-
nunciation.
§ 103. (4.) I, i: as in ill, pit, pit'y, is'sne, ad-uiit', un-tBl', etc. Equiva-
lents are hj-mn, guln'ea, sieve, breech'es, been, Eng'liah ; others, as solitary in-
stances, are bus'y, wom'en. It is the high-front-wide vowel, corresponding to the
high-front-narrow e (eve), i" (pique) ; and is the so-called " short i ; " — see §§ 10,
22, 24. Those to whom the English is not native rarely learn to give the proper wide
sound of this vowel, but follow their own vernacular in a form between i (pit) and i
(pique) ; — see §§ 15, 23.
§ 104. Unaccented syllables with this vowel are, in the greater number of cases,
closed by a consonant, as in cabin, il-Iume', in-liablt. When silent e is
annexed to the consonant, the vowel sometimes has the sound of i (ill), and some-
times of t (Idea, § 101), or of I (ice) : as, doc'ilc, gen'tile ; mar'i-time,
pan'to-mime ; office, sac'ri-fice ; fran'cliise, en'ter-prise ; er'mine,
ex-amlne, fe'line, carabine ; gran'ite, con'trite. Open unaccented sylla-
bles also are made with this vowel, but with the sound modified to a slightly less
wide form, as in pad-f y, di-vlde', f i-nance', o'ri-ent, etc. ; — see § 38. An
improper pronunciation liie paf'u-fy, dil-vide', fu-nance', etc., is sometimes heard.
But an obscure sound between i (ill) and u (up) — really the neutral-vowel sound
— is quite commonly given in pac'i-fy, di-vide', vis'i-ble, lior'ri-ble, ca-
pac'i-ty, e-ter'ni-ty, vl8'i-bH'i-ty, etc.
As regards the pronunciation of the i of the endings -Ine, -Ide, in the terminology
of chemistry, the usage is >msettled as between i (ioe) and i (ill) and i (pique).
But the Chemical Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence in 1889 passed a vote in favor of the i (ill) ; and then, further, voted to drop
the final e in the spelling ; as, bro'min, chilo'rin, yo-din, I'o-did, clUo'rid,
bro'mid, etc.; — the spelling offered by Dr. Webster in 1828.
The sound i (ill), unaccented, is represented by ei in for'eign, sur'feit,
lor'f eit-ure, coun'ter-f eit, etc. ; by ui in cir'cuit, etc. ; by ie in mis'chief ,
etc. ; by ia in par'Ha-ment, car'riage, etc. ; by oi in tor'toise, etc. ; and is
commonly heard in the final syllables of gur'face, vil'lage, etc., and of cap'tatn,
etc., and of end'ed, wicli'ed, etc.
§ 105. (5.) t, 1, before r, as in fir, bird, vir'tne, vlr'gln, frk'some, etc..
Is the precise equivalent of e (fern, § 85). The wide variant of the same, the equiv-
alent of e (ev'Sr), occurs in unaccented syllables in a few instances ; as in ta'pir,
na'dir, e-llx'ir. Both will be represented by e in the respelling for pronunciation.
But in some words the sound, before 1 or n, is reduced to the voice-glide ; as in
e'vil (e'v'l), ba'sin (ba's'n), etc. ; — see § 95.
§ 106. (6.) The letter 1, with consonant value. A short 1, closely followed by
another vowel, often and naturally falls into a y sound, and thus produces an impure
diphthong (§ 19 6), and makes one syllable out of two ; as in fil'ial, min'ion,
gen'ius, etc. A preceding s surd, c soft, or sc, by fusion with the y, takes an sli
sound ; and an s sonant or a z takes a zli sound, — as in maxt'sion, con'scious,
vl'cious, vi'sion, gla'zier, — the i sound being wholly lost. A preceding t
does the same, — having first taken an s sound, after the fashion of the French, and
originally in words from that language, — as in ua'tlon, par'tlai, etc. ; with the
exception, also in accord with the French usage, that, when preceded by a syllable
ending in s or x, the ti takes a ell (tsll) sound ; as in ques'tion, mix'tion,
Chris'tian, etc. After g, the i faUs out, leaving the g soft ; as in re'gion.
When d precedes the i, the di in some words becomes, or tends to become, a j
(dzh) ; as cor'dial, In'dian, etc., are sometimes, and goi'dier is always, pro-
nounced. When accent, primary or actual secondary, falls on the following vowel
(as in ex-pa'ti-ate, par'ti-al'i-ty, cor'di-al'i-ty, as-so'ci-a'tion, fa-mil'i-
ar'l-ty, Chris-tian'i-ty), there is a diversity of usage ; some not sounding the
1 as a vowel at all ; as eks-pa'shat, par-sh51'I-ty, kSr-jalT-t^ or kSrd-ySl'-, 5s' so-
shi'shiSn [as some pronounce], fa-mll'ySr'T-tj^, kris-chan't-ty ; others bringing it in
after the changed consonant, or after the y sound ; as gks-pa'shT-at, par'shi-Sl'I-ti^,
as-so'shl-a'^shan, k6r'ji-Sl'f-t3? or kfird'yi-a'-, fa-mtl'yT-ar'I-tj? [so some]; and
others retaining the i unchanged and without consonantal effect except the conver-
sion of a preceding t into an sh or a ch sound ; as m Ss-sS'sI-a'shfin, kSr'dt-Sn-t]^,
fa-mll'T-Srl-tf , par'shT-51T-ty, krTs'chT-SnT-ty ; and this maybe regarded as in most
cases the leading manner of pronouncing such worde. — See § 97, and Synopsis, § 277.
O.
§ 107. This letter has seven sounds r o, ti, d, ft, Q, o, 6 ; besides representing
merely the voice-glide (§ 95), and besides the exceptional sound in wom'en (§ 103).
For o as part of a digraph, see §§ 44, 70, 74, 76, 82, 97, 99, 106, 108, 113, 118, 126, 128
129, 131.
§ 108. (1.) O, 5: as in old, note, bone, o'ver, pro-pose', lo'co-mo'tive,
etc. ; with equivalents as in roam, foe, shoul'der, grovif, owe, sew, yeo'man,
beau, haut'boy, door : with the ' regular long " sound (§ 22), and the name sound
of the letter.
§ 109. This vowel takes, as a peculiarity of the English language, a distinctly
perceptible vanish in <>^ (f<^t), or sometimes in do (food), and is thus diph-
thongal (§ 19). The radical part is the mid-back-narrrow-round vowel (§ 11). The
lips are contracted to a circular opening ; and the jaw is less depressed than for ^
(ftU, § 71), and more than for ob (food). As in the similar case of a (ale), the
vanish is not universal, yielding more or less to counteracting influences. Yet it
often exists when unrecognized and unacknowledged. In the Scottish dialect it is
not heard. The vowel is otherwise subject to some variation in its quality, as in dif-
ferent words, or as spoken by different people.
§ 110. There has prevailed in New England a pronunciation of o in certain words,
— home, whole, coat, stone, only, and many others, — which does not give the
vanish, and takes a wider form than o (old), and the same as 6 (6-bey') brought
under tlie accent. This local usage, now gradually becoming antiquated, is not indi-
cated for any of these words in this Dictionary, except by reference to this para-
graph ; though, by some eminent authorities. Professor Whitney in particular (Ort-
enlal and Linguistic Studies, ii., 216), its retention and general adoption is advocated
as desirable. The symbol S (§ 112) would serve to indicate this pronunciation with
sufficient exactness.
Mr. A. J. Ellis remarks {Early English Pronunciation, p. 57) : " The vowel {oo) "
— described by him as the long of " English omit, American stone, whole " — " does
not occur as a short vowel in recognized English, but hole, whole are not unfre-
quently distinguished as (Hool, Hoi) " — the long and the short of the same vowel.
§ 111. Before r in accented syllables, the long o naturally and more properly
takes a vanish in Q. (ftrn), instead of rfb (§ 109) ; as in glo'ry, ore, door, four,
floor. This has led to a change, that has prevailed in England to an increasing
extent of late years, and so as there to have become the rule, — replacing the regular
long sound by one akin to that in drb, lord, 6r'der, etc. (113) ; so that mourn'.
Ing will rhyme fairly well with morn'ing, poric with f orli, and o'rai is not
clearly distinguished from au'ral. This sound of o has a separate mark in the
A'ew English Dictionary by Dr. Murray, and in Hunter's Encyclopsedic Dictionary,
No such peculiarity was noticed by Walker, and it must have arisen since his
time. It is recognized in the present work only by an occasional reference to thi»
paragraph.
§112. (2.)6, o. In unaccented and usually open syllables, in English; asin 6-bey',
to-bac'co, bll'low, billows, S6-crat'ic, po-et'ic, eu'lS-gy, a-nat'6-my,
traus'i-to-ry. It differs from the o (old), not only by absence of the vanish, but
by taking a wider form, which varies, inversely, according to degree of stress and
prolongation. The symbol will serve well for the more common o, accented as well
as unaccented, in most other languages. See § 110.
§ 113. (3.) 6, 6 : only before r ; as in 6rb, ISrd, 6r'der, ab-h6r', ex-hdrt',
etc. ; with equivalents, as in extraordinary, georgic, etc.
The most generally approved pronunciation here represented by this sjTnbol is
essentially identical with that of ^ (all, § 70) ; but deviations from this are so fre-
quent, either on the one side toward o (old) or on the other toward 6 (5dd), as to
render the symbol somewhat indeterminate as an indication of the actual usage.
The Imperial Dictionary of Ogilvie marks the letter as 6 (odd) in all cases of the
kind, and Stormocth's Dictionary does so in nearly all. See § 115.
§ 114. The 6 is limited to accented syllables with the r not followed by a vowel
or another r in the same word ; the case of inflected verbs (as ab-hdr'ring) and
the cognate nouns in er (as ab-hor'rer) excepted ; while otherwise the vowel is ft,
as in for'eign, or'ange, tor'rid, or o, as in more, o'ral, sto'ry. Compare
§§ 49, 85. But in many cases which come under this limitation, the o before r takes
a different sound ; as in ford, af-f ord', port, por'ter, im-port', etc.
§ 115. There are some words in which o before consonants other than r takes
usually and properly a medial sound, as between a (all) and o (old), S (Sbey), or
ft (odd) ; as song, long, soft, dog, cross, gone, off, trough, oft, often,
cost, brotli, cloth, god, etc. The range in this case — and also in the preceding
(§ 113) — is rather between a (all) and & (o-bey', § 112), or o (old, § 108) with-
out the vanish, than between a (all) and ft (odd, § 118). Which of these places
it is into which the pronunciation actually falls can in any instance be ascertained by
observing the degree of the lip rounding : if this be greater, j. «., closer, than for ^
(^11), the variation is towards & (6-bey') or o (old) ; if not so great, it is towards
6 (odd). In the respelling for pronunciation in the Dictionary, this medial sound
is usually indicated by 6 (odd), together with a reference to this paragraph.
§ 116. In unaccented syllables, we sometimes have the 6 (orb) ; as in mdr-tal'l-
ty, f 6r-get', 6r-dain', etc., and in for, nftr, 6r, xmaccented as well as accented ;
but in such case hardly needing to be distinguished from o (nftt).
§ 117. The organic position for a (all) lies between that for a (arm) and that
for o (old). The sound is developed, historically, sometimes from one side and
sometimes from the other. Hence it is that, in the normal spelling, we have the
^ (all) sound represented both by a and by o.
§ 118. (4.) d, ft : as in nftt, ftdd, etc. ; the so-called " short o ; " having a (in
vras, etc.) as an equivalent, and also ow in knowl'edge and ou in hough,
lough. This is the low-back-wide-round vowel, — so placed, that is, in our scheme,
though, in fact, as ordinarily spoken, it is not precisely the wide form of the narrow
a (all, § 70), but of a sound that would fall between this and o (old, § 108); — see
§ 115. That is to say, the ft is higher in position than would be the exact wide form
of ^ (%11). The lips are much less contracted than for ^ (^11), but more than they
would be for the exact wide of that vowel.
K
M
Ixiv
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
§ 119. For a certain faulty pronunciation of this vowel, changing it to a (ask),
see § 62.
§ 120. Unaccented syllables with 5 are naturally closed by a consonant ; as iu
cdn-clude', 6c-cur', Sp-press', dis'cdn-tent', rec'61-lect', re'cdm-mtt' ;
falling into the neutral sound in very rapid speech. They are rarely final syllables,
the 6 (son) sound (§ 124) being commonly given in final syllables. — See § 39.
§ 121. (5.) O, q: as in do, prove, tQmb, etc. ; with sound the same as ob
(§ 126) ; and represented by oo iu the respelling for pronunciation.
§ 122. (6.) p, o : as in wolf, wo'maii, bo'som, etc. ; with sound the same as
tfb (§ 128) ; and represented by cfb iu the respelling for pronunciation.
§ 123. (7.) ^, d . as in gdn, done, otti'er, ■w&xm, etc. ; doubled in flood,
blood, etc. ; — with sound the same as H (itp, § 141), or before r as fl (firii, § 139) ;
and, in the respelling for pronunciation, represented by these symbols in accented
syllables.
§ 124. In UNACCENTED SYLLABLES the 6 occurs frequently ; as in ac'tor, at'om,
wel'cdme, fel'on, bisli'dp, l»lg'6t, etc., with sound either as u (up) or as
8 (evSr), or between the two, mainly as influenced by the succeedmg and somewhat
by the preceding consonant. In the respelling for pronunciation, it will appear before
r as S (§ 90), and in most other cases as u. (§ 142) ; but sometimes before ii it repre-
sents merely a voice-glide ; as beck'on (bSk"n), rea'sou (re'z'n). ^ See §§ 39, 95.
Oo.
§ 125. The double letter oo has two sounds, marked oo and db ; besides the oo
In door, and in flood, etc. (§§ 108, 123).
§ 126. (1.) <5o, oo: as in moon, food, fool, boot, etc. ; with equivalents in
do, canoe, group, rude, rue, recruit, rheum, drew, manoeuvre ; the double
letter oo is the special representative of the sound in English.
§ 127. The sound is that of the high-back-narrow-round vowel (§ 11), and is made
with the labial opening still more contracted than for o (old, § 108). As ordinarily
spoken, especially when joined to a preceding consonant, it is not this absolutely
simple element, but begins with a very brief sound of rfb, or one intermediate,
gliding quickly from this to the narrow position on which it dwells and rests, and
which brings it near to a consonant w sound; — compare § 77. — See Fig. 4.
§ 128. (2.) <5o, <Jb : as in t&bt, ^vrfbl, gSbH, crobk'ed, etc. Equivalents
are 9 (^volf ) and u (full). It is the wide correspondent of the narrow do (§ 12G).
Orthoepists do not always agree as to what words shall be marked <f<> and what ob.
Thus, in Stormonth's, the Encyclopasdic, and Smart's Dictionaries we have li<M>k,
S<^t, and in the Imperial Dictionary of Ogilvie, hook, soot ; and Walker limits
the " shorter " sound of 00 to the eight words, '^vool, wood, good, hood, foot,
stood, understood, TFlthstood. There are local diversities as between these
sounds. The ob sound is heard in England before r, instead of the 00 (food)
common in America ; as in poor, sure, etc. — See Fig. 5.
Ou, Ow ; and Ol, Oy.
§ 129. For the analysis of these two diphthongs, see § 19. Examples are out,
owl, etc., and oil, boy, etc. The ou is often mispronounced by giving the initial
as & (Sm) instead of a (ask). Unaccented, or only secondarily accented, we have
ou in out-ra'geous, out-live', out-run', etc.
As digraphs, these combinations of letters take several other sounds ; as in
6oup, route. Zouave (zwav or zoo-av'), soul, cou'ple, griev'ous, kno'w,
blllo^v, kno^vl'edge, chant'ois, av'oir-du-pois', choir, tor'toise, etc.
§ 130. This letter has six variations of sound, viz. : a ; <1 ; \} ; u ; fl ; ii ; — besides
its use as a silent letter and its use with consonant value ; — and besides the excep-
tional sound, like i (ill), in bus'y, let'tuce, fer'ule.
For u as part of a digraph, or trigraph, or diphthong, see §§ 44, 54, 57, 70, 76, 82,
68, 99, 103, 108, 118, 126, 129, 131, 139, 141-144.
§131. (1.) tJ, u: as in use, a-buse', fu'slon, pure, mute, ciibe, tune,
du'ty, lute, jii'ry, hu'man, nii'mer-ous, etc. ; the so-called " long u ; "
having equivalents as in beauty, feodal, feud, pew, ewe, lieu, ^-ie^v, cue,
suit, yule, yew, you.
§ 132. The general type of the sound is that of a diphthong, which has ob (fbbd)
for the terminal and main part, and for the initial a very brief and evanescent
element, which is the high-mixed vowel (§ 16) nearly related to i (ill) or to e (eve) ;
and in the greater number of cases there comes in, as a connecting glide, a more
or less full sound of consonant y, which in many cases encroaches upon, and either
almost or even quite displaces, the initial vowel element. When preceded by cer-
tain consonants, the y glide has a tendency to be fused with the consonant, thus
taking the shape of a sibilant, sh or zh, glide, — the whole process issuing in what
is called the palatalization of the consonant. This tendency, in accented syllables, —
to which the u is limited, — should be severely restricted. Also, in no case what-
ever should the y sound be forced in when it will not come in smoothly as a glide.
See §§ 134, 135.
§ 133. There is a lip-rounding, not only on the final element ob, but in some
degree on the initial element, becoming gradually closer all the way through. The
brief initial element bears a close resemblance to the French u and the German ii :
if we begin with a French u and end with ob (f dbd), taking also the intervening y
glide, we have the exact vowel in the word view. This labialization of the entire
diphthong is a point of importance to be kept in mind. It comes, indeed, naturally
with b, p, m, v; as in beau'ty, piire, mute, view.
§ 134. At the beginning of a syllable, as in use, u'nit, etc., the (labialized) initial
vowel element is nearly displaced by the (likewise labialized) y glide, — the vi here
sounding the same as you in the words you, youth, etc. Next to this, the y
sound comes in the most clearly after p, b, m, v, f , c, and g hard ; as in pure,
bil'reau, beau'ty, mute, view, fu'tile, cube, gule. After n, it is less
prominent ; as in nevF, nu'mer-ous. After s, 1, j, th, the y sound comes in
with difficulty, and need not be attempted ; as in siiit, as-siime', Ifite, JG'ry,
thew, en-tliu'si-asm ; and after t or d, the it may better be given without the
y ; as in tune, tu'tor, due, diike, du'ty. In all these cases of y omitted, the
initial vowel element is retained ; it would be quite wroug to give an ordinary 00
(fbbd) for the entire sound in such words. The y, if attempted after t or d, is apt
to degenerate into a sibilant, and produce, with the consonant, a decided tsh or dzh
sound, thus making due the same as Jew. It is better not to allow more promi-
nence to the sibilant sound after t or d than the slight degree that goes with p, as in
pure, c, as in cube, aud even with f , as in few. The y sound after d or n is
common in England, as in due, new, etc., but not in America. As exceptional,
the s in sure, sug'ar, aud their derivatives, is entirely displaced by the sh
developed from the y sound, and the vowel is reduced to a simple 00 (fbbd) or
o"b (fo~ot) sound ; — see §§ 136, 137.
§ 135. (2.) U, ti : representing a modification of the sound of ii (Qse ; § 131),
in unaccented syllables; as in tl-iiite', grad'(i-ate, ac'tfl-ate, em'il-Iate,
td-mul'tu-ous, ju-di'cial, ad'ju-taiit, cou'jfl-gate, sft-preme', In'stt-
lar, lu-cid'i-ty, in-dis'so-lu-ble, val'fS-a-ble, vir'tfle, iia'tdre, ver'dftre,
cen'sure, sen'su-al, is'sft-ing, meas'dre, etc. The sound differs from that of
it (§ 132) by taking for the final element the wide bb (fbbt) instead of the narrow
00 (fbbd) ; and, after t, by a partial or entire change of the y into a more or less
clear sh, and usually after d iuto a zh glide ; as in na'ture, ver'dure, etc. A
preceding s, in a syllable not initial (as in cen'sfire, seii'sft-al, etc.), takes more
commonly an sh sound, and a z or au 8 sonant (as in az'ure, Bei'z&re, lei'sfire,
cas'fi-al, etc.) takes a zh sound, and the vowel becomes nearly, if not quite, the
same in sound as u (joy'f ul, § 138). But the preceding s remains unchanged in
initial, and sometimes also in medial syllables ; as in sil-prenie', con'sfl-lar,
in'sil-Iar, etc. After j or 1 iu the same syllable, the vowel has nearly or exactly
the sound of u (joy'f ill); as in jti-di'cial, ad'jfl-tant, lii-cid'i-fy, in-dis'so-
Ift-ble, etc. ; — see § 138. Before r, in rapid speech, the sound often inclines
towards 6 (ev'Sr) ; as in iia'tAre, cen'sflre, etc. ; — see § 90.
Note. — The original sound of the letter u, as in the Latin, — and as still retained
in the Italian, Spanish, and German, — was the simple sound of bb (fbbd) or bb
(fbbt). In the time of Chaucer, the pronunciation of this letter in the English, —
which was then substantially, if not absolutely, the same as in the French, — may
even then have fluctuated between the perfectly simple souud now heard in the
French and a sound more or less decidedly diphthongal ; as it appears to have done
in England, for the leading sound of the letter, do«ni through the seventeenth and
far into the eighteenth century. The y sound made its way into the. diphthong and
gained prominence in it by degrees, while the diphtliong itself gradually gained a
more full development, with greater weight and a tongue position farther back given
to the terminal element.
§ 136. (3.) V, u : only after r ; as in rude, ru'mor, ru'ral. The sound does
not differ essentially from that of 00 (fbbd, § 126). It may, however, with pro-
priety take a brief initial in bb (fbbt), or nearly this, somewhat more prominently
than does the 00 after other consonants (§ 127). The sound occurs after s, as ex-
ceptional, in sure and its derivativfes, the s heard as sh (§ 134).
§ 137. (4.) TJ, u : as in bnll, full, put, push, pull, etc. ; with sound tha
same as bb (fbbt, § 128) ; heard also in si^'gar after s as sh (§ 134).
§ 138. Unaccented the 11 occurs in the syllable ful; as iu joy'f ul, joy'f ul-
ne.ss, ful-fiU', etc. ; also, after r, in fru-gal'i-ty and a few other words (see
§ 39). The ii after s with an sh sound, and after s or z with a zh soimd, is reduced
nearly or quite to the equivalent of this simple element ; as in cen'sAre, sen'stt-al,
cas'fi-al, az'flre, etc. ; and also after s with its proper sound, and after I and j,
as in sfi-preme', con'su-lar, lu-cid'i-ty, ad'jti-tant, etc. — See § 135.
§ 139. (5.) tr, d: as in firn, firge, bfirn, hiirl, etc. ; with equivalents as in
worm, journal, etc., before r only. The sound, as more commonly heard, is the
narrow form of the mid-back-mixed vowel (§ 16), corresponding to the wide ii (lip,
§ 141). But the pronunciation varies considerably, — the vowel taking sometimes an
extreme low-back position like that in sir or work, as these words are very com-
monly spoken by the Irish, but often taking the mid-front position of e (f Srn). The
variation is both iu different words and in the same words as from different persons.
See § 87, and the reference to the dictionaries of Stormonth and Ogilvie in § 88.
§ 140. The vowels of the mixed kind (§ 16) are closely allied to the consonant r,
— those of the back position, ii (lip), ft (ftrn), to the r near the back palate ; and
the front, S (fSm), e (ever), to an r further forward. The curvature of the
tongue, in their formation, as similar to that for r, is the ground of this relation.
These vowels glide on to the r in such a way that the point of transition from vowel
to consonant is not clearly discernible, — or, when the r loses all consonant quality,
is absolutely indiscernible. See §§ 250-252.
§ 141. (6.) tt, ii : as in iip, bud, tiib, fis, ush'er, iin'der, etc. ; the "short
u ; " with equivalents as in son, does, blood, touch, etc. The vowel is the mid-
back-mixed-wide (§ 16) in our scheme ; it is placed among the mixed by Mr. Ellis,
though ranked not as a mixed but as a back vowel by Mr. Bell. — See § 24.
§ 142. In unaccented syllables the vowel occurs in cir'cus, siib-mlt', vol'-
•iin-ta-ry, cir'cilm-stance, etc., and falls readily into the " neutral vowel."
The ou in pi'ous, etc., oi in por'poise, eo in dun'geon, etc., usually the o^v
in bel'lows, etc., and the final element of the eou in right'eous, etc., and of
iou in gra'cious, etc., and the o in at'om, irk'some, na'tiou, etc. (§ 124),
have essentially the same sound.
§ 143. (7.) U silent: as part of the silent digraph ue in plague, rogue,
tongue, cat'a-logue, an-tique', etc., and of others in gauge, guard, guess,
co-quette', guide, build, pla'guy, etc. See references in § 130.
§ 144. (8.) U, with consonant value, and the sound of w, before another vowel :
after q or g; as in qual'i-ty, quite, ques'tion, gua'no, lan'guage, etc. >
also after s, as in per-suade', suite, etc, ; — forming in these cases the initial
element and the consonantal glide of an impure diphthong (§ 19 &). The kw part
of the sound in quality, etc., may otherwise be regarded as a compound, or diph-
thongal, consonant ; — see § 213, Note. The w sound is derived, of course, from the
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixv
original sound of u as the equivalent of ob (food), or <fo (foot). So far as u
gives up a part of its leading modern sound by fusion with a preceding "for d or
g, as in nature, verdure, sure, etc., — it has in that way consonantal value
to that extent. \
T.
§ 145. This letter, as a vowel, has four sounds ; that is, all the sounds of i except
t (pique), viz. : (1) y = I ; as in de-f y', style, fly ; (2) y, the equivalent of 1
(tdea) ! as in hj'-e'iia, m^-ol'o-gy ; (3.) j^ =: I ; as in nymph, lyr'lc, and
(unaccented) pit'y, liap'py ; ey final serving thus instead of y ; as in lion'ey,
mon'key, ab'bey, etc. ; (4) ^ = S or f ; as in myrrh, m^r'tle and (unac-
cented) zeph'yr.
The UNAOOEMTBD y final does not fall to quite the least accent such as is taken by
I in a medial syllable ; as in van'i-ty, etc.
For y as part of a digraph, or trigraph, or diphthong, see §§ 44, 48, 49, 76, 80, 99,
129. For y as consonant, see § 272.
ANALYTICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH CONSONANT SOUNDS.
1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOWEL AND CONSONANT.
§ 146. Resonant Action ; Obstructive Action. Resonance in an unob-
Btructive oral passage is the characteristic feature of the vowels ; and the peculiar
resonance in the case of each vowel is what mainly distinguishes it individually from
the others. Obstructive action is the leading feature of the consonants ; and the
kind and manner of the obstruction is what mainly distinguishes one consonant from
another.
§ 147. Obstruction is, indeed, not absent from the vowels. The vocal cords are set
In vibration only as they obstruct the outgoing stream of breath. But this actiou
does not go to differentiate the vowel qualities. There is, too, for the vowels, what
may in one sense be called an obstruction in tlie oral passage ; but only, or mainly, as
involved in the formation of a vowel chamber (§ 7), and thus as reenforciug instead
of obstructing the sound, and as subservient to the resonance that imparts the vowel
quality. So far as it acts otherwise, it gives to the vowel more or less of a conso-
nantal character.
§ 148. Resonance, on the other hand, is not absent from the consonants. The
nasals, n, m, ng (§ 207), are marked as such by their peculiar resonance ; and each
has a different resonance to distinguish it from the others. The same is true of the
lonant mutes, b, d, g (§ 195). But all these are ruled out from the vowel category by
the absolute closure of the oral passage. Except in the nasals and the sonant mutes,
whatever resonance there may be has no share in forming the characteristic quality
of the consonant.
§ 149. In the word woo, we have the consonant and the vowel made by nearly
similar organic positions, and thus both coming close to the border line of separation :
but, for the consonant, the organs are relaxed so as to act mainly by obstructive
friction ; while, for the vowel, they are in the tense condition fitted for resonuuco in
the vowel chamber. For the word ye, the case is essentially the same.
§ 150. Relation to the Syllable. The respective relations of \owal and
consonant to the syllable are a natural consequence of their different characteristics
as above stated. It is thus that vowel and consonant readily combine into one coil-
tuiuous sound without remission of stress, in passing either way, from vowel to
consonant or from consonant to vowel, — close junction being made by the gli'Ii;
(§ 161) from the one to the other ; while it is only in certain casas that consonants
can flow into consonants with no break or no sound interposed.
§ 151. The open, resonant character of the vowels fits them for stresr ; and i:his.
together with their ready junction to any consonant, makes thnir occurrence natural
when stress is employed. Hence, no fully accented syllable is without a vov. rl ; aud
a vowel is ordinarily essential under the weak stress of h. slightJy acceutcd or an
unaccented syllable. The only exceptions are made by ine consonants 1, nt, n,
which sometimes, either with or without a voice-glide, d charge the vowel function ;
as in par'don, cous'in, peo'ple, peo'pled, cha^iu (kSz'm), etc. — See §§ S5,
158, 194.
n. THE FORMATIVE ELEMENTS OF THE CONSONANTS..
§ 152. What we call the elementary sounds jf speech, — aud indicate for the mopt.
part by separate alphabetic characters,— ar 'icre cr less composite in tiieir nature
*nd mode of formation. This is especially uue of tV.e f^cnsonauts; so that, in order
to study the consonants successfully, it becomes necesairi- 'o iaquixB into what wu
may call their Formative Elements, or the s^ej..; modta of action which go to their
making.
There are eight such modes of action to be noted, as foU^'-s t —
§153. (1.) BREATH Sound. This is produced by fcirsi'ole af;^ioa of tb? breath
Impinging upon the organs at the laca of obstnietiop. Thus wa i ave f , s (in so),
6h, and th (in thin), and the i pirate Ji ; — see j§ 181, 198. Of this gf.neral kind
Is the explosive action (§ 157) "i the surd mutes, p, t, k, and of Sje cr>asonantal
diphthong ch, as in chin.
§ 154. In whispered speer . we have breath sounr" on;j. The brentl-iound conso-
nants are precisely the s' 3 in loud spe^idng aa in whi^iifcricg. The whispered
Towels are breath sounds. ■ ide by frioiioa c* tha bre-jth upon the vcoal cords, as set
too wide apart for tone ,i >ration, wbi^a yet the sound is modified by lessnance so
that the vowels are i-,'i idually VHcOgniaed. Xh-j stme kind of actioi upon the
vocal cords may also ve bubstitutid fyr tone in whisp-!?irjg such consonan\3 (b, z, 1,
etc., § 155> as have ' .ne in ioxii v«akiog. — S.^9 § 5,
§155. (2.) Obf' aocTED TOSZ. 3y this i» meruit tone proceeding kom the
larynx, and eith' partially suppressed or bJunteC and weakened, or otherwise ob-
Btmctively mof' led.
Thus it is, i- one cr the otaer of these ways, in tha nasal consonants, m, n, n^ ; in
the sonant nin^es, b, d, Wd gr (§ 19S), and in the ' wfonantal diphthong j (§ Ul),
otherwise .Tritten dg or simply g: (soft) ; thus also in w, v, th (in thy), Zy^zh
(the z in -.zore) ; aud thus in y, 1, r. - See 5§ 199, 200, 201. \ \
§ 156. (3.) MiTE ACTION. lo certain cases, all sound is shut iS, leaving Vn
Interval of sileiie©, duvng which fae oral paisago is closed at some plkce, — certafsj
audil:ie effect- being p'cdwed in corneetion with the opening or closinW, or both th6
dosing and tii? opening, of the pasf;aco, beiore and after the interval. ]
■This occui:. in the cue of the surd mi. 03, p, t, k; and of the consonantal diph-
thong eh, n» in cliuwjh, hat«h, etc. - Bee §§ 185, 2iO. \
5157. (4.) E.XPLO'SVB ACTION. The mutes (§ 184), both surd and sonant, are
chsranteri/ed by ta atp;»sion, occaiiioned by pressure bf the breath coniied within
the closed oral passage followed by sudden release of the closure ; as in pea, bee,
too, cow, etc. — See §§ 186, 191.
§ 158. When t or d is followed by 1, as in bat'tle, i'dle, hur'tle, bus'tle, the
release of the closure will be only partial, that is, at the sides of the back tongue, as
required for the 1 ; — see § 241. When t or d is followed by n, as in eat'eii, often,
wld'eii, etc., there will be no release of the oral closure, and the explosion will be
nasal, made by breaking the contact between the soft palate and the pharyngeal wall,
— the tone of the nasal consonant thus opening abruptly ; thus often differs from
or'phan with r suppressed, though not, like eat'en, sounding the initial of the t ;
— see § 243. Wlien p or a k sound is followed closely by 1 or n, as in open,
people, ply, plea, clay, buckle, sicken, etc., the breaking of contact will be
in two places at nearly the same instant.
Note. — An explosive action of the vocal cords produces the abrupt begiiming of a
vowel or other sonant element called the " catch of the glottis " (§ 163).
§159. (5.) Occlusion; Implosion. By occ/u«on, is meant the sudden closing
of the oral passage by the lips or otlierwise, the air being at the same time forced against
the barrier thus interposed. By implosion, is meant the sudden compression of the
air, in the oral passage, behind and against such a barrier. This action is ordinarily,
or so at least in English, simultaneous with occlusion. A peculiar resonance will by
such means be imparted to the sound that accompanies or immediately follows the
movement. ' Tliese modes of action are, of course, limited to the stopped, or mute,
consonants. — See § 189.
NoTB. — An occlusion at the vocal cords produces the abrupt ending of a vowel,
or other oon .ut element, called the ' ' check of the glottis " (§ 163). A hiccough is a
similar (spasmodic) action of the vocal cords together with a movement of inspiration.
§ IGO, (6.) Gr.lDEs. Consonants, and classes of consonants, are characterized by
"ertain effects, as the voice passes from consonant to vowel or vowel to consonant,
j nhich aODittiuioa, though appertaining really to the vowel, yet contribute essentially
■ t ' the character we ascribe to the consonant ; and their recognition is in aU such
cases necessary t/v a fall luowledge of the consonant. They are special cases of what
are called glides (§ "'J,,
5 IGl. When a coiiKonant is followed by a vowel in the same syllable, as in say,
saw, toe, aho^v, no, row, beau, go, day, etc., there is of necessity an interval
during which the action passes from the organic position for the consonant to that
for tha vowel, !«!■] during which the sound will not be at any time the sound proper
to the cousonnru or to the vowel. In passing from vowel to consonant, as iu ass,
ought, a.sb, on, or, add, ebb, egg, etc., we have the above described action
reversed. Thus, in the glide to or from a nasal consonant, — as in on, no, — there
will be s. gradual taking on or putting off of the nasal quality.
§ 102. The term "glide" — meaning an intermediate sound connecting two suc-
ce?;3iv8 elements — is properly applicable, not only with reference to quaUty of sound,
as above explained, but also with reference to stress as gradual or abrupt, in the
tranai'jou from one element to the other. The meaning with this application is of
much the greater importance in the discrimination of consonant quality. Our present
p'urpose accordingly requires that we consider the different FORMS OF ABRUPTNESS
with which an element may be begun or ended.
Note. — It is to be remarked, by the way, that the term " glide " is, by Mr. Bell,
applied also to the initial and vanishing elements of a vowel or consonant apart from
connection with others preceding or following.
§ 163. One form of ahruptness is produced, as initial, by forcing a passage through
between the vocal cords pressed tightly and resistingly together, thus striking the
tone abruptly, — or, as terminal, by checking the tone abruptly through the reverse
process. Such action is called the " catch of the glottis," or the " check of the glot-
tis ; " the former more properly describing the action as initial ; and the latter, aa
terminal. The abruptness may vary in intensity; and in the lowest degree will be
hardly perceptible as such at all. The matter here set forth is important for the
characterization of the surd mutes, p, t, k (§§ 186, 189).
Note. — A vowel, by itself, may be uttered with abruptness of this kind; or, as
initial, may have it with no consonant preceding ; or, as terminal, with none follow-
ing. But the abruptness may vary in degree, so that it becomes impossible to draw
a precise dividing line between the abrupt and the gradual ; or between what Mr.
A. J. Ellis calls the " check-glottid," on the one hand, and the "clear glottid,"
on the other, in the " attack " and the " release " of the vowels. In English pro-
nunciation, a marked abruptness of the kind in the vowels, apart from consonant
connection, is not usual, except in some special cases of emotional emphasis. But
in the German, and still more iu the Danish, it appears as a characteristic ox the
normal pronunciation.
§ 164. Another form, of abruptness, initial or terminal, occurs when the breath
paxt of an h sound, or any other breath sound, precedes or follows. In the case of
\h. iqitial, as in the exclamation ha, a momentum is given to the breath organs and
\he \)reath current, while the vocal cords are wide apart, and thus they are struck
\ A Special kind of implosion Is described by Dr. C. H. Merkel, as made by an upward tbruftt
of ^he lOry nx iu pronouneing b, d, aud g, m German, in certain cases.
Ixvi
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
forcibly and suddenly the instant they are brought together for tone vibration ; while
in the case of terminal li, as in ah, the tone ceases abruptly the instant the cords are
relaxed and separated for the passage of the toneless breath ; — see § 181. For the
surd fricatives, f , s, sh, th (§ 198), the effect is similar, with the only difference
that arises from the less force employed ; — as in foe, see, show, thtn, off, ass,
aeli, bath, etc., as such syllables are commonly uttered.
§ 165. (7.) Clickins. This is altogether different from breath sound and from
laryngeal tone. The sound is produced by the sudden and forcible impact of one
surface upon another, or by the sudden and forcible separation of two adherent
surfaces. Sounds, we know, can be produced in such ways by the hands ; and in
some such ways, which are familiar to everybody, by the lips, and by the tongue
within the mouth. Action of this general description actually bears a not unimpor-
tant part in the articulation of the mute consonants (§§ 186, 189) ; and, as such,
comes under the same general category with the so-called " clicks," which form a
striking feature in the languages of some uncivilized peoples.
§ 166. (8.) Trill. This, in speech, consists in a series of rapidly recurring par-
tial, or perhaps sometimes entire, interruptions of a prolonged sound, as the effect
of a current of breath, sonant or toneless, driving some one of the organs away from
a position of contact or of proximity with another, to which it constantly returns
by elastic or muscular force; — as in the case of the trilled r. Such action is pos-
sible, not only with the tongue, but with the lips, with the uvula, with the epiglottis,
and with the vocal cords. The general process is essentially the same as that by
which tone is itseU produced : a trill sufiBciently rapid would be heard as an untrilled
and smooth tone.
Note. — A trill, in music, differs from a trill of the kind above described, by alter-
nating between two tones of slightly differing degrees in pitch, — and, in singing, is
effected, of course, by action of the vocal cords.
III. THE MOKE GENERAL CLASSES OF THE CONSONANTS.
The consonants may be classified in a general way under the following heads ; as
they are also exhibited in the Table subjoined (§ 179).
§ 167. (1.) Oral and Nasal. For the oral consonants, the passage from the
larynx through the nose is, or at least should be, entirely cut off, by having the soft
palate closed upon the wall of the pharynx, as a valve, — thus leaving open the pas-
sage through or into the mouth. For the nasal consonants, in, n, ng, the passage
through the nose is open, by depression of the soft palate, thus allowing the stream
of vocaUzed breath to pass, while tlie way through the mouth is cut off.
§ 168. The nasal consonants are made by breath sound in whispering ; but in
speaking aloud are not normally so made in any case.
While the oral consonants form a quite general class, the nasal consonants, as a
special class, will have further consideration hereafter (§ 207).
§ 169. (2.) Sonant and Surd. The consonants that are made vrith obstructed
tone, as before described (§ 155), are, because of their tone quality, distinjjruishpd as
"sonant," — the same term being applied to the vowels, made all with pure tone.
The consonants that are made with breath sound only (§ 153) and those made by
mute action (§ 156) are denominated " surd," because of the absence of tone. The
sonant elements are otherwise called voiced, or rocal, or intonated, or phthrm^aJ.
The surds are otherwise styled nonsonant, nonvocal, voiceless, unintonated, lovfh-is;
and sometimes, less properly, ivhispered. The surds are sometimes dictinguished
as sharp ; or, in the case of p, t, k, as hard ; and the cognate sonants, as weak, or
fiat, or soft. The substitute for tone, employed in whispered speech for the sonants,
was described above (§ 154).
§ 170. All of the sonant consonants have corresponding, or cognate, surds, except
r, 1, m, n, ng, w, y ; as shown in the Table below. — See §§ 179, 213, 214.
§ 171. The difference between sonant elements and breath soundii is not the dif-
ference between tone and noise. The breath sounds are indeed noise, or such in
large part ; but it is noise of a special kind. Some of the sonants, and indeed any
of them at some times, may have a large admixture of noise, yet without, or apart
from, any element of breath sound.
§ 172. The rule that a surd consonant is followed, in the same syllable, by only a
surd, and a sonant by only a sonant, — as in vi'hlpped (hwTpt), roTjbed (rSbd),
locked (lokt), egged (5gd), lashed (ISsht), lodged (15jd), hissed (hist), ad-
vised' (-vizd'), whips (hwlps), babes (babz), laughs (lafs), lives (II vz, v., or
livz, n. pi), chintz (chlnts), apse, adz, etc. —holds in most cases; but does
not hold for the sonants 1, r, m, ii, ng, w, and y ; as in help, art, curse, hence,
else, smile, smite, ply, try, fly, ink, quill, cue, — with bulb, hard, Mars
(-z), etc., — except in the case of verb and noun inflections ; as in kills (kilz), killed
(ktld), curs (kflrz), hens (hSnz), etc. We have an exception also in the dth of
width and breadth. Compare also lymph, strength, and see § 215.
§ 173. It is not difficult to utter the surds, — that is, the mere breath sounds, —
corresponding to the sonants, 1, r, m, n, ng, w, and y ; but, except in whispering,
such sounds form no part of the English language, as ordinarily and properly spoken.
§ 174. The preceding statement is subject to the qualification that the surd form
of 1, r, m, n, w, or y, may allowably occur as a glide (§ 162), especially after a con-
tinuous surd ; as in flow, sly, free, smith, snow, swim, fume (§ 132) ; and,
indeed, sometimes after a mute ; as in play, try, twine, etc. But this is merely
a transitional sound, through which the sonant form of the same is quickly reached.
The sh sound heard, whether properly or improperly, in tube, etc. (§ 134), is
evolved, as a glide, out of the surd form of y ; — see § 187. Were the y glide to lose
sonant quality throughout, we should have, for tube, a quite improper pronuncia-
tion like tshoob.
§ 175. By some authorities, and particularly by Dr. James Rush and others after
ftim, — though by one or two at a much earlier date, — the term aspirate has been
used as an equivalent for surd as here employed ; aspiration being taken to signify
breath sound simply. The term was originally employed to distinguish the third
variety of the mutes in Sanskrit and Greek, namely, p, t, k, as followed by a rougi
breathing, or h sound (p + h, t -|- h, k + h). As these sounds were finally replaced
in the Greek and Latin by the mere breath sounds, like f , th as in thin, and ch
as in the German, the term "aspirate," or "aspirated mute," was carried on and
applied to these. But, aside from this, the term " aspirate," by most grammarians
and most phoneticians, is applied exclusively to the rough breathing or the h sounc".
The sonant consonants were denominated by Dr. Rush " subtonics ; " foe which
tens, by others, "subvocal" has sometimes been substituted.
§ 176. (3.) Momentary and CONTINUOUS. The mute consonants, whether
surd, p, t, k, or sonant, b, d, hard g, are necessarily brief in duration : they can
not, like the continuants, be sustained as long as the breath wiU hold out. The
same is the case with the compound consonants, ch, j, etc., of which the mutes,
t, d, form a part; — see §§ 210, 211. The h sound has (§ 181), — as have also
its compounds (§§ 212, 214), — essentially an abrupt character, which brings it
properly among the momentary.
All the sonant elements outside of the mutes, and all the breath-sound consonants
except the h, are continuous, being limited only by the duration of the breath in a
single expiration.
§ 177. (4.) Place of Articulation. The classification of the consonants
according to the place of obstruction especially concerned in their formation, is of
great importance. The total obstruction may cover much more than the place here
referred to, and meant to be designated as the Place of Articulation. Thus, for t,
d, n, and r, the whole length of the tongue is involved, from the root to the tip ;
but it is the point, or extreme front part, that is especially concerned in the effect.
In the case of 1, the whole of the tongue is also involved ; the contact being made
at the tip, and the margin about the front ; while it is the sides of the tongue back
of this that are more directly concerned in the production of the sound ; and this
part is, therefore, to be taken as the place of articulation.
§ 178. LABIALS, Dentals, Palatals, Gutturals, etc. With the place of
articulation at the lips, we have the labial consonants p, b, m, w ; though the vr
involves obstructive action between the back tongue and the soft palate, as well as at
the lips. The t and v, though sometimes made by the lips alone, yet being commonly
made with the upper teeth against the lower lip, are properly described as labiO'
dentals. The proper articulating position for t, d, n, e, z, and one variety of r, in the
English, is taken with the point of the tongue on the hard palate, commonly not far
from the front teeth, though sometimes actually on the teeth ; or again, the part of
the tongue back of the point may be employed, instead of the point. These conso-
nants are classed together under the name of denials. The th, surd (as in thin)
and sonant (as in thy), — made between the point of the tongue and the teeth, —
may be designated as lingua-dental ; though, when the teeth are wanting, the sound
may be well produced between the tongue below and the gums and lip above ; it is,
however, commonly ranked among the dentals. The place of articulation for sh,
zh, and the compounds ch and j, and for one variety of r, is on the upper surface or
the point of the tongue and the back part of the hard palate ; and they are therefore
called palatals. Also, y, and even 1, may be classed with them under the same name ;
the place of articulation for these includes a part of the soft palate as well as of the
hard palate. The gutturals are k, g hard, and ng, the place being on the soft
palate and the back part of the tongue. The nasals, m, n, ng, may be discriminated
as labio-nasal , lingua-nasal or dento-nasal, and gutturo-nasal.
All these ure sometimes arranged in three classes, namely : gutturals, and labiali,
as abovH. with an 'ntermediate class under the name of Unguals and sometimes with
the desit nation p3'o-<oi substituted for guttural.
§ 179. TABIE OF CONSOKANT ELEMENTS IN ENGLISH.
Place of JuecKVLktunn.
Lips
Lip aid teeth •
Tongue and teeth
Tongno z-A boi-O v uate (forward) t
Xongu" ana 'ar" ; ;: iite (bai, k) . . | ch
T'^njfui hnid n j,i ■ &j)d soft palatej . .
'IV'iigue iDd BO. ' palate . . . . Jc
Various ilacct i fe
Oral.
Momentary. Continuous.
Surd. Sonant. Surd. Sonant,
f
th(in)
s
sh
th(y)
z; r
zh; r
Nasal.
Continuous.
Sonant.
§ 'i^i. Supplen:-!:' to I'll Table. For the sake of simplicity, none of the compound,
or I .litlionga), coiisonii- ■<- except ch and j, are included in the Table. Others
which rnght have a i>lact . it will be described hereafter (§§ 212-218).
There are some w'to would Insist on a place in the Table for a surd (vFh) corre-
spondin? "■ ■'■: p -punt TV, and lor ft special surd corresponding to y ; .— see § 183.
IV. SPECIAL q.ASSES OP THE CONSONANTS.
§ 181. THF R SOUND. The coifeoiani h stands by itself as an element sui generis.
It differs in nn ny respects irom the oUer breath sounds. It has no fixed place of
articulatior, except tl.ar the glottis always h .^ a sh-tre iu its formation. Its articula-
tive position is various, being always very ne:-; to that of the vowel with which it is
joined, and differii;;; from it only in being K.mev/hat wider. It differs, too, from
other breath soum's in being made with a w ider ijpening and the emission of a greater
volume of breath, .ir.d in being made with some friction aU along the oral passage.
But whai distinguishes it most of all is its abrui>t character, which requires it to
be classed as one of tlie mcn.entary elements. It ha* been usual to describe it as
continBOUs; but if, say in the rillabie ha, v.e lenj-;ther oat the has a breath sound,
we stili have to give a new impulse before we strike tlie vowel ; and such prolongation
is not normally employed The abrupt glide to or from the vowel, as in ha or ah,
is reslly the essential thing t the breath .uay be expelled ^cth so little friction as to
be 4uite inaudible, and yet the h be perfectly recognized bj the abrupt effect in the
vowel. — See § 175.
§ 182. The articulative procedure for this element is a raotement : ~ at the outset,
in the case of h initial, as in ha, ho, hay, ho, the plottib is wide open, that is, the
vocal cords are widely apart, and tliu position ol the organs Vn the mouth is more
open than that required for the following vowel ; at the end tt the movement, the
vocal cords come close togetler for tone, and at the saice instatt the orjfans fall into
position for the vowel. In tie caseot a final h, as in ah, oh) if tha h is actually
sounded, the foregoing process is reversed. — Bee { 164.
§ 183. The h sound is capable of preceding or succeediilB Moy voiced consonant;
though in such case liable to run into the -o-'celees form of th« eonsoaant. in the
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixvii
ancient Greek, as the rough breathing, it often preceded r, as well as the vowels. In
the Welsh language it sometimes precedes I, and makes also the 1 itseli into a breath
sound, either wholly or in part. In English, it precedes and is compounded with w
in when, etc. (§ 212), and y, in hue, hiiiiiid, etc. (§ 214) ; though in these cases a
brief vowel sound actually intervenes before the consonant part of the \v or y. Tliere
13 no h sound in the digraphs made with h, — as sh, ch, gh, ph, th ; — see § 238.
§ 1S4. The Mutes. These are the chief portion of the momentary consonants.
They comprise two subclasses, namely, the turd mutes, — otherwise called pure
viules, — 1», t, k, to which alone the term "mute" is strictly appUcable, and the
lonaitt mulea, or impure mutes, b, d, hard g. The mutes are sometimes called stops,
or checks, and sometimes explosives, and by some divisives.
§ 185. The Surd Mutes. These, with h (§ 181) and ch (§ 210), occupy the first
column of the Table (§ 179), — as the Surd division of tlie Momentary. Tlie surd
mutes, p, t, U, are to be studied as they occur in three different situations, namely :
— at the beginuing of a syllable, at the end of a syllable, and in the middle between
the end of one and the beginning of another syllable.
§ ISC. (1.) When i'niVioZ, and opening upon a vowel, as in pea, pole, tie, toe,
kill, cut, etc., — they give (o) an audible puff (§ 157) made by the sudden release
of breath accumulated and compressed within the distended walls of the whole or a
part of the oral cavity ; they also give (6), as co-instantaneous with this, an abrupt
beginning of tlie vowel, such as, in a forcible utterance of the syllable, amounts to
a decided degree of the explosive action called the "catch of the glottis" (§ 163).
The preparatory steps are the accumulated breath in the oral cavity, and after tliis
the closed glottis; then comes the simultaneous explosion of breath and of tone.
Besides all tliis, tjiere may be (c) a slight click (§ 165), by the sudden separation
of the adlierent surfaces of the lips or of the tongue and palate, that will contribute
somewhat to the eliect.
To have the breath explosion, with an interposed h sound, actually precede the
utterance of the vowel is not the proper English mode ; the glottal catch is quite
different from the abrupt beginning of a vowel made by an h sound (§ 164). Yet,
when the interposed h. sound is very brief, the deviation from the more usual mode
will be uuperceived by ordinary ears, or noticed only as a somewhat softer style of
enunciation ; — such deviation may be regarded as unimportant.
By the combined simultaneous actions above described, a clearly distinguished
impression is made upon the ear and the mind, though not easily or ordinarily re-
solved into its component elements.
§ 187. The total action, as above described, is the same, with certain modifications,
when the surd mute takes after it a vocal consonant instead of a vowel. With r, as
in pray, try, crow, etc., the action is essentially the same as in the case of a vowel ;
imless, indeed, the surd form of the r intervene (§ 174) as a glide. It is essentially
the same, also, with 1 after p ; as in play, plow, etc. With 1 after the K sound, as
in clay, cling, etc., the attempt at simultaneous action wiU make the words sound
as if written tlay, tliiig, etc. The glide from a surd mute to a y sound tends to
develop more or less of a sibilant quality ; as in ttine, cube, pure, na'ture, etc. ;
— see §§ 134, 174.
A surd mute never takes after it in modern English a nasal consonant, as was done
anciently in the original of the word kno^v, and in the Greek, from which we derive
the word pneumatic.
§ 188. An initial surd mute is never, in English, except In one instance, followed
by or compounded with a nonsonant element. An English syllable can not begin,
as may be done in some other languages, with a ps, ts, or lis, or with a pf , tf , or
kf , or with a psh or a ksh. The compound, or diphthongal, ch (tsh), as in chin,
forms the single exception to the general rule. — See § 210.
§ 189. (2.) When final, and joined closely to a preceding vowel or other sonant
element, as in up, hat, neck, and in harp, halt, hark, etc., there is (a) a
percussive action by the sudden impact of the organs, — lip against lip, or tongue
upon palate, — giving a kind of click (§ 165), plainly audible for p and t, and slightly
BO for k ; (6) the vowel is at the same instant abruptly cut off by an absolute closure
of the glottis, which may amount decidedly to the so-called " glottal check " (§ 163) ;
and (c) the current of vocalized breath is at the same instant suddenly checked and
compressed by the mode of action that was explained (§ 159) as occlusion with implo-
tion.
§ 190. The surd mute joins the preceding element more closely in some cases
than in others ; and thus brings out more decidedly the effects as above described.
They come out fully and strongly when, in an accented syllable, a wide (§ 13) short
vowel precedes, — as in up, hat, let, sit, hut, 8ick, etc., — and less so with a
narrow long vowel or a diphthong, — as in hope, late, seat, make, mute,
rite, out, etc., — or with an unaccented short vowel, as in tu'lip, ex'it, ru'ulc.
— See §23.
§ 191. When the effects above described are distinctly brought out, no further
action is needed to make the consonant clearly recognizable. But, even in such case,
it commonly ends with {d) an added slight puff of breath (§ 157). In the case of a
long vowel (as in hope, etc.), this explosive action becomes important or absolutely
essential. When the surd mute is followed by a sonant of the same articulating
place and beginning another syllable, the breath explosion is suppressed ; as in Et'na,
ship'mate' (see § 158), cupTjear'er, back' ground', etc. ; as it is also when
a surd continuant follows in like manner; as in cap'tion (-shiin), out'gide',
stop'-thief, etc. For the case of s following at the end of a syllable, as in cats,
lacks, wax, hops, etc., see below (§ 217).
§ 192. With another surd mute preceding, as in apt, act, — a situation taken
only by t, — the breath puff is the only means of indication. With a continuous
breath sound preceding, there will be, besides the terminal puff of the mute, nothing
more than a very abrupt ending of the breath sound; as in cast, mask, hasp,
left, washed (wSsht), hushed (hiisht). Cases like camp, sent, sink, with a
nasal preceding, will be found explained below (§ 215).
§ 193. (3.) When in a middlp position, ending one syllable and beginning an-
other, as in sup'per, ut'ter, sifting, ac-cuse', up-on', cit'y, bak'er, etc.,
we have all tnat has been described above as in the two situations. The consonant,
though often written double, is really divided, or cut in sunder, one part going to one
syllable and the other to the other, with, of course, an interval of silence between.
In this situation, and this only, we may have all the constituents above described,
and thus all the elements that in any case enter into the composition of this class of
consonants. Whether the consonant shall be joined more closely to the preceding or
to the succeeding vocal element, and thus give more prominence to the one part of
the consonsint o.- co the ether, will depenci on ihe principles that govern the syllabic
iUvinon ; — Jor wiiicu ;>ae §§ ?.75, 270.
§ 194. When, of two syllables thus connected by a surd mute, the first being ac-
cented, tlie second is unaccented and has an 1, m, or n, serving instead of a vowel,
— as in eat'eii, o'peu, sick'en, lit'tle, etc., the explosive action of the mute is
modified in the manner already described (§ 168).
NoTS. — Mr. A. J. Ellis defines the surd mute consonant as limited to the interval
of silence, and relegates to the on and off glides all that immediately precedes and
follows this interval. The foregoing description assigns to it wider limits, and treats
what pertains to the junction with preceding and following elements as in part an
overlapping by the consonant.
§ 195. The Sonant Mutes. In these consonants, namely, b, d, hard g, we
have, instead of the interval of silence that occurs in the case of the surds, a luuffled
tone, made by a current of vocal breath injected into the closed cavity, and taking
the place of the voiceless breath that is injected in the other ease (§ 186).
§196. When the sonant mute begins a syllable, — as in buy, day, go, blow,
bray, dry, glow, grow, — it opens explosively upon the following element ; but
the vocal current that issues through the glottis is slender in volume, and hence the
pressure and the consequent explosive effect will be comparatively slight. As the
tone vibration of the glottis continues uninterrupted in passing on to the following
element, this precludes anytliing like the " glottal catch " (§ 186) of the surds.
In the sonant mutes, at '.he end of a syllabic, the percussive action which we have
in the case of the surds is usually and naturally absent ; and the terminal explosion
is feeble when given at all ; — see § 189.
The whole action, in tlie sonants, is marked by less abruptness than in the surds.
Hence the sonant mutes are sometimes described as " weak " or " soft," in contrast
with the surds as " sharp " or " hard."
When occurring in tlie middle belu-een two syllables, — as in rob'ber, ad'der,
bod'y, rid'er, beg'ging, be-gin', ea'ger, — the sonant mute, like the surd
(§ 193), is divided between the syllables. When the second syllable is unaccented and
made by n, 1, or m, as in nxaid'en, a'ble, i'dle, sad'dle, ea'gle, — the tone
runs on with hardly noticeable explosion, but with a distinct syllabic impulse on the
n, 1, or m. — See §§ 95, 158, 194.
§ 197. Fricatives. This term might be applied to all the continuous conso-
nants (§ 176), even the nasals and the h sound included ; since friction plays some
part in all of them. But it has been commonly limited to a portion, — and variously
by different authorities. It may well be used, as it will be here, for all of the con-
tinuants except the nasals.
§ 198. Surd Fricatives. Tliese are f, th (in thin), s, sh (§§ 230, 255, 261,
263). They all require considerable force of breath, and a greater volume of breath,
of course, than is expended in the cognate sonants. The glide to or from a vowel is
characterized by more or less abruptness ; — see § 164. The breath strikes a different
kind of obstruction at the several places of articulation, and thus gives the differing
sounds.
§ 199. Sonant Fricatives. These are v, th (in thy), z, zh (the z in azure),
besides 1 and r, and w and y. The organic positions for four of these correspond
respectively to those for the above-mentioned surds ; — see §§ 169, 179.
§ 200. The sonant fricatives are sometimes described as buzzing sounds ; but the
kind of sound so described has never been fully investigated and explained. Besides
the damping and dulling of the tone, the sound is otherwise affected in a peculiar
way. There is, at the place of articulation, a vibration of the elastic tissue, that can
be felt, and which may be perceived to vary in rapidity as the pitch of the tone from
the larynx is higher or lower. This responsive and secondary vibration, — fo which
the term, fricttonal resonance might not improperly be applied, — modifies the primary
tone, and with differences such as to give to the individual consonants of this class
their distinctive characters.
§ 201. There are, in this case, three kinds of effeets supposable, and all of them
perhaps may be actually combined, namely : — (1) a simple tremolo effect ; (2) the
conversion of a part of the tone into noise, by the reaction of the obstructive organs ;
besides (3) the modification of the tone without disturbance of the proper musical
quality due to the regularity of the vibration.
§ 202. A vocal current from the larynx has not sufficient volume and force to pro-
duce breath-sound effects ; — the force of the air current is to be distinguished from
the force of the vocal sound as such. And so the sonant fricatives are not to be
regarded as characterized by an intermingling of breath sound with tone. If, in the
case of z, or of the zh sound as in azure, anything of an actually sibilant quality
(§ 203) be perceptible, it probably is to be attributed to the initial or the vanishing
part, and not to the body, of the consonant.
§ 203. Sibilants. This term is applicable to such of the surd fricatives as have
a hissing sound, especially 8 and sh ; and is also applied to the cognate sonants, z
and zh ; — § 202.
We have the sh sound not only represented by sh, but also resulting and devel-
oped from 8 or soft c and a following y sound, — as in sure, Asia, ocean, etc.,
— and from a t first changed to an s as in the French original and followed in like
manner, — as in nation, partial, etc. We have the zh sound developed from z
or sonant s and a following y sound, — as in azure, pleasure, etc. We have the
sh sound as part of the ch in church, etc., and of the ch sound developed from a
t and a following y sound, — as in nature, question, etc. And we have zh as
part of the compound j, or dg, — as in judge, etc., — and of the same sound as de-
veloped from d and a y sound, — as in verdure, etc. — See §§ 97, 106, 134, 135, 210.
The breath sounds — such as f, etc. — other than sibilants may be distinguished
as simple breath sounds.
§ 204. Spirants. This term has been variously applied : — by some as meaning
all the fricatives, surd and sonant, with inclusion of w and y. It is limited by Prof.
Whitney to f and v, th in tliin and th in thy, and the German ch with the cog-
nate sonant. It might well be employed to denote all the mere breath sounds except
the explosives and the aspirate h.
§ 205. SEMIVOWELS. The vowel e (eve, § 76), or i (ill, § 103), or the nearly
relaied high-mixed vowel (§ 16), and the vowel ob (food, § 126), or c»b (frfbt,
§ 128), in certain cases pass readily over, the one into the consonant y (§ 272), and
the other into w (§ 267) ; — see § IS 6. Hence these consonants are called " semi-
vowels." The term is also sometimes extended to I, n, r, m, as these in certain
cases fulfill the office of a vowel in the making of a syllable.
§ 206. Liquids. The consonants 1, n, r, m, are called "liquids," because they
flow into other consonants and others into them, as intermediates between such
consonants and vowels ; as in play, pray, try, cry, fly, harp, help, ramp,
Ixviii
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
hand, amlte, snow, etc. The quality belongs more fully to 1 and r than to m
and n, the former being so employed in p greater number of cases than the latter.
§ 207. Nasal consonants. The general mode of formation for these has
been already described (§ 167). The sound consists of tone from the larynx mod-
ified mainly by resonance and partly by friction. For. m and n (§§ 242, 243),
communication with the oral passage is open, but exit by that channel is cut off by
closure of the lips, and by closure of the tongue against the hard palate. We thus
have resonance in an or?J chamber and in the nasal passage at the same time ; and
together with some friction in the latter. Tor ng (§ 24C), only the pharynx and
the nasal passage are concerned ; the soft palate clcsing down upon the back tongue
so as to cut off the oral cavity forward of this point. Friction may be increased by
the muscular action of the nostrils, and of the lips and cheeks as connected with
them. Too much friction will produce a disagreeable nasal twang.
The ng cannot In English begin a syllable. An n or m, — but not an ng, —
may be preceded by s sharp at the beginning of a syllable ; as iu sno^v, smile,
etc. ; an n, but not an m or ng, may take the s sound after it at the close of a syl-
lable ; as in hence, dance, wince, etc. ; all three may take a z sound after
them ; as iu hams, comes, wins, tons, hangs, wings, etc.
During the glide (§ 161) from a nasal consonant to a vowel, as in my, no, etc.,
or to an 8 or z as above, the previously depressed soft palate will be in movement
toward contact with the pharyngeal wall, and not yet actually in contact with it,
while at the same time the lips, or the tongue and palate, are changing from their
positions of contact. The glide sets in at the beginning of these movements ; thus
somewhat of the quality of the nasal consonant will be carried on into the following
element. A similar effect will en8\ie in the glide from a vowel or an g to a nasal con-
sonant ; as in an, am, snow, etc. In the case of a vowel between two nasal conso-
nants, as in man, name, etc., there will be a twofold effect of the kind. But,
in this as in all cases, the nasal quality, in well-spoken English, will be limited to the
brief gliding portions of the vowel. — See § 161.
§ 208. For the way in which the nasals are joined to a preceding explosive conso-
nant, as in eat'en, o'pen, AVhlt'ney, Step'ney, hacU'ney, hack'man, etc.,
see above (§§95, 158, 191) ; and for the peculiar form which they take in the com-
pound consonants mp, nt, nk, etc., as in jump, sent, ink, etc., see below
(§ 215). For II or m as filling the place of a vowel, see § 95.
§ 209. Compound, or Diphthongal, Consonants. Certain consonant
sounds are composed of more simple consonant elements so blended that the product
is properly described as diphthongal. Only two of this kind were presented in the
Table given above (§ 179). These and others will here be explained.
§ 210. (1.) The ch, or tsh, as in church, watcb, has for the initial element
what is essentially a t, though a t made somewhat further back on the tongue than an
ordinary t, — or rather, the contact, while inclusive of the point, covers a part of the
tongue back of the point. With this is combined an abrupt sh sound, made by a
position somewhat further forward and more open than an ordinary sh, and replacing
the puff of simple breath that is characteristic of t (§ 186). It is to be noted, how-
ever, that, wlien opening upon a vowel in the same syllable, this sh sound wholly
precedes the vowel, and is not, like the explosive breath of a simple t, simultaneous
with the beginning of the vowel sound (§ 186). While sh by itself la a continuous
consonant, the compound (tsh) is to be classed as momentary (§ 17G).
The ch sound is followed in the same syllable by no consonant sound except only
by t ; as in watched (w5cht), etc. — See §§ 172, 229.
In most cases the ch sound has been developed from an original Anglo-Saxon or
Latin k sound ; as in church, chin, hatch, charity, etc. It is also made by
the fusion of a t with a following y sound ; as in question, righteous, picture,
nature, etc. — See §§ 97, 106, 134, 135, 187, 203.
§ 211. (2. ) The j, or dg, or g soft, — as in jar, edge, judge, gem, — is com-
pounded of a d and a zh (the z in azure) sound, with the same conditions and
qualifications as those above stated for ch. It is throughout the sonant correlative,
or cognate, of the surd ch.
§ 212. (3.) Concerning the -wh as In when, what, why, etc., there has been
a difference of opinion, especially as between American and English authorities ; the
former contending for an h sound preceding a proper w ; while Messrs. Bell, Ellis,
Sweet, and others insist that the wh represents simply the surd correlative of the
ordinary sonant w. Either way, and at all events, one thing is clear : the sound is
abrupt and momentary (§ 176), instead of being continuous like the sonant w.
As a matter of fact, this wh, by the greater part of even the well-educated people
in England, is actually spoken precisely like w ; the word Avhen not differing at
all from wen. Now, the customary w of the English language begins with a brief
sound of db (f rfbt) ; — this is the main part of the difference between an English
and a Serman -w. A proper h sound prefixed to this produces the sound represented
by "svh in trhen, etc., as commonly heard in America, and as pronounced by some.
If not by most, of the well-educated people in England, when they speak in what
they themselves regard as the correct way. The word wen, with an h sound pie-
fixed, gives us when. The word who, with the vowel struck very lightly and
followed by a long i, makes the word why.
It is, indeed, not difficult to utter the surd, or nonvocal, correlative of the sonant
w, »nd to pronounce the word when with such a sound prefixjed to the vowel.
This will give to the vowel the same abrupt beginning it has in hen. In this way,
the vocality comes in not till the vowel is struck. The otlier theory brings in the
vocality, or sonant quality, before the vowel is reached. This is the essential point
of difference between the two conflicting views.
§ 213. The kw sound in quite, quality, etc., and the tw in t^vine, etc., are
compound and momentary sounds, analogous to the wh as above ; the case is the
same even with the gw sound in g;uano.
Note. All the instances here adduced were referred to, in a previous paragraph
(19fc), as containing an impure vowel diphthong made by the w sound as a connect-
ing glide. This view may be taken with some advantage. Yet, since the preceding
mute, t or k, as in twine, quite, or the aspirate h, as in when, can not be pro-
longed, as can the s iu g^vim, but combines with the w in an abrupt momentary
sound, it is more exact to treat the w in these cases as part of a compound consonant.
§ 214. (4.) In regard to the initial sound in hue, humid, huge, etc., there is
the same difference of opinion as in the case above noted of the wh ; some regarding
it as the surd correlative of the sonant y ; and others, as an h sound preceding the
y part of the vowel.
The consonant y always begins with a brief vowel sound (§§ 205, 272), — which, in
the y part of the vowel u (use), is the high-mixed (§ 16 6) vowel element nearly
related to i (ill). An li sound preceding and combined with this y makes the com-
pound and momentary consonant which, iu Iiue, etc., is followed by the vowel do
(food) or <Jb (foot).
What would otherwise be regarded as part of the impure diphthong C (use, § 19 6)
is here viewed as detached from the vowel and combined with the preceding h iu a
compoimd consonant ; just as was done in the case of wh (§ 212) ; as explained in
the Note after § 213.
§ 215. (5.) The mp in jump, presumption, etc., with the inpt in exempt,
etc., the nt in gent, the nd iu hand, etc., the nk in ink, etc., the ng in sing,
etc., and the nch in bench, incli, lunch, etc., are peculiar compounds.
Iu the mp in jump, etc., the nasality sets in, — by depression of the soft palate,
— while the lips are approaching for closure, and continues till they close ; and thus
gives the impression of an m. The lip closure is abrupt and forcible, and made
with the percussive, occlusive, and implosive action before described (§ 189) ; and
thus gives the effect of a p, even without the help of the breath explosion (§ 191),
which will ordinarily be added at the close. In a word like exempt, we have the first
part of a p, given as above described, and the last part of a t ; thus the total combina-
tion mpt will not be simply m followed by t. These compounds are momentary
consonant sounds ; while m by itself is a continuous consonant, and may actually
be prolonged for emphasis, — as, for instance, in lame ; — this cannot properly be
done with the m in lamp, jump, etc. The m, in such cases, represents merely
the glide (§ 161) from the vowel to the position for an m.
§ 216. The compounds nt in sent, etc., and nk in ink, etc., are to be explained
in a similar manner. So also is the nch (iitsh, § 210), in bench, etc. Somewhat
of a similar character appertains to the nd in hand, etc. ; also to the ng at the
end of a word, as in sing, etc. (§ 240). The pronunciation of bencli, inch, etc.,
is not properly represented in the way in which it is done by Walker and others, as
bensh, Insh, etc.
§ 217. (6.) In X (ks), as in box, etc., an abrupt s souud trenches upon the simple
breath explosion of the surd mute k ; and the compouud is momentary. The same
is to be said of ps and ts, as in cups, its, etc., and of nx in anxious, etc. Iu
mps, nts (jumps, cents), the s is in the same way combined with the com-
pounds explained above.
§ 218. There is a difference between cents and sense ; although in the abrupt
transition from the n to the breath sound of th;? s, it is not easy to avoid entirely an
explosive sound like the vanish of a t. But in cents the t is distinctly given, while
the n is more fully brought out in sense, and the s is not so abrupt. Also, hand-
some may be made to differ slightly from hansom.
§ 219. Double Consonants. All of the diphthongal consonants, as above,
have two or more components closely blended, of which one, as a separate element,
would be momentary,- and at least one other would be continuous ; and the com-
pound product becomes a momentary sound. The case thus differs from that of a
mere junction of two or more consonants under one stress impulse, as simply suc-
cessive one to the other, — such as we have in play, sky, hold, harm, gloiv,
striTe, cast, canst, etc. ; all which are double, or triple, but nOt diphthongal.
THE CONSONANTS OF THE ALPHABET (WITH THE CONSONANT
DIGRAPHS) IN DETAIL.
§ 220. This is a labial sonant mute (§§ 178, 195), as in boy, cab, ebb, rob'ber,
beau'ty, bring, blo-w, a'ble, herb, bulb, rhomb, robbed (rSbd), robs,
cup'bear'er, etc. It is usually silent after m in the same syllable ; as in bomb,
climb, tomb ; also before t ^ as in debt, doubt, sub'tle ; also in bdellium.
C.
Of this letter, there are two kinds of sound : —
§ 221. (1.) The so-caUed " soft c " has a sibilant sound (§ 203) of three varieties :
— (a) One like g sharp (§ 256), marked 9, ?, and represented by s in the respelling
for pronunciation ; this sound is taken before e, i, or y ; as in cede, civil, cy-
press, acid, glance, force, vice, etc. — (b) In a few words the letter has the z
sound ; as in sacrifice, <iuffice, discern. — (c) When ce or cl is followed by
another vowel in the same syllable, the sh sound is taken, either by the c alone, —
as in oceanic, viciosity, — or by the ce or ci together, — as in ocean, vicious,
etc. (§§ 97, 106, 261).
§ 222. (2.) Tha so-called "hard c," marked ■€, -e, has the sound of k, and is
represented by k in the respelling. This sound is taken before a, o, or u, or a con-
sonant, and at the end of a syllable if not followed by i or e ; as in call, cave,
cold, pic'ture, act, ethics, ac'rid, cry, clay, arc, talc, ganc'tion, disc,
almRnac, scan, ac'cord, va€'^i-nate; and before e in sceptic, and before i
in scirrouB, etc. — See § 232.
§ 223. C is silent in czar, victualg, indict, and in ntugcle, corpuscle, etc.
CH.
This digraph has three sounds, as follows : —
§ 224. (1.) The more frequent sound is diphthongal, and is approximately described
as tsh (§210); as in chin, child, choose, church, much, beech, arch,
etc. ; the digraph with this sound has sometimes for an equivalent the trigraph
tch at the end of a syllable ; as in hatch, watch, fetch, ditch, scotch,
satch'el ; and is the same as the German tsch, as in Peutsch- It takes a j souud
in spinach.
§ 225. The sound is otherwise repr<a'«ented by tl in bastion, queBtioii, Chris-
tian, digestion, etc., by te in righiaoxig, and bj t with a part of u in tex'tuve-
na'ture, etc. — See §§ 97, 106, 135.
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixix
§ 226. (2.) Marked ^h, 9b, and with sound like Bh ; in words from the French
«hich have retained this sound; — usually initial; as in chaise, chivalry (see
§ 277), chagrin, machine ; final in mustache, barouche. — See § 261.
§ 227. (3.) Ch hard, marked Ch, €h ; with sound Uke k ; which is used to repre-
sent it in the respelling. It iias this sound in words derived from the Greek, and
through the Latin iu all but quite modern words ; as in chorus, epocli, echo,
chlorine, chrism, character ; or from the Hebrew ; as in Nebuchadnezzar,
£noch, etc. ; exceptions are church, cliart, Kacliel, cherub, and the prefix
arcli- in archbishop, arclideacon, archduke, etc. ; but the k sound re-
mains in archangel, and in arcliitect, architrave, etc.
§228. Ch is silent in drachm, schism, yacht ; also in fuchsia.
B.
§ 229. This fs the dental, or hard-palatal, sonant mute (§§ 178, 195) ; as In day,
dry, dtvell, bed, old, hard, aimed, end, idle, maiden, hugged, en-
raged, lived, amazed, rugged, naked, assuredly, fixedness, sends (s
final as z), .send'st (s sharp). It sounds as t when preceded by a surd in the same
syllable ; as in hissed, looked, arched (hist, lo5kt, archt) ; — see § 172. It is
silent in the first syllable of Wednesday and in handkerchief, handsome,
and windrow ; but see §§ 216, 218, 277.
§ 230. This is a labiodental, and sometimes a purely labial, consonant (§ 178) ; a
iurd fricative (§ 198), giving a simple breatli sound (§ 153) ; as in fame, fly, free,
fevi', cufi*, staff, oft, etc. It has gh and ph for equivalents ; as in laugh,
photograph, etc. (§§ 236, 248). It takes the sound of v ip the word of, and
usu^y in the compounds, hereof, thereof, whereof.
G.
This letter has three sounds, as follows : —
§ 231. (1.) The hard g, marked G, g, but in the respelling for pronunciation repre-
sented by g unmarked ; the guttural sonant mute (§§ 178, 195) ; made by injecting
vocalized breath into the pharyngeal cavity, which is closed by the soft palate so
arched as to bring the lower border into contact with the tongue, while on the curve
it is pres.sed back against the wall of the pharynx ; — used before a, o, u, or 1, r, s,
in the same syllable ; as in gay, go, gun, glad, groiiv, lingual, gewgaw,
argue, bags, haggle ; — sometimes, though not usually, before s, i, or y ; as
in get, give, gig, muggy ; — the g is always hard at the end of a word ; as in
hug, hag, egg, berg ; also in the derivatives of such words, even when the dou-
bled g is followed by e, i, or y; as in cragged, druggist, foggy; — usually
hard at the end of a syllable ; exceptions such as mag'ic, reg'is-ter, log'ic, ex-
ag'ger-ate, are due to the e or i in the following syllable. The letter occurs in the
digraph ng (§ 246) at the end of syllables. The sound is heard in x when that is
equivalent to gz ; as in exist, example, etc. (§ 271). It is represented by gu, as
in guard, guest, etc. ; by gh, as in ghost, ghastly, etc. ; and by gae, as in
plague, catalogue, etc.
§ 232. The interposition of a slight sound of e (eve) or i(ni) between g hard
and a following a or i sound, ip garden, guard, guide, guile, etc., and in
like manner after a k or hard e, in card, kind, etc., — upheld by the authority
of Walker, — is not generally approved, though customary in some localities in the
United States.
§233. (2.) The soft g, marked G, g, with sound like j (§ 239), and represented by
j in the respelling for pronunciation ; a compound, or diphthongal, consonant
(§ 211) ; as in gem, engine, rage, caged, large, bilge, exag'gerate,
mag'ic, change, gin'ger, stin'gy, etc. ; usually before e, i, or y, but before a
in gaol. It has dg or'dge for an equivalent, at the end of a syllable only ; as in
badg'er, badge, edge, judge, midg'et, etc.
§ 23i. (3.) In a few words from the French, g retains the sound like that of z in
azure (§ 199) ; as in rouge, mirage, cortege, etc.
§235. The g is silent before m or n final, and when initial before n; as in
phlegm, sign, gnat, gnostic, etc. No g sound is heard in the digraph ng;
es in sing, long, etc. (§ 246) ; nor in seraglio, nor in bagnio.
GH.
§ 236. At the beginning of a word, this digraph is sounded like hard g ; as in
ghastly, ghost, etc. It is silent after i ; as in high, sigh, vFeigh, straight,
eight, right, etc. ; also before t in the same or a following syllable ; as in bought,
brought, thought, wrought, caught, taught, fraught, daughter,
drought, etc. ; but has the sound of f in the word draught ; the sound of f also
conmionly after au or ou at the end of a syllable ; as in laugh, cough, rough,
enough ; but that of k in hough, lough, shough ; and is often silent in syl-
lables after au or ou ; as in overslaugh, usquebaugh, dough, doughy,
though, bough, plough, through
§ 237. This is essentially a momentary sound ; its nature and mode of formation
have been already described (§§ 181-183) ; often called the aspirate. It occurs at the
beginning of words, as in hate, here, hire, house, home, hard, hit, hoop,
hoot, etc. ; and is heard at the end in ah and oh, as they are sometimes uttered.
It is represented by wh in who, whose, vehom, and in vphole, whore,
■whoop, and is a component of the diphthongal vfh in when, which, etc., and in
whale, white, etc. (§212), and of the diphthongal consonant in hue, etc. (§ 214).
§ 238. The letter is silent in heir, herb (usually), honest, honor, hour
(§ 277), and their derivatives ; silent, more or less frequently, in hostler, humor,
humble, and their derivatives, with some others ; also silent, or else not sounded
as h, m the trigraph tch and the digraphs ch (§§ 224-228), gh (§ 236), ph (§ 248),
rh (§ 251), sh (§ 261), th (§§ 263, 234), and in phthisic, and In khan, and ia
John.
J.
§ 239. This, with the equivalents g soft and dg, has already been described
(§ 211) as a diphthongal consonant compounded of c^ and zli. We have it in jar,
jam, jade, jest, jut, jute, jury, injure, join, etc. The sound is usually
represented by g (soft) or ge or dg at the end of a syllable ; as iu page, venge'-
ance, reg'is-ter, mag'ic, badg'er, judge, etc., with prej'u-dice, proj'ect,
maj'es-ty, caj'e-put, as exceptions ; — see § 233. In some proper names of for-
eign origin, however, and in other foreign words, j or dj occurs at the end of a syl-
lable; as in Aj'arlon, hadj, hadj'i, Mij'a-min, Raj, Eaj'poor', Eaj'poot',
Raj'poo-ta'na.
The sound is, or may be, represented by ge in surgeon, outrag<^ous, etc. ; by
gi in region, religious, etc. ; by di in soldier, etc. ; by de in grandeur,
etc.; and by d with a part of u in verdure, produce («.), etc. —See §§ 97,
106, 135.
In the three last-mentioned cases, the pronunciation may be such that the zli part
of the sound will be no more than <• .eak glide between the d and the following
vowel : the greater relative prominence may be given sometimes to the initial com-
ponent d and sometimes to the terminal zh ; and in this class of words the y sound
may even be held without giving way to the zh, the d remaining unchanged.
§ 240. This is the guttural surd mute (§§ 178, 185) ; as in kite, kill, skill, ask,
ark, elk, milk, ink, oak, etc. It agrees with the sonant g (see §231) and the
nasal ng (§ 246), as involving closure of the soft palate upon the back tongue at th*
same place ; — see § 179. It has hard c, hard ch, gh, cu, qu, que, cque, and q for
equivalents; as in call, hough, biscuit (-kit), choir, coquet, antique,
sacque, queen. The sound is the first component of the ordinary x; as in box,
etc. Before n, in the same syllable, k is silent; as in knot, knee, etc. ; ck has
the sound of k alone ; as in back ; as does Ik after ^ (^11) or o (old) ; as in walk,
folk, etc.
For an objectionable pronunciation, as in Sky, kind, card, etc., see § 232.
r.
§ 241. This is a palatal sonant fricative consonant (§§ 178, 199), made by contact
of the point of the tongue with the palate, as for t, d, u ; but with the sides of the
tongue in this case left free for the passage of the breath. It is one ol the liquids
(§ 206). We have it in lie, low^, ill, all, sole, blow, clay, fly, glow, play,
slay, alb, hold, elf, elk, elm, help, else, halls, halt, etc. For the explo-
sive 1 in battle, bustle, bridle, couple, pickle, etc., see §§ 158, 194. In
these, and in some other cases, as in evil, easel, etc., the 1 in an unaccented fol-
lovring an accented syllable fulfills the ofBce of a vowel ; — see § 95. The 1 is silent
in would, could, should, alms, balm, malmsey, calm, palm, palmer,
psalm, salmon, almond, half, behalf, calf, halve, salve, calves, balk,
chalk, calk, talk, stalk, walk, folk, yolk (often), with like words and their
derivatives.
BI.
§ 242. This is the labionasal consonant (§§ 178, 207) ; as in me, may, tame,
him, times (timz, § 172), named, lamp (§ 215), lamps (§217), smile, palm,
drachm, paradigm, etc. A b after m in the same syllable is usually silent ; as
in climb, etc. ; an n after m at the end of a syllable is always silent ; as in hymn,
column, etc. ; at the beginning, the m before n is silent ; as in mnemonics.
The m serves as a vowel in schism, etc. (§ 194).
N.
§ 243. This is the dentonasal, or linguanasal, consonant (§§ 178, 207) ; the oral
passage being closed by contact of the point and the sides of the tongue with the
palate, just as it is for t and d ; the n is continuous and nasal, while t and d are
momentary and oral. We have it in none, inn, one, ten, fern, snovf , tent,
annul, change, ingress, congressive, etc. In even, eaten, maiden,
etc. , it serves as a vowel ; — see § 95.
§ 244. When n is final after m it is always silent ; as in hymn, condemn, sol-
emn, etc. ; but when to such words is added a sufiSx or an inflection beginning vrith
a vowel, the n is generally sounded (see exception below) ; as in condemnation,
condemnatory, solemnize, solemnity, hymnology, hymnist, limner,
autumnal, etc. So n is silent in kiln, limekiln, etc. In the participles
damned, damning, condemning, contemning, hymning, limning,
etc., and also in the cognate nouns condemner and contemner, usage is divided.
(See the Dictionary on these words.) Initial kn, pn, mn, are sounded as n ; as
in know, pneumatics, mnemonics, etc.
§ 245. Neither the sound of n nor of g is heard in the digraph ng (§ 246). But
the n at the close of an accented syllable, with a g, c, or ch, hard, or a k or qu,
commencing a following syllable, commonly takes the ng sound, and is marked n;
as iu an'ger, un'cle, din'gle, an'chor, con'gress, con'gre-ga'tion, can'-
ker, con'quest, con'quer, etc. ; but not generally (see below) if the accent falls
on the latter syllable ; as in con-gres'sive, con-cor'dant, etc.; not in the prefixes
in-, en-, on-, un-, non- ; as, in'comc, un'con-cern', non'com-mit'tal ;
not in quin'cunx, and the derivatives and compounds of quin'que ; and not in
pen'guin and a few other words. In e'lon-ga'tion, pro'lon-ga'tion, san-
guif'er-ous, etc., and often in con-gres'sion-al, con-gru'i-ty, and like words,
the n, though unaccented, retains the sound of ng, which is given it by rule in th«
words from which these are derived, as e-lon'gate, etc. It takes the ng sound
also, before k, or ch hard, or x, at the end of a syllable ; as in ink, think, thank,
monk, conch, anx'ious, etc., making with it a diphthongtd and mranenteia
consonant (§ 216).
Ixx
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
NG.
}246. This digraph repreBents a eimple sound, namely, that of the guttuTonasal
consonant, which is made, like the surd k and the oral sonant hard g, by contact
between the soft palate and the back tongue, but, unlike them, with a free passage
between the soft palate and the pharyngeal wall ; — see §§ 167, 207. It occurs only at
the end of syllables; as in long, wing, hang, slug, song' stress : or with ue
added at the end ; as in tongue. An added inflection causes no change ; as in
sing'er, ^ving'ed, etc. ; except that in the comparatives and superlatives of long,
young, etc., the g goes with a proper hard g sound to the inflection, while the n
takes to itself the ng sound ; as, lon'ger, lon'gest.
The ng at the end of a word is really diphthongal and momentary ; as in long,
etc. (§ 21G) ; the sound is thus abrupt, and does not admit of prolongation ; it stops
suddenly with the organs in position for a nonuasal hard g sound. But when another
syllable is added, it does not take this abrupt character, and can be prolonged for em-
phasis or any other purpose ; as in lon'ger, fln'ger, gin'gle, etc.
It is a common fault in some quarters, and on the part of some people, to give the
n instead of the ng sound, in the inflection of the present participle ; as, liTin',
bringln', instead of living, bringing. In words like sicken, quicken,
the n sound preceded by k, if the ng sound be substituted for the n, the mis-
pronunciation will ordinarily fail to be noticed by even the most careful observers.
P.
§247. This is the labial mird mute (§ 185) ; as in pea, pay, cup, cape, pray,
play, karp, kelp, spy, .ipread, oppress, upper, kappy, etc. It is silent as
initial before n, a, sk, and t ; as in pneumatics, psalm, pskaw, ptarmigan ;
also in raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, corps, and their deriva-
tives. For the diphthongal mp in lamp, etc., mpt and mpts in tempt,
tempts, etc., see §§215, 217.
PH.
§ 248. This digraph occurs chiefly in words of Greek derivation, and hag usually the
sound of f ; as in pkantom, sylpk, pkilosophy, etc. It has the sound of v in
Stephen , and, according to most orthoepists, in nephe^v, though in America it
has commonly its regular sound of t in the latter word. In diphthong, triph-
thong, ophthalmy, naphtha, and other allied words, and their derivatives,
the pk is sometimes sounded as p.
Q-
§ 249. Q Is In all cases followed by u, and the two together have commonly the
sound of k\v (§ 213) ; as in queen, conquest, etc. ; but have that of k in a few
words from the French, as in coquette, etc. ; as has also the ending que in an-
tique, burlesque, etc.
B.
§ 250. The r, when pronounced as an actual consonant, is a sonant fricative
element, and belongs to the palatal, or else to what is called the dental, class of
consonants (§ 178). Its several varieties all bear a close relation to vowels of the
mixed order (§ 16), namely, »l (up), -Q. (Urn), 5 (fern, evSr) ; and a glide of this
kind naturally intervenes between a vowel not of this class and a following r. These
vowels are made with an approximately cylindrical passage between tongue and
palate : taking this position, and simply raising the point of the tongue, for friction
of the breath against the edge, gives by this means the r sound ; while raising the
point of the tongue still higher and into contact with the palate gives the position
for the nasal n, and for the surd and sonant mutes, t and d. In the words Urn,
fern, bArn, kUrt, bird, etc., we have actually these three positions in succes-
sion. In just this order ; and, by interposing an s on the way, we get after the vowel
the triple consonant rst, as in first, bftrst. — See § 140.
There are two leading varieties of the consonant r to be noticed, — besides also the
Towelized r, as a third variety, which is not really a consonant, and besides a substi-
tute that is sometimes used, made by a trill (§ 166) of the uvula, or of the epiglottis.
Reference will here be had, when not otherwise stated, to the pronunciation of those
who speak the r always as a consonant.
§ 251. (1.) The so-called dental (§ 178) r, having the same place of articulation
as 8, z, t, d, and n, — that is, between the point of the tongue and the hard
palate not far back from the front teeth, — is employed before a vowel ; as in rise,
try, oral, array. It is so used by those who do, and by those who do not, employ
the vowelized r in other situations. The dental variety is also favored, rather than
the palatal, by conjunction with front vowels (§ 10), and with labial or dental conso-
nants (§ 178) ; as in fear, fern, preack, trace, bring, karp, kurt, etc. It is
usually trilled (§ 166) somewhat, but not strongly so.
The rk in rketorlc, rkeum, myrrk, etc., is sounded simply as r.
§ 252. (2.) The palatal r, made between the point of the tongue and the palate at
a place near the junction of the hard palate with the soft palate, is the r that natu-
rally goes before or after the vowel a (arm) or any of the back vowels (§ 11), and
before or after a guttural consonant ; as in Srm, Drn, wsjr, r^jw, roar, cry,
grow, etc. In some parts of the United States, the point of the tongue is curled
back, in such a way as to bring the r under the class of elements sometimes called
" cerebrals." The palatal r is less apt to be trilled than the dental r.
Note. — When an r comes between a vowel and a consonant, or between two differ-
ent vowels, one favoring the palatal and the other the dental variety, no general rule
can be laid down determining which shall prevail ; but the one that precedes has
lather the advantage over the other.
§ 253. (3.) The vowel-like, or vowelized, r, which prevails at present in London
and the South of England, is employed in aU situations, except when a vowel sound
immediately succeeds either in the same or in a following word, — in which case
some form of the r as an actual consonant sound is given. The vowelized r is heard
either as a vowel of the mixed order (§ 16), 6 (fgrn, ever), fi (iirji), li (up), or as
% ntere prolongation of the vowel preceding : as in war, far, more , liere, vckere.
care, carve, cart, keard, harp, hard, worm, warn, woTtk, farm, far-
ther, turn, fern, -western, etc.
In New England, a usage has prevailed, not approved or much used by well-
educated people, which simply dropped, or elided, the r iu the situations above noted,
not giving it representation iu sound at all. But the r takes generally, in the United
States, a more or lees clear sound as a consonant in all situations.
Note. — According to Mr. A. J. Ellis, it is permissible, even iu London, to sound
the r as a smooth consonant in all cases iu which it commonly takes the vowelized
form. There would, therefore, seem to be no good reason for not doing so, and
thereby avoiding the multiplication of what are really local, if not provincial, homo-
nyms and the liability to ambiguity and mistake arising from the factitious siniilaiity
iu sound of western and Weston ; manner and manna ; ferii and fun ;
birds, bards, and buds ; sore and saw ; lore, louver, and la^v, and tlie like
in other instances. Besides tliis objection, there is the naturally resulting habit of
adding a consonant r to words ending in a when the following word begins with s.
vowel ; as ]VIinerva(r) Is . . , the idea(r) of, etc.
§ 254. In the case of words in which r occurs between two vowels of which the
first is long and accented, such as he'ro, se'rious, wlr'y, de-sir'ous, there is a
style of pronunciation prevalent in England, but not mucli in vogue in America, which
doubles the r, making it smooth or else merely vowelized at the end of the first syl-
lable, and rough and trilled at the begiiming of the second ; as he(r)'ro, 8e(r)'ri-
ous, etc. In America, it is more frequently used in words formed with an inflection
or suffix after the r than m other cases ; as iu se-cur'(r)iugr> poor'(r)er, etc.
S.
§ 255. This letter has four different sounds, all of them sibilant (§ 203), two euid
and two sonant (§§ 169, 179), as follows : —
§ 256. (1.) The proper sound of s as a surd sibilant (§ 203), is made by breath
forced through a contracted channel between the tongue and the hard palate near the
front teeth, and impinging upon the edges of the upper or the lower teetli ; as in see,
so, Iiiss, yes- scorn, sky, sly, smile, snow, spy, square. Stay, swim,
cuffs, picks, cups, cuts, sense, curse, best, message, di^play, lisp,
gipsy, absurd, morsel, absolve, basis, nuisance, practise, false, etc.
The point of the tongue may be raised to the upper gums, or it may be depressed
behind the lower teeth, making the contracted channel not so near the point of the
tongue. Equivalents are: — c soft, as in cell, civil, vice; Bc, as in scene,
science, etc. ; sch, as in schism, schedule (as some iu England pronounce ;
§ 277) ; ps, as in psalm, psychology, etc.
§ 257. (2.) The souaut s (§§ 199, 202), —marked §,— corresponding to the surd,
as above, is made by the same articulative position, except that the tongue is pressed
somewhat closer tn the palate. The sound is precisely like that of z ; as in i§, hag,
ribg, ride§, eggs, lllg, aim§, rung, liveg, eagy, palgy, pangy, damgel,
obgerve, pleagant, accuge, pogltlon, digmal, digeage, liugband,
grigly, regolve, preglde, etc. The s is sonant as the final sound of some verbs
and surd as the final sound of the cognate nouns or adjectives ; ae use, abuse, dif-
fuse, rise [n. & v. often alike sonant], kouse, etc. Notice close, with s as !^ in
verb and noun, and s sharp in the adjective. Compare advige {v.), advice (n.), etc.
§ 258. There is a diversity of opinion among orthoepists as to whether the z or
the sharp s sound should be employed in some of the words formed with the prefix
dis- (Walker, etc., favoring diz- ; late orthoijpists, dis-) ; as disarm, disburse,
etc. ; also in the case of the termination aese of gentile nouns ; as in Ckinese,
Japanese, etc.
§ 259. (3.) S takes sometimes the sound of sk (§ 203), by fusion with a following
y sound (§ 272), with consequent vowel change; as in version, mansion, con-
vulsion, censure, sensual, sure, sugar, etc. ; in the case of g doubled, the
first is assimilated to the second ; as in passion (pSsh'iiii), issue (Tsh'ij). In a
few words s takes the sk sound while leaving the following vowel unchanged ; as in
Asiatic, nausea, etc. —See §§ 97, 106, 135, 221.
§ 260. (4.) S takes the sound (zk) of z in azure (§ 274), by fusion with a follow-
ing y sound, when it is preceded by a vowel in an accented syllable ; as in vl'gion,
decl'gion, ad-ke'glon, sua'glon, ex-plo'gion, con-fu'gion, pleag'ure, lel'-
gure, vig'u-al, u'gu-ry, etc. ; also in scig'gion, ab-scig'sion, re-Bcig'glon.
SH.
§261. This digraph, — as in sharp, sklne, rash, usher, — represents a surd
sibilant (§ 203) made between tongue and palate at a place farther back than the e.
It is commonly reckoned as a simple element. But the description by Briicke seems
more accurate, which makes it to be a composite element, consisting of an s sound
madu at the point or front edge of the tongue and, as simultaneous therewith, a
breath sound made farther back, and like the German ck in ick. The s part of the
articulation must, however, be more open than for an ordinary s. The ak in English
takes also more commonly a slightly diphthongal character, with the s constituent
more prominent in the initial and the simple breath sound in the terminal portion.
The sound is otherwise represented by c or s with or before e or i, and by t or so
with or before i (§§ 97, 106) ; by s, sometimes, before u (§§ 134, 135, 259) ; as in-
volved in the x in anxious, luxury, etc. ; by ck in chaise, etc. ; by ckH in
fuchsia ; and by sck in sckorl, sckottiscke, from the German.
T.
§ 262. This is the dental surd mute (§§ 178, 185) ; as ra tie. It, note, try,
tune, twine, stay, stray, art, last, apt, sent, aft, act, salt, next, at-
tend, etc. For the sound of t in different situations, see Sued Muxes, §§ 185-194.
For tl sounded as sk in nation, etc., and as ck in question, see § 106.
The sound is represented by bt, ct, tk, ckt, gkt, phth ; as in doubt, indict,
thyme, yacht, night, phthisic, etc. ; also by the verb inflection -ed after
surd elements other than t (§§ 96, 229). The t is silenlt in Matthew, mortgage,
hautboy, chasten, hasten, often, listen, etc. ; but in ckasten, etc., it
causes an abrupt beginning of the u (§ 158).
I
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixxi
TH.
§ 263. This digraph is used to represent two Ungua-dental fricative sounds
(§§ 178, 179, 198, 199) : a surd and a sonant ; both made with tlie same artic'^ative
position : — the surd, as in thin, thing, thrive, enthusiasm, breath, length,
birth, width, etc. ; the sonant, marked Iti, tli, as in tlie, tills, tliy, tlieu,
vrlth, breatlie, bathe, fatlier, nortliern, etc.
§ 264. In the following nouns, as exceptional cases, the th is surd in the singular
and sonant in the plural : — bath, cloth, lath, nioutli, oath, path, wreath,
moth ; pi. bathg, clottig, etc. Verb and noun forms differ : — the verb sonant,
the noun surd; as, breathe, breath; 'wreatlie, wreath; batlte, bath;
mouth, mouth.
Th has the sound of t in thyme, Thomas, Thames, Esther ; and, with
ph, in phthisic ; it is commonly silent in isthmus and asthma.
§ 265. This is a labio-dental fricative element (§§ 178, 199), the sonant correla-
tive of the surd f ; as in -vain, vivid, ever, live, lived, move, moves,
calves, wolvej, etc. The sound is taken by i in ot (,§ 230) ; but in pronouncing
its compounds, hereof, etc., usage is divided between v and f.
The sound can well enough be produced by the lips alone, and is quite commonly
given in this way by Germans, as it is so in their language, represented by w.
•w
§ 266. This is a labial sonant fricative (§§ 178, 199) ; as in we, wet, worse.
Inward, dwarf, twelve, t'win, swan, thwart, etc. When not silent, w is
always follow ed by a vowel in tlie same syllable. It is sometimes represented by u
before another vowel : as in quail, query, acquire, language, persuade,
etc. Preceded by s, the >v may be regarded as forming, in conjunction with tlie
following vowel, an impure diphthong (§ 19 6) ; as in swan, persuade ; but, pre-
ceded by a t, d, k, or hard g or an h sound, it forms, in conjunction with the con-
sonant, a compound, or diphthongal, element (§§ 212, 213).
§ 267. W is called a semivowel (§ 205) from itscloae relation to the vowel do (f cfbd,
§ 12G) or ob (fdbt, § 128). It always actually begins with a brief ob or ri<> sound.
The position of the organs is tlie same for both the vowel and the consonant ; the
tense condition for the vowel making the chief difference, — as may be tested in the
words woo, woe, war. As for oo or db, so for w, there is not only a contraction
of the lips, but there is also a constriction between the back tongue and the soft
\ palate, which is as essential for the consonant as it is for the vowel. So that w is a
guttural as well as a labial consonant. In this respect, as well as in the brief
vowel initial, it differs from the English v and from the German w. It also differs
from them and agrees with the vowel oo or db, in being made with some protrusion
of the lips ; so that the vocal current is driven through a short tube, instead of im-
pinging upon sharp edges.
§ 268. After a vowel in the same syllable, the w as a consonant is silent ; but,
after long o as in glow, thrown, it may be regarded as in some sort representa-
tive of the vanish of that vowel (§ 109). In some cases it has more significance ; as
in Awe, law (§ 70) ; the digraph e>v is the equivalent of loug u (§ 131) ; as in dew,
tew, etc. ; and ow, of ou ; as in cow, town (§ 129). W is silent before r in the
fame syllable ; as in wring, >vrote, etc. ; also in answer, sword, toward,
two, and in who, witom, whoop, etc. For the diphthongal consonant wh in
when, etc., see § 212.
X.
§ 269. This letter has two sounds : a surd (ks) and a sonant (gz).
§270. (1.) The surd, — as in box, wax, execute, exit, exodus, exuda-
tion, exclaim, extreme, excel, excellent, exhibition, exhortation,
ate, — is to be regarded as a diplitlionpal consonant; — see §217. X, as preceding
an accented syllable (§ 271), io exceptionally surd (ks) in al'lox-an'ic, aux-et'ic,
ax-il'la, ax-in'o-inan-cy, ex-ar'<'liate, ex-er'ceiit, ex-ude', h«-x-am'e-
ter, ox-al'ic, and a few other words. In words such as anxious, noxious,
lu.xury, the s component of the x becomes sh by fusion with a following y
sound. — See §§ 106, 135, 259.
§ 271. (2.) X is, with few exceptions (§ 270), sonant (gz) when followed by an
accented syllable that begins with a vowel, or by a silent li and a vowel under the
accent; as in exist, exalt, exagserate, example, exempt, exert, exotic,
exult, exliaust, exliiliit, exliort, exliilarate, etc.; and the derivatives of
such words often retain the sound with the x falling under the accent ; as in ex'em-
plu-ry, ex'emp-ti'tious, etc.
At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z ; as in xanthlc, xebec, xylog-
raphy. It retains this sound in certain compounds, as in par'a-xan'thin,
met'a,-xy'lene, etc.
§ 272. V, as a consonant. Is a palatal sonant fricative element (§§ 179, 199) ; as
in year, you, jouiig, beyond, vineyard, halyard, etc. It is classed with
w as a semivowel (§ 205). The letter y originally represented a vowel sound of
the mixed order, and nearly related to e (eve) or i (HI) ; it had this sound in the
Anglo-Saxon. As commonly and properly pronounced in modern English, it begins
with a brief sound of one or the other of these vowels. It is an uncouth style of
utterance that omits this initial sound. In many words this consonant is descended
from an Anglo-Saxon g liiird ; in others, from a vowel. In certain cases the sound
is represented by an i from which it has been developed ; as in poniard, onion,
genial, familiar, etc. (§ 106) ; and in like manner by e (§ 97) ; and it forms a
part of the vowel ii (use) ; — see § 19 b. The place of articulation for this conso-
nant extends further back than does the place of constriction for the vowel e (eve),
involving the soft palate, as the place for e does -lot.
Y, as a consonant, occurs only at the beginning of a syllable : at the end or in the
middle, it is a vowel ; as in my, hapi)y, eye. It is used in this Dictionary in giving
the pronunciation of some foreign words, as ftord, lorgnette, camarilla, etc. ;
and, in such case, is not restricted to the beginning of a syllable.
Z.
§ 273. The ordinary z is a sonant fricative (§ 199), and is ranted as a sibilant
(§§ 202, 203) ; as in zeal, zone, maze, size, amazed, frozen, hazy, dizzy,
sizar, buzz, etc. ; the sound is often represented by s ; as in easy, his, ears, etc.
(§257); sometimes bye; as in suffice, etc. (§ 221). It is the sonant correlative
of the surd s (§ 256). The sound is not compound, except that, when final in a syl-
lable and not followed immediately by a vowel or othei sonant element, it takes a
vanish of a surd s sound.
§ 274. In some words, z takes a sound (zh) which is the sonant correlative of
the surd sh ; as in azure, seizure, grazier ; developed by fusion of a proper z
with a following y sound (§§ 106, 135 ; cf. § 2C0). The sound is represented by si
in fusion, etc. ; by ti, exceptionally, in transition (cf. insifion; §277); and
by g in rouge, manege, mirage, and other words from the French.
§275. SYLLABICATION.
(A.) A Syllable — in the etymological signification of the word, a holding to-
gether— consists usually of two or more speech elements following in succession
and combined together into a unity made by the singleness of the impulse exerted in
their utterance. The singleness of the impulse being the essential thing, one element
alone, such as can be sounded by itself, will suffice ; as, I, eye, ah, oh, i-o-ta. The
impulse proceeds from, or consists in, the action of the respiratory muscles in expel-
ling the breath, in concert with the muscular action in other organs that is required
for the production of 70cal tone or of articulative quality, — all conspiring together
in the making of the syllable. It is the singleness of the muscular effort that makes
the unity of the syllable, even though the outflow of breath be interrupted and the
continuity of the sound he broken by a brief interval of silence ; as it is in spry,
•tay, sky, apse, apt, its, ax, act.
Two consecutive syllables in a word or phrase are made with two separate impulses. |
They are not, however, ordinarily separated by a " rest " consisting of an absolute
pause. Instead of this, we commonly have simply a remission, or weakening, a relax-
ation, of the stress at the end of the first syllable, succeeded by a fresh impulse for
the one that follows. The diphthong i (Ice, 19 a) is uttered with a single impulse
from beginning to end. In the word na-'ive, exactly the same organic positions are
taken, and in the same order, as in the i diphthong, — in the way the latter is very
commonly pronounced. The difference between the a-i in nS.-i'v'e, or na-ii, and
the i in knife, consists wholly in the different distribution of stress, and jf quan-
tity, among the different parts of the sound. It is the remission of stress in the
middle of the vowel portion of the word, that makes the two syllables in na-ive.
The essential difference between the single e sound, in the monosyllable reel, and
the e repeated in two syllables in the word re-e-lect is the remission of stress in
the latter case, with nothing of the kind in the former.
There is, indeed, another way in which we may conceive the separation between
two consecutive syllables to be marked. If one syllable be strongly and the other
weakly accented, the abrupt change from weak to strong, or strong to weak, as the
case may be, would seem to be suflicient for the purpose. Yet it may be doubted
whether this means is made actually to serve independently of the other as above
explained.
Every one of what we call unaccented syllables receives a separate though compar-
atively weak impulse ; and this even when two or more such syllables occur in suc-
cession; aB in trav'el-er, va'ri-a-ble, va'ri-a-ble-ness. The separation, in
such case, is evidently made by remission of strese between the syliables.
Vowels are naturally bearers of stress. Hence it is that a vowel, or a diphthong,
forms as a rule the core of a syllable, flanked by consonants on one or both sides,
when the vowel does not make the whole by itself. — See § 151.
Partition of Elements. It is to be premised that every speech element of
the kind commonly represented by single characters, — sometimes by digraphs, — has
a beginning, a middle, and an end ; the three parts differing from each other more or
less in quality, — though the difference is more clearly marked in some cases than in
others. When one of the mutes, p, t, k, or b, d, hard g, comes after another ele-
ment, the organs close upon each other, remain closed for an instant, usually open
again, and do so of necessity if another sound immediately follows ; and each of these
stages makes its particular impression on the hearer ; — see § 185. Every speech
element takes on a glide to or from others vrith which it happens to be associated in
a syllable, word, or phrase ; and may thus present a beginning, middle, and end.
The syllabic division may sometimes fall between such portions of an element, or
upon one of them. Also, one or another of such parts will be brought out more or
less prominently "according to the situation it has in the syllable or the word.
Loose Junction ; Close Junction. When the syllabic division comes, by
remission of stress, between two alphabetic elements, they may conveniently be
spoken of as in loose junction, as opposed to the close Junction by which the ele-
ments in a syllable are united. Thus we have loose junction in ta-per, ac-tive,
ac-rid, sap-ling, ob-lique, es-teem; and close junction in tape, act, cry,
play, blow, steam. Loose junction is one ground of syllabic division.
Medial Remission. The remission of stress sometimes falls on the middle part
of a consonant, or somewhere within it ; the consonant in such case making, —
whether orthographically doubled or represented by a single letter, — close junction
with vowels or other elements on each side; as in at-(t)om, cop-(p)y, cit-(t)y,
dit-ty, ut-ter. anat-(t)omy, at-tack, op-press, ap-ply, af-front, im-
mense, im-(m)ag-(g)ine, er-ror, hol-ly, mel-(l)on, Iev-(v)el, etc. Medial
remission occurs in the case of vowels or diphthongs but rarely ; as in o-olite. Bo
otes, re-elect, dy-ing, moi-ety, and in word combinations such as go over, b<i
even, may aim, draw all, etc. The remission of stress within an element thu»
gives another ground of syllabic division.
Weak Junction. If two syllables, divided as above by remission of stresi
within a consonant, are unequally accented, the greater prominence will ordinarily
fall to that part of the consonant that is on the stronger side, and the less to that on
the weaker ; thus making on that side what may be called a weak junction ; as in
Ixxli
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
at'om, a^tone', etc. The division, in writing and print, will be determined accord-
ingly, when the letter iu question is not doubled. The prominence does, however,
BOmetimeB not fall to that part of the consonant which is on the stronger side, especially
in the case of initial syllables ; as iu im-ag'ine, en-a'ble, up-on', un-ea'sy.
A scrupulous discrimination and drawing of the line between weak junction and
loose junction is not in all cases practically necessary.
In the case of consecutive unaccented syllables with a consonant between the vowels,
it is often almost a matter of indifference, so far as concerns the pronunciation in
ordinary speech, whether the consonant sound be regarded as attached more closely
or prominently to the preceding or to the following syllable; as in nom'l-iial,
def'i-nite, fel'6-ny, phau'ta-sy, sec'u-lar, ad'ju-tant, wag'on-er. All
depends on very slight differences in the distribution of the stress.
The SOUND of an alphabetic element will be DETERMINED to a considerable ex-
tent by the relation it has to the other parts of the syllable in which it stands and to
another syllable adjoining. A close junction of two elements tends to bring into
prominence the adjacent parts of each, the end of one and the beginning of the other :
a loose or a weak junction either reduces those parts to slight prominence or causes
an absolute mutilation on one or on both sides of the junction. Thus the close junc-
tion between 1 and p in help brings out strongly enough the initial part of the p ;
while in Gil-pin th3 loose junction causes the same part to drop out, leaving only
the terminal portion in close junction with the following part of the syllable. In
at'om we have the first part of a t brought into prominence, and the last part iu
a-tone'. The vanish of the vowels a (ale), o (old), and of the diphthong i (ice),
is apt to come out more distinctly in the close junction with a following element,
— as in tape, liate, mole, rife, — than in the loose junction, — as iu ta-per,
ba-tred, mo-lar, ri-ile. The condition of syllables in loose junction is iu some
ways an approach to the condition of separate words. The u in loose junction with
the preceding 1 in val-ue, val-uatioii, etc., gives clearly the y sound which u has
at the begimiing of a word, as iu use, luilon, etc. ; and yet loses the brief initial
element that is retained in the close junction of u with 1, in lucid, lute, etc. ; —
see § 134.
The ORTHOGRAPHIC DOUBLING of a consonant that makes a part of two adjoin-
ing syllables is apt to have an effect upon the pronunciation in quite deliberate speech,
even when, in the ordinary manner of utterance, no difference will be made from
cases in which the consonant is written single ; as in ditty, scatter, compared with
city, atom. The consonant is therefore in such case repeated in the respelling for
pronunciation.
(B.) The Nature and Kind of the Vowels which form the core of the
syllables composing a word is the leading factor in determining the syllabic division of
the word. It is this on which depends the kiud of junction a vowel makes with the
consonant that immediately follows between it and the vowel of the next following
syllable ; and it is this wliich, in so doing, goes far to determine the main questions
that arise concerning syllabic division made on the basis of pronunciation.
Long Vowels. Any one of the "regular long" (§ 22) vowels, a, e, i, 5, ii,
besides a (arm) and ^ (all) and the diphthongs oi, ou, — when followed by
one or more consonants between it and the vowel of the next following syllable, —
makes naturally a loose junction with the adjoining consonant ; as in ta-per, ha-
tred, fii-ther, drii-ma, poi-son. He-brew, w^-ter, au-thor, o-men, so-
lar, cov-slip, co-bra, tii-mor, etc. But this is impossible when we have two
or more consonants not capable of beginning the following syllable ; as in por-ter,
an-gel, cam-brlc, far-ther, rnoun-tain. It is also quite unnatural, if not
impossible, in the case of n, 1, or v, followed by i with a y sound (§ lOG); as in
alien, gen-ius, iin-ion, f ol-io, cornel-ian, behav-ior, etc. Again, with st
a loose junction is not natural; as in has-ty, Eas-ter, pas-try, aus-tral. The
long vowels as modified and shortened in unaccented syllables (and marked S, e, t,
<S, fl) always make loose junction in the situation in question ; aa in miscellA-ny,
re-treat, so-cle-ty, £elo-ny, po-Iitical, etc.
Short Vowels. All the " regular short " (§ 23) vowels, a, 6, i, 6, u, besides
a (ask) and u (full), or oo (ftfbt), when accented, make the division come after
a following consonant ; as, h^b'it, ha-bit'u-al, propli'et, pro-phfit'ic, liv'id,
6p'id6m'ic, sub'urb, tab'let, sac'rament, ves'tige, pet'rify, jas'per,
lis'ten, mus'ket, cSp'per, etc. Also, —except i, u, or rib, and a, as explained
below, — they all do the same when unaccented; as, St-tacU', ex-act', sys'tem-
at'ic, mis'cgl-la-ny, con-nect', rec'ol-lect', sus-tain', siib-orn', etc. But
a different division is to be made when the consonant with the following vowel has
the sound of sh or zh or j ; as ra'tiou-al, spg'cial, dis-crg'tion, of-fi'cial,
con-di'tion, vi'sion, re-li'gion, etc.
Unaccented vowels which may make loose junction with a following consonant
are the two, i and ii, or ob, or ft as including the rib sound, — which are the
wide and short high vowels at the extremes of the front and the back series in
the vowel scale (see Diagram, p. xxxiv.) ; as in aml-ty, presl-dent, visl-ble,
rii-gose', fru-gal'ity, su-pe'rior, tft-to'rial, mu-nif'i-cent, Mal'i-bran,
cen'ti-grade, ped'i-gree, di-plo'ma, etc. ; and a third, a, which is at the other
and comjnon extreme of the two series ; as in di'a-dem, a-board', a-broad'.
dis'a-gree', etc. ; the neutral vowel also, when in rapid tspeech the others fall into
it (§ 17). They all usually make the loose junction wneu the consonant or consonants
are capable of beginning the following syllable. But sometimes, in initial syllables,
the i takes so much stress as to throw the division over to the other side ; as in im-
ag'ine, dis-ease'. Also, i attracts and detaches s from a following consonant ; as
in min'is-ter, con'sis-to'ri-al, mag'is-trate, etc. The obscure e (§§ 90, 91)
and a (§ 69) take with them the following 1, m, or n, etc. ; as in nov'el-ist, mac-
ad'am-ize, al'ien-ate, rav'cn-ous, etc. The a, S, t, o, fl, are noticed above
in the paragraph under the head of Long Vowels.
The vowels that are always followed by r, namely, & (cftre), e (fgrn), or f (sir)
8 (evSr), 6 (orb), and ft (flrn), are always in close junction with that consonant,
whether accented or unaccented ; as iu p&r'ent, ser'vant, sev'Sr-al, ■vir'tue,
or'dSr, mftr'mur, etc.
Two OR MORE Consonants together. Certain successions of elements-
can not, iu English speech at least, be employed without intervening remission of
stress. When two or more consonants come between vowels, four different cases
arise : —
1. The consonants may be capable of combining with a following but not with a
preceding vowel ; and thus of beginning but not of ending a syllable. In this case,
if the preceding vowel is_of a kind that favors loose junction, the division will come
upon the vowel ; as hi A'pril, ha'tred, sa'cred, pre-scribe', Mal'i-bran,
a-broad', sd-preme', etc. If the vowel requires close junction, the division can
come only between consonants ; as iu CSp'ri-corn, p6t'ri-fy, mad'ri-gal, min-
is-try, etc. ; since it can not come on the following vowel.
2. The consonants may be capable of combining with a preceding but not with a
following vowel ; and thus of ending but not of beginning a syllable. The division
cannot thus come on the preceding vowel, and comes more naturally between conso-
nants ; as in vSr'dure, sur-r6n'der, an'gel, 6n-dure', etc. ; but, out of re-
gard to etymological structure, may be allowed to come on the following vowel ; as
iu hold-ing, build-er, etc.
3. The consonants may be capable of either beginning or ending a syllable ; and
thus the division may take now one, and now another, ot Ihe three possible positions ;
as in be-sto-iv, de-spair, mas-ter, dis-pense, rasp-ing, ask-ing, has-ty,
hast-ing, boast-ing.
4. The consonants may not together combine with a vowel so as to be able either
to begin or to end a syllable ; and the division must of necessity come somewhere
between consonants ; as in biit-ler, first-ling, c&n-strain, hol-ster, Wll'-
ming-ton, Ciini'bridge, etc.
Etv.mological Ground of Division. The pronunciation of words is often
influenced by a regard to the etymological structure ; and thus the syllabic division
will to a certain extent be determined by etymology, though based upon pronuncia-
tion, — the principles above explained allowing a certain liberty of variation. What
would othenvise more naturally — when the case is not really one of indifference —
be a loose junction, may be converted, by an altered distribution of the stress, into
one that is close ; and likewise the reverse. Thus, what would more naturally be
ma-ker, spea-ker, Lioe-ping, vlsi-ter, swee-ter, vv^n-tiiig, -wor-Uer,
mel-ting. triis-ty, har-per, is readily and properly changed to mak-er, speak-
er, keep-ing, visit-er, sweet-er, wqnt-ing, ^v6rk-er, m£lt-ing, triist-y,
harp-er, etc. Thus, instead of tran-smit, tran-sact, we have trans-mit,
trans-act. Vowel sound itself will sometimes be modified with reference to the
etymology.
Prefixes and suffixes which are such beyond question, and are universally and ob-
viously recognizable, may properly be kept separate and entire. But this principle
may better be restricted to derivatives in which the spelling and the pronunciation
(with the accentuation) remain as they were in the original words ; as is not tlie case
in ab'sti-nence, from ab-gtain' ; prgsl-dfint, from pre-side' ; iu'ci-d6n'-
tal, from in'ci-d§ut ; tri-flra'phant, from tri'umph ; im'pu-ta'tioii, from
im-pute'; cau-sai'i-ty, from cause ; proc'la-ma'tion, from pro-claim',
etc. ; and further, to those cases in which the meaning of the original is carried fully
and plainly into the derivative, without deviation by specialization or otherwise ; as ie
not the case in trus-tee, from trust ; even-tual, from event ; trea-tise, from
treat ; respec-tive, from respect, etc. In the cases in which a suffix is preceded
by a long vowel under merely secondary stress, the more natural way of pronuncia-
tion is followed, in this Dictionary, in disregard jf the etymology ; as in e-man'ci-
pa' tor, or'gan-i'zer, a-cid'u-la'ted, an'te-da'ted ; while the etymology is
followed in the case of a long vowel, so situated and under a primary accent ; as in
hat'er, bap-tiz'er, dat'ed, con'tra-ven'ing, etc. See the Rules (§ 276).
Since the intent and purpose of written words is to represent speech, there is really
no good reason for allowing etymology to control syllabic division, in ordinary writ-
ing and print, in pay other way than indirectly through its influence on the custom-
ary pronunciation. The chief occasion for such division is the break that is often re-
quired between lines. There are those, in England more than in this country, who
divide according to etymology, in despite of pronunciation ; but the prevailing cus-
tom is to follow the etymological division only so far as it may not absolutely con-
flict with that which fairly represents pronunciation.
§276. RULES FOR THE SYLLABIC DIVISION OF WORDS IN WRITING OR PRINT.
5^=' The aim of this set of Rules is to furnish a sufficient practical giiide for
ordinary use.
Rule I. The members of a compound word, which are themselves English words
with meanings recognized in the compound, are separated in syllabication ; as, foot-
stool, mill-stone, way-faring.
Rule n. Two or more letters, when they represent a diphthong (oi in oil, ou in
out, etc.), or form a digraph or trigraph, whether vowel ( ai = a, S, etc., ea =: e,
a, 3, a, e, e. etc., eau = o, u, etc.) or consonant (ph =: f, gh = f, k, etc., th in
thin or this, sh in ash, gn in sign, ng in sing, ss in peeress-es, so in
science, sch in schist, ck in sick, etc.), are not to be separated, but are to be
treated as if they were single vowel or consonant letters ; and this is to be under-
stood when " vowel "or " consonant " is mentioned in the following Rules.
Exceptions. In pas-sion, Hes-sian, expres-sion, mis-sion, pres-
sure, fls-sure, is-sue, etc. (see Rule IV., A, 2 & 3), the double s is divided,
by Eule VOL ; while in the pronunciation (p&sh'un, etc.) the single sh — wliich
wholly or partially represents three letters (§ 259) — is put together in the place
of the first s. — For sic-kle, etc., see Rule IX.
Rule TTT. Two vowels coming together and sounded separately belong to separate
syllables; as, a-orta, a-eri-al, sci-ence, curi-osity, o-olite, ortho-epy,
aye-aye, moi-ety, cow-ard, abey-ance, joy-ous, buoy-ant.
Rule rV. A. Certain consonants are not to END a syllatie : —
1. C soft and g soft, as -wa-ger, ra-ging, enti-^lng, eviden-^ingi Intel
li-gen-^er, rava^ger, exe-gete, exi-gency, eulo-gize, delu-ging, oran-
gery ; except as coming without another consonant next after a short accented
vowel, or in the digraph dg = j, as capa^'ity, mag'ic, rgg'iment, pre9'ipice,
rg^'itation, rusti^'ity, dig'it, log'ic, jild^ment, acknowl6dg-ing,
exag'gerate, ag'gerose'.
2. A consonant (t, s, z, 9, sc, g, d), which wholly or partially absorbs a fol-
lowing i or e, and thus takes on or has the sound of sh or zh or ch or j ; as,
con-dition, na-tional, ra-tlonal, spS-^ial, vi-f ious, gra-f ions, o-(eaa«
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixxiii
oSn-aclence ; gla-zler. vT-slon, eva-slon, transi-tloii ; qu£s-tion, ad-
mixtioit ; reli-^oii, pi-geon, coiita-gious, sol-dier.
Exceptions. Rlglit-eous and its derivatives (aee Rule VI., Exc. 4). — For
flux-ioii, etc., see Rule IV., B. — For oiniiis-^ient, of. effi-^ient, as^lti-
tlous, etc., and see Rules VII., VIII., Note. —For pas-Slou, etc., see Rules
n., Exc, and VIII., Note.
3. A consonant (s, z, t, d), which is modified by a following u towards or into
sli, zli, cli or j; as, cen-sure, seii-sual, commis-sure, In-sure, pres-
sure (see Rule II., Exc); era-sure, conipo-sure, sel-zure ; na-ture, fea-
ture, fu-ture, ves-ture, depar-ture, pas-ture, iiur-ture, Intellec-tual,
tumul-tuous ; proce-dure, ver-dure. But this modified consouaut is joined
to the preceding short vowel or vowel digraph, when this is accented and no conso-
aant intervenes ; as, az'ure, plSas'iire, trfias'ure, cas'ual ; nSt'ural, per-
pet'ual, Iiabit'ual, congritt'ulate ; fid'ucate, iiOd'uIe, scUed'ule. In
general, this Rule does not give way to Rule V. in respect to etymology.
ExcEPTIorrs. Fraud-ulence, spirit-ual, etc. See Rule V., 1.
B. Certain consonants are NOT to begin a syllable : —
1. X, with its proper sound = ks or gz ; as, anx-ious, ex-amlne, vex-a-
tion, compIex-lon, cruclAx-ioii, flux-ioii.
2. R preceded by fl, (or an equivalent) ; as, p&r-ent, be&r-er, f iVlr-est : or by
S (or an equivalent) ; as, arer-age, geuSr-al, tlmor-ous, liquor-ice.
3. A single 1 or ii or v followed by 1 with the sound of consonant y ; as, f ol-io,
5I-ieii, pecul-iar, carnel-ian, gen-ius, un-ion, oonveu-ieiit, sav-ior,
behav-ior ; -vS-l-iaut, Spiln-iard, bil-ious, pavil-ion, min-ion, 6n-ion. ^
JFor rebel-lion, pftn-nler, ruf-llan, etc., see Rule VIU.
Rule V. Prefixes and suffixes are, in certain cases, to be separated from the body
of the word, without regard to the general rules VI., VII., \1II. The cases are : —
X, When the separation will not misrepresent the pronunciation ; as, S'lveet-isli,
sweet-er, s>veet-en, s^veet-en-ing, counter-act, trans-act, lead-er,
Iioard-lng, relent-ing, visit-ing, punisli-er, district-ed, coiitrovert-
e«l, lieart-y, lieart-i-Iy, >vasp-lsli, eat-able. When tlie syllable affixed causes
a doul)liug of the final consonant of the stem, the added consonant goes with the
added syllable ; as, glad-den, rob-ber, allot-ted, begin-ning, confer-ree,
confer-rable, prefer-riug.
2. When the aufflx displaces a final e silent of the stem ; as, mak'er, wav'ing,
Iiat'ing, desir'ing, promot'er, overrui'lug, overrat'ed, baptiz'ing.
LnuTATiONS. — This second case applies especially to the inflections of nouns and
verbs having the primary accent on the last syllable of the stem, and to known de-
rivatives in er, est, Isll, and the like, from English words of this accentuation, and
thus does not include jjros'tra-ted, a'era'ted, an'teda'ted, eman'cipa'ted,
ex'erci'sing, com'pronii'ser, deo'dori'zer, Is'raeli'tisli, an'tido'tal,
and the like, which have a long — or modified long — vowel in the penult and fol-
low Rule VI. The Rule, as a whole, while it applies to the recognized derivatives of
many words besides those of primary accent at the end, — as to Tls'it-ing, etc., —
which are in little danger of being mispronounced, does not apply to any of these
which differ from their English originals in spelling (as ab'sti-nence from ab-
stain'), or in accentuation (as pres'i-dent from pre-side', in'ci-den'tal from
In'ci-dent, tri-um'pliant from tri'umph, ini'pu-ta'tion from im-pute",
for-maVity from form), or in special meaning (as trus-tee' from trust, re-
spec'tive from re-spect', \'«r'bal from verb, soi'vent from solve), etc.
3. Double suffixes may be separated ; as, logical-ly, magic-al, spheric-al,
tlieologic-al, mytliologic-al, lieatlien-isli-ly ; but when they come under
the above limitations, the syllabic division must be determined by the general Rules
(VL, vn., etc.). Thus we have ma-ni'a-cal (cf. ma'ni-ac), Alid'i-an-i'tisli
(from Mid'i-an-ite), Is'ra-el-i'tish. (from Is'ra-el-ite), etc
Rule VI. When a single consonant (or digraph or trigraph ; Rule n.) comes be-
tween two sounded vowels (or equivalents; Rule II.), it naturally joins the following
vowel ; as in fa-tlier, fa-vor, ^va-ter, rea-son, poi-soii, beau-ti-f ul, pro-
lii-bi-tion (Rule IV.), invali-date, provi-dence, seiia-tor, senato-rial,
fe-lo-nious, felo-ny, nonii-nal, no-ti-fy, no-ti-fi-ca-tion, ro-ta-to-ry,
pla-giiy, pla-gui-ly, ro-guisli.
Exception 1. Wlien the preceding vowel is short and under an accent; as,
hab'it, Iiabit'ual, propli'et, propliet'ic, liv'id, livid'ity, acad'e-
my, ac'adem'ic, admon'ish, bos'om, wom'an, pun'isli. — For vi'-
sion, vai'iant, etc., see Rule IV., A* 2, and B, 3.
Exception 2. In a prefix or an initial syllable, a short vowel though unac-
cented may take the following consonant; as, im-agine, Sb-actor, con-
acre, in-augurate, en-amor, dis-arm, mis-anthropy, siib-astral.
Exception 3. The unaccented vowel ii or an equivalent, and sometimes one of
the other short or obscure vowels (e, i, o, a, e) especially in an unaccented root
syllable, may take the following consonant ; as, vision-ary (Rule V., 1), cus-
tom-ary, symptom-atology, system-atic, musket-eer, visit-ation,
circuit-eer, Blennon-ite, woman-isli, macadam-ize, novel-ist.
Mxception i. A long vowel may take the following consonant according to
Rules IV., V. ; as, al-ien, mak-er, etc.
Rule vn. When two or more consonants, capable of beginning a syllable, oome
between two sounded vowels, —
A. All may be joined to the following vowel (see B below) : —
1. When the preceding vowel is long and accented, or is capable of ending an
unaccented syllable (§ 275 B) ; as, ena'bling, He'brovif, r^'brlc, cy'clone,
sa'cred, S'dler, hy'dra, tri'fler, bu'gler, e'grress, peo'ple, A'prll, pre'-
script, Iia'tred, neu'tral, inte-gral, terri-bly.
2. When the following vowel is in an accented syllable ; as, o-blige', vl-bra'-
tion, cy-clop'ic, So-crat'ic, a-cliro'matism, a-cros'tic, hy-drau'llc, re-
flect', ro-frain', ana-glypli'ic, emi-gra'tion, re-ple'tion, e-qua'tlon
[-kwa-], i-gua'nodon [-gwd-], re-proof, de-scrip'tlou, re-spect', ro-
splen'dent, be-stride', be-stovi''al, be-twixt'.
B. One of them may be joined to the preceding vowel : —
1. When this vowel is short ; as, tab-let, ag-let, as-tlienic, aph-logis-
tic, Af-rican, 6q-uity [-kw-], liq-uid, fiis-cation, jas-per, as-tral, vgs-
tlge, ds-teem, aucCs-try, illus-tration, regis-tration, prOs-tration,
ob-Iation, 6b-Iigation, n6c-roIogicaI, proc-lamation, a.cli-romatic,
xnCd-ley, at-las, Pat-riek, res-cue, bis-cuit, miis-ket, dfis-man, des-
potism, 6s-pe<'ial, ab-rupt, sac-rament, pCt-rify, Is-Iamism, omnis-
cient. ^For gp^-^ial, vi-sioii, etc., see Rule IV., A. — For trou-ble, doti-ble,
etc., see Rule IX. — For bagn-io, seragl-io, etc., see Rule X.
2. When the consonants are st, str, or sp, especially if the preceding or follow-
ing syllable is under an accent ; as, mas'ter, empais'tic, aus-tere', aus'tral,
Aus'trlan, Aus-tra'lian, Eas'ter, lias'ty, has'tily, pas'ty, pas' try, oys'-
ter, roys'ter, aus'cultation, aus-pi'cious, tlieopneus'tic, acous'tics,
I.aucas-te'rian.
0. Combinations like st, which are capable of ending as well as of beginning a
syllable, may be joined etymologically to the PRECEDING vowel, according to Rule
V. ; as, Iiast-ed, wast-ing, east-erii, vvest-ei-n, last-ed, coast-er, post-
age, wasp-isli, lisp-er, grasp-er, ask-er.
Rule VUI. When two or more consonants, not capable of beginning a syllable,
come between two sounded vowels, one or more, but not the whole of them, is
joined to the preceding vowel, whether this vowel be long or short; as, an-gel,
chan-ging, cam-bric, fer-tile, oc-tave, sym-bol, min-strel, mort-
gage, in-jury, com-punc-tion, coii-ver-sation, ar-chitec-ture, con-
vul-sive, con-temp-tible, in-ciden-tal, trium-pliant, dlpli-tliong,
for-mality.
Note. — This Rule is particularly exemplified when a consonant is doubled, as the
syllabic division is then usually made between these two letters ; as, bab-ble,
stab-bing (Rule V., 1), rob-ber, bed-ding, red-der, dlf-fer, ruf-fian,
cabal-ler, metal-lie, excel-ling, excel-lence, expel-Iable, mantil-la,
distil-lation, rebel-lion, mil-lion, medal-lion, hal-liard, bril-liant,
snrveil-lance, pan-nier, toan-ner, Am-monite, dap-per, bar-ren, bar-
ring, es-say, pas-siou, ses-siou, mls-sion, at-tack, at-tic, diz-zy. ^ Sse
Rule II., Exc.
Exception. This Rule gives way to Rule V., when the derivative retains the
spelling and accentuation and meaning of the root or the original word ; as,
bank'er, bound'ed, cart'er, com'pass-es, dress'es, add'ing, ebb'-
ing, distill'er, conscript'ing, conflict'ing, nortli'ern-Sr, tfimpt'ed,
tell'er, tell'iiig.
Rule IX. A. Words ending in le after a consonant other than 1 or r, and words
from the French ending in re after a consonant other than r, generally follow
Rules VII. and '\^II., the le or re being treated as a vowel followed by 1 or r ; but in
accordance with printers' usage, the le is not allowed to stand alone in the last sylla-
ble ; as a-ble, f ee-fole, sensi-ble, trou-ble, cir-cle, spec-kle, tic-kle, buc-
kle, grac-kle [or gra-kle], cod-die [or c6-dle], tri-tle, muf-fle, kin-die,
Iian-dle, an-gle, an-kle, min-gle, ap-ple, cou-ple, sup-pie, noz-zle [or
n5-sle], ti-tle, bat-tie, this-tle, star-tie, daz-zle ; sa-bre, fi-bre, a-cre,
massa-cre, lu-cre, mau-gre, sepul-clire, o-clire, elec-tre, spec-tre,
me-tre, mi-tre, cen-tre, accou-tre, lus-tre, li-vre.
B. Suffixes and inflections upon such words do not make separate syllables unless
they begin with a consonant ; as, a-bler, a-blest, trou-bled, trow-bling, tri-
fling, f ee-bly, etc. ; sa-bred, mi-tred, sa-bring, mi-tring, massa-crer,
etc. [cf. bat-tle-ment, i-dle-ness, sup-ple-ly, sa-ber-ing, mi-tered, etc].
Rule Z. Certain letters or combinations in foreign words, into which the sound
of consonant y enters, are properly kept together in the same syllable ; as, gl [= ly]
in seragl-io, imbro-glio, o-glio; gn [ny] in b&gn-io, co-gnac, etc.— For
11 (in English), see Rule VIII., Note.
Rule XI. In writing and printing no syllable is separable which does not include
a vowel. Thus chasm, hour, prism, James's, etc., are treated as mono-
syllables.
§277. SYNOPSIS OF WORDS DIFFERENTLY PRONOUNCED BY DIFFERENT
ORTHOEPISTS.
This Synopsis, originally prepared for the Octavo abridgment of Webster's Dic-
tionary in 1829, revised for the same m 1847, revised again and transferred to the
Unabridged Dictionary in 1864, has been again revised, and adapted to present condi-
tions in its selection of words and authorities and in its representation of the leading
pronunciations now current. The words are about the same in number (nearly 1350)
as in the edition of 1864 ; but many changes have been made in the list to increase its
interest and usefulness. Recent authorities have been substituted for some that were
formerly given. The aim of this Synopsis is not simply to gratify curiosity, but
mamly to give information about words — especially important words — whose pres-
ent pronunciation is a matter of doubt or controversy.
Of the dictionaries here cited, five — viz.. Walker's, Smart's, Stormonth's, the
Imperial, and the Encyclopaedic — are English, and two — Webster's and Worcester's
— are American. There are other orthoepists who are in good standing as authori-
ties ; but of those whose work is complete and ..vailable, these best represent the
modes of pronunciation which now obtain consideration. In the table the modes
of pronunciation given in the column under the caption Webster are those of this
edition of Webster's Dictionary. The best editions of the works of all the lexicog-
raphers cited have been used in the preparation of the list.
Jehn Walker, who was born in a parish of Middlesex, the metropolitan county of
England, possessed superior qualifications for editing a pronouncing dictionary. Is,
IXXIV
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
early life he was an actor, and familijirly acquainted with Garrick and other theatrical
celebrities who trod the stage at a time wlien it was universally considered the model
of correct speech. Subsequently, he established liimself as a teacher of elocution
In London, Oxford, and various provincial towns in England, as well as in Scotland
and Ireland ; and becoming highly distinguished in that capacity, was patronized
by many of the English nobility and gentry. In 1791, he published the first edition
of his " Critical Piououncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language."
This work, which embodied tlie results of much careful observation and long-
continued study of " the analogies of the language," became at once the popular
manual of pronunciation, and ran through many editions, both in England and Amer-
ica. And even now, after the lapse of more than fourscore years since the issue of
the last of the four editions revised by Walker himself, though custom has much
changed in regard to many words, and though more recent and very meritorious
works have taken its place, Walker's opinion and authority are too important to jus-
tify us in rejecting them altogether. Xlie edition cited in this Synopsis, under the name
of Walker, is the stereotype edition published in London in 1809 under the editorship
of Mr. John Murdoch, who had long been intimately acquainted botli with Walker
personally and mth his system, and was recommended for tliis special work by
Walker himself a considerable time before the decease of the latter in 1807.
For many years the proprietors of Walker's Dictionary held the English market
aecurely ; and in 1836 they issued, under the title of " Walked Remodelled," and
afterwards " W.ilker's Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language adapted to
the Present State of Literature and Science," an excellent and elaborate Pro-
nouncing Dictionary by -B. H. Smart, who, in an " epitomized " edition published in
1840, says of himself, "I pretend to reflect the oral usage of English such as it is at
present among the sensible and well-educated in the British metropolis ; and I am
now to state what my opportunities have been of learning that usage. I am a Lon-
doner, the son of a Londoner, and have hved nearly all my life in London. My early
days were spent in preparing for a literary profession ; and a ' Practical Grammar of
English Pronunciation,' which I published thirty years ago, is an evidence of the
length of time during which my attention has been fixed on the subject in view. It
has been said that the example of pronunciation sliould be taken not exclusively from
those who move only in the highest circles, nor yet from those who devote all their
time to le,arning. I have been able to observe the usage of all classes. As a teacher
of the English language and literature, I have been admitted into some of the first
families in the kingdom ; as one partial to books, I have come much into contact with
bookish men ; while, as a public reader and lecturer, I have been obliged to fashion
my own pronunciation to the taste of the day. Thus prepared, I may not unwarrant-
ably believe that my opinion may have some value with those who seek tlie opinion
of another to regulate their pronunciation." In this Sj-nopeis, the eighth edition of
the above-mentioned Dictionary, issued in 1874, with a Supplement, etc., is quoted
under the name of Smart.
The Pronouncing Dictionaries of Dr. Joseph E. Worcester give evidence of long-
continued and conscientious attention to the subject of pronunciation. His quarto
edition of 1859, with its Supplement issued in 1882, is here quoted under the name
of Worcester.
The Dictionary of Rev. James Stormonih is one of the three new dictionaries cited
in the Synopsis. Mr. Stormonth himself was a Scotchman, and died in 1882 ; but
the pronunciation of his dictionary has besn edited by Rev. P/iilip Henry Phelp, who
received his degrees of B. A. and M. A. at St. John's College, Cambridge, Eng. ; and
it is thus, as truly as that of Smart, representative of English conservative progress,
and closely allied to Walker's in its general system of pronunciation.
In the previous Synopsis there was cited, under the name of Cull, the " Compre-
hensive English Dictionary" of Dr. John Ogilvie, of Aberdeen, Scotland, in which
the pronunciation is professedly "aelapted to the best modern usage," by Richard
Cull, Esq., of London, one of the contributors to the Penny Cyclopedia, and well
known as an enthusiastic and learned phonologist. "The best modern usage," how-
ever, is assumed to be that of educated society in the city of London ; and the
assertion is made that " no system of pronunciation can be regarded as correct
unless it be in strict conformity " with this standard. It must be added, that thougt
both Smart and Cull claimed to exhibit the most approved London usage, they differed
widely and often as to what that usage is. But tlie above-named Dictionary has beet
superseded in this Synopsis by another, also bearing Dr. Ogilvie's name, but not Mr.
Cull's, " The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language," issued in 1883, at
" carefully revised and greatly augmented," under the editorship of Charlet Annan
dale, M. A., LL. D., Dr. Ogilvie having died in 1867.
" The Encyclopsedic Dictionary," edited by Rev. Robert Hunter, M. A., LL. D.,
and issued in fourteen parts, 1879-1888, is the most recent dictionary which is cited
in tliis Synopsis, and the most copious in its list of words. The Preface, in the
last part, says ; " The work has been carried on under the personal supervision of
Mr. John Williams, M. A., late scholar of Trinity College, Oxford [Eng.], who has
revised and signed every page for press, and who is responsible for the general
arrangement of tlie work, especially as regards matters of style, pronunciation, etc."
This dictionary is more nearly allied than are the others, in its system of pronunci-
ation, to the long promised, but still incomplete, " A'eiv English Dictionary on His-
torical Principles," which is edited hy James A. H. Murray, LL. D., sometime Presi-
dent of the Philological Society, though it is far more simple than the latter in its
notation of sounds. The Encyclopaedic Dictionary's a in ask, asp, is not the a in om
(S) — which is thus given by Walker, Smart, Stormonth, and the Imperial Dictionary
— but the a in Ja'ther (a); and its a in a-mencl', com'ma, is, in distinction from
either of the preceding, marked as the obscure a in a-midst', and in tliis agrees with
Smart and Webster. Unhke Walker, it distinguishes the a in fate from the a in fare;
the e in we from the e in here ; the 7 in;>Tme from the « in sire; the o in gS from tlie
0 in wore ; the « in miite from the ?( in cure. More than Smart's or Stormonth's, or
even the Imperial Dictionary, it revolts from Walker's systematic disregard of ety-
mology in the pronunciation of derivatives and compounds. Thus, instead of Walk-
er's bip'ar-tile, hir'o-ism, Plnt'o-nist, this pronounces bl-pdr'ltte, he'ro-ism, Pla'to-
nist, the meanings of which are readily imderstood from their likeness to pdr'lite (or
part), hero, and Pld'to.
The diverse systems of notation employed by the orthoepists whose modes of pro-
nunciation are here reported are of necessity represented by that whicli is used io
this Dictionary ; and although, as a consequence, the precise shade of sound intended
may not in all cases be expressed with minute accuracy, yet it is believed that very
few, if any, important discrepancies will be found to exist. It should be noticed,
however, that Stormonth and the Imperial, as well as Walker, ascribe the sound of
a in am (our 5) to the a in such words as ask, sijm'pa-thy, a-mend', com'ma, for which
this Dictionary has a; that Walker makes no distinction between the e in herd
(our e) and the e (5) in end or in-her'it ; that Worcester's obscure sounds- -as of
a in ab-do'men, a-mend'. War, cour'age ; e in bri'er,fu'el ; i in ru'in; o in o-bey',
confess' ; u in cir'cus, dep'u-ty, etc. — are represented here, as in the revision of
this Synopsis made in 1864, by unmarked vowels ; that Smart's apostrophe is used for
his pronunciation, as he used it, to mark " the sound as of a partially suppressed e; "
and that the number of words for which two modes of pronunciation are used is
considerably increased, for reasons which will be obvious to those who carefully
study this Synopsis.
m^^ In this Synopsis, brackets [ ] indicate the pronunciation of kindred words
taken to serve in place of the Synoptical words, when the latter are not found in th^
particular dictionaries thus represented.
WEBSTER.
WALKER.
SMART.
WORCESTER.
STORMONTH.
IMPERIAL DICT. ENCYC. DICT.
Abdoubn
5b-do'm5n
5b-do'm5n
ab-do'mgn
ab-do'men
ab-do'mgn
5b-do'mgn or Bb'do-
3b-do'mSn or 3b'd5-
Absolve
5b-s51v'
Sb-zolv'
5b-zolv'
ab-zolv'
ab-zolv'
Sb-s51v'
Sb-zolV
Abstract, a.
Sb'strSkf
ab-strSkf
5b-strakt'
Sb'strakt
Sb'strakt
ab'strakt
ab'strSkt
Abstractly
Sb'strSkt'iy
5b-strSkt'le
ab-strSktle
5b'strakt-le
ab-str5kt'lT
ab-strakt1T
ab'strakt-Iy
Academician
5k'a-de-mTsh'an
ak-ka-de-mlsh'Sn
ak'a-de-mTsh'(ni
ak-a-de-mtsh'an
S-kSd'g-mTsh'an
ak'a-de-mlsh'an
a-kad-g-mi'shin
ACADLOSE
4-ka'l03
. .
.
ak-a-los'
.
S-kal'os
4-kal'o3
ACCELERATIVE
Sk-sel'er-a-tTv
....
3k-sSl'er-a-tTv
ak-s'el'er-a-ttv
5k-sgl'er-a'tiv
Sk-sSl'er-a-tTv
ak-s'gl'er-at-Tv
Acceptable
Sk-sept'a-b'l
ak'sSp-tS-bl
ak-sept'a-bl
ak-sgpt'a-bl
ak-sept'a-bl
ak-sgp'ta-bl
3k-sgpt'a-bel
Acceptor
Sk-sepfer or -5r
. . • .
. . . .
ak-sgpt'or
ak-sgpfer
Sk-sgpt'5r
3k-s5p'tdr
Access
ak-sgs' or ak'sSs
3k-ses'
Sk-sSs'
ak-sgs' or ak'sgs
ak-ses' or ak'ses
Sk'sgs
3k'sgs, obs. 3k-85B*
Accessary, a. & n.
ak-ses'sa-ry
Sk'ses-s5-re
ak'ses-sor-e
ak'ses-sa-re
ak'sgs-serl
Sk'ses-sS-rt
ak'sgs-sar-T
Accessory, a. & n.
3k-ses's6-rJ
ak'ses-so-re
ak'ses-sQr-e
ak'ses-so-re
ak'ses-serl
ak'sgs-so-rl
3k'sSs-sfir I
ACCIPITRINE
ak-sTpT-trin
...
5k-sTp'e-trTt.
ak-sTp'i-trin
ak-sTp'i-trTn
ak-sTp1-trIn
3k-sTp'i-triu
Acclimate
ak-kli'mat
.
....
ak-kli'mat
Sk-kli'mat
ak-kli'mat
ak-kli'mat
Acclivous
Sk-kli'vus
Sk-kli'viia
ak-kU'vOs
ak-kli'vus
• • • •
ak-klTv'iis
ak-kli'vus
Accolade
Sk'k6-lad' or -lad'
....
ak'kol-lad'
ak-ko-lad' or -lad'
Sk'o-lad'
5k-ko-lad'
ak'kS-lad
Accouchement
4k-koosh'maN
....
ak-koosh'm5ng
ak-koosh'mang
3k-k5osh'mSng
....
ii-kush'mang,
a-kuch'inlnt.
Accuracy
Sk/kS-ra-sS?
Sk'ku-ra-se
akOjii-ra-se
ak'ku-ra-se
Sk'ku-ra-sT
ak'kii-ra-sT
ak'ktir-a-sj
Accursed, a.
5k-kflrs'gd
5k-kur'sed
ak-kQr'sed
ak-kQrst' or -kOrs'ed
ak-ker'sed
3k-kerst' or -kers'gd
ak-kQrst'
ACEROSE
as'er-os'
. . .
as'ser-os'
as-e-ros'
as'er-oz
as'er-oz
a-ser-os'
ACBTIC
a-se't Tk or i-sSttk
. . . .
a-set'ik
a-sgt'ik
a-set'Tk
a-set'Ik
a-sgt'ik or 5-set1k
Acetous
a-se'tiis
S-se'tOs
a-se'tiis
a-se'tus
a-se'tiis
a-se'tQs
as'gt-us or a-set'fis
ACOTYLEDON
a-kot'T-le'dQn
• • •
. . •
a-kSt-e-le'don
a-kotT-lS'dSn
a-k5t-Tl-e'dSn
a-kOt-J-le'dun
Acotyledonous
a-kSt'Mgd'iin-as
• , ,
a'kot-e-ie'd6n5s
a-kot-e-led'o-niis
S-kStT-le'do-nQs
a-kot-il-e'don-Qs
a-kot-y-le'dun-iis
Acoustic
a-kous'ttk, 4-koos'-
[S-kou'stlks]
a-kou'sttk
a-kous'tik
a-kou'stik
a-kous'ttk
a-kous'tik or a-koos''
Adenose
ad'e-nos'
. . . .
ad'e-nos
ad-e-nos'
ad'g-noz
ad'en-os
3d-5u'os
Adipose
5d'T-pos'
• • . .
Sd'?-pSs
Sd-e-pos'
ad'I-pos
ad'T-pos
ad'Tp-08
Adjectival
Sd'jgk-ti'val or
ad'jek-tTv-(7l
....
....
ad'jek-tlv-al
ad'jek-ti'vai
ad-jgk-tlv'al or
ad'jgk-tiv-al
5d-jgkt-I'val
Administration
Sd -mln' 1 s-tra'shun
ad'mTn-nTs-tra'shunSd-min'T.s-trS'shun
Sd-min-is-tra'shun
3d'mTn-Ts-tra'shun
5d-mTn'Ts-tra'shon
ad-mtn-Ts-tra'shiini
Administeatob
5d-mTn'Ts-tra'ter
ad'min-nis-tra'tur
ad-min'Ts-tra'tur
5d-min-is-tra'tor
ad'mln-Is-tra'ter
ad-mTiiTs-tiat-er
ad-mln'Ts-tra-ter
Adulterine
a-diil'ter-Tn or -In
a-dul'ti3r-in
a-dul'ter-in
a-du!'ter-in
3-dul'ter-Tn
a-dQl'ter-In
a-diil'ter-in
Adversely
Sd'vers-iy
ad'vers-le
ad'vers-le
ad-vers'le
ad'vers-lT
ad'vers-lT
ad'vers-lt
Advertise
Sd'ver-tiz' or
5d'ver-tlz'
ad-ver-tiz'
Sd'ver-tlz
5d-ver-tTz'or
ad'ver-tiz
ad'ver-tiz'
ad-ver-tlz'
Sd-ver-tiz'
Adveetisement
5d-ver^tlz-raent or
ad-ver'tTz-m5nt or
5d-ver'tTz-ment
ad-ver'tiz-mgnt or
5d-ver'tlz-mgnt
5d-ver'tTz-mSnt
ad-ver'tlz-mSnt or
ad'ver-tiz'ment
Sd-vgr-tiz'ment
ad-ver-tlz'ment
ad-ver-tiz'mSnfe
Advowson
Sd-vou'ziin or -siin
Sd-vou'zun
5d-vou'siin
ad-vou'zon
Sd-vou'sun
ad-vou'sn
fid-vou'ziin
Aerie
e'ry
e're
e're
e're or a'e-re
e'ri
e're
a'er-I
AiiRIPORM
a'er-T-f$rm
....
ar'e-fSrm
a'e-re-f8rm
ar'i-fSrm
afer-i-fSTm
a'er-T-f8rm
AiiRONAUT
a'er-o-nat
a'iir-o-nat
ar'o-nat
a'e-ro-nat
ar'ij-nat
a'er-o-nat
a'er-on-at
.Esthetics
5s-thSt'ik8
• * .
ez-thet'Iks
es-thet'iks
ez-thetlks
es-thet'lks
Es-thg'tlks
Again, adv.
a-ggn'
5-gen'
a-gen'
a-gen'
S-ggn'
3-ggn' ^
4-gan', often 4-g5n'
Against, prep.
a-genst'
a-genst'
4-genst'
a-ggnst'
S-ggnst'
3-ggnst'
a-ganst', usu. a-ggcsf
Agaric
fig'a-rik
Sg'5-rlk
5g'a-rlk
3g'a-rik
5g-5rak
S-gartk
Sg'ar-Dt
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixxv
WEBSTER
WALKER.
SMART.
WORCESTER
STORMONTH.
IMPERIAL DICT. ENCYC. DICT.
AOORANSIZBMBNT
Sg-grSn'dTz-ment or
Sg'RrSii-dlz'mcnt
Sg'gran-diz-'inSnt
ag'gran-diz/mSnt
ag'gran-diz-ment or
ag-grau'diz-mSnt
ag'gran-diz'mSnt
Bg'gran-diz-m5nt
4g-grSnd'iz-ment
Agio
iyX-t or a'jT-S
. . . .
8d'jS-6
a'je-o or ad'je-o
a'jT-o
a'jT-o
S'ji-o
AtARUM
^lar'um
a-lar'Qm
a-la'riim
a-lSi-'Hrn
S-lar'um
4-lar'um
Albino
Sl-bi'nS
. ,
ai-bi'nS
al-bi'no or al-be'no
Sl-bi'no
Sl-bi'no
Sl-bi'no or Sl-be'no
Alborak
Sl'bS-r4k
. , . .
. . . ,
ai'bo-rak
ai'bo-rSk'
31-bo'rSk
ai-bor'ak
Alcoran
anio-ran, Sl'kS-ran'
ai-ko-r5n'
ai'kS-ron ;
A r. ai-kS-ran'
ai'ko-r8n
ai'ko-ran'
Bl'ko-rSu or
51-ko-ran'
Sl-kor'4n
Alcovb
Sllsov or Sl-kov'
51-kov'
ai-kov'
al-kov'
Sl-kov'
ai'kov
Sl'kov
Aldine
51'din or al'diii
Sl'din
Sl'din
Sl'din
Sl'din
al'dfn
Alexandbins
Sl'SgE-Sn'drtn
51-15gz-5u'drTn
ai'Sgz-Sn'drln
51-eg-zan'drin
Sl'ggz-an'drTn .
ai-ggz-Sn'drln
Sl-Sks-an'drin
ALHAMBRESQtTE
Sl'liSm-brgsk'
.
ai-ham-brSsk'
.
al-am'brgsk
. . . .
Alkali
Sl'ka-ll or -11
SI'k5-le
ai'kWfe'
ailta-li or -li
si'ka-it"
ai'k5-li
Sl'kal-T
Alkalify
51'ka-ir-fi
. . . .
ai-kai'^-fi
al-kai'e-fi
si-ksi'T-n
Sl'kS-li-fi, 51-kalT-ti
51'kal-i-£i
Alkaline
H'ka-Iin or -lln
Sl'kS-lIn
ai'ka-lin
Sl'ka-ITii or -lin
ai'kS-lTn
Sl'kS-lin
Sl'kal-in
Alliterativb
SI-lTt'er-a-tTv
. . •
ai-llfer-a'tlv
al-lTt'ei-a-tIv
Sl-irt'ei-a'tTv
ai-llfer-at-lv
41-11 t'era-tTv
Almanac
al'ma-nSk
al'mS-nSk
ai'uia-nak
gl'ma-nak
al'iii5-nSk
al'mS-nSk
81'man-Bk
Altercation
Si'ter-ka'shun
Sl-tai-ka'sbSn
Sl'ter-ka'shOn
ai-ter-ka'sliun
Bl-ter-ka'shun
Sl-ter-ka'shBn
ftl-ter-ka'shun
Alternate, a. &n
. Sl-tei'iiat
ai-t5r'nat
ai-tei'nat
al-ter'nat
Sl-ter'nat
Sl-ter'nat
fl-tern'4t
Alternate, v.
ai'ter-nat, Sl-ter'nat
ai-tSr'nat
ai-ter'nat
al-ter'nat, ai'ter-nat
51-ter'uat
ai'ter-nat, Sl-ter'nat
al-tSr'nat, ai'ter-nat
Alveolar
ai've-*-ler, Sl-ve'o-
. . , .
Slv'y6-Ur
iJ-ve'o-Iar, Sl've-o-
ai-ve'S-ler
Sl've-8-ler
Sl'vS-o-14r
Ambrosia
Sm-bro'zh4 or -zliT-i
8iu-bro'zhe-4
8m-bro'zhe-4
am-bro'zhe-a
am-bro'zliT-S
Sm-bro'zhT-5
Sm-bro'zT-4
AUEN
a'mSn' ;
in singing, a'mSn'
a'mSn'
a'mgn'
a'mSn' ;
in singing, a'mSn'
a'mgu' or a'mSn'
a'mgn'
a-mSn, a-mgn
Amide
Sin'Id or Smtd
. • . .
. . . .
Sm'id
SmTd
Sm'id
Sm'id
Amine
Sm'iu or -en
, . . •
. .
Sm'in
am-en'
Sm'Tn
Sm'in
Amtsive
A-mu'zTv or -sTv
S-mu'siv
i-mu'sTv
a-mu'siv
S-mu'zTv
S-mu'zTv
S-muzTv
Ancestral
Sn-s5s'tral
[an'sSs-trS]
an'sSe-trol
Sn'ses-tral
Sn-sgs'trai
Sn-sgs'trSl
Sn-ses'tr41
Aniline, n.
5u'T-lIn or -len
. . . .
.
8n'i-lTn or -lin
anT-lTn
Sn'T-lin
Sn-TWu
ANNtJLOSE
Sii'u-los'
•
.
Sn-nu-los'
fin'nu-loz
Sn'nu-los
Sn-nu-los'
Annunclation
Sn-niiu'sl-a'shan or
-sliT-a'shOn
Sn-n iiu-sbe-a'shiin
Sn-nOn'she-a'ahiin
an-nun-slie-a'shun
Sn-nun'sht-a'shun
Sn-nun'6i-a'sh5n or
-shI-a'shSn
4n-nun-sI-a'Bban
Anoxira
5n-ou'r4
. . . .
.
.
S-noo'rS
Sn-ou'rS
Anthelion
aut-hel'yQn, -heaT-5n
• • • .
. . . .
ant-be1i-5n
ant-he'lT-on
aut-he1i-5n
Sn-tlie'li-66n
Antinomt
5n-tIu'o-mj^
Sn-tln'5-me
Su'te-u5m-e
an'te-no-me or
an-tin'o-me
Sn-tin'5-mT or
Sn'tT-no-mt
an-tin'om-T
Sn-tin'um-5'
Antonomasia
5n'tS-nS-ma'zhT-4
8n'to-no-ma'zhe-8
an't6-no-nia'zh*-4
Bn-to-no-ma'zhe-4
Sn-t5n'5-ma'zT-5
Snt-5n-8-ma'zt-4
APARITHME9I9
Sp'a-rTth'me-sIs
....
ap'A-rlth'me-sTs
Sp-a-rlth'me-sis
....
Sp-a-rith'me-sTs
Sp-a-rith-me'sts
Aph^resis or
Apberesis
4-f5r'^-sIs
B-fSr'e-sIs
4-fe're-sTs
a-fSr'e-sTs
S-fe'rg-sTs
S-fe're-sTs
Sf-er'e-sis
Aphelion
&-f el'j'fiii, .fe'll-5n
a-fe'le-un
4-fe1e-un
a-feOe-Sn
a-fe^T-Sn
S-feai-Sn
4-fe'lT-5n
Aphthonq
5f'th5ng; 115
Sp'o-si'o-pe'sis
. . . .
ap'thBng
Sp'thSng
Sf'thSng
Sf'thong
Sf'thBng
Aposiopesb
a-p5zh-e-o-pe'sTs
a-p5s'e-5-pe'3Ts
a-p5z-e-o-pe'sis
a-p5s'i-o-pe'Bls
Sp/B-si-o-pe'sTs
Sp-S-si-Q-pe'sTs
Apotheosis
5p'o-the'o-8ls
8p-o-the'o-8is
Sp'S-the'o-sis
8p-o-the'o-si8
Sj/S-the'o-sIs
Sp'5-the-o'elB, -the'o-
a-poth-g-o'Bis
AppLign^
a'ple'ka'
. . . .
. . . .
ap-plek'
ap-plek'
ap-plek'
. . . .
Appulse
Sp'pQls or Sp-pais'
ap'piiis
8p-pul8'
ap'puls or ap-pflls'
Sp-puls'
Sp'puls or Sp-pBls'
Sp'pSla
Apron
a'ptirn or a'prQn
a'pam
a'prun ; coll. -pQm
a'pum or a'prun
a'prSn
a'prun
a'prHn
Aquiunb
Sk'wT-lTn or -lin
Sk'we-lln
Sk'we-lln
8k'we-lln or -lin
ak'wMIn
Sk'wil-in
Sk'wT-lin
Arab
Sr'Sb
. . .
. . . .
Sr'ab or a'rab
Sr'Sb
Sr'Sb
8r'4b
AasoMETKB or
Areometer
a're-5in'e-ter
....
Br'e-5m'e-ter
a-re-5m'e-ter
ar'g-5m'5-ter
Sr-e-5m'gt-er
fir-e-Sm'g-ter
Archil
arTcTl
....
Brchtl
ar'chil or ar'kil
archil
ar'kil
ar'ktl
Area
a'r^-a
a'r&«
a're-4
a're-a
a'rg-S
a're-S
ar'g-4
Aristocrat
4-rIs'tS-kr5torarTs-
5r-Is-to-krSf
Sr'Ts-tJ-krSf
a-rls'to-krSt or Sr'is-
8r-Ts't5-krat or
Srls-
Srls-to-ten-an
arTB-t5-krat or
S-ris'-
a-rTs'tS-te'li-an
Sr'is-tS-krSt
ARiaXOTBLLAM
Sr'Is-to-tell-on or
....
ar'Ts-to-ta'yan
Sr-is-to-tele-an
Sr-Ts-t5-te1T-an
-tel'yan
Abminian
Sr-mTn'I-<m or -yan
...
ar-min'yan
ar-min'yan
ar-mtnT-Sn
ar-mtnT-Sn
ar-mint-4n
Aromatize
4-ro'ma-tiz or 5r'6-
Sr'ro-mS-tiz
4-ro'ma-tiz
Sr'o-ma-tiz or a-ro'-
a-ro'mS-tiz
a-ro'mSl-iz or Br'o-
A-ro-ma-tic'
Arquebuse
arTcwJ-biia
5r'kwe-bu3
ar'ke-b68z
ar'kwe-bus
ar'kg-bS5z
ar'kwe-biis
Hr'kwg-bQs
Arrack
Sr'rSk
ar-rak'
ar'rak
ar-rak'
Sr'rSk
Sr'Bk
Sr'r4k
Arsenic, n.
5r'a*-nik
ars'nTk
ar'st-nlk
ar'se-nik or ars'nik
ar'sg-nik
ar'sgn-Tk
ars'nTk
Arson
Ur's'n
. , . -
ar'siSn
ar'sun
ar'sSn
ar'sSn
ar'sun
Artisan
Sr'ti-zSn
Sr-te-zan'
ar'te-zan
ar'te-zan, ar-te-zan'
ar'tl-zan
ar'ti-zSn
ar-ti-zSn'
Asbestos
5s-bgs't53
8z-b5s'tu3
az-bSs'tOs
as-bes'tos
Ss-bea'tSs
Ss-bgs't5s
4z-bgs't58
Aspirant
as-plr'ant
. .
Ss-pl'rant
as-pir'ant, Ss'pe-rant
Ss-pi'rSnt
Ss-pir'Snt
Bs-pir'ant
ASSIGNAT
a's^'nyV, Ss1g-n$t
. . . .
8s'sen-y4'
Ss-in-ya', Ss-ig-nBf
Ss'sTn-yS
Ss'stg-nSt, Ss-sin-ya
Ss-si-nySt'
Assoclatiok
Ss-so'sl-a'shiin, -shl-
Ss-so-she-a'shun
as-so'she-a'ahOn
as-so-she-a'shun
Ss-so'shi-a'shtin
Ss-so'shl-a'shSn
as-so-si-a'shSn, -aht-
Asthma
Ss'ma, 5z'- or 5st'-
Sst'ma
ast'ma
Sst'ma
Sst'ma
SsfmS
as'm4
Ate, imp. of Eat
at
at or St
5t
at or gt
5t or at
at
at or gt
Athanasian
Sth'a-na'zhon
....
ath'Sn-Szh'S-on
Sth-a-na'zhan
Sth'S-na'zhi-an
Sth-S-na'sT-Sn
Sth-an-a'zT-an, -shan
Avalanche
5y'a-15nch'
. . . .
Sv'i-loNsh'
av-a-lansh'
Sv'5-lSnsh'
Sv'S-lSnsh
Sv-a-lanch'
Avant-guard
a-vant'gard'
S-v8nt'gard
a-vSN'gard
a-vant'gard, -vSng'-
S-vong'gSrd
3-vaN-gard
i^vant'gard
Axiom
5ks'i-um
Sk'Bham
Sk'se-Qin
aks'yum
Sk'sl-um
aks1-5m
Skst-um
Azote
Sz'ot or a-zof
. .
az'St
Sz'ot
Sz'ot
Sz'ot
a-zot'
Azure
Szh'ur or a'zhur
a'zhur
a'zh'oor
a'zhur or 8zh'ur
a'zh68r
a'zhur
Szh'Qr
Backslide
bSk'sUd'
bSk-slH'
b8k-8lid'
bSk-slid'
bak-snd'
bSk-slid'
bSk'slid
Balcony
bSlTso-ny
bSl-ko'ne
bSl'k$-n4
bal'ko-ne or bal-ko'ne
bBl'ko-nt
bSl'ko-nT
bSl'kun-3? or bSl-ko'ni
Ballet
bSl'lS' or bSllSt
•
bana
bai-la' or baiaet
bSlla
bal-la or bSllgt
bSl'13
Balsamio
bal-sSmtk or hSl-
b81-sSm1k
bai-sSmTk
bal-s3m'lk
bSl-sSmlk
bal-sSm'ik
bal-sam'Tk
Banana
bi-na'na
bS-na'na
ba-na'n4
ba-na'na or ba-na'na
bS-na'nS
ba-na'na
ba-na'na
Banian
bun'yan or bSn-ySn'
bAs-tel' or bas'tel
b8n-y5n'
bSn-ySn'
bSn-yan'
bSn'ySn
bSn'i-an
bSnT-an
Bastile
. . . •
bBs-tel'
bas-tel'
bSs-tel'
bSs-tel'
bSs'tel"
Baton
bSt'un ; F. ba'tSN'
. . . •
ba'toN
ba-tong' or bSt'on
ba'tong or bSt'Sn
bSt'on
bSt'on
Beau ideal
bo' t-de'al
, , , .
bo' e-da'Sl
bo' e-da-ai', bo-i-de'al bo' T-de'Sl
bo i-de'Sl or -da'Sl
bo' i-de'al
Bedizen
bt-dtz'z'n or -di'z'n
be-di'zn
be-di'zn
be-di'zn
bg-diz'n
be-diz'n or -diz'n
bg-diz'en
Been
bin
bin
bin
bin
bin
ben
ben
Belles-lettres
bel-lgt/ter
bgl-la'tur
bSUSfter
bgl-lgt'tr
bgl-lgftr
bgl-lgt-tr
bgl-lgtr
Belloxs
bKlus
bSllfis
bSl'lus
bgllus
bglioz or -luB
belioz
bgl'loz
Beneath
b|-neth' or be-neth'
be-neth'
be-neth'
be-neth'
bg-neth'
be-neth'
bg-neth'
Berlin
berlin or ber-liu'
bSr-lin'
ber'lin
ber-lTn' or berlin
ber-lin' or ber'lTn
ber'lTn or ber-lTn'
ber'lin
Bezel
bez'el
. . . .
bSz'zl
bez'el or bgzl
bez'gl
bgz'el
bgz'el
BiBLIOTHE'JAIi
blb'lI-S-the'kal
bTb-le-Sth'e-kSl
biVli-oth'S-kal
bib-le-oth'e-kal or
bib'li-oth'g-kai
bibai-o-the'l^l
blb-li-a-the'k41
Bidet
bl-dSt' or be-da'
....
bS-da'
•o-the'kal
be-det' or -da'
bid'et
bi-dgf or be-da'
bi-det' or be-da'
BiJUGOUS
btj'u-gus, bi'ju-gfis
....
bT'i'oo-gHs
bi-ju'gus
* .
bi-ju'guB
bi'ju-gus
BlPAROUB
bip'a-rus
Hp'pS-rHs
bip'ar-us
bip'a-rus
bip'Sr-us
bi-par'us or bip'S-rus
bip'ar-us
BiPARTlTB
bip'ar-tit or bt-par'-
blp'pSr-tit
bip'ar-tit
bip'ar-tit
bip'Sr-tit
bi-par'tit
bi-par'tit
Bipedal
bip'e-dal or bi'pe-
Mp'pe-dia
bip'S-dol
bip'e-dal
bip'e-dal or bi-pe'-
bi-pe'dSl
bi'ped-al or blp'gd-4l
Explicate
bipli-kat or bi'pli-
> • • •
...
bi'ple-kat
blpli-kat
bi'pli-kat
bi-pIT'kat
Bison
bl'son
• ■ • ■
biz'un
bi'son or biz'un
bi'zon
bi'son
bi'sun or biz'Bn
Brvious
biv'T-us or bi'vI-iSs
• > ■ •
bi've-us
bi've-us
....
bi'vi-us or blvt-Qs
bi'vi-us
Bivouac
biv'wSk or
bTv'd6-ak
....
biv'oo-ak
biv'wak, n. ;
biv'oo-ak, v.
bYv'66-Sk
biv'o6-3k
biv'oo-Sk
BLANCMANaa
bla-maNzh'
... *
bloN-moNzh
bla-monj'
blSng-mSngzh', blS-
■ bla-maNzh, -m^N-zha
bla-manj
Bomb
bSm or bum
bfim -
bum
bum
b6m
bSm
bomb
Bombast, n.
bom'bast or bum'-
bfim'bSst
bum-bSsf
bum-bast' or bum'-
bum-bSsf
bomtSat
bSm'bSst
Bonze
bBn'ze
....
bSnz
b5n'ze
bonz
bonz
b5nz
Borage
Bosom
bur'aj
bartdi
borlij
bur'aj
bo'raj
bor'aj
bBrtj
bSSz'um
boyzun
boSz'iiin
beSz'um or boo'zum
b68z'Bm
boo'zum
boSz'um
Bouquet
boo-ka'
....
boo'ka
boo-ka' or boo'ka
boo'ka
boo'ka
boo'ka
Bourn, bound
born or boom
bom
bo'um
born or boom
boom
boorn or born
boOin
boom
BOWUHB
bolln
booOlD
bcnin
bo'lin or boulin
boulin
bo'lin
3
D
E
H
K
M
Ixxvi
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Bbaohial
Beavo
Bbeecr
Brevet
Bkomic
Brouise
Bronze
Brooch
bcddhism
bullhtin
Boot
BuREAtJ
Caeabet
Cacao
Caisson
Calcinh
Calyx
Camillia
Camilopard
Canaille
Cantata
Capillary
Capon
Caprine
Capriole
Caravan
Carbine
Caricatcbe,
n. & V.
Carmine
Cartel
Cartouoh
Casement
Caseous
Cassada
Cassava
Cavalcade
Cedrine
Celestine {Min.)
Celibacy
Cement, n.
Cenobite
Chagrin
Chalcedony
Chaldee
Chaldron
Chamois
Ghampaion,
a. &n:,flai
Chaperon
Chary
Cheerful
Chemistry
Cheroot
Chimpanzee
Chiromancy
Chivalrio
Chivalrous
Chivalry
Chloride
Chlorine
Christian
Christianity
Chronological
Chylipaction
Chymification
CiRCUUSCBIBE
Clef
Clepsydra
Clerk
Climacteric
Clothes, n. pi.
Cobalt
Cochineal
Cockatrice
Codify
Cognizance
Colophony
Colorific
Colpoeteub
Comate, a.
Comatose
Combat
Comment, v.
Commissariat,
V. t.
Commonwealth
Compensate, v. t.
Complaisance
compositb
Compost
Comrade
Concavb
WESSTER.
brSk'I-al, bra'kl-al
bra'vo, n. ;
bra'vo, interj,
brech or brTch
bre-vSt'
bro'mik
bro'mtd or -mid
br5nz or
bronz
broch
bood'dtz'm
bulle-tln
bwoi or boi
bu'ro or bfi-ro'
k5b'4-rgt
ka-ka'o or ka^iS
kas'sSn
kSl-sin' or kSl'sIn
ka'llks
k4-mel'lT-4 or
ki-mel'ya; 106
k4-mgl'o-pard or
kSm'61-
ka-nal'
kan-ta'ti
kSpll-la-ry or
k4-pTl'14-rj^
ka'p'n or ka'pQn
kSp'rTii or -rin
kSp'ri-ol
kSr'a-vSn or
kSr'4-v5n'
kar'bin
k5r'I-k4-tur
kav'mln
kar-t81' or kar'tSl
kar-tooch'
kas'ment
ka'se-Qs
kSs'sa-dJ
kSs'84-v4
kSv'ol-kad'
se'drTn
sSI'gs-ttn
8e-IIb'a-sJ, sSl'I-b4-
se-mSnt' or sSra'Snt
B§n'o-bit or se'no-
sha-grTn' or -gren'
k31-s5d'o-ny or
kSl'se-do-nJ
kSl'de or kai-de'
chSl'drun, chal'drQn
ehSra'my or sha-moi'
8h5m-pan'
WALKER.
brSk'ya
bra'v5
bretsh
bTSnz
brotsh
bwoi
bu-ro'
kSl-siu'
kS-inSllo-pard
kS-nal'
k5n-ta't5
kSp'pTl-lS-re
ka'pn
k5p-re-ol'
k5r-S-v5n'
kar-bin'
kSr-Tk-S-chur'
kar-min'
kar-t61^'
kar-tooch'
kaz'mSnt
kSs'sS-dS
kSv'Sl-kad'
se'drin
sSl'e-bS-se
sSm'ment
eh5p'er-on
chSr'j? or cba'rj
clier'ful
kSm'Ts-trf
che-roof
chim-pSn'ze
kl'ro-mSn'sy
8hTv'«l-rTk
shiv'al-rus
ehtv'al-ry
klo'rid or -rid
klo'rin or -ren
krls'chan ; 106
krls-chSn'i-tJ^ or
krls'chT-an'T-ty
krSn'o-lSjT-kal
kil'i-fSk'shun, ki'lT-
kTm'i-fi-ka'shiSn or
ki'mi-
ser'kum-skrib'
kief
klSp'sI-dra
klerk ; in Eng. Mark
kli-mak'ter-Tk or
klTm'ak-ter'ik
klothz or kioz
ko'bolt ; 115
koch'i-nel
kok'a-trls
ko'dt-fi or k5d'i-fi
kog'ni-zans, kbn'i-
ehS-gren'
cha'drun
shS-moi'
shSm'pan
shSp'fir-oon'
cha're
cher'ful, chSi/ful
[klm'Ts-tre]
klr'ro-mSn-Be
chiv'Sl-riis
chTv'Sl-re
krist'yfin
krIs'che-Sn'e-te
kr5n-no-laj'e-k51
kll-le-fSk'shan
egr-ktim-skrib'
klTf
kllm-Sk-tSr'rTk
kloz
kSb'Slt
k5tch-Tn-el'
k5k'S-trTs
SMART.
bra'kS-al
brS'vS
bretch
bre-v8t'
br5m'Ik
brSnz
brotch
bud'dizm
bd61'e-t6n
bwoi
bu-ro'
kSb'4-ra
kas'sSn
kSl-sin'
kSl'Iks
ka-inSl'le-i
kSm'Sl-6-pard'
ki-nall
k5u-ta't4
k5p'Il-lar.S
ka'pn
ka'prin
ka'prT-61
kSr'a-vSn'
kar'bin
k5r'e-k4-tur'
kar-min'
kar-tSl'
kar-toosh'
kaz'niSnt
ka'sh'iis
kS3'sa-d&
k5v'rtl-kad'
se'drin
se-lSs'tln
sel'e-ba-se
6e-meut'
se'no-bit
BhA-gren'
k$l-sSd'o-nS
kai-de'
chal'drun
shSm'wa
shSm-pan'
8h5p'Sr-oN
char'e
cher'ful
fcTm'Is-tr4
chlm'pan-ze'
ki'ro-mSn'sS
she-vSl'rtk
shTv'al-riis
shiv'al-re
klo'rid
klo'rin
krist'yan ; colloq.
krist'ah'an
kris'te-an'e-te
kro'no-15d'je-kal
ki'le-fak'shiin
ser'kiim-skrib
klTf
klSps'e-dra
klark
kllm'Sk-tgr'ik
klothz
ko'balt
kStcii-e-nel'
kSk'a-tris
k5g'ne-z5na, kSn'e- kQn'ne-zana
kSl'o-fo'n^, ko-IS£'o- ko-15t'o-ne
kul er-Tf'ik kSl-lo-rifik
kol'por'ter ....
ko'mat ....
ko'ma-tos' or k5m'4- k5m-a-tos'
k5m'bat or kOm'bSt kSm'bSt
kom'ment kSm'ment
kSm'mTs-sa'rt-5t
kSm'mun-wSlth'
kSm'pSu-sat or
kom-'pen'sat
k5m'pla-z5ns'
k5m-p5z'Tt
k5m'po8t
kSm'rSd or -rad
kBn'kav or k3n'-
kSm'miln-wSlth
kom-p6n'sat
kom-ple-z5ns'
kSm-poztt
kom'post
kum'rad
kSng'kav
k51'o-f8n-e
kiil'ur-Tflk
kSmtt
ko'ma-tos
kiim'bat
kom'ment
bom'mis-sSr'e-i
kom'mun-welth
b5m-p5n'sat
k5m'pla-z5ns'
kum-p5z1t
kom'pust
kSm'rad
kSng'kav
WORCESTER.
brSk'yal or bra'ke-al
bra'vo or bra'vo
brech
bre-vet' or brSv'et
brSm'ik
bro'mid
brijnz or
bronz
broch
bob'dizm
bS611e-ten or -tin
bwoi or boi
bu-ro' or bu'ro
kSb'a-ra or -ret
ka'ko
ka-soon'
kal-sin'
kaliks
ka-m511e-4
ka-m51'o-pard or
kSm'el-
ka-nal'
kan-ta't4 or -ta'ti
kSp'il-la-re or
ka-pll'la-re
ka'pn
kSj/rin or ka'prin
kSp-re-ol'
kSr-a-v5u'
kar'bin or kar-bin'
k5r'e-ka-tur, n. ;
kSr-e-ka-tur', v.
kar'min or kar-min'
kar-trn'
kar-tooch'
kaz'ment
ka'se-lis or ka'she-
kas-sa'da or kSs'sa-
kas-sa'va or kSs'sa-
kSv-al-kad'
se'drin
sSl'es-tin
sgl'e-ba-sy
sgm'ent
sSn'o-bit
eha-gren'
kal-sSd'o-ne or
kS'se-do-ne
kal-de'
chal'dron or chSl'-
Bhjm'me or eha-moi'
BhSm-pan'
shSp'er-on
chSr'e or cha're
cher'ful
k6m'is-tre or ktm'-
che-root'
chtm-pSn'ze
ki'ro-mSn-se or ktr'o-
shi-v51'rik
shtv'al-rus or chlv'-
shiv'al-re or chiv'-
klo'rid
klo'rin
krist'yan
kii8t-ye-5n'e-te
STORMONTH. IMPERIAL DICT. ENCYC. DICT
bra'kl-al
bra'vo
brTch or brech
brSv'gt
bro'mik
bro'mid
brSnz
broch
b66d'dTzm
bdol'le-ten
boi
bu-ro'
k5b'5-ra
k5-ka'o
kas'sSn, k5s-B36n'
kSl'sin
ka'llks
kS-melT-S
kSm-Sl'o-pard
k5-nal'
kan-ta'tS
kap'Il-ler-T
kS'pon
kSp'rln
k$p'ri-51
kSr'i-vSn'
kar'bin
kar'I-kS-tur''
kar'min
kar'tSl
kar-toosh'
kas'mgnt
ka'se-Qs
k5-sa'vS
kavai-kad
Be'drin
sg-les'tin
sgl'I-bS-sI
8g-nienf
Be'no-bit
Bh5-gren'
kai-sSd'5-nI
kSI'de
chal'drSn
shSm'wa
BhSm'pan
shSp'er.Sng
char'j^
cher'ful
kgmls-trl
shg-root'
chlm'pan-ze'
kl'ro-mSn'sI
BhTv'Sl-rik, chlv'51-
shiv'al-rus, chiv'-
shTv'al-ry, chiv'-
klo'rid
klo'rin
krist'ySn
krls'ti-anl-tt
kr5n-o-Ioi'e-kal kron'o-lojI-kSl
ki-le-£ak'sbun, kil-e- ki-lT-fak'shun
kim-e-fe-ka'shun ki-mTft-ka'shiin
Ber-kum-skrib'
klgf or klTf
klgp'se-dra, klep-si'-
klark or klerk
klTm-ak-ter'ik or
kle-mak'ter-Tk
klothz or kloz
ko'balt or k5b'alt
koch'e-nel
kok'a-tris
kod'e-li
kog'ne-zSns, kSn'e-
ko-lof'o-ne, kol'o-fo-
k51-or-Tf'ik
bSl-por-tQr or
kol'port-er
kom'at
kom-a-tos'
kiim'bat or k5m'-
kBm'ment or
kom-mgnt'
kom-is-sar'e-a or
-sa're-at
kbm'mon-welth or
kom-mon-welth'
kom- pen'sat
kom-ple-z5ns'
kom-poz'it
kom'post
bom'rad or kfim'-
k5ng'kaT
ser'kum-skrib'
kief
klep'si-drS
klark
klini'ak-terjlk or
kli-mSk'ter-Ik
klothz
ko'balt
kSch'i-nel
k5k'S-triS
kod'i-f:
kSg'ni-zSns or
k5n'm-
kol'o-fon-I
kol'por-ter'
ko'mat
k5m'S-tos'
kiim'bat
kom'ment
kom'mis-sa'rl-St
kom'mSn-welth
kom-pen'aat
kom'pla-z5ns'
kom'poz-it
kom'pSst
kSm'rad
kSn'kSv
bra'ki-Sl
bra'vo, n. ,'
bra'vo, interj.
brech
brg-vet'
bro'mik
bro'mid or -mid
brBnz
broch
bSod'Tzra
bullg-tin
boi or bwoi
bii-ro'
kab'S-rgt
ka-ka'o
kas'sSn
kai-sin'
kaliks
ka-mel1-5
ka-mgl'o-pard or
kam'el-
kS-nal' or kS-na-yS
kSn-ta'ta
kSp'il-la-rl or
ka-pil'ia-rl
ka'p5n
kSp'rin
kSp'rl-ol
kar'S-vSn
kar'bin _
Var'i-k5-tur'
kar'min
kar'tgl
kar-toosh
kaz'meut
ka'se-us
kSs-sa'dS
kas-sa'va or -sa'vS
kav'51-kad
Be'drin
Bel'gs-tin
sel'i-ba-sl
se-mgnt'
sSn'o-blt
sba-gren'
kai-sgd'o-nl
1^'de
chal'drSn
sham'wa or sb5-moi'
shSm-pau'
Bh3p'er-on or
shap-rSN
cha'rl
cher'ful
kemTst-rl
Bhe-robt'
chim-pan'ze or
chim'pan-ze
ki'rS-mSn-sI
• shlv'al-rTk
Bhlv'ai-rQs
shIv'Sl-rT
klo'rid
klo'rin or -rIn
kris'tyan
kris-tl-anl-tl
kron-S-lojIk-a
ki-li-fak'shon
kim'i-fl-ka'shSa
Ber'krim-skrib
kief
klgp'si-drS
klark
kli-m8k-ter'Tk or
klim-ak'ter-Tk
klothz
ko'balt
k5ch'i-nel
kSk'S-trls
k5d1-fi
kSg'ni-z8ns, kSnl-
k51'o-fon-T
kul-er-if'ik
kol-por-ter
ko'mat
ko'ma-tos
kora'bSt or kum'-
tom-ment'
kSm-mis-sa'ri-St
kom'mSn-wSlth
kom-pgn'sat or
k5m'p5n-sat
k5m'pla-z3ns
kom'poz-Tt
kom'post
kSm'rad ; formerly
also ki5m-rad'
kbu'kav
brSkT-41
bra'vo
brTch
brSv'gt
bro'mik
bro'mid
brSnz, a., n,f
bronz, v,
broch
bud'dTzm
bHl'lS-ttn
boi
bH'ro
kab'&-rSt
ka-kS'5
kas'sSn
kSl'siiT
kaliks
ka-mS11T-4
k8m'el-lep'4rd
kan-il'
kSn-ta'ta
ka-pll'lar-j
ka'piin
kSp'rin
kSp'rl-fll
kar-4.-v$n'
kar'bin or_kSr'blD
kSrl-ka-tur, n. ;
kSr-T-k4-tur', v.
kar'min
kar'tm
kar-toosh'
kas'ment
kaz'S-Qs
kas'si-da
kas'84-v4
kav'ai-kad
Be'drin
fiS-lgs'tln
figlT-bas-y
sg-ment'
Be'niS-bit
slia-grin'
kai-sgd'Un-y
kai'de
kai'driin
sham'wa
Bham'pan
Bh5p'er-5n, n. ;
-5n, V.
chfir'y
cher'ful
kgmls-try
sher-oot'
chlm-pan'ze
kir'fi-mSn-sj^
BhTv'41-rIk
Bhlv'il-riis
shlv'41-ry
klorld
klorln
krlstl-in
krls-tl-4n1-ty
kron-ii-15j1k-&l
ki-lT-fak'shiSn
kIm-Tf-I-ka'shiin
Ber-kQm-skrH/
klgf
klep-si'dri
klark
kli-mak'ter-Ik
klothz
ko'bBlt
k ochl-nel
kok'4-tri8
kodl-fi
kSnl-zans
kiil-5f'tin-?
kul-flr-Tfik
kol'por-tfir
ko'mat
kSm'a-tos
kiim'bat, n. ; -bit.
kom'ment
k8m-mIs-8Sr1-4t
kSm'miin-wSlth
kom'pSn-sat or
kom-pen'aat
kum-plaz'ans or
kSra'pla-zaiw
k6m'poz-it
kSm'pSst
ktim'rad
kSntav
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixxvii
WEBSTER.
WALKER.
CoNOLAVB k5n'k]av or k6a'- kBng'klav
CoNDniT kSu'dIt or kQn'- kQuMTt
C0NFG3S0B k5u-fSs'er k5n'fSs-siSr
CoNFUDANT, 71. mosc. k5D'fT-dSnt' kSn-fe-dSnt'
Confine, v. i.
CONFISOATB, V.
CoNfli, n.
COKOENBB
CONOLOBATE, a.
Connate
Connoisseur
cohsbbvatob
consioneb
consiqnoh
consistobt
Consols
Consummate, v.
contehplate
contemflatob
Contents
Contrite
Convenient
contebsblt
Convivial
Cony
COOPEB
Copaiba
Copal
Cordial
Corollary
Coronal, a.
CORSB
Coterie
Cotillon
Cotyledonocs
Counterpoise, v. t.
COUNTEHSION, V. t.
Countersink, v. t.
COURIES
Courteous
couetesan
Gbocodilb
Cbystallinb
CUIBASS
CUBVET, n.
Ctmose
Cynosubb
Dahlia
Daunt
Deaf
Decanal
Deoantation
Declinatobt
Decorous
Defile, n.
Deflagrable
Deleble
Demolition
Demoniacal
Demonolooy
Demonstbatb
Dejionstbatob
Denudation
Deposition
Depot
Desiccate
Design, v.
Desist
Detail, n.
Detestation
Detinue
Devastate
Dlsbesis
Diallaob, n. (Min.)
Diamond
Diatribe
Dilate
DiMISSOEY
Diocesan
Diphthong
Disable, v. t.
Discount, v.
Discrepancb
Disdain, n. & v.
Disgrace, n. & v.
Disputable
Dissyllable
Diverse, a.
Docile
Dbama
DULIA
Dynasty
kSa'fin or k5n-fin' k6n-fiu'
kSn'fls-kat or kSu-fls'kat
kSa-fIs'.
koN'zha'; E. kSn'je k6u-je'
kSn'ie-uer k5n-je'niir
kPn-glo'bSt kOn-glo'bat
k5u'ii£t or k5n-nat' kOu-Dat'
k5u'ni3-s0r' or -sur' kb-nSs-sar'
kSn'aer-va'ter kCn-sSr-va'tfir
k5n'sl-ne' ....
kSii-sIu'er or ....
kSn'sT-nor'
k5ii-sTs'to-ry or kBii'sIs-tttr-e
kSn'sIs-
kBu'sSlz or kSn-sSlz' ....
k5n's5m-mat or kBn-siSm'mat
kOn-sQm'-
k5n't8m-plat or kSu-tSm'plat
k5n-tSm'-
kSn'tSm-pla'ter k5n-tSm'pla-tiir
kBn'tSnts, kBn-tSuts'
kSn'trIt
k5n-ven'yent
k5n'vers-lj' or
kSn-vers'-
kSn-vtv'I-al
ko'ny or kQu'J
koSp'er
ko-pa'ba
ko'pal
kSr'jal, kSrd'yal
k5r'51-la-ry
kSr'o-ual or ko-ro'-
kOrs or kors
ko'te-re'
ko'te'ySN', ko'tSl'-
kSt'T-ISd'im-as
koun'ter-poiz'
koim'ter-sln'
koun'ter-sTnk'
koo'ri-er
kfir'te-Sa
kflr'te-z5n
krSk'o-dn
krls'tal-lin or -lln
kwe-ras' or kwe'rSs
kflr'vSt or kur-v§t'
Bi'mos
Bi'no-shur or stn'o-
dal'y4 or dal'ya
dant
dSf or def
d?k'a-iioI
de'kSn-ta'sUun
de-kliu'a-to-ri^ or
de-klTu'-
de-ko'rus, d6k'6-rila
de-fn' or de'fll
de-fla'gra-b'l, dSf'la-
del'e-b'l or dele-b'l
dSm'o-lTsh'Qu
dSm'o-nl'a-kal
de'm5n-51'o-J2^ or
dem'Sn-
dSm'Sn-strat or
de-mon'-
d8m'5n-stra'ter
den'fl-da'shQn or
de'uu-
dSp'o-zish'un, de'pS
de'po ; F. da-po'
des'ik-kat, de-sTk'-
de-zln' or de-sIn'
de-zTst' or de-slst'
de'tal or de-tal'
dSt/Ss-ta'shOn or
de'tSs-
dSt'i-nu
dSv'as-tat
dt-§r'e-si8
di'al-laj
di'a-muiid or
di'mtind
di'a-trib
dl-lat' or dt-laf
dIm'Is-sS-rJ-
dt-os'e-san, di'o-se'
dif 'thSng or dip'-
dis-a'b'l
dis'kounf or
dls-kount'
dla-krep'aus
k5n-tSuts'
k5u'trit
kSn-ve'ne-Snt
kBa-vgrsle
k5n-vtv'y51
kfin'ne
koo'pQr
kSr'je-Sl
kSr'o-lSr-e
kBr-o'nSl
kors
ko-tQr-re'
ko-tTl-ySng'
kouu-tiir-poiz'
kouu-tr^r-an'
koo-rfr'
kur'tslie-us
kfir-te-zSn'
kr5k'6-dil
kris'tSl-lin or -ITn
kwe-rSs'
kur-vSt'
sTn'o-shui or ai'no-
dant
dgf
dgk-Sn-ta'ahiSn
de-klIn'S-tiir-6
de-ko'i'Qs
de-fil'
de-fla'grS-bl
dSm-o-lIsh'iin
dSni-o-m'2-kSl
dem-o-nSl'o-je
de-m5n'strat
dSm-mSn-stra'tiir
dSn-nu-da'ahSn
- d5p-po-zIah'iin
de-sTkTjat
de-sin'
de-sTst'
de-tal'
det-gs-ta'shiSn
de-tln'u
de-vSs'tat
dl-Sr'e-aTa
di'S-mfind
dis-dan' or dTz-
dis-gras'
dis'pu-ta-b'l
dTa-silla-b'l or
dls'sil'-
dl'vers or di-vere'
dSa'Il or do'aTl
drS'mS, or dTa'mi
dfi-ll'a
di'naa-tjf or dln'aa-
dts-pgp'sj^
de-laf
dTm'is-sfir-re
di-os'se-s5n
dip'thong
diz-a'bl
dTs-kounf
disTsre-pSiis
diz-dan'
diz-graa'
dls'pu-t5-bl, dle-pu'-
dis'sTl-lS-bl
dI'vSra
dBa'sIl
dra'mS or drSm'mS
du'le-5
di'n5s-te or dIn'Sa-
dls'pgp-ae
SMART.
kBug'klav
kun'dtt
kBu'iSa-siSr
kBn'fe-dSut'
kBu'fin
kBu-fls'kat
kBii'je
k&u'je-nSr
kBug'gl4-bat
kBu-uat'
kBii'naa-sQr'
kBu'aer-va'tOr
kBn-s^-ne'
kBn-sS-nSr'
kBu'ala-tiir-e
kBn-sBlz'
kBu-aOrn'mat
kBn-tSm'plat
kBn'tfim-pla'tQr
kBu-tfiiita'
kBn-trit', kBn'trit
kBn-ve'ue-Snt
kBu-vera'le
kBn-vTv'e-al
ko'ne
kobp'er
ko-pa'b4
ko'pal
kor'de-al
kBr'Bl-Iar-S
kBr'4-nal
kors
kSt'Sr-e'
ko-ttl'ySN
kBfe-16d'o-naa
koim'ter-poiz
kSiin'ter-sin
ko6r'e-er
to'iirt-yiia
kQr-te-z5n'
krBk'ko-dn
kris'tal-lln
kwe'rSa
kOr'vgt
Bi-moa'
si'no-zh'oor
dale-a
diint
dgf
dgk'a-nal
de'kSn-ta'ahiSn
de-kli'na-tQr-e
de-kyrfis
de'fll
dgfla-grd-bl
dele-bl
dgm'o-lish'iin
dSm'6-ni'a-kal
d§m'Bn-51'o-je
de-m5n'strat
dgm'un-atra'tiSr
dgn'u-da'ahiSn
de'po-ztsh'Qn
da-po'
de-alk'kat
de-sTn'
de-sTat'
de'tal
de'tgs-ta'ahan
dgfe-nu
de-vSs'tat
dt-gr'e-sTs
dt-ai1a-je
di'a-mund, colL
di'mund
di'a-tri'be
dl-laf
dlmTs-sOr-e
dJ-Ss'e-zan
dip'thBng
diz-a'bl
dTs-kounf
dis'kre-pana
diz-dan'
diz-gras'
dTs'pu-t4-bl
dia-sina-bl
di'vers
dos'sll
drSm'i
du'le-i
dIn'as-tS
dIs-pSp'ai
WORCESTER. STORMONTH. IMPERIAL DICT. ENCYC. DIC'xi
kBug'klav kBn'klav
ktm'dit kun'dtt or k5n'-
kSu'fes-or, kon-fSs'- kBn-fgs'ser
kBn-fe-d5nt' kBn'fl-dSnf
kon-fln' or kBu'fin
kon-fJs'kat
kBn'je
kBn'je-ner or
koii-je'-
koii-glo'bat
kon-iiat'
kBii-nis-sur' or -eCr'
kBu'aer-va-tor
kBu-se-ue'
kBn-ae-nOr'
kBn'ais-to-re or
kou-sls'-
kBn-sBlz', kBn'aBlz
kou-sQni'mat
kon-tgm'plat
kon-tgm'pla-tor or
kBu'tem-
kon-tgnts', kBn'tgnts
kBn'trit
kon-ven'yent
k8n'vers-le or
kon-vera'-
kon-vlv'e-al or -yal
kiiii'e or ko'ne
koop'er or k55p'er
ko-pe'ba
ko'pal
kord'yal, k8r'de-a]
kBr'ol-la-re, ko-rBl'-
ko-ro'nal or kBr'o-
kora or k8ra
ko-te-re'
ko-tTl'yiin
k8t-e-led'o-n5s
koun-ter-poiz'
kouu-ter-slu'
koun-ter-sTnk'
koo'rer
kQr'te-us, kort'yus
kflr-te-z5n'
krBk'o-dll or -dil
kris'tal-lin or -ITn
kwe-rSa' or kwe'rSs
kflr'vet or kur-vSf
ai-moa'
el'no-sur or sln'o-
dale-a
dant
dgf
dgk'a-nal or de-ka'-
dSk-an-ta'sliun
de-klTn'a-to-re
de-ko'rua, dgk'o-rua
de-fn'
de-fla'gra-bl, dgfla-
dgl'e-bl
dgm-o-lTah'un
dgm-o-ni'a-kal
de-nion-Bl'o-je or
dSm-on-
de-mSn'strat
dSm'on-stra-tor or
de-mon'-
dgn-u-da'shun
dgp-o-zlsh'un
de-po'
de-alk'kat
de-sin' or de-zin'
de-sTst'
de-tal' or de'tal
det-es-ta'shun
dgfe-nii or de-tln'u
de-vas'tat or dgv'as-
di-gr'e-sTa
di-Slla-je
di'a-mond or
di'mond
di'a-trib, dT-5f re-be
de-lat' or di-laf
dim'ia-so-re
di-os'e-sSn, -o-se'aau
dip'thong
d"?-a'bl
dTa-kounf
dis'kre-pSna
diz-dan'
diz-gras'
dTs'pu-ta-bl
dTs-aTna^bl, dTs'stl-
di'vers
dBs'il
dra'ma or drSm'i
dii'le-a,
di'nas-te or din'as-
dis'pep-se, dia-pSp'-
kBu-fin'
kBn-fls'kat
kong'zha
kBu-je'uer
kBu'glo-bat
kBu-uat'
kBii'iiTs-ser'
kBn'ser-va'ter
kBu'jjT-ue'
kBu-si'ner or
kBu'sT-uBr'
k5u-sTs'ter-I
kBn'aBlz, kBn-sBlz'
k5n-sum'mat
kBu-tgm'plat
kBn'tgm-pla'ter
kBn'klav
kBu'dtt or kun'-
kon-fes'er or kBu'-
kBn'fl-dSnt or
kon-fT-dSut'
kBn-fin'
kBn-fTs'kat or
kBu'fls-
kBn'je ; Fr. koN-zlia
kSn-je'uer or
kBn'j6n-er
k5n'glo-bat
kBn'uat
kBn'Ts-sur
k5ii-ser-va'ter or
kBii'ser-va-ter
kBn-sin-e'
k8n-ain'5r
k8n'sls-t5r-l
kBn'aSlz
kBn'ailm-at
k8n-tgm'plat or
kBn'tem-
kBn-tgm'pIat-er
kBn'klav
kuu'dTt
Ktin-fea'sflr
kBn'n-dant
kun-fin'
kBu'fis-kat
k8u-ja'
kBn'jg-ner
kBn'glo-biSt
kBu'iiat
kon-nua-aflr'
kQn-aer'va-tflr 09
kun'tor-va-tQr
k8n-sin-e'
kfin-ain'Qr
kBn'ats-tflr-y
k5n-sBlz'
k8n'sOm-mat
kOn-tgm'plat or
kBn'tem-
kun-tgm'pla-tdr
B
kBu-tguta', kBn'tgnts kBn'tenta, kBu-tgnta' kBn'tgnta, kun-tgnts'
kBn'trit kBn'trit kBn'trit
kBn-ve'uT-gnt kBn-ve'nI-gnt kun-ve'nT-ent
kBn-vers'lI kBn'vers-lI kun'vera-lj^
kBn-vTv'I-ai
ko'nT
k(56p'er
ko-pa'b5
ko'pSl or ko p51'
kBr'dT-51
kBr'Bl-ler-T
kBr'o-nSl or kB-ro'-
kBra
ko'ter-e
ko-tTl'yHn
kBtT-le'dB-nHa
koun'ter-poiz
koun'ter-sin
koun'ter-slnk
koor'i-er
kert'yus
ker'tg-zSn
krSk'o-dn
kris'tai-lIn
kwT-rSa'
ker'vgt
si'raoz
si'no-zh36r
da'll-a
dant
dgf
dgk'S-n$l
de'kSn-ta'aliun
dg-klin'5-ter-I
dg-ko'rQs
dg-fil' or de'fn
dgf'lS-grS-bl
dgl'g-bl
dgm'B-lTah'fin
dgm-o-ni'a-kSl
de'mou-ol'B-jI
de-mBn'etrat or
dgm'Bn-
dgm'on-stra'ter
dgn'ii-da'shSn
de'po-zTsb'un
dg-po'
des'Tk-kat
dg-ziu' or d5-ain'
dg-sTst'
de'tal
de'tgs-ta'shOn
dgtT-nu
dSv'5s-tat
di-e're-als
di'Sl-laj
di'S-milnd
di'S-trib
di-laf
dini'Ta-ser-I
di-Bs'e-aan
dip'thong
dTs-a'bl
dTa-kounf, R. dTr/-
dia-krep'Sns or
dis'krep-
dTa-dan'
dTs-graa'
dts'pu-tS-bl
dTs-aTl'15-bl
di-vera' or di'vers
dBs'Tl or do's!!
dram'5
du-li'S
dTn'Ss-tt
dts-pgp'al
kBn-vT'vTSl
ko'nT
koo'per
ko-pa'b5
ko-pSl'
kBr'dT-51
kB'rBl-lS-rl
k8-ro'nal
kBrs
ko'tS-re
kS-tel-yBN
kot-II-e'don-Ds
koun'ter-poiz
koun-ter-sin'
koun-ter-sTnk'
koo're-er
kort'e-iSs
kort'e-zSn
kro'ko-dn
krls'tal-in
kwT-rSs'
ker-vgf
eiui'os
sin'o-zhoor
da'lT-5
dant
dgf
de'kan-51
de-kSiit-a'shBn
de-kliu'S-tSr-T
de-ko'rua
de-fil'
de-fla'grS-bl
de'ie-bl
de-mo-lT'shon
de-mo-ni'ak-Sl
de-mBn-ol'o-jI
de-mon'strat
dg'mon-strat-er
de-nud-a'ahBn
de-po-zT'sh8n
dg-po'
de-tTk'at
dg-sin' or dS-zin'
de-sTsf
de-tal'
de-tgst-a'sh5n
kQn-vTvl-al
ko'ni^
koop'er
kSp-i'bi
ko-pal'
k6r'dT-iil
kor'Bl-la-ry, kB-rBl'.
kB-ro'nal or kSr'Q-
kSrs
ko'ter-T
ko-tel-y3N
kot-Tl-e'dun-fia
koun'ter-poiz
kouii-ter-ein'
koun-ter-eTnk'
koor'T-er
koit'S-us
kort'g-z4n
krokTi-dil
kris'tal-lin
kwT-rSa'
kQr-vgf
si'iiioa
alii'u-sur
dalT-a
dant
dgf
dgk'4n-41
de-kSnt-a'shuu
dg-khn'a-tQr-y
dg-ko'riis, dgl. u-rfl/
dg-fil'
dg-fla'gra-bel
del'e-bel
dgm-ii-lT'ahun
dg-mo-ni'a-kil
de-mun-81'u-jy
dS-ruBn'strat or
dem'un-
dgm'un-strat-fir
de-nud-a'ahSn
de-pBz-T'shun
dgp'o
de-sTk'kat
dg-zin'
dg-7.Tsf
dg-tal' or de'tal
de-tgs-ta'shun
Q
H
dg'tT-nu dgft-nu
dg'v5s-tat dgv'as-tat
di-e'rS-aTa or di-B'- di-e'rg-sTa
di'Sl-aj or di-al15-je di'al-laj or di-Sl'li-je
di'a-mond di'a-miind
di'a-trib
di-laf
dT-mTa's8-rI
di-os'gs-Sn, di'o-sea-
dTf'thong or dTp'-
dis-a'bl
dis-kount'
dis'krep-ans or
dTa-krgp'-
dTa-dan'
dTa-graa'
dTs-put'S-bl
dTs'sTl-ia-bl
di-vera' or di'vers
do'sil or dB'sTl
dra/mS
du1T-5
din'Sa-ti
dis-pgp'at
di'a-trib
di-laf
dTm'Ts-sQr-y
di-os'g-san
dTf 'thong
dis-a'bel
dTa-kounf
dTs-krgp'4n8
dTs-dan'
dis-gras'
dis-pu'ta-bel, dls'pu.
dis-sTl'la-bel
di-vera' or di'vera
do'sil or dBsIl
dra'ma
du'lT-a
dTn'as-tJ^
dTa-pgp'aJ
K
M
ixxviii
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
WEBSTER.
WALEEB.
SMABT.
WOBCESTEE.
STOBMONTH.
IMPEBIAL DICT. EN CYC. DICT.
GOCLESIASTIO
Sk-kle'zI-Ss'tTk
Sk-kle-zhe-Ss'tIk
gk-kle'ze-5s'tlk
gk-kle-ze-Ss'tik
gk-kle'zT-Ss'tIk
gk-kle'zT-as'tIk
gk-kle-zT-Ss'tlk
Economic
e'ko-nom'ik, gk'o-
6k-ko-nom'ik
gk'6-nom'Ik
gk-o-nom'ik, o-ko-
gk'o-nSm'ik
e-kon-5m'Tk
gk-fi-nom'ik
E'ek
ar or Sr ; 52
*
ar
Sr
ar
ar
Sr
Egotism
e'go-tiz'm or Sg'o-
e'go-tizm
gg'o-tizm
e'go-tizm orgg'o-
gg'o-ttzra
e'g5t-Tzm
gg'u-tizm
Egregious
e-gre'ju3 or -jT-us
e-gre'je-us
e-gre'je-us
e-gre'jus
g-gre'jl-u3
e-gre'jT-as
e-gre'ji-iis
Either
e'ther or i'ther
e'thtir
e'ther
e'ther
e'ther or i'ther
e'ther or i'ther
e'ther or i'ther
Eleemosynary
el'e-m5s'T-iia-ry or
61'e-moz'-
e-le'ji-iSk or gl'e-ji'-
gl-e-mSz'e-nar-e
el'e-moz'e-nar-6
81-e-mSs'e-na-ie
gl'g-m5z'T-ner-I
gl-e-mbs'T-na-rl
g-le-mus'in-a-ry
Elegiac
Sl-e-jl'3k
Sl'e-ji'Sk
51-e-ji'ak
gl'e-ji'ak
gl-e'jT-ak or el-e-ji'-
g-15-jl'3k
Elephantoid
61'e-fan-toid'
. . . .
. .
el'e-fan-toid
el'S-fSu'toid
gl-e-fant'oid
el-g-fSn'toid
Elongation
e'15n-ga'shun
Sl-5ng-ga'sh5n
S'lon-ga'shun
Sl-ong-ga'shun
e'long-ga'shiin
e-18ng-ga'shon
e-lon-ga'shun
Elytron
Sl'i-'tron or e-U'tr5n
. . . •
[jj^re-ll'tra]
gl'e-tr6n
eri-tron
gIT-tron
g-Ii'tron
Embrasure
gm-bra'zhiJr
5m-br5'zhur
Sm'bri-zur'
6m-bra-zhur' or
em-bra'zhur
gm-bra'zhd6r
gm-bra'zhur
em-braz'ur or
gm-bra-zur'
Empiric, n.
5m-pir'Tk
Bm'pe-rik or
gm-pTr'ik
Sm-pTrTk
em-pir'ik or
gm'pe-rik
6m-pTr'Tk
5m-pT'rik
em-plrik
Empyrean, n.
Sm'pl-re'an
Sm-pi-re'Sn or
gm-pTr'e-
Sm'pe-re'an
Sm-pe-re'au or
em-ptr'e-an
Sm'pT-re'Sn
em-pi-re'an
gm-pir-e'&n
Enfilade
gn'fi-lad'
gn-fe-lad'
BN'fJ-lad'
Sn-fe-lad'
5n'fT-lad'
5n-fT-Iad'
gn'fl-lad
Enigmatic
e'nTg-mSt'Tk, gn'ig-
gn-lg-matik
e'nig-raat'ik
e-nig-mafik
gn'Tg-mafTk
e-iiTg-matlk
g-nlg-mat'Tk
Enneason
gn'ne-a-gon
• . . •
gn-ne'a-eon
Su'sin-se
en-ne'a-g5n, Sn'ne-
Sn'ne-a-gon
gn'ne-a-gSn
gn'ng-a-gon
Ensigncy
gn'am-sy
gn'sTn-se
8r.'sin-se
gn'sin-si
6n'sin-si^
gn'sin-sy
Enunciation
e-nun'sT-a'sliun or
-shT-a'shun
e-nun-she-a'shiin
e-nun'she-a'shOn
e-uuu-she-a'shun
e-nun'si-a'shfin or
-shT-a'shun
e-niin'sT-a'shSn or
-shT-a'shCn
e-niin-sT-a'shSa.
EIttelop. n.
gn-vgl'op
. . . .
. . . .
en-v51'op
. . . .
En'vSl-op
gn'vel op
Envelope, n.
go'vgl-op or
as've-lop'
5n-ve-lop'
CNv'lQp
ang-ve-lop' or
gn've-lop
5i>'vgl-op
gn'vSl-op
5n'vel-op
Envibons
gn-vl'r5nz or
6n-ve-ronz' or
Sn've-rfinz
en-vi'ronz or
Bu'vT-rSnz or
gn-vi'ronz
gn-vi'rUnz
gn'vt-ronz
gn-vi'runs
gn've-rSnz
gn-vi'ronz
Epicubean
gp'T-ku-re'an or
-ku're-an
gp'ok or e'pok
gp-e-ku-re'Sn
Sp'e-ku-re'an
8p-e-ku-re'an
Sp'l-kii-re'an
S'pT-ku-re'an
gp-T-kiS-re'4ii
Epoch
gp'Sk or e'p5k
Sp'Sk
gp'ok or e'pSk
e'p5k
e'pok
e'pSk
Equable
eTiwa-bU
e'kwa-bl
gk'wa-bl
e'kwa-bl
gk'wa-bl
e'kwa-bl
e'kwa-bel
Equerry
gk'wgr-ry, e-kwgr'rj
• • . .
gk'wgr-re
gk'vve-re, e-kvvgr'e
gk'w6r-i
g'kwg-ri
g'kwgr-rj
Ere
ar or 3r ; 52
ar
ar
ar
ar
ar
Sr
Erring
er'ring or gr'rlng
. . . .
Sr'rlng
gr'ing
er'rTng
gring
gring
ESCALOP
gs-kol'up
BkQllup
. . . .
skollop or es-k51'up
gs-kai'op
gs-k51'15p
gs-kSl'up
Espionage
gs'pT-s-naj or -nazh'
, . , ,
5s'pe-6-nazh
es'pe-o-uaj or -nazh
gs'pe-o-naj', -nazh'
gs'pi-on-aj
gs'pl-un-lj
Essayist
gs'sa-ist
ga-sa'tst
Ss'sa-lBt
gs'sa-Tst or es-sa'ist
gs'sa-Tst
gs'sa-Tst
gs'sa-Ist
Etiquette
et'i-kgf
gt-e-kgf
Bfe-kSf
gt-e-ket'
6tT-kgt'
gt'T-ket
gfl-kgt
EURIPUS
6-ll'pU8
u-ri'pus
u're-pHs
u-ri'pus or u're-pus
u-ri'pils
u-ri'pQs
Evangelical
e'v5n-jgl1-kal or
gv'an-
ggz-Ss'er-bat
gv-an-jSl'e-kai
gvan-jSlT-kal
e-van-jgl'e-kal or
gv-an-
egz-Ss'er-bat
e'v5n-jei'I-kai
e-van-jS11k-ai
e-van-jel'Ik-ai
Exacerbate
5gz-5s'gr-bat
ggz-as'er-bat
gks-as'er-bat
gks-as'er-bat
gks-as'er-bat
Excerpt, n.
gk-serpt'
. . . .
gks-Berpt'
eks-serpt', eks'serpt
gk-serpf
gk-serpt'
gks-serpt'
Excretive
gks-kre'tiv, gks'kre-
gks'kre-tTv
gks-kre'tlv
gks'kre-tTv, eks-kre'
- eks-kre'tTv
gks'ki-e-tiv
gks-kre'tiv
Excretory
gks-kre'to-i'^ or
gks'kre-
gkaTtre-tur-e
gks-kre'tur-S
gks'kre-to-re or
eks-kre'-
eks-kre'ter-I
gks'kre-to-rl
gkE-kre'tQr-3?
Executive
ggz-Sk'u-tlv or gks-
ggz-gk'u-ttv
gks-Sk'u-tIv
egz-gk'u-tTv
ggz-gk'u-tTv
ggz-gk'ut-iv
ggz-gk'iJ-tlv
Exemplary
ggz'gm-pla-i-y
ggz'em-pl5r-e
ggz'gm-plar-e
Sgz'em-pla-re
ggz'gm-pler-T
ggz'em-pia-rl
ggz-Sm'plar-y
Exhalation
Sks'ha^la'sliun or
ggz'a-
5ks-hal' or ggz-al'
Sks-hS-la'shfin
gks'ha^la'shun
egz-ha-la'shim
gks'ha-la'shiin
ggz-hS-la'shSn
ggz-ha-la'shOn-
Exhale
ggz-hal'
ggz-hal'
egz-hal'
ggz-hal'
ggz-hal'
ggz-hal'
Exhaust
ggz-ast'
egz-hast'
ggz-hasf
egz-hast'
ggz-hasf
ggz-hasf
ggz-hasf
Exhaustion
ggz-as'chun
ggz-has'chiSn
ggz-hasf yun ;
colioq. -shun
egz-hast'yun
ggz-hast'yiin
ggz-hasfy5n
ggz-hast'yQn
Exile, n.
Sks'n
gks'il
gks'il
gks'il
ggzll or gks'il
Sgz'il; obs. ggz-il'
ggz'n
Exile, v.
gks'il
gg-zfl'
gks'il
egz-il' or gks'il
ggzll or eksll
ggzTI ; obs. ggz-il'
ggz'Il
Explicative
gks'plT-ka-tIv
6ks'ple-ka-tlv
gks'ple-ka'tiv
Sks'ple-ka-tiv
eks'plT-ka'tTv
gks'plT-kat-Tv
gks'pll-ka-tiv
Explicatory
gks'pli-ka'tS-i^
. . . .
gks'ple-ka'tur-e
Sks'ple-ka-to-re
gks'plT-ka'ter-T
gks'plT-ka-to-rl
gke'pll-ka-tflr-y-
Exploratory
gks-plor'a-to-r5 or
gks-pl5r'-
Sks-pl5r'5-tilr-e
gks-pl5r'a-tiir-e
eks-pl5r'a-tor-e
gks-plor'a-ter-X
gks-plor'a-to-rl
gks-plor'a-tUr-f
EXFUBOATE
gks'ptir-gat or
gks-pfir'- __
....
gks-pQr'gat
eks-pflr'gat
gks-per'gat
gks-per'gat
gks-pflr'gat
Expueoator
gks'pur-ga'ter or
gks-pflr'ga-ter
....
gks-pflr'gi-tiir
eks-pfir'ga-tor or
gks'pur-ga-
gks-per'ga-ter
gks-per'gat-er
gks-pflr'ga-tSr
Exsiccate
5ks'sTk-kat, eks-sik'-
gk-sik'kat
gks-sik'kat
eks-sTk'kat
gk-sTk'kat
gk-sik'kat
gks-sik'kat _
Extirpate
gka'ter-pat, eks-ter'-
gk-stgr'pat
gks-ter'pat
eks-ter'pat
gks-ter'pat
gk-sterp'at
gks'ter-pat
Extirpator
gks'ter-pa'ter or
gks-ter'pa-ter
gk-ster'pa-tfir
gks-ter'pa^tur
eks-ter'pa-tor or
gks'tir-pa-
gks-ter'pa-ter
gk-sterp'at-er
gks'ter-pa-tflr
Extraordinary
Sks-trSr'dT-na-i-J or
gks'tra-8r'-
gks-trSr'de-uSr-e
gks-trSr'de-nar-S
eks-tr8r'de-na-re or
gks-tra-Sr'-
gks-trSr'di-ner-T or
eks'trS-Sr'-
gks-tra-or'dln-a-rl
gks-tra-Sr'din-a-TJ^
Exude
gks-«d' or ggz-ud'
gk-sud'
gks-sud'
eks-iid'
gks-ud'
gks-ud'
ggz-nd'
Exultation
gks'ul-ta'shun, ggz'-
gks-ul-ta'shiSn
Sgz'ul-ta'shSn
egz-ul-ta'shun
ggz'ul-ta'shQn
gks-iilt-a'shSn
ggz-ul-ta'shDn
Eyrie or Eyry
a'rj^ or e'rf
a're
e'rS
Sr'e
e'rT or a'ri
i'rl
i'rl
Facial
fa'shol
fa'sh'al
fa'shal
fa'shT-ai
fa'shl-ai
fa'sl-al or fa'shi-M
Falchion
fal'chfin
fal'shun
fal'chun
fal'chun or -shun
fal'shun
fal'shou
fal'shun
Fallen
fal''n
fain
fal'hi
fal'n
fal'gn
fal'en
Familiarity
fa-mil'yar'i-W^ or
-T-Sr'i-tj?
fe'bril or fgb'ril
fS^mll-ye-Sr'e-te
fa-mTl'g-ar'g-tS
fa-mll-ye-ar'e-te
fa-mTl'i-ar'T-tl
fa-mIl'T-3'rI-«
fa-mil-I-ar'I-tJ
Febeilb
fgb'ril
fgb'rn
feniril or fgb'ril
fgb'rTl
fe'brn
fe'brfl
Feopp
fgf
m
fgf
fgf
fgf
fgf
fef
Feofpee
fgf-fe'
fgf'fe
fgf-fe'
fef'fe or fgf-fe'
fgf-fe'
fgf'fe
fef'fe
Ferrule
fgr'ril or -rul
fer'ril
fSr'robl
fgr'ril or fSr'rul
fer'reSl
fe'rul
fer'rul
Fertile
fer'til or -til
fgr'til
fer'til
fer'til
fer'tn or -ttl
fer'tn or -til
fer'tn or -til
Ferule
fgr'Tl or -ul
• • . ■
• ■ >
fgr'ul
fgr'iil
fg'rfil
fer'ul
Fetichism
f e'tish-Iz'm, fgt'ish-
....
fe'tish-Tzm
fgt'e-shizm
fe'tTsh-Tzm
fe'tish-Tzm
fe'tish-Tzm
Fetid
fgt'id or f e'tid
iWU
fgt'Td
fefid
fgt'Td or f e'tld
fe'tld
fe'tld
FiBRLNODS
fi'bri-nus or f ib'rT-
. . •
•
fib're-nus
fi'brTn-iis
fi'brln-us
fi'brln-us
FlELDPARB
feld'fSr'
fel'far
feld'far; coll. iSl'-
feld'fSr
feld'far
feld'far
feld'fSr
Financier
fin'Sn-ser'
fin-n3n-8er'
fin'an-ser'
fin-an-ser'
fT-nan'ser
fi-nau'ser
fl-nan'ser
Finochio
fi-no'chi-o
fe-no'she-o
fin'otch-o
fe-no'she-o
. . . .
fl-no'ke-o
fl-no'kl-o
Flaunt
flant or flaiit
flant
flant
flant
flant
flant
flant
Florentine
fl5r'en-ten'or -tin
• •
■ • • ■
flSr'en-tin or -tin
fl5r'gn-tTn
flii'rgn-tin
fliSr'en-tin
Floriocltubb
flo'rI-kill'tiSr or
fl5r'i-; 135
....
....
flor'e-kult-yur
flor'T-kiil'tur
flo'rl-kai-tur
fl5r-T-kul'tur
Florist
flo'rTst or flor'ist
flo'rTst
flo'rTst
florist
flor'ist
flor'ist
flSr'Iet
Folio
f ol'yo or fo'lT-o
fole-o
font-t
fo^e-o or fol'yo
fo'lT-o
fo'lT-o
fo'lT-o
Foeat
for'a or fo-ra'
• >
• > .
fo-ra' or for'a
for i
f5'ra
for'a
Forefathee
ioT'i-i/theT
for-fa'thOr
for'fa-ther
for'fa-ther, for-fa'-
for'fath-er
for'fa-ther
for'fa-ther
Forehead
for'ed
for'hgd
f or'hed ; coll. f Sr'gd
for'ed or forOiSd
for'gd
for'hgd or fSr'ed
for'hgd
Forerunner
for-run'ner, f or'run'-
■ for-run'nOr
for-run'ner
for-run'ner
for'run-ner
for-riin'er
for-riin'ner
Fortnight
fSrf nif ; in U. S.
often f8rt'nit
fSrfnit
fSrt'nit
f8rf nit or
f8rt'nit
forVnit
fort'nit
fSrfnIt
Fracas
f ra'kas ; F. f ra/ka/
• • > •
fra-kaT
fra'kas or fra-ka'
fra-ka'
fra-ka
fr4-ka'
Franchise
f ran'chiz or
fran'chiz
frSn'tshTz
fran'chTz
fran'chiz
fran'chiz or
fran'chiz
fran'chiz
frSn'chiz, n. & a.,
-chiz, V.
Fraternize
fra'ter-niz or f rSfer-
...
fri-ter'niz
fra-ter'niz
frat'er-niz
fra'ter-niz
frat'er-niz
Fbaternizee
frSt^r-nl'zer
...
. . . .
fra-ter'niz-er
frafer-ni'zer
fra'ter-niz-er
frafer-niz-er
Frontier
fron'ter
f ron'tsher, frSnf yer
frSn'ter
fron'ter
fron'ter
fr5n'ter
fron'ter
Fuchsia
fu'shi-4 or f u'shi
. . . •
fu'she-a
fli'she-a
fu'shT-a
fii'shl-a, fobk'sI-5
fjik'sl-a, gen. f u'Bh!(-
Fusil, n.
fu'zTl
fu-ze'
fS'zn
f u'zil or fu-ze'
fu'zTl
fvi'zTl
fuz'Il
Futile
fu'tll
fu'tH
fu'tn
fu'til
fu'tn or -til
fu'tn
fu'tn
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixxiv
WEBSTER.
WALKER.
S3IAET.
WORCESTER.
STORMONTH.
IMPERIAL Die
r. ENCYC. DICT
Gadoid
ga'doid
....
gSd'oid
ga'doid
.
gad'oid
gad'oid
Gaelic
gal'Ik
• . . .
ga'gl-ik
ga'lik
gallk or ga/-
gal'Ik
gal'ik
Gainsay
gau'sa' or ran'sa'
gan-sa'
gan'sa
gan-sa' or gan'sa
gan'sa
gau'sa
gau'sa
Oallant, n. ; a.,
gal-15nt'
gSl-lant', n. /
g31-lauf
gal-lant'
gai-iant'
gai'lSnt or gai-15nt'
gai'lant or gM-lgnf
polite.
gSl-15nt', a.
Gallatb
gSl'lat
. . . .
gal'at
gSl'Iat
gai'lat
gSl'lat
gSl'lat
Gallic, a.^fr. galls
gai'lTk
. . . .
gal'Ik
gal'ik
gal'llk
gal'Ik
gai'lIk
Gallows
galias or -Itz
gSl'lQs
giiiaaa
gSl'lus
gaiioz
gSl'loz
gSl'loz
G^ALOCHB
ga-losh'
g5-lo3h'
ga-Iosh'
ga-losh'
gS-15sh'
gS-18sh'
ga-lBsh'
Gantlet
giSnt'lgt
gSnt'lgt
gSutast
gaut'let
gant'lgt
gant'lgt
gant'lgt
Gape
giip, in Eng. tmi. gap giip
K?^,.
gap or gap
gap
gap
gap
Garden
gar'd'n
gar'dn
g'ar'dn
gar'dn or -den
gar'dn
gar'dn
gard'n
Gakbote
gSr-rot'
. • •
gSr-rof
gar-rot'
gS-rSt'
g5-r8t'
gar-r8t'
Gaseous
gas'e-Qs or gSz'-
. . . .
g5z'e-u8
gSz'e-Qs or ga'ze-us
ga'ze-Qs
ga'ze-iis
ga'ze-as
Gaunt
gaut
gaat
giint
gant
gant
gant
gant
Gauntlet, glove
gaut'ISt
gautlgt
ganflgt
gaut'let
gant'lgt
gant'lgt
gant'lgt
Gavelkind
gSv'Sl-kind'
gSv'Il-kind
gSv'gl-kind
gav'el-kind
g^v'gl-kind
ga'vgl-kind
ga'vel-kind
Gavot
gSv'ot or g4-v5t'
. ...
ga-vof
gav'ot
. . . .
ga-v8t'
g4-T8t'
Gazon
ga-zoon'
gSz-oon'
ga-zoN'
ga-zoon'
ga-zoon'
gaz-8N'
Genealogy
jSn'e-51'6-jy
je-ne-SI'o-je
je'ue-Sl'6-je
jSn-e-ai'o-je
je'ne-ai'5-jl
je-ue-81'o-jl
jg-ng-ai'a-jy
Gentilism
jgn'tn-Tz'm
jgn'tn-Izm
jgn'te-llzm
jgn'til-izm
jgn'til-Izm
. . . .
jgn'til-izm
Geyser
gl'ser or gi'zer
• • • •
ge'ser
gi'ser
gi'zer
gi'zer
giz'er
Giraffe
ji-r5f'
....
Zilt-lii'
je-rSf'
jl-raf or zhT-
jl-rSf
jl-raf
Girandole
jlr'an-dol
• • . .
zhe'rin-dftl
jlr'an-dol
jir'Sn-dol or zhlr'-
ji'ran-dol
jir'an-dol
Glactee
gla'sher, glSsT-er
. . . -
glSs'e-er
gias'e-er
glSsT-er, gla'shl-er
glS'shl-er
glSs'I-er
Glacis
gla'sTs or gl4-ses'
gla'sTs or glS-sez'
gla-ses'
gla'sis or gla-ses'
gla'se or gla'als
gla'els
gla'sis
Glucose
glu'kos'
. . . .
glu-kos'
glu'kos
gloo'kos
glu-kos'
glu'kos
Gnomic
n5m'Ik
. . . .
uBmlk
nSm'ik
no'mlk
nom'Ik
no'mlk
Gouoe, n. & V.
gouj or gooj
gooj
gooj
gouj or gooj
gooj
gouj
gouj
Gourd
gord or goord
gord or goord
eJord
gord or goord
goord
gord or goord
goord
Gratulatoey
grSt'u-li-to-rJ
grStsh'u-la-tiir-e
grat'u-la'tQr-e
grSt'u-la-to-re
grat'u-la'ter-I
grat'u-15-to-rI
grat'fi-la-tflr-y
Grease, v. t.
CTez or gres
jIm-iia'zT-Qm or
grez
grez
grez
grez
grez or gres
grez
Gymnasium
jIm-nSz'e-fim ; coll.
jim-na'zhe-um
jlm-na'zl-fim
jim-na'zl-um
jIm-naz'i-Qm
-zhT-iSm
-nSzh'yfim
Hagiography
ha'jl-8g'r4-fy
. . , •
ha'je-Sg'ra-fe
ha-je-og'ra-fe
h3g'I-Sg'ra-fI
ha-jl-8g'r5-fl
h5g-I-8g'ra-fy
Halberd
hSl'berd
hftl'bQrd
hSl'berd
hal'berd or hai'-
hai'berd
hal'berd
hSl'berd
Hale, v. t.
hal or hftl
hal or hftl
hal
hal or hal
hal or hal
hal or hftl
hal
Halfpenny
ha'pSn-nj or hSf'-
ha'pgn-ne
ha'pgn-n6
ha'pgn-ne, hSp'-, or
haf-
hSl'e-bOt
ha'pen-nl
Im'pgn-nl
ha'pen-ny
Halibut
hSl'I-bat
hBlle-bfit
hai'S-bQt
hSl'I-bOt
ha'lI-bQt
hSl'I-bat
Handkerchief
hSn'ker-chlf
hSng'kgr-tshlf
hSng'ker-ohlf
hang'ker-chlf
hSn'ker-chlf
hSnd'ker-chef
hSnd'ker-chlf
Handsome
hSn'siim
hSn'sQm
haDd'eUm
han'eum
hand'sum
hSnd'sum
hSn'sum
Harem
ha'rSm
, , , ,
har'gm
ha'rem or ha'rem
ha'rem
ha'rgm
ha'rgm
Hatchel
hSch'Sl
h&'kl
hach'gl
hSch'el or hSk'kl
hach'gl
hach'gl
hScli'el
Haunch
hancb
hansh
hanch
hanch
hansh
hansh
hansh
Haunt
haut
hant
hant
hant
hant
hant
hant
Hawse
haz or h%s
has
haz
hRS
haz
has
has
Heathen
he'tii'n "
he'thn
he'thn
he'thn
he'thgn
he'thgn
he'then
Heather
hgth'er
...
heth'Sr
heth'er
hgth'er
hgth'er
hgth'er
Hecatomb
h5k'4-toom or -tSm
hgk'S-to5m
hgk'a-tSm
hSk'a-toom
hgk'5-t5m
he'ka-tSm
hek'a-toom
Hesira
he-ji'r* or hSi'I-r4
he-ji'r5 or hSd'jS-rS
hgd'je-r&
he-ji'r4 or hgj'e-
hgj'ra or he-ji'ra
hgj'I-r8
hgj'I-ri
Helix
he'liks
he'lTka
hgl'Iks
he'llks
hSl'Iks
he'Iiks
he'liks
Hellenic
hgl-lSn'Ik or -le'nlk
...
hgl-le'nik
hglle-nik, hel-lgn'ik
hgl-le'nik
hgl-lgn'Ik
hgl-leii'Ik
Helot
he'lSt or hSl'St
• • • .
hgl'at
hgl'ot
hSl'St or he'lSt
he'lSt
hgl'ut
Hemistich
hem'I-sHk
he-mta'tlk
hgm'J-stIk
hgm'is-tik, he-mls'-
hgml-stik
hS'ml-stIk
hgm'i-stik
Hepatitb
hSp'a-tit
. . . .
hgp'4-tlt
hgp'a-tit
he'pa-tit
he'pat-it
he'pa-tit
Hepatize
hSp'a-tiz
. . . .
hgp'a-tiz
hep'a-tiz
. . . .
he'pat-iz_^
he'pat-iz
Herb
erb or herb
Srb
herb
erb
herb
herb or erb
herb
Hereinto
h§r'In-too'
• • • J
her-In'too
her-in'too or -in-tob'
her-In'tob
her-iu'too
Heresiarch
her'S-sT-Srk or
hS-re'zI-
he-re'zhe-ark
hgr'e-sS-iirk'
he-re'ze-ark
hg'r'llsl-ark
hg-re'si-ark
hg-re'si-ark
Heroism
her'o-iz'm
hgr'o-Izm
hgr'S-Izm
hgr'o-Izm or he'ro-
hgr'o-izm
hS'ro-Izm
her'o-Izm
Hetbrochromous
hSfer-o-kro'mOs
. ...
hgfer-Sk'rS-mfis
hgt-er-o-kro'mus
hgt'er-o-kro'mus
hg-te-r8k'ro-mu3
hgt-er-fi-kro'vnttf
Hibernate
hi'ber-nat
. . . .
hi'ber-nat
hi'ber-nat
hi'ber-nat
hi-ber'nat
hi-bSrn'at
Hiccough
Hk'kiip
hlk'kOp or -k5f
hik'kgf
hik'kup or -k5f
hik'fip
hik'up
hik'kup
Hideous
hid'e-us
hid'e-us, htd'je-Qs
hid't-as
hId'e-iSs
hId'I-U8
hId'e-uB
hid'g-as
HlEROGLYPHlST
hi'er-5g'll-f rst or
hi'er-S-gllf'ist
....
....
hi-e-rogle-flst
hi'er-5-glIf1st
hi'er-8-glIf-ist
hi'gr-u-gllf-Ist
HlEROPHANT
ht-Si/o-fant or hi'er
. hi-5r'o-fSnt
hi'^rS-fanf
hl-Sr'o-fant, hl'e-ro-
hi'er-5-fant
hi'er-8-fant, hi-er'-
hi'er-u-fSut
Hilarity
ht-15r1.ty or hi-
hil-lSr'e-te
hMar'^t^
hi-iar'e-te
hl-iar'I-tl
hi-ia'ri-tl
lu-lar'i-tjr
Hindoo
hin'doo
. . . .
hin-doo'
hIn-doo'
hIn-doo'
hIn-doo' or hin'doo
hIn-doo'
Holla
bUla, inlerj. & v.
h51-lo', interj.
hSl'la, n. & V.
hSl-la', int., v. & n.
h51'8, n.
h61'lS,v.,h81-ia',in<
h81-!a', m<.,h51'U,*
Hollo, interj. dc n.
h81-lo'
, . • .
h51-lo', interj.
hol-lo'
hSl'lo
hSI'lo
hSl-lo', n.
Hollo, v. i.
hSllo or h5I-lo'
. . . .
hol-lo'
hol-lo'
hsno
hBllo
hBl'lo
Hollow, v., hollo
hSI'lS
hSllo
hSl'lS
hSl'lo or h51-lo'
...
hBl'lo
hBl'lo
Holm
horn
• • • •
hghn
holm
holm or horn
holm or hom
holm
EoMOCHROMOUS
bo'mo-kro'maB
....
ho-mSk'ro-maB
ho-mBk'ro-mtis or
hom-o-kro'mus
ho'mo-krS'mfis
hB-m8k'rBm-Qs
hBm-Bk'ra-mSs
Homogeneous
ho'mo-je'nt-fis
ho-mo-je'ne-fis
ho'mo-je'ne-Qs
ho-mo-je'ne-iis
ho'mo-je'ne-iiB
ho-mo-je'ne-as
hBm-a-jen'g-Qa
HOMOOUSIAN
ho'mo-ou'sl-an
. . . .
ho'raS-ou'ze-an
ho-mo-ou'shan
ho'mo-oo'zI-Sn
ho-mo-ou'sl-an
h5m-o-n'sl-4o
Hook
hdSk
hook
hd6k
hsek
hd5k
hook
h58k
Hoop
hoop or h!s6p
hoop
hoop
hoop or h96p
hoop
hoop
hoop
Horologe
hSr'S-loj
hor'o-15j
hSr'S-lSj
h5r'o-15j
h5r'5-15j
hor'8-18j
hBr'u-lBj
Hostage
hos'taj
hos'taj
hgst'fij
hosfaj
hBs'taj
host'aj
hBst'Ij
Hostel
hos'tel
ho-tgl'
host'gl
ho-tgl'
hSs'tgl
hos'tgl
hBs'tgl
Hostelry
hos'tel-ij^
hytgl-re
hosfgl-re
ho'tel-re or hos'-
hSs'tgl-rl
hos'tgl-rl
hBs'tgl-ry
Hostile
hos'tn
hSs'tn
hBs'tll
hSa'til
hga'tn
h8s'_tn
hBs'til
Hostler
hSsler or Bsler
Bs'lfir
gsler
Bsler
Ssler
Ss'ler
hSs'ler
HOUSEWITE, n., 1
hous'wif'
hfiz'wTf
huz'wif
hQz'wIf or hous'wif
hous'wif
hous'wif or hOz'zIf
hous'wif or haz'ztf
Housewiteby
hous'wif'Sr-y
htlz'wif-re
huz'wIf-er-S
hfiz'wif-re or
hous'wif-re
hous'wTf-er-I
hous'wif-rl or
haz'zlf-rl
hous'wif-er-j^ or
hfiz'zTf-rf
Humble
ham'b'l
Om'bl
fim'bl
hSm'bl or fim'bl
hum'bl
ham'bl
hfim'bel
Humor
hu'mSr or u'mer
yu'ruOr
u'mQr
yu'mor or hu'mor
hu'mer
hu'mer or u'mer
hu'mfir or u'mflr
Hybrid
hi'brld or htVrld
....
hi'brld
hi'brld or hiVrid
hi'brld
hi'brld or hib'rid
hi'brld
Hydatid
hl'd4-tld or htd'a-
.
hi'da-tid
hi'da-tid or hld'a-
hl'dS-tid
hid'a-tid
hi'da-tid
Hyemal
hi-e'mrtl
hi-e'mSl
hi-g'mal
hi-e'mal or hi'e-
hi-e'mBl
hi-gm'Sl
hi'gm-dl
Hygiene
hi'ji-en or hi'ien
. . . .
. . .
hi'je-en or hi'jen
hi'jen or hi'ji-en
hi'jI-en
hi'jT-en
Hylotheism
hi'lS-the-Tz'm
....
hilo-the'Izm
hi-I5th'e-Izm or
hi-lo-the'-
hl'lo-the'Izm
hi-Io-thelzm
hi-ia-the'izm
Hypallaqe
ht-pSna-jS
he-pSllS-je
hip-ai'ia-jS
he-pSlla-je
hi-p51'ia-je
hi-pS115-je
hi-pai'IS-je
Hypochondria
htp/S-kon'drt-i
....
hip'o-k5n'dre-a
hip-o-k5n'dre-4
hip'5-k5n'drl-a
hi-po-kon'drl-ff
hi-pa-k3n'drl-ft
Hypodermic
htp'o-der'inlk
.
• • ■
hip-o-der'mik
hi'po-der'mlk
hi-po-der'mlk
hi-pu-der'mlk
Hypogastric
hTp/$-gSs'trIk
hlp-o-gSs'trlk
hip'S-gSs'trlk
hip-o-gas'trik
hi'po-gas'trlk
hi-po-gSs'trlk
hi-pH-gSs'trlk
Hypostasis
ht-p5s'tarsi8
hi-pSs'tS-sis
hTp-5s't4-sl8
hi-poa'ta-sia
hi-pgs'ta-sis
hi-pBs'ta-sIs
hi-pBs'ta-sIs
Hypotenuse
ht-p5fe-nuB
hi-pSfe-nus
hip-St'e-nus
hi-pot'e-nus
hi-pSt'g-nus
hi-pBt'g-nu3
hi-pBt'g-nus
Hypothecate
ht-pBth'g-kat
. . . .
hip-oth'e-kat
hi-pSth'e-kat
hi-p8th'g-kat
hi-p8tli'g-kat
hl-pBtli'g-kat
Hypothesis
ht-pSth'S-sts
htp-pSth'e-sIs or hi-
hip-6th'e-si8
hi-poth'e-sis
hi-p5th'g-sl8
hi-p8tli'g-8is
hi-puth'g-sia
Hypothetic
hI'pS-thSt/Ik
hi-po-thgt'tlk
hlp'6-thet'lk
hi-po-thet'ik
hi'po-thgt'Ik
hl-po-thgt'Ik
hi-pu-thgt'ik
Hyssop
his'sup
hIz'zQp or hi'sttp
his'sup
hiz'zop or his'sop
his'sup
hIs'sBp
his'sup
Ideogsaphio
i'de-o-grSflk
. . . .
I'de-$-graf'ik
i-de-o-graf'ik
Id'g-o-grSf'Ik
Id'e-o-graf'Ik
Td-S-u-grSflk
Idocrasb
Id'ci-kraa
. . • ■
i'do-kras
Id'o-kraz
Id'o-kras
i'do-kras
i'dfl-kraz
lONOKINIOUS
tg'no-mlnl-iis
Ig^Hio-mln'jTiB
Ig'no-mln'y&s
Ig-no-mln'e-fis
Ig'no-mln'I-Ss
Ig-no-mi'nI-as
Ig-na-mtn'i-Bs
lODADA
I-gwa'a4
....
Ig'S-yna
i-gwa'na
Ig-wa'n5
Ig-wS'na
Ig-wan'a
H
K
M
Ixxx
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
IliUSTEATE, V.
illdstratob
Imagery
Imbecile, a.
Importance
Imprecatory
Improvise
Incendiary
Incensory
Inchoative
Incisor
Incisure
Inclinatort
Incondite
Increase, n.
Indecorous
Indian
Indicatory
Indisputable
Infantile
Infantine
Inferable
Infundieulipobm
Ingenious
Ingrain, a.
Ingrate, a.
Inimical
Inlay, n.
Innate, a.
Inscience
Insition
Intercalary
Inteelocutob
Interloper
Interposition
Interstice
Invalid, n.
involucel
Involucre
Iridal
Iridescent
Irrecoonizablb
Irreconcilable
Irrefutable
ISATIS
Isolate
Isthmus
Jacobean
Jasmine
Jaundice
Jaunt
Jejune
Jew
Jonquil, Jonquillb
Joust
JOWLER
Jud/catoey, 71.
Judiciary
Julian
Junior
Justificativb
Justificatory
Juvenile
Keelson
Khan
Kinematic
KiNETOSCOPB
KiNIC
Koran
Kbaal
LACBSTBIl>rB
Lama
Lamella a
Lanceolate
Landau
Larum
Larynx
Latria
Laudanum
Laurel
Lava
Leaped, Leapt
Leaven
Legend
Lehan
Lepidolite
Levant, n.
Levantine
Lever
Leyden
Lichen
Lien, n.
LlEIfTBNAlfOY
LiGURE
Linsey-woolsby
Lipogram
Liter, Liteb
LlTHOTEITY
LrruiPORK
Livre
locativs
looomotivb
WEBSTEM.
Il-lus'trat
il-lus'tra-ter
Im'aj-iy
Im'be-sil or -sel
Im-pdr'taiis
im'pre-ka-to-rj?
im'pro-vlz'
Tn-sSii'dT-a-rj^
Tn-sei/so-ry
Tn-ko'a-tiv
Tn-si'zer
in-sizh'ur
Tn-klln'a-to-rj?
InTiSn-dlt or
in-kon'dTt
Tn'kres or I n-kres'
In'de-ko'rus or
Tn-dSk'o-rtis
In'dT-an or
Tnd'yan
Tn'dt-ka-to-rj?
Tn-dis'pu-ta-b'l
Tn'f an-tn or -til
In'fon-tin or -tin
In-f er'a-b'l or -fSr'-
lu'Iun-dil/u-
IT-fSrm
Tn-jen'yiis
In'gran'
Tn'graf
Intm'I-kol
In'la'
In'nat or In-naf
Tn'shens
In-sTah'iin, -slzh'-
In-ter'ka-la-i-y
In'ter-lSk'u-ter
In'ter-lo'per
tn'ter-po-zTsh'Qn
In-ter'stTs
In'v4-lld
In-v5I'u-sSl or
In'vo-lS'sa
In'vo-lu'ker
i'ri-dol
Ir'I-dSs'sent
Tr-rek'5g-nl'z4-b'l
Ir-rek'^n-si'la-b'l
Ir're-fut'a-b'l or
Tr-r5f'u-ta-b'l
i'aa-tTs
i'so-lat or Is'o-lat
Is'mus or Tst'-
ja-ko'be-an
j3s'mTn
jan'dia
jant_
je-jun'
ju or ju
j5n'kwH
just
jol'er or joul'er
ju'dT-ka-to-ry
jfi-dtsh'a-ry or -I-a-
jul'yan ; 106
jun'yer ; 106
jus-tTf'i-ka-tIv
jus-tif'i-ka-to-ry
ju've-nil
kel'sun
kan ; kh^=h guttural
kTn'e-mSt'ik, ki'ne-
ki-ne'to-skop
ki'nlk or kin'ik
ko'ran or kS-ran'
kral or kral
14-k2B'trin
Wraa,
ISm'el-ler
ISn'se-o-lat
ISn'da
ISr'am
ISr'inks
la-trl'a
la/da-nQm
la'rSl
la'va
lept
lev"n
ISj'Snd or le'jSnd
le'man or ISm'an
le-pTd'6-lit
le'vant
le-v^nfin, 15v'ant-ia
le'ver or ISv'er
li'd'n
li'kSn
len or li'gn
lu-tSn'on-sJ
ITg'ur
lTn'sy-w681'sJ
lip'6-gram
le'ter
IT-thot'ri-tJ^
lTt'u-T-f8rm
le'ver ; F. le'vr'
15k'a-tiv
15'ko-m5'tlT
WALKEB.
n-lQs'trat
Tm'mid-jSr-re
Im-bes'sil, -be-sel'
Im-pSr'tSus, -por'-
Im'pre- ka-tOr-e
In-sSu'de-S-re or -je-
Tn'sen-sur-e
Tn-ko'S-tiv
In-si's3r
In-sTzh'ur
In-klTn'a-tiir-e
In'kSn-dit
SMART.
n-lHs'trat
TI-lus'tra-t5r
Im'a-jer-e
Im'be-sel'
Im-pSr'tans
Tin'pre-ka't5r-e
Tm'pro-vez'
In-send'yar-e
In'sSn-sur-e
in'ko-a'tTv
In-si's5r
Tn-sTzh"oor
Tn-kll'na-tQr-e
In-k5u'dlt
Tn'kres Tn'kres
In-de-ko'riia or Tu'de-ko'rus
-dSk'o-rus
Tn'de-5n, -je-5n, or Ind'ynn
Tnd'yan
In-dTs'pu-tS-bl or
-dTs-pu'ta-bl
Tn'fSn-ta
Tn'fSn-tln
Jn-fSr'rS-bl]
In-je'ne-iis
In-grat'
Tn-Tm'e-k51, -e-mi'-
Tnla
In-naf
In-sTsh'iSn
Tn-t6r-ka'5-re
In-tSr-lSk'ku-tiSr
Tn-tSr-lo'pHr
In-tSr-po-zIah'Qn
Tn'tSr-stls, In-tSr'-
In-v5-led'
Tr-r5k-5n-sI'I5-bl
Ir-re-fu't5-bl
[Tz'o-lE-t5d]
Ist'miis
jSz'mTn
jSn'dTs
jSnt_
je-joou'
i"
jun-kwil'
just
jol'ur
ju'de-ka-titr-e
ju-dTsh'5r-e
ju'ne-iir
jOs-tlfe-kS-tlv
ju've-nll
kel'eOn
ISn-da'
ISr'riim
la'rlnks
la'tre-S
ISd'dS-nBm
ISr'rTl
la'vS
lept, generally I5pt
ISv'vSn
le'jend
le'vSnt
le'viSr
ISv-tSn'nSn-se
li'gur
lln'se-wul'se
li'viSr
lo-ko-mo'tTv
Tii'de-ka't5r-e
Tu-dls'pu-ta-bl
Tn'f(ju-tTl
Tn'fan-tin
Tn-fSr'a-bl
In'fun-dib'u-
le-f5rm'
Tn-je'ne-us
Tn-gran'
Tn'grat
Tn'e-mi'kal
In'la or In-15'
In-naf
In'se-8ns
Tn-sTsh'iin
Tn-ter'k4-I(7r-S
In'ter-15k'u-ter
In'ter-lo'per
In'ter-po-zIsh'Qn
Tn-ter'stls
Tn'va-led'
i're-dol
I'l e-dSs'sSnt
Ir'te-kSn-siaS-bl
Ir're-fu'ta-bl
Iz'o-lat
Isfmtia
jSz'mTn
jan'dia
jant
jSd'joon
j'ob
jiing'kwTJ
jBst
joul'er
ju'de-ka'ter-3
ju-dTsh''ar-S
j'ool'yan
j'oo'ne-er
ji3s'te-fe-ka'tlv
jQs'te-fe-ka'ter-S
j'oo've-nll
kSl'sun
ksjn
klnlk
kor'an
kra'al
la'kua-trla
la'ma
ISm'a-Ur
ISn'da
ISr'um
ISrTnka
li-tri'a
lM'a-n5m
ISr'Sl
la'va
Igpt
Igv'gn
ISd'jSnd
ISm'an
le-pTd'o-lit
ISv'ant
le-van'tTn
le'ver
la'dn
ITch'gn ;
ll'kgn (JIfed.)
li'gn
Igv-tgn'an-sS
li'gur
ITn'ze-wSol'ze
li'po-gram
U'ter
ITth'o-tri'te
le-tu'e-fSrm
E'vur
lo'ko-mo'tiv
WORCESTER.
a-lOs'trat
il-lQs'tra-tor
Im'a-jer-e, Tm'aj-re
im-b6s'Tl, Tm-be-sel'
im-por'tans
Im'pre-ka-to-re
Im-pro-vez'
in-sgn'de-a-re
In'sen-so-re, in-sgn'-
in-ko'a-tTv
in-si'sor
iu-sTzh'ur
in-klTu'a-to-re
In'kou-dit, in-kSn'dit
Tn'kres or in-kres'
In-de-ko'ru8 or
-dgk'o-rus
Ind'yan
In'de-ka-to-re
Tn-dTs'pu-ta-bl
Tn'fan-til or -tfl
Tn'fan-tin or -tin
in-fgr'a-bl
In-fun-diiyu-
le-f8rm
in-jea'yus, -je'ne-Bs
In'gran or iu-graii'
Tn-^rat' or Tn'grat
in-im'e-kal, -e-mi'-
Inla
In-naf
In-si'ens
in-sizh'un or -sTsh'-
in-ter'ka-la-re
In-ter-15k'u-tor or
-lo-ku'tor
In-ter-Iop'er
In'ter-po-zTsh'im
Tn'ter-stls, in-ter'-
In-va-led'
In'vo-lu-sel
In'vo-lii-ker
i're-dSl
Ir-e-dgs'sent
Ir-re-kSg'ne-za-bl
Ir-rgk-on-sH'a-bl
Ir-re-fut'a-bl or
Tr-rg£'u-ta-bl
I-sa'tis
Iz'o-lat
Tsfmus
jSk-o-be'an
jSz'min or jSs'-
jan'dis
jant
je-jun'
ju or ju
jgii'kwil, jon-kwTl'
just
jol'er or joul'-
ju'de-ka-to-re
ju-disU'e-a^re
jul'yan
jun'yur
jus-ti£'e-ka-tlv
jus-tTf'e-ka-to-re
ju've-nil
kel'son or kgl'-
kan or kan
ki-ne-mSfik
ki-ne'to-skop
kl'nik
ko'ran
kra'al
la-kQs'trin
la'ma
ISm'el-lar
ISn'se-o-lat
lan-da'
lar'um or la'rum
ISr'ingks, la'iingks
la'tre-a
la'da-num or Igd'a-
lor'el or If/rel
la'va or Wva,
Igpt or lept
Igv'vn
le'jend or Igj'end
le'man
Igp'e-do-lit, le-pTd'o-
le'vant, le-vauf
le-vau'tin, lev'an-tin
le'ver
li'dn
li'ken or
ITch'en
le'en or li'en _
lev-ten'an-se or \a-
li'gur
ITn'se-wSSI'se
ITp'o-gram
le'tur
le-thot're-te or
IT^h'n-tri-te
le-tu'e-fSrm
K'vur or le'vur
lok'a-tTv
15-ko-mo'tiv
STORMONTH. IMPERIAL DICT. ENCYC. DICT.
Tl-lfis'trat
Illfls-tra'ter
Im'S-jSr-T, Im'aj-rl
Tm'bg-sel
Tm-port'ans
Tm'pre-ka'ter-I
Tra'pro-vez'
Tn-sen'di-a-rl
Tn'ko-a'tiv
Tn-si'zer
Tu-sTzh'68r
Tn'kres
Tn'dg-ko'rfia
Tn'dT-Sn
In'dT-ka^ter-T
In-dTs'pu-tS-bl
Tn'fJSu-tn
Tn'fan-tin
Tn-fer'S-bl
In-fun'dT-bu'-
It-fSrm
In-je'al-fia
Tn-grat'
In-Im'T-kn
Tn'nat
In-ter'kS-ler-I
in'ter-18k'u-ter
In'ter-lo'per
Tn-ter'po-zIsh'iSn
Tn-ter'stTs, In'tSr-
Tn'vS-led'
In-vSl'u-sgl
In'vo-loo'kr
i'rg-dgs'sgnt
Ir-rgk'Sn-sh'a-bl
Ir'rg-fil't5-bl
i-sa'tla
i'so-lat
IsfmiSa
jSa'mln
jon'dla
jant
je-jun'
joo
jBn'kwTl
joost or jfist
joo'dT-ka'ter-I
joo-dTshl-er-I
joo'lT-5n
joo'nT-er
jfis'tT-ff-k5'ter-I
joo'vg-nil
kel'sun
kan, chief ; kSn
km'g-mSflk
klnlk "
ko-rSn' or ko-rgn'
kral
15-kus'trTn
la'ma
IS-mgller
lSn'se-5-lat
lan-do'
ISr'um
la'rTnka
15-tri'a
lad'3-nHm
15r'51
lii'vS
Igpt
Igv'n
Igj'end
le'mSn
Ig-pTd'o-Ut
le-vSnf
Ig-vSnt'Tn
le'ver
la'dn
li'ken or
ITch'gn
li'gn or len
lgf-t_gn'an-sJ
ITg'ur
lTn'zT-w681'zI
li'po-gram
le'tr
ITth-ofrl-tl
le'vr
loTsS-tTv
lo'ko-mo'tlT
Tl-lus'trat
Il-liis'trat-er
Tm'aj-e-rl
Tm'be-sel
Im-port'Sna
Tm'pre-kat-o-rl
Im-pro-vez',-pr5-vi8'
Tn-sen'dT-S-rT
Tn-sgu'so-rT
In'ko-at-Tv
In-siz'er
In-si'zhiir
In-klin'S-tS-rT
Tn'kSn-dit
Tn'kres
In-de-ko'rBs or
-dSk'g-riia
Tn'dT-5n
Tn'dT-ka-t5-rT
Tn-dTs'put-S-bl
Tn'fSnt-n
Tn'fSnt-in
Tn-fer'a-b'l
Tn-fQn-dlb'u-
lT-f5rm
Tn-ie'ni-Qa
Tn-gran'
Tn'grat
Tn-Tm'Tk-ai
Tn-la'
In-naf
Tn'sT-gna
Tn-si'sli5n
In-ter'kS-lS-rT
In-ter-15'kut-er
In-ter-Iop'er
In-ter'po-zT'sh5n or
Tn'ter-po-
Tn-t«rs'tls
Tn'va-led
In-vS'lu-sgl
Tn-v8-lu'k5r
i'rid-ai
l-rTd-gs'gnt
Tr-re-k5g'nTz-S-bl
Ir-rgk'5c-sn'a-bl
Ir-re-fuf S-bl or
Tr-rgf'ii-tS-bl
is'a-tTs
i'eo-lat or Is'o-
TsfmHa
ja-ko'be-Sn
jas'mTn
jan'dia
jant
je-jun'
)S
j5n'kwTl
joost
jol'er
ju'dTk-a-t5-rT
ju-dT'eliT-5-rI
ju1T-5ii
ju'nT-er
jus-tTfT-kat-Tv
jus-tTfl-ka-tS-rl
ju'vg-nil
kgl'sBu
kSn
ki-ne-mat'Tk
ki-ne'tS-ijkop
kin'ik
ko'ran
kral or kral
la-kus'trin
la'ma
la-mgl'ler
13n8'Sl-at
lan-dfl'
lar'um
lar'Inka
la-tri'a
lad'a-num
la'rgl
la'va
Igpt or lept
Igv'n
Igj'gnd
le'man
lgp'Td-51It
Igv'ant
le-vant'in, Igv'Bn-tin
le'ver
li'dn
ll'kgn or
ITch'gn
E'gn
Igf-tgn'an-sT
ITg'ur
lTn'sT-w651-sI
li'po-gram
li'ter or le'tr
lI-thSfrT-tl
lT-tu'I-f5rm
le-vr
lo'ka-tTv
lo-ko-mo'tiv
Tl-lus'trat, Tl'ias-trat
TI-lus'tra-tGr
Im'ij-er-y
Tm'be-sel
Tm-port'ans
Tm-prg-kat'Qr-J
Tm'pru-vez or -viz
Tn-sen'di-ar-y
Tn-sgn'sflr-J
Tn'ko-a-tiv
Tn-siz'flr
Tn-sT'zhur
Tn-klin'a-tfir-y
Tn-k5n'dit
Tn'kres
In-dg-kor'Os or
-dek'flr-Qs
In'dT-an
Tn-dTk'a-tftr-^
In-dTs-pufa-bel
In'fan-til
In'f4n-tin
Tn-fer'^-bel
Tn-fun-dib'fi-
lT-f8rm
In-je'nI-iia
Tn-gran'
Tn'grat or Tn-giaf
In-Tmlk-al
Tn-la'
Tn'nat
Tn'aT-ena
Tn-sT'eh&n
In-ter'ka-ia-ry
In-ter-lSk'u-tflr
In'ter-lop-5r
Tn-ter-pd-zT'ahlln
In-ter'stla
In-v4-Ied'
In-v51'li-Bgl
Tn-v5-lu'kef
i'rTd-al
Ir-Td-Ss'sent
Tr-rgk-Sg'mz-4-b«l
Tr-rgk-Qn-sil'a-bel
Ir-rg-f ut'a-bel or
Tr-rgf'u-ta-bel
is'a-tTs
I'sBl-at
Teth'rafia or Ts'miifi
jak-C-be'4n, ja-ko'b&
jas'mTn
jan'dia
jant
jg-jnn'
JH
jOn'kwTl
joost
joul'er
ju'dlk-a-tfir-y
JH-dT'ahl-i-ry
ju'lT-an
jii'nT-fir
jas-tTf'T-ka-tlv
j&s-tTf'I-ka-tfir-y-
ju'vgu-il
kel'sfiu
khan
ki-ng-mat^k
ki-ne'ta-skop
kin'Tk
kor-an'
kralor kr^
la-kus'trin
la'ma
la-mgnir
lans'u-lat
lan-da'
lar'fiin
larTnks
la'trl-a
la'da-nQm
ijjr'el
la'va
Igv'en
Igj'end
Igm'an
Igp'T-do-nt
Igv'ant, lg-v8nf
Ig-vant'Tn, ISv'antJa-
le'ver
la'dgn
ll'kgn or
ITch'en
li'en
ITf-tgn^an-sy
ITg'ur
lTn'zy-w581'zf
ITp'u-gram
le'ter
IT-tliofrl-t^
IT-tuT-fOnn
levr
lo%a-tTv
lo'ku-mo-tiv
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixxxi
WEBSTER.
WALKER.
SMART.
WORCESTER.
STORMONTH.
IMPERIAL DJCT. EN CYC. Did
LOOAMTHM
ISg'a-rith'm
ISg'S-rlthm
IBg'il-rTthm
15g'a-nthm
15g'5-rlthm
15g'5-rlthm
IBg'a-rlthm
LOUBABD
15m'berd
• •
lOm'bard
15m'bard
ISm'berd or Ifim'-
ISm'biird
15m'b4rd
LooF, n.
loof or V&i
loof
loof
IQf ^
loof ^
loof
loof
LUPERCAL
lu-per'kal or
lu'per-kSl
• • •
I'co-peiTial or
I'co'per-
lu-per'kal
loo'per-kai or
loo-per'-
lu-per'k51 or lu'per-
Iji'per-kM
Lustring
liSs'trtng
liSs'strTng
IQs'triiiR
IHs'trIng, luf string
IQa'trTng
lua'tring
las'trlng
LnXDBT
ISk'shu-ry
IQk'shu-re
laka'u-re, coll.
luk'sli'oo-rS
IQk'shu-re
liiks'u-rl
liig'zu-rl
Ifiks'fi-ry
Ma'au
mam or mSm
....
. . . .
mara
mSm
mam
mSm
Uachicolatioh
mSoh't-kS-la'shan
. . . .
mSsh' e-ko-la'shOn
m5ch-e-ko-la'shun
macli'T-ko-la'ahtin
mS-chTk'5-la'sh5n
ma-cliIk-D-la'shtln
Machinal
in4-sliea'al
mSk/ke-nSl
ma-slie'nal
mSk'e-ual, ma-she'-
mS-siie'nSl
mS-ahen'Sl
ma-shen'&l
Macrocosm
mSk'ro-kSz'in
mSk'ro-kCzm
ma'kro-k5zm
ma'kro-kSzm
mSk'ro-kSzm
mSk'rg-kSzm
mSk'ru-kSzra
Ma DRIER
m4-drer', mSd'rt-er
• . . .
mSd're-er
m5(l're-er, ma-drer'
mSd'n-er
mSd-rer', mSd'rl-er
mSd'rer, mSd'rI-5r
Maoellanio
mSj'Sl-lSn'rk
. . . .
mSg'Sl-lSn'Tk
mSj-el-lSn'ik
mSj'gl-Sn'Ik
mSg-el-lSn'Tk
mSg-gl-lSn'Ik
Magnesia
mSg-ne'zhl-i or
-shT-a
inA-la'rI-4
....
mSg-ne'se-a, coll.
-she-a,
mSl-a're-ft
mag-ue'zhe-4
mSg-ne'shi-S
mSg-ne'shl-S
m5g-ne'shI-4
Malaria
....
mal-a're-a
mS-la'rI-5
mS-la'rl-S
ma-iar'I-4
Malefactor
mSl'e-fSk'ter
mSl-Ie-fak'tiSr
mSl'e-fSk'ter
mSle-fSk'tor
mSl'g-fak'ter
mSl-g-fSk'ter
mSl-g-fSk'tflr
Malpeasancb
mSl-fe'zniia
....
mSl-fa'zons
[mSl-fe'zans]
mSl-fa'zSna
mSI-fe'zSna
mSl-fez'ans
Malinger
m4-lln'ger
. . . .
ma-lln'ger
ma-lin'jer
mS-lin'ger
mS-lTug'ger
m4-lln'ger
Mall, heetle.
mal
mSl, formerly mal
mSl
mal
mj], mSl, or mgl
mal
mal
Mall, walk
mSl
mSl, formerly m^
mSi
mSl
mal, mai, or m61
mSl
mal
Mamma
m4-ma' or mii'mi
mam-ma/
mSm-ma/
mam-ma/
ma-ma'
mS-ma'
mam-ma'
Manege
ma-uazh'
....
mSn-azh'
ma-nazh'
mSn-azh'
ma-nazh'
ma-nSzh'
Mangrove
mSn'grov
. . . .
mSn'grov
mSng'grov
mSn'grov
mSn'grov
mSn'grov
Mantelet
m5u'tgl-8t
mSn-te-]5t'
m5n'tel-St
mSn-te-I5t'
. . . .
mSn'tgl-gt
mSn'tSl-St
Mantua
mSn'tu-i or mSn'tu
mSn'tshu-S
mSn'tl?
m5n'tu-a or mSn'tu
mSn'tu
mSn'tu-S
mSn'tfi-S
Maranatha
mSr'a-nSth'i
m5r-S-nSth'S
m5r'an-ath'4
m5r-a-nSth'4
mSr'5-na'thS
mSr-S-na/thS
mar-a-na'th4
Maritime
mSr'i-tTm
mSr're-tlm
mSr'e-tim
mSr'e-tim
mSr'T-tlm
mSr'I-tim
mSrl-tim
Marmoset
mar'mo-zSt'
mar-mo-z8t'
mar'mo-zSf
mar-mo-zSf
mar'mo-z5t
mar'mo-zSt
mar-mu-zgf
Marmot
mar'mbt
mar-moot'
mar-mSf
miir'raot, mar-mSt'
miir'niSt
mar'mgt
mar'mut
Martinet
mar'tl-nSf
mar-ttn-St'
mar'tin-St
mar-te-nBf
mar'tin-5t
mar'ti-ngt
mar'tln-St
Maslin
mSz'lIn or mSs'-
.
mSz'lTn
mSzlin
mSalTn
mSz'lTn
.
Matronal
mSt'rBn-al or
ma'trOn-al
mSt'ro-nSl or
mS-tro'nai
ma'triin-al
mSt'run-al or
raa'trun-al
ma'tr5n-51
ma'trSn-Sl
ma'trun-41
Maunder
mand'er, m^nd'er
man'dar
mand'er
man'der
man'der
man'der
matn'der
Maxillar
mSks'Il-ler"
mSg-zIlOSr
mSksai-Ur
mSks'il-Iar or
maks-il'-
mSkstl-ler
mSks-Illar
mSks-Il'14r
Mbdlsval
me'dl-e'val
. . . .
me'dS-e'val
mgd-e-e'val
mgdl-e'vSl
mSd-I-e'vSl
mSd-I-e'v41
Medicine
mSd'I-sIn
mSd'de-sTn
mSd'e-sIn, coll
mSd'ain
mSd'e-sia
mgdl-ain, coll.
mgd'sTn
mgd'ain, mSdI-sIn
mSd'sIn
Medullary
mSd'tU-lS-ry
m5d'ai-15r-e
mS-diU'lar-S
m5d'ul-la-re
mg-dul'ler-I
mgd'dl-lS-rl or
me-dul'-
mg-dul'lar-y ox
mSd'ul-
Meerschaum
mer'sham
. . . .
mer'sboum
mer'shoum
mer'shiSm
mer'shilm
mer'shum
Melodeon
me-lo'de-an
....
....
ue-lo'de-on or
mSl-o-de'on
....
mg-lo'de-5n
mS-lo'dg-iin
Melodeamb
mSl'o-dram
. ...
melo-dram'
mSl'o-dram
mgl'o-drSm
mgl'o-dram
mgl'u-dram
Memoir
mSm'wSr, mem'wSr
ma-moir', mSm'war
mSm'war
me-moir', mSm'wftr
mSm'war
mem'oir er -w^r
mgm'war
Menaoebie
mSn-Szh'er-y or
me-n5j'-
mSn-azh-Qr-e'
mSn-azh'Sr-e
me-na/zhe-re
mSn-5j'er-I or
mgn-azli'-
mS-nSj'er-I or
mg-nSzh'-
mg-nSj'er-I
Mercanttlb
mer'kSn-tll
mgrTiSn-tll
mer'kau-tn
mer'kasi-tll
mer'kSn-til
mer'kSn-tn
mer'kau-til
Mbsentbby
mSs'Sn-tSr-y
mSz'zSn-tSr-e
mSz'en-tSr-e
mSz'eu-tSr-e
mgz'en-ter-I
mga'gn-ter-I
mgs'Sn-ter-j^
Mesial
me'zhal
• . . •
mez'e-al, mSzh'e^d
mSz'e-al
me'zhi-Sl
me'zI-Sl
mezl-al
Mbsolitb
mSs'o-lit
. . . .
mSz'o-Kt
mSs'o-lit
mgz'o-lit
mga'5-lit
mSz'u-lit
Mebsieubs
mSsh'yerz ;
F. ma'sye'
mSsh'shoorz or
mSsh-shoorz'
mSs'ySrz
mSsh'urz or
mSs'yerz
mgs'yerz
mSs'yerz
mSs'yflrz
Metal
mSt'al or mSfl
mSt'tl
mefal
mSf tl or mSf al
mgfSl
mgfSI
m5t'41
Mbteorolitb
me'te-Sr'o-lit
. .
me'te-i3r'5-lit
me-te-5r'o-lIt
me'tS-or'o-Ut
me'te-er-51-it
me'tS-fir-a-lit
Meteoboscopb
me'tS-Sr'o-skop
mS-te'o-r5s-kop
me'te-5r'S3-kop'
me-te-5r'o-skop,
me-te'o-ro-skop
....
me'te-er-o-skop
me-tg-8r'u-skop
Metio
mSf Tk or me'tik
. . . .
mSt^k
me'tik
mStIk
me'tik
me'tik
Metonymy
me-tSn'i-mj^
me-tSn'e-me or
met'o-ntm-e
mSfo-nim'e
me-t5n'e-me or
mSfo-nlm-e
mgt'o-nlm-I or
mgt-onl-ml
mg-tonl-ml
LiS-t5n'jJ-my
Metropolitan
mSt'rft-pSl'T-tan
mSt-tro-pSiae-tSn
me'tro-pSl'e-tan
mSt-ro-p51'e-tan
mSfro-pol'T-tSn
mgt-ro-pSll-tSn
mSt-ra-p51'It-4o
Michoscopist
mi-krSs'ko-pIst or
mi'kro-sko'plst
....
....
mi'kro-sko-pist
mi-kros'ko-plst or
mi'kro-skSp'iflt
mi'kro-sko-pist or
mi-iirSa'kS-pIst
mi'kru-ak5p-l8t
Midwifery
mld'wif'r^ or
-wif-rjr
mld'wlf-re
mld'wTf-Sr-e or
-wTf're
mid'wif-re
mid'wif-rl
mid'wif-rl or
-wif-rl
mld'wif-rj?
Miliary
mTl'ya^rJ ; 106
mll'yS-re
mTl'yar-e
mll'ya-re
mll'I-S-ri
mll'i-a-rl
mT11-ar-3?
MlLLIONAmB
mTl'yiin-ar'
. . . .
. . . •
mTI-yun-3r'
mil'yiin-ar'
mil'yon-ar
mll'yan-Sr
Mimetic
mt-mSt'Ik
me-mefKk
mt-m5tOik
me-mSfik
mi-mSt'ik
mi-mgflk
mi-mSflk
Mimosa
mt-mo'sa
....
me-myza
me-mo'sa
ml-mo'zS
mi-mo'sS
mi-mo'sA
Miniature
mln'i-a-tur or -I-tSr
mln'e-tur
min'e-tur
mln'e-tur, -e-a-tur
min'i-tur
mln'I-tiir
minl-tur
Minium
mln'I-iiin
mIn'yQm
min'e-um
min'e-um, mln'yum
min'i-um
minl-um
min'l-iim
Minute, n. & v.
mia'it
min'nit, solemn
-nut
me-s5d'je-ne
mln'iit, coll. -It
min'ut or -it
minit
mInIt
min'it
Misogyny
ml-s5j'l-ny
mis-Sd'je-ne
me-soj'e-ne
mla-ogl-nl
ml-s5g1-nt
mls-5g'3?-nf
Mttriporm
mTfrT-fSrm
...
. . . •
mit're-fSrm
mi'tri-farm
mi'trT-f5rm
mi'trl-f6rm
Mitten
mTt'ten
mtftln
miftSn
mit'ten
mit'n
mifn
mit'tgn
Mobile, a.
mo'bil
. . 1 *
mSWTl
mo-bel' or mSl/n
mo'bil
mo'bil
mo'bil
MOBLB
m5b"l
moT)l
mSyw
mSb'bl or mo'bl
m5b'l
mo'bl
mo'bel
MODIOLAB
ino-di'o-ler
r . , .
mo'de-6-14r
mo-di'o-lar
[mo-dI'5-15]
mo-di'o-ler
m5-di'a-lfi.i
MOLLIENI
mSI'yent or -ll-ent
md'ySnt
mSl'ySnt
mSl'yent or -le-ent
mol'll-gnt
mol'T-gnt
mSiai-eut
Momter
mQm'i-er
....
mum'me-er
miim'e-er
mSm'I-er
mo'ml-er
mo'ml-er
Monad
mSn'Sd or mo'nSd
mSu'nSd or mo'uSd
mon'ad
mSn'ad
mSn'Sd
mSn'Sd
mSn'Sd
Monetary
miin'e-ta-r^
m5n'5f-thSng
....
mun'e-tar-e
mon'e-ta-re, mSn'-
miin'g-ter-T
mSn'e-tS-rl
mun'e-tir-y
Monophthong
....
mo-nop'thSng
mo-nSf'thong or
mSn'of-
m5n'op-tot
mSn'of-thBng
m5n'5f-th8ng
mu-nof'thSng
Monoptote
m5u'5p-tot or
mBn'nSp-tot or
mSn'Sp-tot
mon'5p-t6t
m5-nSp'tot
mu-n5p'tot
m6-nop'-
mo-nSp'-
Monotheism
mSn'S-the-Iz'm
....
m5n'o-the-Izm
mSn'o-the-Izm
mon'o-the-Izm
m5n'o-the-Izm
mSn'a-the-Izm
Morion
mo'ri-Sn, m5r1-5n
mS're-fin
mor'e-un
mo're-on
mSr'I-un
m8r'i-5n
mSr'I-un
MOBASAURCS
mSs'a-sa'rus, mo's4-
mo'za-sa'rus
mo-sa-£a'ru8
mSs'S-as/riis
mSa-S-sa'riis
moz-i-sa'ras
Mrs.
mts'sTs'
mis'sis
mIs'trSs, coll,
mis's§s
mis'tres, coll.
mis'sis
mis'trga
mlals ■■
mla'Is ■■
MULTIJUGOUS
mul-tij'u-giis or
mul'ti-ju'-
miU-tip'ar-tlt or
... -
mul-tlj'u-gus
mul-tij'u-gua
[mai-tlj'65-gat]
miil-tl-ju'gas
mul-tl-ju'gas
Multipabtite
f . >
mOl-tVar-tit
mul-tlp'ar-tit
mm-tlp'ar-tit
miil'tlp-ar-tit
mai'tl-part-it
mul'ti-par'tit
MULTIPLIOATB
mCl'H-plT-kat or
mul-tip'li-kat
miSl-tTp'ple-kat
mul'tJ-pl^kaf
mul-tiple-kat or
mul'te-ple-kat
miSl'tl-plI-kat
mul'tl-pli-kat
mai'ti-pll-k4t
Muscadine
mus'ka-din or -din
mQs'kS-din
mus'ka-din
mus'ka-din or -din
mus'kS-dln
m\5s'kS-dIn
mas'k4-din
MusROLE, Musbol
muz'rol
....
mua'rol
muz'rol
mua'rol
miiz'rol
muz'r51
Mustache
mOs-tash'
ipl. mfis-sta'shlzl
mus-tash'
mus-tash' or -tash'
mus-tash'
moos-taah'
mus-tash'
MUSTACHIO
mus-ta'sho
....
mus-ta/chS
mua-ta'sho
miis-tash'o
moos-tash1-3
mus-tash'o
Mtrbhio
mlr'rik or mer'-
....
mir'rik
mer'ik
mer'rik
mer'Tk
Myrbhinb
mtr'rin or mer'-
mSr'rln
[mur'rin]
mtr'rin
mer'rin
mer'rin
mei'iu
Mtselp
mt-sSlf ' or mi-
me-sSlf'
me-sSlf'
me-sglf' or mi-
mi-aglf
mi-self
mi-sglf
Mythoplasm
mith'o-plSz'in
mi'tlio-piazm
mlth'5-pl5zm
mItli'o-plSzm
mIth'u-plSzm
Mytiloid
mit'T-loid or mi'tt-
. . B
mit'Moid *
. . . .
mi'tll-oid
mi'tTl-oid
ml'ti-loid
Kaiad
na'ySd
na'Sd
na'ad
na'yad
ni'Sd or na'ySd
na'ySd
nl'ad
Napiform
na'pT-fSnn
.
na'pe-f6rm
nSp'e-f8rm
na'pT-farm
na'pT-fBrm
na'pl-f8rm
Nabblatb
nSr-raf or nSr'rat
nSr'rat
nSr-raf
nfc'rat or nar-iaf
nSr-rat/
nSr-rat'
n&r-rat'
Ixxxii
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
National
Natbolitb
Nauseous
NAZAmTlSM
Neitheb
Nbmean
Nephew
Nephkitb
Nepotism
Neeite
Neb VI MB
NiCENB
noblesb, noblesbb
Nomad
Nomenclatubb
nonjubob
Nook
Noose, re.
ncnchion
Ndncupativb
Nylghau, Ntloau
Oasis
Obdueaot
Obeisance
Obit
Oblate, a. & n.
Obliqatobt
Obliqe
Oblique
ootogenaet
Odious
Odontaloio
Odontology
Officinal
Olefiant
Oleic
Ombeb, Ombre
Omega
Omelet
Omniscience
Onyx
Ophiology
Ophite
Ophthalmio
Obohbstea
Orohesteai
Obnate, a. & V
Obnithichnitb
Obotund
Ohthodbomy
OsTHOtPY
Obthognathous
Osseous
Otalgy
Otic
Oyez
Pacifioation
iPACmOATOB
Pageant
Palatink
Palfeey
Pancebas
Pandit
Paneoysio
Pannieb
Panoeama
Pantheon
Papillaet
Papillose
Paballelofipedon
Fabasitism
Paeasol
Paeent
Pabsntaob
Pabiah
Pabisiah
Paeol
PAETIALirr
Pasha, Paoba
Patent
Patbiot
Pateiotio
Pateipassiak
Pateon
Pateonagb
Pateonize
Paunch
Pearmain
Peascod
Peculiae
Peculiaeity
Pecuniaby
Pedagogism
Pedagogy
Pedal, a.
Pedobaptism
Pensile
Penult
Peeadventxtbb
Pebdubablb
WEBSTER.
nJsh'iiu-al
na'tro-lit
na'shiis
nSz'a-rl-tlz'm
ne'ther or ni'-
ne'me-an
nSf u ; inEng. nSv'fl
nSf'rIt
nSj/o-tlz'm
nSilt or ne'rlt
nerv'In
ni'sen or nt-sen'
no-blSs'
nom'od
no'mSn-kla'tfir ; 135
nSn-ju'rer
nd6k
n5o3 or nooz
Duu'chuii
iiiSn-ku'p4-tIv or
nfinliu-pa'tlT
nTl'ga
ya-sTs or S-a'sTs
Sl/du-ra-sj^
S-be'sans or ft-ba'-
o^Tt or Sb'It
5b-Iat' or 6bnat
Bb^T-ga-to-ry
S-bllj'
8b-lek'^orJ5b-lIk'
5k-t5j'e-na-ry or
8k'to-je-
5'dr-Qs
o/dSn-tai'JIk
o'dSn-tSl'o-jJ
5f-fIs'I-n«l or
5f'£T-si'ual
*-le'fI-ant
Sae-Ik
Sm'ber
4-me'g4 or ymS-gi
5m'e-lSt or 8m18t
5m-nlsli'«u3
o'niks or Sulks
o'fl-51'o-jy
o'fit
5f-th5I'mTk
Sr'kSs-tri
Sr'kSs-tral, 8r-k83'-
8r-nat'
Sr'nlth-Ik'nit
o'ri-tCmd'
8r'thS-dr8m'y
8r'tho-e-py
8r-th8g'ii4rthilij
Bs'se-Qs
o-tSl'jJ
o'tik
o'ySa'
p4-8tf'I-ka'ahtSn or
pSs'I-fl-
p4-slf1-ka'ter or
pSsl-fl-
pSj'ent or pa'j«nt
pSl'ttln
pal'fry
piin'kre-as
piSn'dlt
pSn'e-jtrIk
pSn'yer or -nl-2r
pSn'o-ra'mi, •ra'm&
p5u-the'8n, pSn'thS-
p5p'Il-lS-rJ
p5p'Il-lo3'
par'ol-lSl'ft-
plp'e-d8n
pSr'a-si'tlz'm
p$r'4-a51'
pSr'ent or par'- ; 52
p6r'«nt-sj
pa'rI-4
p4-rlzh'an
pft-rol'
pSr'shl-SlT-ty or
par-ahSlT-fy
p4-aha'
p5f ent or pa'tent
pa'trl-8t
pa'trl-otik
pS'trl-pSah'an
pa'trun
pSt'rtin-aj
pSt'riin-iz
■ panch or panch
pSr'man
p|z'k8d'
pe-kul'yer
pe-kul'ySrl-ty
pe-kun'ya-rj-
p5d'4-g5g-tz'in
ped'a-go'jy
pe'dal ;
def. 2, pSd'al
pe'do-bSp'tlz'm
pSn'sTl
pe'nult or pS-nQlt'
pSr'Sd-vSii'tur ; 135
per-dur'4-b'l
WALKER,
nSah'iin-Sl
nyshua
ne'thOr
nSv'vu
nSp'5-Kzm
no-blSs'
nSm-Sn-kla'tshur
nSn'ju-riSr
nook
nooa
nOn'shfin
nOn-ku'pS-tlv
Bb-ju'r$-3e, 8b-du'-
o-ba'sSnfl
o'bTt
8b-lat', a.
8Vle-ga-tar-e
o-blij' or o-blej'
5b-Uk'
S'de-ils or o'je-D;"
Stn'bar
o-me'ga
8m'lSt
Sm-nlsh'e^na
Cnlka
Bp-thSl'mlk
6r-kSs'trS
8r'nat
6r'th5-5-p5
5-yIs'
pSs-se-fe-ka'sh&n
pSa-se-fe-ka'tiSr
pSd'jQnt
pSlia-«n
pal'fre or pSl'fre
pSng'kre-Sa
p5n-ne-j8r'rTk
pSn'yur
pSn-the'il^
pSp'ptl-S-irS
[pkr-k-lSl-13-
pi'pSd]
p5r'r$-881
pa'rSnt
p5r'rSn-taj
par-ahe-Slle-te
pSt'tSiit or pa'tSnt,
a. ; p$f tint, re.
pa'tre-vit
pa'trun
p5ftriin-Ij
pSt'tTo-niz
pansh
par-man'
pSs'kBd
pe-kule-fir
pe-ku-le-5r'e-t§
pe-ku'ne-iir-e
pe'dal
pgd-do-bSp'tlzm
pSn'sIl
p5r-ad-v8n't8hur
pSr'd5-ra-bl
SMART.
nash'iin-al
na'tro-Ut
na'ah'us
ne'ther
ne-me'an
nSv'ii
ne'frit
nSp'o-tizm
ner'viu
nl-aen'
no'blSa
nSm'ad
no'mSn-kla'cur
n6n'j'o6-rer
nook
nooz
niinch'an
nun'ku-pa'tly
nll'ga
ya-ais
Bydu-ri-se
6-ba'sons
O'bTt
8b-laf , a.
ob'le-ga-ter-S
o-blij'
8b-lek'
8k-t8d'je-nor-S
o'de-Qs or od'yOa
8d'8u-tai'jik
o'dSn-tol'o-je
Bf'fe-sl'nal
ole-fi'ant
o'le-Ik
om'bar
ft-inSg'4
Bm'S-lSt, coll. fimast
8m-nlBh'e-§n3
WORCESTER. STORMONTH. IMPERIAL DICT. ENCYC. DICT.
nSsh'un-al
nSfro-lit
na'ahus
naz'a-rit-Vzm
ne'ther
ne'me-an
nSv'vu or nSf'fu
nSf'rIt
nSp'o-tizm
ne'rlt
ner'vin
ni'sen
no-bles'
nSm'ad
no'men-klat-yur
nSn'ju-ror, non-ju'-
nook or nddk
nooz or noba
nun'shun
nun-ku'pa-tiv
nll-ga'
o'a-sis
Bb'du-ra-ae, ob-du'-
o-ba'aana or o-be'-
o'bit or ob'it
nash'Qn-ai
na'tro-lit
na'ahl-iis or -ahils
nSz'a-rit-Izm
ne'ther or ni'-
nSm-e'an
nSv'u
nef'rit
nSp'5-tIzin or ne'p5-
ne'rlt
ner'vin
ni-sen'
no-blSs'
nSm'Sd
uo'mSn-kla'tur
nSn-joo'rer
nook
nooz
nQn'shun
nOn-ku'pa-tlv
nTl'ga
o-a'sTa
SVdu-rS-sI
o-ba'sana
o'blt
ob-lat', a. ; Bb'lat, re. 5b-Iat', a.
ynlks
5£'S-81'4-ja
Bp^th'ai'mlk
8r-kS8'tr4
Sr'kSs-tral
8r-naf
Sr'nS-thlk'nit
8r'tho-dr8in'e
8r'tho-e-p«
Bs'aS-aa, coll. Cah'Qs
ytai-je
ft-ySa'
p4-aif'S-ka'shan
pi-aTf'e-ka'tSr
pSd'jant
pai'4-tln
pai'fre
pang'kre-as
pan'dTt
pau'e-jgrTk
pan'ne-er
p8n'd-ra'mS
pan-the'ilii
pap'Tl-lir-S
[pkr'al-isi'S-
pip'Sd]
par'4-si'tlzin
par'A^aol'
par'Snt
par'Snt-aj
par'e-a'
p4-rlz'yan, coll.
p4-rlzh"an
par'ul
par'she-ai'S-te
p^aha'
pSt'Snt
pa'tre-5t
p3tre-8t1k
pa'tre-paah 'on
pa'trun
pa'triin-aj
pa'truu-iz
panch
par-man'
pes'kQd
pe-ku1e-4r
pe-ku'le-ar'e-tS
pe-ku'ne-ar-e
p5d'a-g8g-Izm
pSd'4-gSj-e
ped'al
pe'do-bSp'tTzm
peu'ail
pe-nQlf
pSr'od-vSn'tur
per'du-ra-bl
BVle-ga-to-re
o-blij'
ob-)ek' or ob-lik'
ok-tSj'e-na-re or
8k'to-je-
od'yus or o'de-Oa
8d-on-tai'jik, o-don-
5d-on-t51'o-je
8f-fe-sl'nal or
of-fTs'e-ual
o-15f'e-ant, o'le-fi-
ole-Tk
om'bur
0-m6'g4
Bmlet
om-nTah'e-eus or
om-nTsh'ens
yiiTka
8f-e-B]'o-je
o'fit
op-thai'mik, of-
8r'kes-tr4, or-k5s'-
8r'kes-trai
Sr'nat, a. ; 8r'nat, v.
8r-ne-thTk'nit
o-ro-tund'
or'tho-dr5m-e
8r'tho-e-pe
6r-thog-na'thus
8a'se-QB, Ssh'e-iis
o-tai'je
o'tik
o-yCs'
p5s-e-fe ka'shun or
pa^aif-e-ka'shim
pas-e-fe-ka'tur or
pa^sTf'e-ka-tur
pSj'ent or pa'jeut
pSl'a-tTn
pal'fre or pSl'fre
pSng'kre-as
pSn'dit
pSn-e-jIr'ik
p8n'yur, p8n'ne-er
pan-o-ra'ma, -ra'mi
pan-the'on
pap'il-la-re
pap-il-loa'
par-al-lSl-o-
pip'e-dSn
pSr'a-sTt-Izm
par'a-aSl or -sol
pSr'ent
pfir'ent-aj or p$r'-
pa're-a
pa-rTzh'e-an
par'ol
par-she-ai'e-te
pat'ent, pa'tent, a. ;
pat'ent, re. & v.
pa'tre-ot
pa-tre-5t'ik, pat-re-
pa-tre-p33h'an
pa'trun
pafrun-aj
pafrun-iz
panch or paneb
pSr-man'
pez'kBd or pSa'kBd
pe-kul'yar, -kule-ar
pe-kul-ye-ar'e-te
pe-kiin'ya-re or
pe-ku'ne-a-re
ped'a-go-jizm
pSd'a-gSj-e
pe'dal
pe-do-bap'tizm
pen'sil
pe'niilt or pe-nQlf
per-ad-vent'yur
per'du-ra-bl
5b'li-ga'ter-I
o-blij'
8b-lek'
8k-t5j'5n-er-I
o'di-Cis
o'dSn-tai'jTk
o'don-t81'5-jI
8f-fTs1-nai
o-le'fT-ant
sag-Ik
om'ber
o'mg-ga
8m'g-lgt or SmIBt
8m-nish1-Sn8
Bulks
Bf1-81'8-jl
o'fit
Bf-thai'mlk
Br'kea-tra
Br-kea'trai
Br-nat', a.
Br'nl-thlk'nit
8r-o-tund'
8r-th5d'rB-mT
Br-tho'g-pl
8r-th8g'na-thQa
8a'sg-u8
Bt'Ik"
o-ygs'
p8-elf1-ka'shiin
p2-slf1-ka'ter
paj'Snt
pai'8-tin
pal'frT
pSn'kre-3s
p8n'dlt
pan'g-jTrIk
pan'ni-er
pan'o-ra'ma
pan'the-Bn
papn^I-ler-t
pSp'Tl-loa
pSr'Sl-lgl-o-
pip'g-d5u
pSr'5-Eit'Tzm
par'a-aBl, p8r-S-sBl'
pa'rgnt
pa'rgnt-aj
pS'rl-a
p8-rlz1-an
p3r'Bl
par'shl-ail-tl
pa'aha or paths'
pa'tgnt
pa'tri-8t
pa'trl-Bflk
pa'trBu
pa'tron-aj
pa'tr8n-iz
pansh
par'man
pez'kBd
pe-kull-er
pg-ku'lT-arT'-tl
pe-ku'nl-a-rl
ped'a-gBj-Tzm
ped'a-gBj-I
ped'ai
pe'do-bSp'tIzm
pen'sil or -all
pe-nfilf _
pSr'ad-vgn'tiir
pgr'du-ra-bl
nS'ahBn-ai
na'trol-it
na'ahus
naz'a-rit-Tzm
ne'ther or ni'-
ne'me-Sn, ng-myan
nS'vu
ngf'rit
ne'pot-Izm
ner'it
nervTn
ni-aEu'
no-blga'
no'mad
no'men-kla-tSr
nBn-ju'rer
nook
noos or nooz
nun'shun
nfin-ku'pat-Iv
nll'ga
5-a'sIs
Bb'dii-ra-al
o-ba'&ans
Bbnrt
Bblat, a.,n.
Bb^I-ga-tB-rl
o-blij', obs. 8-blej'
Bb-lek' or 8b-lik'
Bk-tBj'gn-S-rl
o'dT-tia
o-don-tai'jik
o-dBn-tBao-jI
8f-fTs1n-Sl or
Bf-fi-ai'nai
o-le'fl-ant
o-le'Ik
Bm'ber
o-mg'gS
Bm'g-lgt
Bm-ni'shl-gns
Bulks
Bf-I-Bl'B-jI
Bf-th31'mTk
Br'kgs-trS
Br-kga'trai
Br'nat, v., a.
8r-nlth'ik-nit
o'ro-tund
Br'tho-drB-ml
Br'tho-g-pT, Br-thy-
Br-thSg'na-thOs
Bs'ee-us
6'tai-jT
Bflk
o'ygs
pS-sIf'I-ka'eh8n
pS-sIf'I-kat-er
p8j'gnt
pai'S-fm
pal'frl
p^n'kre-as
pan'dit
pa-ng-ji'rik
pSnI-er
pan-o-ra'ma
pan-the'Bn
pSp'Il-ia-rl
papTi-ios
pS-ra-lSl'o-
pi'pgd-8n
p8r'8-eit-Izm
p8r'8-881
pa'rgnt
pa'rgnt-aj
pa'rI-S
pa-rlz1-8n
p5-rol'
par-Bh811-tI
pS-shS' or pS'shS
pa'tBnt, a. & v. ; pa'-
tgnt or pSfSnt, re.
pa'trT-8t
pa-tri-8flk
pa-trl-paa'I-an
pa'trBn
pSt'rBn-aj
pSt'rBn-iz
pansh
par'man
pez'kod
pe-kull-er
pe-ku'li-Srl-tl
pe-ku'nI-8-rT
pSd'S-gog-Ixm
pSd'a-gB-jI
pe'dai
pe-dB-bap'tIzm
pgn'ail
pe'nult _
per-ad-vgn'tu»
per-dur'S-bl
na'8hun-41
nSt'ru-lit
na'shus
naz'ar-it-Izm
ne'ther or ni'-
Dg-me'4n
ngv'u
ne'frit
ne'put-Izm
ner'it
nervln
ni'sen
no-blga'
nBm'4d
no'mgn-klS-tfis
n8n-jur'fir
nd5k
nooz
nun'sliHn
nun'kiS-pa-tI»
nTl'ga
5-a'sIs
8b'du-r4-sy
o-bS'sana
Bbnrt
Bblat, Bb^it, o. t
Bblat, re.
Bb^I-ga-tOr-f
B-blij'
Bb-lek'
8k-t8j'gn-4r-?
(ydl-iis
8-dBn-t81'jIk
8-d8n-t81'iS-j»
8f-fl-ei'n41
o-le'fI-4nt
o-le'Ik
Bm'ber
o-mgg'4
Bm'e-lgt
8m-nT8h'I-«n»
o'niks
8f-T-81'a-jy
Bfit
Bf-thai'mlk
6r'kSs-tr4
Sr-kgs'tr41
8r-nat', a. ; 8r'n5t, t
8r-nlth-lk'nit
or'u-tfind
6r-thBd'rfi-my
8r'tho-g-py, 8r-th5'^
8r-thBg'n4-thO*
Bs'sg-fis
o'tai-jj?
o'tik
o'ygz
p4-sTf-I-ka'«han
p4-8lf'I-ka-tar
paj'ent
pSl'4-tin
pBl'fry
paniug-as
pan'dit
pan-S-jIrTK
pan'nl-er
pan-5-ra'm4
p8n-the'un
pSp11-14r->
p8p'Il-loa
p8r-al-lgl-5-
pi'pg-dBn
p8r'4-8it-Izm
par'a-aBl
pSr'ent
pSr'ent-Ij
par1-4
p4-rlz1-4n
p4-rol'
par-shT-811-ty
pa'sh4 or p4-8hK'
pa'tent
pa'tri-fit, pat'rI-iSt
pa-trT-Bt'Ik, pSt-rl
pa-trT-pas'aI-4n
pa'trun
pSt'run-Ij
pat'rfln-iz
panah
pSr'man
pez'kBd
pe-ku'lT-4r
pg-ku-lT-Srl-tf
pe-ku'nl-4r-y
ped'a-gBg-Izm
ped'a-gBj-y
ped'al
pe-do-bSp'tlzn*
pSn'ail
pen'Olt
pSr-8d-vgn't6r
per-dur'i-b*!
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ixxxiii
WEBSTER.
WALKER.
SMART.
WORCESTER.
STORMONTH.
IMPERIAL DICl
'. ENCYC. DICT.
PEjIEGEINI
pSr'e-grTn
p5r're-griu
pSr'e-grln
pgr'e-grin
per'g-grTn
pgr'e-grtn
pgr'g-grin
PEKEliPTOEy
pgr'6mp-to-rj?
pgr'reiu-tQr-e or
pSr-6iu'to-re
pgr'fgkt
pgi'gm-ter-e
pgr'em-to-re
pgr'gmp-ter-J
pgr'gmp-tS-rl
pgr'emp-tflr-y
Perfect, v.
per'fSkt, per-fSkt'
per'fgkt
per'fekt
per'fgkt
per'fgkt
per'fgkt
Pekfidious
per-frd'I-Qs
pgr-fid'yas
per-fld'yfiB
per-f id'e-us or
^per-fid'yus
per-nd'i-us
per-ftd't-lis
per-fid't-fis
Perfume, n.
per'f um or per-f um'
pgr'fum
per-fum'
per'f um or per-fum'
per'f um or per-fum'
per'f um or per-fum'
per'f um or per-fum*
PERITROfAL
pSr-It'ro-pal or
pBr'i-tro'pnl
per'init or per-mtf
....
....
pe-rit'ro-p81
pgr-Tt'ro-pai or
jgr'T-tro'pSl
pgr-tt'ro-p51
pg-rtt'ra-p4l
Permit, ».
pgr'mtt
per'mTt
per'mit or per-mtf
per'init
per'mit
per'mit
Person
per's'n ; 95
pgr'sn
per'sun, coll. per'sn
per'sn
per's5n
per'sSn
per'sun
Persuasive
per-swa'slv
pgr-swa'sTv
jer-swa'siv
per-swa'siv
per-swa'stv
per-swa'ztv
per-swa'ztv
Peruke
p6r'uk
pgr'ruk
pgr'ook
pgr'ijk
pgr-ook'
pg-ruk'
pg-ruk'
Pestlb
pSs"!
pgs'tl
pgs'sl
pgs'sl or pgs'tl
pgs'l or pgs'tl
pgs'l
pgs'tel
Petal
pgt'al
pe'tSl or fSVSl
pgt'al
pgf al or pe'tal
pgt'ai
pgt'ai
pBt'ai
Pbtrbl
pSt'rSl
pe-trol'
. . . .
. . . .
pgf rel or pe'trel
pgt'rgl
pgt'rgl
pBt'rel
Petrol
pe'trSl
pe-trol'
pe'trSl or pe-tr61'
. . . .
pgt'rSl
pgfrBI
Phalamx
fa'lSnks or fSl'Snks
fa'lSnks or laaSnks
fai'Snks
faianks or f ai'anks
fai'Snks
fai'anka or fa'ianks
tai'anks
Phabymx
fSr'Inks
fa'rinks
farlnks
far'iuks
tSrtnks
far'tnks
far'inks
Phenol
fe'uoT
. •
• •
fe'nol
fe'nol
fe'noT
fe'nol
Fhilouusioal
lll'S-mu'zI-kol
•
fil-o-mu'ze-kal
.
ftl-o-mu'ztk-ai
ftl-u-mu'ztk-ai
Philosophic
fll'o-sQf'tk
ni-io-z5f'fik
fri'S-zSfik
fll-o-zof'ik or -sSf-
fil'o-sSf'Ik
ftl-o-s8f'tk
ftl-u-sBf'tk
Phleqmatio
flSg-matIk
flgg'mS-tlk
flgg-mSnk
flgg-mat'ik or
flg^'ma-tlk
flo-jis'tun
figg-mat'Ik
flgg-mat'Ik
flgg-mat'ik
Phlooiston
flS-jTs'tSn
flo-jl3't6n, -gIs'tiSn
flS-jIa'tOn
.
flej'ts-tSn
flii-jts'tan
Phonetization
fo'ue-tl-za'shan
. . . .
. . . •
fo-ngt-e-za'shua
. . .
fo/ngt-tz-a'shSn
fo-ngt-i-za'shuii
Phonic
fbn'ik
■ • ■ •
fSnIk
fSn'ik
fo'iiTk
fon'tk
fon'tk
Phonottpy
f6-not'I-pJ^, fo'no-ti'.
. . . .
....
fo-n5t'e-pe
fo-u5tnf-pI
fo-n8t'i-pI
fo'na-tip-y
Photochbomt
lo-t3k'ro-my or
fo'to-kro'mj
....
....
fo-t5k'ro-me
....
fo-t8k'r8-mT
fo'tu-krom-y
Phthisis
thi'sTs
thi'sis
ti'sTs
thi'sis or ti'sis
thi'sTs
thi'sts
ti'sts
Physiognomy
fIz'I-8g'no-my
Itzh-e-Sg'no-me
£Iz'e-5g'nS-mS
fiz-e-og'no-ine
fiz't-6g'no-mI
ftz-t-8g'n8-mt
fIz-t-Bn'u-my
Pianofoetb
pl-an'o-for'ta
....
pe-an'6-f6r'te
pe-a'no-for'te or
pe-an'o-i6r'te
pi-an'o-for'tS
pt-8n'o-f5r-ta
pt-an'u-for-tft
Pierce
pers
pers or pgrs
pera
pers or pers
pers
pers
pers
Piked
pikt or pTk'Sd
ptk'kgd
pIkt
pik'ed
pIkt
pikt
pikd
P1LEATE0
pI'le-a'tSd or pTl'e-
pil'e-a-tgd
pi'le-a'tgd
pil'e-at-ed
pl'ir-a-tgd
pi'le-at-Sd
pi'lg-at-Sd
PllOSE
pt-los' or pi'los'
•
pt-los'
pe-los'
pi'los
pil'os
pi'los
Pineal
pi'ne-«l or pin'e-al
pTn'ue-ai
pi'ne-al
pin'e-al
pin'g-ai or pln-e'Sl
pln-natt-fld
ptn'e-ai
ptn'g-ai
PlNNATiriD
pln-nSt'I-fld
. . . .
pTu'na-te-fId'
pin-nafe-fid or
ptn-nafi-ftd
ptn-n5t't-fld
pin'na-te-fld
Piquancy
pe'kan-sy or plk'-
pTkTiSn-se
pe'kan-se
pik'an-se
pe'kan-sl
ptk'an-st
pe'kan-sj
Piquant
pe'kant or pTk'ant
pTk'kSnt
pe'kaut
pik'ant
pe'kaut
pe'kant
pe'kant
Pismire
pTs'mlr
pTz'imr
pTz'mir
piz'mir or pTs'-
piz'mir
pts'mir
pts'niir
Pistachio
pTs-ta'sho
pTs-ta'sho
pls-ta'ch'6
pis-ta'sho
pTs-ta'sht-o
pts-ta'sht-o
pis-ta'sht-o
Placard
pla-kard', plSk'ard
plSk-iird'
pla^kard'
pla-kard'
piak'ard
piak'ard, plS-kard'
piak'ard, pia-kar-V
Plaoiabism
pla'ja-rlz'm, or
pla'ji-a-rtz'm
pla'j5-rlzm
pla'j'a-rlzm
pla'je-a-rTzm or
pla'ja-rlzra
pla'j'a-rTzm
pla'jt-a-rtzm
pla'jt-ar-izm
Plaid
pl5d ; iti Scot, plad
pl5d
piad
piad
plad or piad
plad or piad
plad or piad
Plait
plat ; coll. plet
plat
plat
plat
plat
plat
plat or piat
Plakiubtbio
plSu'i-mgt'rik
. . . -
[pian'e-mgfre-kal]
plSn-e-mgfrik
plant-mgfrTk
pla-nt-mgfrtk
pla-ui-mgt'rii:;
Platina
piat'T-ua or pla-te'-
plSfe-nS
piaft-n4
piat'e-na
piatT-na
piat't-na
pl5ftn-a
Platonist
pla'to-mst
piat'o-uTst
pla'to-uist
pla'to-nist
pla't5u-Ist, piat'Sn-
pla'ton-tst
pla'tun-tst
Plausive
pla'aiv
pla's>Tv
pla'siv
pla'siv
plaz'iv
plaz'iv
plaz'tv
JPleiades
ple'ya-dez
ple'yS-dez
ple'yad-ez
ple'ya-dez
pll'3-dez
pli'a-dez
pli'a-dez
Plenary
ple'na-ry
pleu'a-re or ple'nS-
ple'nar-e
plSn'a-re or ple'na-
ple'na-rT
ple'na-ri
ple'nar-J
PLENtPOTENTlAEY
plgn'i-pS-tSn'.
plgn-ue-po-ten'-
plgn'e-pS-ten'.
plgn-e-po-tgn'-
plgn'i-po-tgu'.
plgn't-po-tgn'-
plg-nt-pu-tCa :
shl-a-ry
sha-re
sli'ar-e
she-a-re
shar-T
sliT-a-ri
sht-a-ry
Plethoric
pl^thSrlk or
plSth'o-rlk
ple-thSr^Lk
ple-th5r'ik
ple-thSr'ik or
plgtli'o-rik
ple-thSrIk
ple-th8r'tk
plg-th5r'ik
Polonaise, n.
po'lo-uaz'
....
pS'lS-naz'
po-lo-naz'
po15-naz'
p6-18-naz'
p51-B-naz'
POLYPOROUS
po-llp'o-rus
....
. . . .
po-lTp'o-rus
pol-ip'5-rQa
p8-lt-po'rtis
pB-ltp'Or-as
Pomace
pQm'as; 48
. .
pi-mas'
pum'as
po-mas'
pBm'as
pBm'as
Pomade
po-mad'
po-mad'
po-mad'
po-mad'
po-mad'
po-mad'
po-mad'
Pomehranatb
pum'grSn'at
pum-gran'nSt
pom-gran'at
pum-gran'at
p6m'gran-at
p8m'gran-at
pBm'gran-4t
Popliteal
p5p-nt'e-al
. . . .
p8p-life-al
pop-lTt'e-al
popai-te'ai
p8p-lt-te'ai
pBp-lI-te'41
Porcelain
pSr'se-lTn
por'se-lan
pSrslan
p8r'se-lan or
por'se-lan
pSrs'lan
por'se-lan
por'sg-lan
Portent
p5r-t5nf
p8r-tenf
p6r-tgnt'
por-tent'
por'tgut
pSr'tgnt, p8r-tgnf
p6r'tent
Possess
poz-zes' or pSs-sBs'
p5z-z5s'
p8z-zgs'
poz-zes'
poz-zgs'
p8z-zSs'
puz-zes'
Posthumous
p5sfhu-inus
pSsfhu-mHs
posfhu-mQs
pSst'Iiu-mik
post'u-mus
pos'tum-us
pBsflm-mas
Prayer, petition
prSr
pra'ur
pra'er
prS'er or prSr
pra'er
pra'er or prar
prfir
Preceptoey
pre-sSp'to-ry
prgs'ep-to-re
pre'sgp-ter-e
pres'ep-to-re
prg-sep'ter-T
pre'egp-t&^rl
pre'egp-tflr-y
Precinct
pre'sTnkt
pre-singkf
pre'stngkt ^
pre'siugkt
pre'stngkt
pre'singt
pre'stnkt
Predecessor
prSd'e-ses'eer
prgd-e-s§s'silr
prgd'e-sgs'ser
prgd-e-ses'sur
pre'dg-sgs'ser
pre-de-sgs'er
pre-de-tes'eflr
Prefecture
pre'fSk-tur; 135
prSf'fgk-tur
pre'fgkt-ur
pref'ek-tur
pre'fek-tur
pre'fek-tur
pie'igk-tijr
Prehensile
pre-hSn'sIl
. . • .
pre-hgn'sll
pre-hSn'sil
pre-hen'stl _
pre-hgn'stl
pig-lign'stl
Prelude, n.
pre'lud or prSl'ud
prgl'ud
prgl'ud
prgl'ud
prgl'ud or pre'lud
pre'lud or prSl'ud
pre'lud or prgl'ud
Premier, n.
pre'ml-er or
prem'yer
pre'me-er
prem'yer or
prgm'i-er or
pre'mi-er
pre'mt-er or
prSm'yer
pre'me-er
pre'mt-er
prgm't-er
Presage, n.
pre'saj, pres'aj ; 48
pres'saj
prgs'aj
prgs'aj
prgs'aj
pre'saj or prgs'aj
pre'saj or prgslj
Presbyter
prez'bi-ter or prSs'-
prgz'be-t5r
prez'be-ter
prgzfbe-ter
prgs'bt-ter
prgs'bt-ter
prgz'bt-ter
Presbytery
prgz'bi-ter-y, prgs'-
prez'be-ter-e
prgz'be-ter'e
prgz'be-tgr-e
prgs'bt-ter-I
prgs'bt-tg-rl
prgz'bt-ter-y
Presciencb
pre'shi-«ns, -shena
pre'she-Sns
pre'she-gna
pre'she-ens
pre'sht-gns
pre'sht-gns
pre'sht-ens
Prestige
prgs'ti j ;
. . . .
prgs'tezh
prgs-tej' or
prgs'ttj or
prgs'ttj or
prgs'ttj or
F. prgs'tezh' _^
prgs'tlj
prgs'tezh
prgs-tezh'
prgs-tej'
Preterit
prefer-it, pre'ter-
pre'tgr-it
prefer-it
prgt'er-Tt or pre'ter
- prgfer-tt
prgfer-tt
prgfer-tt
Peeteritioh
pre'ter-ish'tm
pre-ter-rish'un
prgt'er-Tsh'Sn
prgt-er-Tsh'un
prgt'er-ish'to
pre-ter-t'shBn
prgt-er-t'shQii
Peeteit
pre'tgkst, pre-tgket'
pre-tekst'
pre-tgkst'
pre-tgkst', pre'tgkst
pre'tgkst
pre'tgkst, pre-tgksf pre'tgkst, prg-tgkst»
Peison
priz''n
priz'zn
prTz'un, coll. -zn
priz'zn
nrtz'n
prt'zBn or pri'zn
priz'un
Peoceeds, n. pi.
pro'sedz
pro-sedz'
pros'edz
pro'sedz or pro-sedz' pro'sedz
pro-sedz'
pro'sedz
Process
prSs'gs
pros'sgs
pros'Ss
prbs'es
prSs'ses or pro'ses
pro'sgs
pro'sgs
Produce, n.
prQd'us
prod'dus
prod'us
Drod'dus
prod'us
pro'dus
prBd'Jis
Profile
pro'fll or
pro'fgl
pro'fll or
pro-fel'
pro'fel
pro'fel, pro-fel' or
pro'fll
pro'fel
pro'fn
pro'fel
Progress, n.
prSg'rgs
prSg'grSa
prog'rSs
prog'res
prSg'rgs or pro'grgs
1 pro'grgs
pro'grgs
Project, n.
proj'ekt
prSd'jgkt
prS-jgkf
proj'ekt
prSj'gkt
pro'jgkt
pro'jgkt
Prolix
pro-liks', proltka
pro-liks'
pro-liks'
pro-lTks'
pro'ltks
pro'ltks
pro'ltks
Prologue
prolSg
prol'log
prol'og
prol'og
prolSg
J)ro'18g
pro'lBg
Promenade
prom'e-nad' or
prom'e-nad'
....
prom'gn-ad'
prom-e-nad' or
prom-e-nad'
prom'g-nad'
prS-mg-nad'
pr5ni-en-ad, n.;
proin-gn-ad', v.
Pronunciation
pro-nun' sT-a'shun
or -shT-a'shun
pro-nSn-she-a'shOn
pro-nun'se-a'shun
pro-niin-she-a'shun
pro-ntin'st-a'shQn
pro-niJn'st-a'shBn
prB-nun-st-a'slian
Prosaist
pryza-itst
. . . .
pro-zaTst
pro-za'ist
pro-za'tst
pro-za'tst
pro-sa'ist
Protean
pro'te-an
. . . .
pro-te'an
pro'te-an
pro'tg-an, pro-te'5n
pro-te'an
pro-te'an
Protest, n.
pro'tgst
pro-tgsf or prSfest
; pro'tgst
pro'tgst or prSt'est
pro'tgst
pro'tgst
pro'tgst
Provocative
pro-vo'ka-tiv
pro-vo'k5-ttv
pr6-vok'4-tiv
pro-vo'ka-tiv
pro-vok'S-tlv
pro-vok'a-ttv
prB-vok'A-tTv
Provost, civil officer prQv'ust
prov'vust
prov'ust
prSv'ust or pro-vo'
prQv'gst
prBv'Bst
prBv'ast
Peow
prou
prou or pro
pro
prou or pro
prou
prou
prou
Prussian
prush'on, prj/shan
. . . .
prusli"on
prush'an, pnj'shan
prQsh'an
prQ'shSn
prash'&n
Pbubsiate
prus'sT-at, prjjs'- or
. . . .
prus'se-tt or
prus'se-at or
priSs'sI-at
prHs'st-at or
prus'st-At or
prush'I-at "
prush'e-at
prus'se-at
prus'st-at
prus'st-at
Pwwsio
prus'sik, prHs'sIk
. , , ,
prSs'sTk
prQs'sik, prjjs'sik
prfis'stk
priis'stk, prvis'sTk
pras'stk, prus'sik
B
H
K
M
Ixxxiv
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Psalmist
Psalmody
Psalter
Ptisan
Puerile
i'uissancb
Pumice
PUTLOO
Pyeomakcy
Pyrotechny
Quadrille
Quadrupedal
Qualm
Quandary
Quassia
Quercitron
Quinine
Quoin
Rabbi
Kaceme
Racemous
Raillery
Rarefy
Rarity
Rasorial
Raspberry
Rather
Rationality
Ravelin
Receptory
Recognizablb
Recondite
Recusant
Refuse
Refutable
Relaxation
Remediless
Remioratb
Rendezvous, n.
Rendezvous, v.
Reniform
Renunciation
Reptile
Requiem
Reservoir
Residentiary
Restaurant
Retailer
Retardation
Retch
Retinue
Retrocede
Retrograde
Retrospect
Retrovert
Reveille
Revenue
Reverie
Revolt
Reynard
Rhizofod
Rhomb
Rhythm
Ricochet, n.
Ricochet, v.
Righteous
Rise, n.
Rochet
Rondeau
Roqvelaure
Rotifer
Route
Ruffian
Russian
Sabaoth
Sacrifice, n.
Sacrifice, v.
Saffron
Sainfoin
Saline
Salival
Salsify
Salve, n.
Samaroid
Samiel
Samphire
Sandwich
Sapphire
Sardine, /sA
Sardine, gem
Satire
Satrap
Satrapy
Satyr
Savagery
Scald, bard
Scallop
WEBSTER.
Bam'Tst
sSl'mo-dy, sam'o-dy
sal'ter
tiz'au
pu'er-Tl
pu'is-sons, pu-Ts'-
pum'Is
put15g'
pTr'o-mSn'sy
pir'o-tgk'nj?
kw4-diil', k4-drll'
kw5d-ru'pe-dal
kwam
kwSn'dtl-ri^ or
kw3n-da'-
kw8sh'i-a
kwer'sTt-run
kwi'nin, kwT-nin'
or kwT-nen'
kwoin or koin
rSb'bl or -bl
ra-sem'
rSs'e-mus or ri-se'-
rSller-J or ral'-
rir'e-n
r5r1-tj
ra-zyrl-ol
r5z'bSr-rJ^
rStb'er
rSsh'Sn-SlT-tj^
r$v1in
re-sSp'to-rj?
r6k'5g-ni'za-b'I or
re-kSg'iiT-
rSk'5n-dIt or
re-k5n'dTt
re-ku'zant or
rSk'u-zant
rSf'fis
re-£ufa-b'l
re'ISks-a'shun
re-m5d1-lSs or
rem'e-dT-lSs
rSmt-grat, re-mi'-
rSn'de-voo or raN'-
rSn'dg-vob or raN'-
rSnT-fdrm
re-nun'sT-a'sh5n or
-sht-a'shun
rSp'til
re'kwT-Sm
rSz'er-vwQr'
rSz'i-dgn'slii-rj^
rSs'to-rant
WALKER.
sSl'mTst
sal'm5-de
eal'tQr
tyz-zSn'
pu'e-ril
puls-sSns, pu-Is'-
pu'mis or pum'mis
puflSg
pir'o-mSn-se
pii'o-tSk-oe
ka-dril'
kwam
kwijn-da're
rSb'be or -bi
rSllSr-e
r5r're-fi
ra're-te, infrequent
cy ; rSr'e-te,
thinness
rSs'bSr-e
rSth'ur or ra'thQr
rSsh-e-o-nSI'e-te
rSvlTn
r5s's5p-tiSr-e
rgk'kBn-dit
re-ku'zSnt or
rgk'ku-zSnt
rSf'us
rSl-Sks-a'shiSn
rSm'me-dS-lSs
rSm'e-grat
ren-de-vooz'
r§n-de-vooz'
re-nun-she-a'shJin
rgp'tri
reOiwe-Sm
rSz-5r-vw8r'
rSz-e-dSn'shSr-e
re-tal'er or re'tal- re-talur
re'tar-da'shun rSt-tar-da'shiSn
rSch or rech retsh or rgtsh
rStl-nu rSfe-nu, re-tln'nu
re'trS-sed or rSt'ro-
re'tro-grad, r6f ro-
re'tro-sgSkt, ret'ro-
re'tro-vert, rSt'ro-
rS-val'ya, rev'a-le'
rSv'e-nu
r6t'tro-grad
rgt'tro-spBkt
rSv'er-J^, rSv'er-e'
re-volt' or re-v51t'
ra'uerd or ren'erd
rTz'o-p5d or ri'zo-
r5mb or rom
rith'ra or rith'm
rik'o-sha' or
rik'o-shet'
rTk'o-3h§t'
ri'chus
ri3 or riz
rSch'et
r5n-do' or rSii'do
rok'e-lor
ro'ti-ier
root or rout
ruf'yan, rBf'fi-an
rtisl/an or ru'shan
sSb'a-oth or sa-ba'-
sSk'ri-fTz
sSk'rT-fiz
saf'frun
san'foin
salln or sa-lin'
sa-li'vfll
sav
Bam'a-roid
sa'mi-el
sSm'fir or -fer
sSnd'wTch
safir or -er
sar'den or sar-den'
sar'dTu or -din
sSfir ; m Eng. often
safer
sa'trSp nr sSt'rSp
sa'trap-y, sSt'ra-pj?
sa'ter
6$v'aj-rJ
skSld or skald
6k51'13p
rSv'e-nu or
re-vSn'u
re-v51t/
re-volf or
riiiub
rithm
n'tshe-fis
TIS
r5n-do'
rok-e-loi/
rout or root
ruf'yan
sak'kre-fiz
sak'kre-flz
saffiim
san'foin
sa-lIn' or salin
sSl'e-v51 or s5-li'-
Balv
sSm'fir
sai'fiV '
sar'din
sa'tiir, sSfiSr, sa'tir
or sSfer
sS'trSp
sa'tur or sSt'tir
s5v'vid-jSr-re
SMART.
sSmlst
sSl'md-d$
sai'ter
tiz'an
pii'er-Il
pu'Is-sons
pii'mTs
pdStlSg
pTr'o-mSn'sS
pir'o-tSk'ne
ka-dril'
kwSd'rob-pe'daJ
kwam
kwSn-dar'S
kw5zh'e-a
kwer'se-triin
kwe-nin'
koin
rSb'bl
rSs'em
rSs'e-mOs
ranSr-e
ra're-fi
ra're-te
WORCESTER. STORMONTB. IMPERIAL DICT. ENCYC. DICT
rS-zyre-al
rSs'b5r-re
rath'er
rSsh'un-51'e-te
rSv'e-lin, coll.
rSvlin
re-sSp'ter-e
rSk'5g-m'z4-bl
re-k5n'dlt
rgk'u-zant
rSf'us
re-fu't4-bl
rSl'Sks-a'shfin
rSm'e-de-lSs
rSm'e-grat
rSn'de-voo
rSn-de-voo'
re'ne-fdrm
re-nun'ae-a'ahun
rgp'tri
rgk'kwe-5m
rSz'erv-war
rSz'e-dSn'sh'ar-e
re-tal'er
re'tar-da'shiin
rech
rgt'e-nlS
re'tro-sed'
re'trS-grad
re'tro-s;^Skt
re'tro-verf
ra-val' or ra-val'ya
rSv'en-u
rgv'gr-e'
re-volf
ekSlliip
rSmb
rlthm
tlk'd-sha
rif yiis, coll. ri'chiSs
tTs
rSk'et
rSn'do
rok'e-lSr'
ro'te-fer
root
ruf'yan
sa-lia'Sth
sSk're-lis
sak're-fiz
sSf'riin
san'foin
ea-ITn'
sa-li'val
sal'se-n
sav
s4-ma'roid
sa'me-el
sSm'fer
sSnd'widzh
sSfer
[sar'din]
sar'din
sSt'er
sa'trSp
sa'tra-pe
sSfer
sSv'a-jer-e
skSld
sk511up
sSl'mist or sam'ist
sSl'mo-de
sal'ter
tiz-zSn' or tiz'an
pu'e-ril
pu'is-3$ns
pu'mis or piim'is
putlog
pir'o-mSn-se
pir'o-tSk-ue
ka-drll'
kwod-ru-pe'dal or
kw8d-ru'pe-dal
kwam or kwam
kwon-da're or
kw5n'da-re
kw5sh'e-&
kwer-stfron
kwe-niu' or
kwinln
kwoin or koin
rSVbe or -bi
ra-sem'
rSs'e-miis, ra-se'mus
r51'ler-e
rSr'e-fl
rfir'e-te, Infrequen-
cy ; r5r'e-te,
thinness
ra-so're-al
riz'ber-re or rSs'-
rSth'er
r3sh-e-o-nSl'e-te
rSv'lin
rgs'ep-to-re, re-sSp'-
r6k-og-nI'za-bl or
re-k5g'ne-za-bl
rgk'on-dit or
re^jsSn'dit
re-ku'zant or
rgk'u-z5nt
rgf'us
re-fu'ta-bl
rSl-aks-a'shun
rSm'e-de-lgs or
re-mgd'e-lga
rSm'e-grat or re-mi'-
rgn'de-voo or -vooz
rSn-de-voo' or -vooz'
r6n'e-f8rm
rs-niin-she-a'shun
621'mTst or samTst
sSl'mo-dT, sam'o-dl
sal'ter
tiz'Sn
pu'er-Tl or -II
pu1s-s5ns
pu'mis or piimis
p6St16g
pTr'o-mSn'sI
pir'o-tSk'nl
k5-drTl' or kwS-drH'
kwaui
kwSn-da'rt
kwSshl-S
kwer'si-triln
kwinln or
kwin-in'
koin
rSl/bl or -bl
rS-sem'
rSs'g-niiis
ral'ei-I or rSllr-I
ra'rg-fi
ra'rl-tl
ra-zo'rT-Sl
ras'bgr-I
rath'er
rSsh'iSn-ail-tl
rivlln or
rSv'g-lIn
r?k'5g-m-z5-bl
rgk'5n-dit or
rg-kSn'dIt
rgk'u-z5nt
rgf'us
r6-fu't5-bl
relSks-a'shOn
rgm'g-dl-lSs
rgn'dg-vob or rSng'-
rgn'dg-voo or rang'-
re'ni-farm
rg-niin'sl-a'shfin
rBp'til rgp'tn
re'kwe-em or rgk'we- rgk'wi-gm
rSz-er-vwSr' rgz'er-vwar'
rgz-e-dgn'she-a-re rSz'I-dgn'eher-T
rea'to-rang' rgs'to-rang
re-tal'er or re'tal-
rgt-ar-da'shun
rech or_rgch
rgfe-nu
re'tro-sed or rSfro-
rSfro-grad
rgt'ro-spgkt
rgfro-vert
re-val' or re-val'ya
rSv'e-nu
rgv-e-re'
re-volf or re-v81f
rSn'ard or ra'nard
rI'zo-p8d
riimb or rSmb
rithm or rithm
rlk-o-sha' or
rik'o-shSt
rlk'o-shgt
ri'chiSa
rls
rSch'et or rSk'et
r8n-do'
r5k-e-lor'
r8t'e-fer
root or rout
riif'yan
riish'an or ru'shan
sa-ba'oth, sSb'a-Sth
sak're-fiz
sSk're-flz
s5f 'run or sSf 'fum
san'foin or sSn'f oin
sa-lin'
sa-li'val
sSl'se-fe
sav or salv
sSm'a-roid
sa'me-el
sSm'fir
sSnd'widj
sSf'fir
sar'din or sar-den'
sar'din or -din
sa'tur, satir, or
sat'ur
sa'trap
safra-pe
£a'tur or aSfir
sav'aj-re
skald or skSld
skSnup
rg-tal'er
re'tar-da'shJin
rech
rgfl-nu
re'tro-sed'
re'trS-grad, rgfrS-
re'tro-spgkt
re'tro-verf
ra-vgl'ya
rgv'gn-u
rgv'gr-e
rg-volf
rgn'ard
ri'zo-p6d
rSm
rithm
rik'o-sha' or
rik'6-shgf
rik'o-sha' or -sh5f
rif yiis or rl'chuB
rlz
rgch'gt
r8n'do
rSk-g-lar*
ro'ti-fer
root
ruf'fl-Sn
riish'Sn
sS-ba'oth
sSk'rT-fIs
sSk'rl-fis
saf'ron
san'foin
saliii or sS-Un'
sa-li'va
sal'sI-fT
sav
sa'mar-oid
sa'ml-gl
sSm'fir or -fer
sSnd'wIch
sSt'fer or -fir
sar'din
sar'din
sSfIr
sa'trSp
sa'trS-pI
sSfer
s5v'S-jer-T
skSlISp or skBl'-
samlst or sSl'mlst
sam'8d-I, sSI'mS-dl
sal'ter
ti'sSn
pu'er-Tl
puls-Sru
pu'mis
ptit18g
pir'o-m5n-sT
plr-o-tgk'nl
k5-drll'_
kwSd-roo'pg-dSl
kwam
kw5n'dS-rI or
kw6n-da'rl
kwSsl-S
kner'sIt-rSn
kwluin
koin
rSb'bl or -bi
rSs'em
rSs'e-mDs
ral'er-I
ra're-fi or r5r'g-fi
ra'ri-tl
r5-so'rI-51
rSz'bg-rl
ra'ther
rS8h'8n-5I1-tI
rSvlIn
re-sgp'tS-rl
rgk'8g-ni'zS-bl
rgk'8n-dit or
rg-k8n'dit
rgk'ii-zSnt
rgf'uz
re-fut'5-bl, rSf'u-t«-
re-iak-sa'6li8n
rgm'g-dl-lSs
re-mi'grat
rgn-dg-voo, raN-da-
rgn'dg-voo, raN-da-
re'nl-f8rm
re-nun'sl-a'sh5n
rgp'tn
re'kvvi-Sm
rgz'er-vwar
rSz-I-dgn'sher-I
rgs'to-rSnt or
rgs-to-raN
re-tal'er
re-tar-da'shSn
rSch
rgfl-nu, archaic
rg-tln'u
re-tro-sed', rgf ro-
re'tro-grad, rgf ro-
re'tro-sggkt, rgfro-
re'tro-vert, rgf ro-
re-val'ya
rgv'g-nu, sometimes
rg-vgn'u
rgv'er-I
re-volf
ra'nard
ri'zo-pSd
rSm
rithm
rlk'S-shSt
rik-B-sh5f
rifyus
riz
rSch'gt
ron'do
ro'kS-lor
ro^tl-fer
root
ruf1-5n
rush'ySn
sa-ba'oth
sak'ri-fls
sSk'rI-fis
saf'fr8n
san'foin
sa-lin'
ea-]i'v51
85l'sl-fi
eav or s51v
sSm'S-roid
sa'mi-el
sam'fir
sSnd'wIch
saf'fer or -fir
sar'din
sSr'din
Kafir or
sSt'er
sa'trSp
sa'trSp-I
sSfer
sSv'aj-rl
skald
skSllop or skW-
samlst or sSl'mlst
sam'ii-dy, sSl'mG-dJ^
sol'ter
ti^eftn
pu'er-il
puTs-sins
piimis
piSflSg
pir-ii-mSn'sy
pir-u-tgk'ny
ka-drll'
kwSd-rn'pe-dU
kwam
kw8n'd4-rj or
kw8n-dSr'y
kwas'sl-i
kwer-sIfriSii
kwl-nen'
koin
rSb'bl or -bi
rSs'era
rSs'g-miis
ral'ler-J^
rSr'g-fi ; obs. rSr'-
rSrl-ty
ri-sorl-il
rSz'bgr-rj?
ra'ther
rS-shun-S11-ty
rSvlIn
r5-sgp't0r-y
rgk-iig-niz'A-bel
rgk'8n-dTt or
rg-k5n'dit
rgk'ii-s&nt
rgf'us
rg-fut'4-b«l
re-lSks-a'sbOn
rgm'g-dl-lfa
re-mi'grat
rgn'dg-voo, Tfia'i%
rgn'dg-vob, rg^n'di^^
renl-fSrm
rS-ntin-sI-a'shOit
rgp'tn
re'kwi-gm
rgz'er-vwSr
rgz-I-dgn'shir-}'
rgs-tiS-rftn'
rg-tal'er
re-tar-da'shiin
rgch
rgfl-nu
re-triS-sed'
re'tri5-gr5d
re'trii-spgkt
re'triS-vert
re-va-yS'
rSv'Sn-u
rgv'Sr-I
rg-volf
rgn'4rd
rl'ziS-pBd
rSm
rithm
rlk'ti-shSt
rlk'iS-shgt
rifytls
riz
rSch'gt
ron'do
ro'kg-lor
ro'ti-fer
root
rtiffl-An
rush'4n
sa-ba'oth
sSk'rI-fIs
sSk'rI-fis
sSf'friin
san'foin
sa-lin'
sa-li'v41
sSl'sI-fJ^
sav or sSlv
sSm'a-roid
sa'ml-el
sSm'flr
sSnd'wId'
sSfIr
sar'den
sardln
sSfir
Es'trSp
sa'trap-y
sSt^r
sSvlj-er-y
skt^ld
skSiaCp or afcrSl^-
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
WEBSTER.
WALKES.
SMART.
WORCESTER.
STORMONTB.
IMPERIAL Diet. ENCYC. DICT.
SOAFHOID
ikSf'oid
tkS'foid
ska'foid
skSf'oid
BkSf'oid
skSf'oid
SoaPIFOEM
ska'pT-fdnn
• .
. . . c
skSp'e-fSrm
skap'I-farm
skap'I-fSrm
skap'I-f6rm
Bcatb, n. & V.
akSth
akSth
ekfith
skSth, n. & t>.
skath
skSth
BkStfa
SCATHS
Bkath
• • • *
. . .
skath
Bkath
skath
Bkath
Scenic
sSn'Ik or senTk
sSn'nTk
ee'nik
sSn'ik
sen'Tk or sSnTk
se'nik or sSnIk
sen'Tk
SOHHBULB
akSd'lil ; in Eng.
sSd'jul or skSd'jul
sbgd'lil
BkSd'yul, shSd'yul,
BhSd'uI
shSd'ul, sgd'- ; n.
shSd'ul, fgd'- ; n,
usu. shSd'ul
or sSd'yul
also skgd'ul
also skgd'ul
ScrasuATio, n.
Bl^-m5t'Ik
Blz'mS-tlk
elz'm4-tlk
Blz'ina-tTk or
Biz-mSfik
slz-mSVIk
Blz-m5flk
slz-matlk
ScmsTosB
ahTs-tos'
• • • •
shis-tos'
Bhis'tos
sbTs-tos'
shlst'oz
Bhis'tos
ScrazopoD
BkTz'S-pOd
• • • •
ski'zS-pSd
BkIz'o-p5d
shiz'o-pod
6hIz'8-pSd
BhTz'a-p8d
SCTTAMINBOtJB
elt/i-mln'e-iSa
• • • •
si'tA-mtn'e-Us
slt-a-mln'e-Bs
. . . .
Bi-t5-mln'e-5s
Bi-td-min'gBs
SCITTRINK
ei'fi-rln
• • • •
si-u'rin
Bi'u-rin
si-u'rTn
si-u'rin
Bi'ii-rin
SOLEKODEBM
Bkl8r'4-derm or
skle'ro-^ierm
....
Bkle'ro-denn
sklSr'o-dSrm
aklSr'o-derm
Bkle'ro-derm
skler'a-demi
SCOLECITE
sk SI'S -sit or ekolS-
• > • .
. . . -
BkSI'e-sit
sko-le'sit
skole-sit
skOTg-sit
SCOPIPED
Bko'pT-pSd
■ ■ • •
skSp'^-pSd
sko'pe-pSd
Bk5p'I-pSd
sko'pl-pgd
Bko'pT-pSd
Seamstress
sem'strSa
sSm'strSs
Bem'strSa
sSm'strea
sem'strSs
sem'strgs
sem'strgs, sgm'atrSii
Secretoet
B^-kre'to-ry, bSTct*-
se-kre'tilr-e
ee-kre'ter-S
Be-kre'to-re, s5'kre-
sS-kre'ter-T
se-kre'tS-rl
sg-kre'tllr-y
Secund
ee'kand
. . . .
sSk'ilnd
se'kund
sSk'ttnd
sg'kand
se'kand
Secundinb
sBk'iSn-din
sSk^tln-diD
sSk'an-din
BSk'un-din
sSk'un-dln
Be'kfin-dm
sg-kfin'din
Seid
Bed
.
Bg'Id
Bed
Ee'Id or sad
sed
Bed
Seleniueet
BSl'e-ni'fi-r5t or
se-len'fl-rSt
....
sm'S-ni'u-rSt
sSl-e-ni'u-rSt
sSl-en'yu-rSt
sS-len'u-rgt
se-len-I-ur'gt
Selenosbaphio
eSl'e-iio-gTSfTk
. • . .
BSl'e-nft-graftk
sSI-e-no-grSCflk
sSl'e-no-grSflk
sS-le'no-grSflk
sg-len-u-grSf'Ik
SEMIPEDAli
Be-mTp'e-dal
se-mlp'e-dSl
Bgm'e-pSd'ol
sSm-e-pe'dal or
se-mip'e-dal
sSm-Ip'g^lSl
sgm-I-pe'dH
sgm-I-pe'd4i
Seniob
sen'yer
Be'ne-iSr or aSn'yfir
6e'ne.er
een'yur
se'nT-Sr
se'nl-er
sen'I-flr
Sentient
sSn'shT-ent, -shent
sSo'she-Snt
sSn'sh'gnt
sSn'she-ent ^
sSn'shi-Snl!
sgn'shl-gnt
sgn'shl-ent
Seroeant
Bar'jeut or ser'jent
sar'jSnt
sSr'jont
sar'jent or ser'-
Bar'jSnt
sar'jant
sar'jent
Series
se'rez or se'ri-ez
se're-Tz
ser'g-ez
se're-ez
se'ri-ez
se'rez or se'ri-ez
ser'ez or ser1-§z
Seson
Be-roou'
. . . .
. . .
e«-T8n'
sS-r8n'
sS-r8n'
Bg-r8n'
Serpigo
Ber-pi'go
s5r-pi'go or -pe'go
ser-pe'gS
Ber-pi'go or -pe'go
ser-pi'go
sSr-pi'g5
ser-pi'go
Servile
Berv'Tl
sSr'vn
ser'vll
ser'vil
ser'vil or ser'vll
ser'vil
ser'vil
Sesquipedai,
sSs-kwIp'e-dal
sSs-kwTp'pe-dSl
sfis'kwe-pe'dal
sSs'kwe-pli'kftt
ses-kwlp'e-dal
sSs'kwI-pe'dSl
sSs'kwIp-e-dja
sgs-kwTp'g-dM
Sesquiplioatb
fiSs-kwTp'lT-kat
sgs-kwTp'pIe-kSt
seB-kwTple-kat
sSs-kwIpai-kat
sgs-kwlp'll-kat
sgs-kwTp'lI-k4t
Setireme
ee'tT-rem or sSfT
. . .
ee'te-rem
sSt'e-rem
se'tl-rem
se'tl-rem
se'tl-rem
Seveknisht
BSn'nit or -nit
BSn'nit
sSv'vn-nit, coU.
sSn'nit
BSn'nit
sSn'nit or sSn'nlt
s8v'n-nlt
sgvn'nit
Sewer, drain
Bu'er
Bhor
soor
Bob'er or shor
Eoo'er
Bu'er
su'er
Shaman
Bha'mSn
•
sha'mon
Bha'man
shSm'Sn
BhSm'Sn
shSm'4n
Shekel
i!h5k'>l
ehgk'kl
shSk'kl
shSk'kl
shSkI
shgk'Sl
shgk'el
Shekinah
Bh^ki'ni
. . • •
shSk'e-ni
BhSk'e-na, she-ki'-
Bhg-kl'n5
she-kl'nS
shg-ki'ni
Sherbet
Bher'bSt
ehSr-bSf
sher'bSt
sher'bet, eher-bSf
sher'bgt
sher'bgt
sher'bgt
Shiah
Bhe'a
• » e
ahi'i
Bhe'a
shi'S
shI'S
Bhe'a
PlIIRE
shii or sher
flher
sher
sher or shir
shir
shir
shir
Shoi'e
shon or shSn
fibSn
ahSn
shSn or shon
BhSn
shSn
BhSn
SjBYLLINB
sTbll-lin
, ,
sTVII-lTn
BlVU-Un
sIb'Il-lTn
slbOil-lIn
sIb'Tl-lin
?1DERAL
Bld'er-ol
eld'd6r-a
si'dSr-al
sid'er-al
si'der-Sl
Bi'der-JD
sl-der'a,l or sl'der-
(ilDEEITE
Bid'er-it
. • • •
Be-derlt
sTd'er-It
sTd'er-It
sTd'er-It
Bi-derlt or sld'er-
Sideeosoopb
Bld'er-6-sk5p
....
aS-de'rS-ak4p
Btd'e-ro-skop or
senle'-
se-lTsh'e-Um
sld'er-o-skop
sld'er-o-skop
si-der'a-skop
^ILICrOH
«I-ll3l-iSm
sMIa'^-am, coll.
sl-lIshl-iSm
Bl-lls^-am
Bl-lls1-am
sMl3h"um
SlLIQUB
BHIk or sMek'
• . . •
ell'Ik
se-lek'
slllk
sl-lek'
sl-lek'
SiMONIAN
sI-mo'nT-an or st-
...
si-mo'ne-an
si-mo'ne-an
sI-mo'nT-Sn
sI-mo'nI-5n
Bi-mo'nl-in
SiMTJLTANBOUS
ei'mai-ta'ne-iis
ei-mOl-ta'ne-Qs
Blm'iU-ta'ne-iSs
si-mul-ta'ne-via
sTm'iil-ta'ng-tU
slm-iU-ta'ne-Hs
Blm-ai-ta'nS-fiB
SiNICAL
BinT-kal or sln'-
. . . -
.
sTn'e-kal
sIn'I-kSl
sTnlk-Sl
Blnlk-M
Sinister
BlnTs-ter
eTn'nls-ttir
se-nls'ter
6in'is-ter or se-nls'-
sinls-ter
slnTs-ter
sIn'Ts-ter, 06*
sTn-Is'ter
SlRBAB
slr'rft
sSr'rS
BSr/ri
sar'ra or sTr'ri
sIr'rS
sTr'5
sTr'ri
Sirup
elr'Qp
BSr'rQp
slr'Qp, coll. siir'.
Bir'up or silr'rup
slr'up
slr'up
slr'Sp
Skieeet
Bktr'rSt
Bkgr'rlt
skSr'rSt
skir'ret
skgr'rSt
Bklr'gt
skir'ret
Slabber
8l5l/ber or elSV-
BlSb'biir or sJSV
coll. slShnjer
slSVber
siab'ber
slSb'er
siab'ber
Slave, Slav
slav or sl5v
....
. , •
Biav
[sklavj
Slav
Slav
Slavic
slSvIk or slavlk
. . ,
. . •
BlSv'ik
. . . .
BlSvIk
siavTk
Sliveb
eltv'er or sh'ver
Bli'viir
slT'ver
Bll'ver or sllv'er
sllv'er or sli'ver
sllv'er or sli'vSr
sliv'er
Sloth
Bl5th [115] or sloth
Bloth
sloth
sloth
sloth
sloth or slSth
sloth
Sloven
sl&v'en or slQv"n
slQv'vSn
slQv'Sn
elQv'en
sluv'Sn
siav'gn
sluv'en
Smallpox
smal'pSks'
smal-pSks'
smal'pSks
smal-pBks' or
s'mal'poks
Binal-pSks
smal'pBks
smal-pBks
Sociable
sysha-b'!
syshe-S-bl
Bo'she-a-bl
Bo'she-a-bl
so'sh5-bl
so'shl-S-bl
Bo'sha-bel
Bocle
BO^'l or s5k''l
soTd
EOk'l
sCk'kl or soTd
BoTd or sokT
s^kl
so'kel
Sojourn
so'jflrn or st-jtm'
Bo'jUm
Bo'ySiTn
so'jum
syjem
so'jem
so'jflm, su-jflm',
Sot (Mus.)
sol
bQI
sSl
BOI
or suj'Qm
sSl
SOLANACEOUS
Bol'a-na'ahas, 60^4-
. • o
so'la-aa'sh'fis
Bol-a-na'shuB
8ol'5-na'sh53
Bo-lS-na'shOs
so-14-na'sha8
Solder
sSd'er or sBl'der
sjri'dBr
sa'der
B51'der or sa'der
851'der or BSd'er
sol'der
sSl'der
Bouber, Soubbb
som'ber
. • ■ ■
Bom'fjur
som'ber
som'ber
s8m'ber
som'ber
Soot
866t or soot
Boot
soot
Boot or s83t
Ed5t
soot
sSSt
Soporific
sop'o-rif'ik
B5p-5-rIf'fIk
sBp'o-riflk
sop-o-rl£'ik
Bo'po-rlflk
BO-po-rT£1k
so-pfir-Iflk
Sordine
BSr'din or -den
8Sr.^3en'
sor'din
Bor-den'
sor'din
sSr'den
sSr'den
SORORICIDB
s6-r5r'i-sid
Bo-r5r're-3id
so-ror'e-aid
80-r5r'e-sid
so-rorl-sJd
so-ro'rl-sld
sS-rorl-sid
Sortie
sSr'te
.
sSr'te
sfir-te'
sSr'te
sor'tl
sSr'te
SouoH, as the wind
suf
*
B5f
sQf
sijf or sou
siif ; Scot. sB8k
suf
Southeely
sfith'er-iy
sfith'ar-le or
south'er-le, coll.
sfith'er-ll
suth'er-le
siith'er-H
suth'er-ll
suth'er-iy
south'iir-lS
SOUTHERH
BQth'ern
Bouth'um or
sQth'iirn
south'em, coll.
sfith'em
Buth'em
BQth'ern
Buth'em
Buth'em
SOUTHINO
soutblng
south'Tng
south'Tng
south'ing
sculping
south'Tng
southing
SOTIBBIGN
sUv'er-Ia or s5v'-
sST'Sr-in
B5v'Sr-In
sSv'er-in or sSv'-
sSv'er-Tn
sSv'er-Tn
sSv'er-In
Spa
spa
Bpa
spa
spa
SPS
spa
Spaboid
spa'roid
•
spSr'oid
spa'roid
spa'roid
spar'oid
Spheroid
Bfe'roid
sfe'roid
sft-roid'
sfe'roid
sfgr-oid'
ster'oid
sfer'oid
Spiouutobm
spT-kulT-f Srm or
spIk'u-lT-fSrm
....
spe-ku1e-f8rm
spIk'ul-T-fSnn
8plk'ii-ll-f8rm
Spinel
spT-nel' or spi'nel
spI'nSl
spTn'Sl
spi'nel
spTn'Sl
spl-nel'
spln'el
Spinet
spTn'et or spT-nSf
spIn'nSt
6pS-n5f
spln'et or spe-nSf
spTn'gt
spTn'gt
spTn'gt
Spiracle
spTr'a-k'l or spl'r4-
spIr'S-kl
spi'ra-kl
spTr'a-kl or spi'rar
spi'rS-kl
spir'S-kl
spir'a-kel
Splehmio
aplSn'e-tik or
sple-ngflk
splSn'e-tIk
splSn'e-tIk
BplSn'e-tik
splg-ngflk
splg-nStIk or
splgn'g-tik
sple-ngt'Tk or
splgn'gt-iTs
Splenic
splenTk
splSnlk
splSnlk
splSn'ik
splSnfk
aplgulk
splen'Ik
Spongiolb
spun'^T-ol
. . . .
spun'je-ol
spon'je-ol
spiin'il-ol
spunjl-ol
sponj'T-ol
Sponboid
spSn'goid or sp5n'-
. . • .
. . . .
Bpung'oid
. . . .
spon'goid
spon'goid
Squauuloib
skwSm'iS-los' or~
skwa'mu-los'
....
....
Bkwa'mu-los
skwa'mu-los'
skwSm'ii-los
skw5m'iS-loa
Squarrobb
skwor-ros' or
skwSr'ros'
....
8kw8r-ros'
skwar-ros'
skwSr'ros
skwar'os
skwar'roB
Squiebel
Bkwer'rSI or
skwIr'rSl
BkwSr'rTl
BkwSr'rSl
skwir'rel, skwSr'-,
or skwur'-
skwlr'rgl
skwTr'rSl
skwTr'rd
Stalwart
BtSl'wert or Btfll'-
. . .
stal'wirt
Btal'wart
stal'wert
stSl'wert
stai'wirt
Stanchion
stSn'sh&n
BtSn'sbiin
stSu'ehan
stSn'shun
stSu'shOn
stSn'shSn
stSn'shan
Staves, pi. of Statj
? stavz or stavz
stavz
stavz
etavz or stavz
stavz
stavz
stavz
H
K
M
Ixxxvi
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
WEBSTER.
WALKER.
SMART.
WORCESTER.
STORMONTB.
IMPERIAL DICT. ENCYC. DICT.
STEATOMATOnS
ste'4-t5m'4-tas or
ste'4-to'ma-tua
....
....
8te-a-tom'a-tus
ste'S-to'mS-taB
ste-a-t5m'at-aa
ste-i-tBm'a-tBs
Steelyaed
stel'yard, stil'yerd
Btel'yard, coll. stH'-
Btel'yard, coll. stSl'
Btel'yard, coll. stll'-
stil'yard
stel'yard
Btel'yard
Stellion
stgl'yan
• •
Bt81'16-un
stSl'yun
. . . .
stgl'll-5n
Bt611i-8n
Stebeoohbomt
ste're-Sk'ro-mJ? or
ster'e-o-kro'mj^
....
....
stSr-e-Bk'ro-me
BtSr'S-o-kro'ml
etSr-e-5k'r5-mT
Btgr-S-Sk'rB-mj? or
ster-e-ok'ru-my
Stebeoobaphy
Bte're-og'ra-fi^ or
st5r'e-6g'ra-fj
BtSr.ie-5g'gr5f-fe
Bter'e-5g'ra-fe
BtSr-e-Sg'rarfe
stSr'S-5g'r5-fI
8tSr-e-8g'r8-fI
8ter-g-8g'r4-f J or
Bter-g-8g'r4-f3?
Steeeottpe
ste're-o-tip, stSr'e-
ste're-o-tip
Bte're-S-tip'
BtSi-'e-o-tip
stSr'S-o-tip
Btgr'e-o-tip
Bter'g-u-tip, stgr'g.
Stiekhp
ster'rup or stlr'-
Btar'rBp
etSr'up
stlr'up or BtBr'-
stir'rBp
eter'rBp
stir'rup
STOLONIFBBODg
stSl'o-nTfer-us or
sto'lQn-Ifer-uB
....
Bto'ian-Tf'Sr-as
BtSl-o-nlf'er-Bs
sto'lon-tfer-Bs
Bto-lBn-tfer-Bs
sto-lQn-tfer-Ba
Stomapod
sto'ma-p5d, stSm'i-
. . . •
Bt5in'4-p3d
Bt5m'a-pod
Bto'mS-p5d
sto'm&-p5d
6t8m'4-p8d
Stoboe
et8r'je or st6r'ge
. • • .
BtSr'ge
BtSr'je or stSrj
Bt5r'ge
BtSr'ge
Stbabismus
Btra-bTz'mQs, -bis'-
. .
. . . .
stra-bia'mus
Btra-bTz'mBs
Btra-blz'mus
Btra^blz'mas
Stratehio
stra-te'jTk, -tSjIk
. . . .
. . . .
stra-tgj'ik
BtrS-tSjIk
BtiS-tgj'ik
str4-tgj'Tk
Strew
Btrj} or stro
Btro
Btrob
Btru or stro
stroo or stro
stroo or stro
stroo
Strophe
stro'fe
stro'fe
strSfS
fltro'fe
BtrSfe
stro'fe
stro'fe
Strophic
Btrbf'Ik
. . . .
•
f,tr5f'ik
strSftk
Btro'flk
Btro'fTk
Strophiolatb
Btro'fl-o-lat
. . .
Btryfe-o-laf
Btr5f'e-o-lat
strSfl-o-lat
6tro'fT-5-lat
Btro'£I-u-lat
Stbdmose
Btru-mos', strvi'mos'
. . . ,
. . . •
strji-mos'
strob'moz
Btroo'moa
Btrp'mos
Subaltern
Bub-al'tern
sab'ai-tSrn
BQb'al-tem
eut/al-tem, sub-ftl'-
BBb'Sl-tern
sBb'al-tern, sBb-ftl'-
sBb'41-tern, BBb-fll'-
SUBBDLTOBT
sab-siil'to-ry
sBb'sai-taivS
Bub-am'ter-e
sBb'sul-tur-e or
8ub-sBl'tBr-6
sQb-sai'ter-I
aab-sBl'tS-rl
sBb-sult'ar-y
Subtile
sQb'tll or sfifl
sab'tT)
BBb'tn
BOb'til
sub'tTl or BQtl
sBb'tTl or sBta
Bub'tll or sBta
SUC0E8S0B
suk-sSs'ser
Bak'sSs-sBr or
Bak-sSs'-
sBk-sSs'ser
suk-sSs'sur
euk-sSs'ser
efik-sgs'Sr
sBk-sgs'flr
SnOOITMB
eOk-kBm' or -kamb'
sak-kQmb'
BBk-kBrnb'
BBk-kBmV
BBk-kam'
sBk-kBrn'
sBk-kBrn'
Suffice
eaf-flz'
saf-fiz'
BBf-fiz'
Buf.flz'
sBf-fis'
sBf-fis'
sBf-fiz'
SUOOEST
Bag-j§8f or sad-jSBf sag-jSst'
BBd-jSst'
Bug-j8sf or Bud-
BBj-jSst'
su-jgat', sBd., siSg-
eBj-jgat'
SUQSn.T.ATIOM
Bag'jTl-la'shan or
sBd'.
sai'ffi-rat
....
sad'jIl-a'BhBn
BBg-jil-la'BhuB
....
sBg-jIl-a'shSn
BBj-jIl-a'shfin
Sulphurate, o.
....
BBl'fBr-at
BBl'fu-rat
8M'fu-r8t
Bfil'fu-rat
BBl'f6-r4t
Sulphuric
sul-fS'rlk
. . . i
sai-fBrTk
Bul-fu'rik
sBl-fu'rrk
sBl-fu'rlk
sBl-furTk
Sultana
sBl-ta'na or -ta'n4
sai-ta'nS
6ai-ta'u4
Bul-ta'na or sul-ta'-
Bul-ta'nS
BBl-ta'ua
sBl-ta'ni
Sumac, Sumach
BH'mSk or shi)'-
.
Bu'mSk, coll. shoo'.
ehji'mSk or au'mSk
su'raSk
Bu'niak
6u'm8k
SuPEBOILIOUg
su^per-sTl'T-us or
_8u^er-sll'ya3
8u-p5r-BlI'yfiB
Bu'per-sIl'yBs
Bu-per-sTl'e-Bs or
_8u-per-sll'yu8
6u'per-8lIT-Bfl
Bu-per-sin-fis
Bu-per-6TiT-a«
SUPEBPICIBS
su'£er-f Ish'ez or
su'per-fTsh'i-ez
su-pSr-flah'ez
Bu'per-fT8h'«-Sz
Bu-per-fTsh'e-ez or
su-per-flsh'ez
BU-per-flshT-ez
su-per-flsh'ez
su-per-flshl-Sz
SUROINOLE
Bflr'Bin'g'l
sar'sTng-gl
BBr-sIng'gl
sQr'sing-gl
6er-slng'gl
aer'sTng-gl
sflr'sTn-gel
Surname, v.
sflr-nam' or afir'nam'
sar-nam'
eflr'nam
Bur-nam'
ser'nam
ser'nam
sfir-nam'
SURTOUT
Bflr-toot' ;
F. sur-too'
Bfir-val'yans or
ailr-toof
ear-toof
Bur-toot'
Ber-tSo'
Ber-too'
sfir-too'
Surtbillanoe
• . •
....
sur-val'yana'
Ber-val'y5n»
ser-vSl'ySufl
sfir-vfiiana or -yins
sflr-va'lans
Survey, n.
Bftr'va or sflr-va'
•Qr-va' or sfii/Ta
Bfir'va
aflr'va or sur-va'
ser'va
fiSr'va or ser-va'
efir'vS
Swath
Bwath
.
Bw5th; 115
swSth
BwSth
swath
BWJlth
Stmposiao
BTrc-pti'zT-5k
«Iin-p3'zbe-Sk
BTm-pyze-Sk, •zh$'
sim-po'ze-Sk, -zhe-
[sTm-pyzT-S]
aTm-po'zI-Sk
slm-pozT-ak
SYNaiRESIS,
Bln-Sr'S-sIs
. . .
sIn-Sr'e-sTs
ain-Sr'e-sIs
eln-e'rS-sTs
el-ne're-sis
Bin-er'S-sIs
Stnerebis
3TNCEETI0
8Tn-kr5t/Ik
. • ■ •
sTn-krStTk
sln'kre-tTk
BTn-krStTk
BTn-krSttk
Bin-kre'tik
Stneroist
stn'er-jlst
. • . .
Bin-er'jist
sin-er'jist
sTn-er'jTat
BTn-er'jtst
sln-er'jIst
Steiacism
Btr'I-a-sIz'm, al-ri'-
•
se-ri'a-slzm
se-rl'a-sizm
ETr1-5-sTzm
Btr1-5-sIzm
Bir'I-a-stzm
Syeinootoht
slr'Tn-gSt'S-mj^
8lr-Ing-g5fto-m5
fiTr'Tiig-Qt'o-niS
sTr-in-gSt'o-me
Bir'tn-gSt'o-ml
sT-rTng-got'fi-ml
Bi-rln-gSt'u-my
Tabernaole
tSb'er-ua-k'l
tSb'Sr-nS-U
tSb'er-nSk'kl
tab'er-na-kl
tSb'er-nak-1
tab'er-na-kl
tab'er-nak-el
Tableau
tVblo' ; E. tSblo'
. . •
[tSbaol
tSb-lo'
tSb'lo
tab-lo'
ta-blo'
Tabouret
tSb'oo-rSt
tSb'ar-St
tSb/Br^t
t5b-oo-ra'
tSb'er.St
ta'bob-rgt
ta'bOr-St
Tafia
taf1-a
. • • -
. . . .
ta'fe-a
tSf1-5
ta'fT-a
ta'fI-4
TAGLLiOOTLAM
tSl'ya-ko'shan
. - - -
tn'ya-kysh'an
tSl-ye-a-ko'ahan
tai'i-a-ko'shi-aa
tal'I-a-ko'shl-an
Talisman
tSl'Iz-raan or tSl'Is-
tSiaz-mSn
tSl'Ts-man
tSl'iz-mSn
taiTs-mSn
taiTs-m8u
tai'Tz-min
Tambour
tSm'boor
....
tSm'bBr
tSm'bobr
tSm'ber
tam'boor
tam-bobr', n. /
tSm'bobr, v.
Tantivt
tSn-ttv'y, t5n'tt-v?
. - •
tSn-ttv'S
tan-ttv'e, tSn'te-ve
tSn-tlvl
tSn-tlv'T
tan-trv'j?
Tapis, n.
ta'pTs or tS-pe'
. r
tSp'S
tap's or ta'pis
ta-pe'
ta-pe
ta-pe', n. ; ta'pis, v.
Tartutpb, Tartuid
tar-tuf
•
tar't'oof
tar-tBf
far-toof
tar-toof
tar-tuf
Tassel
tSs's'l
tSs'sSl
tSs'sSl
tSs'sel or tBa'al
tSs'sl
tas'sSl
taa'sel
Taunt
tant
taut or tftnt
tant
tant or t^t
tant
tftnt
tftnt
Taurine, a.
t%'rln
. . • .
. . • .
ta'rin
tfi'rin
t%'rin
ta'rin
Teasel
tl'z'l
. . . .
t^zl
tg'zl
tg'zl
te'zSl
te'zel
Tedious
te/dT-as or ted'yBs
te'de-as or te'ie-Bs
te'dS-Ba
te'djTia
te'dV-fis
ted'yfis
te'dl-as
Telaby
te^i^rj^ or t51'i-ry
te-lSg'rMTat or
. . . .
teaar-S
te'la-re
. . . .
tsaa-ri
te'la-ry
Tbleoeaphist
. .
. . . ,
te-lSg'ra-fTst
tSl'S-grSflat
tS-igg'ra-i'Tst
tS-lBg'r4-f-«t
t51'e-gr4f'ist
Teleology
te'lt.51'S-jy, tSl'e-
. . . .
tSl'4-Bl'ft-je
te-le-51'o-je
tSI'S-Sl'S-jI
tSl-e-81'8-jI
tSl-S-Sl'B-jy
Teleosaub
te'le-S-sqr or tgl'S-
. . . •
tSl'e-o-sar'
te'le-o-Btir
•
tSl'e-o-sar
tSl'g-u-sar
Telestioh
tS-lSs'tlk, tSl'S-stIk
. . . .
tSl'S-sttk
te-lSs'tik
tSl'g-sttk
tS-lSs'tlk
tS-lSs'tlk
Tenet
tSn'St
tSn'nIt
tSn'St
tSn'et
tSn'St or te'nSt
tSn'gt
tSn'St
Tenure
«n'fir; 135
te'nur
tSn'ur
tSn'yur or te'nur
tgn'ur
tSn'ur
tSn'ur
Tepoe
te'p5r __
te'pSr
tSp'Br
te'por
. •
te'pSr
te'pSr
Teboitebsatb
ter'jl-ver-sat
ter'ie-ver'sat
ter'je-ver-sat
.
ter'jT-vSr-aat
ter'jiv-er-sat
Teeeaqukous
tSr-raTtwe-us
tSr-ra'kwe-as
tSr-rSk'wS-Bs
ter-ra'kwe-ua
tSr-ralrwS-CB
tgr-3k'we-u3
tSr-ra'kwS-Ba
Tetraptotb
tSt/rSp-tot, te-trSp'-
. . . .
te-trSp'tSt
tSfrap-tot
. . .
tgt'rap-tot
tSt'rap-tot
Tetbarch
te'trark
te'trark or tSf rark
tSfrark
te'trark
tSfrark
te'trark or tSt'rark
te'trark, obs. tSfrark
Tetrarohatb
tt-trark'St
te-trai'kat
tSfrar-kat
te-trark'at
tSt'rar-bat
te'trark-at, tSt-rar'-
te'trark-at, tSt'rark-
Textile
tSks'tll
tSks'tll
teks'tll
tSks'til
tgks'tn
tSks'til
tSks'til
Their
thSr ; 52
thar
thar or thar
thSr
thar
thar
thSr
Therefore
thSr'for or ther'-
tbSr'for
tfeer'for
ther'for or thSr'-
ther'fSr
ther'fSr
ttiSr'for
Thomjban, Thomeah
thft-me'an
. . .
tho-me'an
to-me'aa
. . •
to-me'Sn
t8-me'an
Thomist
tbo'ml'Bt
. .
tho'mlst
to'mist
to'mist
tSm'ist
tom'Iat
Threepence
thrtp'ens
thrSp'Sns
thre'pSns, coll.
thrtp'Sns
thre'pSns, coU.
thrtp'ens
....
thre'pgns
thre-pSns
Tbbbbfbnny
thrlp'«n-ny
thrSp'Sn-e
thre'pen-ne, coll.
thrTp'pSn-ne
thrip'en-e or
thre'pen-o
....
thre'pSn-nl
thre-pgn-nj
Threnody
thrSu'S-dy, thren'-
thrSn'5-de
thren'o-de
thren'o-de
thren'S.dr
thre'no-di
thren'B-dy
Thug
tbag
. . . .
thfig
thug or tug
thBg
thug
thBg
TiEROB
ters
tSrs
ters
ters or ters
ters
ters
ters
TntADB
tt-rad'
t^-rad'
te-rad'
tl-rad'
tT-rad'
tl-rad'
Tmesis
me'sls or t'me'-
. . • •
tme'sTa
me'sis
tme'sTs
tme'sTs
tme'sls
TOLU
tS-Ioo' or tolS
. • »
tol'u
to-lu'
to-loo'
to'lu
to-l»'
Tomato
to-ma'tS, to-mS't*
. . • •
tS-mS't*
to-ma'to, to-ma^t3
to-ma'to
to-ma'to
tfi-ma'to or tii-mS'to
ToPAEOH
to'park
to'park
tVark
to'park
. . • •
tSp'ark
top'ark
TOBTOISB
tSr'tis or tSr'tSs
tSi/ttz
tSr'tiz
tSr'tiz or tSr'tls
tSr'tts
tSr'tois or tBr'tTz
tSr'tus
Toucan
tooTian
• •
tou'kan
tou'kan
too'kan
tou'kan or too'kan
tou'kan or too%4=
TOUPEB
too-pe'
too-pe'
tob-pe'
too-pe'
too-pa'
too-pe'
too-pe'
TOUPET
too-pa'
too-pef
too-pa'
too-pa', -pe', -pSt'
. .
too'pa
too-pa'
TOUBNAMENT
toor'nA-ment, tfir'-
toor'nS-mSnt, tOr'-
to'ur-na-mSnt
toor'na-mSnt, tQr'-
toor'nS-mSnt
toor'na-mSnt
toor'ni-mSnt
Toornbt
tSor'nJ^ or tflr'n?
toor'ni-kSt or tOr'-
tiSBr'ne or tur'ne
to'ur-ne
toor'ne or tfir'ne
toor'nl
toor'ne
toor'nj?
TouBNiqnBS
tar'ne-kwSt
tOr'ne-kgt
tflr'ne-kSt
toor'ni-kSt
toor'nl-kSt
toor'ni-kSt
Toward, a.
tywSrd
to'ard
to'ard
to'ard or toward
to'erd
to'werd ^
to'4rd or tord
Tbaobea
tra'ke-a ;
L. tr4-ke'i
....
tra'ke-i
trn.'ke-a or tra-kS'a
tra-ke^
tra'ke-a
tra'kS-a or tra-k&i
Team
trot
tr» or trat
tiE
trat or tra
tra or trat
trat or tra
trat or tra
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Ix
xxvu
WEBSTER.
WALKER.
S3TART.
WORCESTER.
STORMONTK.
IMPERIAL BIC
T. ENCYC. DICT
Teamontaniii
tr4-m8n'tan ot
trSm'5n-tan
....
trSm'Qn-tan'
tra-mSn'tan or
trSm'on-tan
trS-mSn'tan or
ti-am'Su-tau
trS-m8u'tan
trSm'Bn-tan
Tranquil
trSn'kwIl
trSng'kwIl
trSiig'kwTl
trSug'kwil
trSn'kwiI
trau'kwTl
trSn'kwU
Tranquillity
trSn-kwIl'ir-tJ
trSn-kwH'e-te
trSng-kwinS-tS
tr5n-kwil'le-te
tran-kwil'll-tl
tran-kwTl'T-tl
tran-kwU'II-tj?
Thansferablb
trSns-fei'4-b'l or
trSns-fSr'a-b'l
trSns'fSr-S-bl
trSns-fer'a-bl
trSus-fgr'a-bl
trSBS-fer'S-bl
trans-fer'S-bl or
trans'fer-a-bl
traus-fer'4-bel
Transient
trSn'slient
trSn'slie-5nt
trSn'sh'gnt
trSn'slient
trSn'sh'Snt, -sl-5nt
tran'zT-gnt
trSu'sT-ent, -shent
Tbansitiok
trSn-sTzh'un
trSn-sTzh'Qn, -aleh'-
- trSu-sIzh'fin
trSn-sizh'un
trSn-zIsh'an
trSn-si'zliSu or
-zi'sliOn
tra-pe'zT-am
trau-sl'zhun
Trapezium
tri-pe'zI-Qm
trS-pe'zhe-Qm
tra-pe'ze-5tn
tra-pe'zhe-Bm, -ze-
trS-pe'zT-am
tra-pe'zI-Bm
Trapezoid
trSp'e-zoid
trS-pe'zoid
trSp'e-zoid'
tr5p-e-?.oid' or
tra-pe'zoid
tre'tiz or tre'tis
trSp'g-zoid
trSp'g-zoid
tr£p'g-zoid
Treatise
tre'tts
tre'tiz
tret'iz
tret'Tz
tre'tiz
tret'Is
Tremor
tre'mSr or trSm'Br
tre'miSr
trgm'er
tre'mur
trgm'gr or tre'mSr
tre'mSr
trgm'Or
Trephine
trS-fin' or -fen'
....
tre-fen'
tre-fen' or -fin'
trg-fin'
trg-fin' or -fen'
trg-fen'
Tribune
trtb'un
trlb'ua
trlb'iSn
trib'un
trib'un
tri'bUu or trib'un
trib'un or tri'bfln
Trijugous
trTj'u-giSs or trl'jfl-
. . . .
trt-j'oo'gOs
tri-ju'gas
tri'joo-gas
tri'ju-gBs
tri'jfi-gus
Trilobate
trt-lo'bat or trilo-
• > > •
tri'lo-bat
trilo-bat
tri-lo'bat
tri-lo'bat
tri-lo'bat or tri'lo-
Trio
tri'o or tie'o
• • .
trI'S
tri'o
tri'o or tre'o
tii'o or tre'o
tre'6 or tri'o
Tripartite
trTp'4i-tit, trt-par'-
trlp'pSr-tlt
trTp'ar-tIt
trTp'ar-tIt
tri-par'tit
trip'ar-tit, tri-par'-
tri-partlt
Tripedal
trip'e-dal
trtp'e-dn
trt-pe'dal
trTp'e-dal
tri-pe'dai
tri-pgd'Sl
tri-pe'dal
Teipbthono
trIf'thBng or trTp'-
trtp'thSng
trlp'th5ng
trtp'thgng
trIp'thBng
trIf'thSng or trlp'-
trif'thong or trip'-
Trisyllable
trTs-siri'la-b'l or
trts'sll'ia-b'l
trTs'sIUS-bl
tre-sllia-bl
trlsTl-la-bl
trls-sll'ia-bl
trls'sil-lS-bl
tri-sll'la-bel
Triune
tri'un
tri-un'
tri'fin
tri'un
tri'un
tri'un
tri'un
Trivial
trIv'T-al
trTv'ySl
trtv'^al
trTv'e-al or trtv'yal
trlv'T-ai
trlv'I-ai
trIvl-Al
Troglodyte
tr5g'14-dlt
tr5g'lo-dit
tro'glo-dlt
trSg'lo-dit
trOg'lo-dit
tro'gl5d-ft
trBg'lu-dit
Trombone
trSm'bon ;
It. trSm-bi'na
....
trgm-bo'na
tr5m-b5'ne or
trBm'bon
trgm'bon
trBm'bon
tr5m-bon'
Truculenoe
trq'ku-Iens
troo'ku-lSns
troo'ku-Igns
trij'ku-lSns
trak'u-lgns
trBk'u-lgna
trBk'u-lens
Truffle
tru'f 1 or triif' f'l
trob'fl
traSf'fl
trii'fl
truf'fl
truf'l
traf'fcl
Truncheon
truii'shun
trun'shvin
triSn'chtm
tran'shun
tran'shBn
trQn'shBn
trun'sliun
Tuberose
tub'roz', tu'ber-5s'
tub'roz
tu'ber-Ss
tub'roz or tu'ber-oz
tu'ber-os
tub'roz or tu'bS-r5z
tu'ber-os
TURKOIS
tfir-koiz' or -kez'
tSr-kez'
tar-kez'
tur-kez' or -koiz'
ter-koiz'
ter'koiz
tfir'koiz
Turquoise,
tukquois
Twopence
tflr-koiz' or -kez'
tar-kez'
tar-kez'
tur-kez' or -koiz'
ter-koiz' or -kwoiz'
ter'koiz
tflr'koiz or tOr'kwftz
too'pSns or tup'ens
tSp'pgns
too'pBns, coll. tap'-
too'pgns or tap'enfl
too'pgns or tBp'pgns
1 too'pgns or tBp'gns
usu. tBp'pena
Tympanic
tlm-p5n'lk
. . . .
. . . .
tim'pan-ik
tim-pan'Ik
tim-pan'lk
tlm-pan'Ik
Typooraphee
tt-p5g'ra-fer or tl-
tl-p5g'graf-ar
te-p5g'rS-fer
ti-p5g'ra-fer
tT-p5g'ra-fer
ti-pBg'raf-er
ti-pBg'r4-fer
Typooraphical
ti'po-grSf'T-kal or
tlp'6-gr5f1-kal
tlp-o-grSt'e-ka
tlp'S-grSfe-kal
ti-po-grSf i-kal or
tTp-o-grSf'i-kal
ti'po-graf'I-kSl
ti-po-gr8f'Ik-81
ti-pu-graf1k-Al
Tyrannic
tt-rSn'nlk
ti-rSn'uIk
te-rSn'nTk
ti-rSn'nik
ti-ran'nlk
ti-ran1k
ti-ran'nlk
Umbrageous
iSm-bra'jQs
Cm-bra'je-as
am-bra'j'as
ain-bra'je-as
Cm-bra'jas
Bm-bra'jus
am-bra'jBs
Undulatoby
fln'du-la-to-ry
On'ju-la-to-re
On'dfi-la'ter-S
an'du-la-to-re
Qn'du-la'ter-Y
Bn'du-ia-tB-rl
an'du-la-tOr-Jr
Unguent
Qn'gwent
. . .
ang'wgnt
fing'gwent
Bng'gwgnt
Bng'gwgnt
Bn'gwgnt
Union
un'yQn
yu'ne-8n
u'ne-an or un'yan
yun'yun
un'yBn or S'nl-lin
un'yBu
un'yBn
Unison
u'nT-sQn
yu'ne-siin
u'nS-zan
yu'ne-sfin
u'nl-eBn
u'nI-sBn
u'nI-sBn
Upheb
Op'her
. . . .
Op'per
u'fer
. . . .
. . . .
u'fer
Uphkob
U'VTO
. . . •
. .
Bf'ro
. • > .
Bf'ro
Bf'ro
Upupa
u'pu-p4
. . c •
Bp'fi-pfi
u'pu-p4
. . . .
u'pdo-pS
u'pu-p4
Ureter
fi-re'ter
yu're-tOr
u're-ter
^u're-ter
u're-ter
u-re'ter
li-re'ter
USUCAPTION
u'zu-kSp'shiln
. . . .
ii'zfi-kSp'shan
u-zu-kSp'ahun
u'zu-kap'shKn
u-zu-kap'sh5n
uz-u-kap'shttn
Usufruct
u'zii-frSkt
. .
u'zfl-frQkt
yu'zu-frakt
u'zu-frBkt
u'zu-frBkt
uz'ii-frukt
Usurious
u-zhu'rT-us
yu-zu're-iis
C-zur'e-as
yu-zhii're-as
u-zhoo'ri-us
u-zhu'rl-Bs
fi-zlmr'I-as
Utensil
e-tgn'sil
yu-ten'sll
fi-tgn'sTl
u-tgn'sil or u'ten-
u-tgn'sll
u-tgn'sll or u'tSn-
fi-tgn'sll
Uterine
u'ter-Tn or -in
yu't8r-in
u'ter-In
yu'ter-in or -In
u'ter-In
u'ter-in
u'ter-in
Vacate
va'kat
va'kat
v4-kaf
va'kat
vS-kaf
va-kaf
v4-kat'
Vaccine
vSk'sin or -sin
vSk'sin
vSk'sin
vSk'sin or -sin
vak'sin
vak'sin
vak'sin
Vaginal
vSj'I-nol
. . c .
vi-ji'nal
vSj'e-nal or va-ji'-
va-ji'nai
vS-ji'nai or vSj'T-
va-ji'n41
Valet
va'St or -t
vffl'St or vS-lSf
vSl'gt
vSl'et
vSl'gt or vSl'a
vai'gt
vai'gt or vSI'S
Valise
va-les'
. . . .
v4-lez'
va-lez' or va-les'
vS-les'
v8-les'
va-les'
Varicose
T5r1-kos'
. . . .
va're-kis
vSr-e-kos'
va'ri-kos
var'I-kos
varl-kos
Varioloid
va'rl-ft-loid or v5r1-
. . . .
v4-ri'o-loid
va're-o-loid
v5-ri'o-loid
va'ri-o-loid
vSr'I-B-loid
Vase
vas or vaz
vaz
vaz
vaz or vas
vaz or vaz
vas, vaz, or vaz
vaz or vaz
Vasiform
TSs'i-fSi-m
. . . .
. . .
vSs'e-fSrm
vaz'I-farm
vas'I-fBrm
vaz'i-fSrm
Vaunt
rant or vant
vant
v%nt, V. ; vant, n.
vant or vant
vant
vant
vant
Veda
va'da or vWi
. . . .
v^-da'
ve'da or ve-da'
ve'da
va'da or ve'd3
va'<14
VEHino
ve'mik or va'»
. . . .
va'mtk
ve'mik
. . . .
ve'mik
ffihm'Ik
Veney
Tgn'3?
ve'ne
vgn'S
vgn'e or ve'ne
vgn'a
vgn'e
vgn'y
Venison
vSn'i-z'n or vSn'z'n
vSn'zn or vSn'e-zn
vSn'e-zn, coll. vBn'zn
vgn'zn or vSn'e-zn
vgn'zn
vgn'zn or vgn'I-zn
vgn'I-zBn or vgn'zBD
Verateihb
ve-ra'trln
....
....
ve-ra'trin or
vgr'a-trin
ve-ra'trTn
ve-ra'trln
vgr'a-trin
VERTICILLATa
vSr-tls'Il-lSt
....
ver'te-sinat
ver-tis'il-lat or
vei--te-sll'lat
ver-tlsTl-lat
ver-tlsll-lat
ver-tl-sinftt
Vbbtigo
ver'tl-go;
v5r-ti'go, ver-te'-,
ver-te'gS
ver'te-go, ver-ti'-,
vSr-ti'go
ver-ti'gS or
vSr'tT-go or
L. Ter-tl'gS
or vgr'te-go
or ver-te'go
ver'tl-g5
ver-ti'go
Vesicatosy
v5s'i-ka-tS-ry
ve-stk'a-tQr-5
ve-sTk'4-tar-t
ve-slk'a-to-re
vgs-Ik'S-ter-I
vgs'I-kS-tB-rl
vgs'I-ka-tflr-y
ViCEHAET
vTs'e-na-r^
. , . .
vi'se-nar-e
vis'e-na-re
• I • .
vis'e-na-rl
vis'en-ar-y
Vicinal
vTs'i-nal
vls'e-nSl
ve-si'nal
vis'e-nal or ve-si'-
> • •
vIs'In-51
Tls'In-41
Vicinity
vI-sTn'i-tJ^
ve-sTn'e-te or vl-
ve-sin'e-te
ve-sln'e-te
vl-slnl-tl
vl-sln'l-tl
Tl-sIn'I-ty
Vignette
vin-ygf or vtn'ySt
vln'ygt
ven-ygf
vln'yet or vIn-ygf
vin-ygt or vl-n5t'
vin-yet' or vl-n5f
vIn-ygt or vl-nef
ViMINAL
vTm'i-nal
.
vT'mtn-al
vim'e-iial
vTm'I-uSl
vim'i-nai
vTm'in-al
VlMIHEOrS
vt-mln'e-iis
ve-mTn'e-u8 or vl-
vi-mTn'e-us
ve-mlu'e-as
vi-mln'g-us
vI-mln'e-Bs
vT-min'g-us
VlNACEOUS
vt-na'shus
. . . .
vi-na'sh'us
ve-na'shu8
vi-na'shOs
vi-na'shus
vI-na'shBs
ViNDIOATITB
Tin'dl-ka-tiv
vTn'de-kS-tTv
vitn'de-ka'tlv
vin'de-ka-tiv or
vin-dlk'a-tiv
vln'dl-ka-tlv
vin-di-ka'tiv
vln-dlk'a-tlv
ViOLONCELlO
Te'o-15n-eh51'lfi or
ve-o-15n-tshgl'o
ve'o-lon-ch511S
ve-o-lon-cbgl'lo or
vi'o-lon-sgllo or
vi'o-lBn-sgllo or
vi-B-lBn-sgl'lo or
ve'S-15n-sSl'16
ve-o-lon-sSl'lo
vi'o-lSn-chgl'lo
vg'o-15u-chgl'lo
ve-u-lBn-cligl'lo
ViPERIMB
vi'per-in
vi'pur-In
vi'per-in
vi'per-in
vi'per-Tn
vi'per-in
vi'per-in
Virago
vt-ra'go
ve-ra'go or vi-ra'go
ve-ra'go
vi-ra'go or ve-ra'go
vl-ra'go
vl-ra'go
vl-ra'go
Virile
vi'rTl or vtr'Il
vl'ril
vTr'il
vi'ril or vir'U
vlr'il or vTr'il
vlrl) or virll
vlr'il or virm
Virtu
vir-too' or ver'too
ver-too'
ver-too'
vir-tu'
ver'too
ver-too'
ver'tu
ViSNE
ven or ve'ne
•
ve'ne
ve'ne
. . .
ven or ve'ng
....
Vitality
Tt-tai'i-ti^
v!-tai'e-te
vi-tai'g-tt
ve-ta'e-te
vl-tSl'I-tl
vi-tai'I-tl
vi-tai'i-ty
Vitellaey
Tlt'Sl-la-r?
. . .
vifgl-lar-S
vi'tel-la-re
. .
vlt'gl-ia-rl
vlt'el-lar-y
VlTULINB
vTt'fi-lJn
vit'tshu-lin
vif5-lTu
vit'u-lln
vTt'u-lin
vit'u-lin
vlt'u-lin
Vituperate
Tt-tu'per-at
ve-tu'pgr-at or vi-
ve-tu'pgr-at
ve-tu'per-at or vi-
vT-tu'per-at
vi-tu'pg-rat
vi-tu'per-at
VrvAciouB
Ti-va'shu8
ve-va'shus or la-
vt-va'sh'as
ve-va'shus or vi-
vi-va'shSs
vi-va'sliQs
vi-va'shus
Volant
vo'lant
vo^Snt
vW'ant
vo'lant
vSl'ant
vo'lHnt
volant
Vulpine
Till'pin or -pin
vul'pin or -pin
vul'pTn
vQl'pin
vul'pin
vQl'pin
vBl'pin
VULTURINE
vQl'tur-In or
viil'tdr-in; 135
vul'tshu-rin
viil'tu-rin or
vai'ch*oo-rTn
vait'yu-rin
vul'tur-In or
vul'choor-In
vfil'tur-in
vai'tlir-in
Wainscot
wan'skSt
wSn'skat
wgn'skut
wan'skot
wan'skgt
wan'skBt
■wan'skat
Waistcoat
wasfkot, coll.
wgs'kBt
vrastTiot, coll.
was'kot or
wast'kot or
wast'kot, coll.
wast'kot
wSs'kOt
wSs'kSt
wgs'kot
wgs'kot
wgs'kot or -kSt
Waldbnses
w51-den'sez
....
wBl'dSn-stz
wal-dSn'sez
wSl-dgn'sez
wal'dgn-sez
wBI-dgn's5z
Walhalla
w51-hSl'la
.
wol-haiaa
wal-hSl'la
wai-hsias
wal-hal'ia
wal-hal'la
Walhut
wSl'nut
wal'nut
wal'nut
wal'nut
wal'nut
wal'nut
wal'nBt
Walrus
wSl'riis
*
wal'rus
wal'rus
wal'rus
wijl'rus
wBI'rBs
Wampum
wom'pQm
. .
w'Sm'pam
wam'pum
wSni'pBm
wom'pBm
wBm'pfim
Want
want
w5nt
want
want
w5nt
w5nt
wBiit
Wapentake
wSp'en-tSk
wa'pn-tak
w5p'en-tak, wa'pen-
wa'pn-*ak
wa'pn-tak
wa'pen-tak
^ABBIOB
wftr'yer, w5r'rl-er
wsjr'yQr
w5r'rS-er
■war'yur
w5r'rl-er
w5r'I-er or w^r'yer
w8r'il-0r
B
H
K
M
Ixxxviii
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
WEBSTER.
Wati^t
wala*^
WRAT.nm
wad"n
Weapon
wSp'tin
■Wbae, n. , weir
wer
Were, imp. ofRz
wer
Whttsokdat
hwTt's'n-dS or
hwlfsan'da
Whoel
hwfirl or hw6rl
Whohtlbbbrbt
hw<lr't'l-bSr'ry
WlOWAM
wYg'wQm
Wind, n., air
wind ; poet, often
wind
Windpipe
wlnd'pip'
Windrow
wtn'ro'
Windsor
wTn'zer
WiTENAOBMOTE
wTfe-n4-g«-inot'
Withe
with
Wolfram
wBl'fram, wulf' ram
Wombat
wSm'bSt
Worsted
wusf Sd, wyr'stSd
Wound
wSond or
wound
Wrath
rath
Wreath, n.
reth
Xiphoid
zif'oid
Taoer
ya'ger or ya'gSr
Tapock
ya'pSk
Tapon
ya'pBn or ya'pBn
Tea
ya or ye
Yezdegeboiah
ygz'de-jer'dT-an
Yolk
yolk or yok
Zaim
zim
Zatat
za'ySt or zel-
Zeaxous
zSl'iis
Zechin
ze'ktn
Zenith
ze'utth
ZOCLB
zoTr'l or z5k"l
ZoOphttoloot
zS-5f'T.t81'S-jy or
zo'S-ft-
ZOUAVK
zwav or zoo-Sv'
ZOUTCH
zouch
ZtTFOLO
tsoo'f i-lo or zoo'-
Zygodactylous
ztg'J-dSk'tTI-Bs or
zi'gS-dXk'tll-tis
Ztoomatio
zIg'ft-mSt/Ik, zi'gS-
WALKER.
SMART.
WORCESTER.
STORMONTH.
TMPERTAL DICT. ENCYC. DL
wa-15'
vnllt
wala or wa-la'
wti-la'
wa-la' or walS
wa-la' or wala
. . - •
wel'dSn
wel'den
weld'n
wel'dSn
weld'en
wSp'pn
wSp'Sn
wSp'pn
wSp'n
wSp'Sn
wSp'tin or wSp'n
war
wer
wfir or wer
wer
wer
wfir
wSr
wSr
wer
wSr
wSr
wfir
....
....
whifeun-da
bwIfsGn-dS
whIt-sQn'da
whit-sun'dy or
whlt'siin-da
• > > •
hwSrl
hwfirl
hwBrI or hwerl
whSrl
whfirl
hwiir'tl-b5r-re
hdr'tl-bSr'rS
hwflr'tl-bSM
hSrt'l-bSr'rl
whSr'tl-bS-rt
whfir'tel-bSr-ry
. . . .
wig'wam
wlg'wftm
wIg'wSm
wIg'wSm
wlg'wSm
wind or
wind
wind
wind, poet.
wind, poc^ often
wind, poet, oflen
wind
wind
wind
wind
wlnd'pip or TTind'-
wind'ptp
wlnd'pip or wind'-
wind-pip
wlnd'pip
wlnd'pip
. . . •
.
wlnd'ro
....
wlnd'ro
wind-ro
. . . .
.
wlnd'zor
.
wInd'zSr
wlnd'zfir
. . . .
wIfSn-5j'e-mSt
wife-na-ge-mof
[wIf8n-ag'5-mot]
[wIt'Sn-a-gS-m8t]
wlfSn-Sg-S-mot
with
with
with
with
with or with
with
. . .
w68If'ram
wBl'frSm
wS6K'r$m
wSl'frSm
w681f'ram
. . . •
woom'at
w5m'bat
woora'St, wBm'bSt
woom'bSt
wSm'bSt
wSSrs'tSd
woor'stSd
wjjrs'ted
wd6s't8d, wdSr'stSd
wdSs'tSd
wS5st'6d
woond or
woond
woond or
woond
woond, archaic
woond
wound
wound
wound
r5th or rSth
r^th
rath or rath
rath
rath or rath
rath
reth or retti
reth
reth
reth
reth
reth
....
zif'oid
zif'oid or zi'foid
zif'oid
zif'oid
zif'oid
. . . . .
yft'ger
ya'ger
ya'ger
ya'ger
ya'ger
....
yap'ok
....
ySp'Bk
ya'pSk
. . . .
. . . .
ySp'on
....
ya'pBn or ya'pBn
yap-Sn
ye
ya
ya or ye
ya
ya
ya
ySz'd*-j5r'dS.<m
ySz-de-gSr'de>an
ySz-de-ger'di-Sn
ySz-dS-gir'dI.4n
yok
yok
yok
yok
yok
yok
■ > . •
zam
zaim
. . • .
zSnfm
zaim
. . . .
....
zS'yat
. . . .
za'ySt
za'ySt
zSl'iis or zelfis
zSl'ds
zSllus
zSl'tis
zSI'Qb
zSl'ns
tshe-ken'
ze'kin
ze'kin or che-ken'
zSkIn
zSkIn
zSkIn
ze'nith
zSnIth
ze'nith
zSnlth
ze'nith
zSnIth
....
zSk'kl
zo'kl
•
zma
zoTsel
....
zo'S-fe-tSl'&.jS
zo.Cf-e-t81'o-je
z5'o-fI-t51'5-jI
zo'8-fI-t8I'8-jt
zo-iJ-fi-tSl'iS-jy
....
....
zoo-av'
«wBt or zsyav
zoo-av' or zwSv
zwav or zoo'Ht
....
zooch
zouch
....
zouch
zouch
. . . »
zd6f'S-14
zu'fo-lo
....
zo^fS-lB
ZH'f8-lo
....
zi'g4.dSk'tS-liSB
zT-go-dSk'te-lBB
....
zl-go-dSk'tll-iSfl
zi-go-d5k'tn-5k
. . . .
zi'gJ-mSflk
zi-go-mSfib
zIg'o-mSflk
zi-go-mSttk
zi-go-mat1k
A
ORTHOGRAPHY.
B
OBSERVATIONS,
The English language, as being the offspring of two parent languages very differ-
ent in form and spirit, and having been, in no inconsiderable degree, modified in its
growth by influences from various other tongues, contains, as was inevitable, very
many anomalies ; and in no particular are these anomalies more numerous and striking
than in its orthograpliy, with the single exception, perhaps, of its orthoepy. Neither
the Anglo-Saxon nor- the Norman-French could boast of any great regularity in
orthography, tliougli the spelling of words in these two languages was far less arbi-
trary than it is in the modern English. When, therefore, the vocabularies of these
two languages, widely different both in their ortliographical structure and their
phonological character, were combined, the result was a language in which the
orthograpliy lias almost reached the extreme of irregularity. To such an extent,
in fact, have the signs representing sounds been multiplied, that many of the letters
are pronounced in several different ways, while the letters, or combinations of letters,
for a single sound amount, in some cases, to scores. Indeed, it is computed that
many words of no more than two syllables may be spelled in several thousand
different modes, by the use of combinations actually employed in other words in the
language. The word scissors, for instance, may be thus^written, as is computed by
Ellis, in nearly six thousand different ways. Of course, comparatively very few of
these possible forms of spelling are ever employed in the case of any one word ; yet
the causes of disorder mentioned above have operated so effectually, that the words
in respect to which even the most careful writers are at variance are numbered by
thousands, wliile those in which an orthography contrary to analogy has been univer-
sally adopted are equally numerous.
Bad as is the orthography of the present day, however, it is order itself compared
with that of a few centuries ago. It would, of course, be unreasonable to expect
that there should be any general correspondence of orthographical forms in the works
of different authors before the types of the printer gave prominence to certain forms,
wliich finally became recognized as standards ; and manuscripts conclusively prove
tliat the wildest license prevailed in spelling words. Even proper names, which would
naturally receive more attention, and be written with more care than any other class
of words, are found recorded in great multitudes of forms, several variations being
sometimes found in the same manuscript or work. Disraeli states that " Leicester
has subscribed his own name eight different ways," and that " the name Villers is
spelled fourteen different ways in the deeds of that family." A stiU more remark-
able instance is stated by Lower ; namely, that the family of Mainwaring has the
extraordinary number of one hundred and thirty-one variations of that single name,
all drawn from authorized documents. But there is evidence that, in the midst of all
this confusion, there were some writers who were attentive to the proper forms of
words, and who were notable exceptions to the general rule. The spelling of the Or-
mulum, which was written in the thirteenth century, though strange and cumbrous,
is very remarkable for its regularity ; and the author strenuously urges his copyists
to follow his orthography with the utmost exactness. (See page xliii.) So also
Chaucer, more than a century later, carefully revised and corrected his ovni works ;
and he enjoined upon his scribe to " write more trew " that which was intrusted to
him, saying that he was obliged " it to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape," because
of the negligence and haste with which it had been copied.
Tlie invention of printing commenced a new era, though for a long time even this
had little effect to fix the exterior form of the language. Indeed, much of the per-
verse orthography of books printed two or three centuries ago is to be attributed to
the printer, who often inserted or expunged letters as the length of the lines or
convenience of spacing required. It is no uncommon thing to find, in the works of
Chaucer, Spenser, and other early writers, or in books printed two or three centuries
ago,4he same words occurring in several different forms upon the same page. Even
as late as the time of Shakespeare, orthography was very unsettled ; and, as Halliwell
states, the name of the great bard himself was written in more than thirty different
ways. The printers, however, were not solely, nor even chiefly, responsible for this
confusion ; for it is certain that their arbitrary changes and deviations from uniformity
would not have been tolerated had they been made in defiance of established usage ;
and there is abundant evidence to prove that writers themselves were careless in the
extreme. The fact must not be overlooked, that in the writings of Wyclif, Chaucer,
and other early authors, there were still many remnants of the Semi-Saxon inflection,
which have since utterly disappeared, and which gave to some words a variety of form
to be attributed neither to the carelessness of the writer, nor to an unsettled orthog-
raphy. For copious examples, see pages xlii-xliv.
The irregularities found in early books, though continuing for so long a time, were
neither unnoticed nor looked upon with indifference. On the contrary, not only have
numerous complete systems for the reformation of orthography been proposed, but
various scholars have advocated, with more or less acuteness and learning, changes
in regard to a great number of particular points. Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of
State to Queen Elizabeth, was the first who endeavored to introduce a regular system
of orthography ; after him, William BuUokar brought forward another system ; a few
years after this. Dr. Gill, Master of St. Paul's School, in London, a teacher of con-
siderable eminence, proposed another scheme ; and, stUl later, Charles Butler devised
a new method of spelling, and printed a book in which it was employed. These
writers agreed essentially as to the manner in which they sought to attain the end
proposed, their plan being to reduce the spelling of words to uniform principles and
make it practically phonetic, by the use of new characters, by applying various dia-
critical marks to the old letters, and by making the letters, or their combinations of
characters, represent certain definite sounds. It is needless to say that these projects
were never carried into practice.
In the time of Charles I., many changes were introduced ; and it was very common,
even among eminent scholars, to spell words according to their pronunciation, omit-
ting such letters as were deemed superfiuous. These attempts at improvement, being
made upon no settled or uniform principles, had little or no permanent effect upon
the language. Another elaborate plan was proposed, in the seventeenth century, by
Bishop Willtins, similar in its general character to those of Smith, BuUokar, Gill, and
Butler, and equally unsuccessful.
The celebrated Dictionary of Dr. Samuel Johnson, first published in 1755, has con-
tributed more than any work written, either before or since, to fix the external form
of the language and to diminish the number of irregularities ; for though numerous
inconsistencies are to be found in it, and many oversiglits, the learning of the author,
and the sound judgment and practical wisdom which he displayed, gave it at once an
authority which it has not even yet entirely lost ; and the orthography of the present
day, though it has received some important modifications since his time, is substan-
tially the same as that exhibited in his dictionary. The changes in the spelling of
words, introduced by Dr. Johnson, were generally made in order to restore the
ancient orthography, or to remove some anomaly ; and perhaps the most important
office performed by his work was its having settled usage definitely in favor of some
one of the numerous forms in which many words were written, thus removing the
cause of much confusion. Among the most prominent alterations made by him were
the restoration of k to many words which had long been written without it, as in
musick, rhetorick, and the like, and the insertion of u in the termination of many
words which previously ended in or, as in ancestour, authour, errour, and others.
The former of these changes, a revival of the " ancient practice," was not received
with favor, nor was this spelling adopted by subsequent writers ; the latter, as it was
thought to be justified by the analogy of the corresponding termination eur in the
French, through which language many, perhaps a majority, of the words affected by
it were derived from the Latin, was generally followed. Johnson's practice in this
respect, however, was not in harmony with his theory ; for he wrote only about half
the words of this class with the ending our, leaving the rest in or, though for no
reason that would not equally apply to them all. Yet this notable inconsistency
was not only overlooked, but was perpetuated, and still exists in the orthography of
English writers. In the United States a different practice prevails, as will presently
be mentioned.
The scheme of Pinkerton, who, in 1785, under the name of Robert Heron, proposed
to render the language more euphonious by adding vowels to words ending in conso-
nants, and by pronouncing the silent final vowels of others, in a manner perfectly
arbitrary, is too ridiculous to deserve further mention. About twenty years later
another absurd plan was published by Elphinstone, who printed a book in order to
introduce it, but without success. During the last century, several English divines,
as Lardner, Benson, and others, employed in many words methods of spelling peculiar
to themselves, chiefly such as had long been abandoned, as in writing ie for final y;
in adding e to words ending in ss ; and in the use of such forms as prseface, persue,
procede, sais (for says), and the like. So also Mitford used many singular forms, such
as Hand, intire, endevor, meer (for mere), iho (for though), spred, etc. It is proper
to mention here also the innovations of Archdeacon Hare, in the present century, who,
on the ground of pronunciation, etymology, and analogy, employed in his works such
forms as atchieve, compell, enure, firy (for fiery), forein, invey (for inveigh), highth,
plouhman, smugler, and the like. He not only omitted the hyphen in many com-
pound words where it has been usually inserted, but also advocated the omission of
the apostrophe in the possessive case, and the substitution of t for ed in those pret-
erits in which the latter termination is pronounced like t; as in exprest,fixi, publisht,
etc., for expressed, fixed, published, etc. This substitution of t for ed, however, is
not peculiar to Hare, since it accords with the usage of the early writers and of
many, both poets and prose writers, in later times. The use of the hyphen, also, in
compound words, has not even yet been settled in all its minutiae.
Besides the imperfect attempts mentioned above, many plans have been devised, at
different times, for reducing the spelling of words to absolute uniformity and the
greatest simplicity, by a complete reform in the method of representing the sounds of
words by written characters ; that is, by employing a new alphabet in which each sign
stands for one, and only one, definite sound, and each sound is represented by one, and
only one, character. Such a method of spelling was invented by Dr. Franklin, in the
last century, though he never brought it to perfection, and scarcely used it, except
in a brief correspondence with a friend. The most recent, and in every respect tlie
most comprehensive and philosophical, scheme of this kind, is that of which Mr. A. J.
Ellis, of Cambridge, England, has been the most prominent advocate and representa-
tive, and to a large extent the inventor. The alphabet in this system contains about
forty characters, each of which represents but a single sound, so that a word written
according to this method could be pronounced in only one way. Although this sys-
tem has received great publicity, and has had many earnest supporters, it has gained
no ground in the public favor, and has finally been abandoned by its author as a
means of reforming orthography. The schemes of Lepsius, MuUer, and others who
have endeavored to form philosophical alphabets of universal application, are hardly
to be mentioned here, as they are but indirectly related to English orthography.
In 1828, Dr. Webster published his Dictionary of the English Language, and the
changes in spelling advocated by him have had no inconsiderable influence upon
(Ixxxix)
H
xc
ORTHOGRAPHY.
orthography, especially in the United States. These alterations were proposed by
him chiefly on tlie ground of etymology and of analogy, from a desire, on the one
hand, to make the words correspond, as far as practicable, with their primitive forms,
so as to reveal more clearly their etymological affinities, and on the other to reduce
as much as possible the number of anomalies and exceptional cases. Of tlie words
whose orthography had been changed for the former reason, many were restored to
their ordinary forms by Dr. Webster himself in the second edition of his work, pub-
Uslied in 1841, and others still were restored in subsequent editions. The alterations
of the second class have been received with favor and adopted by a large portion of
the writers in the United States, and by some authors also in England.
It is to be observed that many of Dr. Webster's deviations from the usage of his
time were not innovations, but restorations of older forms which were once very gen-
erally employed. The most important points in which his orthography differs from
that of most other modem lexicographers, and in reference to which there is still dif-
ference of usage among scliolars, are stated in the following list, in wliicli the numbers
refer to the sections of the Rules for Spelling Certaui Classes of Words (see below),
where the cases are mentioned particularly. These are, the not doubling the final
consonant in derivatives of words like travel, worship, etc. (§ 8) ; doubling the / in
installment, enrollment, etc. (§ 9) ; doubling the final letter in such words as fulfil,
instill, etc. (§ 16); retaining the i in derivatives of villain (§27); vrtit'mg defense,
offense, etc., for defence, offence, etc., and practice for practise (§ 27) ; writing the
termination -er for -re in words like center, meter, etc. (§ 31) ; writing mold and molt
without n (§ 34). It may be remarked further with regard to words often written
witli the termination -re, but which in this book are spelled with two endings, -er
and -re, that the use of -er, as in meter, etc., is but a restoration of the older spell-
ing ; and the same is true of the substitution of the termination -or for -otir.
RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS,
FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME.
§ 1. The letters / and ?, at the end of monosyUablee, and standing immediately
after single vowels, are generally doubled : as in staff, cliff, doff , puff ; all, bell, hill,
toll, null. The words clef, if, of, pal, nil, and sol, are the most important exceptions.
§ 2. The letter s, at tlie end of a monosyllable, and standing immediately after a
single vowel, is generally doubled, except when — e. g., in o's, spade's, tones, loves,
has, is, was, etc. — it is used to form the possessive case or plural of a noun, or the
third person singular of a verb ; as in grass, press, hiss, moss, ti'uss. The only im-
portant exceptions are as, gas, yes, gris, his, this, pus, plus, btis (for omnibus), thus,
and us.
§ 3. Besides/, /, and s, the only consonants that are ever doubled at the end of a
word are 6, d, g, m, n, p, r, t, and z. The following list contains nearly all the words
in which these letters are doubled, including some which are spelled more or less
with a single consonant : namely, abb, ebb ; add, odd, dodd, wadd (Min.), mdd ; jagg,
egg, bigg (n. & v.), snigg, vugg ; lamm, scomm, mumm. (to mask) ; Ann, ann (Law),
inn, Finn, jinn, wynn, bunn, sunn (Bot.) ; Lapp, ivnpp ; gnarr, parr, err, birr, shirr,
skirr,dorr, mhorr, burr, hurr, murr, purr ; bretl,fretl, bitt (Naut.), mitt,plitt, smitt,
pott (paper), butt ; fizz, frizz, buzz, fuzz, huzz.
Note. — The words let, net, and set are sometimes incorrectly spelled lett, nett,
and sett ; and some other words which should have the final letter single are spelled,
by some writers, with it doubled.
§ 4. A consonant standing at the end of a word immediately after a diphthong
or double vowel is rarely doubled. The words ail, peat, haul, door, and maim, are
examples. The words /eojf", enfeoff, gneiss, speiss, houss (obs.) are exceptions. The
word guess is only an apparent exception, as the u does not strictly form a diphthong
with the e, but serves merely to render the g hard.
§ 5. Monosyllables ending, as pronounced, with the sound of k, and in which c
follows the vowel, have usually k added after the c ; as in black, fleck, click, knock,
and buck. The words bac,lac, sac, tac, talc, zinc,ploc, roc, soc, arc, marc, ore, tore,
disc, and flsc, are exceptions.
Words of more than one syllable, ending in -ic or -iac, which formerly ended in k,
also words derived from the Latin or Greek, or from other sources, and similar
to these, or formed in an analogous manner, are now written without the k ; as,
maniac, elegiac, zodiac, cubic, music, public. The word derrick is an exception.
Words of more than one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i or ia,
commonly end in ck; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, hillock, wedlock. The words
almanac, carac, sandarac, limbec, rebec, varec, xebec, manioc or mandioc, havoc, are
exceptions. Almanac, limbec, rebec, and havoc, however, are sometimes written with
k after the c, especially in England ; and carac is oftener written carack or carrack.
§ 6. In derivatives formed from words ending in c, by adding a termination be-
ginning with e, i, or y, the letter k is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may
not be inaccurately pronounced like s before the following vowel : as, colic, colicky ;
traffic, trafficked, trafficking, trafficker ; physic, physicked, physicking ; zinc, zincked,
eincking, zincky. We find also zinc'ing, zinc'ite, zink'y (as from zink), etc., not
conformed to this rule.
§ 7. In derivatives formed by adding a termination beginning with a vowel to
monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, when these words end in a
single consonant (except h and x) preceded by a single vowel, that consonant is
doubled: a.s, clan, clan'nish ; plan, planned, plan'ning, plan'ner ; bag,bag'gage ; hot,
hot'ter, hot'test ; wit, wit'ty ; cabal', cabal'ler ; abet',abet'ted, abet'ting, abet' tor ; be-
gin', begin'ning, begin'ner ; infer', inferred', infer'ring. The consonant is doubled
in these words in order to preserve the short sound of the vowel, as otherwise the
latter would be liable to be pronounced long. Thus, planned, hUtest, and abutted,
would naturally be pionounced planed, hotest, and abeted, if the consonant were not
doubled. Words of this class, in which the final consonant is preceded by gu, fol-
lowed by a single vowel, form no exception to the rule, since the u performs the office
of the consonant w ; as, squab, sgnab'bish, squab'by ; squat, sguat'iing, squai'ter; quit,
quit'ied, quit'ting ; acquit', acguit'ted, acquit'ting.
The derivatives of the word gas (except gas'sing and gas'sy) are written with but
one s ; as, gas'eous, gase'ity, gas'ify. Ex'cellence, as being from the Latin excellens,
retains the double I, though one I has been dropped from the termination of excel'.
Besides these, the chief exceptions to the rule are those derivatives in which the
accent of the primitive is thrown back upon another syllable : as, cabal', cab'alism,
cab'alist ; prefer', preference ; refer', reference ; defer', deference. But infer'able,
transfer' able, are common exceptions. It is no exception to this rule that chancellor,
and the derivatives of metal and crystal, as metalloid, metallurgy, crystalline, crystal-
lize, and the hke, are written with the I doubled, since they are derived respectively
from the Latin cancellarius (through the French), and metallum, and the Greek
KpviTTaAAo!. So also the word tranquillity retains the double I, as being from the Latin
tranquillitas, while the English derivatives of tranquil, though often written with two
Vs, are more properly written with only one, as Iranquilize, tranquilizer, and the like.
§ 8. When a diphthong, or a digraph representing a vowel sound, precedes the
final consonant of a word, or the accent of a word ending in a single consonant falls
on any other syllable than the last, or when the word ends in two different conso-
nants, the final consonant is not doubled in derivatives formed by the addition of a
termination beginning with a vowel : as, daub, daubed, daub'er ; need, need'y; brief,
briefer, briefest ; trav'ail, trav'ailed, trav'ailing ; rev'el, rev'eled, rev'eling ; trav'el,
trav'eling, trar'eler; prof it, prof 'ited ; act, act'ed, ac'tor ; perform,' , perform' er ;
stand, stand'ing.
The final consonant is doubled in the derivatives of a few words ending in g in
order to diminish the liability to its being pronounced like j, before e or i: as, hum'-
bug', hum'bugged' , hum'bug'ging ; per'iwig, per'iuigged. The derivatives of kid'-
nap', which properly has a secondary accent on the final syllable, are spelled with
or without the p doubled ; as, kid'naped' or kid'napped' , kid'nap'ing or kid'nap'-
ping, kid'nap'er or kid'nap'per. The word wool'en is more generally thus written,
in the United States, with one I; but in England it is written wool'len.
Note. — There is a large class of words ending in a single consonant, and accented
on some other syllable than the last, the final consonants of which are, by very many
writers and lexicographers, doubled in their derivatives, unnecessarily and contrarily
to analogy. These words are chiefly those ending in I, with also a few of other ter-
minations. The following list, the words in which are chiefly verbs, includes the
most important of those in regard to which usage varies : namely, apparel, barrel,
bevel, bias, bowel and its compounds, cancel, carburet and all similar words ending in
-uret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, counsel, cudgel, dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel,
duel, empanel, enamel, equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchel, im-
peril, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, marshal, marvel, metal (see § 7),
medal, model, panel, parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel,
revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, un-
ravel, vial, victual, worship. Worcester doubles the final letters of all these words,
except parallel, in forming derivatives by the addition of terminations beginning with
vowels, though he remarks, with respect to those ending in I, that " it better accords
with the analogy of the language " to spell their derivatives witli but one I. Smart
retains the double consonant in this class of words solely on the ground that usage
favors it, but remarks that " the double p in worshipped, worshipper, etc., the second
I in travelling, traveller, etc., are quite unnecessary on any other score than to satisfy
the prejudices of the eye." Cooley doubles the consonant in a majority of the de-
rivatives of words of this class, but writes a single consonant in many, as in those of
apparel, barrel, bevel, channel, drivel, gambol, etc. Stormonth doubles the final con-
sonant in this class, except in the derivatives of channel, dial, parallel, pistol, and in
some of those from equal, peril, quarrel, victual, worship. The Imperial agrees with
Stormonth in respect to derivatives of dial, equal, parallel, peril, pistol, victual, and
most derivatives of worship ; doubles the I in derivatives of channel ; gives caroling or
carolling as a noun, duellist and duelist, enamelar and enamellar, and so -er and -ist;
has quarrellous and quarrelous — Stormonth giving only the latter, but both agreeing
in quarrelled, quarrelling, quarreller, — while the Imperial increases the breach with
trammeler and trammeller, worshipper and worshiper, gamboled or gambolled, gam-
boling or gambolling, etc. The Encyclopsedic Dictionary gives both ways for deriv-
atives of bias, channel (except channelize), drivel, ravel, etc. ; but marks beveled and
beveling as rare, and worshiper as obsolete ; generally omits the participles, except
in citations; and appears to favor the use of the double I, etc., in most of these
derivatives. Perry wrote the derivatives of these words with but one I, according
to the rule, and the same practice was advocated by Walker. Conformity to the
regular rule has been advocated also by other eminent scholars ; but, for the accom-
modation of the whole English-spealring public, both of the prevalent spellings are
usually given in this Dictionary, that with the single consonant having the first place.
See " A List of Words," after § 36.
§ 9. Derivatives formed from words ending in a double consonant, by adding one
or more syllables, commonly retain both consonants : as, ebb, ebbing; odd, oddly;
stiff, stiffness ; fell, fellable ; skill, skillful, skillfulness : will, ivillful, ivillfulness ; dull,
dullness; full, fullness. So also the double I is retained in the words initaHmen^,
inthrallment, thralldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, thrall, and enroll),
in order to prevent a false pronunciation if spelled with one /. Many writers and
lexicographers, especially in England, omit one I in these words, as also in the deriv-
atives of skill, will, dull, and full, formed by adding the syllables -ly and -nest. See
§§ 16, 17.
The derivatives of pontiff are exceptions to the rule, being written with only one /;
as, pontific, pontifical, ponlificial, and the like. One I is also dropped in a few words
ORTHOGRAPHY.
XCl
formed by adding the termination -ly to words ending in 11, in order to prevent the
concurrence of three Vs : as, ill, illy ; dull, dully ; full, fully. Words similarly formed
by adding the termination -less, however, are written either witli the three Vs, a
hyphen being inserted before the termination, or with two Vs, and without the hyphen ;
as, skill-less or skilless, smell-less or smelless.
§ 10. In derivatives formed from words ending with silent e, the e is generally
retained when the termination begins with a consonant : as, pale, paleness ; hale,
hateful; incite, incitement; chaste, chastely, chasteness; move, movement. When,
however, the e is immediately preceded by another vowel (except e), it is often
dropped from the derivative : as, ivoe (sometimes wo), woful or woeful ; due, duly ;
argue, argument; true, truly; awe, awful; and the derivatives and compounds of
these words.
The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, acknowledgment, lodgment,
judgment, and the compounds of some of these, are exceptions. The last four, how-
ever, are written, by many authors, abridgement, acknowledgement, lodgement,
judgement.
§ 11. In derivatives formed from words ending with silent e, when the termi-
nation begins with a vowel, the e is generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned
in the next paragraph: as, bride, bridal; guide, guidance ; plume, plumage ; use,
usable, usage ; grieve, grievance; come, coming; shape, shaping ; move, movable;
sale, salable ; fleece, fleecy ; force, forcible ; true, truism.
The e is retained in the words hoeing, shoeing, and toeing (from hoe, shoe, and toe),
in order to guard against mispronunciation, and is generally, for a like reason, ex-
cluded from shoer (cf. hoed, shod, toed). It is retained, also, in the words dyeing,
singeing, springeing, swingeing, tingeing (from dye, si7ige, springe, swinge, tinge),
to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, swinging, tinging (from die,
sing, spring, swing, ting). The word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit the
e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled milage. The words lineage,
lineal, and pineal, though apparently exceptions, are not really such, since they are
derived not directly from line and pine, but from the Latin linea (through the
French), linealis, and pinea. The e, standing, in a derivative, before a termination
beginning with a or o, and immediately after c or g, is retained in order to prevent
the pronunciation of these consonants with the hard sound : as, peace, peaceable ;
notice, noticeable; manage, manageable; change, changeable; advantage, advan-
tageous; outrage, outrageous ; mortgage, mortgageor. The last word is sometimes
improperly written mortgagor, and pronounced mor'ga-jor'. Walker wrote moveable
and saleable; Worcester gives oidy 7)iovable, salable, and usable; Smart and Stor-
month give only — what the Imperial and the Encyclopsedic prefer — movable and
saleable ; the Imperial joins Stormonth in inserting usable only ; while the Encyclo-
psedic marks salable, usable, and useable as obsolete.
§ 12, In derivatives formed from words ending in ie, by adding the termination
-ing, the e is usually dropped, and the i changed to y, in order to prevent two Vs from
coming together : as, die, dying ; hie, hying — but Ash, Stormonth, and the Imperial
write hieing; — lie, lying ; tie, tying ; vie, vying.
§ 13. In derivatives of words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, and formed
by appending any termination except one beginning with i, the y is usually changed
into i: as, icy, iciest, icily; mercy, merciless; tidy, tidiness; modify, modifies;
foggy, fogginess; earthy, earthiness ; pity, pitiful.
The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in y, preceded by a consonant,
are exceptions, and usually retain the y: as, shy, shyness; sly, slyest; dry, dryly ;
spry, spryer, spryest ; wry, wryness. But the adjectives drier and driest, from dry,
are commonly written with i instead of y ; and the forms drily, shily, slily, are not
uncommon. Derivatives formed by adding the termination -ship, as secretaryship,
suretyship, ladyship, and the like, also retain the y, though some authors write them
with i, according to the rule. Derivatives in -like, as cilylike, countrylike, and those
formed from baby and lady, keep the y. The y is also retained in the possessive case
of nouns, when formed by adding s with the apostrophe ; as, country's, everybody's.
§ 14. Derivatives formed by afSxing a termination to words ending in y preceded
by a vowel, generally retain the y unchanged : as, gay, gayety, gayly ; play, player,
plays; sway, swayed ; obey, obeying; joy, joyful; enjoy, enjoyed; buy, buying;
gluey, glueyness.
The words daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid (from day, lay, pay, say,
slay, and stay), with their compounds, are exceptions. Staid, however, is sometimes
written stayed. Gaiety and gaily also occur. Says is regular in form, but not in pro-
nunciation. Dewiness is a recognized exception. Derivatives from words ending in
uy, as colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions to the rule, as u, in such cases, is
not strictly a vowel, but stands for the consonant w.
§ 15. Derivatives formed by appending a syllable beginning with a vowel to
words ending with a vowel sound, generally retain the letter or letters representing
such sound: as, huzza, huzzaed; agree, agreeable, agreeing; weigh, weighing;
dough, doughy; echo, echoed; woo, wooer ; bow, bowed; beau, beauish. We some-
times see cooes, wooes (from the verbs coo, looo) ; but it is better to write coos, woos,
with taboos, shampoos, and the like. Cf. Hindoos, etc., in § 18. Cooed and wooed are
proper, like other participles in -ed.
Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as also those formed from
words ending in double e by adding a termination beginning with e, drop the final e :
as, hoe, hoed ; sue, sued ; owe, owed ; free, freer, freest ; see, seer ; oversee, overseer ;
agree, agreed, agreer. The cases mentioned in sections 11, 12, and 13 are also excep-
tions.
§ 16. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more syllables to words ending in a
double consonant commonly retain both consonants : as, tipstafl', rebuff, recall, befall,
inthrall, disinthrall, foretell, undersell, fulfill, enroll, emboss (from staff, buff, call,
fall, thrall, tell, sell, fill, roll, boss).
The word until is an exception, being always written with one I. Those words of
this class which end in II are written by some authors, especially in England, with
one I ; as, recal, befal, inthral, foretel, fulfil, enrol. The words distill and instill
should be written with the I doubled, though they are often written distil and in-
stil, with only one I.
§ 17. Compound words formed by joining two or more words commonly retain
all the letters of the simple words ; as, stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all,
wide-mouthed.
There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of them compounds which by
long use have acquired the force of single words. They are the following : namely,
some compounds of all and ivell ; as, almighty, almost, alone, already, also, although,
altogether, always, withal, therewithal, welcome, wherewithal, welfare; — compounds
of mass; as, Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, Michaelmas, etc. ; — words of which
the second part is the adjective /ii/?; as artful, hateful, rueful, woefid or woful;
also, the words chilblain, dumfound, expire and its derivatives (cf. inspire), ful-
fill (see § IG), namesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, standish, where'er, and
tvherever.
§ 18. The plural of nouns regularly ends in s, or, in certain classes of words,
in es.
When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound that the sound of s can
unite with it, and be pronounced without forming a separate syllable, s only is added
in forming tlie plural : as, bay, bays; shah, shahs; sea, seas; tree, trees; pie, pies;
Hindoo, Hindoos; ivoe, woes; canto, cantos; virtue, virtues; purlieu, purlieus;
claw, claws; cab, cabs ; panic, panics ; bead, beads; chief, chiefs; bag, bags; path,
paths; ache, aches; plaque, plaques ; lock, locks ; bell, bells; gem, gems ; fan, fans ;
cup, cups ; ear, ears ; act, acts. A few plurals from nouns ending in o preceded by
a consonant, end in es: as, echo, echoes; cargo, cargoes; embargo, embargoes;
motto, mottoes ; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this class generally form their plu-
rals regularly, tliough usage differs with regard to some of them. Those in which
final 0 is preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly; as, cameo, cameos;
punctilio, punctilios. The plural of alkali is written alkalis or alkalies; that of
rabbi, either rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other nouns ending in i usage differs,
tho<igh they are more properly vfritten with the termination is.
When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound (as that of ch in much, sh,
j, s, X, or z) that the sound of s can not unite with it in pronunciation, but must
form a separate syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless the word
ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves to form a separate syllable with s :
as, church, churches; rush, rushes; age, ages; edge, edges; lace, laces; gas, gases;
class, classes; alias, aliases; marquis, marquises; case, cases; loss, losses; box,
boxes ; maze, mazes. For classis, crisis, and like words, see § 25.
To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character or sign, or of a word
mentioned without regard to its meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the
apostrophe, is appended, as in the phrases, " The two Vs in all; " " The two (J's in
400 ; " "Two *'s in Orion ; " "The whtj's and wherefore's of the question." Some
writers, however, omit the apostrophe in such cases, joining the .s immediately to the
letter, character, or word, as in the phrases " The two Is in all ; " " Two *s in Orion ; "
" The pros and cons." Others still write the names of the letters with their proper
plural endings, instead of the letters themselves; as, the two ees, efs, ells, esses,
and the like. The plurals of letters are also rarely expressed by simply doubling
them, without adding any plural sign ; as, " The two ee in bee ;" " The two II in all ; "
but this practice is not to be commended, as ee, II, etc., are properly read double e,
double I, and the like.
§ 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding es
and changing j^ into i : as, mercy, mercies ; lady, ladies; sky, skies; army, armies;
pity, pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which u, being pronounced
like w, is strictly a consonant ; as, colloquy, colloquies. The plural of proper
nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into ies, accord-
ing to the rule ; as, " The three Maries." Many good writers, however, form the
plural of such words by simply adding s ; as, " The three Marys."
When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a vowel (except u having the
power of w), the plural is regularly formed by adding s only : as, day, days ; key,
keys; money, moneys; monkey, monkeys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy,
guys. Some plurals of the latter class are often, but less properly, written with the
termination ies ; as, monies, attornies, and the like.
Note. — Nouns now ending in y formerly ended in ie, and formed their plurals
regularly by adding s ; as, memorie, memories ; mercie, mercies. Y was finally sub-
stituted for ie in the singular, but the plural still retains its old form.
§ 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending in / or fe are irregularly formed by
changing / or fe into ves. The following words, with their compounds, are the prin-
cipal examples: namely, life, lives ; knife, knives ; wife, wives ; leaf, leaves ; sheaf,
sheaves ; loaf, loaves ; beef, beeves ; thief, thieves ; calf, calves ; half, halves ; elf,
elves; shelf, shelves; self, selves; wolf, wolves. The plural of staff Ib sometimes
written staffs, but more commonly staves, except when it means a corps of officers,
either military or civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural of
wharf is generally written wharfs in England ; in the United States it is more com-
monly written wharves, as it is also by some recent English writers. The plural
of scarf is scarfs, rarely scarves. The plurals of Aoo/ and turf, formerly written
hooves and turves, are now written hoofs and turfs. The plurals of other nouns
ending in/, /e, or ff, are formed regularly by the addition of s only.
§ 21, In the following nouns, the singular and the plural differ in their vowels or
vowel sounds: namel}', man, men; woman, women ; goose, geese ; foot, feet ; tooth,
teeth ; brother, brethren (see §§ 22, 23) ; louse, lice; mouse, mice. Compounds end-
ing with these words form their plurals in the same manner ; as, workman, work-
men ; dormouse, dormice. Words which end in the syllable -man, and are not com-
pounds, form their plurals regularly, by adding « only : as, cayman, caymans ;
desman, desmans; firman, firmans; talisman, talismans; German, Germans;
Mussulman, 3Iussulmans ; Ottoman, Ottomans; Turcoman, Turcomans. The plu-
rals of talisman and 3Iussulman are sometimes incorrectly written talismen and
Mussulmen.
§ 22. A few plurals end in -en : namely, brother, brethren (see §§ 21, 23) ; child,
children; ox, oxen. To these may be added the obsolete forms, eyeti or eyne, kine,
shoon, hosen, housen, sistren (from eye, cow, shoe, hose, house, sister), all of which,
though some have received a slightly different form, end, as pronounced, with the
sound of n.
§ 23. The words brother, die, pea, and penny, have each two plurals of different
forms and with different significations : as, brothers, male children of the same par-
ent, also members of the same society, association, class, or profession; hretlnen,
members of the same religious or ecclesiastical body, the word in this form being
rarely used except in connection with religion, or in scriptur.al language, where it also
has the same meaning that brother has in ordinary language : dies, implements for
making impressions by stamping, or for making screws, also the cubical parts of
pedestals ; dice, the cubical blocks used in games of chance : peas, seeds of tlie pea-
plant, when a definite number is mentioned ; pease, the same in bulk, or spoken of
collectively : pennies, the coins, especially when a definite number is mentioned ;
pence, the amount reckoned by these coins. See also these words in tlie Dictionary.
For acquaintance, as formerly both singular and plural, see Acquaintance, n., 2, in
the Dictionary.
XCll
ORTHOGRAPHY.
§ 24. Some words, mostly names of animals, have the same form in the plural
as in the singular ; as, deer, sheep, swine, grouse, trout, and the lik«. This is true
also of gentile nouns in -ese ; as, Chinese, Portuguese, Tyrolese, Japanese. Fish,
fowl, and some other words, may be used for an indefinite number ; or the individ-
uals may be designated as fishes, etc.
§ 26. Many words adopted from foreign languages retain their original plurals :
as, datum, data; ci-iterion, criteria: genus, genera; larva, larvee ; classis, classes
(see class, pi. classes, in § 18) ; crisis, crises; matrix, matrices ; fociis, foci; mon-
sieur, messieurs.
Many words of this class, while retaining the original plurals, have also a second,
formed after the analogy of English words of similar termination : OB, formula, for-
mulse or formulas ; beau, beaux or beaus ; focus, foci or focuses ; index, indices or
indexes ; stratum, strata or stratums ; bandit, banditti or bandits ; cherub, cherubim
or cherubs ; seraph, seraphim or serap/is. The plurals of the last two words are
sometimes incorrectly written cherubims and seraphims, with double plural termina-
tions, without regard to the fact that in Hebrew words -im is a plural ending.
§ 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a noun followed by an adjective
or other qualifying expression, the plural is commonly formed by making the same
change in the noun as when it stands alone: as, court-martial, courts-martial;
cousin-german, cousitis-german ; son-in-law, sons-in-law. When, however, the ad-
jective is so closely joined to the noun that the compound has the force of a simple
word, the plural of the compound is commonly formed like that of any other word
of the same termination : as, cupful, cupfuls ; handful, handfuls.
§ 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs,
in respect to which usage, even that of the best authors, is variable. The most
important of these words are mentioned in this and the succeeding sections.
The derivatives of the word villain, as villainous, villainy, etc., though often
written villanous, villany, etc., properly retain the i, according to the practice of
many writers, like those of other words similarly ending in ain : as, mountainous,
from mountain ; captaincy, from captain; and the like.
The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflection, follow the spelling of
the words connect, deflect, inflect, and reflect, though often written, especially in
England, connexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. See Note under CoiniBO-
TioN, in the Dictionary.
The word woe, though often written without the final e, should retain it, like most
other nouns of one syllable and of similar form ; as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and
the like. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more than one syllable,
baving a similar termination, omit the e ; as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato.
The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense are properly written thus, though
•often spelled with c instead of s, for the s belongs to the words from whick they are
derived, and is also used in all their derivatives. See Note under Offense, in the
Dictionary.
The words drought and height were formerly written drouth and hight, and are
still often thus written in America. See Drouth, in the Dictionary.
The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in preference to the form prac-
tise, though the latter spelling is used by many writers, especially in England.
The difference in spelling between the noun and the verb is properly observed, in
words of this kind, only in such as are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise.
See Note under Practise, in the Dictionary.
Derivatives of the Greek eSpa (seat, base, side ; pronounced Md'rd,), s.b polyhedron,
tetrahedron, octahedral, and the like, are properly thus written with A before the «
of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, tetraedron, octaHdral, etc.,
without the h.
§ 28. There is a class of adjectives ending either in -able or in -ible, of which a
large majority have the termination -able ; as, Namable, laudable, legible, mutable,
navigable, vendible. Many of them are from Latin words ending in -abilis or -ibilis ;
some are from the French ; and not a few are formed by adding the termination to
English words. Those from Latin words end respectively in -able or -ible, according
as they are derived from words ending in -abilis or -ibilis : as, mutable (L. mutabilis) ;
potable ( L. potabilis) ; credible (L. credibilis) ; vendible (L. vendibilis). Those formed
from English words generally end in -able ; as, avoidable, eatable, fordaUe, laugh-
able, liable, salable, serviceable. There are a few words respecting which usage is
variable : as, addible or addable ; conversable or conversible ; inferable or inferrible ;
referable or referrible.
§ 29. There is a class of words beginning with en- or in-, as enclose or inclose,
inquire or inquire, ensure or insure, and the like, many of which take either form
of the prefix indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the Latin, either directly
or through the French, the prefix in- belonging to the former language, and en- to
the latter. In some of these words, en- is to be preferred ; in others, in- ; in many
of them, either may be used indifferently. See the List of Words Spelled in Two
or More Ways, and the different words of this class in the Dictionary.
§ 30, There was formerly considerable diversity of usage in respect to the ter-
minations -ant and -ent, both of which were, in certain cases, used almost indiffer-
ently ; as in the words confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, and the
like. Present usage, however, is definitely settled in favor of one or the other form,
in nearly or quite every word of this class, though not always upon uniform prin-
ciples. Thus, the abstract noun confidence and the adjective confident are universal,
while the common noun is sometimes the English confident, but often the French
confidant. The abstract noun dependence and the adjective dependent have almost
entirely superseded dependance and dependant, while the noun dependant, which was
at least as commonly seen in Walker's time as the noun dependent, has now yielded
its place in great measure to dependent (see Note under Dbpendaut, in the Diction-
ary). On the other hand, we now have both the adjectives and the conmion nouns at-
tendant and repentant ; and the abstract nouns attendance and repentance. It may
be remarked that the terminations -ant and -anct belong properly to words derived
from the French or from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; -ent and -ence to words
derived from Latin verbs of the other tiu'ee conjugations, -ence and -ance were also
formerly confounded in some words, the one or the other being used indifferently.
§ 31. There is a class of words ending in -er, some of which are written by many
authors with the termination -re; as, center, meter, theater, etc., which are often
written centre, metre, theatre, etc. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, massacre, and ogre
retain the termination -re, in order to preserve the hard sound of the c and g. Still,
we have tlie adjective eager, the noun eagre or eager, and the preposition mauger or
maugre.
§ 32. There are two classes of chemical words ending respectively in -id or -ide
and -in or -ine, in regard to which usage has varied. Most of them were formerly
written without the final e ; but in present usage -ide is preferred to -id, and there is
an attempt to establish a technical distinction between -in and -ine. See -iNE in the
Dictionary (cf. § 104, Guide to Pronunciation). The word tannin is always written
without the final e. Oxide is now generally written with the termination -id*. See
Note under Oxide, in the Dictionary.
§ 33. There is a class of words ending, as pronoimced, with the sound of long i,
followed by z, some of which are differently written, by different authors, with
either -ize or -ise to represent this sound : as, criticise or criticize ; civilize or civil-
ise ; naturalize or naturalise ; patronize or patronise. These words are mostly verbs,
and are chiefly derived from Greek words ending in -ifco (see -ize, in the Diction-
ary), or from French words ending in -iser or -ise. There are a few from other
sources, but formed in analogy with those derived from these languages. Those
formed from Greek words properly have the termination -ize ; as, anathematize, bap-
tize, characterize, dramatize, tantalize. The spellings catechise, criticise, exorcise,
are, however, in common use ; but catechize and criticize are also allowed. Those
formed in an analogous manner from English words are likewise written with -ize ;
as, albumenize, bastardize, memorize, sensitize. But those derived from the French
verb prendre (participle pm or prise) end in -ise; as, apprise, comprise, emprise, en-
terprise, surprise. The following are the principal English verbs ending in -ise ;
namely, advertise, advise, affranchise, apprise, arise, catechise, chastise, circumcise,
comprise, compromise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfranchise,
disguise, emprise, enfranchise, exercise, exorcise, franchise, merchandise, premise,
revise, supervise, surmise, surprise. It may be remarked that most of those in
respect to which usage varies are more frequently written in England with the termi-
nation -ise, and in the United States with the termination -ize.
§ 34. The words mold and molt, and their compounds and derivatives, are written
in this Dictionary with o instead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, colt,
gold, etc., from which the u has been dropped. Most authors, however, write these
words mould and moult, and their derivatives in like manner ; and this spelling is
also given in this Dictionary as alternative.
§ 35. There is a numerous class of words almost universally written in the United
States with the termination -or, many of which are written in England with the
termination -our ; as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, vigor. English usage, how-
ever, is not uniform with respect to these words, many of them being written with
-or in English books. See the Observations on Orthography, prefixed to these rules.
§ 36. There is a small class of words ending with the syllable -ped (from Lat.
pes, pedis, foot), the termination of some of which was formerly, and is still fre-
quently, written -pede ; as, biped, cenliped, milliped, palmiped, quadruped, soliped,
and the like. The words biped and quadruped are universally written without the
final e; and most of the others, according to the best usage, should be written in
the same manner. Centipede, however, is frequent ; and velocipede is practically the
only form in use.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
XCUl
A LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS.
The design of the following List is, in the first place, to present tliose words in ref-
erence to which present usage, in the United States or in England, sanctions more
than one method of spelling the same word ; and, secondly, a considerable number
■of words, which, though not differently spelled by living reputable writers, yet are
to be found in the orthography of tlie second column in tlie works of respectable
authors of the last century, or the early part of the present century, and are, there-
fore, often presented to the eye of the modem reader. Such a list, it is tliought,
will be found very convenient for consultation. For anything more full, a Glos-
sary would be the appropriate resort. The first column, in the following List,
presents the orthography recognized in the body of tliis Dictionary as the preferable
one, or that in general use ; the second column, one less desirable, or the usage of
former times. Those forms in the second column wliicli a good writer at the present
<lay would not probably employ, but which are found only in WTitings of the past,
have a dagger [)] prefixed. One class of words which might properly have been
added, is, from their great number, omitted. It is that of words of more than one
syllable ending in ic or ick; as, music, miisick, public, publick, etc. It is deemed suf-
ficient to mention tlie class, and to state tliat the termination in ick is wholly disused.
A similar remark is applicable to a portion of the words terminating formerly in
om; now in or. Those of this class in the following List, in which both forms
are given, are still sometimes used in both forms, the termination in or being that
most favored in tlie United States, while our is the form generally preferred in
England. Words of this class not given in the List are used only in or by living
writers. Subject to a like remark is a class of words terminating in -ize or -ise ; as,
systematize or systematise, etc., — the former mode, according to which such words
are spelled in America, being in accordance with their etymology, and the latter
that affected by English printers. When in this List the word in the first column is
followed by or, as, "Abatis, or Abattis," it is implied that the second form is in
nearly, often quite, as good use as the first.
B
A.
B.
c.
Cipher,
Clamor, -ous, etc..
Cypher.
Clamour, -ous, etc
Abatis, or
Abattis.
Bade, v.,
tBad.
Caboose,
( Camboose,
( Coboose.
Clangor,
Clangour.
Abettor,
Abetter.
Baldric,
1 Baldrick,
( Bawdrick.
Clarinet, or
Clarionet.
Abreuvoir,
Abbreuvoir.
Caddice, or
Caddis.
Clew, or
Clue.
Abridgment,
Abridgement.
Balk,
Baulk.
Caesura,
Cesura.
Clinch,
Clench.
Accessory,
Accessary.
Baluster,
Banister.
Caique, or
Caic.
Clinic,
Clinique.
Accoimt, -ant, etc.
, tAccompt, -ant, etc.
Bandanna, or
Bandana.
Caisson,
Caissoon.
Clinometer,
Klinometer.
Accouter, etc., or
Accoutre, etc.
Banderole,
1 Bannerol,
( Bandrol.
Calash,
Caleche.
Cloak,
tCloke.
Acetimeter, or
Acetometer.
Caldron,
Cauldron.
Clodpoll,
Clodpole.
Ache,
tAke.
Bandoleer, or
Bandolier.
Calendar,
Kalendar.
Cloff,
Clough.
Achieve,
tAtchieve.
Bandore, or
Pandore.
Calends,
Kalends.
Clothe, -ed, etc.,
tCloathe, -ed, etc.
Acknowledgment,
Acknowledgement.
Baims,
Bans.
Caliber, or
Calibre.
Clyster,
Glyster.
Addible,
Addable.
Banyan {Bot.),
Banian.
Calipash,
Callipash.
Cockswain, or
Coxswain.
Adipocere,
Adipocire.
Barbican,
Barbacan.
Calipee,
Callipee.
Coeliac, or
Celiac.
Admittable,.
Admittible.
Barbecue,
Barbacue.
Calipers,
Callipers.
Cognizor, -zee.
Cognisor, -see.
Adopter (Chem.),
Adapter.
Barberry,
Berberry,
Caliph,
Calif, Kalif.
Coif,
Quoif.
Adulterer, -ess,
tAdultrer, -«S3.
Bark, or
Barque.
Calk,
Caulk, Caique.
Coiffure,
tQuoiffure.
Adz, or
Adze.
Barouche,
Barouch.
Calligraphy,
Caligraphy.
Colander,
Cullender.
^dile,
EdUe.
Barreled, etc..
Barrelled, etc.
Caloyer, or
Kaloyer.
Color,
Colour.
-Sgis,
Egis.
Barytone,
Baritone.
Caltrop, or
Caltrap.
Comb, Combe, or
Coombe.
Jiolian, or
Eolian.
Basin,
Bason.
Calyx,
Calix.
Comfrey,
Comfry, Cumfrey.
Aerie, or Eyrie,
Eyry.
Bas-relief,
Bass-relief.
Camlet,
Camblet, tChamlet.
Complete,
tCompleat.
.ffistlietic, -s, or
Esthetic, -s.
Bastinado, or
Bastinado.
Camoinile, or
Chamomile.
Complexion,
tComplection.
Aghast,
tAgast.
Bateau,
Batteau.
Camphor,
Camphire.
Confectionery,
Confectionary.
Agriculturist,
Agriculturalist.
Battledoor, or
Battledore.
Canceled, -ing, etc
., Cancelled,-ling, etc.
Connection,
Cormexion.
Aid-de-camp, or
Aide-de-camp.
Bauble,
Bawble.
Candor,
Candour.
Contemporary, or
Cotemporary.
Ajutage, or
Adjutage.
Bazaar, or
Bazar.
Cannel coal.
Canal coal.
Contradance,
Country-dance.
Alcaid, or Alcayde
Alcade.
BefaU,
Befal.
Cannoneer, or
Cannonier.
Control,
( Comptrol,
( Controul.
Alchemy,
tAlchymy.
Behavior,
Behaviour.
Canny,
Canon (Sp.),
Cannie.
Alkahest, or
Alcahest.
Behoove,
Behove.
Canyon.
Cony,
Coney.
AUege,
tAUedge.
Beldam, or
Beldame.
Cantalever, or
Cantilever.
Cooly, or Coolie,
Coolee.
Alloy,
tAllay.
Bellfouuder,
tBelfounder,
Cantaloupe, or
Cantaleup.
Coomb, or
Comb.
Almanac,
Almanack.
and similar compounds.
Carapace,
Carapax.
Copaiba, or
Copaiva.
Alum,
Allum.
Belligerent,
Belligerant.
Carat,
tCaract, Carrat.
Copier,
Copyer.
Ambassador, or 1
1 Ambassadour,
Benedict, or
Benedick.
Caravansary, or
Caravanserai.
Coquette, n..
Coquet.
Embassador, (
( Embassadour.
Benumb,
tBenum.
Carbine,
Carabine.
Coranach,
Coronach.
Ambergris,
( tAmbergrease,
( Ambergrise.
Bequeath,
Bequeathe.
Carbineer,
( Carabinier,
( Carabineer.
Corbel,
tCorbeil.
Bergamot,
Burgamot.
Cot, or
Cote, a hut.
Ambs-ace,
1 Ambes-as,
1 Ames-ace.
Berth (Nov.),
Birth.
Carbxireted, or
Carburetted.
Cot, or
Cott, a bed.
Betel,
tBetle.
Carcass,
Carcase.
Cotillon, or
Cotillion.
Amice,
Amess.
Beveled, -ing,
Bevelled, -ling.
Carnelian,
Cornelian.
Councilor, or
Councillor.
Amortize, -ment.
Amortise, -ment.
Bevile (Her.),
Bevil, or Bevel.
Caroled, -ing, etc..
CaroUed, -ling, etc.
Counselor, or
Counsellor.
Amphitheater,
Amphitheatre.
Bezant,
Byzant.
Cartography,
Chartography.
Count,
tCompt.
Anapest,
Anapaest.
Biasing, -ed, -es, )
etc., )
( Biassing, -sed, -ses,
1 etc.
Cask, a vessel.
Casque.
Courtesan,
Courtezan.
Ancient, -ly.
tAntient, -ly.
Casque, helmet,
Cask.
Courtesy,
Curtsy.
Andiron,
tHandiron.
Bigoted,
Bigotted.
Cassava,
Cassada, Cassado.
Cozen, -age.
Cosen, -age.
Angiotomy,
Angeiotomy.
Bilge,
Bulge.
Cassimere, «r
Kerseymere.
Cozy,
Cosey, Cosy.
Ankle,
Ancle.
Billiards,
( tBalyards,
\ BaUiards.
Caster, a roller, etc.. Castor.
Craunch,
C ranch.
1 Anotta, Annatto,
Catchup, or 1
Catsup, )
Ketchup.
Crawfish, or
Crayfish.
Annotto,
< Anota, A nnotta.
Billingsgate,
Bilingsgate.
Creak, tK,
Creek.
( Amotta, Amotto.
Bin,
Binn.
Catechise, -er, or
Catechize, -er, etc.
Creosote, or
j Creasote,
Antechamber,
tAntichamber.
Binnacle,
tBinacle, Bittacle.
Cauliflower,
Colliflower.
I Kreosote.
Antemetic,
Antiemetic.
Bister, or
Bistre.
Causeway, or
Causey.
Critique,
Critic, a criticism.
Anterior,
Anterlour.
Blende (Min.),
Blend, Blinde.
Caviare, or
Caviar.
Crosslet,
Croslet.
Antihypnotic,
Anthypnotic.
Blessed, a., or
Blest.
Caviler, -ed, etc..
Caviller, -led, etc.
Croup, buttocks.
Crup.
Apostasy,
Apostacy.
Blithesome, -ly, etc., Blithsome, -ly, etc.
Cayman,
Caiman.
Cruet,
Crewet.
Aposteme, or
Imposthume.
Bloomery,
( Blomary,
( Bloomary.
Cazique,
Cacique.
Crupper,
Crouper.
Apothegm, or
Apophthegm.
Ceil, -ing, -ed.
tCiel, -ing, -ed.
Cruse, bottle.
Cruise.
Appall,
Appal.
Blouse, or
Blowse.
Celtic,
Keltic.
Cucurbit, or
Cucurbite.
AppaUment,
Appalment.
Bodice,
Boddice.
Center,
Centre.
Cudgeled, -er, -ing.
( Cudgelled, -ler.
Appareled, -ing,
Apparelled, -ling.
Boil, n..
Bile.
Centiped,
Centipede.
1 -ling.
Appraise, -ed, etc.,
or Apprize, -ed, etc.
Bombazet, or
Bombazette.
Ceroon, or
Seroon.
Cue, def. 1,
Queue.
Apprise, to notify.
Apprize.
Bombazine, or
Bombasine.
Cesspool, or
Sesspool.
Cuerpo,
tQuerpo.
Apricot,
tApricock.
Bonnyclabber,
Bonnyclapper.
Chalcedony,
Calcedony.
Cuneiform, or
Cuniform.
Arbitrament,
tArbitrement.
Booze,
Bouse, Boose.
Chameleon,
tCameleon.
Curb, def. 3,
tKerb, Kirb.
Arbor,
Arbour.
Boozy,
Bousy, Boosy.
Chamois, or
Shamois, Shammy.
Cursed, imp..
Curst.
Archaeology,
Archaiology.
Bourgeois, or
Burgeois.
Champagne,
tChampane.
Cutlass, or
Cutlas, Curtelasse.
Ardor,
Ardour.
Bourse,
Burse.
Champaign,
Champain.
Cyanite,
Kyanite.
Argol, or
Argal.
Boweled, -ing, etc
, Bowelled, -ling, etc.
Chaimeled, -ing, I
etc., J
( Channelled,
( -ling, etc.
Cyclopedia, or
Cyclopaedia.
Armor, -er, etc..
Armour, -er, etc.
Bowlder,
Boulder.
Cyst,
Cist, def. 2.
Arquebus,
Arquebuse, Har-.
Bowsprit,
tBoltsprit.
Chant, -ed, etc..
Chaunt, -ed, etc.
Czar, -ina.
Tzar, -ina.
Arrack,
tArack.
Brahman, )
Brahmin, )
( tBrachman,
1 Bramin.
Chap, or
Chop.
Arseniureted,
Arseniuretted.
Chase,
Chace.
D.
Artisan,
Artizan.
Brake (Railways),
Break.
Check, n.,
Cheque.
Asafetida, )
Asafoetida, J
Assafoetida.
Brasier,
Brazier.
Checker, -ed, etc..
Chequer, -ed, etc.
Dactyl,
Dactyle.
Brazen,
Brasen.
Chemist,
tChymist, Chimist.
Damaskeen,
Damasken.
Asbestus, or
Asbestos.
Brier,
Briar.
Chemistry,
) Chymistry,
( Chimistry.
Damson,
Damascene.
Ascendant,
Ascendent.
Bryony,
Briony.
Dandruff,
Dandriff.
Ascendency,
Ascendancy.
Buccaneer, or
Bucanier.
Chestnut,
Chesnut.
Danegeld, or
Danegelt.
Askance,
Askaunce.
Buddhism, or
Boodhism.
Chevron, or
Cheveron.
Debarkation,
Debarcation.
Askant,
Askaunt.
Buffet, or
Beaufet.
Chine,
Chime, Chimb.
Debonair, -ly, -ness
Debonnaire, -ly, eto.
Assuage,
Asswage.
Buhrstone,
Burrstone.
Chintz,
Chints.
Decrepit,
Decrepid.
Atheneum, or
Athenaeum.
Bun, or
Bunn.
Chiseled, -ing.
Chiselled, -ling.
Defense, -less, etc..
Defence, -less, etc.
Attar, or
Otto, or Ottar.
Buncombe,
Bunkum.
Choir,
tQuire.
Deflection,
Deflexion.
Aught,
Ought.
Bur, or
Burr.
Choke,
tChoak.
Deflour,
Deflower.
Author, etc..
Autocracy,
Authour, etc.
Autocrasy.
Burden, -some,
Burgonet, or
Burthen, -some.
Burganet.
Choke-full, or \
Chock-full, J
Chuck-fuU.
Delphin, or
Deltoid,
Delphine.
tDeltoide.
Autoptical,
Autopsical.
Burin,
Burine.
Choose,
tChuse.
Demeanor,
Demeanour.
Awkward,
tAukward.
Burned, imp..
Burnt.
Chore,
Char.
Demesne (Law),
Demain.
Ax, or
Axe.
Butt, or
But.
Chorister,
tQuirister.
Dentiroster,
Dentirostre.
Aye, or
Ay.
Byzantine,
Bizantine.
Cigar,
Segar.
Dependence,
Dependauce.
M
xeiv
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Dependent,
Deposit,
Desert, n..
Deshabille,
Dessert,
Detecter, or
Detortion,
Deuce,
Develop, -ment,
Dexterous,
Diseresis, or
Dialed, -ing.
Diarrhea, or
Dike,
Diocese,
Disheveled, -ing, 1
etc., )
Disk, OT
Dispatch, -ed, -ing.
Disseize, -in, -or.
Distention, or
Distill, OT
Distrainor,
Diversely,
Divest, -ed, etc..
Docket {Laio),
Doctress, or
Dodecahedron,
Dolor, -ous,
Domesday book.
Domicile,
Dormer window.
Dotage,
Dote,
Doubloon,
Doweled, -ing.
Downfall,
Drafif,
Draft, or
Dragoman,
Dram, or
Dribblet, or
Drier,
Driveler, -ing, etc.,
Drought,
Dryly, -uess.
Duchess,
Duchy,
Dueler, -ing, -ist.
Dullness,
Dunghill,
Duress,
Dye, etc., color,
Dependant.
tDeposite.
tDesart.
Dishabille.
tDesert.
Detector.
Detorsioii.
Dense, Duse
Develope, -ment.
Dextrous.
Dieresis.
Dialled, -Uug.
Diarrhcea.
Dyke.
Diocess.
I Dishevelled, -ling,
( etc.
Disc.
Despatch, -ed, -ing.
Disseise, -in, -or.
Distension.
Distil.
Distrainer.
Diversly.
Devest, -ed.
■tDoquet.
Doctoress.
Dodecaedron.
Dolour, -ous.
Doomsday book.
Domicil.
Dormar window.
tDoatage.
Doat.
tDoublon.
Dowelled, -ling.
tDownfal.
t Draugh.
Draught.
( Drogoman,
I Droginan.
Drachm.
Driblet.
Dryer.
Driveller, -ling, etc.
Drouth.
Drily, -ness.
Dutchess.
Dutchy.
Dueller, -ling, -list.
Dulness.
tDunghil.
tDuresse (Fr.).
Die, etc.
E.
Eavesdropper,
Eccentric, -al, etc.
Economy,
Ecstasy,
Ecstatic,
Ecumenic, -al.
Eloign, -ment,
Emargiuate,
Embalm, -ed, etc.,
Embalmer, -ment.
Embank, -ed, etc..
Embargo,
Embark, -ed, etc..
Embarkation,
Embassy,
Embezzle, etc.,
Emblaze,
Emblazon, -ed, etc..
Embody, -ied, etc..
Embolden, -ed, etc.,
Emborder, etc..
Embosom, and
Emboss, -ed, etc.,
Embowel, -ed, I
-ing, etc. )
Embower, -ed, etc..
Embrace, -ed, etc..
Embrasure,
Embrocation,
Embroil, -ed, etc.,
Emir, or
Empale, -ed, etc., or
Emperor,
Empower, -ed, etc..
Emprise,
Empurple, or
Emu,
Enameled, -ing, )
etc., )
Enamor, -ed, -ing,
Encamp, -ed, etc..
Enchant,
Encounter, etc..
Encroach, etc..
Encumber, -ed, etc..
Encyclopedia, or
Endear,
Endeavor, -ed, etc.,
Endow, etc..
Endure, -ance.
Enforce, -ed, etc..
Engage, -ed, etc..
Engender,
Engorge, -ed, etc..
Engross,
Enhance,
Enigma,
tEvesdropper.
tExcentric, -al, etc.
(Economy.
Ecstacy, tExtasy.
tExtatic.
(Ecumenic, -al.
Eloin, -ment.
Imargiuate.
tlmbalm, -ed, etc.
tlmbalmer, -ment.
Imbank, -ed, etc.
timbargo.
Ilmbark, -ed, etc.
Embarcation.
Ambassage.
Ambassy.
timbezzle, etc.
timblaze.
tlmblazon, -ed, etc.
Imbody, -ied, etc.
Imbolden, -ed, etc.
Imborder, etc.
Imbosom.
Imboss, -ed, etc.
( EmboweU, -ed, etc.,
I Imbowel, -ed, etc.
Imbower, -ed, etc.
"Hm brace, -ed, etc.
tEmbrazure.
Imbrocation.
timbroil, -ed, etc.
Emeer.
Impale, -ed, etc.
Emperour.
Impower, -ed, etc.
Emprize.
Impurple.
Emeu.
( Enamelled, -ling,
I etc.
Enamour, -ed, -ing.
tincamp, -ed, etc.
flnchant.
tlncounter, etc.
tincroach, etc.
Incumber, -ed, etc.
Encyclopsedia.
Indear.
Endeavour, -ed, etc.
tindow, etc.
Indure, -ance.
tinforce, -ed, etc.
tingage, -ed, etc.
Ingender.
Ingorge, -ed, etc.
Ingross.
Inhance.
Enjoin, etc..
tlnjoin, etc.
Frouzy,
Frowzy.
Harbor, -ed, etc.,
Harbour, -ed, ete.
Enkindle, -ed, etc
., tinkindle, -ed, etc.
Frumenty,
1 Furmenty, Fru-
Harebell,
Hairbell.
Enlarge, etc..
tlnlarge, etc.
1 mity, Frumety.
Harebrained,
Hairbrained.
Enlist,
Inlist.
Frustum,
Frustrum.
Harem,
Haram.
EnroU,
Enrol, luroll.
Fueled, -ing.
Fuelled, -ling.
Haricot,
Harricot.
Enshrine,
Inshrtne.
Fulfill, -ment,
Fulfil, -ment.
Harl,
Herl, Hurl.
Enshroud,
Inshroud.
Fullness,
Fulness.
Harrier,
Harier.
Ensphere, or
lusphere.
Further, or
Farther.
Harry, v.,
Harrow.
Enstamp,
Instamp.
Furtherance,
Fartherance.
Hasheesh, or
Hashish.
Entail (Arch.),
Entaile.
Furthermore,
Farthermore.
Haslet,
Harslet.
Entangle, etc.,
Intangle, etc.
Furthest, or
Farthest.
Hatcheled, -ing,
Hatchelled, -ling.
Enterprise,
Enterprize.
Fuse, n..
Fuze.
Haul,
tHale.
Enthrall} -ment,
Eutliral, -ment.
Fusil, a gun.
Fusee.
Haulm, Halm,
Haum, Hawm.
Enthrone, -ed, etc
., Intlirone, -ed, etc.
Fusileer, or
Fusilier.
Hautboy,
tHoboy, Oboe.
Entire, -ly, etc..
Intire, -ly, etc.
Hawser,
Halser.
Entitle, -ed, etc..
Intitle, -ed, etc.
G.
Headache,
tHeadach.
Entrance, -ed, etc.
, tintrance, -ed, etc.
Hearken,
Harken.
Entrap, -ped, etc..
In trap, -ped, etc.
Gabardine, or
Garberdine.
Hearse,
Herse.
Entreat, -ed, etc..
Intreat, -ed, etc.
3aliot,
Galliot.
Hectare,
Hektare.
Entreaty,
Intreaty.
Gralleass,
Galeas, Galliass,etc.
Hectoliter, etc..
Hectolitre, etc.
Entresol,
Entersole.
Gamboled, -ing,
Gambolled, -ling.
Hegira,
Hejira.
Entwine, -ed, etc..
Intwine, -ed. etc
Gamut,
tGammut.
Height, -en, 1
etc., ) "'^
( tHighth, Hight, -eo
\ etc.
Envelop, v..
Envelope.
Gang (Mining), or
Gangue.
Envelope, n., or
Envelop.
Gantlet (Mil.),
( Gauntlet,
( tGantlope.
Heinous, -ly, -ness
1, tHainous, -ly, -nes*
Envelopment,
Envelopement.
Hematin,
Haematin.
Envenom,
Invenom.
Gargoyle,
i Gargle, Gargyle,
Hematite,
Haematite.
Epaulet, or
Epaulette (Fr.).
( Gargoil.
Hematology,
Hematology.
Epauleted, -ing,
Epauletted, -ting.
Garish, or
Gairish.
Hemistich,
tHemistick.
Ephah,
Epha.
Gastropod, or
Gasteropod.
Hemorrhage,
Haemorrhage.
Equaled, -ing,
Equalled, -ling.
Gauge,
Gage.
Hemorrhoids,
( tEmerods,
( Emeroids.
Equiangular,
Equangular.
Gault, or
Gait.
Equivoque, or
Equivoke.
Gauntlet, glove, etc.. Gauntlet.
Heretoch, or
Heretog.
Era,
iEra,
Gayety,
Gaiety.
Hermit, -age,
tEremite, -age
Error, etc..
Errour, etc.
Gayly,
Gaily.
Herpetology,
Erpetology.
Escalade,
Scalade.
Gazelle,
Gazel.
Hexahedron,
tHexaedron.
Escapement, or
Scapement.
Genet, horse, or
Jennet.
Hibernate,
Hybernate.
Escarp {Fort.), or
Scarp.
Germ,
Genne.
Hiccough,
Hiccup, Hickup,
Escheat,
tExcheat.
Germane,
t Germain, German.
Hindoo, -ism, or
Hindu, -ism.
Escritoire,
Escritoir, Scrutoir.
Ghibelline,
Gibeline.
Hindrance, or
Hinderance.
E<ipntf*lipnn
( tEscocheon,
( Scutcheon.
Gibe,
tJibe.
Hip (Bot.), or
Hep, Hop.
£.Sl.Ul.l.XiCUU,
Gillyflower,
Gilliflower.
Hippocras,
Hippocrass.
Esophagus, -gal, or (Esophagus, -gal.
Gimbals,
Gimbols.
Hippogrift,
Hippogryph.
Eatafet, or
Estafette.
Gimlet,
Glmblet.
Ho, or
Hoa.
Estoppel,
tEstopel, Estopple.
Girasole, or
Girasol.
Hock, or
Hough.
Estrich,
Estridge.
Girth, or
Girt.
Hockey,
Hookey, Hawkey.
Etui, or
Etwee.
Glair,
Glare.
Hoiden, -ish, or
Hoyden, -ish.
Exactor,
Exactor.
Glaive,
Glave.
Holiday, or
Holyday.
Expense,
tExpence.
Glamour,
Glamer, Glamor.
Hollo, Holloa,
Hollow.
Exsiccate, -ed, )
-ing, etc., 1
1 tExiccate, -ed, -ing,
\ etc.
Gloze,
Glose.
Holster,
Holdster.
Glycogen,
Glucogen.
Homeopathy,
Homoeopathy.
Exsiccation,
tExiccation.
Gnarled,
Knarled, Knurled.
Homer, meastire,
Chomer, Gomer.
Exsuccous,
tExuccous.
Good-by, or
Good-bye.
Hominy,
( Homony,
( Hommony.
Exudation,
Exsudation.
Gore, dirt, blood.
Goar.
Exude, etc.,
tExsude, etc.
Gormand, or
Gourmand.
Homonym,
Homonyme.
-
Goslierd,
Gozzerd.
Honeyed,
Honied.
P.
Governor,
Governour.
Honor, -ed, etc..
Honour, -ed, etc
Graft, -ed, -ing.
Graff, -ed, -ing.
Hoop, v., 01
Whoop.
Faeces,
Feces.
Gram, or
Gramme.
Hoopoe, or
Hoopoo.
Fagot, -ed, -ing.
Faggot, -ted, -ting.
Grandam,
Grandame.
Horehound,
Hoarhound.
Fairy,
tFaerie, Faery.
Granddaughter,
tGrandaughter.
Hornblende,
Horublend.
Fakir, or
Faquir.
Granite,
tGranit.
Horror,
Horrour.
Falchion,
tFauchion.
Graveled, -ling,
Gravelled, -ling.
Hostelry,
Ostelry.
Falcon, -er, -ry.
Faulcon, -er, -ry.
Gray, -ish, etc.,
Grey, -ish, etc.
Hostler,
Ostler, tHostelet,
Fantastic,
Phantastic.
Grenade,
( Grenado, Granade,
I Granado.
Hotch-potch, or
Hodge-podge.
Fantasy,
Phantasy.
Housewife,
tHuswife.
Farthingale,
Fardingale.
Grenadier,
tGranadier.
Howdah,
Houdah.
Fattener,
tFatner.
Grewsome, or
Gruesome.
Howlet,
Houlet.
Favor, -er, -ed, etc,
., Favour, -er,-ed, etc.
Greyhound,
Grayhound
Huckleberry, or
j Whortleberry,
1 Hurtleberry.
Fecal,
Faecal.
Griffin, or
Griffon.
Fecula,
Faecula.
Grizzly,
t Grisly.
TTnTriTTnnplc nr
) Hommock,
( Hommoc.
Feldspar, )
Feldspath, j
( Felspar,
( Felspath.
Grogram, or
Grogran.
Grommet, or
Gromet.
Humor,
Humour.
Felly,
Felloe.
Grotesque, -ly, etc
., -tGrotesk, -ly, etc.
Hurrah, or
Hurra.
Feoffor, or
Feoffer.
Groundsel (Arch.),
, or Groundsill.
Hydrangea,
Hydrangia.
Fervor,
Fervour.
Group, t>..
IGroupe.
Hying,
Hieing.
Fetal,
Foetal.
Groveler, -ing.
Groveller, -ling.
Hypffitlu-al, or
Hypethral.
Feticide,
Foeticide.
Guaranty, or
Guarantee.
Hypersthene,
Hyperstene.
Fetor,
Foetor.
Guelder-rose, or
Gelder-rose.
Hypotenuse, or
Hypothenuso.
Fetus,
Foetus.
Guelf, or
Guelph.
Hyssop,
Hysop.
Feud, -al, -atory.
Feod, -al, -atory.
Guerrilla,
Guerilla.
Feudalize, -ism.
Feodalize, -ism.
Guilder, coin,
GUder.
I.
Fie, or
Fy.
Guillotine,
Guillotin.
Filbert,
Filberd.
Gulf,
tGulph.
Icicle,
tisicle.
Filibuster,
( FiUibuster,
1 tFlibustier.
Gunwale, or
Gunnel.
Icosahedron,
Icosaedron.
Gurnard, or )
Gurnet, )
Goumet.
Illness,
tllness.
Filibeg, or
( Fillibeg, PhiUbeg,
\ Phimbeg.
Imbibe,
tEmbibe.
Gypsy,
Gipsy, Gypsey
Imbitter,
Embitter.
Filigree,
( Filigrain, Filigrane,
( Fillagree.
Gyrfalcou,
Gerfalcon.
Imbosom,
Embosom.
Gyves,
Gives.
Imbrue,
tEmbrue.
Finery, a forge,
Finary.
Imbue, -ed, -ing.
Embue, -ed, -ing.
Firman,
Firmaun.
H.
Impanel, -ed, -ing,
I Impannel, -led, etc,
1 Empanuel, -led, etc
Fishgig,
tFizgig.
Flageolet,
Flagelet.
Hackle, Hatchel, or Heckle, Hetchet
Imparlance,
tEmparlance.
Flavor, -ed, etc..
Flavour, -ed, etc
Haematic, a., or
Hematic.
Impassion,
tEmpassion.
FUer,
Flyer.
Haematoxylin, or
Hematoxylin.
Impeach,
tEmpeach.
Flotage, things \
floating, j "'
• Floatage.
Hagbut,
( Haguebut, Hack-
1 buss. Hackbut.
Imperiled, -ing,
Implead,
Imperilled, -ling.
Emplead.
Flotsam, or
Flotson.
Haggard,
tHagard.
Imposthume,
Impostume.
Flour,
tFlower.
Haggis,
Haggess, Haggiss.
Impoverish,
Empoverish.
Flower, a blossom.
tFlour.
Ha-ha,
Haw-haw.
Imprint,
tEmprint.
Flower-de-luce 1
(Bot.), /
I Fleur-de-lis,
Haik,
Hyke.
Impurple, or
Empurple.
( Flower-de-lis.
Hake,
Haak.
Incase,
Encase.
Fluke {Naut.),
Flook.
Halberd,
Halbert.
Inclasp,
Enclasp.
Fluke {Zool.),
Flowk, Flooc.
Halibut,
Holibut.
Incloister, or
Encloister.
Fogy,
Fogie, Fogey.
Halidom,
HaUidome.
Inclose, -ure, etc.,
Enclose, -ure, etft
Font (Typog.),
Fount.
Hallelujah,
( Halleluiah, -luia,
( Alleluia, -luiah.
Increase,
tEncrease.
Foray, or
Forray.
Incrust.
Encrust.
Forbade,
tForbad.
Halloo, or
i Hallo, Halloa,
\ Hollo, Holloa, etc.
Incumbrance,
Encumbrance.
Foretell,
Foretel.
Indefeasible,
tindefeisible.
Fosse,
Foss.
Halyard,
HaUiard.
Indelible,
Indeleble.
Foundry, or
Poundery.
Handicraft,
Handcraft.
Indict (Law),
Endict.
Franc, coin,
Frank.
Handiwork,
tHandwork.
Indictment, .,
Endictment.
Frantic,
Frenetic, Phrenetic.
Handsel,
Hansel.
Indite, -er.
tEndite, -er.
Frenzy,
Phrensy, tPhrenzy.
Handseled,
Handselled.
Indocile,
tindocil.
Frieze {Arch.),
Frize, tFreese.
Handsome,
tHandsom.
Indoctrinate,
tEndoctrinate.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
xcv
Indorse, -ed, -ing,
Endorse, -ed, -ing.
License,
Licence.
Multiped,
Multipede.
Picked, or
Peaked, Piked.
ludoreer, -ment,
Endorser, -ment.
Licorice,
Liquorice.
Mummery,
Mommery.
Picket,
Piquet.
Induce, -ment,
tEnduce, -ment.
Lief, a..
Lieve.
Murder, etc..
Murther, etc.
Pie,
Pye,
Inferable, or
Inferrible,
Lif, ti..
Lief.
Murky,
Mirky.
Piebald,
Pyebald.
Inferior,
Inferiour.
Lilac,
Lilach.
Murrhine,
Myrrhiue.
Piepoudre, or
Piepowder.
Inflection,
Inflexion.
Linget, or
Lingot.
Muscatel,
f Muscadel,
( Moscatel, etc.
Pimenta,
Pimento.
Infold,
Enfold.
Linguiform,
Linguaform.
Pimpernel,
Pimpinei.
lufoliate,
Eufoliate.
Linnitan, or
Linnean.
Musket,
tMusquet.
Pinchers, or
Pincers.
Ingraft, -er, -ment
;, Engraft, -er, -ment.
Linseed,
Lintseed.
Musmon, or
Musimon.
Pistoled, -ing.
Pistolled, -ling.
Ingrain,
Engrain.
Lmstock, or
Lintstock.
Musrole, or
Musrol.
Placard,
tPlacart.
Ingulf,
Engulf.
Litchi,
Lichi, Lychee.
Mustache,
Moustache.
Plaice (Zool.),
Plaise.
Inkle,
Incle.
Liter, or
Litre.
Plain,
j Plane,
Innuendo,
Inuendo.
Lithontriptic,
( Lithonthriptic,
\ Lithonthryptic.
N.
( in some senses.
Inquire, -er, -y, etc
:. , Enquire, -er, -y, etc.
Plat, n., or
Plot.
Inscribe,
tEnsoribe.
Llama,
Lama.
Nankeen,
Nankin.
Plait, v..
Plat.
Inscroll,
Inscrol, Enscroll.
Loadstar, -stone, or Lodestar, -stone.
Narwhal, or Narwal, Narwliale.
Piane sailing.
Plain sailing.
Iiisnare,
Ensnare.
Loath, -ly, -some.
Loth, -ly, -some.
Naught,
Nought.
Plaster,
+Plai.ster.
Install,
Instal.
Lode (Mining),
Load.
Neb (Zool.), or
Nib.
Plethron, or
Plethrum.
Installment,
Instalment.
Lodgment,
Lodgement.
Negotiate, -or, etc.
, Negociate, -or, etc.
Pliers,
Plyers.
Instate,
Eustate.
Logogriph,
Logogryph.
Neighbor, -ing, etc
1., Neighbour, -ing, etc.
Plow, or
Plough.
InstiU,
Instil.
Longlroster,
Longirostre.
Net, a..
Nett, Neat.
Plumber,
tPlummer.
Instructor,
Instructer.
Lopsided,
Lobsided, Lapsided.
Nicer, or
Nitre.
Plumiped,
Plumipede.
Insure, -ed, -ing.
Ensure, -ed, -ing.
Louver, or
Louvre, Loover,etc.
Nobless, or
Noblesse.
Pluviometer,
Pluviameter.
Insurer, -ance,
Ensurer, -ance.
Lower,
Lour.
Nomads, or
Nomades.
Point-device, or
Point-devise.
tlntenable.
tlntenible.
Luff, V.
Loof.
Nombles,
Numbles.
Poise,
tPoize.
Intercessor,
tintercessour.
Lunet, and
Lunette.
Nonesuch,
Nonsuch.
Polacca,
Polacre.
Interior,
tinteriour.
Lunge,
Longe.
Novitiate,
Noviciate.
Poleax, or
Poleaxe.
Intlirall- -ment.
j lnthr.al. Enthral,
Lutestring, or
Lustring,
Nylghau,
Nylgau, Neelghau.
Poltroon,
tPoItron.
I -ment.
Lye,
tLey.
Polyglot, re..
Polyglott.
Intrench,
Entrench.
o.
Polyhedron, -drous
1, Pi lycdron, -drous.
Intrust,
Entrust.
M.
Polyp,
Polype.
Inure, -ment.
Enure, -ment.
Oaf,
tAuf, tOuphe.
Pommel,
Pummel.
Inveigle,
Enveigle.
Macaw,
Macao.
Ocher, or Ochre,
Oker.
Pommeled, -ing.
Pomelled, -Uug.
Inventor,
Inventer.
Maccaboy,
Maccoboy.
Octahedron,
Octaedron.
Pontoon, or
Ponton.
Inwheel,
Enwheel.
Maggoty,
Maggotty.
Octostyle,
Octastyle.
Poniard,
Poignard.
Inwrap,
Enwrap.
Maim, and
Mayhem.
Odalisque,
Odalisk.
Pony,
Poney.
Inwreathe,
Enwreathe.
Mai-,
Male-.
Odor,
Odour.
Porgyi -gee (Zo'dl.)
, Paugie.
Isocheimal, or
IsochimaL
Malcontent, -fea- 1
j Malecontent, fea-
( sance, etc.
CEdematous,
Edematous.
Porpoise,
tPorpus, tPorpesse.
sance, etc. j
Offense, or
Offence.
Portray,
Pourtray.
J.
Malkin,
Maukin.
Olio,
Oglio.
Portress, or
Porteress.
Mall, or
Maul.
Omber, or
Ombre.
Possessor,
tPossessour.
Jacobin, and
Jacobiue.
Mameluke, or
Mamaluke.
Oolong,
Oulong.
Postilion,
Postillion.
Jaconet,
Jacconet.
Mamma,
Mama.
Opaque,
Opake,
Potato,
tPotatoe.
Jail, -er, etc..
Gaol, -er, etc.
Mandatary,
Mandatory.
Opobalsam,
Opobalsamum.
f otsliGrd*
f tPotshard,
\ tPotshare.
Jalap,
Jalop.
Maneuver, or
Manoeuvre.
Orach, or
Orache.
Jam {Mining),
Jamb.
Mangel-wurzel.
Mangold-wurzeL
Orang-outang,
( Orang-utan,
( Ouraug-outang,
Pouter (Zool.),
Powter.
Janizary,
Janissary.
Manikin,
Mannikin.
Pozziiolana, or
Pozzolana.
Jasmine,
Jasmin, Jessamine.
Mantel (Arch.),
Mantle.
Orchestra,
Orchestre.
Practice, v., or
Practise.
Jaunt, -y, -ily,
Jant, -y, -ily.
Mantelpiece,
Mantlepiece.
Oriel,
Oriol.
Praemunire,
Premunire.
Jean,
Jane.
Marc, coin, or
Mark.
Oriflamb, or
Oriflamme.
Praenomen,
Prenomen.
Jenneting,
I Jimeatiug, Genit-
( ing, tJunetiug.
Maroon, v..
Marroon.
Orison,
tOraison.
Predial,
Prsedial.
Maroon, a. & n..
Marone.
Osier,
Ozier.
Premise,
Premiss.
Jeremiad, or
Jeremiade.
Marque, letter of.
Mark.
Osprey, or
Ospray.
Pretense, or
Pretence.
Jetsam, or Jetson,
Jettison.
Marquee,
Markee.
Otolith, or Otolite
, Otolitte.
Pretermit, or
Pretermit.
Jetty,
Jettee, Jutty.
Marquis, or
Marquess.
Outrageous,
tOutragious.
Pretor,
Praetor.
Jeweled, -er, etc.
Jewelled, -er, etc.
Marshal,
( tMarischal,
1 +Maresclial.
Oxide,
Oxid, Oxyd, Oxyde.
Profane,
+Propliane.
Jewelry,
Jewellery.
Oyez,
Oyes.
Programme,
Program.
Jointress,
Jointuress.
Marshaled, -ing.
Marshalled, -ling.
Protector,
Protecter.
Jonquil, or
Jonquille.
Martin (,Zodl.),
Marten.
P.
Protoxide,
Protoxid, -yd, -yie.
Jostle, or
Justle.
Martingale,
Martingal,
Prunella, or
Prunello.
Jowl,
Jole, tChoule.
Marveled, -ing, etc
;., Marvelled, -ling,etc.
Packet,
tPacquet.
Pumpkin,
Pomplon, Pumpion.
Judgment,
Judgement.
Maslin,
( Meslin, Mislin,
1 Maselyn, Mastlin.
Ptean,
Pean.
Puppet,
Poppet.
Jupon, or
Juppou.
Paiuim,
Paynim.
Pur,
Purr.
Just,
Joust.
Mastic,
Mastich.
Palanquin, or
Palankeen.
Purblind, or
Poreblind.
Matrix, or
Matrice.
Palestra,
Palaestra.
Purslane,
Purslain.
K.
Mattress,
Matress.
Palette,
Pallet.
Putrefy,
Putrify.
Mauger, or
Maugre.
Palmiped,
Palmipede.
Pygmy,
Pigmy.
Kaffir, or Kafir,
i Kaffer, Kaffre,
1 Caffre.
Mayhem, or
Maim.
Panada, Panade,
Panado.
Pyx,
Pix.
Meager, -ly, etc., or Meagre, -ly, etc.
Pander,
Pandar.
Kail, broth.
Kale.
Medaled, -ing, 1
-ist, etc., )
( Medalled, -ling,
( etc.
Pandour,
Pandoor.
Q>
Kale {Bot.),
Kail, Kayle, Cale.
Panel (Laio),
Pannel.
Kayles,
Keels, Keils.
Jlerchandise,
tMerchandize.
Paneled, -ing,
Pannelled, -ling.
Quadroon,
Quateron.
Keelhaul,
Keelson,
Keelhale.
Kelson.
Metaled, -ing, etc.
Meter, and
Metalled, -ling, etc.
Metre.
Pantograph,
r Pantagraph,
( Pentagraph.
Quarantine,
( Quarantain,
( Quarantaine.
i^K'T. .
tCag.
Microcoustie,
Micracoustic.
Papoose, or
Pappoose.
Quarrel, )
an arrow, )
Carrel.
Kenneled, -mg.
Kennelled, -ling.
Mileage, or
Milage.
Paralleled, -ing,
Parallelled, -ling.
Khan,
Kaun, Kan.
Milleped,
Milliped, -pede.
Paralyze,
Paralyse.
Quarreled, -ing.
Quarrelled, -ling.
Kidnaped, -er, )
( Kidnapped, -per,
1 -ping.
Milliliter, or
Millilitre.
Parceled, -ing,
Parcelled, -ling.
Quarterfoil,
( Quatrefeuille,
( Quatrefoil.
Milreis,
Millrea, -ree, -reis.
Parcenary,
Parcenery.
Kiln,
+KiU.
Misbehavior,
Blisbehaviour.
Parlor,
Parlour.
Quartet, Quartette,
, Quartett.
Kilogram, -liter,
etc.
( Chilogram, -liter.
( etc.
Miscall,
tMiscal.
Parol, a., or
Parole.
Quay, -age,
Key, -age.
Misdemeanor,
Misdemeanour.
Parquet, or
Parquette.
Questor,
Quaestor.
Koran, or 1 Kurau, Quran,
Alcoran, ( Alkoran.
Misspell,
Misspend,
tMisspel, tMispel.
Mispend.
Parrakeet,
( Paraquet,
I Paraquito.
Quinsy,
Quintain,
Quinzy, Quinsey.
Quintin.
Misspent,
Mispent.
Parsnip, or
Parsnep.
Quintet, Quintette,
QuintettjQuintetto.
L.
Misstate,
tMistate.
Partible,
Partable.
Quoin,
Coin.
Mistletoe,
Misseltoe, Misletoe.
Partisan,
Partizan.
Labeled, -ing.
Labelled, -ling.
Miter, -ed, or
Mitre, -d.
Pasch,
Pask, Pasque.
K.
Labor, -ed, -ing, etc
., Labour,-ed,-ing,etc.
Mizzen,
Mizen.
Pasba, Pacha,
Pashaw, Bashaw.
Lac, coin,
Lakh, Lack.
Mizzle,
Misle, mstle.
Pashalic,
Pachalic.
Rabbet (Carp.), or
Rebate, etc.
Lachrymal,
Lacrymal.
Moccasin,
( Moccason,
( Moggason,
Patrol, «.,
Patrole.
Eabbi,
Rabbin.
Lackey,
Lacquey.
Paver, Pavior,
Paviour, Pavier.
Rabbis, or
Rabbles.
Lacquer,
Lacker.
Modeled, -ing,
Modelled, -ling.
Pawl,
Paul.
Raccoon, or Eacoo
n, Rackoon.
Lagoon,
Lagune.
ModiUion,
tModiUon.
Peart,
Peert.
Ramadan,
1 Ramazan,
( Rhamadan.
Lambdoidal, or
LamdoidaL
Mohammedan,
( Mahomedan,
\ Mahometan, etc.
Peddler,
Pedler, Pedlar.
Landau,
Landaw.
PediceU
Pedicle.
Rancor, -ous, -ly,
Rancour, -ous, -ly.
Landscape,
tLandskip.
Mohawk, or
Mohock,
Pedobaptist,
Pasdobaptist.
Ransom,
tRansome.
Lantern,
tLanthom.
Molasses,
Melasses,tMolos8es.
Pemmican,
Pemicau.
Rare, adj..
fRear.
Lanyard,
Laniard.
Mold, or
Mould.
Penciled, -ing,
Pencilled, -ling.
Rarefj',
Rarify.
Launch,
Lanch.
Molt, or
Moult.
Pennant,
Pennon.
Raspberry,
tRasberry.
Laureled,
Laurelled.
Moneyed,
Monied.
Pentahedral,
Pentaedral.
Rasure,
Razure.
Leaven,
tLevan.
Moneys, pi.
Monies.
Peony,
Paeony, Piony.
Rattan,
Ratau.
Lecher, -y, -ous.
tLetcher, -y, -ous.
Mongrel,
Mungrel.
Periled, -ing.
Perilled, -ling.
Raveled, -ing,
Ravelled, -lini;.
Lectum,
Lectern, Lettern.
Monkeys,
Monkies.
Peroxide,
Peroxid, -yd, -yde.
Raven (phinder).
Ravin.
Ledgment,
( Ledgement, Lege-
( ment, Ligement.
Mood (Gram.),
Mode.
Persimmon,
Persimon.
Raze, -ed, -ing,
Rase, -ed, -ing>
Moresque,
tMoresk.
Persistence,
Persistance.
Real (coin).
Rial, Ryal.
Ledger,
Leger.
Morris,
Morrice.
Pewit (Zo'dl.),
Pewet.
Rearward,
tRereward.
Leger, a,
Ledger.
Mortgageor, or 1
Mortgager, |
Mortgagor.
Phantasm,
Fantasm.
Recall,
Recal.
Legging, or
Leggin.
Phantom,
Fantom.
Recompense,
Recompence.
Lemming,
Leming.
Moslem,
Muslim.
Phenix,
Phoenix.
Reconnoiter, or
Reconnoitre.
Lettuce,
Lettice.
Mosque,
Mosk,
Phenomenon,
Phaenomenon.
Redoubt,
Redout.
Leveled, -ing, -er,
Levelled, -ling, -ler.
Mosquito,
( Musquito, Musketo,
( Musketoe, etc.
Philter, -ed, or
Philtre, -d.
Reenforce,
Reinforce.
Levogyratory, or
Laevogyratory.
Phosphureted, or
Phosphuretted.
Referable, or
Referrible.
Levorotatory, or
Laevorotatory.
Movable,
Moveable.
Phthisic,
Tisic.
Reflection,
Reflexion.
Libeled, -ing, etc.,
Libelled, -ling, etc.
Mullein,
Mullen.
Piaster, or
Piastre.
Reglet, or
Riglet.
c
H
K
^
XCVl
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Reindeer, J
Reinstall, -ment,
Relic,
Remiped,
Renard, or
Rencounter, or
Rennet, or
Replier,
Reposit,
Resin, and
Resistance, etc..
Restive, -ly, -ness,
Retch, to vomit.
Reveled, -ing, -er,
Reverie, or
Reversible,
Ribbon,
Rigor, -ous, etc..
Risk,
Rivaled, -ing.
Riveted, -ing,
Roc (Zool.\
Rodomontade,
Rondeau (Poetry), or
Ronion, or Ronyon,
Roquelaure, or '•
Rotunda,
Route,
Roweled, -ing,
Ruble, coin, or
Ruche, or
Ruddock {Zool.), or
Rummage,
Rumor, etc.,
Rye,
tRaindeer,
tRanedeer.
Reiustal, -ment.
Relique.
Remipede.
Reynard.
Rencontre.
Runnet.
Replyer.
Reposite.
Rosin.
IResistence.
tRestiff, tResty, etc.
Reach.
Revelled, -ling, -ler.
Revery.
Reversable.
Riband, Ribband.
Rigour, -ous, etc.
t Risque.
Rivalled, -ling.
Rivetted, -ting.
Rock, Rukh.
Rhodomontad*.
Rondo (Mus.).
Runnion.
( Roquelaur,
I Roquelo.
Rotundo.
Rout.
Rowelled, -ling.
Rouble.
Rouche.
Raddock.
1 Romage.
Rumour, etc
tRie.
Saber, -ed, etc., or
Sabian,
Sack but.
Sainfoin,
Salable,
Salam,
Salep, Saleb,
Salic,
Saltpeter, or
Sandaled,
Sandarach, or
Sandiver, or
Sanskrit, or
Sapajou,
Sapodilla,
Sarcenet, or
Sat,
Satchel,
Satinet,
Sauerkraut, or
Savanna,
Savior, or
Savor,
Scallop, -ed, -ing,
Seath, or
Scepter, -ed, or
Schist,
Schorl, or
Sciagraphy, or
Scion, or
Scirrhosity,
Scirrlius,
Scissors,
Sconce,
Scot-free,
Scow,
Scrawny,
Scythe,
Seamstress,
Sear,
Secretaryship,
Seethe,
Seidlitz,
Seignior,
Seigniorage, -ory,
Seine,
Seizin,
Seleniuret,
Seleniureted, or
Sellander,
Selvage, or
Sentinel,
Sentry,
Sepulcher, or
Sequin,
Sergeant, or
Set, n.,
Sevennight, or
Shad,
Shah,
Sliampoo,
Shard {def. 1),
Shawm, G''^
s.
Sabre, -d, etc.
Sabean, Sabasan.
Sagbut.
Saintfoin.
Saleable.
Salaam.
Salop, Saioop
Salique.
Saltpetre.
Sandalled.
Sandarac.
Sandever.
Sanscrit,
Sapajo.
( Sapadillo,
( Sappodilla.
Sarsenet.
Sate.
Sachel.
Satinett.
( Sourcrout,
) Sourkrout.
Savannah.
Saviour.
Savour.
Scollop, -ed, -ing.
Scathe.
Sceptre, -tred.
Shist.
Shorl.
Sciography.
Cion.
Skirrosity.
Skirrhus.
■fScissars.
Skonce.
tShot-free.
Skow.
Scrauny,
tSithe, Sythe, Scyth.
( tSemstress,
( Sempstress.
Sere.
Secretariahip.
tSeeth.
Sedlitz,
Signior, Signer,
Seignorage, -ory.
■fSeau,
Seisin.
Selenuret.
Seleniuretted.
Sellender.
Selvedge.
tCentinel.
tCeutry, tSentery,
Sepulchre.
Cbequin, Zechin.
Serjeant.
Sett.
Se'nnight.
Chad.
Schah.
Champoo.
Sherd.
-IShalm.
Sheathe, v.,
Sheik,
Sherbet,
Sherif,
Sherry,
Shill-I-Shall-I, or
Shore, n..
Shoveled, -er, -iug,
Show,
Shrillness,
Sliriveled, -ing.
Shuttlecock,
Shyly, -ness,
Sibyl,
Sidewise,
Siliceous, or
Sillabub, or
Silvan,
Simar,
Simoom, or
Singeing )
(fr. singe), f
Siphon,
Siren,
Sirloin, or
Sirup, or Syrup,
Sizar,
Skein,
Skeptic,
Skillful, -ly, -nesa.
Skill-less,
Skull, cranium.
Slabber,
Sleight,
Slyly, -ness,
Smallness,
Smell-less,
Smolder, or
Smooth,
Snapped, imp.,
Sniveler, -ing,
Socage,
Socle,
Solan goose.
Solder, etc., or
Soliped,
Solvable,
Somber, or
Somersault, 1
Somerset, )
Sonneteer,
Soothe, v..
Sorrel,
Souchong,
Spa,
Specter, or
Spelt,
Spew,
Spinach, or
Spinel,
Spirituous, or
Spite,
Splendor,
Sponge,
Sprite,
Spunk,
Spurt, or
Staddle,
Staid, a., -ly, )
-ness, )
Stanch, or
Stationery,
Steadfast,
Steelyard,
Stillness,
Stockade,
Story, a floor.
Strait, n., def. 2,
Strengthener,
Strew,
Strop, re.,
Stupefy,
Sty,
Style,
Styptic,
Subpoena,
Subtile, thin.
Subtle, artful.
Successor,
Succor,
Suite,
Suitor,
Sulphureted,
Sumac, or Sumach,
Supawn, or Sepawn
Superior,
Suretyship,
Surname,
Surprise, etc.,
Survivor, -ship.
Swab, -ber, etc.
Sheath,
j Shaik, Scheik,
\ Sheikli.
Scherbet, Sarbot.
( Scherif, Shereef,
1 Cherif.
tSherris.
Shilly-shally.
Shear.
( Shovelled, -ler.
I -ling.
Shew.
tShrihiess.
Shrivelled, -ling.
tShittlecock.
Shily, -ness.
Sybil.
Sideways.
Silicious.
Syllabub.
Sylvan.
{Cimare, Cymar,
Simare.
Simoon.
tSinging.
Syphon.
Syren.
Surloin.
Sirop.
Sizer.
tSkain, Skean.
Sceptic.
Skilful, -ly, -nesB.
Skilless.
tScuU.
Slobber.
Slight.
Slily, -ness.
tSmalness.
Smelless.
Smoulder.
tSmoothe.
Snapt.
Sniveller, -ling.
Soccage.
Zoele.
1 Soland goose, and
I Solund goose.
Soder, etc.
Solipede.
Solvible.
Sombre.
I Summersault,
( Summerset.
Sonnetteer.
■t Sooth.
Sorel.
Soochong.
Spaw, tSpaa.
Spectre.
Spalt.
Spue.
Spin age.
Spinelle.
Spiritous.
tSpight.
Splendour.
■•Spunge.
Spright.
Sponk.
Spirt.
Stadle.
I Stayed, a., -ly,
( -ness.
Staunch,
t Stationary.
tStedfast.
tStilyard.
"tStilness.
Stoccade.
Storey.
Straight.
Strengt liner,
tStraw.
Strap.
Stupify.
Stye.
Stile.
Stiptic.
Subpena.
Subtle,
Subtile,
tSuccessour.
Succour.
Suit, n.,
■f Suiter.
Sulphuretted.
Shumac.
Sepon.
tSuperiour.
Suretiship.
Simame.
Surprize, etc.
Surviver, -ship.
Swob, -ber, etc.
Swainmote,
Swap,
Swart, adj., or
Swathe, band- \
age, or )
Sweal, v., or
Swingeing (fr. )
swinge), )
Swiple,
Swollen,
Syenite,
Symploce,
Synonym,
Syphilis,
1 tSweinmote,
i Swanimote.
Swop.
Swarth.
Swath.
Swale.
I Swinging (cf. sing-
Swipel, Swipple.
Swoln.
Sienite.
Simploce.
Synonyme.
Siphilis.
T.
Tymbal,
Tyro.
TimbaL
Tiro.
u.
Umber, Umbre.
Unbiased, Unbiassed.
Unboweled, Unbowelled,
and others of the same elatit
Unroll, Unrol.
Until, Untill.
V.
Tabard, Tabert,
Tabbinet,
Tabor, etc..
Taffeta, or
Taifrail,
Talc,
Tallage, Talliage,
Tallnese,
Tambour,
Tambourine,
Tarantula,
Tarpaulin,
Tasseled, -ing,
Tasses, Tassets,
Taut (Nav.),
Tawny,
Tease, «
Teasel,
Teetotal,
Tellureted,
Tenable,
Tenor,
Tenuirostera,
Terror,
Tetrahedron,
Tetrastich,
Theater, or
Tliole,
Thorp,
Thraldom,
Thrash, or
Threshold,
Throe, n..
Ticking, n..
Tidbit,
Tie, n. & v..
Tier,
Tierce,
Tiger,
Timeous, or
Tincal,
Tingeing (fr. tinge)
Tinseled, or -ling,
Tithe,
Tole, to draw,
Tollbooth,
Ton,
Tonnage,
Tormentor,
Tourmaline,
Toweling,
Trammeled, -ing,
Tranquilize, or
Transferable,
Transference,
Transship, -ment,
Tiapan, a snare.
Traveler, -ed, -ing.
Traverse,
Travesty,
Treadle,
Trebuchet, or
Treenail,
Trestle, Tressel,
Tricolor,
Trigger,
Trihedral,
Trivet,
Trod,
Trousers, or
Troweled,
Tryst,
Tumbrel, or
Tumor,
Tunneled, -ing.
Turnip,
Turnsole,
Turquois,
Tutenag,
Tweedle,
Twibil,
Twingeing (fr. )
twinge), )
Taberd.
Tabinet.
Tabour, etc
Taffety.
Tafferel.
Talk, Talck.
Tailage, Taillage.
tTalness.
Tambor.
( Tambourin, Tam-
( borine, Tambarine.
Tarentula.
1 Tarpauling,
i Tarpawling.
Tasselled, -ling.
Tasces.
Taught.
Tawney.
Teaze.
Teasle, Teazle.
Teatotal.
Telluretted.
Tenible.
Tenour.
Tenuirostres.
tTerrour.
Tetraedron.
Tetrastic.
Theatre.
Thowl, Thowie,
Thorpe.
Thralldom.
Thresh.
Threshhold.
Throw.
Ticken.
Titbit.
Tye,
Tire.
Terce.
tTyger,
Timous.
Tinkal.
) Tinging (cf. sing-
I ing)-
Tinselled, -ling.
Tytlie.
Toll.
Tolbooth.
Tun.
Tunnage.
Tormenter.
( Tourmalin,
I Ttnrmaline.
Towelling.
Trammelled, -ling.
Tranquillize.
Transferrible.
Transferrence.
Tranship, -ment.
Trepan.
( Traveller, -led,
( -ling.
Travers.
Travestie.
Treddle.
Trebucket.
Trenail, Trennel.
Trussel.
Tricolour.
Tricker.
Triedral.
Trevet.
Trode.
Trowsers.
Trowelled.
Trist.
Tumbril.
Tiunour.
Tunnelled, -ling.
tTumep.
Tumsol.
Turkoie, Turcois.
Tutenague.
Twiddle.
Twibill.
( Twinging (cf. sing-
\ ing).
Valise,
Vallise.
Valor, -ous, -ously,
Valour, -ouB, -ouBly
Vantbrace,
( Vantbrass,
( Vambrace.
Vapor,
Vapour.
Vat,
tFat.
Vedette,
Vidette.
Veil,
Vail.
Vender, or
Vendor.
Venomous,
tVenemouB.
Veranda,
Verandah.
Verderer, or
Verderor.
Verdigris,
Verdegris,
Vermin,
tVennine,
Verat,
Werst.
Vertebra, Vertebei
■, Vertebre.
Vervain,
Vervine.
Vial,
Phial.
Vialed, -ing,
Vialled, -ling.
Vicious, -ly, -neea.
Vitious, -ly, -ness.
Victualed, -er, 1
-ing. )
( Victualled, -ler,
1 -ling.
Vigor, -ous, etc..
Vigour, -ous, etc.
ViUain, def. 1,
Villan, Villein.
Villainy, -ous, etc.
, Villany, -ous, etc
Viae,
Vice.
Visitor,
Visiter.
Visor,
Vizor.
Vitiate,
Viciate.
Vives,
Fives.
Vizier,
Visier, Vizir, Vi.;e«
Volcano,
tVulcano.
w.
Wadset,
Wadsett,
Wagon,
Waggon.
Waive, v. t..
Wave,
Wale, n.,def.\.
WeaL
Walrus,
WalrusB.
Warranter (Law),
Warrantor.
Warrior,
tWarriour,
Waul,
Wawl.
Waywode,
1 Vaivode, Voivode,
( Waiwode,Woiwode»
Wear, v. t. (Naut.
), Ware, Veer.
Weasand,
IWesand, IWezand.
Weir,
Wear, Wier.
Welsh,
Welch.
Whelk,
Welk.
Whippletree,
Whiffletree.
Whippoorwill,
Whippowill.
Whisky, or
Whiskey.
Whoop,
Hoop.
Whortleberry,
Hurtleberry.
Widgeon,
Wigeon.
Willful, -ly, -ness.
Wilful, -ly, -ness.
Windlass,
( tWindlace,
( tWindlas.
Wintry,
Wintery,
Wiry,
■tWiery.
Witch-hazel, and
Wych-hazeL
Withe, n..
With.
Wivern,
Wyvem,
Wizard,
Wisard.
Wizen,
Wizzen, Weazen..
Woe,
Wo.
Woeful,
Woful.
Wondrous,
WonderouB.
Woodbine,
Woodbind.
Woolen, -et.
WooUen, -et, -ettei
Worshiper, -ed, et<
!., Worshipper, -ped.
Wreck,
Wrack,
Wych-elm,
Witch-elm,
Y.
Yataghan,
Ataghan, Attaj^haa.
Taup,
Yaulp, Yawp.
Yawl, 7».,
Yaul.
Yolk,
Yelk.
Yttria, -um,
Ittria, -um.
z.
Zaffer,
( ZafEre,
\ tZaffir, tZaffai
Zinc,
tZink.
Zinciferous,
ZinkUeroua
Zonar,
Zonnar.
Zymic,
Zumic.
Zymometer,
Zumometer
LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS
RECOMMENDED BY THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON AND THE
AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.
By F. A. MARCH,
PROFESSOR IN LAFAYETTE COLLEGE.
[The following List of Amended Spellings, which are taken by permission from Volume XVII. of the Transactions of the American
Philological Association, with the rules by which they are indicated, is here inserted as the best result yet attained of the efforts made
for the purpose of reforming the spelling of large classes of English words. The changes suggested are in the way of simplifying
the spelling, removing redundancies, and more plainly indicating the pronunciation. These Amended Spellings have to recommend
them the authority of the large body of philological scholars in America and in England. — Editor.]
\l
The Philological Society of England and the American Philo-
logical Association took joint action on the amendment of English
spelling in 1883, and on the basis of it twenty-four joint rules wer
printed in the Proceedings of the American Association for that
year. It was known that the application of these rules was diffi-
cult, and that an alfabetic list of amended words must be made.
A pamflet of the English Society and a paper in the Transactions
of the American Association for 1881 ar official context for inter-
pretation. The purpose of the Associations is practical. The cor-
rections ar in the interest of etymological and historical truth,
and ar to be confined to words which the changes do not much
disguize from general readers.
In the following list, as in the twenty-four rules, many amend-
abl words hav been omitted for reasons such as these : (1) The
changed word would not be easily recognized, as nee for knee ; or
(2), letters ar left in strange positions, as in edg for edge, casq for
casque. (3) The word is of frequent use. Final g =:j, v, q, z,
and syllabic I and n, ar strange to our print but abundant in our
speech. Many of them ar in the list : hav,freez, singl, eatn, etc. ;
but iz for is, ou for of, and many other words, as wel as the final z
^ s of inflections, ar omitted. (4) The wrong sound is suggested,
as in vag for vague, acer for acre. (5) A valuabl distinction is
lost : casque to cask, dost to dust. (6) The derivation is obscured :
nun for none, dun for done, munth for month. (7) The change
leads in the wrong direction.
Webster's Academic Dictionary is the basis of the list, but un-
uzual words having a familiar change of ending, as -le to -I, and
simpl derivativs and inflections, ar often omitted. Words doubt-
ful in pronunciation or etymology, and words undecided by the
Associations, however araendabl, ar omitted. Words printed in
italics ar inflections, which do not uzually hav a vocabulary
place in our dictionaries.
The so-calld Twenty-four Joint Rules ar many of them lists of
words. The rules proper ar as follows : —
Ten Rules.
1. e. — Drop silent e when fonetically useless, writing -er
for -re, as in live, single, eaten, rained, theatre, etc.
9.
10.
ea. — Drop a from ea having the sound of e, as ia feather ,
leather, etc.
o. — For o having the sound of u in hut write u, in ahove
(abuv), tongue (tung), and the like.
ou. — Drop 0 from ou having the sound of u in hut, in trou-
ble, rough (I'uf), and the like ; for -our unaccented
write -or, as in honour.
u, ue. — Drop silent u after g before a, and in nativ English
words, and drop final ue : guard, guess, catalogue,
league, etc.
Dubl consonants may be simplified when fonetically
useless : bailiff (not hall, etc.), battle (batl), written
(writn), traveller, etc.
d. — Change d and ed final to t when so pronounced, as in
looked (lookt), etc., unless the e affects the preced-
ing sound, as in chafed, etc.
gh, ph. — Change gh and ph to / when so sounded : enough
(enuf), laughter (lafter), etc. ; phonetic (fonetic),
etc.
s. — Change s to z when so sounded, especially in dis-
tinctiv words and in -ise: abuse, verb (abuze),
advertise (advertize), etc.
t. — Drop t in tch : catch, pitch, etc.
The following is a synopsis of all the changes : —
au : a.
: 0.
-ive : IV.
sc- : s.
b dropt.
ff: f.
1 dropt.
: c.
bb:
b. g dropt.
-11 : 1.
: sk.
c : s.
SS-
S-
-le : 1.
-se : s.
ch : c.
gh:
g-
-nn : n.
: ze, z
: k.
gh dropt.
o : u.
-some : sum.
dd: d.
gh:
ck.
: i.
-tt : t.
d: t.
gh:
f.
ou : u.
tch : ch.
e dropt.
h dropt.
: 0.
u dropt.
ea : e.
i dropt.
p dropt.
ue dropt.
: a.
ie: i.
ph: f.
: u.
eau : eu.
: e.
: V.
-ve : V.
-ed : d, t.
-ine : in.
-rr : r.
w di-opt.
ei: i.
-ise : is.
-re : er.
y : i-
en : n.
ize.
B dropt.
-zz : z.
eo : e.
-ite : it.
: z.
ze : z.
A LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS.
A.
abandoned: abandond
abashed: abasid
abhorred: abhord
ablative : ablativ
-able, unaccented : -abl
abolishable : abolishabl
abolished: abolisht
abominable : abominabl
abortive : abortiv
above : abuv
abreast : abrest
absolve : absolv
absolved: absolvd
absorbable : absorbabl
absorbed: absorbd
absorptive : absorptiv
abstained: absiaind
abstractive ; abstractiv
abuse, v. : abuze
abusive : abusiv
accelerative : acceleratir
acceptable : acceptabl
accessible : accessibl
accommodative : accomodativ
accompaniment : accumpanimeut
accompany : accumpany
accomplished : accomplieht
accountable : accountabl
accumulative : accumulativ
accursed: accurs-ed, accurst
accusative : accusativ
accustomed: accustomd
acephalous: acefalous
ache, ake : ake
achievable : achievabl
achieve : achiev
achieved : achievd
acquirable ; acquirabl
acquisitive : acquisitiv
actionable : actionabl
active ; activ
adaptable : adaptabi
adaptive : adaptiv
add : ad
addle : adl
addled : odld
addressed: addrest
adhesive: adhesiv
adjective : adjsctiv
adjoined: adjoind
adjourn : adjum
adjourned : adjurnd
adjunctive : adjunctiv
adjustable : adjustabl
admeasure : admesure
administered : administerd
administrative : administrativ
admirable : admirabl
admissible : admissibl
admixed: admixt
admonished : admonishi
admonitive : admonitiv
adoptive: adoptiv
adorable : adorabl
adorned: adornd
adulterine : adulterin
adventuresome : adventuresum
adversative : adversativ
advertise, -ize : advertize
fxovii)
advertisement : advertizement,
advertizmeut
advisable : advizabl
advise ; advize
advisement ; advizement
advisory : advizory
adze, adz : adz
affable : affabl
affective : affectiv
aftirmable : affirmabl
affirmative: afflrmativ
affirmed: affirmd
affixed: affixl
afflictive : afflictiv
affront : affrunt
af ront, adv. : afrunt
agglutinative : agglutinativ
aggressive : aggressiv
XCVIU
A LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS.
aggrieye : aggriev
aggrieved : uggrievd
aghast : agast
agile : agil
agreeable : agreeabl
ahead : alied
ailed : aild
aimed : aimd
aired : aird
aisle : aile
alarmed: alantid
alienable : alienabl
alimentiveness : alimeutivuesa
allayed: alluyd
alliterative : alliterativ
allowable : allowabl
alloiced : ailowd
alloyed : alloyd
allusive : allusiv
alplia : alfa
alphabet : alfabet
already : alredy
alterable : alterabl
alterative : alteratlv
altered: allerd
alternative : alternativ
although : altho
aluniiue, alumin : alumin
amaranthine : amaranthin
amnssed: amast
amative : aniativ
amble : ambl
ambled: ambld
ambushed : ombushl
amenable : amenabl
amethystine : amethystin
amiable : amiabl
amicable : amicabl
amorphous : amorfous
amphibia: amfibia
amphibian: arafibian
amphibious : amfibious
amphibrach : amfibrach
amphitheater, -tre : amfitheater
ample : ampl
amplificative : amplificativ
amusive : aniusiv
anaglyph : anaglyf
analogue : analog
analyze, analyse : analyze
anapest, anap;sst : anapest
anclior : anker
anchorage : aukerage
ancliored : onkerd
angered: angerd
angle : angl
angled: angld
anguished : auguisht
anise : auis
ankle : ankl
annealed: unneald
annexed: annexi
annoyed: annoyd
annulled: annuld
answered : unswerd
anthropophagy : anthropofagy
anticipative : anticipativ
autiphony : antifony
antiphrasis : antifrasis
antistrophe : antistrofe
aphyllous : afyllous
apocalypse : apocalyps
apocrypha : apocryfa
apocryphal : apocryfal
apologue : apolog
apostle ; apostl
apostrophe : apostrofe
apostrophize : apostrofize
appalled: appalld
appareled, -elled : appareld
appealable : appealabl
appealed: appeald
appeared: appeard
appeasable : appeasabl
appellative : appellativ
appertained : appertaind
apple : apl
applicable : applicabl
applicative : applicatlv
appointive : appointiv
apportioned: apportiond
appreciable : appreciabl
appreciative : appreciativ
apprehensible : apprehensibl
apprehensive : appreheusiv
approachable : approachabl
approached : approacht
approvable : approvabl
approximative : approximativ
aquiline ; aqnilin, -ine
arable: arabl
arbitrable : arbitrabl
arbor, arbour : arbor
arched : archt
ardor, ardour : ardor
are : ar
argumentative : argumentativ
arise : arize
arisen : arizn
armor, armour : armor
armored, armoured: armord
arose : arose
arraigned : nrraignd
arrayed : arrayd
article : articl
artisan, artizan: artizan
asoestiue : asbestin
asceudable : ascendabl
ascertainable : ascertainabl
ascertained: ascertaind
ascribable : ascribabl
asphalt : asfalt
asphyxia : asfyxia
assailable : asaailabl
assailed: assnild
assayed: assayd
assemble : assembl
assembled : assenibld
assertive : assertiv
assessed : assest
assignable : assignabl
assigtied : assignd
assimilative : assimilativ
associable : associabl
associative : associativ
assumptive : assumptiv
astonished : astonisht
atmosphere : atmosfere
atmospheric : atmosferic
atrophy : atrofy
attached : attacht
attacked : attuckt
attainable : attuinabl
attained: attaind
attempered : attemperd
attentive : attentiv
attractive : attractiv
attributable : attributabl
attributive : attributiv
audible : audibl
augmentative : augmentativ
auricle : auricl
authoritative : authoritativ
autobiographer : autobiografer
autobiography : autobiografy
autograph : autograf
available : availabl
availed: availd
avalanche : avalanch
averred: averd
avoidable : avoidabl
avouched: avoucht
avowed: arowd
awakened: awakend
awe : aw
awed : awd
awsome, awesome ; awsum
ax, axe : ax
axle : axl
ay, aye : ay
B.
babble : babl
babbled: babld
backed : backt
backslidden : backslidn
bad, bade, pret. : bad
baffle: ball
baffled: bafld
bagatelle : bagatel
bailable : bailabl
bailed: baild
bailiff: bailif
baize : baiz
balked: balkt
balled: balld
banged : bangd
banished : banisht
bankable : bankabl
batiked: bankt
bantered: banterd
barbed: barbd
bareheaded : bareheded
bargained: bargaind
barnacle : barnacl
barreled, -elled : barreld
barreling, -elling : barreling
bartered: barterd
basked: baskt
batch : bach
battered: batterd
battle : bat!
battled: balld
bauble : baubl
bawled: bau-ld
bayoneted, -elled : bayoneted
beadle : beadl
beagle : beagl
beaked: beakt
beamed : beamd
bearable : bearabl
beaten : beatn
beauteous : beiiteoua
beautiful : beutiful
beautify : beutify
beauty : beuty
becalmed: becalmd
beckoned : beckond
become : becum
becoming : becuming
bedabble : bedabl
bedabbled: bedabld
bedecked: bedeckt
bedeviled, -tiled : bedevild
bedewed : bedeiod
bedimnied : bedinid
l>edragg]e : bedragl
bedraggled : bedragld
bedrenched : bedrencht
bedridden ; bedridn
bedropped : bedropt
bedstead : bedsted
beetle : beetl
beeves: beers
befallen : befalln
befell: befe'l
bcjooled : befoold
befouled : befould
befriend : befrend
begged: begd
begone : begon
begotten: begotn
beiiavior, -our : behavior
behead : belied
belabor, belabour: belabor
belabored, belaboured : belabord
belayed: helayd
belched: belcht
beldam, beldame: beldam
beleaguer : beleager
beleaguered : beleagerd
believable : believabl
believe : believ
believed: believd
belittle: belitl
belittled: beiitld
bell: bel
belled: beld
belonged: belongd
beloved : beliiv-ed, beluvd
bemoaned : bemoand
bemocked : beniockt
benumb : beuuni
benumbed : benumd
bequeathed : bequeathd
bi-reave : bereav
bereaved : bereavd
berhyme, berime: berime
beseemed: beseemd
besmeared : besnieurd
Ijespangle : bespangl
hesjiangled : bespangld
bespattered : bespalierd
bespread : bespred
besjirinkle : besprinkl
besprinkled : besprinkld
bestirred : heslird
bestowed : bestotvd
bestraddle : bestradl
be.straddled : bestradld
betrothed : betrolht
bettered : belterd
beveled, bevelled : heveld
beveling, bevelling: beveling
bewailed: benaild
bewildered: beivilderd
bewitch : bewich
bewitched : beuicht
bewrayed : bewrayd
biased, biassed: biast
bibliographer : bibliografer
bibliography : bibliografy
bicephalous : bicefalous
bickered : bicker d
bicolored, hicoloured : biculord
bilked: bilkt
bill: bil
billed: bild
binnacle : binnacl
binocle : binocl
biographer: biografer
biography : biografy
bissextile : bissextil
bister, bistre : bister
bitten : bitn
bivalve : bivalv
blabbed: blabd
blackballed : blackballd
blacked: blackt
blackened : blackend
blackguard : blackgard
black-lead : black-led
blackmailed : blackmaild
blamable : blamabl
blameworthy : blamewurthy
blanched : blancht
blandished : blandisht
blaspheme : blasfeme
blasphemous ; blasfemoua
blasphemy : blasfemy
bleached : bleachi
bleared : bleard
blemished : blemisht
blenched: blenchi
blende : blend
blessed, blest : bless-ed, blest
blindworm : blindwurm
blinked: biinkf
blistered: blisterd
blithesome : blithesum
blocked : blackt
blockhead : blockhed
blond, blonde : blond
bloomed : bloomd
blossomed : blossomd
blotch : bloch
blotched: blocht
blubbered : blubberd
blue-eyed : blue-eyd
bluff : bluf
bluffed : bin ft
blundered : blunderd
blunderhead : blunderhed
blurred: blurd
blushed: blusht
blustered : blusterd
boatable : boatabl
bobbed: bobd
bobtailed : bobtaild
bodyguard : bodygard
boggle : bogl
boggled : bogld
boiled: boild
bolthead : bolthed
bomb : bom
bombazine, -sine : bombazine
bombshell : bomshel
booked: bookt
bookworm : bookwurm
boomed: boomd
booze, boose : booz
boozy, boosy : boozy
bordered : borderd
borrowed : borrowd
bossed : bost
botch : boch
botched: bocht
bothered: botherd
bots, botts : bots
bottle : botl
bottled: botld
bowed: bowd
bowline : bowlin
boxed: boxt
hoxhavled : boxhauld
brachygraphy : brachygrafy
bragged: brugd
brained : braind
bramble : brambi
branched : brancht
brangle : brangl
brangled: brangld
brawled: brarvld
brayed: brayd
breached : breacht
bread : bred
breadth : bredth
breakfast : brekfast
breast : brest
breath : breth
breathable : breathabl
breathed : brealhd
breeched: breecht
breeze (wind) : breez
brewed: brewd
bricked : brickt
bridewell : bridewel
briefed: brief t
brighten : brightn
brightened : brighlend
brindle : brindl
brindled: brindld
bristled : bristld
brittle : britl
broached : broacht
broadened: broadnd
broiled : broild
bromine, bromin : bromin
bronze : bronz
browned : brownd
browse, browze, v. : browz
browse, n . : browse
brushed: brusht
bubble : bubl
bubbled: bubid
bucked: buckt
buckle : buckl
buckled: buckld
butf : buf
bull ; bul
bumble : bumbl
bumped : bumpt
bunched: buncht
bundle : bundl
bundled : bundld
bungle : bnngl
bungled : bungld
bur, burr : bur
burdened : burdnd
burdensome: burdensum
burg, burgh : burg
burger, burgher : burger
burled: burld
burnished: bumisht
burrowed : bv.rrowd
burthened: burthend
bushed: busht
buskined : buskind
bussed : bust
bustle : bustl
bustled: bustld
but, butt : but
but-end, butt-end : but-end
buttered: butterd
buttoned: buttond
buttressed : buttrest
buxom : buxum
buzz : buz
buszed: buzd
by, bye, n. : by
bygone : bygon
o.
caballed: cabald
cabined: cabind
cackle : cackl
cackled : cackld
cacography : cacogrr.fy
cacophony : cacolony
caitiff : caitif
calculable : calculabl
calendered : calenderd
caliber, -bre : caliber
calif, caliph, kalif , kaliph, etc.
calif or kalif
calked: calkt
called: calld
calligraphy : caligrafy
calve : calv
calved: calvd
camomile, cham- : camoQiile
camped.: campl
campheue : camfeue
camphor : camfor
canalled : canald
canceled, -elled : canceld
canceling, -elling: canceling
cancellation : cancelation
candle : candl
candor, candour : candor
cankered: cankerd
cantered: canterd
canticle : canticl
capered : caperd
captive : captiv
carbuncle : carbuncl
careened: careend
careered: careerd
caressed: carest
carminative : carminativ
caroled, -oiled: curold
caroling, -oiling : caroling
carped : carpt
caruncle : caruncl
carve : carv
carved : carvd
cashiered: cashierd
caste : cast
castle : castl
catalogue : catalog
catalogued: catalogd
cataloguer : cataloger
catastrophe : catastrofe
catch : each
catechise : catechize
catered: caterd
caterwauled: caterwauld
cattle : catl
caucused, -ussed : caucust
caucusing, -ussing : caucusing
caudle : caudl
causative : causativ
cauterise, -ize : cauterize
caviled, -illed : cavild
caviling, -illing: caviling
cawed : cawd
cayenne : cayen
ceased : ceast
cedrine : cedrin
ceiled: ceild
cell : eel
celled : celd
cenotaph : cenotaf
censurable : censurabl
center, centre : center
centred: centerd
centuple : centupl
cephalic : cefalic
cephalopod : cefalopod
cerography : cerografy
chaff : chaf
chaffed : chaft
chained : chaind
chaired : chaird
chalcography : chalcografy
chalked: chalkt
chambered : chamberd
championed : championd
changeable : changeabl
channeled, -elled : channeld
channeling, -elling : channeling
chapped : chapt
chargeable : chargeabi
charitable : charitabl
charmed : charmd
charred : chard,
chastened: chastend
chastise : chastize
chastisement : chastizment
chasuble : chasubl
chattered : chntterd
cheapened : cheapend
checked: checkt
cheered: cheerd
cherished : cherisht
chewed : chewd
chidden : chidn
chill: chil
chilled: chilld
chincough ; chincof
chipped : chipt
chirograph : chirograf
chirography : chirografy
chirped : chirpt
chirruped : chirrupl
A LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS.
XCIX
chiseled, -elled : ehis*ld
chiseling, -elling : chiseling
clUoride : clilorid
chlorine : cliloriu
clioler: coler
cholera: colera
choleric : coleric
chopped: cliopl
cliorography : chorografy
chose ; choze
chosen : chozen
chough : chuf
chronicle : chronicl
chronicled ; chronicld
chronograph : cluouogra£
chucked: chnkt
chuckle : chuckl
chuckled: churkld
chummed: chumd
churched: churcht
churned : churud
cimitar : see scimitar
cinder : sinder
cipher : cifer
cipherd : ciferd
circle : circl
circtnl : circid
circumcise : ciroumcize
circuinvolve : circumvolv
cissors, see scissors
citrine, citriu : citrin
clncktd : clackt
claimed: claimd
clamliered: clamberd
clamored: clnmord
clanked : clankt
clapped : clapt
clashed: clash!
clasped: claspt
classed: clast
clntlered: clatlerd
clavicle : clavicl
claued : clawd
cleaned: cleand
cleanliness: clenliness
cleanly: clenly
cleanse : clenz
cleansed : clcmd
cleared: clenrd
cleave : cleav
cleaved : cleavd
clerked: clerkt
clicked: clickt
climbed: climbd
clinched: clinchi
clinked : cHnkt
clipped: dipt
cloaked: cloaki
cloistered : cloisterd
close, V. : cloze
closet : clozet
closure : clozure
clongh : cluf
cloyed: cloyd
clubbed : clubd
clucked: cluckt
clustered : cluslerd
clutched: clucht
cluttered : cluiterd
coached: coachl
coactive : coactiv
coaled : coald
coaxed: coaxt
cobble : cobl
cobbled: cobid
cocked: cockt
cockle : cockl
coddle : codl
coddled : codld
coercive : coerciv
cogitative : cogitativ
cohesive : cohesiv
coined : coind
collapse : coUnps
collapsed : collapst
collared: collnrd
colleague : colleag
collective : collectiv
collusive : collusiv
color : culor
colorable : culorabl
colored : culord
loitered: colterd
combative : combativ
combed : combd
combustible ; combustibl
come : cum, cums
comelmess: cumlinesa
comely : cumly
comfit : cumfit
comfort : cumfort
comfortable : cumf ortabl
comforter : cumforter
coming: cuming
commendable : commendabl
comT!jr»^=iirable : commensurabl
commingle : commingl
commingled: commingld
commixed : commixt
communicative : communicativ
companion : oumpanion
companionable : cumpanionabl
companionship : cumpauionship
cmiipanv ; cumpany
compaiuble; comparabl
comparative : comparativ
compass : cumpass
compassed : cumpast
compatible : conipatibl
compelled : compeld
competitive : couipetitiv
complained : complaind
comportable ; comportabl
composite: composit
comprehensive : comprehensiv
compressed : comprest
compressible : compressibl
compressive : compressiv
compulsive : compulsiv
computable ; computabl
concealed: conceald
conceivable : conceivabl
conceive : conceiv
conceived: conceivd
conceptive : oonceptiv
concerned : concernd
concessive : concessiv
conclusive : conclusiv
concoctive : ooncoctiv
concurred : coucurd
concussive : concussiv
condensed : condenst
conducive : conduciv
confederntive : confederativ
conferred : conferd
confessed : confesf
confirmable : conhrmabl
confirmed : confirmd
contiseable : confiscabl
conformed : conformd
confront : confrunt
congealable : congealabl
congealed : congeuld
conglutiuative ; oonglutinativ
conjoined : conjoind
conjunctive : conjunctiv
connective : connectiv
consecutive : consecutiv
conservative : conservativ
conserve : conserv
considerable : considerabl
considered : considerd
consigned : consignd
consolable : consolabl
constable : cunstabl
constitutive : constitutiv
constrainable : constrainabl
constrained : constraind
constructive : constructiv
contemplative : contemplativ
contemptible : contemptibl
contractible : contractibl
contractile : contract!!
contributive : contributiv
controllable : controllabl
controlled: controld
conve rsed : con verst
conveyed: conveyd
conviucible r conviucibl
convoyed: convoyd
convulsive : convulsiv
cooed: cood
cooked : cookt
cooled: coold
cooped : coopt
copse : cops
copulative : copulativ
corked: corkt
corned : cornd
corrective : correctiv
correlative : correlativ
corroborative : corroborativ
corrosive : corrosiv
costive : costiv
cosy, cosey, cozy : cozy
couched: coucht
cough : cof
coughed: coft
coitld : coud
councilor, councillor : councilor
counselor, counsellor : counselor
counter-marched: -marcht
countersigned : countersignd
country : cuntry
couple : cupl, cupls
coupled : cupld
couplet : cuplet
coupling : cupling
courage : enrage
courageous : curageous
courteous ; curteous
courtesan : curtesan
courtesy : curtesy
cousin : cuzin
covenant : cuvenant
cover : cuver
covered : cuverd
covering : cuvenng
coverlet : cuverlec
covert : cuvert
coverture : cuverture
covet: cuvet
covetous : cuvetous
covey : cuvey
cowed: cowd
cowered: cowerd
cowled: cowld
cozen : cuzen
cozenage : cuzenage
cozy, cosy : cozy
G
cracked: crackt
crackle : crack]
crackled: crackld
crammed: cramd
cramped : crampt
crashed : crasht
crawled: crawld
creaked : creitkt
creamed : creamd
creased: creast
creative : creativ
credible : credibl
crimped : crinipt
criniple : crinipl
cnmpled : cnmpld
crinkle : crinkl
crinkled: crinkld
cripple : criul
crippled : cripld
crisped : crispt
criticise : criticize
croaked : croakt
crooked : crook-ed, crooki
crossed : erosi
croiched : crocht
crouched : croucht
crumb : cruni
crumbed : crumd
crumble : crumbl
crumbled: erumbld
crumple : crumpl
crumpled: citinipld
crushed: cruslU
crutch : cruch
crutched : crucht
cull ; cuf
cuffed : cvft
culled : cu'ld
culpable : culpabl
cultivable : cultivabl
cumbered: cumberd
cumbersome : cumbersum
cunmlative : cumulativ
cupped: cupt
curable : curabl
curative : curativ
curbed : curbd
curled : curld
cursed : curs-ed, curst
cursive : cursiv
curve : curv
curved: curvd
curvetting : curveting
cuticle : cuticl
cuttle-fish ; cutl-fish
dabbed: dabd
dabble : dabl
dabbled: dabld
dactyle : dactyl
daggle : dagl
daggled : dagld
dammed: damd
damnable : damnabl
damped: dampl
dandle : daudl
dandled : dandld
dandruff, dandriff : dandruf, dan-
drif
dangle : dangl
dangled: dangld
dapple : dapl
dappled : dapld
darkened : darkend
darksome : darksum
darned : damd
dashed : dasht
dative : dativ
daubed : daubd
dauphin : daufin
dawned : dawnd
dazzle : dazl
dazzled: dazld
dead : ded
deadened : dedend
deadening : dedening
deadly : dedly
deaf : def or deaf
deafened : defend
deafening: defening
deafness : def uess
dealt : delt
dearth : derth
death : deth
debarked : debarkt
debarred : debard
debatable : debatabl
debauched : debaucht
debt : det
debtor : detter
decalogue : decalog
decamped : decampi
decayed : decayd
deceased : deceast
deceive : deceiv
deceived: deceivd
deceptive: deceptiv
decipher : deciier
deciphered : deci/erd
decisive : decisiv
decked : deckt
declaimed : declaimd
declarative : declarativ
decolor : deculor
decolorize : deculorize
decorative : decorativ
decoyed : decoyd
decreased : decreast
decursive : decursiv
deducible : deducibl
deductive : deductiv
deemed : deemd
deepened : decpend
defeasible ; deleasibl
defective ; defectiv
defense, defence : defense
defensive : defensiv
definite : definit
definitive : defiuitiv
deformed : defornid
defrayed . defruyd
deleble : delebl
delectable ; delectabl
deliberative : deliberativ
delight : delite
delii/hted: delited
delivered : detiverd
dell : del
delusive : delusiv
demagogue : demagog
demandable ; demandabl
demeaned : demeand
demeanor, demeanour : demeanor
demesne ; demene
demolished : deniolishi
demonstrable : demonstrabl
demonstrative ; demonstrativ
dcTiominative : denominativ
deplorable : deplorabl
deployed : deployd
depressed ; deprest
depressive : depressiv
derisive : derisiv
derivative : derivativ
descriptive : descriptiv
deserve : deserv
designable : designabl
designed : designd
desirable : desirabl
despaired : despaird
despatch : despach
despicable : despicabl
despoiled : despoild
destroyed : destroyd
destructive : destructiv
detached : detacht
detailed : detaild
detained: delaind
detective : deteetiv
determinable : determinabl
determine : determin
determined : delermind
detersive : detersiv
develop, develope : develop
developed: developt
devisable : devizabl
devise : devize
devolve : devolv
devolved: devolvd
dewed : dewd
dialed, dialled : diald
dialing, dialling : dialing
dialist, diallist : dialist
dialogue : dialog
diaphanous : diafanous
diaphoretic ; diaforetic
diaphragm : diafragm
dicephalous : dicefalous
diffuse, V. : diffuze
diftusiljle : diffuzibl
diffusive : diflusiv
digestible : digestibl
digraph : digraf
digressive : digressiv
diminished : diminisht
dimmed: dimd
diminutive : diminutiv
dimple : dimpl
dimpled : dimpld
dingle : dingl
dimied : dind
dipped : dipt
directive : directiv
disabuse : disabuze
disagreeable : disagreeabl*
disappeared : disappeard
disarrayed : disarrayd
disavowed : disavow'd
disbelieve : disbeliev
disbelieved : disbelievd
disburden : disburdn
disburdened : disburdend
disbursed: disburst
discernible : discernibl
discerned : discernd
discipline : disciplin
disclaimed : disclaimd
disclose ; discloze
disclosure : disclozure
discolor : disculor
discolored, -oured : disculord
discomfit : discumfit
discomfort : discumfort
discourage : discurage
discourteous : discurteous
discourtesy : discurtesy
discover : discuver
discovered : discuverd
discovery : discuvery
discreditable : discreditabl
discriminative ; discrimiuativ
discursive ; discursiv
discussed: discust
discussive : discussiv
disdained : disdaind
disembarked : disembarkt
disembarrassed : disembarrasl
disemboweled : disemboweld
disentangle; disentangl
disentangled : disenUnigld
disesteemed disesteemd
disfavor, disfavour : disfavor
disfavored, disfavoured : disfa-
vord
disguise : disguize
dishearten : dishartn
disheartened : dishartnd
dished : disht
disheveled : disheveld
dishono7-ed, dislionoured : dis-
honord
disinterred : disinterd
disjunctive : disjunctiv
dismantle : dismantl
dismantled : dismanild
dismembered : dismemberd
dismissed : dismist
dismissive : dismissiv
dispatch : dispach
dispelled : dispeld
dispensable : dispensabl
dispensed : dispenst
dispersive; riispersiv
displayed : displayd
displeasure : displr-zure
displobive : displosiv
dispossessed : dispossest
disputable : disputabl
disreputable ; disreputabl
dissemble ; dissembl
dissembled : dissembld
dissoluble ; dissolubl
dissolvable ; dissolvabl
dissolve : dissolv
dissolved : dissolvd
dissuasive : dissuasiv
dissyllable : dissyllabl
distaff : distaf
disiained : distaind
distempered : distemperd
distensible : distensibl
distill, distil : distil
distilled : distild
distinctive : distinctiv
distinguishable : distinguishabl
distinguished : distinguish!
distractive : distractiv
distrained : distraind
distressed : distrest
distributive : riistributiv
disturbed : disturbd
disuse, V. : disuze
ditched : dicht
divisible : divisibl
docile : docil
docked : dockt
doctrine : doctrin
doff: dof
doffed : doft
doll : dol
dolphin : dolfin
domicile : domicil
domiciled : domicild
donative : donativ
double : dubl, duals
doubled : dubld
doublet ; dublet
doubloon : dubloon
doubt : dout
doubtful : doutful
dove : duv
dowered : dowerd
dozen : duzn
drabble : drabl
draff : draf
draft, draught : draft
dragged : dragd
draggle : dragl
draggled : drogld
dragooned : dragoovd
draught, dralt : draft
dread : dred
dreadful : dredful
dreamed : dreamd
dreamt : dremt
dredged : dredgd
drenched : drencht
dressed : drest
dribble : dribl
dribbled : dribld
driblet, dribblet : driblei
drill : dril
drilled : drild
dripped : dript
driven : drivn
drizzle : drizl
drizzled : drizld
dropped : dropt
drowned : drownd
B
D
H
K
M
A LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS.
drugged : dnigd
drummed: drumd
ducked : duckt
ductile : ductil
duelist, duellist : duelist
dull : dul, duls
dulled: d>ild
dumb : dum
durable : durabi
dutiable : dutiabl
dwarfed : dwarf t
dwell : dwel
dwelled, dwelt : dioelt
dwindle : dwindi
dwindled : dwindld
E.
eagle : eagl
cared : card
earl : erl
early ; erly
earn : ern
earned : enid
earnest : eriiest
earniugs : eruinga
earth : erth
earthen ; erthen
earthling ; erthling
earthly : erthly
eatable : eatabl
eale7i : eain
ebb : eb
ebbed : ebd
eclipse : eclipa
eclipsed: eclipst
eclogue : eclog
-erf = d : d
-ed = t:t
edged : edgd
ettable : effabl
elf ective : etfectlv
efectual : effectual
effrontery : effruntery
effuse : effuze
effusive : effusiv
egg : eg
egged : egd
elapse : elaps
elapsed : elupst
elective : electiv
electrifiable ; electrifiabl
eleven : elevn
eligible : eligibl
ellipse ; ellips
elusive : elusiv
embarked : embarkt
embarrassed : embarrast
embellished : evibellisht
embezzle : embezl
embezzled: embezld
embossed : enibost
emboweled, embowelled : embow-
eld
embou-ered: embowerd
embroidered : embroiderd
embroiled: embroild
emphasis : emfasis
emphasize : eml'asize
emphatic ; emfatie
employed : employd
empurple : empurpl
emulsive : eraulsiv
enactive ; enactiv
e7iameled, enamelled : enameld
encamped : encampt
encircle : encircl
encircled : encircld
encompass : encumpas
encompassed : encumpast
encountered: encounterd
encourage : encurage
encroached: encroacht
encumbered: encumberd
endeared : endeard
endeavor, endeavour : endevor
endeavored, endeavoured: endev-
ord
endowed: endnwd
endurable : endurabl
enfeeble : enfeebl
enfeebled : enfeebld
enfeoff: enfef
enfeoffed : en f eft
engendered : engenderd
engine : engiu
enginery : enginry
engrained : engraind
engulfed : engulft
enjoyed : enjoyd
enkindle : enkindl
enough : enuf
enravished: enravisht
enriched. : enricht
enroll, enrol : enrol
enrolled : en raid
ensanguine : ensanguin
ensealed : ensrald
entailed: enlaild
entangle : entangl
entangled : entangld
entered: enterd
entertained : enlertaind
entrance, v. : entranse
entranced : entrunst
entrapped : entrapt
enunciative : euuuciativ
enveloped : envelopt
envenomed : envenomd
epaulet, epaulette : epaulet
ephemera : efemera
ephemeral : efemeral
epigraph : epigraf
epilogue : epilog
epitaph : epitaf
equable : equabl
equaled, equalled : equald
equipped: equipt
equitable : equitabl
erasable : erasabl
ermine : ermin
erosive : erosiv
err : er
erred : erd
eruptive : eruptiv
eschewed: eschewd
established : establisht
estimable : estimabl
etch : ech
etched : echt
euphemism : eufemism
euphemistic : eufemistic
euplionic : eufonic
eupliony : eufony
euphuism; eufuism
evasive : evasiv
evincive : evinciv
evitable : evitabl
evolve : evolv
evolved: evolrd
examine : exauiin
examined: examind
exceptionable : exceptionabl
excessive : excessiv
excitable : exeitabl
exclusive : exclusiv
excretive : excretiv
excursive : excursiv
excusable : excuzabl
excuse, v. : excuze
execrable : execrabl
executive : executiv
exercise : exercize
exhaustible : exhaustibl
exorcise : exorcize
expansible : expansibl
expansive : expansiv
expelled : expeld
expensive : expensiv
expiable : expiabl
explainable : explainabl
explained: explaind
expletive : expletiv
explicative : explicativ
explosive : explosiv
expressed : exprest
expressive : expressiv
expugnable : expugnabl
expulsive : expulsiv
exquisite : exquisit
extensible : extensibl
extensive : extensiv
extivguished : extinguisht
extolled: extold
extractive : extractiv
extricable : extricabl
eye : ey
factitive : factitiv
fagged : fagd
failed : faild
fallible: fallibl
faltered : falterd
famine : famin
famished : faniisht
farewell : farewel
farmed: farmd
fascicle : fascicl
fashionable : fashionabl
fashioned : fashiond
fastened : fastend
fathered : fatherd
fathomed : fathomd
fathomable : fathomabl
fattened : f attend
favor, favour : favor
favored : favord
favorite : favorit
f aimed: fawnd
feared : feard
feasible : feasibl
feather : fether
feathered : fetherd
feathery : fethery
febrile : febril
federative : federativ
feeble : feebl
feign : fein
feigned : feind
feminine ; feminin
fence : fense
fermentative : fermentativ
fertile : fertil
festive : festiv
fetch : fech
fetched: fecht
fevered : feverd
fiber, fibre : fiber
fiibered : fiberd
fibrine : fibrin
fickle : fickl
fiddle: fidl
fiddled : fidtd
fidgeting, fidgetting : fidgeting
fierce : fierse
filched: filcht
fill: fil
filled : fild
filliped : fillipt
filtered : filterd
fingered : fingerd
finished : finisht
fished: fisht
fissile : flseil
fixed: fixt
fizz : fiz
fiizzed : fizd
flagged : flagd
flapped : flapt
flashed : flashl
flattened : flattend
flattered : flallerd
flavor, flavour : flavor
flavored, flavoured: flavord
flawed : flawd
fledged : fledgd
fleered : fleerd
fleshed : flesht
flexible : flexibl
flexile : flexil
flinched - flincht
flogged : flagd
floored : floord
floundered : flnunderd
flourish : flurish
flourished : flni'isht
flushed : flushi
flustered : flusterd
fluttered : flutterd
fluxed : fluxt
rtuxible : fluxibl
foaled : foald
foamed : foumd
fobbed : fobd
focused : focust
foible : foibl
faded: foild
followed : folloiod
fondle : fondl
fondled : fondld
fooled : foold
forbade : forbad
forbidden ; forbidn
forcible : forcibl
foregone : f Oregon
forehead : forhed
foreign : foren
foreigner : forener
forewarned : forewarnd
forgive : forgiv
forgiveness ; forgivness
forgone : f organ
formative : formativ
formed : formd
formidable : formidabl
fosse, foss : foss
fostered : fosterd
fouled : fmdd
foundered : founderd
foxed : foxt
fragile : fragil
freckle : f reckl
freckled : freckld
freeze : freez
freshened: freshend
fribble : f ribbl
friend : frend
frieze : friez
frightened : frightend
frill: fril
frilled : frild
frisked : friskt
frittered : fritterd
frizz : friz
frizzed : frizd
frizzle : frizl
frizzled : frizld
frolicked : frolickl
frolicsome : frolicsum
front : frunt
frowned : frownd
fugitive ; fugitiv
fulfill, fulfil : fulfil
fulfilled : fulfild
full: ful
fulled : fidd
fulsome : fulsum
fumble : f umbl
fumbled : fumbld
furbished : furbisht
furled : furld
furlough : furlo
furloughed : furloed
furnished : furnisht
furthered : furtherd
furtive : furtiv
furze : furz
fuse : fuze
fusible : fuzibl
fusion : fuzion
fussed : fust
futile : futil
fuzz : fuz
G.
gabbed: gabd
gabble : gabl
gabbled: gabbld
gaff: gaf
gaffle : gafl
gagged: gagd
ga ined : gaind
galled: guild
gamble : gambl
gambled: gambld
gamesome : gamesutn
garble : garbl
garbled : garbld
gardened : gardend
gargle : gargl
gargled: gargld
garnered: garnerd
gashed : gasht
gasped: gaspt
gauze : gauz
gazelle, gazel : gazel
gazette : gazet
gelatine, gelatin : gelatin
gendered: genderd
genitive : genitiv
gentle : gentl
gentleman : gentlman
genuine : genuin
geographer : geografer
geographic : geografic
geography: geografy
ghastliness : gastlineas
ghastly : gastly
ghost : gost
giggle : gigl
gill: gil
girfUe : girdl
girdled : girdld
give: giv
given : givn
gladsome : gladsum
gleamed : gleamd
gleaned: gleand
glimpse : g'.imps
glimpsed: glimpst
glistered : glisterd
glittered : glitterd
gloomed: gtoomd
glycerine, glycerin : glycerin
glyph : glyf
gnarled: gnarld
gnawed: gnaud
gobble : gobl
gobbled : gobld
godhead : godhed
goggle : gogl
goggled : gogld
goiter, goitre : goiter
gone : gon
good-by, good-bye : good-by
gotten : gotn
govern : guvem
governed : guvernd
governess : guvernesa
government : guvernment
governor : guveruor
grabbed : grabd
graff : graf
grained : graind
granite : granit
grasped: graspt
grease, v. : greaz, greaae
greased : greazd, greast
griddle : gridl
grieve : griev
grieved : grievd
grill : gril
grilled : grild
gripped : gript
grizzle : grizl
grizzled : grizld
groomed : groonid
groove : groov
grooved: groovd
grouped : groupt
groveled: groveld
growled : growld
grubbed : grubd
grudged : grudgd
grumble : grumbl
grumbled : grumbld
guarantee : garaiitee
guaranty : garanty
guard : gard
guardian . gardian
guess : gess
guessed: gest
guest : gest
guild : gild
guilt : gilt
guilty : gilty
guise : guize
gxdfed: gulft
gulped : gtilpt
gurgle: gurgl
gurgled: gurgld
gushed : gusht
guzzle : guzl
guzzled : guzld
H.
habitable : habltabl
hacked : hackt
hackle : hackl
hackled: hackld
haggle : hagl
haggled : hagld
hailed: haild
hallowed: halloicd
haltered : hallerd
halve : halv, halvs
halved: halvd
hampered : hamperd
handcuff : handcuf
handcuffed : handcuft
handsome : handsum
hanged: hangd
happed: hapt
happened : happend
harangue : harang
harangued: harcngd
harassed: harast
harbor, harbour : harbor
harbored, harboured : harbord-
harked : harkt
harmed : harmd
harnessed: /larnest
harped: harpt
harrowed : harrowd
hashed : hasht
hatch : hach
hatched : hacht
hatchment : hachment
haughty : hauty
hauled : hauld
have : hav
havock, havoc : havoc-
havocked: havockt
hawked: hawkt
head : hed
headache : hedake
headland : hedland
headlong : hedlong
healed: heald
health : helth
healthy : helthy
heaped: heapt
heard: herd
hearken : barken
hearkened: harkend
hearse : herse
hearsed: herst
heart : hart
hearth : harth
hearty : harty
heather : hether
heave : heav
heaved: heavd
heaven: heven
heaves : heavs
heavy : hevy
hedged: hedgd
heeled : heeld
heifer : hefer
heightened : heightend
hell: hel
helped: helpt
helve : helv
hence : hense
hermaphrodite : hermaf rodite-
hiccough, hiccup : hiccof,
hiccup
hiccoughed, hiccupped: hiccof t^
hiccupt
hidden : hidn
hill: hil
hilled: hild
hindered : hinderd
hipped: hipt
hissed: hist
hitch : hich
hatched: hicht
hobble : hobl
homestead : homested
honey: huney
honeyed : huneyd
honied : hunied
honor, honour : honor
honorable, honourable : honor-
abl
honored, honoured: honord
hoodwinked : hoodwinkt
hoofed : hooft
hooked: hookt
hooped: hoopt
hooping-cough : hooping-cot
hopped: hopt
horned : hornd
horbgraphy : horografy
horrible : horribl
horsed : horst
hortative : hortativ
A LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS.
ci
hospitable : hospitabi
hough, hock : hock
house, V. : houz
housed : houzd
housing : hoiiziiig
howled: howld
huff: huf
Jiuffed: hnft
hugged: hiigd
hiunble : humbl
humbled: liumbld
liumor, humour : humor
humored, humoured: humord
humped: humpt
husked: huski
hustle : hustl
hustled • hustld
hutch : huch
hulched : hucht
hydrography : liydrografy
hydrophobia : hydrofobia
hyphen : hyfen
hyphened: hyfend
hypocrite : bypocrit
icicle : icicl
iU: il
illative : illativ
illness : iluess
illusive : illusiv
illustrative : illustrativ
imaginable : imaginabl
imaginative : imagiuativ
imagine : imagin
imagined : imagmd
imbecile : imbecil
inibittered: imbitterd
imbrowned : imbrownd
imitative : imitativ
immeasurable : imniezurabl
impaired: impaird
impassive : impassiv
impeached : impeacht
impelled : impeld
imperative : imperativ
imperilled : imperild
implacable : implacabl
impossible : impossibl
impoverished : impoverisht
impressed: imprest
impressive : impressiv
impulsive : impulsiv
inaccessible : iuaccessibl
inactive: inactiv
incensed : incenst
incentive : incentiv
inceptive : iuceptiv
inclose : incloze
inclusive : inclusiv
increased: incre.ast
incurred: inciird
indexed : indext
indicative : indicativ
indorsed: indorst
inferred: inferd
infinite : infiiiit
infixed: i/tfixt
inflective : inflectiv
inflexive : inflexiv
informed: informd
infuse : infuze
inked : inkt
inn : in
inned : iiid
inquisitive : inquisitiv
installed: installd
instead : insted
instinctive : instinctiv
instructive : instructiv
inteUigible : intelligibl
interleave ; interleav
interleaved : interleavd
interlinked : inierlinki
intermeddle : intermedl
interrogative : interrogativ
interspersed : intersperst
intestine : intestin
intrusive : intrusiv
inurned: inurnd
invective : invectiv
inventive : inveutiv
involve : involv
involved : involvd
inweave : inweav
inwrapped . inwrapt
iodine : iodin
irksome : irksum
irritative : irritativ
island : iland
isle : ile
islet : ilet
itch : ich
itched; icht
iterative : iterativ
jabbered : jabberd
jail, gaol : jail
jailed : jaild
jammed: jamd
jarred : jard
jasmine : jasmin
jealous : jelous
jealousy : jelousy
jeered : jeerd
jeopard : jepard
jeopardy : jepardy
jerked : jerkt
jessamine : jessamin
jibbed : jibd
joggle: jogl
joggled : jogld
joitied : joind
jostle : jostl
jostled : jostld
journal : jurnal
journalism : jurualism
journalist ; jurnalist
journey : jurney
journeyed : joumeyd
joust, just : just
judicative : judicativ
juggle: jugl
juggled : jugld
jumble ; jumbl
jumbled : jumbld
jungle : jungl
justifiable : justifiabl
juvenile : juveuil
keelhauled : keelhauld
kettle: ketl
key, quay : key
kidnapped : kidnapt
kill: kil
killed: kild
kindle ; kindl
kindled: kiyidld
kissed: kist
kitchen : kichen
knell : knel
knuckle : knuckl
knuckled: knuckid
labor, labour : labor
labored, laboured : labord
lacked: lackt
lamb : lam
lanched: lancht
languished : languisht
lapse : laps
lapsed: lapst
lashed: lasht
latch : lach
latched: lacht
lathered : latherd
laudable : laudabl
laugh : laf
laughable : lafabl
laughed: lajl
laughter : lafter
launched: launcht
laxative : laxativ
lead {metal) : led
leaden : ledeu
league : leag
leagued: leagd
leaked: leakt
leaned: leand, lent
leaped, leapt : leapt, lept
learn : lern
learned : lern-ed, lernd
learning : lerning
learnt: lerni
leased: least
leather : lether
leathern : lethern
leave : leav
leaven : leven
leavened : levend
leered: leerd
legible : legibl
legislative : legislativ
lenitive : lenitiv
leopard : lepard
lessened: lessend
leveled, levelled : leveld
leveling, levelling : leveling
lexicographer : lexicografer
lexicography : lexicografy
liable : liabl
libeled, libelled : libeld
libertine : libertin
licensed: licenst
lighten : lightu
lightened : lightnd
limb : lim
lipped : lipt
lisped: lispt
limped : limpt
listeiied : listend
lithograph : lithograf
lithographed : lithografi
lithographer : lithografer
lithography : lithografy
little: litl
live ; liv
lived: livd
livelong : livlong
loathsome : loathsum
locked : lockt
loitered: loiterd
looked : lookt
loomed: loomd
looped: loopt
loosed: host
loosened: loosend
lopped : lopt
lovable : luvabl
love : luv
loved: luvd
lovely : luvly
lucrative : lucrativ
luff: luf
luffed: luft
lull: lul
lulled: luld
lumped: lumpt
lustre, luster : luster
lymph : lymf
lymphatic : lymfatic
lynched: lyncht
M.
mailed: maild
maimed: maimd
maintained: maintaind
maize : maiz
malleable : malleabl
mailed : malld
manacle : manacl
maneuver, ruanoeuvre : maneuver
maneuvered,manoeuvred: maneu-
verd
marched: marchi
marked: markt
marveled, marvelled : murveld
marvelous, marvellous : marvel-
0U3
masculine : masculin
masked: maskt
massive : massiv
mastered: maslerd
match : mach
matched: macht
materialise, materialize : materi-
alize
meadow : medow
meager, meagre : meager
meant : ment
measles : measls
measurable : mezurabl
measure : mezure
measured: mezured
meddle : medl
vied died: medld
meddlesome : medlsum
medicine : mediciu
meditative : meditativ
melancholy : melancoly
memorable : memorabl
memorialise, memorialize : memo-
rialize
mephitic : mefitic
mephitis : mefitis
mercantile : mercantil
merchandise : merchandize
merchantable : merchautabl
merged: mergd
meshed: mesht
messed: mest
metamorphose : metamorfose
metamorphosis : metamorfosis
metaphysics : metafysics
metre, meter : meter
mettle : metl
mettled : metld
mettlesome : metlsum
mewled : mewld
middle : midl
middling : midling
mildewed : mildewd
mill : mil
milled: mild
mimicked : mimickt
miracle : niiracl
misbecome : misbecum
miserable : miserabl
misgive : misgiv
missile : missil
missive : missiv
mistletoe : mistltoe
misuse, v. : misuze
mitre, miter : miter
mocked: mockt
money ; muuey
monitive : monitiv
monk : munk
monkey : munkey
monkish : munkish
monograph : monograf
monologue : mouolog
monosyllable : monosyllabl
moored : moord
mossed: most
motive : motiv
mouse, V. : mouz
mouser : mouzer
movable : movabl
mowed: mowd
muddle : mudl
muff : muf
muffed : muft
muffle : muti
muffled: mufld
mulched : mulcht
munible : mumbl
mumbled: mumbld
munched : niuncht
murdered : murderd
murmured : murmurd
muscle : muscl
mutable : mutabl
muzzle ; muzl
muzzled: muzld
myrtle : myrtl
N.
nabbed : nabd
nailed: naild
naphtha : naptha, naftha
narrative : narrativ
narrowed : narrowd
native : nativ
neared : neard
needle : needl
negative : negativ
nephew : nevew, nefew
nephritic : nef ritic
nerve : nerv
nerved: nervd
nestle : nestl
nestled : nestld
nettle : netl
neutralise : neutralize
newfangled : newfangld
newfashioned : newfasbiond
nibble : nibl
nibbled : nibld
nicked: nickt
nipple : uipl
nitre, niter : niter
noddle : nodi
nominative : nominativ
notable : notabl
notch : noch
notched : nocht
nourish : nurish
nourished : nurisht
nozzle, nosle ; nozl
nubile : nubil
null : nul
numb : num
numskull : numskul
nursed : nurst
nutritive : nutritiv
nuzzle : nuzl
nymph : nymf
oaken : oaken
objective : objectir
observable : observabl
observe : observ
observed : observd
obtainable : obtainabl
obtained : obtaind
obtrusive : obtrusiv
occurred : occurd
odd : od
offence, offense : offense
offensive : offensiv
offered: offerd
ogre, oger : oger
olive : oliv
once : onse
ooze : ooz
oozed : oozd
opened : opend
ophidian : ofidian
ophthalmic : ofthalmic
ophthalmy : ofthalmy
opposite : opposit
opjnessed: oppi'cst
oppressive : oppressiv
optative : optativ
oracle : oracl
orbed : orbd
ordered : orderd
organise, organize : organize
orphan : orfan
orthographer : orthografer
orthographic : orthografic
orthography : orthografy
ostracise, ostracize : ostracize
outlive : outliv
outspread : outspred
outstretch : outstrech
outstretched : outstrechi
outwalked: outwalkt
overawe : overaw
overawed : overawd
overpassed : overpast
overspread : overspred
owe : ow
owed : owd
owned : ownd
oxide, oxid : oxid
packed : packt
pack-thread : pack-thred
paddle : padl
paddled : padld
padlocked : padlockt
pained : poind
paired : paird
palaeography : palaeografy
palatable : palatabl
palatine : palatin
palled : palld
palliative . palliativ
palmed : palmd
palpable : palpabl
paltered : palterd
pampered : pamperd
pamphlet : pamflet
pandered: panderd
paneled, panelled : paneld
panicle : panicl
panicled : panicld
pantograph : pantograf
papered : paperd
parable : parabl
paragraph : paragraf
paragraphed : paragraft
paralleled : paralleld
paranymph : paranymf
paraphernalia ; parafernalla
paraphrase : parafrase
paraphrast : parafrast
parboiled : parboild
parceled, parcelled : parceld
parched : parcht
pardonable : pardonabl
pardoned : pardond
parleyed : parleyd
parliament : parlament
parsed : parst
partible : partibl
participle : participl
particle : particl
partitive : partitiv
passable : passabl
])assed, past : past
passive : passiv
patch : pach
patched : pacht
patrolled : patrold
patterned : patternd
pavilioned : paviliond
pawed : pawd
pawned : pawnd
payable : payabl
peaceable : peaceabl
peached : peacht
pealed : peald
pearl : perl
peasant : pezant
peasantry : pezantrjA
pease, peas : peas
pebble : pebl
peccable : peccabl
pecked : peckt
pedagogue : pedagog
peddle : pedl
peddled. : pedld
peddler : pedler
peduncle : pedunol
peeled : peeld
jjeeped : peepit
peered : peerd
pegged : pegd
pell : pel
pellicle : pellicl
pell-mell : pel-mel
pence : pense
pencilled, penciled : pendld
penetrable : penetrabl
penetrative : penetrativ
penned : pend
pensile : pensil
pensioned, : pensiond
pensive : pensiv
people : peplc
peppered : jicpperd
perceivable : perceivabl
perceive : perceiv
perceived : perceivd
perceptible : perceptibl
perceptive : perceptiv
M.
Cll
A LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS.
perched : percht
perfectible ; perfectibl
perfective : perfectiv
perforative : pevforativ
performable : performabl
performed: perform d
perilled, periled : perild
periphery : perifery
periphrase : perifrase
periplirastic : perifrastic
perishable : perishabl
perished : perish I
periwigged : periivigd
periwinkle ; perivviukl
perked : perkt
permeable : permeabl
permissible : permissibl
permissive : permissiv
perplexed: perplex!
perquisite : perquisit
personable : personabl
perspective : perspectiv
perspirable : perspirabl
persuadable : persuadabl
persuasive : persuasiv
pertained : pertnind
perturbed : perturbd
pervasive : pervasiv
perversive : perversiv
pervertible : pervertibl
pestered : pesterd
pestle : pestl
petit, petty : petty
petitioned : petitiond
petrifactive : petrifactiv
ph: f
phaeton : faeton
pliahusterian : falansterian
phalanstery : falanstery
phalanx ; falanx
phantasm : fantasm
phantasmagoria : fastasmagoria
phantom : fantom
pliarmacy : farmacy
pharynx : farynx
pliase : fase
piieasant : fezant
phenix : fenix
phenomenal : fenomecal
phenomenon : fenomenon
phial, vial : fial, vial
philander : filander
philanthropic : filanthropic
philanthropist : filantliropist
philanthropy : filanthropy
philharmonic : lilharmonic
philippic : filippio
philologer : filologer
philological : filological
philologist : filologist
philology : filology
pliilomel : filomel
philopena ; filopena
philosopher : iilosofer
philosophic ; filosofic
philosophize : iilosofize
philosophy : filosofy
phlebotomy flebotomy
phlegm : iiegm
phlegmatic : flegmatic
phlox : flox
phoenix, plienix : foenix, fenix
phonetic ; f onetic
phonetist : fonetist
phonic : fonic
phonograph : fonograf
phonographer : fonografer
plionographic : fonografic
phonography : fouografy
phonologic : fonologic
phonologist: fonoiogist
plionology : fonology
phonotypy : fonotypy
phosphate : fosfate
phosphoric : fosforic
phosphorus : f osforus
photograph : f otograf
photograplied : fotograft
photographer ; fotografer
photographic : fotografic
photography : fotografy
photometer : fotometer
photometry : f otometry
phototype : fctotype
phrase : frase
phraseology ; fraseology
phrenologist : Irenologlst
phrenology ; frenology
phrensy, frenzy: frenzy
phylactery : fylactery
physic ; fysic
physical : fysical
physician : fysician
physicist ; fysicist
p/ti/sicled : fysicld
pliysics : fysics
physiognomist : fysiognomist
pliysiognomy : fysiognomy
physiologic : fysiologic
physiologist: fysiologist
physiology : fysiology
phytography : fytografy
phytology : t'ytology
picked: picli
pickle : pickl
pickled: pickld
picnicked : picnickt
pilfered : pilferd
pill : pil
pilloiced : pillowd
pimped: pimpt
pimple : pinipl
pimpled: pimpld
pinned : pind
pinched: pincht
pinioned: piniond
pinked : pinkt
pinnacle : pinnacl
pintle : pintl
pioneered: pioneerd
pished: pisht
pitch ; pich
pitched : picht
pitcher ; picher
pitchy : pichy
pitiable : pitiabi
placable : placabl
plained: plaind
plaintiff : plaintif
plaintive ; plaintiv
planked : plankt
planned: plund
plashed : plasht
plastered: plasterd
plausible: plausibl
plausive : plausiv
played: ptayd
pleasant : plezant
pleasurable : plezurabl
pleasure : plezure
pledged: pledgd
pliable : pliabl
plough, plow : plow
plover : pluver
plow ; see plough
plowable : plowabl
plowed: plowd
plucked: pluckt
plugged : plugd
plumb : plum
plumbed : plumd
plumber, plummer : plummer
plumbing, plumming : plumming
plumb-line : plum-liue
plumped : plnmpt
plundered: plunderd
poached : poacht
poisoned : poisond
polished : polisht
polygraph : polygraf
polygraphy : polygrafy
polysyllable : polysyllabl
pommel, pummel : pummel
pommeled : piimmeld
ponderable : ponderabl
pondered : ponderd
pontiff : pontif
poodle : poodl
popped : popt
porphyritic ; porfyritio
porphyry : porfyry
portable ; portabl
portioned: portiond
portrayed : portrnyd
positive : positiv
possessed: possest
possessive : possessiv
possible : possibl
potable : potabl
pottle : potl
pouched : poxicht
poured: pourd
powdered : powderd
practicable : practicabl
practise : practis
practised . practist
pranked : prankt
prattle : pratl
prattled: pratld
prattler : pratler
prayed: prayd
preached : preacht
preamble : preambl
precative : precativ
preceptive : preceptiv
preclusive : preclusiv
preconceive : preconceiv
precursive : precursiv
predestine : predestin
predestined : predesiind
predetermine : predetermin
predetermined : predeiermind
predlcable : predicabl
predictive : predictiv
preened : preend
pre-established : pre-establishi
preferable : preferabl
preferred : preferd
prefigurative : prefigurativ
prefixed : prefixi
prehensile : prehensil
prelusive : prelusiv
premise, premiss : premis
premise, v. : premize
premised : premized
preordained : preordaind
preparative : preparativ
prepositive : prepositiv
prepossessed : prepossest
prerequisite : prerequisit
prerogative : prerogativ
prescriptive : prescriptiv
presentable : presentabl
preservative : preservativ
preserve ; preserv
preserved : preservd
pressed : prest
presumable : presumabl
presumptive : presumptiv
pretense, pretence : pretense
preterit, preterite : preterit
prevailed : preraild
preventable : preventabl
preventive : preventiv
preyed !■ preyd
pricked : prickt
prickle : prickl
primitive : primitiv
principle : principl
principled : principld
prinked : prinkt
prisoned : prisond
pristine : pristin
privative : privativ
probable : probabl
probative : probativ
procreative : procreativ
procurable : procurabl
producible : producibl
productive : productiv
productiveness : productivness
professed : profest
proffered : profferd
profitable : prohtabl
progressed : progrest
progressive : progressiv
prohibitive : prohibitiv
projectile : projectil
prologue : prolog
prolonged : prolongd
promise : promis
promised : promist
promotive : promotiv
propagable : propagabl
propelled : propeld
prophecy : profecy
prophesy : profesy
prophet : profet
j prophetess : profetess
I prophetic ; profetic
; prophylactic : prolylactic
I proportionable : proportionabl
' proportioned : proportiond
propped : propt
propulsive : propulsiv
prescriptive : proscriptiv
i prospective : prospectiv
prospered : prosperd
protective : protectiv
protractive : protractlv
protrusive : protrusiv
provable : provabl
provocative : provocativ
prowled : prouid
jjublished : publisht
puckered : pnckerd
puddle : pudl
puddled : pudld
puddling : pudling
puerile : pueril
puff : puf
pvffed : pufi
pull : pul
pulled : puld
pulsatile : pulsatil
pulsative : pulsativ
pulsed: pulst
pulverable : pulverabl
pumped : pumpt
punched: puncht
punishable ; punishabl
punished: punisht
punitive : punitiv
punned: pund
purchasable : purchasabl
purgative : purgativ
purled : purtd
purline, purlin : purlin
purloined : purloind
purple : purpl
purpled : purpld
purr : pur
purred: purd
pursed: purst
purveyed : purveyd
pushed : pusht
putative : putativ
putrefactive : putrefactiv
puttered: putterd
puzzle : puzl
puzzled: puzld
Q-
quacked: quackt
quadruple : quadrupl
quaff : quaf
quaffed: quaft
quailed: quaild
qualitative : qualitativ
quantitative : qnantitativ
quarreled, quarrelled : quarreld
quarrelsome : quarrelsum
quay, key : key
quell : quel
quelled : qucld
quenched: quencht
queue, cue : cue
quibble : quibl
quibbled : quibld
quickened: quickend
quiddle : quid!
quill : quil
quivered: quiverd
R.
racked : rackt
raffle : rafl
raffled: rafld
railed.: raild
rained: raind
raise ; raiz
raised: raizd
ramble : rambl
rambled: rambld
rammed: ramd
ramped: rampt
rancour, rancor : rancor
ranked: rankl
rankle : rankl
rankled : rankld
ransacked : ransackt
ransomed: ransomd
rapped, rapt : rapt
rasped : raspt
rattle : rati
rattled : ratid
ra leled, ravelled : raveld
raveling, ravelling : raveling
ravened: ravend
rarished : ravishl
reached : reacht
read : red
ready : redy
realm : relm
reaped : reapt
reared : reard
reasonable : reasonabl
reasoned: reasond
rebelled: rebeld
receipt : receit
receivable : receivabl
receive : receiv
received: receivd
receptive ; receptiv
recoiled: recoild
recover : recuver
recovered : recuverd
rectangle : rectangl
reddened: reddend
redoubt : redout
redressive : redressiv
reductive : reductiv
reefed: reeft
reeked : reekt
reeled: reeld
referred: referd
reflective : reflectiv
reflexive: refiexiv
reformative : reformativ
reformed : reforrnd
refreshed : refresht
refusal : refuzal
refuse, v. : refuze
regressive : regressiv
rehearse : reherse
rehearsed: reherst
reined : reind
rejoined: rejoind
relapse : relaps
relapsed: relapst
relative : relativ
relaxed: relaxt
released: releast
relieve : reliev
relieved : relievd
relinquished: relinquisht
relished: relishl
remained : remaind
remarkable : remarkabl
remarked: remark!
remembered: rememberd
remissible : reniissibl
remunerative : remunerativ
rendered : renderd
renowned : renownd
repaired: repaird
reparable : reparabl
reparative : reparativ
repelled: repeld
replenished : replenisht
representative : representativ
repressed : represt
reprieve : repriev
reprieved ; reprievd
reproached : reproacht
reproductive : reproductiv
reptile : reptil
republished : republish^
repulsive : repulsiv
requisite : requisit
resemble : resembl
resembled : resembld
reserve : reserv
reserved : reservd
resistible ; resistibl
resolve : resolv
resolved : resolvd
receptive : receptiv
respite : respit
responsible : respousibV
responsive : responsiv
restive : restiv
restrained : restraind
restrictive : restrictiv
retailed: retaild
retained : retaind
retaliative : retaliativ
retentive : retentiv
retouch : retuch
retouched: retucht
retrenched : retrencht
retributive : retributiv
retrievable ; retrievabl
retrieve : retriev
retrieved : retrievd
retrospective : retrospectiv
returned : relurnd
reveled, revelled : reveld
reveling, revelling : reveling
reversed : reverst
reversible : reversibl
reviewed: reviewd
revise : revize
revolve : revolv
revolved : revolvd
revulsive : revulsiv
rhyme, rime : rime
rhymer, rimer : rimer
ridden : ridn
riddle : ridl
riddled: ridld
riffraff : rifrat
rigged: rigd
rigor, rigour : rigor
rill : ril
rime, rhyme : rime
rimple : rimpl
rinsed: rinst
ripened : ripend
ripple : ripl
rippled: ripld
rise, V. : rize
risen : rizn
risible : risibl
risked: riskt
rivaled, rivalled : rivald
riven : rivn
riveted, rivetted : riveted
roared.: roard
robbed: robd
rocked : rockt
roiled : roild
rolled: rold
romped: rompt
roofed: rooft
roomed : roomd
rose : roze
rotteu : rotn
rough : ruf
roughen : rufen
roughened : rufend
roughening : rufening
rowed: rowd
ruff : ruf
ruffed : ruft
ruflfle : rufl
rundle : rundl
rushed: rusht
rustle : rustl
rustled: rustld
s.
saber, sabre : saber
sabered: saberd
sacked: sackt
saddened : sadend
saddle : sadl
saddled : sadld
sagged: sagd
sailed : saild
saltpetre, -peter : saltpeter
salve : salv
salved: salvd
samphire : samflre
sanative : sanativ
sandaled : sandald
sanguine : sanguin
sapphire : saffire
sardine : sardin
sashed: sasht
sauntered : saunierd
savior, saviour : savior
savor, savour : savor
savored, savoured : saverd
scalped : scalpt
A LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS.
cm
scanned: scand
scarce ; scarse
scarcity : scarsity
scarfed : scar/t
scarred : scard
scattered: scatterd
scent, sent ; sent
scepter, sceptre : scepter
sceptered, sceptred ; scepterd
sceptic, skeptic : skeptic
scholar ; scolar
scholastic : scolastic
school : scool
schooner : scooner
scimitar, ciraitar : cimitar
scissors : cissora
scotf • scof
scoft'ed: scoft
scooped : scoopt
scorned : scornd
scoured : scourd
scourge : scurge
scrabble : scrabl
scramble : scrambl
scrambled : scrnmbld
scratch : scrach
scratched: scracht
screamed: scre.amd
screeched : screecht
screened: screend
screwed: screwd
scribble : scribl
scribbled : scribfd
scraicled : scrntrld
scrubbed : scrubd
scuffle : scufl
scuffled : seufld
scull : scul
sculled: sculd
scummed: scumd
scurrile : scurril
scuttle : scutl
scuttled: scidld
scythe, sithe : sithe
sealed: seald
seamed : seamd
search : serch
searched: sercht
seared : seard
seasonable : seasonabl
seclusive : seclusiv
secretive : secretiv
sedative : sedativ
seductive ; seductiv
seemed: seemd
seesaioed : seesawd
seize : seiz
seized: seizd
sell : sel
selves: selvs
sensed : senst
sensible : sensibl
sensitive : sensitiv
separable : separabl
separative : separativ
sepiilcher, sepulchre ; sepulcher
sepulchered, sepulchred : sepul-
cherd
sequestered : sequesterd
seraph : seraf
seraphic : serafic
seraphim : serafim
serve : serv
served: servd
serviceable : serviceabl
servile : servil
sessile : sessil
settle : set!
settled: setld
settlement : sethnent
sewed : seicd
sextile : sextil
shackle : shackl
shackled: shacidd
shadowed: shadowd
shall ; shal
shambles : shambls
sharpened : sharpend
sheared : sheard
sheaves: sheavs
shell : shel
shelled: sheld
sheltered: shelterd
shelve : shelv, shelvs
shelved : shelvd
sheriff: sherif
shingle : shingl
shingled: shingld
shingles: shingls
shipped: shipt
shirked : shirkt
shivered : shiverd
shocked : shockt
shopped: shopt
shortened : shortend
shove : shuv
shoved: shuvd
shoving: shuving
shovel : shuvel
shoveled: shuveld
showed: showd
shrieked: shriekt
shrill : shril
shrugged: shrugd
shuffle : shufS
shuffled: shufld
shuttle : shut]
siccative : siccativ
sickened : sickend
sieve : siv
sighed : sighd
signed : signd
significative : significativ
sill : sil
silvered : silrerd
simple : simpl
since : sinse
single : singl
singled : singld
sipped: sipt
sipiion : silon
sithe, see scythe
sizable ; sizabl
sketch : skech
sketched: skecht
skiff : skif
skill : skil
skilled : skild
skimmed: skimd
skinned : skind
skipped : skipt
skull : skul
skulled : skiild
slacked : slackt
slackened : slackend
slammed : slamd
slapped : slapt
slaughter : slauter
slaughtered : slauterd
sleeve ; sleev
sleeved : sleevd
slidden : slidn
slipped : slipt
slivered : sliverd
slouched : sloucht
slough : sluf
sloughed : slufl
slumbered : slumberd
slurred : slurd
smacked : smackt
smashed : smasht
smeared : smeard
smell : smel
smelted : smeld, smelt
smirked: smirkt
smoothed : smoothd
smuggle : smugl
smuggled : smugld
snaffle : snafl
snapped : snapt
snarled: snarld
snatch : snach
snatched : snacht
sneaked: sneakt
sneered: sneerd
sneeze : sneez
sneezed : sneezd
sniff : snif
sn iffed : snift
snivel : snivel
sniveled, snivelled : sniveld
snooze : snooz
snoozed : snoozd
snoived : snowd
snubbed : snubd
snuff : snuf
snuffed: snuft
snutlie : snuff
snuffled: snuffld
snuggle : snugl
snuggled : snugld
soaked : soakt
soaped : soapt
soared : soard
sobbed : sobd
sobered : soberd
sodden : sodn
softened : softend
soiled: solid
sojourn ; sojurn
sojourned : sojurnd
sojourner : sojumer
soldered : solderd
soluble : solubl
solutive : solutiv
solve : solv
solved : solvd
sombre, somber : somber
some : sum
-some : -sum
somebody : sumbody
somehow : sumhow
somersault, sumersault : sumer-
sault
somerset : sumerset
something : sumthing
son : sun
sophism : sofism
sophist : sofist
sophisticate : soiisticate
sophistry : sofistry
sophomore : sofomore
sophomoric ; sofomorie
source : sourse
soured : sourd
southerly : sutherly
southern : suthem
southron ; suthron
sovereign : soveren
soTereignty : soverenty
sowed : sowd
spangle : spangl
spangled : spniigld
spanked : spankt
spanned : spand
sparkle : sparkl
sparkled : sparkld
sparred : spard
spattered : spatterd
speared : speard
specked: speckt
speckle : speckl
speckled: speckld
spectacle : spectacl
spectacles: speclacls
specter, spectre : specter
spell : spel
spelled : speld
spewed : spewd
sphenoid : sfenoid
sphere : sfere
spherical : slerical
spherics : sfel-ics
spheroid : steroid
spherule : sferule
sphinx : sfinx
spill ; spil
spilled : spild, spilt
spindle : spindl
spindled : spindld
spittle : spittl
splashed : splasht
spoiled : spoild, spoilt
sponge : spunge
sprained: spraind
sprawled: sprawld
spread : spred
spright : sprite
sprightly : spritely
spurned : spumd
spurred : spurd
sputtered : sputterd
squandered : squanderd
squawled: squawld
squeaked: sgueakt
squealed: squeald
squeeze : squeez
squeezed : squeezd
stacked : stackt
staff : staf
stained: staind
stalled : stalld
stammered: stammerd
stamped: stampt
stanched : stanchi
starred: stard
startle : startl
startled: startld
starve : starv
starved: starvd
stayed: stayd
stead : sted
steadfast : stedfast
steady : stedy
stealth : stelth
steamed: steamd
steeped: steept
steeple i steepl
steered : steer d
stemmed: stemd
stenographer : stenografer
stenographic : stenografic
stenography : stenografy
stepped : slept
sterile : steril
stewed: stewd
stickle : stickl
stickled: stickld
stiff : stif
stiffened : stiffend
still : stil
stilled: siild
stirred: stird
stitch : stich
stitched : sticht
slocked: stockt
stomach : stumac
stomached: stumact
stomachic : stumachic
stooped : stoopt
stopped : stopt
stopple : stopl
stormed : stormd
stoiced : stowd
straddle : stradl
straddled : stradld
straggle : stragl
straggled : stragld
strained : straind
strangle : strangl
strangled: strangld
strapped : strapt
streaked : streakt, streaked, a.
strengthened : sirengtftend
stretch : strech
stretched : strecht
stricken : strickn
stripped : stripi
striren : strivn
stroll : strol
strolled : strolld, strold
stubble ; stubl
stuff : stuf , stufs
stuffed: stuff
stumped: stumpi
siidiered : stutterd
subjective : subjectiv
subjunctive : subjunctiv
submissive : submissiv
subtile : subtil
subtle : sutl
subtly : sutly
subversive : subverslv
successive : successiv
succor, succour : succor
succored, succoured : suceord
succumb ; succum
succumbed : succumd
sucked: suckt
suckle : suckl
suckled : suckld
suffered: suffer d
suffixed: suffixt
suffuse ; suff'uze
suggestive : suggestiv
suitable : suitabl
sulphate : sulfate
sulphur ; sulfur
sulphurate : sulfurate
sulphuret : sulfuret
sulphuric : sulfuric
sulphurous : sulfurous
summed: sumd
sundered: sunderd
superlative : superlativ
supple : supl
suppressed : supprest
suppurative : suppurativ
surcingle : surcingl
surpassed: surpast
surprise : surprize
surveyed : surveyd
swaddle : swaddl
swagged : swagd
swallowed : swallowd
swamped : swampt
swayed: swayd
sweat : swet
siveetened : sweetend
swell : swel
sicelled: sweld
sweltered: swelterd
swerve: swerv
swerved : swervd
swollen, swoln : swoln
swooned : swoond
sylph : sylf
synagogue : synagog
T.
tabernacle : tabernacl
tacked : tackt
tackle : tackl
tackled : tackld
tactile : tactil
tagged: tagd
talkative : talkativ
talked : talkd
tangible : tangibl
tanned: tand
tapered : taperd
tapped: iapt
tariff : tarii
tarred: tard
tasked : taskt
tasseled : lasseld
tattered : tatterd
tattle : tatl
tattled : tatld
taxable ; taxabl
taxed: taxt
teachable : teachabl
teemed : teemd
telegraph : telegraf
telegraphed : telegraft
telegraphic : telegrafic
telegraphy : telegrafy
telephone : telefone
telephonic : telefonic
tell ; tel
tempered : temperd
temple : tempi
tenable : tenabl
tendered : tenderd
termed: termd
terrible : terribl
thanked : thankt
thawed: thawd
theater, theatre : theater
themselves : themselvs
thence : thense
thickened: thickend
thieve : thiev
thieved : thievd
thimble : thimbl
thinned : thind
thistle : thistl
thorough : thuro
though, tho' : tho
thrashed : thrashi
thread ; thred
threat ; thret
threaten : threten
threatened: ihretnd
thrill: thril
thrilled: thrild
throbbed : throbd
thronged: throngd
throttle : throtl
throttled : throtld
through, thro' : thru
throughout : thruout
thrummed : Ihrumd
thumb : thum
thumbed: thumd ^
thumped : thumpt
thundered : thunderd
thwacked : thwackt
ticked : tickt
tickle : tickl
tickled : tickld
tierce : tierse
till : til
tillable ; tillabl
tilled: tild
tingle : tingl
tingled : tingld
tinkered • tinkerd
tinkle : tinkl
tinkled : tinkld
tinned : tind
tipped : tipt
tipple : tipl
tippled: lipid
tipstaff : tipstaf
tiresome : tiresum
tisic : see phthisic
tittered: titterd
tittle : titl
toiled : toild
toilsome : toilsum
tolerable : tolerabl
tolled: tolld,told
ton : tun
tongue : tung
tongued : tungd
toothache : toothake
toothed: tootht
topographer : topografer
topography : topografy
topple : topi
toppled : topld
tossed, tost : tost
tottered : totterd
touch : tuch
touched : tucht
touchy : tuchy
tough : tuf
toughen : tufen
toughened : tufend
towed : towd
toyed : toyd
traceable : traceabl
tracked: trackt
tractable : tractabl
trafficked : trafficki
trailed: traild
trained: iraind
tramped: trampt
trample : trampl
trampled : trampld
trance : transe
tranquilize, tranquilUse ; tran-
quilize
transferred : transferd
transformed : transformd
transfuse : transfuze
transmissive : transmissiv
trapanned: irapand
trapped : trapt
traveled, travelled : traveld
traveler, traveller : traveler
treacherous : trecherous
treachery : trechery
treacle : treacl
tread : tred
treadle : tredl
treasure : trezure
treasurer : trezurer
treasury : trezury
treatise : treatis
treble : trebl
tremble : trembl
trembled: trembld
trenched : trencht
trepanned : trepand
trespassed: trespast
trestle : trestl, tressei
tricked: trickt
trickle : trickl
trickled : trickld
triglyph : triglyf
trill : tril
trilled : trild
trimmed: trimmd
triple : tripl
tripled : tripld
tripped : tript
triumph : triumf
triumphal ; triurafal
triumphant : triumfant
triumphed : triumf t
troddeii : trodn
trooped : troopt
trouble : trubl
troubled : truhld
troublesome : trublsum
troublous : trublous
trough : trof
trucked : truckt
B
D
H
K
M
CIV
A LIST OF AMENDED SPELLINGS.
truckle : truckl
truckled: truckld
trumped : trumpt
tucked : tuckt
tugged : tugd
tumble : tumbl
tumbled: iumbld
turned : turnd
turtle : turtl
twaddle : twaddl
twanged: iwangd
tweaked : tweakl
twelve : twelv
twill : twil
twilled: twild
twinkle : twinki
twinkled : twinkld
twirled : twirld
twitch : twich
twitched: twicht
twittered : twitterd
typographer : typografer
typographical : typografical
typography : typogtafy
u.
un- : negativ prefix : eee the
simpl forma,
uncle : unci
unwonted : unwunted
use, V. : uze
usual: uzual
uterine : uterin
V.
vaccme : vaccm
valuable : valuabl
valve : valv
vamped : vampt
vanished: vanisht
vanquished : vanquiskt
vapor, vapour : vapor
vapored, vapoured : vapord
variable ; variabl
vegetable : vegetabl
vegetative : vegetativ
vehicle : vehicl
veil : veil
veiled: veild
veined: veind
veneered : veneerd
ventricle : veutricl
veritable : veritabl
versed: verst
versicle : vcrsicl
vesicle : vesicl
viewed: viewd
vigor, vigour : vigor
vindictive: vindictiv
vineyard : vinyard
visible : visibl
vocative : vocativ
volatile : volatil
vouched: voucht
w.
wafered : waferd
wagered: wagerd
wagged: wagd
waggle : wagl
Haggled: waald
wailed: waild
waive : waiv
waived : waivd
walked: walkt
warble : warbl
warbled: warhld
warmed: warmd
warred: ward
washed: washt
watch : wach
watched : wacht
watered: waterd
waxed : waxt
weakened: weakend
wealth : welth
wealthy : welthy
weaned : weand
weapon : wepon
weather : wetlier
weathered : wet/tent
weave : weav
webbed: webd
weened: weend
welcome : welcum
welcomed : welcumd
well ■ wel
welled : weld
were : wer
wheeled: w/teeld
wheeze : wheez
wheezed: wheezd
whence : whense
whimpered : whimperd
whipped: whipt
whir, whirr : whir
whirled : whirld
whirred: whird
whisked : whiskt
whispered : whisperd
whistle : whistl
whistled: whistld
whizzed: whizd
whole : hole
wholesale : holesale
wholesome : holesum
wholly : holely
whooped : whoopt
-will '■ wil
willed-: willd, wild
willful, wilful : wilful
wimble ; wimbl
winged : wingd
ivinked : U'inkt
winnowed: v'innowd
wintered : winterd
wished: wisht
witch : wich
witched : wicht
withered : witherd
withholden : withkoldn
women : wimen
won : wun
wonder : wunder
wondered : wunderd
wonderful : wunderf ul
wondrous : wundrous
wont : wunt
wonted : wunted
worm : wurm
wormed: wurmd
worry : wurry
worse : wurse
worship : wurship
worshiped, worshipped : wur-
shipt
worst : wurst
worth : wurth
worthless : wurthless
worthy : wurthy
wrangle : wrangl
wrangled: wrangld
wrapped: wrapt
wreaked: wreakt
wrecked: wreckt
wrenched : wrencht
wrestle : wrestl
wrestled: wrestld
wretch : wrec' i
wretched : wreched
wriggle : wrigl
wriggled: wrigld
wrinkle : wrinkl
wrinkled : wrinkld
written : writn
X.
xanthine : xanthin
xylography : xylografy
yawned : yawnd
yeaned: yeand
yearn: yern
yearned : yemd
yell : yel
yelled: yeld
yeoman : yoman
yerked: yerkt
young: yung
z.
zealot : zelot
zealous: zelous
zephyr : zefyr
zincography : sincografy
zoography : zoografy
LIST OF THE ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THIS WORK.
B
a., cij. stands for . adjective.
abbrev abbreviated.
abl ablative.
Abp Archbishop.
act' accusative.
■Acous Acoustics.
act active.
ttde adverb.
Agric Agriculture.
Alban Aibasian.
Alg Algebra.
Am., Amer. . . . America, American.
Am Amos.
Am. Cyc. .... Appleton's American Cyclopedia.
Anal. Geom. . . . Analytic Geometry.
Anat Anatomy.
Anc Ancient, anciently.
Angl. Ch Anglican Church.
Antiq Antiquities.
aor aorist.
Ar Arabic.
Arch Architecture.
Arch. Pub. Soc. . . Architectural Pub. Society.
Arith Arithmetic.
Arm., Armor. . . . Armorican.
AS Anglo-Saxon.
Astrol Astrology.
Astron Astronomy.
aug augmentative.
Bank Banking.
B^'&m. ^''] • • • Beaumont & Fletcher.
Bib Biblical.
Bib. Sacra .... Bibliotheca Sacra.
Bibliog Bibliography.
Biol Biology.
Bisc Biscayan.
B. Jon Ben Jonson.
Bk. oj Com. Prayer , Book of Common Prayer.
Blackw. Mag. . . . Blackwood's Magazine.
Bohem Bohemian.
Bot. ...... Botany, Botanical.
Bp Bishop.
Brande <fc C. . . . Brande & Cox.
Braz Brazilian.
Brit. Critic .... British Critic.
Brit. Quar. Mev. . . British Quarterly Review.
Burl Burlesque.
C. Centigrade.
Cant Canticles (Song of Solomon).
Carp. ...... Carpentry.
Catal Catalan.
Caih. Diet Catholic Dictionary.
Celt Celtic.
C/. ...... . Confer (compare).
Ch Church.
Chald Chaldee.
Chem Chemistry.
Ch. Mist Church History.
Chin. ...... Chinese.
Chron Chronology, Chioniclea.
Civ Civil.
Class Classical.
Class. Myth. , , . Classical Mythology.
Col Colossians.
Colloq., coll. . . . Colloquial, colloquially.
Com Commerce, Common.
comp compound, compounded, compo-
sition.
compar comparative.
conj conjunction.
Con. Sect Conic Sections.
conlr contracted, contraction.
Copt Coptic.
Corn Cornish.
corrupt corrupted, corruption.
Cotgr Cotgrave.
Cyc. Med Cyclopedia of Practical Medicme.
Crim. Law .... Criminal Law.
Crystallog. . . . Crystallography.
Cyc Cyclopedia.
D Dutch.
Oan Danish, Daniel.
dat dative.
def. definition.
T^eut Deuteronomy.
Dial. ...... Dialectic.
dim diminutive.
Diosc Dioscorides.
Disp. Dispensatory.
J^isus Disused.
Dvm. b'con, , , . Domestic Economy.
Dublin Univ. Mag. . Dublin University Magazine.
Dyn Dynamics.
S. English.
Ecel Ecclesiastical, Ecclesiastes.
Eccl. Hist Ecclesiastical History.
Bcclus Ecclesiasticus.
Eclec. Sev Eclectic Review.
Ed. Rev Edinburgh Review.
e. g exempli gratia (for example).
Egypt Egyptian.
Elec Electricity, Electrical.
emph emphatic.
Encyc Encyclopedia.
Encyc. Amer. . . . Encycloptedia Americana.
Encyc. Brit. . . . Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Encyc. Diet. . . . Hunter's Encyclopedic Diction-
ary.
Eng. England, English.
Eng Engraving.
Eng. Cyc English Cyclopedia.
Engin Engineering.
Eol Eolio.
Eph., Ephes. . . . Ephesians.
equiv equivalent.
Esd Esdras.
esp especially.
Etch. & Eng. . . . Etching & Engraving.
Ethnol Ethnology.
etym., etymol. . . etymology.
Ex. , Exod Exodus.
Esek Ezekiel.
F. French.
/., fem feminine.
Fahr. Fahrenheit.
Far Farriery.
Feud Feudal.
Fig Figurative, figuratively.
Finn Finnish.
For. Quart. Sev. . . Foreign Quarterly Review.
Fort Fortification.
fr from.
Fr French.
freq frequentative.
Fries Friesic.
/ut future.
G German.
Gael Gaelic.
Gal Galen.
Gal Galatians.
Galv Galvanism.
gen generally, genitive.
Geneal Genealogy.
Gent. Mag. .... Gentleman's Magazine.
Geog Geography.
Geol. Geology.
Geom Geometry.
Ger German.
Goth Gothic.
Gov. of Tongue . . Government of the Tongue.
Gr, Greek.
Gram Grammar.
Gris Grisons.
Gun. ...... Gunnery.
IT. High.
Hab Habakkuk.
Hag Haggai.
Ham. Nav. Encyc. . Hamersly's Naval Encyclopedia.
Heb Hebrew, Hebrews.
iler. Heraldry.
Hind Hindostanee.
Hipp Hippocrates.
Hist History.
Horol Horology.
Hort . Horticulturet
Hung Hungarian.
Hydraul Hydraulics.
Hydros Hydrostatics.
hypoth hypothetical.
Icel Icelandic.
i. e id est (that is).
Illust Illustration, lUustrated.
imp imperfect.
Imp. Diet Imperial Dictionary.
incho inchoative.
ind indicative.
indef. indefinite.
inf. infinitive.
intens intensive.
interj interjection.
Internal. Cyc, . . . International Cyclopedia.
Ion Ionic.
i. q idem quod (the same as>
Ir Irish.
Is., Isa. Isaiah.
It Italian,
Jap Japanese.
Jos James.
Jav Javanese.
Jer. Jeremiah.
Join Joinery.
Josh Joshua.
Judg Judges.
K. Kings,
L Latin.
Z. Low.
Lam Lamentations.
Lapp Lappish.
Lat Latin.
LD. Low Dutch.
Lett Lettish.
Lev Leviticus.
LG Low German.
LCtt. Low Greek.
Linn Linnaeus.
Lit., lit Literally, literally.
Lit Literature.
Iiith Lithuanian.
LL Low Latin.
M. . Middle.
m., masc. .... masculine.
Maced. Macedonian.
Mach Machinery.
Mad Madam.
Mag Magazine.
Mai Malachi.
Malay. Malayan.
Man Manage.
Manuf. Manufacturing
Mar Maritime.
Math Mathematics, Mathematical,
Matt Matthew.
Mech Mechanics.
Med Medicine.
Metal Metallurgy.
Metaph Metaphysics.
Meteor Meteorology.
mgr milligrams.
MHG Middle High German.
Micros Microscopy.
MU Military.
Min Mineralogy.
Mir. for Mag. . . . Mirror for Magistrate&
MLG Middle Low German.
Moham Mohammedan.
Mozley <Sc W. . . . Mozley & Whiteley.
Mus Music.
Myst Mysteries.
Myth Mythology.
N. New.
n noun.
Nat. Hist Natural History.
Nat. ord. .... Natural order.
Naut Nautical.
Nav Navy.
Navig Navigation.
N. Brit. Eev. . . . North British Review.
Neh Nehemiah.
neut neuter.
New Am. Cyc. . . . New American Cyclopedia.
New Month. Mag. . New Monthly Magazine.
NF. New French.
NGr New Greek.
NHeb New Hebrew.
NL o New Latin.
nom nominative.
Norm. F. .... Norman French.
North Am, Sev. . , North American Review
Norw Norwegian.
Num Numbers.
Numis Numismatics.
0 Old.
Ob Obadiah.
Obs Obsolete.
Obsoles Obsolescent.
OCelt Old Celtic.
OD. ...... Old Dutch.
ODan Old Danish.
OE. Old English.
OF. Old French.
H
K
(cv)
M
CVl
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK.
OFIem. . , . . , Old Flemish.
OFries Old Friesic.
OGael Old GaeUc.
OGr Old Greek.
OHG. ..... Old High German.
Olcel. -.,... Old Icelandic.
Olr. ...... Old Irish.
Olt. ...... Old Italian.
OL. .,.,., Old Latin.
OLG. ...... Old Low German.
OX. Old Norse.
OPer. .,..-. Old Persian.
OPg Old Portuguese.
OPol OldPoUsh.
Oj)l. ...... Optics.
orig original, originally.
Oniith. Ornithology.
OS Old Saxon.
OSlav Old Slavic.
OSp. ...... Old Spanisli.
Oxf. Gloss- ... Oxford Glossary of Architecture.
p participle, page.
p. n participial adjective.
Paint Painting.
Paleon Paleontology.
pass. ...... passive.
Pathol. ...... Pathology.
P. Cyc. Penny Cyclopedia.
Per Persian.
perh perhaps.
pers person.
Persp Perspective.
Pert Pertaining.
Periiv Peruvian.
Per Peter.
Pg Portuguese.
Pharm Pharmacy, Pharmacopoeia.
Phil. ...... Philippiana.
Philem Philemon.
Philol Philology.
Phil OS Philosophy.
Phon Plionetics.
Pholog Photography.
Photom Photometry.
Phren Phrenology.
Phys . Physics.
Phys. Sci. .... Physical Science.
Physiol Physiology.
pi. . plural.
Poet Poetry, Poetical.
Pol. ." Polish.
PoLEfoT']- ■ ■ Political Economy.
Pop. Syi. Monthly . Popular Science Montluy.
PP
P- P- participle past.
P. Plowman . . . Piers Plowman.
p. pr.,p.ple. . . . participle present
Pr Provencal.
Pref. Preface.
pref. prefix.
prep preposition.
pret preterit.
prin principally.
Print Printing.
priv privative.
prob probably.
pron , , Pronmiciation, pronounced, pro-
noun.
prop . properly.
Pros Prosody.
Prov Provincial.
Prov. . , . . . . Proverbs.
Ps., Psa. .... Psalms.
Pyro.-elect. . . . . Pyro-electricity.
Quart. Rev. .... Quarterly Review.
q.v. , . . ... quod vide (which see),
S. . Rare.
a. C. Roman Catlioliu.
P. C. Ch. .... Roman Catholic Church.
Bep. Sec. 0/ War . Report of Secretary of War.
Pev Revelation.
Rev Review.
Rev. Ver. .... Revised Version (of the Bible).
Rhet Rhetoric.
R. of Srunne . . . Robert of Brunne.
R.ofGl Robert of Gloucester.
Rom. ...... Roman, Romans.
Rom. Cath Roman Catholic.
Rom. of R. . . . . Romaunt of the Rose.
Rpts Reports.
Russ. ...... Russian.
8am Samaritan.
Sam . Samuel.
Sat. Rev Saturday Review.
Sax. Saxon.
sc scilicet (being understood).
Scand. Scandinavian.
Sci Science.
Sci. Amer. .... Scientific American.
Scot. Scotland, Scottish.
Script. Scripture, ScripturaL
Sculp. ..... Sculpture.
Serb. ...... Serbian.
Serv. ...... Servian.
Shak. ...... Shakespeare.
^'n^. singular.
Skr. , Sanskrit.
Slav. Slavonic.
Sp . Spanish.
Specif. Specifically.
Stat , Statuary.
subj. subjunctive
superl. . . < . superlative.
Surg Surgery.
Surv i . Surveying.
Sw ., Swedish.
Syd. Soc. Lex. . . . Sydenham Society I<ezicou.
Syn , . Synonyms.
Synop Synopsis.
Syr. Syriac.
Tart. ...... Tartaric.
Teleg. ...... Telegraphy.
term termination.
Test Testament.
Theol. Theology.
Thes. ...... Thessalonians.
Tim Tmiothy.
Todd&B. .... Todd & Bowman-
Trans. Translatioru
Treas. Treasury.
Trig. Trigonometry.
Turk Turkish.
Typog. Typography.
Univ University.
Up Upper.
V. S United States.
U. S. Disp United States Dtapensatory.
U. S. Pharm. . . . United States Pharmacopceia.
U.S. Int. Rev. Statutes United States Internal Revenue
Statutes.
Ufu. usually.
V verb.
var. ...... variety.
vb. n verbal noun.
Veter. ...... Veterinary.
11. t. ..... . verb intransitive.
Vitr. ...... Vitruvius.
V. t verb transitive.
W. ...... , Welsh.
Wall. ...... Wallachlan.
Westm. Cat. . , Westminster Catechism
Westm. Rev. , Westminster Review.
Zech. . . .
. . Zechariah.
Zeph. . . ,
• . Zephaniah.
Zool. , ,
Zoology.
EXPLANATORY NOTES,
%' In the vocabulary, words from foreign languages, both ancient and modern,
■^vhich have not become anglicized, are printed with two bars before them j as, || Aanl'—
vark', II A'ban'don', II Ac'a-rl'na.
*#* Words which are to be written or printed with a hyphen between their compo-
nents have this hyphen indicated by a mark longer and heavier than the short light
hyphen used to indicate the division between unaccented syllables ; as, A'ble— bod'led ;
&us'tro-Hun-ga'ri-an : B-leo'tro-W-ol'o-gy.
*»' Part of a word is often omitted in the respelling for pronvmciation when this
omission can be readily supplied from a near word, usually the next preceding word,
which has this part pronounced. The well-known suffixes -Wy, -ed (when not con-
tracted), -ess, -est, -Ing, -Ish, -1st, -less, -ly, -ness, and -ship, are not usually
respelled. See De'vl-a'tlon and Hn'mor-ons-ly, whose full respelling would be
(de'vT-a'shun) and (hii'mer-tis-ly or ii'mer-Qs-lj?).
*»* The figures in connection with the respelling refer to sections in the Guide to
Pronunciation, pp. Iv-lxxxviii. ,
*#* The sign V prefixed to a number in the etymologies refers to the same number
in the list of Indo-Germanio Roots, pp. xlvii-liii.
*,* For plurals which are not given, see the Rules for Spelling under Orthognv
phy, §§ 18-26, pp. xc-xciL
*»* Where reference Is made to an illustration In the Appendix— 'SeeJ7i?(rf.inAp.
pend." — such illustration will be found there under its proper head. (See Index, p. vi.)
*#* When instead of, or in addition to, a definition, there is a reference, introduced
by See, to another word, the word referred to is the one usually preferred.
*** It mil be observed that the hyphen is less frequently used than in former edi-
tions. Some words whicli are not infrequently so connected are given as continuous
words, others as phrases. The hyphen in compounds seems to make the component
words visibly distinct. The practice of lexicographers, authors, and printers is so
various in this matter that in a multitude of Instances it is hypercritical or whimsi-
cal to pronounce dogmatically that either the use or the omission of the hyphen is
the only correct form. The general principle followed in this work is to refrain from
using tlie liyphen, (1) when the words have the same meaning in unconnected succes-
sion as when joined, and (2) when the compound may have the form of a continuous
word without confusing the eye. But this principle, however reasonable, can not be
rigidly applied, because good usage, which must i)e respected, does not invariably
conform to it.
DICTIONARY
OF
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
ABAISER
A {named a in the English, and most commonly a in
other languages). The first letter of the English
and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alpha-
bets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small
letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc.,
are all descended from the old Latin A, which was bor-
rowed from the Gtsek. Alpha, of the same form ; and this
was made from the first letter (<(;) of the Phoenician al-
phabet, the equivalent of the Hebrew Aleph, and itself of
Egyptian origin. The Aleph was a consonant letter, with
a guttural breath sound that was not an element of Greek
articulation ; and the Greeks took it to represent their
vowel Alpha with the a sound, the Phoenician alphabet
having no vowel sjTnbols.
Tills letter, in English, is used for several different
vowel sounds. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 43-74.
The regular long a, as in fate, etc., is a comparatively
modem sound, and has taken the place of what, tiU about
the early part of the 17th century, was a sound of the
quality of a (o in far).
2. (Mus.) The name of the sixth tone in the model
major scaie (that in C), or of the first tone of the minor
scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. The
second string of the violin is tuned to the A in the treble
staff. — A sharp (AJt) is the name of a musical tone in-
termediate between A and B. — A flat (Ab) is the name
of a tone intermediate between A and G.
A per 86 (L. per se by itself), one preeminent ; a none-
such. [06s.]
O fair Creseide. the flower and A per se
Of Troy and Greece. Chaucer.
A (a, emph. a). 1. [Shortened form of an. AS. an one.
See One.] An adjective, commonly called the indefi-
nite article, and signifying one or any, but less emphat-
ically. "At a birth;" "In a word;" "At a blow."
Shak. It is placed before nouns of the singular number
denoting an individual object, or a quality individualized,
before collective nouns, and also before plural nouns
when the adjective few or the phrase great many or good
many is interposed ; as, a dog, a house, a man ; a color ;
a sweetness ; a hundred, a fleet, a regiment ; a few
persons, a great many days. It is used for an, for the
jake of euphony, before words beginning with a conso-
nant sound [for exception of certain words beginning with
h, see An] ; as, a table, a woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy,
a ewe, a oneness, such a one, etc. Formerly are was used
both before vowels and consonants.
2. [Originally the preposition a {an, on).] In each;
to or for each; as,"twenty leagues a day," "a hundred
pounds a year," " a dollar a yard," etc.
A (a), prep. [Abbreviated form of an (AS. on). See
On.] 1. In; on; at; by. lObs.J "A God's name."
"Tom a pieces." "Stand a tiptoe." "yl Sundays."
Shak. "Wit that men have now a days." Chaucer. "Set
them a work." Robynson (Mare's Utopia).
2. In process of ; in the act of ; into ; to ; — used with
verbal substantives in -ing which begin with a consonant.
This IS a shortened form of the preposition are (which
was used before the vowel sound) ; as in c hunting, a
buUding, a begging. "Jacob, when he was a dying."
.Hei. XI. 21. "We'll a birding together." "It was a
■domg." Shak. " He burst out a laughing. " Macaulay.
The hyphen may be used to connect a with the verbal sub-
stantive (aa, a-hunting, o-bmlding) or the words may be
written separately. This form of expression is now for
the most part obsolete, the a being omitted and the ver-
bal substantive treated as a participle.
,<m- C^rom AS. 0/ off, from. See Op.] Of. [OJs.l
The name of John a Gaunt." " What time a day is
it?" Shak. " It 's six a clock." B. Jonson.
A. A barbarous corruption of have, of he, and some-
tunes of it and of they. "So would I a done." "^
brushes his hat." Shak.
A. An expletive, void of sense, to fill up the meter.
A merry heart goes all the day.
Your sad tires m a mile-o. Shak.
A-. A, as a prefix to English words, la derived from
various sources. (1) It frequently signifies ore or in (from
are, a, forms of AS. on), denoting a state, as in afoot, on
foot, abed, amiss, asleep, aground , olof t, away (AS. onweg),
and analogically, ablaze, atremble, etc. (2) AS. of off,
from, as in adown (AS. ofdune off the dun or hUl). (3)
AS. a- (Goth, us-, ur-, Ger. er-), usually giving an inten-
sive force, and sometimes the sense of away, on, back, as
in arise, abide, ago. (4) Old English y- or i- (corrupted
from the AS. inseparable particle ge-, cognate with OHG.
ga-, gi-, Goth, ga-), which, as a prefix, made no essential
addition to the meaning, as in aware. (5) French d (L.
ad to), as in abase, achieve. (6) L. a, ab, abs, from, as in
avert. (7) Greek insep. prefix a without, or privative,
not, as in abyss, atheist ; akin to E. are-.
Besides these, there are other sources from which the
prefix a takes its origin.
A 1 (a wun). A registry mark given by underwriters
(as at Lloyd's) to ships in first-class condition. Inferior
grades are indicated by A 2 and A 3.
A 1 \a also applied colloquially to other things to im-
ply superiority ; prime ; first-class ; first-rate.
II Aam (am or am), re. [D. aam, fr. LL. ama; cf. L.
hama a water bucket, Gr. a/irj.] A Dutch and German
measure of liquids, varying in different cities, being at
Amsterdam about 41 wine gallons, at Antwerp 36^, at
Hamburg 38J. [Written also Aum and Awm.']
II Aard'-vark' (ard'vark'), re. [D., earth-pig.] (Zo'dl.)
An edentate
mammal, of the
genus Oryctero-
pus, somewhat
resembling a pig,
common in some
parts of South-
em Africa. It
burrows in the
ground, and
feeds entirely on
ants, which it
catches with
its long, slimy
tongue.
II Aard'-wolf' (ard'wSolf'). n. [D., earth-wolf.] [ZoSl.)
A carnivorous quadruped {Proteles Lalandii), of South
Africa, resembling the fox and hyena. See Peoteles.
Aa-ron'ic (S-rSnlk), l a. Pertaining to Aaron, the first
Aa-ron'ic-al (-T-kal), ( high priest of the Jews.
Aar'on's rod' (ar'iinz rSd'). [See Exodus vii. 9 and
Numbers xvii. 8.] 1. (Arch.) A rod with one serpent
twined around it, thus differing from the caduceus of
Mercury, which has two.
2. {Bot.") A plant with a tall flowering stem ; esp. the
great mullein, or hag-taper, and the golden-rod.
Ab- (Sb). [Latin prep., etymologically the same as E.
o/, off. See Of.] A prefix in many words of Latin origin.
It signifies from, away, separating, or departure, as in
aSduct, abstract, aSscond. See A- (6).
II Ab (Sb), re. [Of Syriac origin.] The fifth month of
the Jewish year according to the ecclesiastical reckoning,
the eleventh by the civil computation, coinciding nearly
with August. W. Smith.
II Ab'a-ca (ab'a-ka), re. [The native name.] The Ma-
nilla-hemp plant (Musa lexlilis); also, its fiber. See
Manilla hemp under Manilla.
A-bac'i-nate (a-bas'i-nat), V. t. [LL. abacinatus, p. p.
of abacinare; ab off -f- bacinus a basin.] To blind by
a red-hot metal plate held before the eyes, [i?.]
A-bac'1-na'tion (a-bas'i-na'shun), n. The act of abaci-
nating. [iJ.]
II Ab'a-cis'cas (Sb'a-sTs'kvis), n. [Gr. a^aKla-Ko^, dim.
of a/3a|. See Abacus.] {Arch.) One of the tUes or
squares of a tessellated pavement ; an abaculus.
Ab'a-cist (Sb'a-sist), re. [LL. abacista, fr. abacus."]
One who uses an abacus in casting accounts; a calcu-
lator.
Aard-vark (^O/^cteropits Capensis),
A-back' (4-b5k'), adv. [Pref. a-+ back; AS. ore biec
at, on, or toward the back. See Back.] 1. Toward the
back or rear; backward. "Therewith aback she
started." Chaucer.
2. Behind ; in the rear. Knolles.
3. {Naut.) Backward against the mast ; -—said of the
sails when pressed by the wind. Tolten.
To be taken aback, (a) To be driven backward against
the mast ; — said of the sails, also of the ship when the
sails are thus driven. (6) To be suddenly checked, baf-
fled, or discomfited. Dickens,
Ab'ack (ab'ak), re. An abacus. [Ofe.] B. Jonson.
Ab-ac'ti-nal (5b-Sk'ti-nal), a. [L. a6-|- E. actinal.]
(Zooi.) Pertaining to the surface or end opposite to the
mouth in a radiate animal ; — opposed to actinal. " The
aboral or abactinal area." <t. Agassis.
Ab-ac'tion (5b-5k'shun), n. Stealing cattle on a large
scale. lObs.l
Ab-ac'tor (-ter), n. [L., fr. abigere to drive away ;
ab -{- agere to drive.] (Law) One who steals^nd drives
away cattle or beasts by herds or droves. [06s.]
II A-bac'U-lus (a-b5k'ii-liis), re. / pi. Ajbaculi (-11).
[L., dim. of abacus.'] {Arch.) A small tile of glass, mar-
ble, or other substance, of various colors, used in making
ornamental patterns in mosaic pavements. Fairholt.
Ab'a-CUS (Sb'a-kfis), n. ; E. pi. Abacuses ; L. pi. Abaci
(-si). [L. abacus, abax, Gr. aj3af.] 1. A table or tray
strewn vrith sand, anciently used for drawing, calculating,
etc. iObs.1
2. A calculating table or
frame ; an instrument for per-
forming arithmetical calcula-
tions by balls sliding on wires,
or counters in grooves, the low-
Feci
— GGOOOaopg/t
-cooocoeocol
It
A Doric Abacus, from the
Parthenon.
Abacus, 2.
est line representing units, the second line, tens, etc.
is still employed in China.
3. {Arch.) (a) The up-
permost member or division
of the capital of a column,
immediately under the archi-
trave. See Column. (6) A. '
tablet, panel, or compart-
ment in ornamented or mo-
saic work.
4. A board, tray, or table,
divided into perforated com-
partments, for holding cups,
bottles, or the like ; a kind of
cupboard, buffet, or sideboard.
Abacus harmonious {Mus.), an
ancient diagram showing the
structure and disposition of the
keys of an instrument. Crabb.
Ab'a-da (Sb'a-da), n. [Pg.,
the female rhinocerosj The
rhinoceros. [Ois.] Purchas.
A-bad'don (a-bSd'dun), n.
[H e b . abuddSn destruction,
abyss, fr. abad to be lost, to
perish.] 1. The destroyer, or
angel of the bottomless pit ; —
the same as Apollyon and Asmodeus. Rev. ix. 11.
2. Hell ; the bottomless pit. \_Poelic']
In all her gates, Abaddon rues
Thy bold attempt. 2rdton.
A-baJt' (a-baff), prep. [Pref. a-on -f OE. baft, baften,
bia fieri, AS. beseftan; be by -|- a/toji behind. See Aftee,
Aft, By.] {Naut.) Behind ; toward the stern from ;
as, abaft the wheelhouse.
Abaft the beam. See under Beam.
A-baft', adv. {Naut.) Toward the stern; aft; as,
to go abaft.
A-bal'sance (a-ba'sans), n. [For obeisance ; confuse'!
with F. a6nme)-,E. a6a.se.] Obeisance, [fibs.] Jolmsmi.
A-bai'ser (a-ba'ser), re. Ivory black or animal char-
coal. Weale.
A English Gothic Ab-
acus.
ale, senate, cAre, am, arm, ask, final, gll ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd ;
«Be, widte, r^de, fuOl, up, arn ; pity; fo-od, fo^ot; out, oU; chair; go; sing, ink; then, tliin; boN; zli = z in azure.
ABAIST
ABBEY
Shell of Abalone (Haliotis
tuberculata).
A-balst' (a-basf), p. p. Abashed ; confounded ; dis-
comlited. [Ois.] Chaucer.
Ab-al'len-ate (Sb-al'yeu-at ; 94, 106), v. I. [L. abalie-
natus, p. p. of abulienare ; ab -)- alienus foreign, alien.
See AuEN.] 1. {Civil Law) To transfer the title of
from one to another ; to alienate.
2. To estrange ; to withdraw. [OJ*.]
3. To cause alienation of (mind). [Oi.v.] Sandys.
Ab-al'ien-a'tion (-al'yen-a'shUn), n. [L,. abalie7iatio :
Icf. F. abalicnation.'] The act of abalienating ; aliena-
' 'ipn ; estrangement. [06s.]
li Ab'a-lO'ne (Sb'a-lo'ne),
n. iZo'dl. ) A univalve
I inol) isk of tlie genus Halio-
tis. Tlie shell is lined with
mother-of-poarl, and used
fpr ornamental purposes;
the sea-«ar. Several large
species »re fo.\iid on the
coast of California, clinging
closely tt' th^ rocks.
A-banfl' (i-bSud'), ?•• '■
[Contracted from abandon . ]
1. To abandon. [Obs.]
Enforced the kingili)tu to
aband. Sjienser.
2. To banish ;' to expel. [Obs.'] Mir. for Mag.
A-ban'don (a-bSn'dun), V. /. [imp. & p. p. Aban-
doned (-dund) ; p. pr. & vb. ii. .A.BANDONINO.] [OF. aban-
doner, F. abandoiiiicr ; a (L. ad) -\- ba)ido7i permission,
authority, LL. bandiim, bannum, public proclamation,
interdiction, bannire to proclaim, summon ; of Germanic
origiu ; cf . Goth, bandicjan to show by signs, to desig-
nate, OHG. bail proclamation. The word meant to pro-
claim, put under a ban, put under control ; hence, as in
OE., to compel, subject, or to leave in tlie control of
another, and hence, to give up. See Ban.] 1. To cast
or drive out ; to banish ; to e.\pel ; to reject. [06.?.]
That he mie:lit . . . abandon tliem from him. Udall.
Being all this time abandoned from your bed. Shak.
2. To give up absolutely ; to forsake entirely ; to re-
nounce utterly ; to relinqnisli all connection with or con-
cern in ; to desert, as a person to wliom one owes alle-
giance or fidelity ; to quit ; to surrender.
Hope WHS overthrown, yet could not be abandoned. I. Taylor.
3. Keflexively : To give (one's self) up witliout attempt
at self-control ; to yield (one's self) unrestrainedly ; —
often in a bad sense.
He a^a/)c/o;/e(? himself . . . to his favorite vice. Macaulay.
4. {3Iar. Law) To relinquish all claim to ; — used
when an insured person gives up to imderwriters all
claim to the property covered by a policy, which may re-
main after loss or damage by a peril insured against.
Syn. — To give up; yield; forego; cede; surrender;
resign ; abdicate ; quit ; relinquish ; renounce ; desert ;
forsake; leave; retu'e; withdraw from. —To Abandon,
Desert, Forsake. These words agree in representing a
person as aiving up or leaving some object, but differ as
to the mode of doing it. The distinctive sense of abandon
is that of giving up a thing absolutely and finally ; as, to
abandon one's friends, places, opinions, good or evil hab-
its, a hopeless enterprise, a shipwrecked vessel. Abandon
is more widely apiJicable than forsake or desert. The
Latin original of desert appears to have been originally
applied to the case of deserters from military service.
Hence, the verb, when used of persons in the active voice,
has usually or always a bad sense, implying some breach
of fidelity, honor, etc., the leaving of sometliing which
the person should rightfully stand oy and support ; as, to
desert one's colors, to desert one's post, to desert one's
principles or duty. When used in the passive, the sense
IS not necessarily bad ; as, the fields were deserted, a de-
serted village, (le.ieried, halls. Forsake implies the break-
ing off of previous habit, association, personal connection,
or that the thing left had been familiar or frequented ;
as, to forsake old friends, to forsake the paths of recti-
tude, tlie blood forsook his cheeks. It may be used either
in a good or in a bad sense.
A-ban'don, n. [F. abandon, fr. abandonner. See
Abandon, t;.] Abandomnent ; relinquishment. [06^.]
II A'ban'don' (a'biiN'dSN'), n. [F. See Abandon.]
A complete giving up to natural impulses ; freedom from
artificial constraint ; careless freedom or ease.
A-ban'doned (a-b$n'diind), a. 1. Forsaken, deserted.
" Your abandoned streams." Thoinson.
2. Self-abandoned, or given up to vice ; extremely
wicked, or sinning without restraint ; irreclaimably
wicked ; as, an abandoned villain.
Syn.— Profligate ; dissolute; corrupt; vicious; de-
praved ; reprobate ; %vicked ; unprincipled ; graceless ;
vile. — Ab.andoned, Proflioate, Reprobate. These ad-
jectives agree in expressing the idea of great personal de-
pravity. Projlicjate has reference to open and shameless
immoralities, either in private life or political conduct ;
as, a profligate court, a profligate ministry. Abandoned
is stronger, and has reference to the searing of conscience
and hardening of heait produced by a man's giving him-
self wholly up to iniqxiity ; as, a man of abandoned c\\ax-
acter. Eejirobale describes the condition of one who has
become insensible to reproof, and who is morally aban-
doned and lost beyond hope of recovery.
God gave them over to a reprobate mind. Rom. i. 28.
A-ban'dOned-ly, adv. Unrestrainedly.
A-ban'don-ee'(a-bSn'diin-e'), m. {Law) One to whom
anything is legally abandoned.
A-ban'dOn-er (a-bSn'diin-er), n. One who abandons.
Beau.&Fl.
A-ban'don-ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. abandorinement.]
1. The act of abandoning, or the state of being aban-
doned ; total desertion ; relinquishment.
The abandonment of the independence of Europe. Burke.
2. {Mar. Law) The relinquishment by the insured
to the miderwriters of what may remain of the property
insured after a loss or damage by a peril insured against.
3. (Com. Law) (a) The relinquishment of a right,
claim, or privilege, as to a miB site, etc. (J) The volim-
tary leaving of a person to whom one is bound by a
special relation, as a wife, husband, or child ; desertion.
4. Careless freedom or ease ; abandon, [i?.] Carlyle.
II A-ban'dum (a-bSn'dum), n. [LL. See Abandon.]
{La^o) Anything forfeited or confiscated.
Ab'a-net (ab'a-nSt), n. See Abnet.
II A-ban'ga (a-bSu'ga), re. [Name given by the ne-
groes in tlie island of St. Thomas.] A West Indian paku ;
also the fruit of this palm, the seeds of which are used
as a remedy for diseases of the chest.
Ab'an-na'tioil(Sb'5ii-ua'shiin), 1 n. [LL. abannatio ;
Ab'an-ni'tlon (ab'Su-nish'iin), ) ad -\- LL. bannire
to banish.] {Old Law) Banishment. \_Obs.'\ Bailey.
Ab'ar-tic'U-la'tion (Sb'ar-tlk'ii-la'shiin), re. (L. ab +
E. articulation : cf. F. abarticiilution. See Article.]
{Anat.) Articulation, usually that kind of articulation
which admits of free motion m the joint; diarthrosis. Coze.
A-base' (a-bas'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Abased (a-basf) ;
p. pr. &. vb. re. Abasing.] [F. abaisser, LL. abassare,
abbassare ; ad -\- bassare, fr. bassus low. See Base, a.]
1. To lower or depress ; to throw or cast down ; as,
to abase the eye. lArchaicI Bacon.
Saying so, he abased his lance. Shetlon.
2. To cast down or reduce low or lower, as in rank,
office, condition in life, or estimation of worthiness ; to
depress ; to humble ; to degrade.
WhoBoever exalteth himself shall be abased. Luke xiv. 11.
Syn. — To Abase, Debase, Degrade. These words
agree in the idea of bringing down from a higher to a
lower state. Abase has reference to a bringing down in
condition or feelings; as, to abase the proud, to abase
one's self before God. Debase has reference to the bring-
ing down of a tiling in purity, or making it base. It is,
therefore, always used in a bad sense, as, to debase the
coin of the kingdom, to debase the mind by vicious indul-
gence, to debase one's style by coarse or vulgar expres-
sions. Degrade has reference to a bringing down from
some higher grade or from some standard. Thus, a priest
is degraded from the clerical office. When used in a
moral sense, it denotes a bringing down in character and
just estimation ; as, degraded by intemperance, a degrad-
ing employment, etc. "Art is degraded when it is re-
garded only as a trade."
A-based' (a-basf), a. 1. Lowered ; humbled.
2. (Her.) [F.abaissc.'] Borne lower than usual, as a
fess ; also, having the ends of the wings turned downward
towards the point of the shield.
A-bas'ed-ly (a-bas'ed-ly), adv. Abjectly; downcastly.
A-base'ment (a-bas'ment), re. [Cf. F. abaissemenl.']
The act of abasing, humbling, or bringing low ; the state
of being abased or humbled ; humiliation.
A-bas'er (a-bas'er), re. He who, or that which, abases.
A-bash' (a-b5sh'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abashed
(a-bSshf); p. pr. & vb. n. Abashing.] [OE. abaissen,
abaisshen, abashen, OF. esba/iir, F. ebahir, to astonish,
fr. L. ex -f- the interjection bah, expressing astonishment.
In OE. somewhat confused with abase. Cf. Finish.] To
destroy the self-possession of ; to confuse or confound, as
by exciting suddenly a consciousness of guilt, mistake, or
inferiority ; to put to shame ; to disconcert ; to discomfit.
Abashed, the devil stood,
And felt how awful goodness is. Milton.
He was a man whom no check could abash. Macaulay.
Syn.— To confuse ; confound ; disconcert ; shame.— To
Abash, Confuse, Confound. Abash is a stronger word
than confuse, but not so strong as confound. We are
abashed when struck either with sudden shame or with a
humbling sense of inferiority ; as, Peter was abashed by
the look of his Master. So a modest youth is abashed in
the presence of those who are greatly his superiors. We
are confused when, from some unexpected or startling
occurrence, we lose clearness of thought and self-posses-
sion. Thus, a witness is often confused by a severe cross-
examination ; a timid person is apt to be confused in en-
tering a room full of strangers. We are confounded when
our minds are overwhelmed, as it were, oy something
whoUy unexpected, amazing, dreadful, etc., so that we
have nothing to say. Thus, a criminal is usually con-
founded at the discovery of his guilt.
Satan stood
Awhile as mute, confounded what to say. - Milton.
A-bash'ed-ly (-ed-ly), adv. In an abashed manner.
A-bash'ment (-ment), re. [Ci. F. ebahissement.] The
state of being abashed ; confusion from shame.
II A-bas'sl (a-bSs'si), ) n. [Ar. & Per. abas'i, belong-
II A-bas'sis (a-bSs'sis), ) ing to Abas (a king of Per-
sia).] A silver coin of Persia, worth about twenty cents.
A-bat'a-ble (a-baf a-b'l), a. Capable of being abated ;
as, an abatable writ or nuisance.
A-bate' (a-baf), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Abated ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Abating.] [OF. abaire to beat down, F. abattre,
LL. abatere; ab or ad + batere, baltere (popular form
for L. batuere to beat). Cf. Bate, Battee.] 1. To beat
down ; to overthrow. [06*.]
The King of Soots . . . sore abated the walls. Bdw. Hall.
2. To bring dovm or reduce from a higher to a lower
state, number, or degree; to lessen; to diminish; to
contract ; to moderate ; to cut short ; as, to abate a de-
mand ; to abate pride, zeal, hope.
His eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.
Deut. xxxiv. 7.
3. To deduct ; to omit ; as, to abate something from a
price.
Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds. Fuller.
4. To blunt. [06s.]
To abate the edge of envy. Bacon.
5. To reduce in estimation ; to deprive. [Obs.]
She hath abated me of half my train. Shak.
6. (.Law) (a) To bring entirely down or put an end
to ; to do away with ; as, to abate a nuisance, to abate a
writ. (6) (JEng. Law) To diminish ; to reduce. Lega-
cies are liable to be abated entirely or in proportion,
upon a deficiency of assets.
To abate a tax, to remit it either whoUy or in part.
A-bate' (a-baf), V. i. [See Abate, v. <.] 1. To de-
crease, or become less in strength or violence ; as, pain
abates, a storm abates.
The fury of Glengarry . . . rapidly abated. Macaulay,
2. To be defeated, or come to naught ; to fall through ;
to fail ; as, a writ abates.
To abate into a freehold, To abate in lands (Law), to en-
ter into a freehold after the death of the last possessor,
and before the heir takes possession. See Abatement, 4.
Syn. — To subside; decrease; intermit; decline; di-
minish ; lessen. — To Abate, Subside. Tliese words, as
here compared, imply a coming down from some previ-
ously raised or excited state. Abate expresses tliis in re-
spect to degrees, and implies a diminution of force or of
intensity ; as, the storm abates, the cold abates, the force
of the wind abates ; or, the wind abates, a fever abates.
Subside (to settle down) has reference to a previous state
of agitation or commotion ; as, the waves sub.nde after a
storm, the wind subsides into a calm. When the words are
used figuratively, tlie same distinction should be observed.
If we conceive of a thing as having ditlereut degrees of
intensity or strength, the word to be used is abate. Thus
we say, a man's anger a6a/<;s, 'the ardor of one's love
abates, " Winter's rage abates." But if the image be that
of a sinking down into quiet from preceding excitement
or commotion, the word to be used is subside; as, the
tumult of the people .lubsides, the public mind subsided
into a calm. The same is the case with those emotions
which are tumultuous in their nature ; as, his passion
subsides, his joy quickly subsided, liis grief svbsided into
a pleasing melancholy. Yet if, m such cases, we were
thinking of the degree of violence of the emotion, we
might use abate ; as, his joy will abate in the progress of
time ; and so in other instances.
A-bate' (a-bafl re. Abatement. [06*.] Sir T.Browne.
A-bate'ment (-ment), re. [OF. abatement, F. abatte-
ment.'] 1. Tlie act of abating, or the state of being abated ;
a lessening, diminution, or reduction ; removal or putting
an end to ; as, the abatement of a nuisance is the sup-
pression thereof.
2. The amount abated ; that which is taken away by
way of reduction ; deduction ; decrease ; a rebate or dis-
count allowed.
3. {Her.) A mark of dishonor on an escutcheon.
4. {Law) The entry of a stranger, without right, into
a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before
the heir or devisee. Blackstone.
Defense in abatement, Flea in abatement {Law)j plea to
the effect that from some formal defect (e. g. misnomer,
want of jurisdiction) the proceedings should be abated.
A-bat'er (-er), re. One who, or that which, abates.
Ab'a-tls I (Sb'a-tTs ; French 4'ba'te'), re. [F. abatis,
Ab'at-tls I abailis, mass of things beaten or cut
down, fr. abattre. See Abate.] (Fort.) A means of de-
fense formed by felled trees, tlie ends of whose branches
are sharpened and directed outwards, or against the
enemy.
Ab'a-tlsed (Sb'a-tTst), a. Provided with an abatis.
A-ba'tor (a-ba'ter), n. (Law) (a) One who abates a
nuisance. (6) A person who, without right, enters into
a freehold on the death of the last possessor, before the
heir or devisee. Blackstone.
II A'bat'toir' (a'baf twar'), re. ; jA. Abattoirs (-twarz'j.
[F., fr. abattre to beat down. See Abate.] A public
slaughterhouse for cattle, sheep, etc.
Ab'a-ture (5b'a-tiir ; 135), re. [F. abatture, fr. abattre.
See Abate.] Grass and sprigs beaten or trampled down
by a stag passing through them. Crabb.
II A'bat'VOlx' (a'ba'vwa'), re. [F., fr. abattre to beat
down -)- voix voice.] The sounding-board over a pul-
pit or rostrum.
Ab-awed' (5b-ad'), p. p. [Perh. p. p. of a verb fr.
OF. abaubir to frighten, disconcert, fr. L. ad -f balbus
stammering.] Astonished; abashed. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ab-ax'i-al (5b-Sks'i-al), ) a. [L. ab -\- axis axle.]
Ab-ax'lle (5b-5ks'il), ) (Bot.) Away from the
axis or central line ; eccentric. Balfour.
A-bay' (a-ba'), n. [OF. abai barking.] Barking;
baying of dogs upon their prey. See Bay. [06s.]
Abb (Sb), re. [AS. aweb, db ; pref. a--\- web. See
Web.] Among weavers, yarn for the warp. Hence, abb
wool is wool for the a65.
Ab'ba (SbHaa), re. [Syriac a66a father. See Abbot.]
Father ; religious superior ; — in the Syriac, Coptic, and
Ethiopic churches, a title given to the bishops, and by
the bishops to the patriarch.
Ab'ba-cy (Sb'ba-sJ?), re. ; pi. Abbacies (-sTz). [L. ab-
batia, fr. abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbey.] The dig-
nity, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot.
Ab-ba'tial (ab-ba'shol), a. [LL. abbatialis ; cf. F. ab-
.. _ ] The
French wprd answering to the English abbot, the head
of an abbey ; but commonly a title of respect given in
Prance to every one vested with the ecclesiastical habit
or dress. Tyittre.
^W" After the 16th century, the name was given, in so-
cialparlance, to candidates for some priory or abbey in
the gift of the crow^l. Many of these aspirants became
well known m literary and fashionable life. By further
extension, the name came to be applied to unbeneficed
secular ecclesiastics generally.
Ab'bess (Sb'bSs), re. [OF. abaesse, abeesse, F. abbesse,
L. abbatissa, fem. of abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbot.]
A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or con-
vent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns
which the abbots have over the monks. See Abbey.
Ab'bey (Sb'by), re. ; pi. Abbeys (-biz). [OF. a6aie,
abbaie, F. abbaye, L. abbatia, fr. abbas abbot. See Ab-
bot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons of either sex,
secluded from the world and devoted to religion and cel-
ibacy : also, the monastic building or buildings.
1^°° The men are called monks, and governed by an
abbot ; the women are caUed-rewres, and governed by an
abbess.
2. The church of a monastery.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, finol, ftU ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd;
ABBOT
'6
ABETTAL
In London, the Abbey means Westminster Abbey, nnd
tn Scotland, the piecinots of the Abbej of Holyrood., The
name is also retained for a private residence on the site of
an abbey ; as, Newstead Abbey, the residence of Lord
Byron.
Syii. — Monastery ; convent; nunnery; priory; clois-
ter. See Cloister.
AbllOt (Sb'but), n. [AS. itbbod, abbad, L. abbas, ab-
ba/is, Gr. a|3^cis, Ir. Syriac abba fatlier. Cf. Abba, Abbe.]
1. The superior or head of an abbey.
2. One of a class of bishops whose sees were formerly
abbeys. Encyc. Brit.
Abbot of the people, a title formerly given to one of the
•;hief magistrates in Genoa. — Abbot of Misrule (or Lord
of Misrule), in mediieval times, the master of revels, as at
Christmas ; in Scotland called the Abbot vf Uiirtason.
Al)1)0t-shlp (Sb'but-ship), n. lAbbot -f -ship.'\ The
state or otlice of an abbot.
Ab-bre'vi-ate (Sb-bre'vT-at), v. t limp. & p. p. Ab-
breviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abbreviatino.] [L. ubbre-
viatus, p. p. of ubbreviare : ad -\- brcviare to shorten, fr.
brevis short. See Abridge.] 1. To make briefer ; to
sliortea ; to abridge ; to reduce by contraction or omis-
sion, especially of words written or spoken.
It iK one thing to dlibreviate by contracting, another by cut-
ting off. Bacon.
2. (Math.) To reduce to lower terms, as a fraction.
Ab-bre'vl-ate (Sb-bre'vI-St), «. [L. abbrevialus, p. p.]
1. Abbreviated; abridged; shortened, [/f.] "The
abbreviate iorm." Earle.
2. (Biol.) Having one part relatively shorter than
another or than the ordinary type.
Ab-bre'vl-ate, n. An abridgment. [06« ] Elyot.
Ab-bre'Vl-a'ted (Sb-bre'vl-a't6d), a. Shortened ; rel-
atively short ; abbreviate.
Ab-bre'vl-a'Uon (Sb-bre'vl-a'shiin), n. [LL. abbrevia-
tio: cf. F. abreviution.'\ 1. The act of shortening, or
reducing.
2. The result of abbreviating ; an abridgment. Tylor.
3. The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by
contraction and omission ; a letter or letters, standing for
a word or phrase of which they are a part ; as, Gen. for
Genesis; U. S. A. for United States of America.
4. (Mus.) One dash, or more, through the stem ^
of a note, dividing it respectively into quavers, J^
semiquavers, or demi-semiquavers. Moore. fT
Ab-bre'vl-a'tor(ab-bre'vT-a'ter), 7i. [LL. : cf.F. aftre-
viateiir.'\ 1. One who abbreviates or shortens.
2. One of a college of seventy-two officers of the papal
court whose duty is to make a sliort minute of a decision
on a petition, or reply of the pope to a letter, and after-
wards expand the minute into official form.
Ab-bre'vi-a-to-ry (Sb-bre'vi-a-to-ry), a. Serving or
tending to abbreviate ; shortening ; abridging.
Ab-bre'vi-a-ture (ab-bre'vl-a-tur ; 135), n. 1. An ab-
breviation; an abbresiated state or form. [Ofo.]
2. An aliiridgment ; a compendium or abstract.
This is an excellent aijforexdatu.rc of the whole duty of a Chris-
tian. Jer. Taylor.
Abb' wool (5b' w6ol). See Abb.
A B C (a be se'). 1. The first three letters of the
alphabet, used for the whole alphabet.
2. A primer for teaching the alphabet and first ele-
ments of reading. \_Obs.']
3. The simplest rudiments of any subject ; as, the
A B C of finance.
A-B-C book, a primer. SliaH:
II Ab'dal (ab'dal), n. [Ar. badil, pi. abdsl, a substi-
tute, a good, religious man, saint, fr. badala to change,
substitute.] A religious devotee or dervish in Persia.
Ab-de'll-an (Sb-de'rT-an), a. [From Abdera, a town
in Thrace, of which place Democritus, the Laughing
Philosopher, was a native.] Given to laughter ; inclined
to foolish or incessant merriment
Ab'de-rlte (Sb'de-rit), n. [L. Abderita, Abderites, fr.
Gr. 'A|38T)pir))s.] An inhabitant of Abdera, in Thrace.
The Abderlte, Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher.
Ab'dest (Sb'dest), n. [Per. ab^- st ; ab water -f dost
hand.] Purification by washing the hands before prayer ;
— a Mohammedan rite. Heyse.
Ab'di-ca-ble (Sb'di-ka^b'l), a. Capable of being abdi-
cated.
Ab'dl-cant (ab'di-kant), a. [L. abdicans, p. pr. of ab-
dieare.'] Abdicating ; renouncing : — followed by of.
Monks abdicant of their orders. Whitloclc.
Ab'dl-cant, n. One who abdicates. Smart.
Ab'di-cate (ab'dT-kat), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Abdi-
cated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abdicatdig.] [X. abdicatus, p. p.
of abdicare ; ab + dicare to proclaim, akin to dicere to
say. See Diction.] 1. To surrender or relinquish, as
sovereign power ; to withdraw definitely from filling or
exercising, as a high office, station, dignity ; as, to ab-
dficate the thi'one, the crown, the papacy.
^W" The word abdicate was held to mean, in the case
of James II., to abandon without a formal surrender.
The cross-bearers abdicated their service. Oibbon.
2. To renounce ; to relinquish ; — said of authority, a
trust, duty, right, etc.
Ho abdicates all right to be his own governor. Burke.
The understanding abdicates its functions. Froude.
3. To reject ; to cast off. [06s.] Bp. Hall.
4. (Civil Law) To disclaim and expel from the family,
as a father his child ; to disown ; to disinherit.
Syn. — To give up ; quit ; vacate ; relinquish ; forsake ;
abandon ; resign ; renounce ; desert. —To Abdicate, Re-
sign. Abdicate commonly expresses the act of a monarch
m voluntarily and formally yieldmg up sovereign author-
ity ; as, to abdicate the'crown, to abdicate one's throne,
to abdicate the government. Resian is applied to the act
Of any person, high or low, who gives back an office or
trust mto the hands of him who conferred it. Thus, a
mmister resigns, a military officer resigns, a^lerk re-
signs. The expression, "The king resigned Ms crown,"
sometimes occurs in our later literature, implying that
he held it from his people. —There are other senses of re-
sign which are not here brought into view.
Ab'dl-cate (Sb'dl-kat), v. i. To relinquish or renounce
a throne, or other high office or dignity.
Though a king may alidicute for his own person, he cannot
abdicate for tlic nioimrcliy. Jiurke.
Ab'dl-ca'tion (iib'dT-ka'shun), n. [L. abdicalio: cf.
F. abdication.^ The act of abdicating; the renunciation
of a high office, dignity, or trust, by its holder ; com-
monly the voluntary reiimiciation of sovereign power ; as,
abdication of the throne, government, power, authority.
Ab'dl-ca-tive (Sb'dT-ka-tlv), a. [L. abdicativiis.]
Causing, or implyuig, abdication. IB.'] Bailey.
Ab'dl-ca'tor (itb'dT-ka'ter), n. One who abdicates.
Ab'dl-tive (Sb'di-tiv), a. [L. abditivus, fr. abdere to
hide.) Having the quality of hiding, [if.] Bailey.
Ab'dl-tO-ry (iib'dT-to-ry), n. [LL. abditorium.] A
place for hiding or preserving articles of value. Cowell.
Ab-dO'men (Sli-do'mSn ; 277), n. [L. abdomen (a word
of uncertain etymol.) : cf. F. afcrfomen.] \. (Anat.) The
belly, or that part of the body between the thorax and
the pelvis. Also, the cavity of the belly, which is lined
by the peritoneum, and contains the stomach, bowels,
and other viscera. In man, often restricted to the part
between the diaphragm and the commencement of the
pelvis, the remainder being called the pelvic cavity.
2. (Zool.) The posterior section of the body, behind
the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, and other Artliropoda.
Ab-dom'1-nal (Sb-dSm'i-ual), a. [Cf. F. abdominal.]
1. Of or pertaining to the abdomen ; ventral ; as, the
abdominal regions, muscles, cavity.
2. (Zool.) Having abdominal fins; belonging to the
Abdominales ; as, abdominal fishes.
Abdominal ring (Anat.), a fancied ringlike opening on
each side of the abdomen, external and superior to the
p«6es; — called also inguinal ring.
Ab-dom'l-nal, «./ 'K.pl. Abdominals, \j.pl. Abdomina-
les (ab-d5m'T-n5lez). A fish
of the group Abdominales.
II Ab-dom'l-na1es (5b-
dSm'i-nu'lez), n. pi. [NL.,
masc. pi.] (Zool.) A group
including the greater part
of fresh-water fishes, and q^^ ^f j^^ Abdominals. Brook
many marine ones, having Trout (Sah-elinus fontinalis)
the ventral fins under the of America,
abdomen behind the pectorals.
II Ab-dom'1-na'll-a (-nall-a), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi.]
(Zool.) A group of cirripeds having abdominal append-
ages.
Ab-dom'i-nos'CO-py_ (ab-dom'l-nos'ko-pj), n. [L.
abdomen + Gr. a-Komlv to examine.] (3Ied.) Exami-
nation of the abdomen to detect abdominal disease.
Ab-dom'l-no-tho-rac'lc (ab-dom'T-n6-th6-r5s'ik), a.
Relating to the abdomen and the thorax, or chest.
Ab-dom'1-nous (ab-d5m'I-nus), a. Having a protu-
berant belly ; pot-bellied.
Gorgonius sits, abdomino'is and wan.
Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan. Coivper.
Ab-duce' (5b-diis'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abduced
(-dust') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abductng.] [L. abducere to lead
away ; ab + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf . Abduct.]
To draw or conduct away ; to w ithdraw ; to draw to a
different part. [06s. or Archaic]
If we ahdwcc the eye unto either corner, the object will not
duplicate. Sir T. Browne.
Ab-du'cent (5b-du'sent), a. [L. abducens, p. pr. of
abducere.] (Physiol.) Drawing away from a common
center, or out of the median line ; as, the abducent mus-
cles. Opposed to adducent.
Ab-dnct' (Sb-dtikt'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Abducted ;
p. pr. & t'6. n. Abducting.] [L. abductus, p. p. of ab-
ducere. See Abduce.] 1. To take away surreptitiously
by force ; to carry away (a human being) wrongfully, and
usually by -violence ; to kidnap.
2. To draw away, as a limb or other part, from its or-
dinary position.
Ab-duc'tlon (5b-diik'shiin), n. [L. abductio: cf. F.
abduction.] 1. The act of abducing or abducting; a
drawing apart ; a carrying away. Boget.
2. (Physiol.) The movement which separates a limb
or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body.
3. (Law) The wrongful, and usually the forcible, car-
rying off of a human being ; as, the abduction of a child,
the abduction of an heiress.
4. (Logic) A syllogism or form of argument in which
the major is evident, but the minor is only probable.
Ab-dnc'tOr(ab-diik'ter),m. [NL.] 1. One who abducts.
2. (Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out,
or from the median line of the body ; as, the abductor
oculi, which draws the eye outward.
A-beaip' (a-bem'), cdi). [Pref. o- + 5eam.] (Nant.)
On the beam, that is, on a line which forms a right angle
witB the ship's keel ; opposite to the center of the ship's
side.
A-bear' (a-bSr'), v. t. [AS. aberan ; pref. a- -)- beran
to bear.] 1. 'To bear ; to behave. [Obs.]
So did the faery knight liimself dbear. Spenser.
2. To put up with ; to endure. [Prov.] Dickens.
A-bear'ance (-ons), n. Behavior. [06s.] Blackstone.
A-bear'ing, n. Behavior. [06s.] Sir T. 3Iore.
A'be-ce-da'ri-an (a'be-se-da'rT-an), n. [L. abeceda-
rius. A word from the first four letters of the alphabet.]
1. One who is learning the alphabet ; hence, a tyro.
2. One engaged in teaching the alphabet. Wood.
A'be-ce-da'ri-an, . 1 a. Pertaining to, or
A'be-ce'da-ry (a'be-se'da-ry), ( formed by, the letters
of the alphabet ; alphabetic ; hence, rudimentary.
Abecedarian psalms, hymns, etc., compositions in which
(like the Ufith psalm in Hebrew) distinct portions or verses
commence with successive letters of the alphabet. Hook.
Alie-oe'da-ry (a'be-se'd4-rj*), n. A primer ; the first
principle or rndiineot of anything. [B.] Pidler.
A-bed' (a-b6d'), adv. [Pref. a- in, on + bed.] 1. In
bed, or on the bed.
Not to be abed after midnight. SItak.
2. To childbed (in the phrase " brought abed," th."',
is, delivered of a cliild). S/kh,
A-beg'ge (a-bSg'ge). Same as Aby. [06s.] Cha.u-u:
A-bele' (a-bel'), n. [D. abeel (abeel-boom). f'F. ab. I,
aubel, fr. a dim. of L. albus white.] The wliiio piipl.u
(Populus alba).
Six abeJes i' the churchyard grow. .If/«. J^jw (a?Ji, .
A-bel1an (a-bel'yan), ) n. (Feci. Hist.) One
A'bel-lte (a'bel-it), | of a seel; in A iricu
A'bel-0'ni-an (a'bSl-o'iiT-nn), ) (4th century), ii.en-
tioned by St. Augustine, who states that they •, •. - -
but lived in continence, after the manner, as ^i ■ ;-
tended, of Abel.
A'bel-mosk' (a'bSl-mSsk'), n. [NL. abelmoschu.i, fr.
Ar. abu-l-misk father of musk, •/. e., producing musk.
See Musk.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Hibiscus —
formerly Abclmoschus — moschatus), of the East and
West Indies and Northern Africa, whose musky seeds
are used in perfumery and to flavor coffee ; — sometimes
called musk muUotv.
Ab'er-de-vlne' (5b'er-de-vin' or a-ber'de-vtn), n.
(Zo'ol.) The European siskin (Cardueiis spinus), a
small green and yellow ftncli, related to the goldfinch.
Ab-err' (5b-er'), v. i. [L. aberrare. See Abekratb.]
To wander ; to stray. [06s.] Sir T. Browne.
Ab-er'rance (-Sr'rans), I n. state of being aber-
Ab-er'ran-cy (-Sr'ran-sJ), ( rant ; a wandering from
the right way ; deviation from truth, rectitude, etc.
Aberrancy of cnrvature (Geom.), the deviation of a
curve from a circular form.
Ab-er'rant (5b-er'ront), a. [L. aberrans, -rantis, p. pr.
oi aberrare. SeeABERR.] 1. Wandering ; straying from
the right way.
2. (Biol. ) Deviating from the ordinary or natural type ;
exceptional ; abnormal.
The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have been
the number of connecting forms which, on my theory, have
been exterminated. JJaruin.
Ab'er-rate (5b'er-rat), V. i. [L. aberratus, p. p. ol
aberrare; ab -\- errare to wander. See Err.] To go
astray ; to diverge. [B.]
Their own defective and aberrating vision. De Qiiincey.
Ab'er-ra'tlon (ab'Sr-ra'shOn), n. [L. aberratio : cf. F.
aberration. See Aberrate.] 1. The act of wandering ;
deviation, especially from truth or moral rectitude, from
the natural state, or from a type. " The aberrations of
youth." Hall. '^ Abei-rations iionx theory." Burke.
2. A partial alienation of reason. " Occasional aber-
rations of intellect." Lingard.
Whims, whicli at first are the aberrations of a single brain,
pass with heat into the epidemic form. /. Taylor.
3. (Astron.) A small periodical change of position in
the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the combined
effect of the motion of light and the motion of the ob-
server ; called annual aberration, when the observer's
motion is that of the earth in its orbit, and daily or di-
urnal aberration, when of the earth on its axis ; amount-
ing when greatest, in the former case, to 20.4", and in
the latter, to 0.3". Planetary aberration is that due to
the motion of light and the motion of the planet relative
to the earth.
4. (Opt.) The convergence to different foci, byalena
or mirror, of rays of light emanating from one and the
same point, or the deviation of such rays from a single
focus ; called spherical aberration, when due to the
spherical form of the lens or mirror, such form giving
different foci for central and marginal rays ; and chro-
matic aberration, when due to the different refrangi-
bUities of the colored rays of the spectrum, those of
each color having a distinct focus.
5. (Physiol.) The passage of blood or other fluid into
parts not appropriate for it.
6. (Law) The producing of an unintended effect by
the glancing of an instrument, as when a shot intended
for A glances and strikes B.
Syn. — Insanity ; lunacy ; madness ; derangement ;
alienation ; mania ; dementia ; hallucination ; illusion ;
delusion. See Insanity.
Ab'er-ra'tion-al (-a\), a. Characterized by aberration.
Ab'e-nin'cate (Sb'e-riin'kat), V. i. [L. aberuncare,
for averruncare. See Avesehncate.] To weed out.
[06s.] Bailey.
Ab'e-run'ca-tor (-ka-ter), n. A weeding machine.
A-bet' (a-}]et'), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Abetted ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Abetting.] [OF. abeter; a (L. ad) + beter to bait
(as a bear), fr. Icel. beita to set dogs on, to feed, origi-
nally, to cause to bite, fr. Icel. bita to bite, hence to bait,
to incite. See Bait, Bet.] 1. To instigate or encourage
by aid or countenance ; — used in a bad sense of persons
and acts ; as, to abet an ill-doer ; to abet one in his wicked
courses ; to abet vice ; to abet an insurrection. " The
whole tribe abets the villainy." South.
Would not the fool abet the stealth.
Who rashly thus exposed his wealth ?
Cay.
2. To support, uphold, or aid ; to maintain ; — in a
good sense. [06s.]
Our duty is urged, and our confidence abetted. Jer. Taylor.
3. (Law) To contribute, as an assistant or instigator,
to the commission of an offense.
Syn. — To incite; instigate: set on; egg on; foment;
advocate ; countenjince ; encourage ; second ; uphold ;
aid ; assist ; support ; sustain : bat'k ; connive ,at.
A-bet' (a-bgf), n. [OF. abet, fr. abeter.] Act of abet-
ting ; aid. [06s.] Chaucer.
A-bet'ment (-ment), n. The act of abetting ; as, an
abetment of treason, crime, etc.
A-bet'tal (-tol), n. Abetment, [i?.]
Gse, unite} ryde, full, up, tirn ; pity; food, loot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tben, thin; boN; zli = z In azure.
ABETTER
ABLAUT
A-bet'ter ) (i-b5t'ter), n. One who abets ; an instiga-
A-bet'tor ) tor of an offense or an offender.
^ff^ Tlie form abettor is the legal term and also in gen-
eraluse.
Syn. — Abettor, Accessory, Accomplice. These words
ti«:'note different degrees of complicity in some deed or
cr- I ?. An abettor is one who incites or encourages to the
a<!t, >i ;^hout sharuig in its performance. An <ni essory sup-
P0S16 ft principal offender. One who is neither the cliief
actor in nn offense, nor present at its performance, but
accede- to i.r becomes involved in its guiltj eitlier by
some previoiio ir subsequent act, as of instigating, en-
cour.iging, :i' i.ig, or concealing, etc., is an accessori/.
An oi-i'ftnivti' •■ is one who participates in the corainissiou
of .'.)i otffn.se, whether as princijial or accessory. Thus,
i.'i treason, there are no abettors or accessories, but aU are
hild to bu principals or accomplices.
Ab'evac'U-a'tlon (Sb'e-vSk'ii-a'shun), n. [Pref. ab-
-\- ceacuation.'] (Med.) A partial evacuation. Mayne.
A-bey'ance (a-ba'«ns), n. [OF. abeance expectation,
longing ; a (L. ad) -\- baer, beer, to gape, to look with open
mouth, to expect, F. bayer, LL. badare to gape.] 1.
(Law) E.xpectancy ; condition of bemg undetermined.
IJp^ When tliere is no person ui existence in whom an
inheritance (or a dignity) can vest, it is said to be in abey-
ance, tliat is, in expectation ; the law considering it as
always potentially existing, and ready to vest whenever
a proper owner appears. Blackstone.
2. Suspension ; temporary suppression.
Keeping the syrapiithies of love and admiratioD in a dormant
state, or state ol ubeyanre. De Qnincny.
A-bey'an-cy (-f/n-sjf), «. Abeyance, [i?.] Hawthorne.
A-bey'ant (-out), a. Bemg in a state of abeyance.
II Ab'hal (iib'hal), n. The berries of a species of cy-
press in tlie East Indies.
Ab-hom'1-na-ble (Sb-hSm'T-na-b'l), a. Abominable.
[A false orthography anciently used ; h was foisted into
various words ; hence abholi/h, for abolish, etc.]
This is abltominable, which he [Don Arniado] would call
abominable. Sitak. Love's Labor \^ Lost, v. 1.
Ab-hom'1-nal (Sb-hSm'T-nnl), a. [L. ab away from +
homo, ho7ninis, man.] Inliuman. [06«.] Fuller.
Ab-hor' (ab-hor'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Abhorred
(-hSrd') ; p. p'r. & vb. n. Aehorrikg.] [L. abhorrere;
ab + horrere to bristle, shiver, shudder : cf. F. abhorrer.
See HoHRiD.] 1. To shrink back with shuddering from ;
to regard with horror or detestation ; to feel excessive
repugnance toward ; to detest to extremity ; to loathe.
Abhor that which is evil ; cleave to that which is good.
Rom. xii. 9.
2. To fill with horror or disgust. [06«.]
It doth abhor me now I speak the word. Shak.
3. (Canon Law) To protest against ; to reject sol-
emnly. [Obs.']
I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul
Refuse you for my judge. Shak.
Syn.— To hate ; detest ; loathe ; abominate. See Hate.
Ab-hor', V. i. To shrink back with horror, disgust, or
dislike; to be contrary or averse ; — v/ith/rom. [Ofis.]
" To abhor from those vices." Udall.
Which is utterly abhorring from the end of all law. Milton.
Ab-hor'rence (Sb-hSr'rens), n. Extreme hatred or de-
testation ; the feeling of utter dislike.
Ab-hor'ren-cy (-ren-sj'), n. Abhorrence. [Obs.] Locke.
Ab-hor'rent (5b-hSr'rent), a. [L. abhorrens, -rentis,
p. pr. of abhorrere.^ 1- Abhorring ; detestmg ; having or
showing abhorrence ; loathing ; hence, strongly opposed
to ; as, abhorrent thoughts.
The persons most abhorrent from blood and treason. Burke.
The arts of pleasure in despotic courts
I spurn abhorrent. Glover.
2. Contrary or repugnant ; discordant ; inconsistent ;
— followed by to. " Injudicious profanation, so abhorrent
to our stricter principles." Gibbon.
3. Detestable. " Pride, a6/(orre??ias it is." I.Taylor.
Ab-hor'rent-ly, adv. With abhorrence.
Ab-hor'rer (ab-h8r'rer), ?;. One who abhors. Hume.
Ab-hor'rl-ble (ab-hor'ri-b'l), a. Detestable. [7?.]
Ab-hor'ring (ab-h6r'riug), n. 1. Detestation. Milton.
2. Object of abhorrence. Isa. Ixvi. 24.
II A'bib (a'bib), n. [Heb. abib, lit. an ear of corn. The
month was so called from barley being at that time in ear.]
The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, corre-
sponding nearly to our April. After the Babylonish cap-
tivity this month was called Nisan. Kitto.
A-bid'ance (a-bld'ans), n. The state of abiding ;
abode ; continuance ; compliance (with).
The Christians had no longer abidance in the holy hill of Pal-
estine. Fuller.
A judicious abidance by rules. Helps.
A-bide' (a-bid'), v. i. limp. & p. p. Abode (a-bod'),
formerly Asm (a-bid'); p.^r. & vb. n. Abedins (a-bld'Tng).]
[AS. abldan ; pref. a- (cf. Goth, us-, G. er-, orig. meaning
out) + bldan to bide. See Bide.] 1. To wait ; to pause ;
to delay. [OAs.] Chaucer.
2. To stay ; to continue in a place ; to have one's
abode ; to dwell ; to sojourn ; — with with before a per-
son, and commonly with at or in before a place.
Let the damsel abide with us a few days. Gen. xxiv. 55.
3. To remain stable or fixed in some state or condi-
tion ; to continue ; to remain.
Let every man abide in the same calling. 1 Cor. vii. 20.
Followed by by : To abide by. (o) To stand to ; to ad-
here to ; to maintain.
The poor fellow was obstinate enough to abide by what he said
at first. Fielding.
(b) To acciuiesce in ; to conform to ; as, to abide by a
decision or an award.
A-bide', v. t. 1. To wait for ; to be prepared for ; to
await ; to watch for ; as, I abide my time. " I will abide
the coming of my lord." Tennyson.
[_Obs., with n, personal object.]
Bonds and afflictions abide me. Acts xx. 23,
2. To endure ; to sustain ; to submit to.
[Thou] Shalt abide her judgment on it. Tennyson.
3. To bear patiently ; to tolerate ; to put up with.
She could not abide Master Shallow. Shak.
4. [Confused with aby to pay for. See Aby.] To stand
the consequences of ; to answer for ; to suffer for.
Dearly I abide that boast so vain. Milton.
A-bld'er (a-bld'er), n. 1. One who abides, or contin-
ues. [06«.] " Speedy goers and strong a Jirfera." Sidney.
2. One who dwells ; a resident. Speed.
A-bld'ing, a. Continuing ; lasting.
A-bid'lng-ly, adv. Permanently. Carlyle.
II A'bi-es (a'bl-ez), n. [L., fir tree.] (Bot.) A genus of
coniferous trees, properly called Fir, as the balsam fir
and the silver fir. The spruces are sometimes also re-
ferred to this genus.
Ab'1-e-tene (Sb1-e-ten), n. [L. abies, abietis, a fir
tree.] A volatile oil distilled from the resin or balsam of
the nut pine (Pinus .mbiniana) of CaUfornia.
Ab'i-et'ic (Sb'T-StTk), a. Of or pertaining to the fir
tree or its products ; as, abietic acid, called also sylvic
acid. Watts.
Ab'i-e-tln ) (5b'i-*-tin), m. [See Abietene.] (Chem.)
Ab'i-e-tine ( A resinous substance obtained from
Strasburg turpentine or Canada balsam. It is without
taste or smell, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol
(especially at the boiling point), in strong acetic acid, and
in ether. Watts.
Ab'i-e-tin'lC (5b'T-e-tTn'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
abietiii ; as, abietinic acid.
Ab'1-e-tite (ab'T-S-tit), n. (Chem.) A substance re-
sembling mannite, found in the needles of the common
silver Hi oi EuTope (Abies pectinata). Eng. Cyc.
Ab'i-gail (Sb'I-gal), n. [The proper name used as an
appellative.] A lady's waiting-maid. Pepys.
Her o^iV/ai7 reported that Airs. Gutheridge had a set of night
curls fur sleeping in. Leslie.
A-bil'1-ment (a^btll-raent), re. Habiliment. [Ois.]
A-bil'i-ty (-ty), n. ; pi. Abilities (-tlz). [F. habilete,
earlier spelling habilite (with silent h), L. habiiitas ap-
titude, ability, fr. habilis apt. See Able.] The quality
or state of being able ; povifer to perform, whether phys-
ical, moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal ; capacity ;
skill or competence in doing ; sufficiency of strength, skill,
resources, etc. ; — in the plural, faculty, talent.
Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, deter-
mined to send relief unto the brethren. Acts xi. 29.
Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by
study. Bacon.
The public men of England, with much of a peculiar kind of
ability. Macauluy.
Syn. — Capacity ; talent, cleverness; faculty; capabil-
ity ; efficiency ; aptitude ; aptness ; address ; dexterity ;
skill. — Ability, Capacity. These words come into com-
parison when applied to the higher intellectual powers.
Ability has reference to the active exercise of our facul-
ties. It implies not only native vigor of mind, but that
ease and promptitude of execution which arise from
mental training. Thus, we speak of the ability with
wluch a book is written, an argument maintained, a ne-
gotiation carried on, etc. It always supposes something
to be done, and the power of doing it. Capacity has ref-
erence to the recejAive powers. In its higher exercises it
supposes great quickness of apprehension and breadth of
intellect, with an uncommon aptitude for acquiring and
retainuig knowledge. Hence it carries with it the idea of
resources and undeveloped power. Thus we speak of the
extraordinary capacity ot such men as Lord Bacon, Blaise
Pascal, and Edmund Burke. " Capacity," says H. Tay-
lor, " is requisite to devise, and ability to execute, a great
enterprise." The word abilities, m the plural, embraces
both these qualities, and denotes high mental endow-
ments.
A-bime' or A-bjrme' (a-bem'), n. [F. ablme. See
Abysm.] An abyss. .[06s.]
Ab'i-0-gen'e-slS (Jb'i-o-jSn'e-sTs), n. [Gr. a priv. -f
jSi'os lite -|- yeVeo-is, origin, birth.] (Biol.) The supposed
origination of living organisms from lifeless matter ; such
genesis as does not involve the action of livmg parents ;
spontaneous generation; — called also a Sioj/eny, and op-
posed to biogenesis.
I shall call the . . . doctrine that living matter may be pro-
duced by not living matter, the hypothesis of abiogenesis.
Hialey, 1870.
Ab'i-0-ge-net'iC (-je-net'ik), a. (Biol.) Of or pertain-
ing to abiogenesis. — Ab'i-0-ge-net'ic-al-ly (-aUy), adv.
Ab'i-Og'e-nist (ab'i-oj'e-nTst), n. (Biol.) One who
believes that life can be produced independently of ante-
cedent life. Huxley.
Ab'i-og'e-nous (Sb'T-oj'e-niis), a. (Biol.) Produced
by spontaneous generation.
Ab'i-og'e-ny (-e-ny), n. (Biol.) Same as Abiogenesis.
Ab'i-0-lOg'ic-al (ab'i-o-loj't-kal), a. [Gr. 6. priv. -f-
E. biological.'] Pertaining to the study of inanimate
things.
Ab-ir'ri-tant (5b-Tr'ri-tant), n. (Med.) A medicine
that diminishes irritation.
Ab-ir'ri-tate (-tat),i).^ \Vrei. ab- -\- irritate.} (Med.)
To dhninish the sensibility of ; to debilitate.
Ab-ir'ri-ta'tlon (5b-ir'ri-ta'shun), n. (Med.) A path-
ological condition opposite to that of irritation ; debil-
ity ; want of strength ; asthenia.
Ab-lr'ri-ta-tive (ab-ir'ri-ta-tiv), a. (Med.) Charac-
terized by abirritation or debility.
K-HV (aA>it'),M sing. pres. of Ande. [O&s.] Chaucer.
Ab'ject (ab'jekt), a. [L. abjeclus, p. p. of abjieere to
throw away ; ab -f jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting
forth.] 1. Cast down ; low-lying. [Obs.]
From the safe shore their floating carcasses
And broken chariot wheels : so thick bestrewn
Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood. Milton.
2. Sunk to a low condition ; dowir in spirit or hope ;
degraded ; servile ; groveling ; despicable ; as, abject
posture, fortune, thoughts. " Base and abject flatterers."
Addison. '^ An abject Max." Macaulay.
And banish hence these abject, lowly dreams. Shak.
Syn. — Mean; groveling; cringing; mean - spuited ;
slavish ; ignoble ; worthless ; vile ; beggarly ; contempti-
ble ; degraded.
Abject' (ab-jgkf), V. t. [From Abject, a.] To cast off
or down ; hence, to abase ; to degrade ; to lower ; to de-
base. [Obs.] Dmne.
Ab'ject (ab'jSkt), n. A person in the lowest and most
despicable condition ; a castaway. [Obs.]
Shall these objects, these victims, these outcasts, know ony
thing of pleasure ? /■ Taylor.
Ab-ject'ed-ness (ab-jekt'ed-nes), n. A very abject or
low condition ; .abjectness. [B.] Boyle.
Ab-jec'tion (ab-jek'shiin), n. [F. abjection, L. abjec-
tio.] 1. The act of bringing down or humbling. " The
abjection of the king and his realm." Joye.
2. The state of being rejected or cast out. [E.]
An abjectiim from the beatific regions where God, and his
angels and saints, dwell forever. Jer. Taylor.
3. A low or downcast state ; meanness of spirit ; abase-
ment ; degradation.
That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind, or ser-
vility, is it credible ? Hooker.
Ab'ject-ly (Sb'jekt-ly), adv. Meanly ; servilely.
Ab']ect-ness, n. The state of being abject ; abase-
ment ; meaimess ; servility. Grew.
Ab-jUdge' (ab-juj'), V. t. [Pref. ab- -[- judge, v. Cf.
Abjddicate.] To take away by judicial decision. [R.]
Ab-ju'di-cate (ab-ju'dl-kat), V. t. [L. abjudivatus,
p.p. of abjudieare ; ab -\-judicare. See Judge, and cf.
Aejudge.] To reject by judicial sentence ; also, to ab-
judge. [Obs.] _ Ash.
Ab-Ju'dl-ca'tion (ab-ju'dl-ka'shiin), n. Rejection by
judicial sentence, [i?.] Knowles.
Ab'Ju-gate (ab'jii-gat), V. t. [L. abjvgatus, p. p. of
abjugare.] To unyoke. [Obs.] Bailey.
Ab-Junc'tive (ab-jiink'tTv), a. [L. abjunctus, p. p. of
abjungere ; ab -\-jii7igere to join.] Exceptional. [R.]
It is this power which leads on from the accidental und ab-
jimctive to the universal. /, Taylor.
Ab'ju-ra'tion (Sb'jii-ra'shlin), n. [L. abjuratio : cf. F.
abjuration.] 1. The act of abjuring or for.swearing ; a
renunciation upon oath ; as, abjuration of the realm, a
sworn banishment, an oath taken to leave the country
and never to return.
2. A solemn recantation or renunciation ; as, an abju-
ration of heresy.
Oath of abjnration, an oath asserting the right of the
present royal family to the crown of England, and ex-
pressly abjuring allegiance to the descendants of the
Pretender. Brande <£• C.
Ab-ju'ra-to-ry (Sb-ju'ra-tS-ry), a. Containing abju-
ration.
Ab-jure' (Sb-jur'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Abjured (-jurd') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Abjuring (-jur'mg).] [L. abjurare to deny
upon oath ; ab -\-jurare to swear, fr. jus, juris, right, law :
cf. F. abjurer. See Jury.] 1. To renounce upon oath ;
to forswear ; to disavow ; as, to abjure allegiance to a
prince. To abjure the realm, is to swear to abandon it
forever.
2. To renounce or reject with solemnity ; to recant ;
to abandon forever ; to reject ; to repudiate ; as, to ab-
jure errors. " Magic I here abjure." Shak.
Syn. — See Renounce.
Ab-Jure', V. i. To renounce on oath. Bp. Burnet.
Ab-]ure'ment (_;inent), n. Renunciation. [R.]
Ab-jur'er (ab-jur'er), m. One who abjures.
Ab-lac'tate (ab-lSk'tat), v. t. [L. ablactatus, p. p. of
ablactare ; ab -f lactare to suckle, fr. lac milk.] To
wean. [R.] Bailey.
Ab'lac-ta'Uon (ab'iak-ta'shQn), n. 1. The weaning
of a child from the breast, or of young beasts from
their dam. Blount.
2. (Hort.) The process of grafting now called inr
arching, or grafting by ajjproach.
Ab-la'Clue-ate (Sb-la'kwe-at), v. t. [L. ablaqtteatus,
p. p. of ablaqueare ; fr. ab -\- laqueus a noose.] To lay
bare, as the roots of a tree. [Obs.] Bailey.
Ab-la'que-a'tion (Sb-la'kwe-a'shiin), n. [L. ablaque-
atio.] The act or process of laying bare the roots of trees
to expose them to the air and water. [Obs.] Evelyn.
Ab'las-tem'ic (ab'lSs-tem'Ik), a. [Gr. a priv. -j- /3Aa-
(nryxa. gro\vth.] (Biol.) Non-germinal.
Ab-la'tion(ab-la'shiln), n. [L. ablatio, fr. ablatus p. p.
of aujerre to carry away ; ab -{- latus, p. p. of ferre to
carry : cf. F. ablation. See Tolerate.] 1. A carrying
or taking away ; removal. Jer. Taylor.
2. (Med.) Extirpation. Dunglison.
3. (Geol.) Wearing away ; superficial waste. Tyndall.
Ab'la-ti'tious (Sb'la-tish'fis), a. Diminishing ; as, an
ablatilious force. Sir J. Herschel.
Ab'la-tive (abla-tTv), a. [F. ablalij, ablative, L.
ablalivus fr. ablatus. See Ablation.] \. Taking away
or removing. [Obs.]
Where the heart is forestalled with misopinion, ablative di-
rections are found needful to unteach error, ere we can learn
2. (Gram.) Applied to one of the cases of the noun
in Latin and some other languages, — the fundamental
meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking
away.
Ab'la-tive, n. (Gram.) The ablative case.
Ablative absolute, a construction in Latin, in which a
noun in the ablative case has a participle (either ex-
pressed or implied), agreemg with it in gender, number,
and case, both words forming a clause bv themselves and
being unconnected, grammatically, with the rest of the
sentence ; as, Tarquinio regnante, Pythagoras venit i e
Tarquinius reigning, Pythagoras came.
II Abaaut (ablout), n. [Ger., off-sound ; aft off -|- laut
sound.] (Philol.) The substitution of one root vowel
for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification
of use or meaning ; vowel permutation ; as, get, gat, got ;
sing, song ; man, men. Earle
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, gU; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb,
Sdd:
ABLAZE
ABORTION
A-blaze' (4-blaz'). "<'' '• & a- [Pref. «-+ i/osf.] 1. On
fire ; in a blaze y gleaming. Milman.
All ablaze with crimson and gold. Xowg/eZiow.
2. In a state of glowing excitement or ardent desire.
The young Cambridge democrats were all alilaze to assist
Torrijos. Carli/le.
A'ble (a'b'l), a. IComp. Abler (a'bler) ; siipfrl.
Ablest (a'blBst).] [OF. ahle, F. hnhih-, L. liabUis that
may be easily held or nianagfd, apt, skillful, fr. luihere to
have, hold. Cf. Habile and see Habit.] 1. Fit ;
adapted; suitable. [OAs.]
A manly man, to ben an abbot able. Chaucer.
2. Having sufficient power, strength, force, skill,
means, or resources of any kind to accomplish the ob-
ject ; possessed of qualifications rendering competent for
some end ; competent ; qualified ; capable ; as, .an able
workman, soldier, seaman ; a man able to work ; a mind
able to reason ; a person able to be generous ; able to
endure pain ; able to play on a piano.
3. Specially : Having intellectual qualifications, or
strong mental powers ; showing ability or skill ; tal-
ented ; clever ; powerful ; as, the ablest man in the sen-
ate ; an able speech.
No man wrote abler state papers. Macaulay.
4. (Law) Legally qualified ; possessed of legal com-
petfince ; as, able to inherit or devise property.
Able for, is a Scotticism. " Hardly able for such a
march." Robertson.
Sy-n. — Competent ; qualified; fitted; efficient; effect-
ive; capable; skilllul; clever; vigorous; powerful.
A'ble, f. <. [See Able, ff.] [Ofo.] 1. To make able;
to enable ; to strengthen. Chaucer.
2. To vouch for. " I '11 able them." Shak.
-a-ble (-a-b'l). [F. -able, L. -abilis.'] An adjective
suffix now usually in a passive sense ; able to be ; fit to
be ; expressing capacity or worthmess in a passive sense ;
as, movajie, able to be moved ; ameudni/e, able to be
amended ; blaiuaj/e, fit to be blamed ; saXable.
The form -Ible is used in the same sense.
ffi^" It is difficult to say when we are not to use -able
instead of -ible. "Yet a rule maybe laid downi as to
when we are to use it. To all verbs, then, from the Anglo-
Sa.xou, to all based on the uncorrupted infinitival stems
of Latm verbs of the first conjugation, and to all substan-
tives, whencesoever sprimg, we annex -able only."
Fitzed. Hall.
A'ble-bOd'ied (a'b'l-bSdld), a. Having a sound, strong
body; physically competent; robust. ^^Able-bodied vs,-
grant." frowrfe.— A'ble-bod'led-ness, n.
Able-gate (Sble-gat), v. t. [L. ablegatus, p. p. of
ablegare ; ab + legare to send with a commission. See
Legate.] To send abroad. \_Obs.~] Bailey.
Ab'le-gate (-gat), n. (R. C. Ch.) A representative of
the pope charged with important commissions in foreign
countries, one of his duties being to bring to a newly
named cardinal his insignia of office.
Ab'le-ga'tlon (Sb'le-ga'shiin), n. [L. ablegatio^ The
act of sending abroad. \Pbs.~\ Jer. Taylor.
A'ble-mind'ed (a'b'l-mind'gd), a. Having much intel-
lectual power. — A'ble-nund'ed-ness, n.
A'ble-ness (a'b'l-nSs), n. Ability of body or mind ;
force ; vigor. [Ois. or /?.]
Ab1ep-sy (Sb'lgp-sy), n. [Gr. a^Aei^ia; d priv. -f
PAe'Treif to see.] Blindness, [i?.] Vrquhart.
A'bler (a'bler), a., comp. of Able. — A'blest (a'blest),
a., superl. of Able.
Ablet (Sblet), i n. [F. ablet, ablelte, a dim. fr. LL,
Ablea (Sb'Ien), I abula, for albula, dim. of albus
white. Cf. Abele.] (Zool.) A small fresh-water fish
{Leuciscus alhurnus) ; the bleak.
Ab'll-gate (Sbll-gat), v. t. [L. ab -f ligaius, p. p.
of ligare to tie.] To tie up so as to hinder from. [Obs.']
Ab-lig'U-ri'tlon (5b-lTg'u-rish'tin), re. [L. abliguritio,
fr. abligurire to spend in luxm-ious indulgence ; ab -f-
Hgurire to be lickerish, dainty, f r. lingere to lick.] Prod-
igal expense for food. [06s.] Bailey,
A'bllns (a'blinz), aiiti. [See Able.] Perhaps. \Scot.'\
A-bloom' (ar-bloom'), acij;. [Pref. a- + Woom.] In or
into bloom ; in a blooming state. Masson.
Ab-lnde' (5b-lud'), v. t. [L. abludere ; ab -f- ludere to
play.] To be unlike ; to differ. [06s.] Bp. Hall.
Ab'ln-ent (Sblfi-ent), a. [L. abluens, p. pr. of ab-
luere to wash away; ab -\- luere {lavere, lavare). See
Lave.] Washing away ; carrying off impurities ; deter-
gent. — re. {Med.) A detergent.
A-blush' (a-blush'), adv. &, a. [Pref. a- -\- blush.}
Blushing ; ruddy.
Ab-lU'tlon (ab-lu'shiin), n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere :
cf. F. ablution. See Abluent.] 1. The act of wash-
ing or cleansing ; specifically, the washing of the body,
or some part of it, as a religious rite.
2. The water used in cleansing. " Cast the ablutions
in the majn." Pope.
3. (jK. C. Ch.) A small quantity of wine and water,
which is used to wash the priest's thumb and index finger
after the communion, and which then, as perhaps con-
taining portions of the consecrated elements, is drunk
by the priest.
Ab-lu'tion-a-ry (:a-ry), a. Pertaining to ablution.
Ab-lu'vl-on (ab-lu'vT-un), re. [LL. abluvio. See Ab-
luent.] That which is washed off. [i?.] Dwight.
A'bly (a'bly), adv. In an able manner ; with great
ability ; as, ably done, planned, said.
-a-bly (-a-bljr). A suffix composed of -able and the ad-
verbial suffix -ly ; as, fa.vombly.
Ab'ne-gate (Sb'ne-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abnega-
ted ; p. pr. & vb. re. Abnegating.] [L. abnegatus, p.
p. of a6reeffare/ a5 + ree^are to deny. See Deny.] To
deny and reject ; to abjure. Sir E. Sandys. Farrar.
AVne-ga'tlon (ab'ne-ga'shun), re. 11,. abnegatio : cf.
F. abnegation.'] A denial ; a renmiciation.
With abnegation of God, of his honor, and of reUgion, they
may retam the friendship of the court. Sjwra.
Ab'ne-g?.-tlve (Sb'ne-go-tTv), a. [L. abnegativus.']
Denying ; renouncing ; negative. [iJ.] Clarke.
Ab'ne-ga'tor (-ter), re. [L.] One who abnegates, de-
nies, or rejects anythmg. [i^.]
II Ab'net (Sb'ngt), re. [Heb.] The girdle of a Jewish
priest or officer.
Ab'no-date (5b'n6-d»t), v. I. [L. abnodatus, p. p. of
abnodare ; a,b -\- nodus knot.] To clear (trees) from
knots. [7J.] Blount.
Ab'no-da'tlon (Sb'no-da'sliun), re. The act of cutting
away the knots of trees. [7?.] Crabb.
Ab-nor'mal (at-n6r'mol), a. [For earlier anormiil.
F. anonnal, Liti.anormalns ioianomiilus,GT. aviaixa\o<;.
Confused with L. abnormis. See Anomalous, Abnor-
Mous, Anobmal.] Not conformed to rule or system ;
deviating from the type ; anomalous; irregular. "Th.at
«6//o/*//m/ and singular condition." Frouile.
Ab'nor-mal'1-ty (Sb'nGr-miSl'I-ty), n. ; pi. Abnor-
malities (-tiz). 1. The state or quality of bemg ab-
normal; variation; irregularity. Darwin.
2. Somethuig abnormal.
Ab-nor'mal-ly (Sb-nSr'mal-lj^), adv. In an abnormal
manner ; irregularly. Dnru-in.
Ab-nor'ml-ty (-ml-tj^), n. ; pi. Abnormities (-tiz).
[LL. abnormitas. See Abnormous.] Departure from the
osdinary type ; irregularity; monstrosity. "An abnor-
mity . . . like a calf born with two heads." Mrs. Whitney.
Ab-nor'mous (-niiis), a. Ih. abnormis ; ah -{-norma
rule. See Normal.] Abnormal; irregular. Hal lam.
A character of a more abnormoiis cast than his equallv sus-
pected coadjutor. .SVa^e Triabi.
A-board' (a-bord'), adv. [Pref. a- on, in -1- 6oo»y/.]
1. On board ; into or within a sliip or boat ; hence,
into or within a railway car.
2. Alongside ; as, clo.se aboard.
A^aut. : To fall aboard of, to strike a ship's side ; to fall
foul of. — T. iiaul the tacks aboard, to set the courses. —
To keep the land aboard, to hug the shore. — To lay (a
ship) aboard, to place one's own ship close alongside of
(a ship) for figliting.
A-board', prep. 1. On board of ; as, to go aboard a
ship.
2. Across; athwart. [Obs.]
Nor iron bands aboard
The Pontic Sea by their huge navy cast. Spenser.
A-bod'ance (a-bod'ans), re. [See Bode.] An omen ;
a portending. [06s.]
A-bOde' (a-bod'), pret. of Abide.
A-bode', re. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide.
See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of
abide.l 1. Act of waiting ; delay. [06s.] Shak.
And with her fled away without abode. Spenser.
2. Stay or continuance in a place ; sojourn.
H» waxeth wroth at your abode here. Fielding.
3. Place of continuance, or where one dwells ; abiding
place ; residence ; a dwelling ; a habitation.
Come, let me lead you to our poor abode. Wordsworth.
A-bode', re. [See Bode, v. <.] An omen. [06s.]
High-thundering Juno's husband stirs my spirit with true
abodes. Chapman.
A-bode', V. t. To bode ; to foreshow. \Obs.'] Shak.
A-bode', V. i. To be ominous. [06s.] Dryden.
A-bode'ment (-ment), re. A foreboding ; an omen.
[06s.] " .4 6orfe»!e«^s must not now affright us." Shak.
A-bOd'lng (a-bod'ing), n. A foreboding. [06s.]
A-bol'lsh (a-l»ol'Tsh), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Abolished
(-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Abohshing.] [F. abolir, L.
abolere, aboletum; ab -\- olere to grow. Cf. Finish.]
1. To do away with wholly ; to annul ; to make void ;
— said of laws, customs, institutions, governments, etc. ;
as, to abolish slavery, to abolish folly.
2. To put an end to, or destroy, as a physical object;
to wipe out. [Archaic]
And with thy blood abolish so reproachful blot. Spenser.
His quick instinctive hand
Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him. Tennyson.
Syn. — To Abolish, Repeal, Abrogate, Revoke, An-
NTTL, NuLLiFT, CANCEL. Thcsc words have in common
the idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Abolish
applies particularly to things of a permanent nature,
such as mstitutions, usages, customs, etc. ; as, to abolish
monopolies, serfdom, slavery. Repeal describes the act
by which the legislature of a state sets aside a law
which it had previously enacted. Abrogate was origi-
nally applied to the repeal of a law by the Roman people ;
and hence, when the power of making laws was usurped
by the emperors, the term was applied to their act of
setting aside the laws. Thus it came to express that act
by wmch a sovereign or an executive government sets
aside laws, ordinances, regulations, treaties, conventions,
etc. Revoke denotes the act of recalling some previous
grant wliich conferred power, privilege, etc. ; as, to re-
voke a decree, to revoke a power of attorney, a promise,
etc. Thus, also, we speak of the revocation of the Edict
of Nantes. Annul is used in a more general sense, de-
noting simply to make void ; as, to annul a contract, to
annul an agreement. Nullify is an old word revived in
this country, and applied to the setting of things aside
either by force or by total disregard ; as, to nullify an act
of Congress. Cancel is to strike out or annul, by a de-
liberate exercise of power, something which has opera-
tive force.
A-bol'ish-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. [Cf. F. abolissable.] Ca-
pable of being abolished.
A-bol'ish-er (-er), re. One who abolishes.
A-bol'ish-ment (-ment), re. [Cf. F. aboUssement.]
The act of abolishing ; abolition ; destruction. Hooker.
Ab'0-U'tion (ab'o-lTsh'un), re. [L. abolilio, fr. abolere :
cf. F. abolition. See Abolish.] The act of abolishing,
or the state of being abolished ; an annulling ; abroga-
tion ; utter destruction ; as, the abolition of slavery or
the slave trade ; the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances,
customs, taxes, debts, etc.
f^^ The application of this word to persona is now
unusual or obsolete.
Ab'O-U'tlon-lsm (ab'o-lTsh'iin-Tz'm), re. The princi-
ples or measures of abolitionists. W ilberforce.
Ab'O-ll'tlon-ist, re. A person who favors the aboli-
tion of any institution, especially negro slavery.
Ab'O-U'tion-ize (-iz), v. I. To imbue with the prin-
ciples of abolitionism. [A'. ] Bartlett.
II A-bO'ma (a-bo'niil), re. (Zool.) A large South Amer-
ican serpent (Bon abiiina).
II Ab'o-ma'sum (ab'6-ma'siim), ) n. [NL., fr. L. ab -f-
II Ab'O-ma'SUS (ab'6-nia'siSs), ( omasum (a Celtic
word).] (Anat.) Tlie fourtli or digestive stomach of a
ruminmit, which leads from the third stomach or oma-
sum. See Ruminantia.
A-bom'l-na-ble (a-bSm'T-na-b'l), a. [F. abominable.
L. abuiiiinabilis. See Abominate.] 1. Worthy of, or
causing, abhorrence, as a thing of evil omen ; odious
in the utmost degree ; very hateful ; detestable ; lo.ath-
some ; execrable.
2. Excessive; large; — used as an intensive. [06.s.]
^W^ Juliana Berners . . . informs us that in her time
ri5th c], "abomynable syght of monkes " was elegant
English for " a large company of friars." G. P. Marsh.
A-bom'i-na-ble-ness, «. The quality or state of be-
ing abominable ; odiousness. Bentley.
A-bom'i-na-bly (-blj?), adv. In an abominable man-
ner ; very odiously ; detestably.
A-bom'i-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abohqnated ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Abominating.] [L. abominatus, p. p. of
abominari to deprecate as ominous, to abhor, to curse ;
ab -\- omen a foreboding. See Omen.] To turn from
as ill-omened ; to hate in the highest degree, as if wdth
religious dread ; to abhor ; to loathe ; as, to abominate
all impiety.
Syn. — To hate; abhor; loathe; detest. See Hate.
A-bom'i-na'tlon (a-b5m'T-na'slmn), n. [OE. abom-
inacioun, -cion, P. abomination, L. abominatio. See
Abominate.] 1. The feeling of extreme disgust and ha-
tred ; abhorrence ; detestation ; loathing ; as, he holds
tobacco in abo'mination.
2. That which is abominable ; anything hateful, wicked,
or shamefully vile ; an object or state that excites dis-
gust and hatred ; a hateful or shameful vice ; pollution.
Antony, most large in his abominations, Shak,
3. A cause of pollution or wickedness.
Syn. — Detestation ; loathing ; abhorrence ; disgust ;
aversion ; loathsomeness ; odiousness.
A-bom'i-na'tor (a-bom'I-na'ter), re. One who abom-
inates. Sir W. Scott.
A-bOOn' (a-bobn'), prep, and adv. Above. [Scot.
& Prov. Eng.]
Aboon the pass of Bally-Brough. Sir W. Scott,
The ceiling fair that rose aboon. J. R. Drake.
Ab-O'ral (Sb-o'ral), a. [L. ab -f- E. oral,} (Zool,)
Situated opposite to, or away from, the mouth.
II A-bord' (a-bord'), n, [F.] Manner of approaching or
accosting; address. Chesterfield,
A-bord' (a-bord'), v, t, [F. aborder ; h{L. ad) + bord
rim, brim, or side of a vessel. See Bordeb, Board.] To
approach ; to accost. [06s.] Digby,
Ab'o-rig'l-nal (2b'o-rTj'i-nal), a, [See Aborigines.]
1. First ; original ; indigenous ; primitive ; native ; as,
the aboriginal tribes of America. " Mantled o'er with
aboriginal turf." Wordsworth,
2. Of or pertaining to aborigines ; as, a Hmdoo of ab-
original blood.
Ab'O-rig'i-nal, n, 1. An original inhabitant of any
land ; one of the aborigines.
2. An animal or a plant native to the region.
It may well be doubted whether thif frog is an aboriginal of
these islands. Darwin,
Ab'O-rlg'l-nal'i-ty (Sb'o-rij'I-nSl'i-ty), n. The qual-
ity of being aboriginal. Westm. Rev.
Ab'0-rig'i-nal-ly (-rij'T-nal-ly), adv. Primarily.
Ab'O-rig'l-nes (-iTj'I-nez), re. pi. [L. Aborigines ;
ab -f- origo, especially the first inhabitants of Latium,
those who originally (ab origine) inliabited Latium or
Italy. See Origin.] 1. The earliest known inhabitants
of a country ; native races.
2. The original fauna and flora of a geographical area.
A-borse'ment (a-bSrs'ment), n, Abortment ; abor-
tion. [06s.l Bp.Hall.
A-bor'sive (a-b6r'siv), a. Abortive. [06s.] Fuller.
A-bort' (a-bSrf), V. i. [L. abortare, fr. abortiis, p. p.
of aboriri; ab -f oriri to rise, to be bom. See Orient.]
1. To miscarry ; to bring forth young prematurely.
2. (Biol.) To become checked in normal develop-
ment, so as either to remain rudimentary or shrink
away wholly ; to become sterile.
A-bort', re. [L. abortus, fr. aboriri.] 1. An untimely
birth. [06s.] Sir H. Wotton.
2. An aborted offspring. [06s.] Holland,
A-bort'ed, a. 1. Brought forth prematurely.
2. (Biol.) Rendered abortive or sterile ; undeveloped ;
checked in normal development at a very early stage;
as, spines are aborted branches.
The eyes of the cirripeds are more or less aborted in their ma-
ture state. Owen,
A-bor'tl-clde (a-bSr'ti-sId), n. [L. abortus -j- caedere
to kUl. See Abort.] (Med.) The act of destroying a
fetus in the womb ; feticide.
A-bor'ti-fa'Cient (a-b8r'tT-fa'shent), a. [L. abortus
(see Abort, v,) -{- faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.]
l?roducing miscarriage. — re. A drug or an agent that
causes premature delivery.
A-bor'tlon (a-bSr'shUn), re. [L. abortio, fr. aboriri.
See Abort.] 1. The act of giving preni.ature birth ; par-
ticularly, the expulsion of the human fetus prematurely,
or before it is capable of sustaining life ; miscarriage.
Bl^^It is sometimes used for the offense of procuring
a premature delivery, but strictly the early delivery is
the abortion ; " causmg or procuring abortion " is the full
name of the offense. Abbott.
use, unite, rude, full, -up, firn ; pity; food, fobt; out, oil; chair; eo; sing, ink; tlien, thin; bow ; zh = z in azure.
ABORTIONAL
ABRUPT
2. The immature product of an untimely birth.
3. (Biol.) Arrest of development of any organ, so that
It remains an imperfect formation or is absorbed.
4. Any fruit or produce that does not come to ma-
turity, or anything which fails in its progress, before it is
matured or perfect ; a complete failure ; as, his attempt
proved an abortion.
A-bor'tlon-al (a-bSr'shiln-al), o. Pertaining to abor-
tion ; miscarrying ; abortive. Carlyle.
A-bor'tion-lst, n. One who procures abortion or mis-
carriage.
A-bor'tive (a-bSr'tiv), a. [L. aborlims, fr. aboriri.
See Abort, v.] 1. Produced by abortion ; born prema-
turely ; as, an abortive child. [K.]
2. Made from the skin of a stUl-born animal ; as, abor-
tive vellum. lObs.']
3. Rendering fruitless or ineffectual. [OJi.] "Plunged
in that a6or<!?;e gulf . " Milton.
4. Coming to naught; failing in its effect; miscarry-
ing ; fruitless ; imsuccessful ; as, an abortive attempt.
" An abortive enterprise." Prescott.
6. (Biol.) Imperfectly formed or developed ; rudimen-
tary ; sterile ; as, an abortive organ, stamen, ovule, etc.
6. (Med.) (a) Causing abortion ; as, abortive medi-
cines. Parr. (6) Cutting short ; as, abortive treatment
of tj'phoid fever.
A-bor'tlve, n. 1 . That which is born or brought forth
prematurely ; an abortion. \_Obs.] Shak.
2. A fruitless effort or issue. [Ofo.]
3. A medicine to which is attributed the property of
causing abortion. Dunglison.
A-bor'tive-ly, adv. In an abortive or uritimely man-
ner ; immaturely ; fruitlessly.
A-bor'tive-ness, n. The quality of being abortive.
A-bort'ment (a-b6rt'ment), n. Abortion. [_Obs.']
A-bought' (a-b.af), imp. &p. p. of Aby. [06^.]
A-bOund' (a-bound'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abounded ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Abounding.] [OE. abouiiden, F. abonder,
fr. L. abundare to overflow, abound ; ab -j- tmda wave.
Cf. Undulate.] 1. To be in great plenty ; to be very
prevalent ; to be plentiful.
The wild boar which abounds in Bome parts of the continent
of Europe. Chambers.
Where sin aboimded, grace did much more abound. Rom. v. 20.
2. To be copiously supplied ; — followed by in or with.
To abound In, to possess in such abundance as to be
characterized by. — To abound with, to be filled with ; to
possess in great numbers.
Men abounding in natural courage. Macaiday.
A faithful man shall abound with blessings. Prov. xxviii. 20.
It abounds with cabinets of curiosities. Addison.
A-bont' (about'), prep. [OE. aboute, abouten, abu-
ten ; AS. abUtan, onbutan ; on -\- butan, which is from
be by -f- atan outward, from at out. See But, Out]
1. Around ; all round ; on every side of. " Look about
you." Shak. " Bind them aJow/ thy neck." Prov. iii. 3.
2. In the immediate neighborh'ood of; in contiguity
or proximity to ; near, as to place ; by or on (one's per-
son). " Have you much money about you ? " Bnlwer.
3. Over or upon different parts of ; through or over
in various directions ; here and there in ; to and fro in ;
throughout.
Lampoons . . . were handed about the coffeehouses. Macaulay.
Roving still abcnit the world. Hilton.
4. Near; not far from ; — determining approximately
time, size, quantity. "To-morrow, about this time."
Exod. is. 18. '■'■About my stature." Shak.
He went cut about the third hour. Matt. xx. 3.
J!^^ This use passes into the adverbial sense.
5. In concern with ; engaged in ; intent on.
I must be about my Father's business. Luke ii. 49.
6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive : On the point
or verge of ; going ; in act of.
Paul was now about to open his mouth. Acts xviii. 14.
7. Concerning ; with regard to ; on account of ; touch-
ing. "To treat o6oa< thy ransom." 3Iilton.
She must have her way about Sarah. Trollope.
A-bOUt', adv. 1. On all sides ; around.
'T is time to look about. Shak,
2. In circuit ; circularly; by a circuitous way ; around
the outside ; as, a mile about, and a third of a mile across.
3. Here and there ; around ; in. one place and another.
Wandering about from house to house. 1 Tim. v. 13.
4. Nearly ; approximately ; with close correspond-
ence, in quality, manner, degree, etc. ; as, about as cold ;
about as high ; — also of quantity, number, time. " There
fell . . . about three thousand men." Exod. xxii. 28.
5. To a reversed position ; half round ; in the opposite
direction ; on the opposite tack ; as, to face about ; to
turn one's self about.
To bring about, to cause to take place ; to accomplish.—
To coiae about, to occur ; to take place. See under Come.
— To go about, To set about, to undertake ; to arrange ;
to prepare. "■ ShaR ■we set about some ieve]s7" Shak.
— Kouud about, in every direction around.
A-bOUt'-sIedge' (-slSj'), n. The largest hammer used
by smiths. Weale.
A-bOVe' (a-buv'), prep. [OE. above, aboven, abuffe,
AS. abufon ; an (or ore) on + 6e by -f- ufan upward ; cf .
Groth. uf under. V199- See Oteb.] 1. In or to a higher
place ; higher than ; on or over the upper surface ; over ;
— opposed to below or beneath.
Fowl that may fly above the earth. Oen. i. 20.
2. Figuratively, higher than ; superior to in any re-
spect ; surpassing ; beyond ; higher in measure or de-
free than ; as, things above comprehension ; above mean
actions ; conduct above reproach. " Thy worth ... is
iar above va-y giits." Marlowe.
I saw in the way a light from heaven above the brightness of
the sun. Acts xxvl. 13.
3. Surpassing in number or quantity ; more than ; as,
above a hundred. (Passing into the adverbial sense. See
Above, adv., 4.)
Above all, before every other consideration ; chiefly ;
m preference to other thmgs.
Over and above, prep, or adv., besides ; in addition to.
A-bove' (a-biSv'), adv. 1. In a higlier place ; over-
head ; into or from heaven ; as, the clouds above.
2. EarUer in order ; higher in the same page ; hence,
in a foregoing page. " That was said aftow. " Dryden.
3. Higher in rank or power ; as, he appealed to the
court above.
4. More than ; as, above five hundred were present.
Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omit-
ting the word mentioned, quoted, or tlie like ; as, tiie
above observations, the aboie reference, the above arti-
cles.—.46o?;e is also used substantively. "The waters
that come down from above." Josh. iii. 13.
It is also used as the first part of a compound in the
sense of bejore, previously ; as, abore-cited, above-de-
scribed, aioce-mentioned, aiotJe-uamed, aioi'esaid, a6ot)e-
specified, above-^written, above-given.
A-bOVe'board' (-bord'), adv. Above the board or ta-
ble. Hence : in open sight ; without trick, concealment,
or deception. " Fair and aboveboard." Burke.
E^" This expression is said by Johnson to have been
borrowed from gamesters, who, when they change their
cards, put their hands under the table.
A-bOVe'-clt'ed (-sit'ed), a. Cited before, m the pre-
ceding part of a book or writing.
A-bovefdeck' (-d6k'), a. On deck ; and hence, like
aboveboafd, \vithout artifice. Smart.
A-bove'-men'tloned (-mgn'shund), A-bove'-named'
(-namd'), a. Mentioned or named before ; aforesaid.
A-bove'sald' (-s6d'), a. Mentioned or recited before.
A-bOX' (a-bSks'), adv. & a. (Naut.) Braced aback.
Ab'ra-ca-dab'ra (Sb'ra-
ki-dSb'ra), n. [L. Of un- \^o''„*,°c*a"d^a°b\'*
known origin.] A mystical abracadab
word or collocation of let- a b B a c a da
ters written as in the figure. ^a ^b\ *a " c \
Worn on an amulet it was a b R a o
supposed to ward off fever. '^a^b'^r*
At present the word is used a b
chiefly in jest to denote ^
something without meaning ; jargon.
Ab-ra'dant (5b-ra'dant), n. A material used for grind-
ing, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc.
Ab-rade' (Sb-rSd'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abraded ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Abrading.] [L. abradere, abrasum, to
scrape oS;ab-{- radere to scrape. See Base, Haze.] To
rub or wear off ; to waste or wear away by friction ; as,
to abrade rocks. Lyell.
A-brade' (a-brSd'), v. t. Same as Abraid. [Obs.'j
A'bra-ham'lc (a'bra-hSmlk), a. Pertaining to Abra-
ham, the patriarch ; as, tlie Abrahamic covenant.
A'bra-ham-lt'lc, -ic-al (a'br^hSm-it'ik, -It'I-kal), a.
Relating to the patriarch Abraham.
A'bra-ham— man' (a'bra-ham-man') or A'brani—
man' (a'bram-man'), n. [Possibly in allusion to the par-
able of the beggar Lazarus in Luke xvi. Murray (New
Eng. Dict.).~\ One of a set of vagabonds who formerly
roamed through England, feigning lunacy for the sake
of obtaining alms. Nares.
To Bham Abraham, to feign sickness. Goldsmith.
A-braid' (a-brad'), v. t. & i. [OE. abreiden, abraiden,
to awake, draw (a sword), AS. dbregdan to shake, draw ;
pref. a- (cf. Goth, us-, Ger. er-, orig. meanuig out) -f- breg-
dan to shake, throw. See Braid.] To awake ; to arouse ;
to stir or start up ; also, to shout out. [OAs.] Chaucer.
A-bran'Chi-al(a-brSn'ki-al), a. (Zool.) Abranchiate.
II A-bran'chi-a'ta (a^bran'ki-a't4), n. pi. [NL., from
Gr. d priv. -f /Spayx'"' Pl> the gills of fishes.] (Zool.)
A group of annelids, so called because the species com-
posing it have no special organs of respiration.
A-bran'clll-ate(-bran'ki-at),a. (Zo'dl.) Without gills.
Ab-rase' (Sb-raz'), a. [L. abrasus, p. p. of abradere.
See Abrade.] Bubbed smooth. [OJi.] " An abrase
table." B.Jonson.
Ab-ra'sion (5b-ra'zhun), n. [L. abrasio, fr. abradere.
See Abrade.] 1. The act of abrading, wearing, or nib-
bing off ; the wearing away by friction ; as, the abrasion
of coins.
2. The substance rubbed off. Berkeley.
3. (Med.) A superficial excoriation, with loss of sub-
stance under the form of small shreds. _ Punglison.
Ab-ra'sive (-si"'), a. Producing abrasion. Ure.
A-braum' or A-braum' salts (a-broum' salts), n.
[Ger., fr. abraumen to remove.] A red ocher used to
darken mahogany and for making cMoride of potassium.
II A-bras'as (a-braks'Ss), re. [A name adopted by the
Egyptian Gnostic Basilides, containing the Greek letters
a, j3, p, a, f , a, s, wliich, as numerals, amounted to 365.
It was used to signify the supreme deity as ruler of the
365 heavens of his system.] A mystical word used as a
charm and engraved on gems among the ancients ; also,
a gem stone thus engraved.
A-bray' (a-bra'), V. [A false form from the preterit
abraid, abrayde.'] See Abraid. [Obs.'\ Spenser.
A-breast' (a-brSsf), adv. [Pref. a- + breast.'] 1. Side
by side, with breasts in a line ; as, " Two men could
hardly walk abreast." Macaulay.
2. (Naut.) Side by side; also, opposite ; over against;
on a line with the vessel's beam ; — with of.
3. Up to a certain level or line ; equally advanced ; as,
to keep abreast of [or with] the present state of science.
4. At the same time ; simultaneously. [Obs.]
Abreast therewith began a convocation. FuTIer.
A-breg'ge (a-brgg'ge), V. t. See Abridge. [Obs.l,
Ab're-noimce' (ab're-nouns'), V. t. [L. abrenuntiare ;
ab + renuntiare. See Renounce.] To renounce. [Obs:\
" They abrenounce and cast them off." Latimer.
Ab're-nun'Ci-a'tlon (-nfin'sl-a'shfin or -shT-), n. [LL.
abrenunliatio. See Abrenounce.] Absolute renunciation
or repudiation. [Obs.]
An abrenimcialion of that truth which he so long had pro.
fessed, and still believed. Fuller.
Ab-rep'tlon (Sb-rep'shun), n. [L. abreptus, p. p. of
abripere to snatch away ; ab -\- rapere to snatch.] A
snatching away. [06.?.]
II A'breu'voir' (a' bre'vwar'), n. [F , a watering place.]
(Masonry) The joint or interstice between stones, to be
filled with mortar. Gwilt.
A'brl-COCk (a'brT-k5k), n. See Apricot. [Obs.}
A-bridge' (a-brlj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abridged
(a-brijd') ; p.pr. & vb. n. Abridging.] [OE. abregen, OF.
abregier, F. abreger, f r. L. ubbreviare ; ad + brevis sliort.
See Brief and cf. Abbreviate.] 1. To mske shorter ;
to shorten in duration ; to lessen ; to diminish ; to cur-
tail ; as, to abridge labor ; to abridge power or rights.
" The bridegroom . . . abridged his visit." Smollett.
She retired herself to Sebaste, and abridged her train from
state to necessity. Fuller.
2. To shorten or contract by using fewer words, yet
retaining the sense ; to epitomize ; to condense ; as, te
abridge a history or dictionary.
3. To deprive ; to cut off ; — followed by of, and for-
merly by/;07?!. ,• as, to abridge one of his rights.
A-bridg'er (a-biTj'er), n. One who abridges.
A-bridg'ment (-brTj'ment), re. [OF. abregement. See
Abridge.] 1. Tlie act of abridging, or the state of being
abridged ; diminution ; lessening ; reduction or depriva-
tion ; as, an abridgment of pleasures or of expenses.
2. An epitome or compend, as of a book ; a shortened
or abridged form ; an abbreviation.
Ancient coins as abridgments of history. Addison,
3. That which abridges or cuts short ; hence, an enter-
tainment that makes the time pass quickly. [Ofts.]
What abridgment have you for this evening ? What mask I
What music ? Shak.
Syn. —Abridgment, Compendium, EprroME, Abstract,
Btnopsis. An abridgment is made by omitting the less im-
portant parts of some larger work ; as, an abridgment of a
dictionary. A compendium, is a brief exhibition of a sub-
ject, or science, for common use ; as, a compendium of
American literature. An epitome corresponds to a com-
pendium, and gives briefiy the most material points of a
subject ; as, an epitome of history. An abstract is a brief
statement of a thing in its main points. A synopsis is a
bird's-eye view of a subject, or work, in its several parts.
A-broach' (a-broch'), V. i. [OE. abrochen, OF. abro-
chier. See Broach.] To set abroach ; to let out, as liquor ;
to broach ; to tap. [Ois.] Chaucer.
A-broach', adv. [Pref. a- -\- broach.'] \. Broached ;
in a condition for letting out or yielding liquor, as a cask
which is tapped.
Hogsheads of ale were set abroach. Sir W. Scott.
2. Hence : In a state to be diffused or propagated ;
afoot ; astir. " Mischiefs that I set abroach." Shak
A-broad' (3.-brad'), adv. [Pref. a- -)- broad.] 1. At
large ; widely ; broadly ; over a wide space ; as, a tree
spreads its branches abroad.
The fox roams far abroad. Prior,
2. Without a certain confine ; outside the house ; away
from one's abode ; as, to walk abroad.
I went to St. James', where another was preaching in the
court abroad. Evelyn.
3. Beyond the bounds of a country ; in foreign coun-
tries ; as, we have broils at home and enemies abroad.
" Another prince . . . was living aSroarf." Macaulay.
4. Before the public at large ; throughout society or
the world ; here and there ; widely.
He went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze
abroad the matter. Mark i. 45.
To be all abroad, (a) To be wide of the mark ; to be
at fault ; as, you are all abroad in your guess, (b) To be
at a loss or nonplused.
Ab'ro-ga-ble (Sb'rS-ga-b'l), a. Capable of being ab-
rogated.
Ab'ro-gate (-gSt), a. [L. abrogatus, p. p.] Abrogated ;
abolished. [_Obs. or P.] Latimer.
Ab'ro-gate (-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abrogated j
p. pr. & vb. re. Abrogating.] [L. abrogatus, p. p. of ab-
rogare; ab ■\-rogare to ask, require, propose. See Ro-
gation.] 1. To annul by an authoritative act ; to abolish
by the authority of the maker or his successor ; to re-
peal ; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordi-
nances, the abolition of customs, etc.
Let us see whether the New Testament abrogates what we so
frequently see in the Old. South.
Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persians, thev can
not alter or abrogate. j'Jurke.
2. To put an end to ; to do away with. Shak.
Syn. — To abolish ; anuul'; do away ; set aside ; revoke ;
repeal ; cancel ; aimiliilate. See Abolish.
Ab'ro-ga'tion (ab'r6-ga'shun), re. [L. abrogatio, fr.
abrogare: cf. P. abrogation.] The act of abrogating;
repeal by authority. Hume.
Ab'ro-ga-tive (Sb'ro-ga-tTv), a. Tending or designed
to abrogate ; as, an abrogative law.
Ab'ro-ga'tor (-gS'ter), re. One who repeals by authority.
A-brood' (a-brood'), «(?«;. IPrei. a- -\- brood.] In the
act of brooding. [Ote.] Abp. Sancroft.
A-brook' (a-brS6k'), v. t. [Pref. a- -j- brook, v.] To
brook; to endure. [Obs.] Shak.
Ab-rupt' (ab-rupf), a. [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrum-
pere to break off ; a6 + rumpere to break. See Rup.
TUEE.] 1. Broken off ; very steep, or craggy, as rocks,
precipices, banks ; precipitous ; steep ; as, abrupt places.
" Tumbling through rocks abrupt." Thomsen.
2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event ;
sudden ; hasty ; imceremonious. " The cause of your
abrupt departure." Shak,
3. Having sudden transitions from one subject to an-
other ; unconnected.
The abrupt style, which hath many breaches. B. Jeraoa.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, aU i eve, event 6nd, fern, receat ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, orb, Bdd ;
ABRUPT
ABSORB
Abruptly Viunuto
Leaf.
4. (.Bot.) Suddenly terminating, as if cut oft. Oray.
Syn. — Suddeu ; unexpected ; hasty ; rough : curt ; un-
ceremonious ; rugged ; uluut ; disuonuecteu ; broken.
Ab-rupt' (Sb-rtSpt'), n. [L. abrtipliun.'] An abrupt
place. [Poetic] " Over tlie vast abrupt." Milton.
Ab-rupt', JJ. ^ To tear oil or asunder. [Ofts.] "Till
death abrupts tliem." Sir T. Browne.
Ab-mp'tion (ab-riSp'sh8n), n. [L. abriiplio, fr. ab-
rumpere: cf. F. abruption.'] A suddeu breaking off; a
nolent separation of bodies. Woodward.
Ab-ruptly, adv. 1. In an abrupt manner ; without
giving notice, or without the usual forms ; suddenly.
2. Precipitously.
Abruptly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate
without an odd leaflet, or otner ai>-
pendage, at the end. Gray.
Ab-rupt'ness, n. 1. The state
of being abrupt or broken ; cragged-
ness; ruggedness; steepness.
2. Suddeimess ; miceremonious haste or vehemence ;
as, abruptness of style or manner.
Ab'scess (Sb'sgs), n. ; pi. Abscesses (-5z). CL. absces-
SHS a going away, gathering of humors, abscess, fr. ab-
scessus, p. p. of abscedere to go away ; ab. abs + federe
to go off, retire. See Cede.] (Med.) A collection of
pus or piurulent matter in any tissue or organ of the body,
the result of a morbid process.
Cold abscess, an abscess of slow formation, imattended
with the pain and heat characteristic of ordinary ab-
scesses, and lasting for years without exhibiting any ten-
dency towards healing ; a chronic abscess.
Ab-3Ces'slon (Sb-sSsh'un), n. [L. abscessio a separa-
tion, fr. abscedere. See Abscess.] A separatmg; re-
moval ; also, an abscess. [06s. ] Gauden. Barrough.
Ab-scind' (5b-sTnd'), v. t. [L. abscindere; ab-\-scin-
<fere to rend, cut. See Schism.] To cut off. [i2.1 "Two
syllables . . . absci7tded from the rest." Johnson.
Ab-SCl'sloil(-sizh'un),». [L. o&scw/w.] See Abscission.
Ab'sclss (Sb'sis), n. ; pi. Abscisses (-Sz). See Abscissa.
Ab-scls'sa (Sb-sis'sa), n. ; E. pi. Abscissas, L. pi. Ab-
scissa. [L., fern, of abscissus, p. p. of abscindere to cut
off. See Abscind.] (Geout.) One of the elements of
reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to
a system of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. When re-
ferred to two intersecting axes, one of them called the
axis of abscissas, or of X, and the other the axis of or-
•dinates, or of T, the abscissa of the point is the distance
cut off from the axis of X by a line drawn through it
and parallel to the axis of Y. When a point in space is
referred to three axes having a common intersection, the
abscissa may be the distance measured parallel to either
of them, from the point to the plane of the other two
axes. Abscissas and ordinates taken to-
gether are called coordinates. — OX or
PY is the abscissa of the point P of the
curve, OY or PX its ordinate, the inter-
secting hnes OX and OY being the axes
of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and
the point O their origin.
Ab-scis'sion (ab-sizh'CLn), n. [L. abscissio. See Ab-
scind.] 1. The actor process of cutting off. " Not to be
cured without the abscission of a member." Jer. Taylor,
2. The state of being cut off. Sir T. Browne.
3. (Ehet.) A figure of speech employed when a speaker
having begun to say a thing stops abruptly : thus, " He
is a man of so much honor and candor, and of such gen-
erosity — but I need say no more."
Ab-scnnd' (Sb-skond'), V. i. [imp. &p. p. Absconded ;
ptpr. & vb. n. Abscondino.] [L. abscondere to hide ; ab,
■abs -j-condere to lay up; con + dare (only in comp.) to
put. Cf. Do.] 1. To hide, withdraw, or be concealed.
The marmot absconds all winter. Hay.
2. To depart clandestinely ; to steal off and secrete
one's self; — used especially of persons who withdraw
to avoid a legal process ; as, an absconding debtor.
That very homesickness which, in regular armies, drives so
•many recruits to obscojid. Macaulay.
Ab-scond', ?;. ^ To hide ; to conceal. [Obs.] Bentley.
Ab-scond'ence (-«ns), n. Fugitive concealment ; se-
cret retirement ; hiding. [JJ.] Phillips.
Ab-SCOnd'er (-er), n. One who absconds.
Ab'sence (ab'sens), n. [Fr, fr. L. absentia. See Ab-
-SENT.] 1. A state of being absent or withdrawn from a
place or from companionship ; — opposed io presence.
Not as in my presence only, but now much more in my ab-
'ence. Pku. u. 12.
2. Want; destitution; withdrawal. "In the absence
of conventional law." Kent.
3. Inattention to things present ; abstraction (of mind) ;
as, absence of mind. " Reflecting on the little absences
and distractions of mankind." Addison.
To conquer that abstraction which is called absence. Lundor.
Ab'sent (Sb'sent), a. [F., fr. L. absens, absentis, p.
pr. of abesse to be away from ; ab + esse to be. Of.
Sooth.] 1. Being away from a place ; withdrawn from
aplace; notpresent. " Expecting aftserei friends." Shak.
2. Not existing ; lacking ; as, the part was rudimental
or absent.
3. Inattentive to what is passing ; absent-minded ; pre-
occupied ; as, an absent air.
What is commonly called an absent man is commonly either
a very weak or a very affected man. Chesterfield.
Syn. —Absent, Abstracted. These words both imply
a want of attention to surrounding objects. We speak
ot a man as absent when his thoughts wander uncon-
Bciously from present scenes or topics of discourse ; we
speak of him as abstracted when Ins mind (usually for a
brief period) is drawn off from present things by some
weighty matter for reflection. Absence of mind is usu-
aUy the result of loose habits of thought; abstraction
commonly arises either from engrossing interests and
cares, or from unfortunate habits of association.
a
Ab-sent' (5b-sSnt'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absented ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Absenting.] [Cf. F. absenter.] 1. To take
or withdraw (cue's self) to such a distance as to prevent
intercourse ; — used with the reflexive pronoun.
If after due summons any member absents himself, he is to
be iined. Addison.
2. To withliold from being present. [Obs.} "Go; for
thy stay, not free, absents thee more." Milton.
Ab'sen-ta'ne-OUS (Sb'sen-ta'ne-iis), a. [LL. absenta-
neris. See Absent.] Pertaining to absence. [Ofo.]
Ab'sen-ta'tlon (-shUn), n. The act of absenting one's
self. Sir W. Hamilton.
Ab'sen-tee' (-te'), n. One who absents himself from
his country, office, post, or duty ; especially, a landholder
who lives in another country or district than that where
Ills estate is situated ; as, an Irish absoitee. Macaiday.
Ab'sen-tee'ism (-Tz'm), n. The state or practice of
an absentee; esp. the practice of absenting one's self
from the country or district where one's estate is situated.
Ab-sent'er (Sb-sSnfer), n. One who absents one's self.
Ab'sent-ly (ab'sent-lj), adv. In an absent or ab-
stracted manner. G. Eliot.
Ab-sent'ment (5b-s5nt'ment), n. The state of being
absent; withdrawal, [i?.] Barrow.
Ab'sent-mlnd'ed (Sb'sent-mind'Sd), a. Absent in
mind ; abstracted ; preoccupied. — Ab'sent-mind'ed-
ness, TO. — Ab'sent-mlnd'ed-ly, adv.
Ab'sent-ness (5b'seut-nSs), n. The quality of being
absent-minded, [i?.] //. Miller.
Ab'sey-book' (ab'sy-be8k')r n. An A-B-C book ; a
primer. [06s.] Shah.
Ab-sln'thate (Sb-sTn'that), n. (Chem.) A combi-
nation of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical.
Ab'slntb' I (Sb'sTnth'), n. [F. absinthe. See Absin-
Ab'sinthe' ) thium.] 1. The plant absinthium or
common wormwood.
2. A strong spirituous liqueur made from wormwood
and brandy or alcohol.
Ab-sln'thi-al (ab-sTn'thl-al), a. Of or pertaining to
wormwood ; absinthian.
Ab-sln'thi-an (-thl-an), a. Of the nature of worm-
wood. ".46smMia7j bitterness." T. Randolph.
Ab-sln'thl-ate (-thl-at), v. t. [From L. absinthium:
cf. L. absinthiatus, a.] To impregnate with wormwood.
Ab-sin'UU-a'ted (-thi-a'tSd), a. Impregnated with
wormwood ; as- absinthiated wine.
Ab-sin'thlc (ab-sin'thik), a. (Chem.) Relating to the
common wormwood or to an acid obtained from it.
Ab-Sln'thln (-thin), n. (Chem.) The bitter principle
of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Watts.
Ab'sin-thlsm (Sb'sln-thiz'm), n. The condition of
being poisoned by the excessive use of absinth.
Ab-sin'thl-um (Sb-sin'thi-iim), n. [L., from Gr.
a<iiCv8i.ov.'] (Bot.) The common wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium), an intensely bitter plant, used as a tonic
and for making the oil of wormwood.
Ab'sis (ab'sis), n. See Apsis.
Ab-sist' (ab-sisf), V. i. [L. absistere, p. pr. absis-
tens ; ab-\-sisterett) stand, causal of stare.] To stand
apart from ; to leave off ; to desist. [06s.] Raleigh.
Ab-sist'ence (-«ns), n. A standing aloof. [06s.]
Ab'SO-lute (Sb'so-lilt), a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of ab-
solvere: ct.F.absolu. See Absolve.] 1. Loosed from
any limitation or condition ; vmeontrolled ; unrestricted ;
unconditional ; as, absolute authority, monarchy, sover-
eignty, an absolute promise or command ; absolute pow-
er ; an absolute monarch.
2. Complete in itself ; perfect ; consummate ; fault-
less ; as, absolute perfection ; absolute beauty.
So absolute she seems,
And in herself complete. Milton.
3. Viewed apart from modifying influences or without
comparison writh other objects ; actual ; real ; — opposed
to relative and comparative ; as, absolute motion ; a6so-
lute time or space.
Absolute rights and duties are such as pertain to man
in a state of nature as contradistinguished from relative
rights and duties, or such as pertain to him in his social
relations.
-4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any
other being ; self-existent ; self-sufficing.
5^°" In this sense God is called the Absolute by the
Theist. The term is also applied by the Pantheist to the
universe, or the total of all existence, as only capable of
relations in its parts to each other and to the whole, and
as dependent for its existence and its phenomena on its
mutually depending forces and their laws.
5. Capable of being thought or conceived by itself
alone ; unconditioned ; non-relative.
11^°° It is in dispute among philosophers whether the
term, in this sense, is not applied to a mere logical fiction
or abstraction, or whether the absolute, as thus defined,
can be known, as a reality, by the human intellect.
To Cusa we can indeed articulately trace, word and thing,
the recent philosophy of the absolute. Sir W. Hamilton.
6. Poiitive ; clear ; certaui ; not doubtful, [i?.]
I am absolute 't was very Cloten. Shak.
7. Authoritative ; peremptoi-y.. [JJ.]
The peddler stopped, and tapped her on the head,
With absolute forefinger, brown and ringed. Mrs. Brcniming.
8. (Chem.) Pure; unmixed; as, absolute alcohol.
9. (Gram.) Not immediately dependent on the other
parts of the sentence in government ; as, the case a6so-
luie. See Ablative absolute, under Ablative.
Absolute curvature (6eom.), that curvature of a curve
of double curvature, which is measured in the osculating
plane of the curve. — Absolute equation {Astron.), the sum
of the optic and eccentric ecjuations. — Absolute space
(Physics), space considered without relation to material
limits or objects. — Absolute terras (All).), such as are
known, or wliich do not contain the unknown quantity.
Davies & Peck. — Absolute temperature (Physics), the
temperature as measured ou a scale determined by cer-
tain general thermo-dynamic principles, and reckoned
from the absolute zero. — Absolute zmo (Physics), the be-
ginning, or zero point, in the scale of absolute tempera-
ture. It is equivalent to —273" centigrade or —459.4°
Fahrenheit.
•Sy 11 . — Positive ; peremptory; certain: unconditional;
unlimited ; uiu'estricted ; unqualified ; arbitrary ; despot-
ic ; autocratic.
Ab'so-Iute (Sb'so-lut), n. (Geom.) In a plane, the two'
imaginary circular points at infinity ; in space of three '
dimensions, the imaginary circle at infinity.
Ab'so-lute-ly, adv. In an absolute, independent, ot
unconditional manner ; wholly ; positively.
Ab'so-lute-ness, n. The quality of being absolute ;
independence of everything extraneous ; unlimitedness ;
absolute power ; uidependent reality ; positiveness.
Ab'SO-lU'tlon (Sb'so-lu'shun), n. [F. absolution, L.
absolutio,b.absolvcre to absolve. See Absolve.] 1. An
absolving, or setting free from guilt, sin, or penalty ; for-
giveness of an offense. "Government . . . granting
absolution to the nation." Froude.
2. (Civil Law) An acquittal, or sentence of a judge
declaring an accused person innocent. [06s.]
3. (R. C. Ch. ) Tlie exercise of priestly jurisdiction in
the sacrament of penance, by which Catholics believe the
sins of the truly penitent are forgiven.
'^^ In the English and other Protestant churches,
this act is regarded as simply declaratory, not as impart-
lag forgiveness.
4. (Eccl.) An absolving from ecclesiastical penalties, —
for example, excommunication. P. Cyc.
5. The form of words by which a penitent is ab-
solved. Shipley.
6. Delivery, in speech. [05s.] B. Jonson.
Absolution day (R. C. Ch.), Tuesday before Easter.
Ab'so-lu'tlsm (Sb'so-lS'tiz'm), n. 1. The state of
being absolute ; the system or doctrine of the absolute ;
the principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary gov-
ernment; despotism.
The element of absolutism and prelacy was controlling.
Palfrey.
2. ( Theol.) Doctrine of absolute decrees. Ash.
Ab'so-!u'tlst (-tist), n. 1. One who is in favor of an
absolute or autocratic government.
2. (Metaph.) One who believes that it is possible to
realize a cognition or concept of the absolute.
Sir W. Hamilton.
Ab'so-lu'tlst, a. Of or pertaining to absolutism ; ar-
bitrary; despotic; as, absolutist ^riucvgles.
Ab'so-lU-tls'Uc (Sb's6-lu-tis'tik), a. Pertaining to ab-
solutism; absolutist.
Ab-sol'U-to-ry (Sb-sol'fi-to-ry), a. [L. absolutorius,
fr. absolvere to absolve.] Serving to absolve ; absolving.
"An absolutory sentence." Ayliffe.
Ab-solv'a-ble (ab-s51v'a-b'l), a. That may be absolved,
Ab-solv'a-tO-ry (-tS-i^), a. Conferring absolution (
absolutory.
Ab-solve'(Sb-solv'; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Absolved
(-sSlvd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absolving.] [L. absolvere to
set tree,. to absolve; ab -j- solvere to loose. See Assoil,
Solve.] 1. To set free, or release, as from some obliga-
tion, debt, or responsibility, or from the consequences of
guilt or such ties as it would be sin or guilt to violate ;
to pronounce free ; as, to absolve a subject from his alle-
giance ; to absolve an offender, which amounts to an ac-
quittal and a remission of his punishment.
Halifax was absolved by a majority of fourteen. Macaulay.
2. To free from a penalty ; to pardon ; to remit (a sin);
— said of the sin or giult.
In his name I absolve your perjury. OibboJK
3. To finish ; to accomplish. [06s.]
The work begun, how soon absolved. Milton,
4. To resolve or explain. [06s.] " We shaU not ab-
solve the doubt." Sir T. Browne.
Syn.— To Absolve, Exonebate, Acquit. We speak of
a man as absolved from something that binds his con-
science, or involves the charge of wrongdoing ; as, to ab-
solve from allegiance or from the obligation of an oath, or
a promise. We speak of a person as exonerated, when he
is released from some burden which had rested upon him ;
as, to exonerate from suspicion, to exonerate from blame
or odium. It implies a purely moral acquittal. We speak
of a person as acquitted, when a decision has been made
in his favor with reference to a specific charge, either by
a jury or by disinterested persons ; as, he was acquitted
of all participation in the crime.
Ab-SOlV'ent (Sb-solv'ent), a. [L. absolvens, p. pr. of
absolvere!] Absolving, [ic.] Carlyle.
Ab-solv'ent, n. An absolver. [R.] Hobbes.
Ab-solv'er (-er), re. One who absolves. Macaxday.
Ab'so-nant (Sb'so-nant), a. [L. a6 + sonares, p. pr. of
sonare to soimd.] Discordant; contrary ;^ — opposed to
consonant. "J6sojzanZ to nature." Queries.
Ab'SO-nous (Sb'sd-niis), a. [L. absonus; ab -j- so7ius
soimd.] Discordant ; inharmonious ; incongruous. [06s.'J
'■^ Absonous to our reason." Glanvilf.
Ab-sorb' (Sb-s6rb'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Absorbed
(-s8rbd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absorbing.] [L. absorbere; ab
-\- sorbere to suck in, akin to Gr. po<j>uv : cf . F. absor-
ber.] X. To swallow up ; to engulf ; to overwhelm ; to
cause to disappear as if by swallow ing up ; to use up ; to
include. "Darkoblivionsoona6sor6sthemaU." Cowper.
The large cities absorb the wealth and fashion. W. Irving.
2. To suck up; to drink in; to imbibe; as a sponge,
or as the lacteals of the body. Bacon.
3. To engross or engage wholly ; to occupy fully ; as,
absorbed in study or the pursuit of wealth.
4. To take up by cohesive, chemical, or any molecular
action, as when charcoal absorbs gases. So heat, light,
and electiicity are absorbed or taten up in the substances
into which they pass. Nichol.
Syn. — To Absoeb, Engross, Swallow up. Engulf.
These words agree in one general idea, that of completely
taking up. They are cliiefly used in a figurative sense,
and may be distinguished by a reference to their ety-
use. unite, nide, full, ttp, lira; pity, food, fo~oti out, oil; chair i go; sing, ink; then, thin; bo^; xU — x. in azure.
ABSORBABILITY
8
ABSURD
mology. We speak of a person as absorbed (lit. , drawn
in, swallowed up) in study or some otlier employment
of the highest mterest. We speak of a person as en-
grossed (ut., seized upon in the gross, or wliolly) by
something wliich occupies his whole time and thoughts,
as the acquisition of wealth, or the attainment of honor.
We speak of a person (under a stronger image) as swal-
lowed up and lost in that which completely occupies liis
thoughts and feelings, as in grief at the death of a friend,
or in the multiplied cares of life. We speak of a person
as engulfed in that which (like a gulf) takes in all liis
hopes and interests ; as, engulfed in misery, ruin, etc.
That grave question which had hegun to absorb the Christian
mind — the marriage of the clergy. JIUtnan.
Too long hath love engrossed Britannia's stage.
And sunk to softness all our tragic rage. Tickell.
Should not the sad occasion swallow up
My other cares ? Addison.
And in destruction's river
JSngulfand. swallow those. Sir P. Sidney.
Ab-sorb'a-bll'l-ty (Sb-s8rb'a-bil'i-tJ^), n. The state or
quality of being absorbable. Graham {Chemistry).
Ab-sorb'a-ble (-s8rb'a-b'l), a. [Cf. F. absorbable.}
Capable of being absorbed or swallowed up. Kerr.
Ab-sorb'ed-ly, adv. In a manner as if wholly en-
grossed or engaged.
Ab-sorb'en-cy (-en-sj?), n. Absorptiveness.
Ab-sorb'ent (-ent), a. [L. absorbens, p. pr. of absor-
here.'] Absorbing; swallowing; absorptive.
Absorbent ground (Paint.), a ground prepared for a
picture, chiefly with distemper, or water colors, by which
the oil is absorbed, and a brilliancy is imparted to the
colors.
Ab-sorb'ent, n. 1. Anything which absorbs.
The ocean, itself a bad absorbent of heat. Darwin.
2. (,3fed.) Any substance which absorbs and neutral-
izes acid fluid in the stomach and bowels, as magnesia,
chalk, etc. ; also a substance {e. g., iodine) which acts on
the absorbent vessels so as to reduce enlarged and indu-
rated parts.
3. pi. (Physiol.) The vessels by which the processes
of absorption are carried on, as the lymphatics in ani-
mals, the extremities of the roots in plants.
Ab-30rb'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, absorbs.
Ab-sorb'ing, «. Swallowing, engrossing ; as, an ab-
sorbing pursuit. — Ab-sorb'ing-ly, adv.
Ab'sor-bi'tlon (Sb'sor-bish'iin), n. Absorption. \_Obs.']
Ab-sorpt' (Sb-sSrpf), a. [L. absorptus, p. p.] Ab-
sorbed. lArc/iaic] '■' A bsorpt in ca,Te." Pope.
Ab-SOrp'tlon (-sSrp'slmn), n. [L. absorptio, fr. ab-
sorbere. See Aesokb.] 1. The act or process of absorb-
ing or sucking in anything, or of being absorbed and
made to disappear ; as, the absorption of bodies in a
whirlpool, the absorption of a smaller tribe into a larger.
2. [Chem. & Physics) An imbibing or reception by
molecular or chemical action ; as, the absorptionoi light,
heat, electricity, etc.
3. (Physiol.) In living organisms, the process by which
the materials of growth and nutrition are absorbed and
conveyed to the tissues and organs.
4. Entire engrossment or occupation of the mind ; as,
absorption in some employment.
Ab-SOrp'tive (-s8rp'tiv), a. Having power, capacity,
or tendency to absorb or imbibe. E. Darwin.
Ab-sorp'tlve-ness, n. The quality of being absorp-
tive ; absorptive power.
Ab'sorp-tiv'i-ty (Sb'sSrp-tTvT-tJf), n. Absorptiveness.
Ab-squat'u-late (ab-skwot'iS-lat), v. i. To take one's
self off ; to decamp. \_A jocular word. U. <?.]
II Abs'que hoc (Sbzlswe hok). [L., without this.]
(Law) The technical words of denial used in traversing
what has been alleged, and is repeated.
Ab-Staln' (Sb-stan'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abstained
(-stand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstaining.] [OE. absteynen,
abstenen, OF. astenir, absienir, F. abstenir, fr. L. absti-
nere, abstentum, v. t. & v. i., to keep from ; ab, abs -\-
ienere to hold. See Tenable.] To hold one's self aloof ;
to forbear or refrain voluntarily, and especially from an
indulgence of the passions or appetites ; — with from.
Not a few abstained from voting. Macaulay.
Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt ? Sltak.
Syn. —To refrain ; forbear ; withhold ; deny one's self ;
give up J relinquish.
Ab-Staln', v. t. To hinder ; to withhold.
Whether he abstain men from marrying. Milton.
Ab-Staln'er (-er), n. One who abstains ; esp., one who
Bbstains from the use of intoxicating liquors.
Ab-Ste'ml-ous (ab-ste'mi-us), a. [L. abstemius ; ab,
abs -f- root of temetutn intoxicating drink.] 1. Abstain-
ing from wine. lOrig. Latin sense.}
Under his special eve
Abstemious I grew up and thrived amain. 3Tilton.
2. Sparing in diet ; refraining from a free use of food
and strong drinks ; temperate ; abstinent ; sparing in the
indulgence of the appetite or passions.
Instances of longevity are chiefly among the abstemious.
Arbuthnot.
3. Sparingly used ; used with temperance or modera-
tion ; as, an abstemious diet. Gibbon.
4. Marked by, or spent in, abstinence ; as, an abstemi-
ous life. " One abstemious day." Pope.
5. Promotive of abstemiousness. [iJ.]
Such is the virtue of the abstemious well. Dryden.
Ab-Ste'ml-OUS-ly, adv. In an abstemious manner ;
temperately ; sparingly.
Ab-ste'mi-ous-ness, n. The quality of being abste-
mious, temperate, or sparing in the use of food and
strong drinks. It expresses a greater degree of absti-
nence than temperance.
Ab-sten'tion (ab-stSn'shiin), n. [F. See Abstain.]
The act of abstaining ; a holding aloof. Jer. Taylor.
Ab-Sten'tious (-shus), a. Characterized by absti-
nence ; self-restraining. Farrar.
Ab-Sterge' (5b-sterj'), v. t. [L. abstergere, nister-
sum; ab, abs -f tergere to wipe. Cf. F. absterger.} To
make clean by wiping ; to wipe away ; to cleanse ; hence,
to purge. [iJ.] Quincy.
Ab-8ter'gent (Sb-ster'jent), a. [L. abstergens, p. pr.
of abstergere.'] Serving to cleanse ; detergent.
Ab-Ster'gent, n. A substance used in cleansing ; a
detergent ; as, soap is an abstergent,
Ab-Sterse' (Sb-sters'), v. t. To absterge ; to cleanse ;
to purge away. \_ObsJ Sir T. Browne.
Ab-Ster'sion (Sb-ster'shSn), n. \V. abstersion. SeeAs-
STEKGE.] Act of wiping clean ; a cleansing ; a purging.
The task of ablution and abstersion being performed.
Sir W. Scott.
Ab-ster'sive (-siv), a. [Cf. F. abstersif. See Ab-
sterge.] Cleansing; purging. Bacon.
Ab-ster'sive, n. Something cleansing.
Tlie strong abstersive of some hc'oic magistrate. Jlilton.
Ab-ster'sive-ness, n. The quality of being abster-
sive. Fuller.
Ab'stl-nence (Sb'stl-nens), n. [F. abstinence, L. ab-
stinentia,ii.abstinere. See Abstain.] 1. The actor prac-
tice of abstaining ; voluntary forbearance of any action,
especially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite,
or from customary gratifications of animal or sensual
propensities. Specifically, the practice of abstaining from
intoxicating beverages, — called also total abstinence.
The abstinence from a present pleasure that offers itself is a
pain, nay, oftentimes, a very great one. Locke.
2. The practice of self-denial by depriving one's self
of certain kinds of food or drink, especially of meat.
Penance, fasts, and abstinence,
To punish bodies for the Boul's offense. X>ryden.
Ab'Stl-nen-cy (-nen-sy), n. Abstinence, [i?.]
Ab'stl-nent (-uent), a. [F. abstinent, L. abstinens, p.
pr. of abstinere. See Abstain.] Refraining from indul-
gence, especially from the indulgence of appetite ; ab-
stemious ; continent ; temperate. Beau. & Fl.
Ab'sti-nent, n. 1. One who abstains.
2. (Feci. Hint. ) One of a sect who appeared in France
and Spain in the 3d century.
Ab'Stl-nent-ly, adv. With abstinence.
Ab-Stort'efl (Sb-stSrt'Sd), a. [As if fr. absiort, fr.
L. ab, abs -\- tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist.] Wrested
away. [06s.] Bailey.
Ab'Stract' (Sb'strakf ; 277), a. [L. abslractus, p. p. of
abstrahere to draw from, separate ; ab, abs-\- trahere to
draw. See Trace.] 1. Withdrawn ; separate. [06s.]
The more abstract ... we are from the body. Jf orris.
2. Considered apart from any application to a particu-
lar object ; separated from matter ; existing in the mind
only ; as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence :
ideal ; abstruse ; difficult.
3. (Logic) (a) Expressing a particular property of an
object viewed apart from the other properties which con-
stitute it; — opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an ab-
stract word. J. S. Mill, (b) Resulting from the mental
faculty of abstraction ; general as opposed to particular ;
as, " reptile " is an abstract or general name. Locke.
A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an ab-
stract name is a name which stands for an attribute of a thing.
A practice has {^rown up in more modern times, which, if not
introduced by Xocke, has gained currency from his example,
of applying the expression " abstract name " to all names which
are the result of abstraction and generalization, and conse-
quently to all general names, instead of confining it to the
names of attributes. J. S. Mill.
4. Abstracted ; absent in mind. " Abstract, as in a
trance." Milton.
An abstract Idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a
complex object, or from other ideas wliich naturally ac-
company it ; as the solidity of marble when contemplated
apart from its color or figure. — Abstract terms, those
which express abstract ideas, as beauty, whiteness, round-
ness, without regarding any object in which they exist ;
OT abstract terms are the names of orders, genera, or
species of things, in which there is a combination of sim-
ilar qualities. — Abstract nnmbers (Math.), numbers used
without application to things, as 6, 8, 10 ; but when ap-
plied to any thing, as G feet, 10 men, they become con-
crete.— Abstract or Pure mathematics. See Mathematics.
Ab-Straot' (Sb-strakf), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Absteact-
ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absteacting.] [See Abstract, a.]
1. To withdraw ; to separate ; to take away.
He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution ab-
5trac(erf from his own prejudices. Sir W.Scott.
2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention ; as,
his mind was wholly abstracted by other objects.
The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
Blackw. Mag.
3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind ;
to consider by itself ; to contemplate separately, as a
quality or attribute. Whately.
4. To epitomize ; to abridge. Franklin.
5. To take secretly or dishonestly ; to purloin ; as, to
abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a tiU.
Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the
harness. ■ W. Black.
6. (Chem.) To* separate, as the more volatile or solu-
ble parts of a substance, by distillation or other chem-
ical processes. In this sense extract is now more gener-
ally used.
Ab-Stract', v. i. To perform the process of abstrac-
tion. [R.~\
I own myself able to abstract in one sense. Berkeley.
Ab'Stract' (ab'strakf), ra. [See Abstract, n.] 1. That
which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential
qualities »f a larger thing or of several things. Specif-
ically ; A summary or an epitome, as of a treatise or book,
or of a statement ; a brief.
An abstract of every treatise he had read. Watts.
Man, the Abstract
Of all perfection, which the workmanship
Of Heaven hath modeled. Ford.
2. A state of separation from other things ; as, to coi>-
sider a subject in the abstract, or apart from other asso-
ciated things.
3. An abstract term.
The concretes " lather " and " son " have, or might have, the
abstracts "paternity" and "flUety." J. S. Mill.
4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable sub-
stance mixed with sugar of milk in such proportion tliat
one part of the abstract represents two parts of the orig-
inal substance.
Abstract of titU (Law), an epitome of the evidences o£
ownership.
Syn. — Abridgment ; compendium ; epitome ; synopsis.
See Abridgment.
Ab-Stract'ed (Sb-strSkfed), a. 1. Separated or dis-
connected ; withdrawn ; removed ; apart.
The evil one abstracted stood from his own evil. Milton.
2. Separated from matter ; abstract; ideal. [Obs.]
3. Abstract ; abstruse ; difficult. [Obs.] JoJmson.
4. Inattentive to surrounding objects ; absent in mind.
" An abstracted scholar." Johnson.
Ab-Stract'ed-ly, adv. In an abstracted manner ; sep-
arately ; with absence of mind.
Ab-stract'ed-ness, n. The state of being abstracted ;
abstract character.
Ab-stract'er (-er), n. One who abstracts, or makes an
abstract.
Ab-Strac'tion (5b-strSk'shun), «. [Cf. F. abstraction.
See Abstract, a.] 1. The act of abstracting, separating^
or withdrawing, or the state of being witlidrami ; with-
drawal.
A wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain members of
the community. ./. .S'. Mill.
2. (MIetaph.) The act or process of leaving out of con-
sideration one or more properties of a complex object
so as to attend to others ; analysis. Thus, when the-
mind considers the form of a tree by itself, or the color
of the leaves as separate from their size or figure, the act
is called abstraction. So, also, when it considers white-
ness, softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any par-
ticular objects.
1^°' Abstraction is necessary to classification, by which -
things are arranged in genera and species. We separate
in idea the qualities of certain objects, which are of the
same Idnd, from others which are different, in each, and
arrange the objects having the same properties in a class^
or collected body.
Abstraction is no positive act i it is simply the negative of at-
tention. Sir W. Hamilton.
3. An idea or notion of an abstract, or theoretical na-
ture ; as, to fight for mere abstractions.
4. A separation from worldly objects ; a recluse life ;
as, a hermit's abstraction.
5. Absence or absorption of mind ; inattention to
present objects.
6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part
of the property of another ; purloining. [Moderri]
7. (Chem.) A separation of volatile parts by the act
of distillation. Nicholson.
Ab-strac'tlon-al (-al), a. Pertaining to abstraction.
Ab-Strac'tlon-lst, n. An idealist. Emerson.
Ab'strac-ti'tious (ab'strSk-tish'tis), a. Obtained from
plants by distillation. [Obs.} Crabb.
Ab-Strac'tlve (5b-strak'tTv), a. [Cf. F. abstractif.]
Having the power of abstracting ; of an abstracting na-
ture. " The abstractive iaculty." J.Taylor.
Ab-Strac'tive-ly, adv. In an abstract manner ; sep-
arately ; in or by itself. Feltham.
Ab-Strac'tive-ness, n. The quality of being abstrac-
tive ; abstractive property.
Ab'Stract'ly (Sb'strakt'iy ; 277), adv. In an abstract
state or manner ; separately ; absolutely ; by itself ; as,
matter abstractly considered.
Ab'stract'ness, n. The quality of being abstract.
" The abstractness of the ideas." Locke.
Ab-Strlnge' (Sb-strinj'), v. t. [L. ab -\- stringere, stric~
tum, to press together.] To unbind. [Obs.} Bailey.
Ab-Strude' (Sb-strud'), v. t. [L. abstrudere. See Ab-
struse.] To thrust away. [Obs.} Johnson.
Ab-struse' (5b-strus'), a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of ab-
strudere to thrust away, conceal ; ab, abs + trudere to-
thrust ; cf. F. abstrus. See Threat.] 1. Concealed or
hidden out of the way. [Obs.}
The eternal eye whose sight discerns
Abstrusest thoughts. Milton.
2. Remote from apprehension ; difficult to be compre-
hended or imderstood ; recondite ; as, abstruse learning.
Profound and abstruse topics. Milmtm.
Ab-Struse1y, adv. In an abstruse manner.
Ab-Struse'ness, n. The quality of being abstruse;
difficulty of apprehension. Boyle.
Ab-stru'sion (ab-stru'zhun), n. [L. abstrusio. See
Abstruse.] The act of thrusting away. [P.} Ogilvie.
Ab-Stru'Si-ty (ab-stru'si-ty), n. Abstruseness ; that
which is abstruse._ [P.} Sir T. Browne.
Ab-SUme' (ab-sum'), V. t. [L. absumere, absumptum ;
ab -f sumere to take.] To consume gradually ; to waste
away. [Obs.} Boyle.
Ab-Siunp'tion (5b-siimp'shiin ; 215), n. [L. absump.
tio. See Absuiie.] Act of wasting away ; a consuming •
extinction. [Obs.} Sir T. Browne.
Ab-surd' (Sb-sfird'), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding ;
ab -f- (prob.) a derivative fr. a root svarto sound; not
connected with surd .• cf. F. a j™r(?e. See Syringe.] Con-
trary to reason or propriety ; obviously and flatly op-
posed to manifest truth ; inconsistent with the plain
dictates of common sense ; logically contradictory ; non-
sensical ; ridiculous ; as, an absurd person, an absurd'
opinion ; an absurd dream.
This proffer is absurd and reasonless. Shak.
'T is phrase absurd to call a villain great. Pope.
. Syn. — Foolish; irrational; ridiculous; preposterous ;-
inconsistent ; incongruous. — Absued, Irrational, Fool-
ale, senate, c4re, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, icvi, 511; old, obey, orb, 6dd;
ABSURD
9
ACANTHACEOUS
BH, Preposterous. Of these terms, irrational is the
weakest, denoting tliat wliieh is plainly inconsistent with
the dictates of sound reason ; as, an irrational course of
life. Foolish rises higlier, iuid implies either a perversion
of that faculty, or an absolnte weakness or f.ituity of
mind ; as, foolish enterprises. Absurd rises still higher,
deuotmg that whicli is plainly opposed to received notions
of propriety and truth ; as, an absurd man, project, opin-
ion, story, argument, etc. Preposterous rises still higher,
and supposes an absolute inversion in the order of thnigs ;
or, in plain terms, a "putting of the cart before the
horse ; " as, a preposterous suggestion, preposterous con-
duct, a prej)Os?ero«s regulation or law.
Ab-surd' (Sb-sCrd'), n. An absurdity. [Ofts.J Pope.
Ab-surd'1-ty (-I-tJ), n. ; pi. Absurdities (-tiz). [L.
absurditas : cf. F. absurdite,'\ 1. The qu:Uity of being
absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or
sound judgment. " The absurdity of the actual idea of
an infinite number. " Locke.
2. That which is absurd ; an absurd action ; a logical
contradiction.
His travels were full of absurdities. Johnson.
Ab-surdly, adv. In an absurd manner.
Ab-surd'nes.s, n. Absurdity, [i?.]
II A-bU'na (a-bo6'na), n. [Eth. and Ar., our father.]
The Patriarch, or head of the Abyssinian Church.
A-bUB'dance (a-bun'dans), n. [OE. (h)abnndannce,
abundance, F. abondance, L. abundantia, fr. abundare.
Bee Abound.] An overtiowing fullness ; ample sufficiency ;
great plenty ; profusion ; copious supply ; superfluity ;
wealth : — strictly applicable to quantity only, but some-
times used of number.
It is lamentable to remember what abundance of noble blood
hath been shed with small benefit to the Christian state.
RaleigJi.
Syn. — Exuberance ; plenteousness : plenty; copious-
ness ; overflow ; riches ; affluence ; wealth. — Abundance,
Plenty, Exuberance. These words rise upon each other
in expressing the idea of fullness. Plenttj denotes a suffl-
clency to supply every want ; as, plenty of food, plenty of
money, etc. Abundance expresses more, and gives the
idea of superfluity or excess ; as, abundance of riches, an
abundance of wit and humor; often, however, it only
denotes plenty in a high decree. Exuberance rises still
higher, and implies a bursting fortli on every side, pro-
ducing great superfluity or redundance ; as, an exuber-
ance of mirth, an exuberance of animal spirits, etc.
A-bun'dant(-d(mt), a. [OE. (h)abundant, aboundanl,
F. abondant. It. L. abujidans, p. pr. of abundare. See
Abound.] Fully sufficient ; plentiful ; in copious supply ;
— followed by t«, rarely by m/A. ''Abundant in good-
ness and truth." " Exod. xxxiv. 6.
Abnndant number (Afath.), a number, the sum of whose
aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,
the aliquot parts of 12, make the number 16. This is op-
posed to a deficient number, as 14, whose aliquot parts
are 1, 2, 7, the sum of which is 10 ; and to a perfect num-
ber, which is equal to the sum of its aliquot parts, as 6,
whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 3.
Syn.— Ample ; plentiful ; copious ; plenteous ; exuber-
ant; overflowing; rich; teemmg; profuse; bountiful;
Kberal. See Akple.
A-bun'dant-ly, adv. In a sufficient degree ; fully ;
amply ; plentifiUly ; in large measure.
A-bnrst' (a^bflrsf), adv. [Pref. a- + burst."] In a
bursting condition.
A-bns'a-ble (a-buz'a-b'l), a. That may be abused.
A-bUS'age (-aj), n. Abuse. [065.] ]Vhately (1634).
A-bUse' (a-buz'), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Abused (a-buzd') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. ABtTsiNo.] [F. abuser ; L. abusus, p. p. of
oftuii to abuse, misuse; aft-f-K^j to use. See Use.] 1. To
put to a wrong use ; to misapply ; to misuse ; to put to a
bad use ; to use for a wrong purpose or end ; to pervert ;
as, to abuse inherited gold ; to make an excessive use of ;
as, to abuse one's authority.
This principle (if one may so abuse the word) shoots rapidly
into popularity. Fronde.
2. To use ill ; to maltreat ; to act injirriously to ; to
pnnish or to tax excessively ; to hurt ; as, to almse pris-
oners, to abuse one's powers, one's patience.
3. To revile ; to reproach coarsely ; to disparage.
The . • . tellers of news abused the general. Macaulay.
4. To dishonor. " Shall flight afiase yourname ? " Shak.
6. To violate ; to ravish. Spenser.
6. To deceive ; to impose on. [06s.]
Their eyes red and staring, cozened with a moist cloud, and
abmed by a double object. Jer. Taylor.
_ Syn. — To maltreat ; injure ; revile ; reproach ; vilify ;
■vituperate ; asperse ; traduce ; malign.
A-bnse' (a-bus'), n. [F. abus, L. abusus, fr. abuti.
See Abuse, v. t.] 1. Improper treatment or use ; appli-
cation to a wrong or bad purpose ; misuse ; as, an abuse
of our natural powers ; an abuse of civil rights, or of priv-
ileges or advantages ; an abuse of language.
Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty, as well
as by the abuses of power. Madison.
2. Physical iU treatment ; injury. "Rejoice ... at
the abuse of Falstaft." Shak.
3. A corrupt practice or custom ; offense ; crime ;
fault ; as, the abuses in the civil service.
Abuse after abuse disappeared without a struggle. Macaulay.
4. Vituperative words ; coarse, insulting speech ; abu-
sive language ; vindent condemnation ; reviling.
The two parties, after exchanging a good deal of abuse, came
'<> Dlows- Macaulay.
5. Violation ; rape ; as, abuse of a female child.
6. Deceitful practice ; deception; cheat. [06s.]
Or is it some abuse, and no such thing ? Shah.
Abuse of distress (Xaw), a wrongful using of an animal
or chattel distrained, by the distrainer.
- SXP*~I'i''^eotive; contumely ; reproach; scurrility;
msmt ; opprobrium. — Abuse, Intective. Abuse is gen-
erally prompted by anger, and vented in harsh and un-
seemly words. It is more personal and coarse than invec-
tive. Abuse generally takes place in private quarrels;
invective in wntmg or public discussions. Invective may
be conveyed in refined language and dictated by indig-
nation against what is blameworthy. C. J. Smith.
A-bUSe'ful (a-bus'ful), a. Full of abuse ; abusive.
[iJ.] " Abuseful namsa." Bp. Barlow.
A-bUS'er (a-buz'er), n. One who abuses [in the various
senses of the verb].
A-bU'slon (a-bu'zhQn), n. [OE. abusion, abusioun,
OF. abusion, fr. L. abusio misuse of words, fr. abuti.
See Abuse, v. <.] Evil or corrupt usage ; abuse ; wrong ;
repro;ich ; deception ; cheat. [06s.] Chaucer.
A-bU'sive (a-bii'sTv), a. [Cf. F. abusif, fr. L. abusi-
u«s.] 1. Wrongly used ; perverted ; misapplied.
I am . . . necessitated to use the word Parliament improp-
erly, according to the aijtytre acceptation thereof. J'ullcr.
2. Given to misusing ; also, full of abuses. lArchaic]
"The abusii'C prerogatives of his see." Hallam.
3. Practicing abuse ; prone to ill treat by coarse, in-
sulting words or by other iU usage ; as, an abusive au-
thor ; an abusive fellow.
4. Containing abuse, or serving as the instrument of
abuse ; vituperative ; reproachful ; scurrilous. " An
abusii'e lampoon." Johnson.
5. Tending to deceive ; fraudulent ; cheating. [06s.]
"An a6Kstye treaty." Bacon.
Syn. — Reprcachful ; scurrilous; opprobrious; inso-
lent ; insulting ; injurious ; offensive ; reviling.
A-bu'slve-ly, adv. In an abusive manner ; rudely ;
with abusive language.
A-bu'slve-ness, n. The quality of being abusive ;
rudeness of language, or violence to the person.
Pick out of mirth, like stones out of thy ground,
Frofaneness, filtliiness, abusiveness. Herbert.
A-bnt' (a-biit'), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Abutted ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Abutting.] [OF. abouter, abater; cf. F. about ir,
and also aiuter ; d (L. ad) + OF. boter, buter, to push :
cf. F. bout end, and but end, purpose.] To project ; to
terminate or border ; to be contiguous ; to meet ; — with
on, upon, or against ; as, his land abuts on the road.
A-bU'ti-lon (a-bu'ti-lou), ra. [Ax. aubatilun.'] {Bot.)
A genus of malvaceous plants of many species, found in
the torrid and temperate zones of both continents ; —
called also Indian mallow.
A-bat'ment (a-bufment), n. 1. State of abutting.
2. That on or against which a body abuts or presses ;
as (a) (Arch.) The solid part of a pier or wall, etc.,
which receives the thrust or lateral pressure of an arch,
vault, or strut. Gwilt. (6) (Mech.) A fixed point or
surface from which resistance or reaction is obtained, as
the cylinder head of a steam engine, the fulcrum of a
lever, etc. (c) In breech-loading firearms, the block be-
hind the barrel which receives the pressure due to recoQ.
A-but'tal (-tal), n. The butting or boundary of land,
particularly at the end ; a headland. Spelman.
A-bUt'ter (-ter), n. One who, or that which, abuts.
Specifically, the owner of a contiguous estate ; as, the
abutters on a street or a river.
A-bUZZ' (a-biiz'), a. [Pref. a- + buzz.] In a buzz ;
buzzing. [Co??o}.] Dickens.
A-by' .1 (a-bi'), V. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Abought
A-bye' | (a-bat').] [AS. abycgan to pay for ; pref.
a- (cf. Goth, us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) -)- bycgan
to buy. See Bur, and cf. Abide.] 1. To pay for ; to
suffer for ; to atone for ; to make amends for ; to give
satisfaction. [06s.]
Lest to thy peril thou aby it dear. Shah.
2. To endure ; to abide. [06s.]
But nought that wanteth rest can long aby. Spenser.
A-bysm' (a-biz'm'), n. [OF. abisme; F. abime, LL.
abyssimus, a superl. of L. abyssus ; Gr. a/Suo-o-o;. See
Abyss.] Aii abyss ; a gulf . "The a6ysm of hell." Shak.
A-bys'mal (a-biz'mal), a. Pertaining to, or resem-
bling, an abyss ; bottomless ; unending ; profound.
Geology gives one the same abysmal extent of time that as-
tronomy does of space. Carlyle.
A-bys'mal-ly, adv. To a fathomless depth ; pro-
foundly. " Abysmally ignoTSLnt." G. Eliot.
A-byss' (a-bis'), n. [L. abyssus a bottomless gulf, fr.
Gr. a^ucro-os bottomless ; a priv. -)- pva-cro? depth, bot-
tom.] 1. A bottomless or unfathomed depth, gulf, or
chasm ; hence, any deep, immeasurable space, and, specif-
ically, hell, or the bottomless pit.
Ye powers and spirits of this nethermost abyss. Milton.
Thy throne is darkness, in the abyss of light. Dryden.
Infinite time ; a vast intellectual or moral depth.
The aZ>7/sses of metaphysical theology. Macaulay.
In unfathomable abysses of disgrace. Burke.
{Her.) The center of an escutcheon.
__ This word, in its leading uses, is associated with
the cosmological notions of the Hebrews, having refer-
ence to a supposed illimitable mass of waters from which
our earth spnmg, and beneath whose profound depths
the wicked were punished. Encyc. Brit.
A-byss'al (-al), a. [Cf. Abysmal.] Belonging to, or
resembling, an abyss ; unfathomable.
Abyssal zone (Phys. Geog.), one of the belts or zones
into which Sir E. Forbes divides the bottom of the
sea in describing its plants, animals, etc. It is the one
furthest from the shore, embracing all beyond one hun-
dred fathoms deep. Hence, abyssal animals, plants, etc.
Ab'ys-sln'1-an (Sb'ts-stnl-an), a. Of or pertaining to
Abyssinia.
Abyasinlan gold, an alloy of 90.74 parts of copper and
8.33 parts of zinc. Ure.
Ab'ys-sin'i-an, n. 1. A native of Abyssinia.
2. A member of the Abyssinian Church.
A-ca'ci-a (a-ka'sht-a), re. (Aniiq.) A roll or bag,
filled with dust, borne by Byzantine emperors, as a me-
mento of mortality. It is represented on medals.
A-ca'cla (a-ka'sha, or a-ka'shi-a), re. ; pi. E. Acacias
(-shaz), L. AcacIjE (-shi-e). [L. , from Gr. aKojcia ;
orig. the name of a thorny tree found in Egypt ; prob. f r.
the root ak to be sharp. See Acute.] 1. A genus of
2.
leguminous trees and shrubs. Nearly 300 species are
Australian or Polynesian, and have terete or vertically
compressed leaf stalks, instead of the bipinnate leaves
of the much fewer species of America, Africa, etc. Very
few are found in temperate climates.
2. {Med.) The inspissated juice of sev-
eral species of acacia ; — called also gum
acacia, and gum arable.
Ac'a-cin, Ac'a-cine (5k'4-sin), n. Gum
arable.
Ac'a-deme' (Sk'a-dem'), n. [L. acade-
mia. See Academy.] An academy.
[Foetic'] Shak.
Ac'aHle'ml-al (-de'mi-ol), a. Academ-
ic. [JS.]
Ac'a-ae'mi-an (-mi-an), n. A member
of an academy, university, or college.
Ac'a-dem'ic (-dSm'Tkl ) a. [L. aea-
Ac'a-dem'ic-al (-i-kal), ( demicus : cf.
F.acadcitdque. See Academy.] X. Belong-
ing to the school or philosophy of Plato ;
as, the Academic sect or philosophy.
2. Belonging to an academy or other higher insti-
tution of learning ; scholarly ; literary or classical, in
distinction from scientific. "j4ca6?e»iic courses." War-
burton. "Academical study." Berkeley.
Ac'a-dem'lc, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of
Socrates and Plato ; a Platonist. Hume.
2. A member of an academy, college, or university ;
an academician.
Ac'a-dem'ic-al-ly, adv. In an academical manner.
Ac'a-dem'lc-als (-T-kalz), n. pi. The articles of dress
prescribed and worn at some colleges and universities.
Ac'a-de-mi'cian (5k'a-de-mTsh'an ; 277), n. [F. aca-
dcmicien. See Academy.] 1. A member of an academy,
or society for promoting science, art, or literature, as of
the French Academy, or the Royal Academy of Arts.
2. A coUegian. [i?.] Cheslerfield.
Ac'a-dem'i-cism (5k'a-dSm'i-sTz'm), n. 1. A tenet
of the Academic philosophy.
2. A mannerism or mode peculiar to an academy.
A-cad'e-inlsm(a-k5d'e-miz'm), re. The doctrines of
the Academic pliilosophy. [06s.] Baxter.
A-cad'e-mlst (-mist), n. [F. academiste.'] 1. An
Academic philosopher.
2. An academician. [06s. oriJ.] May.
A-cad'e-my (a-kSd'e-my), n. ; pi. Academies (-miz).
[F. academic, L. academia. Cf. Academe.] 1. A gar-
den or grove near Athens (so named from the hero
Academus), where Plato and his followers held their
philosophical conferences ; hence, the school of philoso-
phy of wliich Plato was head.
2. An iu,stitution for the study of higher learning ; a
college or a laiivi-rsity. Popularly, a school, or seminary
of learning, holding a rank between a college and a com-
mon school.
3. A place of training ; a school. " Academies of fa-
naticism." Hume.
4. A society of learned men united for the advance-
ment of the arts and sciences, and literature, or some
particular art or science ; as, the French Academy ; the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; academies of
literature and philology.
5. A school or place of training in which some special
art is taught ; as, the military academy at West Point ;
a riding academy; the Academy of Music.
Academy figure (.Paint.), a drawing usually half life-size,
in crayon or pencil, after a nude model.
A-ca'dl-an (a-ka'di-nn), a. Of or pertaining to Aca-
die, or Nova Scotia, "^eadiare farmers." Longfellow,
— n. A native of Acadie.
Acadian epoch (ffeo?.), an epoch at the beginning of the
American paleozoic time, and including the oldest Amer-
ican rocks known to be fossiliterous. See Geology. —
Acadian owl (Zool.), a small North American owl (i'yc
tale Acadica) ; the saw-whet.
jlACa-Jon (ak'a-job), n. [P. See Cashew.] {Bot.)
{a) The cashew tree; also, its fruit. See Cashew. —
(6) The mahogany tree; also, its timber.
[ re. ; pi. AcALEPHS (-15fs),
Acalephans (-le'fanz).
Ac'a-leph (5k'a-lef)
Ac'a-le'phan (Sk'a-le'fan),
[See AcALEPiLE.] (Zool.) One
of the Acalephse.
II Ac'a-le'ph2B (Sk'^-lete),
n.pl. [NL., from Gr. aKoKri^ri,
a nettle.] A group of Coelen-
terata, including the Medusae
or jellyfishes, and hydroids ;
— so called from the stinging
power they possess. Some-
times called sea nettles.
Ac'a-le'phoid (-foid), a.
[Acaleph -)- -oid.^ (Zool.)
Belonging to or resembling
the Acalephae or jellyfishes.
A-cal'y-cine (a^kSlT-sTn),
Ac'a-lyo'i-nous (Sk'a-ils'i-
nvis), a. [Gr. a. priv. + icaAvf
calyx.] (Bot.) Without a
calyx, or outer floral envelope.
A-canth' (a-kanth'), re.
Same as Acanthus.
II A-can'tba (a-kan'tha), re.
[Gr. axavBa thorn, fr. a.K-q
point. See Acute.] "L. {Bot.)
A prickle.
2. {Zool.) A spine or prickly fin.
3. (Anat.) The vertebral column ; the spinous process
of a vertebra. Dunglison.
Ac'an-tha'ceous (Sk'Sn-tha'shfis), a. 1. Armed with
prickles, as a plant.
2. {Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family
of plants of which the acanthus is the type.
Acaleph (Pelagia cyanelta)
of the Atlantic, one fifth
natural size.
ase, unite, rude, fuU, ftp, am; pity; food, fo^ot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
ACANTHINE
10
ACCEPTANCE
Head of one of the
Ac ant hocephala
( Ec/iin<ir/it^nchns gi-
i7«-s'), irom the ho^,
enlarged about six
times.
A-can'thlne (a-k5n'thTn), a. [L. aoantkinus, Gr.
cucdy8ii'os, thorny, fr. aKavSos. See Acanthus.] Of, per-
taining to, or resembling, the plant acanthus.
__ A-can'tho-car'pous (a-kan'tho-kar'pus), a. [Gr.
aKav6a thorn + (capnos fruit.] {Bot.) Having the fruit
covered with spines.
li A-can'thO-ceph'a-la (-sef'a-la)^ n. pi. [NL., from
Gr. a.Kav8o. a spine, thorn -f- Re^afai
head.] {Zool.) A group of intes-
tinal worms, having the proboscis
armed with recurved spines.
A-can'tho-ceph'a-lous (-lus), a.
{Zool.) Having a sphiy head, as
one of the Acanthocephala.
^ Ac'an-ttaoph'0-rous (ak'Sn-thSf-
6-rus), a. [Gr. a.KavSo(j>6poi, fr.
aKav9a spine -f- (fiepeLv to bear.]
Spine-bearing. Gray.
A-can'tho-po'di-ous (a-kitn'tlio-
po'dT-us), rt. [Gr. aKav9a thorn -f-
TTOus, iro56s, foot.] (Bot.) Having
spinous petioles.
^11 Ae'an-thop'ter-i (5k'Sn-th5p'-
ter-i), n. pi. [NL., from Gr. a/taT'Sa
thorn ~\- TTTepov wiug, fin.] {Zo'61.)
A group of teleostean iishes having
spiny fins. See AcANXHOPTEKYon.
Ac'an-thop'ter-OUS (-ter-us), a. [Gr. ajcavBa spine +
TTTcpov wing.] 1. (Zool.) Spiny-winged.
2. (Zool.) Acanthopterygious.
Ac'an-thop'ter-yg'i-an (-thQp'ter-TjT-an), a. (Zool.)
Belonging to the order of fishes having spiuose fins, as
the perch. — n. A spiny-finned fish.
II Ac'an-thop'ter-yg'l-l (-Tj'i-i), n. pi. [NL., from
Gr. aKavOa thorn -\- TTTcpvyiov fin, dim. fr. jirepuf wing.]
(Zool. ) An order of fishes having some of the rays of
the dorsal, ventral, and anal fins unarticulated and spine-
like, as the perch.
Ac'an-thop'ter-yg'i-ous (-lis), 'r. (Zool.) Having fins
in which the rays are hard and spinelike ; spiny-finned.
A-can'thus (a-k5n'thiis), n. ; pi. E. Acanthuses (-5z),
I(. Acanthi (-thi). [L., from Gr. axavBo?. Cf. Acantha.]
1. (Bot.) A genus of herba-
ceous prickly plants, found in
the south of Europe, Asia Mi-
nor, and India ; bear's-breech.
2. (Arch.) An ornament re-
eembliug the foliage or leaves of
the acanthus (Acanthus spino-
sus) ; — used in the capitals of
the Corinthian and Composite
orders. Ac:u.tlu„ (.1,./,.),
II A cap-pella (a k4p-p511a). [It. See Chapel.] (Mus.)
(a) In church or chapel style ; — said of compositions
sung in the old church style, without instrumental ac-
companiment ; as, a mass a cappella, i. e. , a mass purely
vocal, (b) A time indication, equivalent to alia breve.
A-cap'SU-lar (a-kSp'sfi-ler), a. [Pref. a- not -|- cap-
sular."] (Bot.) Having no capsule.
A-Car'dl-aC (a-kar'dl-Sk), a. [Gr. oxapSios ; a priv. -|-
KapSi'a heart.] Without a heart ; as, an acardiac fetus.
A-car'1-dan (a-kar'T-dan), n. ' [See Acakus.] (Zool.)
One of a grouj) of arachnids,
including the mites and ticks.
II Ac'a-ri'na (ak'a-ri'na), n.
pi. [NL., from Gr. Sxapi a
mite.] (Zool.) The group of
Arachnida which includes the
mites and ticks. Many species
are parasitic, and cause dis-
eases like the itch and mange.
Ac'a-rine (Sk'a^rTn), a.
(Med.) Of or caused by acari
or mites ; as, acarine diseases.
Ac'a-roid (ak'a-roid), a.
[NL., acarus a mite -|- -oid.']
(Zool.) Shaped like or resem-
bling a mite.
Ac'ar-pel'lous (Sk'ar-pH'-
lus), a. [Pref. a- not + carpel.'\
(Bot.) Having no carpels.
A-car'pous (a-kar'pus), a. . , _
jcapTToi; fruit.] (Bot.) Not producing fruit ; imfruitful.
II Ac'a-rus (Sk'a-rus), n. ; pi. AoAKi (-tI). [NL., from
Gr. TO a/capi the cheese mite, tick.] (Zool.) A genus in- j
eluding many species of small mites.
A-cat'a-lec'Uc (a-kSt'a-lek'ttk), a. [L. aeatalecti-
cus, Gr. aKaTaA.T)KTos, not defective at the end ; a priv.
-j- KaToMtycLv to cease.] (Pros.) Not defective; com-
plete ; as, an acataleciic verse. — n. Averse which has
the complete number of feet and syllables.
A-Cat'a-lep'sy (a-kat'a-lgp'sy), n. [Gr. aK.a7aX-(\\^ia ;
a priv. -j- KaraKaix^a-veiv to seize, comprehend.] Incom-
prehensibility of things ; the doctrine held by the an-
cient Skeptic philosophers, that human knowledge never
amounts to certainty, but only to probability.
A-cat'a-lep'tio(a-kat'a-lep'tik), a. [Gr. aKaToArjTrTOs.]
Incapable of being comprehended ; incomprehensible.
A-ca'ter (a-ka'ter), re. See Caterek. \_Obs.']
A-cates' (a-kats'), re. pi. See Gates. [06i.]
A-cau'date (a-ka'dat), a. [Pref. a- not -)- eaudate.']
Tailless.
Ac'au-les'cent (Sk'a-les'sent), a. [Pref. a- not -)-
caulescent.^ (Bot.) Havmg no stem or caulis, or only a
very short one concealed in the ground. Gray.
A-cauline (a-ka1Tn or -lin), a. [Pref. a- not -\- cau-
line.'] (Bot.) Sarn'e as Acaulbscent.
A-Cau'lose (-los ; 277), ) a. [Gr. aKau\05 ; <i priv. -|-
A-cau'lous (a-ka'liSs), ( KauAos stalk or L. caulis
stalk. See Cole.]' (Bot.) Same as Aoaulescent.
Ac-ca'dl-an (ak-ka'di-an), a. [From the city Accad.
See Gen. x. 10.] Pertaining to a race supposed to have
lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest. — Ac-
ca'dl-an, re., Ac'cad (Sk'kad), re. Sayce.
One of the Aoarina ; the
mite (Fsoroptes equi)
which causes the mange
of horses. Much enlarged.
[Gr. axapno! ; a priv. -f-
Ao-cede' (Sk-sed'), V. i. [imp.&p.p. Acceded ;/>. pr.
& vb. re. Acceding.] [L. accedere to approach, accede ;
ad + cedere to move, yield : cf. F. acceder. See Cede.]
1. To approach ; to come forward ; — opposed to re-
cede. lObs. or i?.] T. Gale.
2. To enter upon an oflace or dignity ; to attain.
Edward IV., who had acceded to the throne in the year 1461.
T. Warton.
If Frederick had acceded to the supreme power. MorUy-
3. To become a party by associatmg one's self with oth-
ers ; to give one's adhesion. Hence, to agree or assent
to a proposal or a view ; as, he acceded to my request.
The treaty of Hanover in 1723 ... to which the Dutcli after-
wards acceded. Cliesterjield.
Sy n. — To agree ; assent ; consent ; comply ; acqui-
esce; concur.
Ac-ced'ence (-se'dens), re. The act of acceding.
Ac-ced'er (-se'der), re. One who accedes.
II Ac-cel'er-an'do (Sk-sel'er-5n'do or at-cha-la-ran'do),
a. [It.] (Mu.i.) Gradually accelerating the movement.
Ac-cel'er-ate (Sk-sSl'er-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accel-
erated (-er-a/tSd) ; p. pr. & vh. -re. AcoELERATrNG.]
[L. acceleratus, p. p. of accelerore ; ad -j- celerare to
hasten ; celer quick. See Celerity.] 1. To cause to
move faster ; to quicken the motion of ; to add to the
speed of ; — opposed to retard.
2. To quicken the natural or ordinary progression or
process of ; as, to accelerate tlie growth of a plant, the
increase of wealth, etc.
3. To hasten, as the occurrence of an event ; as, to
accelerate our departure.
Accelerated motion (.Mech.), motion with a continually
increasmg velocity. — Accelerating force, the force wiiich
causes accelerated motion. Nichol.
Syn. — To hasten ; expedite ; quicken ; dispatch ; for-
ward ; advance ; further.
Ac-cel'er-a'tlon (Sk-s51'er-a'shiin), n. [L. accelera-
tio: cf. F. acceleration.^ The act of accelerating, or
the state of being accelerated ; increase of motion or
action ; as, a falUng body moves toward the earth with
an acceleration of velocity ; — opposed to retardation.
A period of social improvement, or of intellectual advance-
ment, contains within itself a principle of acceleration.
I. Taylor.
(Astr. & Physics.) Acceleration of the moon, the in-
crease of the moon's mean motion in its orbit, m conse-
quence of which its period of revolution is now shorter
than in ancient times. — Acceleration and retardation of the
tides. See Prhninri of tlie tides, under Priming. — Diur-
nal acceleration of lihe fixed stars, the amount by which
tlieir apparent diurnal motion exceeds that of the sun, in
consequence of which they daily come to the meridian of
any place about three minutes fifty-six seconds of solar
time earlier than on the day preceding. — Acceleration of
the planets, the increasing velocity ot their motion, in
proceeding from the apogee to the perigee of their orbits.
Ac-cel'er-a-tive (ak-s51'er-a-tiv ; 277), a. Relating to
acceleration ; adding to velocity ; quickening. Beid.
Ao-cel'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that which,
accelerates. Also as an adj. ; as, accelerator nerves.
Ac-cel'er-a-tO-ry (-a-t6-ry), a. Accelerative.
Ac-cel'er-0-graph (-6-gr4f ), re. [Accelerate -\- -graph."]
(Mil.) An apparatus for studying the combustion of pow-
der in guns, etc.
Ac-cel'er-om'e-ter (Sk-sel'er-Sm'e-ter), n. [Acceler&te.
-\- -meter.'] An apparatus for measurmg the velocity
imparted by gunpowder.
Ac-cend' (ak-sSnd'), V. i. [L. accendere, accensum, to
kindle ; ad -\- candere to kindle (only in compounds) ; rel.
to candere to be white, to gleam. See Candle.] To set
on fire ; to kindle. [0*«.] Fotherby.
Ac-cend'l-bll'i-ty (ak-sen'di-bilt-ty), re. Capacity of
being kindled, or of becoming inflamed ; inflammability.
Ac-cend'i-'ble (ak-sen'di-b'l), a. Capable of being in-
flamed or kindled ; combustible ; inflammable. tJre.
Ac-cen'sion (alJ-sSn'shiin), re. The act of kmdling or
the state of being kindled ; ignition. Locke.
Ac-cen'sor (-sor), re. [LL., fromp. p. occerems. See
AccEND.] (R. C. Ch.) One of the functionaries who
light and trim the tapers.
Ac'cent' (Sk'senf), re. [F. accent, L. accentus; ad -f
cantu^ a singing, canere to sing. See Cant.] 1. A su-
perior force of voice or of articulative effort upon some
particular syllable of a word or a phrase, distinguishing
it from the others.
(1I^=" Many English words have two accents, the pri-
mary and the secondary ; the primary bemg uttered %vith
a greater stress of voice than the secondary ; as m as'pi-
ra^tion, where the chief stress is on the third syllable,
and a shghter stress on the first. Some words, as an'ti-
ap'o-plec'tic, in-coin'pre-hen'si-biPi-ty, have two secon-
dary accents. See Guide to Pron., §§ 30-46.
2. A mark or character used in writing, and serving to
regulate the pronunciation; esp. : (a) a mark to indi-
cate the nature and place of the spoken accent ; (b) a
mark to indicate the quality of sound of the vowel
marked ; as, the French accents.
j^" In the ancient Greek the acute accent {') meant a
raised tone or pitch, the grave (^), the level tone or sim-
ply the negation of accent, the circumflex (~ or " ) a tone
raised and then depressed. In works on elocution, the
fir.st is often used to denote the rising mflection of the
voice ; the second, the falling inflection ; and the third ('^ ),
the compound or waving infl^ection. In dictionaries, spell-
ing books, and the like, the acute accent is used to desig-
nate the syllable which receives the chief stress of voice.
3. Modulation of the voice in speaking ; manner of
speaking or pronouncmg ; peculiar or characteristic mod-
ification of the voice; tone; as, a foreign accent; a
French or a German accent. "Beguiled you m a plain
accent.'' Shak. " A perfect accere^. " Thackeray.
The tender accent of a woman's cry. Prior.
4. A word; a significant tone; (pi.) expressions in
general ; speech.
Winds ! on your wings to Heaven her accents bear.
Such words as Heaven alone is fit to hear. Dryden.
5. (Pros. ) Stress laid on certain syllables of a verse.
6. (Mus.) (a) A regularly recurrmg stress upon the
tone to mark the beginning, and, more feebly, the third
part of the measure, (b) A special emphasis of a tone,
even in the weaker part of the measure, (c) The rhyth-
mical accent, which marks phrases and sections of a pe-
riod. ((/) The expressive emphasis and shading of a pas-
sage. J- S. Duight.
7. (Math.) (a) A mark placed at the right hand of a
letter, and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of
a similar kind expressed by the s.ame letter, but ditt'oring
in value, as y', y". (b) (Tricjon.) A mark at the right
hand of a number, indicathig minutes of a degree, sec-
onds, etc. ; as, 12' 27", j. c, twelve minutes twenty-seven
seconds, (c) (Engin.) A mark uGcd to denote feet and
inches ; as, C 10" is six feet ten inches.
Ac-cent' (ak-senf), v. t. limp. S: p. p. Accented ; p.
pr. & vb. re. Accenting.] [OF. accenter, ¥. acccntuer.]
1. To express the accent of (eitlier by the voice or by
a mark) ; to utter or to mark with accent.
2. To mark emphatically ; to empha-'^ize.
Ac'cent'lCSS (ak'sSnt'lfe), a. Without accent.
Ac-cen'tor (ak-sen'tor), re. [L. ad -j- cantor singer, ca-
nere to suig.] 1. (Mus.) One who sings tlie leading
part ; the director or leader. [Obs.]
2. (Zool.) A genus of European birds (so named from
their sweet notes), including the hedge warbler. In
America sometimes applied to the water thrushes.
Ac-cen'tU-a-'ble (Sk-sen'tij-a-b'l), a. Capable of being
accented.
Ac-cen'tu-al (-"1), a. Of or pertaining to accent ;
characterized or formed by accent.
Ac-cen'tU-al'i-ty (Sk-sgn'tiji-Sl'i-ty), re. The quality
of being accentual.
Ac-cen'tu-al-ly (-s6n'tij-al-ly), adv. In an accentual
manner ; in accordance with accent.
Ac-cen'tu-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Accentuated
(-5'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Accentuating.] [LL. accen-
tuatus, p. p. of accentuare, fr. L. accentus : cf. F. acccn-
tuer.] 1. To pronounce with an accent or with accents.
2. To bring out distinctly ; to make prominent ; to
emphasize.
In Bosnia, the struggle between East and West was even
more accentuated. Lcmdmi Times.
3. To mark with the written accent.
Ac-cen'tU-a'tlon (ak-s6ii'ti5-a'shiin), n. [LL. accentu-
atio : cf. F. accentuation.] Act of accentuating ; applica-
tion of accent. Specifically (Eccles. Mus.), pitch or mod-
ulation of the voice in reciting portions of the liturgy.
Ac-cept' (5k-sgpt'), V. t. [imp. & 2). p. Accepted ; p.
pr. & vb. re. Accepting.] [F. accepter, L. acceptare,
f req. of accipere ; ad -\- capere to take ; akin to E. heave.]
1. To receive with a consenting mind (something
offered) ; as, to accept a gift ; — often followed by of.
If you acceiit them, then tlieir worth is great. .Shak.
To accept of ransom for my son. Milton.
She accepted of a treat. Addison.
2. To receive with favor ; to approve.
The Lord accept thy burnt sacrifice. Ps. xx. 3.
Peradventure he will accept of me. Gen. xxxii. 20.
3. To receive or admit and agree to ; to assent to ; as,
I accept your proposal, amendment, or excuse.
4. To take by the mind ; to understand ; as. How are
these words to be accepted ?
5. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to pay ;
as, to accept a bill of exchange. Bouvier.
6. In a deliberative body, to receive in acquittance of
a duty imposed ; as, to accept the report of a committee.
[This makes it the property of the body, and the ques-
tion is then on its adoption.]
To accept a bill {Law), to agree (on the part of the
drawee) to pay it when due. — To accept service (Laic), to
agree that a writ or process shall be considered as reg-
ularly served, when it has not been. — To accept the
person (Eccl.), to show favoritism. "God accejiteth no
man's person.'" Gal. ii. 6.
Syn. — To receive ; take ; admit. See Receive.
Ac-cept', a. Accepted. [Obs.] Shak.
Ac-cept'a-bil'1-ty (-sept'a-bTl'i-ty), re. [LL. accep-
tubilitas.] The quality of being acceptable ; acceptable-
ness. " Aeceptability oi re'pexAa.Tice.'" Jer. Taylor.
Ac-cept'a-ble (-s5pt'a-b'l ; 277), a. [F. acceptable, L.
acceptabilis, fr. acceptare.] Capable, worthy, or sure of
being accepted or received with pleasure ; pleasing to a
receiver ; gratifying ; agreeable ; welcome ; as, an ac-
ceptable present, one acceptable to us.
Ac-cepfa-We-neSS (ak-s5pt'a-b'l-ngs), re . The quality
of being acceptable, or suitable to be favorably received ;
acceptabiUty.
Ac-cept'a-bly, adv. Ic an acceptable manner ; in a
manner to please or give satisfaction.
Ac-cept'ance (-ans), re. 1. The act of accepting ; a
receiving what is offered, with approbation, satisfaction,
or acquiescence ; esp., favorable reception ; approval ; as,
the acceptance of a gift, office, doctrine, etc.
They shall come up with acceptance on mine altar. Isa. Iz. 7.
2. State of being accepted ; acceptableness. " Makes
it assured of acceptance.'''' Shak.
3. (Com.) (a) An assent and engagement by the per-
son on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to pay it when
due according to the terms of the acceptance, (b) The
bill itself when accepted.
4. An agreeing to terms or proposals by which a bar-
gain is concluded and the parties are bound ; the recep-
tion or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was
bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the taking
possession as ownier.
6. (Law) An agreeing to the action of another, by
some act which binds the person in law.
51^°° What acts shall amount to such an acceptance is
often a question of great nicety and difficulty.
Mozley& W.
ale, senate, care, Sm, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, find, fern, recent; »c.e, idea, TU ; old, obey, 6tb, 5dd;
ACCEPT ANCY
11
ACCLIMATIZABLE
..^ ' In modern law, proposal and acceptance are the
onstituent elements into wliicli all contracts are resolved.
Acceptance of a bill of exchange, check, draft, or order,
is an engagement to pay it according to the terms. Thia
engagement is usually made by writing the word "ac-
cepted " across the face of the bill.— Acceptance of gooda,
under the statute of frauds, is an intelligent acceptance
by a party knowmg the nature of the transaction.
6. Meaning ; acceptation. \_Obs.'] South.
Acceptance of persons, partiality, faToritism. See un-
der Accept.
Ac-cept'an-cy (Sk-sSpt'on-sJ), n. Acceptance. [iS.]
Here 's a proof of gift.
But here 's no proof, sir, of acceptancy. Mrs. Browning.
Ac-cept'ant (-ant), a. Accepting ; receiving.
Ac-cept'ant, n. An accepter. Chapman.
Ac'cep-ta'tion (Sk'sep-ta'shiSn), n. 1. Acceptance ;
reception ; favorable reception or regard ; state of being
acceptable. lObs. or Arc/iaic'}
This is a saying worthy of all acceptation. 1 Tirn. i. 15.
Some things . . . are notwithstanding of so great dignity and
acceptation with God. Hooker.
2. The meaning in which a word or expression is ui\-
derstood, or generally received ; as, a term is to be used
according to its usual acceptation.
My words, in common acceptation^
Could never give this provocation. Gay.
Ac-oept'ed-ly (5k-sSpt'Sd-ly), adv. In an accepted
manner ; admittedly.
Ac-cept'er (-er), n. 1. A person who accepts ; a taker.
2. A respecter; a viewer with partiality. [06i.]
God is no accepter of persons. Chillingworth.
3. (iati)) An acceptor.
Ac-cep'tl-la'tlon (Sk-sSp'tT-la'shQn), n. [L. acceptila-
tio entry of a debt collected, acquittance, fr. p. p. of
accipere (cf. Accept) -|- latio a carrying, fr. latus, p. p.
ot /erre to carry: cf. F. acceptilation.~\ (Civil Law)
Gratuitous discharge ; a release from debt or obligation
without payment ; free remission.
Ac-cep'Uon (-sSp'shun), n. [L. acceptio a receiving,
accepting ; cf. F. acception.'] Acceptation ; the received
meaning. [04*.]
Here the word " baron " is not to be taken in that restrictive
sense to which the modern acception hath confined it. Fuller.
Acception of persons or faces (Eccl.), favoritism ; partial-
ity. lObs.] Wijclif.
Ac-cept'ive (Sk-sSpt'I v), a. 1. Fit for acceptance.
2. Ready to accept. [_Obs.'] B. Jonson.
Ac-Cept'Or (-er or -5r ; 277), n. [L.] One who ac-
cepts ; specifically (Law & Com.), one who accepts an
order or a bill of exchange ; a drawee after he has ac-
cepted.
Ac-cess' (ak-sSs' or Sk'sSs ; 277), n. [F. acces, L.
accessus, fr. accedere. See Accede.] 1. A coming to, or
near approach ; admittance ; admission ; accessibility ;
as, to gain access to a prince.
I did repel his letters, and denied
His access to me. Shak.
2. The means, place, or way by which a thing may be
approached ; passage way ; as, the access is by a neck of
land. " All access was thronged." Milton.
3. Admission to sexual intercourse.
During coverture, access of the husband shall be presumed,
unless the contrary be shown. Black&tone.
4. Increase by something added ; addition ; as, an ac-
cess of territory. [In this sense accession is more gen-
erally used.]
I, from the influence of thy looks, receive
Access in every virtue. Milton.
5. An onset, attack, or fit of disease.
The iirst access looked like an apoplexy. Burnet.
6. A paroxysm ; a fit of passion ; an outburst ; as, an
access of fury. [A Gallicism}
Ac-ces'sa-ri-ly (ak-ses'sa-ri-lj), adv. In the manner
of an accessary.
Ac-ces'sa-ri-ness, n. The state of being accessary.
Ac-ces'sa-ry (ak-s5s'sa-ry ; 277), a. Accompanying,
as a subordinate ; additional ; accessory ; esp., uniting in,
or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. See
ACCESSOKY.
To both their deaths thou shalt be accessary. Shak.
Amongst many secondary and accessary causes that support
monarchy, these are not of least reckoning. Milton.
Ac-ces'sa-ry (277), n. ; pi. Accessaeies (-riz). [Cf.
AccESSOKY and LL. accessarius.'] (Law) One who, not
being present, contributes as an assistant or instigator to
the commission of an offense.
Accessary before the fact (Law), one who commands or
counsels an offense, not being present at its commission.
— Accessary after the fact, one who, after an offense, assists
or shelters the offender, not being present at the com-
mission of the offense.
111^^ This word, as used in law, is spelt accessory by
Blackstone and many others ; but in this sense is spelt
accessary by Bouvier, BurrUl, Bums, Whishaw, Dane,
and the Penny Cyclopedia ; while in its other senses it is
spelt accessory. In recent text-books on criminal law the
distmction is not preserved, the spelling being either ac-
cessary or accessory.
Ac-cess'1-bU'i-ty (ak-sSs'T-bTl'I-ty), n. [L. accessibil-
ttas : cf. F. aecessibilite.'] The quality of being accessi-
ble, or of admitting approach ; receptibility. Langhorne.
Ac-cess'i-'ble (ak-ses'T-b'l), a. [L. accessibilis, fr. ac-
cedere : cf. F. accessible. See Accede.] 1. Easy of ac-
cess or approach ; approachable ; as, an accessible town
or mountain, an accessible person.
2. Open to the influence of ; — with to. " Minds ac-
cessible to reason." Macaulay.
3. Obtainable ; to be got at.
The best information ... at present accessible. Macaulay,
Ae-cess'l-bly (Sk-sSs'I-blj?), adv. In an accessible
Ac-ces'slon (5k-sSsh'iSn), n. pL. accessio, fr. acce-
dere: cf. F. accession. See Accede.] 1. A coming to ;
the act of acceding and becoming joined ; as, a king's ac-
cession to a confederacy.
2. Increase by something added ; that which is added ;
augmentation from without ; as, an accession of wealth
or territory.
T.'ie only accession which the Roman empire received was the
province of Britain. Gibbon.
3. (Law) (a) A mode of acquiring property, by
which the owner of a corporeal substance which re-
ceives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to
the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided
the thing is not changed into a different species). Thus,
the owner of a cow becomes the o«-ner of her calf,
(ft) The act by which one power becomes party to en-
gagements already in force between other powers. JCent.
4. The act of coining to or reaching a throne, an of-
fice, or dignity ; as, the accession of the house of Stuart ;
— applied especially to the epoch of a new dynasty.
5. (JSed.) The invasion, approach, or commencement
of a disease ; a fit or paroxysm.
Syn. — Increase ; addition ; augmentation ; enlarge-
ment.
Ac-ces'slon-al (Sk-s5sh'Qn-al), a. Pertaining to ac-
cession ; additional, [fi.] Sir T. Browne.
Ac-ces'slve (5k-sBs'siv), a. Additional.
Ac'ces-SO'rl-al (Sk'sSs-so'rl-al), a. Of or pertaining to
an accessory ; as, accessorial agency, accessorial guilt.
Ac-ces'SO-rl-ly (Sk-sgs's6-ri-ly), adv. In the manner
of an accessory ; auxiliary.
Ac-ces'SO-n-ness, n. The state of being accessory,
or connected subordinately.
Ac-ces'SO-ry (Sk-sSs'sS-rJ ; 277), a. [L. accessorius.
See Access, and cf. Accessary.] Accompanying as a
subordinate ; aiding in a secondary way ; additional ;
connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal ;
contributing or contributory ; — said of persons and
things, and, when of persons, usually in a bad sense ;
as, he was accessory to the riot ; accessory sounds in
music.
^W Ash accents the antepenult ; and this is not only
more regular, but preferable, on account of easiness of
pronunciation. Most orthoepists place the accent on the
first syllable.
Syn. — Accompanying: contributory; auxiliary ; sub-
sidiary ; subservient ; additional ; acceding.
Ac-ces'SO-ry, n. ; pi. Accessories (-riz). 1. That
wliich belongs to something else deemed the principal ;
sometliing additional and subordinate. " The aspect and
accessories of a den of banditti." Carlyle.
2. (Law) Same as Accessakt, n.
3. (Fine Arts) Anything that enters into a work of art
without being indispensably necessary, as mere orna-
mental parts. Elmes.
Syn. — Abettor ; accomplice; ally; coadjutor. See
Abettor.
II Ac-ciac'ca-tn'ra (at-ch4k'ka-too'r4), n. [It., from
acciaccare to crush.] (Mus.) A short grace note, one
semitone below the note to which it is prefixed ; — used
especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to
the short appoggiatura.
Ao'ci-dence (5k'si-dens), n. [A corrruption of Eng.
accidents, pi. of accident. See Accident, 2.] 1. The
accidents, or inflections of words ; the rudiments of
grammar. Milton.
2. The rudiments of any subject. Lowell.
Ac'ci-dent (-dent), n. [F. accident, fr. L. accidens,
-dentis, p. pr. of accidere to happen ; ad + cadere to fall.
See Cadence, Case.] 1. Literally, a befalling ; an event
that takes place without one's foresight or expectation ;
an undesigned, sudden, and unexpected event ; chance ;
contingency ; often, an undesigned and unforeseen oc-
currence of an afflictive or unf orttmate character ; a cas-
ualty ; a mishap ; as, to die by an accident.
Of moving accidents by flood and field. Shak.
Thou cam'st not to thy place by accident :
It is the very place God meant for thee. Trench.
2. (Gram.) A property attached to a word, but not es-
sential to it, as gender, number, case.
3. (Her.) A point or mark which may be retained or
omitted in a coat of arms.
4. (Log.) (a) A property or quality of a thing which
is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper ; an attribute.
(b) A quality or attribute in distinction from the sub-
stance, as sweetness, softness.
5. Any accidental property, fact, or relation ; an acci-
dental or nonessential ; as, beauty is an accident.
This accident, as I call it, of Athens being situated some miles
from the sea. J. P. Mahaffy.
6. Unusual appearance or effect. \_Obs.'\ Chaucer.
1^°° Accident, in Law, is equivalent to casus, or such
unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is
out of the range of ordinary calculation.
Ac'ci-den'tal (ak'sT-dgn't«l), a. [Cf. F. accidentel,
earlier accidental.'] 1. Happening by chance, or unex-
pectedly ; taking place not according to the usual course
of things ; casual ; fortuitous ; as, an accidental visit.
2. Nonessential ; not necessarily belonging ; inciden-
tal ; as, songs are accidental to a play.
Accidental chords (Mus.), those which contain one or
more tones foreign to their proper harmony. — Accidental
colors (Opt), colors depending on the hypersensibility of
the retina of the eye for complementary colors. They are
purely subjective sensations of color which often result
from the contemplation of actually colored bodies. — Ac-
cidental point (Persp.), the point in which a right line,
drawn from the eye, parallel to a given right line, cuts
the perspective plane ; so called to distinguish it from the
principal point, or point of view, where a line drawn from
the eye perpendicular to the perspective plane meets this
plane. — Accidental lights {Paint.), secondary lights; ef-
fects of hght other than ordinary daylight, such as the
rays of the sun darting through a cloud, or between the
leaves of trees ; the effect of moonlight, candlelight, or
burning bodies. FairhoU.
Syn. — Casual ; fortuitous ; incidental ; contingent : oc-
casional; adventitious. —Accidental, Incidental, Cas-
ual, FoRTUiTotis, Contingent. We speak of a thing as
accidental when it falls out as by chance, and not in the
regular course of thmgs ; as, an nccirfcntoZ meeting, an ac-
cidental advantage, etc. We call a thing incidental when
it falls, as it were, into some regular course of tilings, but
is secondary, and forms no e.ssential part thereof ; as, an
incidental remark, an incidental evil, an incidental bene-
fit. We speak of a thing as casual, when it falls out or
happens, as it were, by mere chance, witliout being
prearranged or premeditated ; as. a casual remark or
encounter ; a casual observer. An idea of the unim-
portant is attached to wliat is casual. Fortuitous is ap-
plied to what occurs witliout any known cause, and in
opposition to what has been foreseen ; as, a fortuitous
concourse of atoms. We call a thing contingent when it
is such that, considered m itself, it may or may not hap-
pen, but is dependent for its existence on sometliing else ;
as, the time of my coming will be contingent on mtelli-
gence yet to be received.
Ac'Cl-den'tal (ak'sT-dSn'tal), n. 1. A property which
is not essential ; a nonessential ; anything happening ac-
cidentally.
He conceived it just that accidentals . . . should sink with the
sub&tance of the accusation. Fuller.
2. pi. (Paint.) Those fortuitous effects produced by
luminous rays falling on certain objects so that some
parts stand forth in abnormal brightness and other parts
are cast into a deep shadow.
3. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, occurring not at
the commencement ot a piece of music as the signature,
but before a particular note.
Ac'ol-den'tal-lSlll(-i2'm), n. Accidental character or
effect. Buskin.
Ac'Cl-den-tal'I-ty (-dSn-tSl'i-tjr), n. The quality of
being accidental ; accidentalness. [ii.] Coleridge.
Ac'cl-den'tal-ly (-dSn'tal-15'), adv. In an accidental
manner ; unexpectedly ; by chance ; unintentionally ;
casually ; fortuitously ; not essentially.
Ac'cl-den'tal-ness, n. The quality of being acci-
dental ; casualness.
Ac'cl-die (Sk'si-djf), n. [OF. decide, accidie, LL. ac-
cidia, acedia, fr. Or. axriSia ; a priv. + KijSot care.]
Sloth ; torpor. [06i.]_ " The sin of accidie." Chaucer.
Ao'ol-pen'ser (Sk'si-pgn'ser), n. See Acipenser.
Ac-clp'i-ent (Sk-sip'i-ent), n. [L. accipiens, p. pr. ot
accipere. See Accept.] A receiver, [i?.] Bailey.
II AO-Clp'1-ter (-sTp'T-ter), n. ; pi. E. AcciPiTERS(-terz),
L. AccipiTitES (-trez).
[L.,hawk.] l.(2o6l.)
A genus of rapacious
birds ; one of the Ac- ,
cipitres or Kaptores.
2. (Surg.) A band-
age applied over the
nose, resembling the
claw of a hawk.
Ac-cip'i-tral (Sk-
sTp'i-trol), a. Pertain-
ing to, or of the nature
of, a falcon or hawk ;
hawklike. Lowell.
II Ac-cip'1-tres (-trez), n. pi. [L., hawks.] (Zool.)
The order that includes rapacious birds. They have a
hooked bill, and sharp, strongly curved talons. There
are three families, represented by the vultures, the fal-
cons or hawks, and the owls.
Ac-cip'i-trine (-trin; 277), a. [Cf. F. accipiirin.']
(Zool. ) Like or belonging to the Accipitres ; raptorial ;
hawklike.
II Ac-cis'mus (ak-siz'mus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a(ci«(7|U.ds.]
(Bhet.) Affected refusal ; coyness.
Ac-cite' (Sk-sif), V. t. [L. acciius, p. p. of accire, ac-
ciere, to call for ; ad 4- ciere to move, call. See Cite.]
To cite ; to summon. lObs.J
Our heralds now accited all that were
Endamaged by the Elians. Chapman.
Ac-dalm' (ak-klam'), v. t. [L. acclamare ;jad + cla^
mare to cry out. See Claim, Clamor.] - - - -
applaud. " A glad acclaiming train."
2. To declare by acclamations.
While the shouting crowd
Acclaims thee king of traitors.
3. To shout ; as, to acclaim my joy.
Ac-claim', v. i. To shout applause.
Ac-claim', n. Acclamation. ^Poetic']
Ac-claim'er (-er^, n. One who acclaims.
Ac'Cla-ma'tion (Sk'kla-ma'shiin), n. [L. acclamatio :
cf. F. acclamation.] 1. A shout of approbation, favor,
or assent ; eager expression of approval ; loud applause.
On such a day, a holiday having been voted by acclamation,
an ordinary walk would not satisfy the children. Southey.
2. (Antig.) A representation, in sculpture or on med-
als, of people expressing joy.
Acclamation medals are those on which laudatory accla>
mations are recorded. Elmes,
Ac-clam'a-tO-ry (Sk-klSm'a^to-r^), a. Pertaining to,
or expressing approval by, acclamation.
Ac-Cli'ma-ta-ble (ak-kli'ma-ta^b'l), a. Capable of
being acclimated.
Ac-cli'ma-ta'tlon (-kll'ma-ta'shiin), n. [Cf. F. ac-
climalalion. See Acclimate.] AccUmatizatiou.
Ac-oU'mate (-klT'mSt ; 277), V. t. \imp. & p. p. Ac-
climated (-ma-ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimating.]
[F. acclimater ; d (L. ad) -f- climat climate. See Cli-
mate.] To habituate to a climate not native ; to accli-
matize. J. IT. Newman.
Ac-cli'mate-ment (-ment), n. Acclimation. [JB.]
Ac'Cli-ma'tion (Sk'kli-ma'shun), n. The process of
becoming, or the state of being, acclimated, or liabitu-
ated to a new climate ; acclimatization.
Ac-cU'ma-ti'za-ble (Sk-kli'm4-ti'z4-b'l), a. Capable
of being acclimatized.
Beak and Talons of one of the
Accipitres (Gyrfalcon).
[iJJ 1. To
Thomson.
Smollett.
Milton.
S, waUp., r^ide, fall, up, ttm ; pity; food, frfbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, igk; tben, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
ACCLIMATIZATION
Ac-Cli'ma-ti-za'iicn (Sk-kli'ma-tT-za'shiiu), n. The
act of accUmatiiiiiig ; tlie process of inuring to a new
climate, or the state of being so inured. Darwin.
Ac-cU'ma-tize (Sk-ldi'mi-tlz), v. t. [imp. & p. p.
Acclimatized (-tizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimatizikg
(-tl'zTng).] To inure or habituate to a climate different
from tliat wliich is natural ; to adapt to the pecuUarities
of a foreign or strange cUmate ; — said of man, the infe-
rior animals, or plants.
Ac-cli'ma-ture (-tlir ; 135), n. The act of acclima-
ting, or tlie state of being acclimated. [7?.] Caldwell.
Ac-Clive' (Sk-kllv'), a. Acclivous. [Oi«.]
Ac-Cliv'i-tOUS (-kliv'i-tus), a. Acclivous. /. Taylor.
Ac-Cliv'i-ty (-ty), n. ; pi. Acclivities (-tTz). [L. ac-
clivitas, fr. acclivii:, acclirns, ascendhig ; ad -\- clivus a
hill, slope, fr. root kli to lean. See Lean.] A slope or
inclination of tlie earth, as the side of a hill, considered
as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or descending ;
an upward slope ; ascent.
Ac-cli'VOUS (-kll'vus ; 277), a. [L. acclivis and ac-
clivus.'] Sloping upward ; rising as a hillside ; — opposed
to declivous.
Ac-cloy' (kloi'), V. t. [OF. encloyer, encloer, F. en-
clouer, to drive in a nail, fr. L. in -{- claims nail.] To
fill to satiety ; to stuff full ; to clog ; to overload ; to bur-
den. See Clot. \_Obs.'\ Chaucer.
Ac-coast' (-kosf), V. t. & i. [See Accost, Coast.] To
lie or sail along the coast or side of ; to accost. [Obs.'^
Whether high towering or accoasting low. Spenser.
Ac-coil' (-koil'), V. t. [OF. acoillir to receive, F. ac-
cueillir; Jj. ad -{- coll igere to collect. See Coil.] 1. To
gatlier togetlier ; to collect [Ois.] Spender.
2. {A'aut.) To coil together. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
Ac'CO-lade' (ak'ko-lad' OT -lad' ; 277), n. [F. accolade,
It. accollata, fr. accollare to embrace ; "L. ad-\- collum
neck.] 1. A ceremony formerly used in conferrmg
knighthood, consisting of an embrace, and a slight blow
on the shoulders with the flat blade of a sword.
2. {Mus.) A brace used to join two or more staves.
Ac-com'bi-na'tion (Sk-kom'bt-na'shQn), n. [L. ad -f
E. coinbivation.'] A combining together. [R.]
Ac-com'mo-da-ble (Sk-kSm'mo-da-b'l), a. [Cf. F.
accommodnhle.'] That may be accommodated, fitted, or
made to agree, [i?.] /. Watts.
Ac-com'mo-da-ble-ness, n. The quality or condi-
tion of being accommodable. [i?.] Todd.
Ac-com'mo-date (ak-kSm'mS-dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p.
Accommodated (-da'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accommoda-
ting (-da'ting).] [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommo-
dare ; ad -f- com niodoir to make fit, help; con- -\- modus
measure, proportion. See Mode.] 1. To render fit, suit-
able, or correspondent ; to adapt ; to conform ; as, to ac-
commodate ourselves to circumstances. " They accom-
modate their counsels to his inclination." Addison.
2. To bring into agreement or harmony ; to reconcile ;
to compose ; to adjust ; to settle ; as, to accommodate
differences, a dispute,' etc.
3. To furnish with something desired, needed, or con-
venient ; to favor ; to oblige ; as, to accommodate a
friend with a loan or with lodgings.
4. To show the correspondence of ; to apply or make
suit by analogy; to adapt or fit, as teaclungs to acci-
dental circumstances, statements to facts, etc. ; as, to
accommodate prophecy to events.
Syn. — To suit ; adapt ; conform ; adjust ; arrange.
Ac-com'mo-date, v. i. To adapt one's self; to be
conformable or adapted, [i?.] Boyle.
Ac-com'mo-date (-dat), a. [L. accommodatus, p.
p. of accommudare.'] Suitable; fit; adapted; as, means
accommodate to the end. [Archaic] Tillotson.
Ac-com'mo-date-ly, adv. Smtably ; fitly. [iJ.]
Ac-com'mo-date-ness, n. Fitness, [i?.]
Ac-com'mo-da'ting (-da'ting), a. Affording, or dis-
posed to afford, accommodation ; obliging ; as an accom-
modating man, spirit, arrangement.
Ac-com'mo-da'tlon (ak-kom'm6-da'shiin), n. [L. ac-
commodatio, fr. accommodare : cf. F. accommodation.']
1. The act of fitting or adapting, or the state of being
fitted or adapted ; adaptation ; adjustment ; — followed
by ^0. "The organization of the body with accommo-
dation to its fimctions." Sir M. Hale.
2. Willingness to accommodate ; obligingness.
3. Whatever supplies a want or affords ease, refresh-
ment, or convenience ; anything furnished which is de-
sired or needful ; — often in the plural ; as, the accom-
modations— that is, lodgings and food — at an inn.
A volume of Shakespeare in each pocket, a small bundle
with a change of linen slung across his shoulders, an oaken
cudgel in his hand, complete our pedestrian's accommorlations.
Sir W. Scott.
4. An adjustment of differences ; state of agreement ;
reconciliation ; settlement. " To come to terms of ac-
commodation.'''' Macaulay.
5. The application of a writer's language, on the
groimd of analogy, to something not originally referred
to or intended.
Many of those quotations from the 'Old Testament were prob-
ably intended as nothing more than accommorlatiotus. PaUy.
6. (Com.) (a) A loan of money. (6) An accommo-
dation bill or note.
Accommodation bill, or note (Com.), a biU of exchange
which a person accepts, or a note which a person makes
and delivers to another, not upon a consideration received,
but for the purpose of raismg money on credit. — Accom-
modation coach, or train, one ruimiug at moderate speed
and stopping at all or nearly all stations. — Accommodation
ladder (Saut.), a light ladder hung over the side of a sMp
at the gangway, useful in ascending from, or descending
to, small boats.
Ac-com'mo-da-tive (ak-kom'mo-da-tTv), a. Tending
to accommodate ; of the natiu'e of an accommodation.
Ac-com'mo-da-tive-ness, «. The quality of being
accommodative.
12
Ac-com'mo-da'tor (5k-kom'mo-da'ter), n. He who,
or that which, accommodates. Warburton.
Ac-com'pa-na-ble (5k-kiim'pa-na-b'l), a. Sociable.
lObs.-] Sir P. Sidney.
Ac-com'pa-ni-er (-uT-er), n. He who, or that which,
accompanies. Lamb.
Ac-com'pa-ni-ment (-ment), n. [F. accompagne-
ment.'] That which accompanies; something that at-
tends as a circmnstance, or which is added to give greater
completeness to the principal thing, or by way of orna-
ment, or for the sake of symmetry. Specifically : (Mus.)
A part performed by instrmnents, accompanying another
part or parts performed by voices ; the subordinate
part, or parts, accompanying the voice or a principal in-
strument ; also, the harmony of a figured bass. P. Cyc.
Ac-com'pa-nist (-nlst), n. The performer in music
who takes the accompanying part. Bushy.
Ac-com'pa-ny (ak-ki5m'pa-ny), V. t. [imp. & p. p.
AccojtiPANiED (-nid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accompanyikg
(-ni-ing).] [OF. acompaignier, F. accompagner, to
associate with, fr. OF. campaign, compain, companion.
See CoMPANT.] 1. To go with or attend as a companion
or associate ; to keep company with ; to go along with ;
— followed by with or by; as, he accompanied his
speech with a bow.
The Persian dames, . . .
In sumptuous cars, accompanied his march. Glover.
Thev are never alone that are accompanied with noble
thoughts. ^ Sir P. Sidney.
He was accompanied by two carts fiUed with wounded rebels.
Macaulay.
2. To cohabit with. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.
Syn.— To attend; escort; go with. —To Accompany,
Attend, Escort. We accompany those with whom we
go as companions. The word imports an equality of sta-
tion. We attend those whom we wait upon or follow.
The word conveys an idea of stibordinatwn. We escort
those whom we attend with a view to guard and protect.
A gentleman accompan ies a friend to some public place ;
he attends or escorts a lady.
Ac-com'pa-ny, v. i. 1. To associate in a company;
to keep company. [Obs."] Bacon.
Men say that they will drive away one another, . . . and not
accompany togetlier. Holland.
2. To cohabit (with). [Obs.] 3Iilton.
3. (Mus.) To perform an accompanying part or parts
in a composition.
Ac-com'ple-tive (Sk-k5m'ple-tTv), a. [L. ad -f com-
plere, compleium, to fill up.] Tending to accomplish. [iJ.]
Ac-com'plice (ak-kom'plTs), n. [Ac- (perh. for the
article a or for L. ad) -\- E. complice. See Complice.]
1. A cooperator. [ii.]
Success unto our valiant general.
And happiness to his accomplices ! Shak.
2. (Law) An associate in the commission of a crime ;
a participator in an offense, whether a principal or an
accessory. "And thou, the cursed accomplice of his
treason." Johnson. It is followed by wiiA or o/ before
a person and by in (or sometimes of) before the crime ;
as, A was an accomplice with B in the murder of C.
Dryden uses it %vith to before a thing. " Suspected for
accomplice to the fire." Dryden.
Syn. — Abettor; accessory; assistant; associate; con-
federate ; coadjutor ; ally ; promoter. See Abettob.
Ac-COm'pUce-shlp (-ship), m. The state of being an
accomplice, [if.] Sir H. Taylor.
Ac'com-plic'i-ty (ak'kiSm-plTst-ty), n. The act or
state of being an accomplice. [iJ.]
Ac-com'plish (ak-kom'plTsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ac-
complished (-plTsht), p. pr. & vb. n. Accomplishino.]
[OE. acomplissen, acompjlisen, OF. acoraplir, F. accom-
pUr ; L. ad -\- complere to fUl up, complete. See Com-
plete, Finish.] 1. To c'omplete, as time or distance.
That He would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of
Jerusalem. Dan. ix. 2.
He had accomplished half a league or more. Prescott.
2. To bring to an issue of full success ; to effect ; to
perform ; to execute fully ; to fulfill ; as, to accomplish
a design, an object, a promise.
This that is written must yet be accomjAished in me.
Luke xxii. 37.
3. To equip or furnish thoroughly ; hence, to complete
in acquirements ; to render accomplished ; to polish.
The armorers accomplishing the knights. Sltak.
It [the mooni is fully accomplished for all those ends to which
Providence did appoint it. Witkins.
These qualities ... go to accomplish a perfect woman.
Cowden Clarice.
4. To gain ; to obtain. [Obs.'] Shak.
Syn. — To do; perform; fulfill; realize; effect; effec-
tuate ; complete ; consummate ; execute ; achieve ; per-
fect ; equip ; furnish. — To Accomplish, Effect, Execute,
Achieve, Peefohm. These words agree in the general
idea of carrying out to some end proposed. To accom-
plish (to fill up to the measure of the intention) generally
implies perseverance and skUl ; as, to accomplish a plan
proposed by one's self, an object, a design, an undertak-
ing. " Thou Shalt occompfeffi my desire. " 1 Kings v. 9.
He . . . expressed his desire to see a union accomplished be-
tween England and Scotland. Macaulay.
To effect (to work out) is much Uke accomplish. It usu-
ally implies some degree of difficulty contended with ; as,
he effected or accomplished what he intended, his pur-
pose, but little. " What he decreed, he effected." Milton.
To work in close design by fraud or guile
What force effected not. Milton.
To execute (to follow out to the end, to carry out, or into
effect) implies a set mode of operation ; as, to execute the
laws or the orders of another ; to execute a work, a pur-
pose, design, plan, project. To perform is much Uke to
do, though less generally appUed. It conveys a notion of
protracted and methodical effort ; as, to perform a mis-
sion, a part, a task, a work. "Thou canst best perform
that office." • Milton.
The Saints, like stars, around his seat
Perform their courses still. Keble.
ACCORDING
To achieve (to come to the end or arrive at one's pur-
pose) usually implies some enterprise or undertaking of
importance, diiiiculty, and excellence.
Ac-com'plish-a-ble (ak-kom'plT?h-a-b'l), a. Capable
of being accomplished ; practicable. Carlyle.
Ac-com'plished (-pllsht), a. 1. Completed ; effected ;
established ; as, an accomplished fact.
2. Complete in acquirements as the result usually of
training; — commonly in a good sense; as, an accom-
plished scholar, an accomplished villain.
They . . . show tlicmselvcs accomplished bees. I/oUand.
Daughter of God and man, accomplished Eve. Milton.
Ac-com'pllsh-er (-plish-er), m. One who accomplishes.
Ac-GOm'pllsh-ment (-ment), n. [F. accompHssement,
fr. accomplir.'] 1. The act of accomplishing ; entire
performance ; completion ; fulfillment ; as, the accom-
plishment of an enterprise, of a prophecy, etc.
2. That which completes, perfects, or equips thor-
oughly ; acquirement ; attainment ; that which constitutes
excellence of mind, or elegance of manners, acquired by
education or training. "My new accomplishment of
dancing." Churchill. "Accomplishments befitting a
station." Thackeray.
Accoiit[>V>ltments have taken virtue's place,
And wisduiii falls before exterior grace. Cowper.
Ac-COmpt' (ak-kounf ; formerly 5k-komt'), n. See
Account.
t^^ Aceompl, accomptant, etc., are archaic forms.
Ac-compfa-ble (-a-b'l), a. See Accountablb.
Ac-compt'ant (-ant), n. See Accountant.
Ac-cord' (ak-k8rd'), n. [OE. acord, accord, OF. acort,
acorde, F. accord, fr. OF. acorder, F. accorder. See
Accord, v. /.] 1. Agreement or concurrence of opinion,
wUl, or action ; harmony of mind ; consent ; assent.
A mediator of an accord and peace between them. Bacon.
These all continued with one accord in prayer. Acts i. 14.
2. Harmony of sounds ; agreement in pitch and tone ;
concord ; as, the accord of tones.
Those sweet accords are even the angels* lays. Sir J. Davies.
3. Agreement, harmony, or just correspondence of
things ; as, the accord of light and shade in pamting.
4. Voluntary or spontaneous motion or impulse to act ;
— preceded by own ; as, of one's own accord.
That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou
shalt not reap. Lev. xxv. 6.
Of his own accord he went unto you. 2 Cenr. viii. 17.
5. (Law) An agreement between parties in contro-
versy, by wliich satisfaction for an injury is stipulated,
and w'hich, when executed, bars a suit. Blackstone-
With one accord, with unanimity.
They rushed luith one accord into the theater. Acts six. 29.
Ac-cord', V. t. [imp. &p. p. Accorded ; p. pr. &vb.n~
According.] [OE. acorden, accordcn, OF. acorder, F.
accorder, fr. LL. accordare ; L. ad -{- cor, cordis, heart.
Cf. Concord, Discord, and see Heart.] 1. To make ta
agree or correspond ; to suit one thing to another ; to
adjust ; ^- followed by to. [J?.]
Her hands accorded the lute's music to the voice. Sidney.
2. To bring to an agreement, as persons ; to reconcile ;
to settle, adjust, harmonize, or compose, as things ; as,
to accord suits or controversies.
When they were accorded from the fray. Spenser. .
All which particulars, being confessedly knotty and difficult,
can never be accorded but by a competent stock of critical
leammg. • South.
3. To grant as suitable or proper ; to concede ; to
award ; as, to accord to one due praise. " According his
desire." Spenser.
Ac-cord', V. i. ■ 1. To agree ; to correspond ; to be in
harmony; — followed by with, formerly also by to; as,
his disposition accords with his looks.
My heart accordeth with my tongue. Shak.
Thy actions to thy words accord. Milton.
2. To agree in pitch and tone.
Ac-cord'a-ble (-kSrd'a-b'l), a. [OF. acordable, F. ae-
cordable.'] 1. Agreeing. [Obs.'] Chaucer.
2. Reconcilable ; in accordance.
Ac-cord'ance (-ans), n. [OF. acordance.] Agree-
ment ; harmony ; conformity. " In strict accordance
with the law." Macaulay.
Syn. — Harmony ; unison ; coincidence.
Ac-cord'an-cy (-an-sy), m. Accordance. [P.] Paley.
Ac-cord'ant (-ant), a. [OF. acordant, F. accordant.]
Agreeing ; consonant ; harmonious ; corresponding ; con-
formable ; — followed by with or to.
Strictly accordant with true morality. Darwin.
And now his voice accordant to the string. Goldsmith.
Ac-cord'ant-ly, adv. in accordance or agreement;
agreeably ; conformably ; — followed by with or to.
Ac-cord'er (-er), n. One who accords, assents, or con-
cedes. [P.]
Ac-cord'ing, p. a. Agreeing ; in agreement or har-
mony ; harmonious. " Tliis according voice of national
wisdom." Burke. "Mind and soul according well.'»
Tennyson.
_ According to, agreeably to ; in accordance or conform-
ity with ; consistent with.
According to him, every person was to be bought. Macaulay.
•Our zeal should be according to knowledge. Sprat.
J^^ According to has been called a prepositional '
phrase, but strictly speakmg, according is a participle
m the sense of agreeing, acceding, and to alone is the
preposition.
According as, precisely as; the same as ; corresponding
to the way m which. According as is an adverbial phrase!
of wluch the propriety has been doubted ; but good usaee
sanctions it. See According, adv.
Is all things well,
Accordinq as I gave directions ? Shak.
The land which the Lord wiU give ypu according as he hath
promised. " £^. ^ 25.
ale, senate, cAre, am, arm, ask, final, all ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, orb, 8dd ;
ACCORDING
13
ACCUMULATE
Ac-cording (ilk-kSrd'Ing), adv. Accordingly ; corre-
apondingly. XObs.^ Shak.
Ac-cord'lng-ly, adv. 1. Agreeably ; correspondingly ;
suitably ; in a manner conformable.
Behold, aud so proceed accordingly. Shak.
2> In natural sequence ; consequently ; so.
Syn. — Consequently ; therefore ; wherefore , hence ;
80. — AcooRDiNOLY, CONSEQUENTLY, indicate a connection
betw jen two things, the latter of which is done on account
of the former. Accordinyli/ marks the connection as one of
simple accordance or congriiity, leading naturally to the
result whicli followeil ; as, lie was absent when 1 called,
and I accordiiuilu left my card; our preparations were
all finislied, and we acrordimjly set sail. Consequentl ij
marks a closer connection, th.at of logical or causal se-
quence ; as, the p.ipers were not ready, luid conseqtientlii
could not be signed.
Ac-cor'dl-on (Sk-kSr'-
dl-Jin), n. [See Accord.]
(ilfKS.) A sm.all, portable,
keyed wind instrument,
whose tones are genera-
ted by play of the wind
upon free metallic reeds.
Ac-cor'dl-on-ist, n. A
player on the accordion.
Ac-cord'ment (Sk- AccorJion.
kord'ment), n. [OF. acordement. See Accord, v.]
Agreement ; reconcilement. [Ofts.] Gower.
Ac-cor'po-rate (Jtk-k3r'p6-r5t), v. t. [L. accarporare ;
ad -\- corpus, corporis, body.] To unite; to attach; to
incorporate. [06*.] Milton.
Ac-cost' (Sk-kosf ; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accosted ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Accosting.] [F. accoster, LL. accostare to
bring side by side ; h. ad -j- costa rib, side. See Coast,
and cf. AccoAST.] 1. To join side to side ; to border
on; hence, to sail along the coast or side of. [06s.]
" So much [of Lapland] as accosts the sea." Fuller.
2. To approach ; to make up to. lArchaic'] Shak.
3. To speak to first ; to address ; to greet. " Him,
Satan thus accosts." , Milton.
Ac-cost', V. i. To adjoin ; to lie alongside. [06s.]
" The sliores which to the sea accost." Spenser.
Ac-cost', n. Address ; greeting. [iJ.] J. Morley.
Ac-cost'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. [Cf. P. accostable.'] Ap-
proachable ; affable. [J?.] Hawthorne.
Ac-COSt'ed, a. (Her.) Supported on both sides by
other charges ; also, side by side.
II Ac-COache'ment (ak-koosh'miiN ; 277), re. [F., fr.
accoucher to be delivered of a chUd, to aid in delivery,
OF. acouchier orig. te lay down, put to bed, go to bed ;
Ij. ad -)- colloc'are to lay, put, place. See Collocate.]
Delivery in childbed.
II Ac-COU-cheur' (ak-koo-sher'), n. [F., fr. accoucher.
See Accouchement.] A man who assists women in child-
birth ; a man midmfe ; an obstetrician.
II Ac-COU-cheuse' (ak-koo-shez'), n. [F., fern, of ac-
coucheur.'] A midwife. [JJecenf] Dunglison.
Ac-connt' (Sk-koimf), n. [OE. acount, account, ac-
cmript, OF. acont, fr. aconter. See Account, v. t.. Count,
n., 1.] 1. A reckoning ; computation ; calculation ; enu-
meration ; a record of some reckoning ; as, the Julian
account of time. Hution.
A beggarly account of empty boxes. Shak.
2. A re^try of pecuniary transactions ; a written or
printed statement of business dealings or debts and cred-
its, and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or
review ; as, to keep one's account at the bank.
3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, grounds,
•etc., explanatory of some event; as, no satisfactory ac-
count has been given of these phenomena. Hence, the
word is often used simply for reason, ground, considera-
tion, motive, etc. ; as, on no account, on every account,
on ail accounts.
4. A statement of facts or occurrences ; recital of
transactions ; a relation or narrative ; a report ; a de-
scription ; as, an .account of a battle. " A laudable oc-
co«n< of the city of London." - Howell.
6. A statement and explanation or vindication of one's
conduct with reference to judgment thereon.
Give an accoimt of thy stewardship. Luke xvi. 2.
6. An estimate or estimation ; valuation ; judgment.
" To stand highin your account." Shak.
7. Importance ; worth ; value ; advantage ; profit.
" Men of account." Pope. " To turn to account." Shak.
Account current, a running or continued account be-
tween two or more parties, or a statement of the partic-
ulars of such an account. — In account with, in a relation
requiring an account to be kept. — On account of, for the
sake of : by reason of ; because of. — On one's own acconnt,
for one's own interest or behalf. — To make account, to
have an opinion or expectation ; to reckon. [Obs.]
This other part . .• . makes account to find no slender argu-
ments for this assertion out of those very scriptures which are
commonly urged against it. Milton.
— To make account of, to hold in estimation ; to esteem ; as,
tie makes small account of beauty. —To take account of,
or to take into account, to take into consideration ; to no-
tice. " 0/ their doings, God toies no aeeourei!." Milton.
— A writ of account (Law), a writ which the plaintiff
brmgs demandmg that the defendant shall render his
just account, or show good cause to the contrary ; —
called also an action of account. Cowell.
Syn. — Narrative ; narration ; relation ; recital ; descrip-
•tion; explanation; rehearsal. — Account, Narrative,
Naebation, Recitai. These words are applied to differ-
ent modes of rehearsing a series of events. Account
turns attention not so much to the speaker as to the fact
related, and more properly applies to the report of some
smgle event, or a group of incidents taken as a whole ;
as, an account of a battle, of a shipwreck, etc. A nar-
rative IS a continuous story of connected incidents, such
as one friend might tell to another; as, a narrative
of the events of a siege, a narrative of one's life, etc.
Narration is usually the same as narrative, but is some-
tines used to describe the mode of relating events ; as, his
powers of narration are uncommonly great. Recital de-
notes a series of events drawn out mto imnute particu-
lars, usually expressuig something wliich peculiarly in-
terests tlie leelings of tlie speaker ; as, the recital of one's
wrongs, disappointmeuts, sufferings, etc.
Ac-count' (5k-kount'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Accounted ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Accounting.] [OE. acounten, accompten,
OF. aconter ; a (L. ad) -)- center to count, F. conter to
tell, compter to count, L. computare. See Count, v. /.]
1. To reckon ; to compute ; to count. [06s.]
The motion of . . . the suu whereby years are at'fo»«(e(/.
Sir T. Broivne.
2. To place to one's account ; to put to the credit of ;
to assign ; — with to. [iJ.] Clarendon,
3. To value, estimate, or hold in opinion ; to judge or
consider ; to deem.
Accounting thut God was able to raise him up. Heb. xi. 19.
4. To recount; to relate. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ac-count', t'. t. 1. To render or receive an account or
relation of particulars ; as, an officer must account with
or to the treasurer for money received.
2. To render an account ; to answer in judgment ; —
with /or; as, we must account for the use of our oppor-
tunities.
3. To give a satisfactory reason ; to tell the cause of ;
to explain ; — with for ; as, idleness accounts for poverty.
To account of, to esteem ; to prize ; to value. Now used
only in the passive. "I account o/ her beauty." Shak.
Never was preaching more accounted o/than in the sixteenth
century. Canon Rohinson.
Ac-COUnt'a-bil'i-ty (ak-kount'i-blll-tj?), n. The state
of being accountable ; liability to be called on to render
an account ; accountableness. " The awful idea of ac-
countability." E. Mall.
Ac-COUnt'a-We (5k-kount'a-b'I), a. 1. Liable to be
called on to render an account ; answerable ; as, every
man is accountable to God for his conduct.
2. Capable of being accounted for ; explicable. [JJ.]
True religion . . . intelligible, rational, and accotintahle.—
not a burden but a privilege. B. Whichcote.
Syn.— Amenable; responsible; liable; answerable.
Ac-COnnt'a-ble-ness, n. The quality or state of being
accountable ; accountability.
Ac-COUnt'a-bly, adv. In an accountable manner.
Ac-COUnt'an-cy (Sk-kount'an-sy), re. The art or em-
ployment of an accountant.
Ac-count'ant (-ont), re. [Cf. F. accomptant, OF.
acontant, p. pr.] 1. One who renders account ; one
accountable.
2. A reckoner.
3. One who is skilled in, keeps, or adjusts, accounts ; an
officer in a public office, who has charge of the accounts.
Accountant general, the head or superintending ac-
countant in certain public offices. Also, formerly, an of-
ficer in the English court of chancery who received the
moneys paid into the court, and deposited them in the
Bank of England.
Ac-count'ant, a. Accountable. [06s.] Shak.
Ac-coont'ant-shlp (-sbTp), n. [Accountant -{--ship.']
The office or employment of an accountant.
Ac-connt' book' (b66k'). A book in which accounts
are kept. Swift.
Ac-COU'pIe (ak-kiip"l), V. t. [OF. acopler, F. accou-
pier. See Couple.] To join ; to couple. [J?.]
The Englishmen accoupled themselves with the Frenchmen.
Baa.
Ac-COn'ple-ment (-kilp''l-ment), n. [Cf. F. accou-
plement.] 1. The act of coupling, or the state of being
coupled; union. [iJ.] Caxton.
2. That which couples, as a tie or brace, [i?.]
Ac-COUr'age (Sk-kiir'aj), V. t. [OF. acoragier ; d
(L. ad) -f- corage. See Coubage.] To encourage. [06s.]
Ac-conrt' (-kort'), v. t. {_Ac-, for L. ad. See Court.]
To treat courte,ously ; to court. [06s.] Spenser.
Ac-COU'ter ) (ak-koo'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accou-
Ac-COU'tre ( teeed or Accoutred (-terd) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. AccouTEEiNa or Accoutring.] [F. accoutrer, OF.
acoutrer, accoustrer ; h (L. ad) -\- perh. LL. custor, for
custos guardian, sacristan (cf. Custody), or perh. akin
to E. quilt.] To furnish with dress, or equipments, esp.
those for military Service ; to equip ; to attire ; to array.
Both accoutered like young men. Shak.
For this, in rags accoutered are they seen. Dryden.
Accoutered with his burden and his staff. Wordsworth.
Ac-con'ter-ments ) (-ments), n. pi. [F. accoutre-
Ac-COU'tre-mentS I 7nent, earlier also accoustre-
ment. See Accoutee.] Dress ; trappings ; equipment ;
specifically, the devices and equipments worn by soldiers.
How gay with all the accouterments of war ! A. Philips.
Ac-coy' (Sk-koi'), V. t. [OF. acoyer ; ac-, ioT L. ad.
See Coy.] 1. To render quiet ; to soothe. [06s.] Chaucer.
2. To subdue ; to tame ; to daunt. [06s.]
Then is your careless courage accoyed. Spenser.
Ac-cred'it (ak-kredtt), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Accred-
ited; p. pr. & vb. re. Accrediting.] [F. accrediter ; d
(L. ad) + credit credit. See Credit.] 1. To put or
bring into credit ; to invest with credit or authority ; to
sanction.
His censure will . . . accredit his praises. Coioper.
These reasons . . . which accredit and fortify mine opinion.
Shelttm.
2. To send with letters credential, as an ambassador,
envoy, or diplomatic agent ; to authorize, as a messenger
or delegate.
Beton . . . was accredited to the Court of France. Froude.
3. To believe ; to credit ; to put trust in.
The version of early Roman history which was accredited in
the fifth century. Sir Q. C. Lewis.
He accredited and repeated stories of apparitions and witch-
craft. Smithey.
4. To credit ; to vouch for or consider (some one) as do-
ing something, or (something) as belonging to some one.
To accredit (one) with (something), to attribute some-
thing to liim ; as, Mr. Clay was accredited with these
views; they accredit him with a wise saying.
Ac-cred'i-ta'tion (ak-krSd'i-ta'shun), re. The act of
accrediting ; as, letters of accreditation.
Ac'cre-men-ti'tial (Sk'kre-men-tTsh'al), a. (Phys-
iol.) Pertaining to accrementition.
Ac'cre-men-U'tlon (-tish'tin), re. [See Accrbsce, In-
crement.] {Physiol. ) The process of generation by de-
velopment of blastema, or by fission of cells, in which the
new formation is in all respects like the individual from
which it proceeds.
Ac-cresce' (Sk-krSs'), v. i. [L. accrescere. See Ac-
crue.] 1. To accrue. [iJ.]
2. To increase ; to grow. [06s.] Gillespie.
Ac-cres'cence (-krgs'sens), re. [LL. accrescentia.]
Continuous growth ; an accretion, [jf?.]
The silent accresccjice of belief from the unwatched deposi-
tions of a general, never contradicted hearsay. Coleridge.
Ac-cres'cent (-sent), a. [L. accrescens, -entis, p. pr.
of accrescere ; ad -\- crescere to grow. See Crescent.]
1. Growing ; increasing. Shuckford.
2. (Bot.) Growing larger after flowering. Gray.
Ac-crete' (Sk-kref), V. i. [From L. accreius, p. p. of
accrescere to increase.] 1. To grow together.
2. To adhere ; to grow (to) ; to be added ; — with to.
Ac-crete', v. t. To make adhere ; to add. Earle.
Ac-crete', -. 1. Characterized by accretion ; made
up ; as, accrete matter.
2. (Bot.) Grovra together. Gray.
Ac-cre'tlon (Sk-kre'shtin), re. [L. accretio, fr. ac-
crescere to increase. Cf. Crescent, Increase, Acordk.]
1. The act of increasing by natural growth ; esp. the
increase of organic bodies by the internal accession of
parts ; organic growth. Arbuthnot.
2. The act of increasing, or the matter added, by an
accession of parts externally ; an extraneous addition ;
as, an accretion of earth.
A mineral . . . augments not by growth, but by accretion. Owen.
To strip off all the subordinate parts of his narrative as a,
later accretion. Sir G. C. Lewis.
3. Concretion ; coherence of separate particles ; as,
the accretion of particles so as to form a solid mass.
4. A growing together of parts naturally separate, as
of the iujgers or toes. Dana.
5. (Law) (a) The adhering of property to something
else, by which the owner of one thing becomes possessed
of a right to another; generally, gain of land by the
washing up of sand or soil from the sea or a river, or by
a gradual recession of the water from the usual water-
mark. (6) Gain to an heir or legatee, by failure of a co-
heir to the same succession, or a co-legatee of the same
thing, to take his share. Wharton. Kent.
Ac-cre'tive (5k-kre'tTv), a. Relating to accretion ;
increasing, or adding to, by growth. Glanvill.
Ac-crim'1-nate (Sk-knm'i-nat), v. t. [L. ac- (for
ad to) -\- criminari.] To accuse of a crime. [Obs.] —
Ac-crim'i-na'tion (ak-krTm'T-na'shun), re. [06s.]
Ac-croach' (-kroch'), v. t. [OE. acrochen, accrochen,
to obtain, OF. acrochier, F. accrocher ; h, (L. ad) -f- croc
hook (E. crook).] 1. To hook, or draw to one's self as
with a hook. [06s.]
2. To usurp, as jurisdiction or royal prerogatives.
They had attempted to accroach to themselves royal power.
Stiibbt.
Ac-croach'ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. a^crochement.]
An encroachment ; usurpation. [06s.] Bailey.
Ac-cru'al (ak-kru'al), re. Accrument. [K.]
Ac-crue' (Sk-kru'), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Accrued
(-krud') ; p. pr. & vb. re. Accruing.] [See Accrue, re.,
and cf. AccRESCE, Accrete.] 1. To increase ; to augment.
And though power failed, her courage did accrue. Spenser.
2. To come to by way of increase ; to arise or spring aa
a growth or result ; to be added as increase, profit, or
damage, especially as the produce of money lent. " In-
terest accrues to principal." Abbott.
The great and essential advantages accruing to society from
tlie freedom of the press. Junius.
Ac-crue', re. [F. accr&, OF. acreii, p. p. of accroi-
ire, OF. acroistre to increase ; L. arf -f crescere to in-
crease. Cf. Accretion, Crew. See Crescent.] Some-
thing that accrues ; advantage accruing. [06s.]
Ac-cru'er (ak-kru'er), re. (Law) The act of accruing ;
accretion ; as, title by accruer.
Ac-cru'ment (-ment), re. The process of accruing, or
that which has accrued ; increase. Jer. Taylor.
Ac'cu-ba'tion (Sk'ku-ba'shun), re. [L. accubatio, for
accubitio, fr. accubare to recline ; ad -f- cubare to lie
down. See Accumb.] The act or posture of reclhiing on
a couch, as practiced by the ancients at meals.
Ac-cumb' (5k-kumb'), v. i. [L. accumbere; ad -\-
cumbere (only in compounds) to lie down.] To recline,
as at table. [06s.] Bailey.
Ac-cum'ben-cy (Sk-kiim'ben-sy), re. The state of be-
ing accumbent or reclining, [if.]
Ac-cum'bent (-bent), a. [L. accumbens, -entis, p. pr.
of accumbere.] 1. Leaning or reclining, as the ancients
did at their meals.
The Roman . . . accumbent posture in eating. Arbuthnot,
2. (Bot.) Lying against anything, as one part of a leaf
against another leaf. Gray.
Accumbent cotyledons have their edges placed against the
oauhcle. Eaton.
Ac-cum'bent, re. One who reclines at table.
Ac-cum'ber (-ber), i;. i. To encumber. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ac-CU'mn-late (ak-ku'mii-lat), V. t. [imp. & p. p.
Accumulated (-la'tgd) : p. pr. Sz vb. n. Accumula-
TiNQ.] [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare; ad -\-
cumulare to heap. See Cumulate.] To heap up in a
mass ; to pile up ; to collect or bring together ; to amass ;
as, to accumulate a sum of money.
Syn. — To collect; pile up; store up; amass; gather;
aggregate ; heap together ; hoard.
xise, unite, rnde, full, iip, tun -, pity ; food, f<jbt ; oat, oil ; chair ; eo ; Bing, ink ; tben, tlun ; boN ; zb. = z in azure.
ACCUMULATE
14
ACETARIOUS
Ac-on'mu-late (Sk-ku'mfi-lat), V. i. To grow or in-
crease in quantity or number ; to increase greatly.
Ill fares the land» to hastening ills a prey,
"Where wealth accumulates^ and men decay. Goldsmith.
Ac-cn'mu-late (-lat), a. [L. accumulatus, p. p. of
accumulare.'] Collected ; accumulated. Bacon.
Ac-CU'ma-la'tion (-kii'mfi-la'shiin), n. [L. accumu-
latio : c£. F. accumulation.~\ 1. The act of accumula-
ting, the state of being accumulated, or that which is
accumulated ; as, an accumulation of earth, of sand, of
evils, of wealth, of honors.
2. {Law) The concurrence of several titles to the same
thing, or of several circumstances to the same proof.
Accumolation of energy or power, the storing of energy
hy means of weights lilted or masses put in motion ; elec-
tricity stored. —An accumolation of degrees (Eng. Univ.),
the taking of several together, or .at smaller intervals
than usual or than is allowed by the rules.
Ac-CU'mn-la-tlve (-ku'mfi-la-tlv), a. Characterized
by accumulation ; serving to collect or amass ; cumula^
tive ; additional. — Ac-CU'mu-la-tlve-ly, adv. — Ac-
cn'mu-la-tlve-ness, n.
Ac-cu'mu-la'tor (-la'ter), n. [L.] 1. One who, or
that which, accumulates, collects, or amasses.
2. (Mech.) An apparatus by means of which energy
or power can be stored, such as the cylinder or tank for
Storing water for hydraulic elevators, the secondary or
storage battery used for accumulating the energy of
electrical charges, etc.
3. A system of elastic springs for relieving the strain
upon a rope, as in deep-sea dredging.
Ac'cn-ra-cy (Sk'kfi-ra-sy ; 277), re. [See Accdrate.]
The state of being accurate ; freedom from mistakes, this
exemption arising from carefulness ; exact conformity to
truth, or to a rule or model ; precision ; exactness ;
nicety ; correctness ; as, the value of testimony depends
on its accuracy.
The professed end [of logic] is to teach men to think, to
judge, and to reason, with precision and accuracy. Reid,
The accuracy with which the piston fits the . . . sides.
Lardner.
Ac'CU-rate (-rat), a. [L. accuratus, p. p. and a., fr.
accurare to take care oi\ ad -\- curare to take care,
cura care. See Cube.] 1. In exact or careful conform-
ity to truth, or to some standard of requirement, the re-
sult of care or pains ; free from failure, error, or defect ;
exact ; as, an accurate calculator ; an accurate measure ;
accurate expression, knowledge, etc.
2. Precisely fixed ; executed with care ; careful. [Oii.]
Those conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate influ-
ences upon these things below. Bacon.
Syn. — Correct ; exact ; precise ; just ; nice ; particular.
— AcctrsATE, Correct, Exact, Precise. We spe.-ik of a
thing as correct with reference to some rule or standard
of comparison ; as, a correct account, a correct likeness, a
man of correct deportment. We spe.ak of a thing iis ac-
curate with reference to the care bestowed upon its ex-
ecution, and the increased correctness to be expected
therefrom ; as, an accurate statement, an accurate detail
of particulars. We speak of a thing as exact \vith refer-
ence to that perfected state of a thing in which there is no
defect and no redundance ; as, an etact coincidence, the
exact truth, an exact likeness. We speak of a thing as
precise when we think of it as strictly conformed to some
rule or model, as if cut down thereto ; as, s, precise con-
formity to instructions ; precisely right ; he was very pre-
cise in giving his directions.
Ac'cn-rate-ly, adv. In an accurate manner ; exactly ;
precisely ; without error or defect.
Ac'CU-rate-ness, n. The state or quality of being ac-
curate ; accuracy ; exactness ; nicety ; precision.
Ac-corse' (Sk-kOrs'), v. t. [OE. acursien, acorsien ;
pref. a- -\- cursien to curse. See Cuese.] To devote to
destruction ; to imprecate misery or evil upon ; to curse ;
to execrate ; to anathematize.
And the city shall be accursed. Josh. vi. 17.
Thro' you, my life will be accurst. Tennyson.
Ac-cursed' (p. p. -kflrst', a. -kfirs'ed ; 277), ) p. p. & a.
Ac-curst' (p. p. & a. Sk-kflrsf), ) Doomed
to destruction or misery ; cursed ; hence, bad enough to
be under the curse ; execrable ; detestable ; exceedingly
hateful ; — as, an accursed deed. Shak. — Ac-CUrs'ed-ly,
adv. — Ac-curs'ed-ness, n.
Ac-cus'a-ble (Sk-kuz'a-b'l), a. [L. accusabilis; cf.
F. accusable.] Liable to be accused or censured ; charge-
able with a crime or fault ; blamable ; — • with of.
Ac-CUS'al (-al), re. Accusation. [iJ.] Byron.
Ac-cus'ant (-ant), re. [L. accusans, p. pr. of accusare :
cf. F. accusant.] An accuser. Bp. Hall.
Ac'CU-sa'tion (Sk'ku-za'shiin), re. [OF. acusation,
F. accusation, L. accusaiio, fr. accusare. See Accuse.]
1. The act of accusing or charging with a crime or with
a lighter offense.
We come not by the way of accusation
To taint that honor every good tongue blesses. Shak.
2. That of which one is accused ; the charge of an of-
fense or crime, or the declaration containing the charge.
[They] set up over his head his accusation. Matt, xxvii. 3".
Syn. — Impeachment; crimination; censure; charge.
Ac-cn'sa-ti'val (ak-kii'za-ti'val), a. Pertaining to the
accusative case.
Ac-CU'sa-tive (Sk-ku'za-tiv), a. [F. accusatif, L.
accusativus (in sense 2), fr. accusare. See Accuse.]
1. Producing accusations ; accusatory. " This hath
been a very accusative age." Sir B. Bering.
2. {Gram.) Applied to the case (as the fourth case of
Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate
object on which the action or influence of a transitive
verb terminates, or the immediate object of motion or
tendency to, expressed by a preposition. It corresponds
to the objective case in English.
Ac-CU'sa-tive, re. {Gram.) The accusative case.
Ac-CU'sa-tive-ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner.
2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar.
Ac-CU'sa-tO'rl-al (5k-ku'z4-to'ri-al), a. Accusatory.
Ac-CU'sa-tO'ri-al-ly,^rf«. By way of accusation.
Ac-CU'sa-tO-ry (Sk-ku'za-to-ry), a. [L. accusatorius,
fr. accusare.} Pertaining to, or containing, an accusa-
tion ; as, an accusatory libel. Grole.
Ac-cuse' (Sk-kuz'), n. Accusation. [06s.] Shak.
Ac-cuse', V. t. [imp. & p. p. Accused (Sk-kuzd') ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Accusing.] [OF. acuser, F. accuser, L. ac-
cusare, to call to account, accuse ; ad -}- causa cause,
lawsuit. Cf. Cause.] 1. To charge with, or declare to
have committed, a crime or offense ; {Law) to charge
with an offense, judicially or by a public process ; — with
of ; as, to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor.
Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse
me. Acts xxiv. 13.
We are accused of having persuaded Austria and Sardinia to
lay down their arms. Macaulay.
2. To charge with a fault ; to blame ; to censure.
Their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one
another. Som. li. 15.
3. To betray ; to show. [iJ.] Sir. P. Sidney.
Syn. — To charge ; blame ; censure ; reproach ; crimi-
nate ; indict ; impeach ; arraign. — To Accuse, Charge,
Impeach, Arraign. These words agree in bringing home
to a person the imputation of wrongdoing. To accuse is
a somewhat formal act, and is applied usually (though
not exclusively) to crimes; as, to accuse of treason.
Charr/e is the most generic. It may refer to a crime, a
dereliction of duty, a fault, etc. ; more commonly it re-
fers to moi'al delinquencies ; as, to charge with dishon-
esty or falsehood. To arraign is to bring (a person) before
a tribunal for trial ; as, to arraign one before a court or
at the bar of public opinion. To impeach is officially to
charge with misbehavior in office ; as, to impeach a min-
ister of high crimes. Both intpeach and arraign con-
vey the idea of peculiar dignity or impressiveness.
Ac-cnsed' (-kuzd'), a. Charged with an offense ; as,
an accused person.
Commonly used substantively ; as, the accused, one
charged with an offense ; the defendant in a criminal
case.
Ac-cuse'ment (-kSz'ment), re. [OF. acusemenl. See
Accuse.] Accusation. [Oi*.] Chaucer.
Ac-cus'er (5k-kiiz'er), re. [OE. acuser, accusour ; cf.
OF. acuseor, fr. L. accusator, fr. accusare.] One who
accuses ; one who brings a charge of crime or fault.
Ac-CUS'lng-ly, adv. In an accusing manner.
Ac-cus'tom (5k-kus'tum), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accus-
tomed (-tumd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Accustoming.] [OF.
acostumer, acustumer, F. accoutum&r ; a (L. ad) -\- OF.
costume, F. coutume, custom. See Custom.] To make
familiar by use ; to habituate, familiarize, or inure ; —
with to.
I shall always fear that he who accustoms himself to fraud in
little things, wants only opportunity to practice it in greater.
Adventurer.
Syn. — To habituate ; inure ; exercise ; train.
Ac-cus'tom, V. i. 1. To be wont. [Obs.] Carew.
2. To cohabit. [Obs.]
We with the best men accustom openly ; you with the basest
commit private adulteries. Milton.
Ac-cus'tom, re. Custom. [Obs.] Milton.
Ac-CUS'tom-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Habitual ; customary ;
wonted. '^Accustomable goodness." Latimer.
Ac-CUS'tom-a-bly, adv. According to custom ; ordi-
narily; customarily. Latimer.
Ac-cus'tom-ance (-ans), n. [OF. accoustumance, F.
accouiumance.'] Custom ; habitual use. [Obs.] Boyle.
Ac-CUS'tom-a-rl-ly (-S-rt-ly), adv. Customarily. [Obs.]
Ac-cns'tom-a-ry (-a-rj), a. Usual; customary. [Ar-
chaic] Featley.
Ac-CUS'tomed (-ttimd), a. 1. Familiar through use ;
usual ; customary. " An acc;;rfO!n erf action." Shak.
2. Frequented by customers. [Obs.] "A well ac-
customed shop." Smollett.
Ac-CUS'tomed-ness, n. Habituation.
Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart. Bp. Pearce.
Ace (as), n. ; pi. Aces (a'sSz). [OE. as, F. as, fr. L.
as, assis, unity, copper coin, the unit of coinage. Cf. As.]
1. A unit ; a single point or spot on a card or die ; the
card or die so marked ; as, the ace of diamonds.
2. Hence : A very small quantity or degree ; a particle ;
an atom; a jot.
I '11 not wag an ace further. Dry den.
To bate an ace, to make the least abatement. [Obs.]
—Within an ace of, very near ; on the point of. W. Irvine,:
A-cel'da-ma (a-sSl'da-ma), n. [Gr. 'AKeASajid, fr. Syr.
okel damo the field of blood.] The potter's field, said to
have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe
which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore
called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed.
The system of warfare . . . which had already converted im-
mense tracts into one universal aceldama. Be Qidncey.
A-Cen'trlC (a-sen'trlk), a. [Gr. a priv. + Kevrpov a
point, a center.] Not centered ; without a center.
Ac'e-phal (Ss'e-fSl), re. [Gr. aKe^aXo^ ; a priv. + Ke(j)aKi^
head : cf. F. accphale, LL. acephalus.] {Zo'dl.) One of
the Acephala.
II A-ceph'a-la (a^sSf 'i-la), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. oJce'^oAa,
adj. neut. pi., headless. See Acephai.] {Zool.) That di-
vision of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells,
like the clams and oysters ; —so caUed because they have no
evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata,
Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca.
A-ceph'a-lan (-Ian), re. Same as Acephal.
A-ceph'a-lan, a. {Zodl.) Belonging to the Acephala.
II A-ceph'a-ll(a-s5f'a-li),re.;jZ. [LL.,pl. of acephalus.
See Acephal.] 1. A fabulous people reported by ancient
writers to have no heads.
2. {Eccl.Hist.) (a) A Christian sect without a leader.
(6) Bishops and certain clergymen not imder regular
diocesan control.
3. A class of levelers in the time of K. Henry I.
A-ceph'a-list (-lifst), re. One who acknowledges no
head or superior. I^^- Gauden.
A-ceph'a-lO-cyst (a-sgfa-lo-sTst), n. [Gr. oxcc^aAa;
without a head -j- KV(m9 bladder.] {Zool.) A larval ento-
zoon in the form of a subglobular or oval vesicle, or hy-
datid, filled with fluid, sometimes found in the tissues of
man and the lower animals; — so called from the ab-
sence of a head or visible organs on the vesicle. These
cysts are the immature stages of certain tapeworms.
Also applied to similar cysts of different origin.
A-ceph'a-lo-cys'tlc (a-sSfa-lo-sIs'tlk), a. Pertaining
to, or resembling, the acephalocysts.
A-ceph'a-l0U3 (a-s5f'a-liis), a. [See Acephal.]
1. Headless.
2. {Zool. ) Without a distinct head ; — a term applied
to bivalve mollusks.
3. {Bot.) Having the style spring from the base, in-
stead of from the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries.
4. Without a leader or cliief. Chambers.
5. Wanting the beginning.
A false or acephalous structure of sentence. X>e Quincey.
6. {Pros.) Deficient at the beginning, as a line of
poetry. Brands.
Ac'er-ate (Ss'er-at), re. [See Aceric] {Chem.) A
combination of aceric acid with a salifiable base.
Ac'er-ate, a. Acerose ; needle-shaped.
A-cerb' (a-serb'), a. [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp :
cf. F. acerbe. See Acrid.] Sour, bitter, and harsh to
the taste, as unripe fruit ; sharp and harsh.
A-cerb'ate (-at), v. t. [L. acerbatus, p. p. of acer-
bare, f r. acerbus/] To sour ; to imbitter ; to irritate.
A-cerb'iC (a-ser'btk), a. Sour or severe.
A-cerb'1-tUde (a-ser'bt-tiSd), re. [L. acerbitudo, fr.
acerbus.] Sourness and harshness. [Obs.] Bailey.
A-cerb'i-ty (a-ser'bl-ty), re. [F. acerbitc, L. acerbi-
tas, fr. acerbus. See Acerb.] 1. Sourness of taste, with
bitterness and astringency, like that of unripe fruit.
2. Harshness, bitterness, or severity ; as, acerbity of
temper, of language, of pain. Barrow.
A-cer'ic (a-sSr'Ik), a. [L. acer maple.] Pertaining
to, or obtained from, the maple ; as, aceric acid. Ure.
Ac'er-Ose' (5s'er-os' ; 277), a. [{a) L. acerosus chaffy,
fr. acus, gen. aceris, chaff ; (b) as if fr.
L. acus needle : cf. F. acereux.] {Bot.)
{a) Having the nature of chaff ; chaffy.
(J) Needle-shaped, having a sharp, rigid
point, as the leaf of the pine.
Ac'er-OUS (-iis), a. Same as Acerose.
AC'er-OUS, a. [Gr. a priv. -f Ke'pas
a horn.] {Zool.) {a) Destitute of ten-
tacles, as certain moUusks. (J) Without
antennae, as some insects.
A-cer'val (a-ser'val), a. [L. acerva-
lis, fr. acervus heap.] Pertaining to a
heap. [Obs.]
A-cer'vate (-vst), v. t. [L. acerva-
tus, p. p. of acervare to heap up, fr.
acervus heai,.-] To heap up. [Obs.] Acerose Leaves.
A-cer'vate (-vat), a. Heaped, or growing in heaps, or
closely compacted clusters.
Ac'er-va'tlon (Ss'er-va'shiin), re. i_L. acervaiio.] A.
heaping up ; accumulation. [B.] Johnsort.
A-cer'va-tlve (a-ser'va-tlv), a. Heaped up ; tending
to heap up.
A-cer'vose (-vos), a. Full of heaps. [R.] Bailey.
A-cer'VU-llne (-vli-lTn or -lin), o. Resembling little
heaps.
A-ces'cence (4-sSs'sens), ) n. [Cf. F. acescence. See
A-ces'cen-cy (-sen-sy), ( Acescent.] The quality
of being acescent ; the process of acetous fermentation ;
a moderate degree of sourness. Johnson.
A-ces'cent (-sent), a. [L. acescens, -entis, p. pr. of
acescere to turn sour ; inchoative of acere to be sour :
cf. F. acescent. See Acid.] Turning sour ; readily be-
coming tart or acid ; slightly sour. Faraday.
A-ces'cent, re. A substance liable to become sour.
Ac'e-ta-ble (Sst-ta-b'!), re. An acetabulum ; or about
one eighth of a pint. [Obs.] Holland.
Ac'e-tab'U-lar (Ss'e-tSb'u-ler), a. Cup-shaped ; saucer-
shaped ; acetabuliform.
II Ac'e-tab'u-lil'e-ra (-tab'ii-lTf'e-ra), n. pi. [NL. See
Acetabuliterous.] {Zool.) The division of Cephalopoda
in which the arms are furnished with cup-shaped suckers,
as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus ; the Dibranchi-
ata. See Cephalopoda.
Ac'e-tab'n-lif'er-ous (Ss'e-tSb'ii-lTf'er-iis), a. [L.
acetabulum a little cup + -ferous.] Furnished with
fleshy cups for adhering to bodies, as cuttlefish, etc.
Ac'e-tab'u-U-form (-tSb'u-li-fSrm), a. [L. acetabu.
turn + -form .] {Bot. ) Shaped like a shallow cup ; saucer-
shaped ; as, an acetabuliform calyx. Gray.
II Ac'e-tab'u-lum (-tSb'S-lfim), re. [L., a little saucer
for vinegar, fr. aceium vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.]
1. {Bom. Antiq.) A vinegar cup ; socket of the hip
bone ; a measure of about one eighth of a pint, etc.
2. {Anat.) (a) The bony cup which receives the head
of the thigh bone, (b) The cavity in which the leg of an
insect is inserted at its articulation mth the body, (c) A
sucker of the sepia or cuttlefish and related animals.
{d) The large posterior sucker of the leeches, (e) One
of the lobes of the placenta in ruminating animals.
A-ce'tal (a-se'tol), re. [Acetic -]- alco\io\.] (Cliem.)
A limpid, colorless, inflammable liquid from the slow oxi-
dation of alcohol under the influence of platinum black.
Ac'et-al'de-hyde (5s'St-ai'de-hid), re. Acetic alde-
hyde. See Aldehyde.
Ac'et-am'ide (-am'Id or -id), re. [Acetyl + amide.']
{Chem.) A white crysttdline solid, from ammonia by
replacement of an equivalent of hydrogen by acetyl.
Ac'et-an'1-lide (as'St-an'i-lId or -lid), re. [^ce^yl -}-
anilide.] {Med.) A compound of anQine with acetyl,
used to allay f ever_or^pain ; -:- called also antifebrine.
Ac'e-ta'ri-ous (as'e-ta'rT-ifs), a. [L. aceiaria, n. pi.,
salad, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.'' Used
in salads ; as, acetarious plants.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, finol, all ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, HI ; old, obey, orb, 6dd ;
I
ACETARY
15
ACINOUS
Ae'e-ta-ry (5s'S-ta-ry), n. [L. acetaria salad plants.]
An acid pulp in certain fruits, as tlie pear. Gretv.
Ac'6-tate (-tut), n. [L. ace/ M7ft vinegar, fr. acere to
ba sour.] (C/iem.) A salt formed by the union of acetic
acid with a base or positive radical ; as, acetate of lead,
aeetate of potash.
Ac'e-ta'ted (-ta'tgd), a. Combined with acetic acid.
A-ce'tlc (4-se'tTk or i-sSt'Ik ; 277), a. [L. acetum
vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] {Chem.) (o) Of or per-
taining to vinegar ; producing vmegar ; as, acetic fer-
mentation. (J) Pertaining to, containing, or derived
from, acetyl, as acetic ether, acetic acid. The latter is
the acid to which tlie sour taste of vinegar is due.
A-cet'1-fl-ca'tIon (A-sSt'T-fl-ka'shiiu), n. The act of
making acetous or sour ; the process of converting, or of
becoming converted, into vinegar.
A-oefl-fl'er (a-sSt'I-fi'er), n. An apparatus for hasten-
ing acetiflcation. Knight.
A-cet1-ly (4-sSt1-fi), V. t. limp. & p. p. Acetified
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acetifying (-fi'Ing).] [L. acetum
▼inegar 4- -/y.] To convert into acid or vinegar.
A-cefl-fy, V. i. To turn acid. Eiicyc. Dom. Econ.
Ac'e-tlm'e-ter ($s'e-tTm'e-ter), n. [L. acetum vine-
gar -\- -meter : cf. F. acitimctre.'^ An instrument lor
estimating the amount of acetic acid in vinegar or in any
liquid containing acetic acid.
Ao'e-tlm'e-try (-try), n. The act or method of ascer-
taining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion of
acetic acid contained in it. Ure.
Ao'e-tln (Ss'e-tin), re. (Cfiem.) A combination of
acetic acid withglycerin. Brande & C.
Ao'e-tlze (Ss'e-tiz), v. i. To acetify, [if.]
Ao'e-tom'e-ter (5s'e-tSm'e-ter), n. Same as Ace-
TIMBTEB. Brande & C.
Ao'e-tone (5s'e-ton), n. [See Acetic] {Chem.) A
volatile liquid consisting of three parts of carbon, six of
hydrogen, and one of oxygen ; pyroacetic spirit, — ob-
tained by the distillation of certain acetates, or by the
destructive distillation of citric acid, starch, sugar, or
gum, with quicklime.
t^^ The term is also applied to a number of bodies of
^muar constitution, more frequently called ketones. See
Ketone.
Ao'e-ton'ic (Ss'l-tSnTk), a. Of or pertaining to ace-
tone ; as, acetonic acid, acetonic bodies.
Ao'e-tose' (5s'e-tos'), a. Sour like vinegar; acetous.
Ac'e-tos^-ty (Ss'e-t5s'i-ty), n. [LL. acetositas. See
Aoetods.] The quality of bemg acetous ; sourness.
A-Oe'tOOS (S^se'tSs ; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar,
fr. acere to be sour.] 1. Ha™ig a sour taste; sour;
aoid. "An acetous spirit." Boyle. "A liquid of an
acetous kind." Bp. Lowth.
2. Causing, or connected with, acetification ; as, ace-
tetts fermentatioru
AcolouB add, a name formerly given to vinegar.
Ac'e-tyl (5s'e-til), re. [L. acetum vinegar -)- Gr. i'Aij
substance. See -iii.] {Chem.) A complex, hypothetical
radical, composed of two parts of carbon to three of hy-
drogen and one Oi oxygen. Its hydroxide is acetic acid.
A-cet'y-lene (a^sSt'i-len), n. (Chem.) A gaseous
compound of carbon and hydrogen, in the proportion of
two atoms of the former to two of the latter. It is a
colorless gas, with a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and is
often produced in imperfect combustion by a Bunsen's
gas-burner, the flame of which hac passed down the tube,
and bums at the base ; — called also ethine. Watts.
Ach I (ach), n. [F. ache, L. apium parsley.] A
Ache j name given to several species of plants ; as,
amaUage, wild celery, parsley. \_Obs.'] Holland.
A-chae'an (a-ke'an), la. \\j. Achaetis,Achaius ; Gv.
A-chalan (a-ka'yan), ) 'Axaids.] Of or pertaining
to Achaia in Greece ; also, Grecian. — re. A native of
Achaia ; a Greek.
II A-char'ne-ment (a-shar'ne-maN), re. [F.] Savage
fierceness ; ferocity.
Ach'ate (Sk'at), n. An agate. [Obs.'] Evelyn.
A-chate' (4^kat'), n. [F. achat purchase. See Gates.]
1. Purchase ; bargaining. [06s.] Chaucer.
2. pi. Provisions. Same as Gates. [06s.] Spenser.
II Ach'a-tl'na (Sk'a-ti'na or -te'na), re. [NL., from Gr.
axanjs agate.] {Zool.) A genua of land snails, often
large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa.
A-cha-tOUr' (a-ka-toor'), re. [See Cater.] Purveyor ;
acater. \_Obs.'] Chaucer.
Ache (ak), re. [OE. ache, AS. mce, ece, fr. acan to
ache. See Ache, v. i.] Continued pain, as distinguished
from sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. " Such an ache
in my bones." Shak.
^W^ Often used in composition, as, a headache, an ear-
tche, a toothacAe.
Ache (ak), V. i. limp. & p. p. Ached (akt) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Aching (ak'ing).] [OE. aken, AS. acan, both
strong verbs, AS. acan, imp. oc, p. p. acen, to ache;
perh. orig. to drive, and akin to agent.] To suffer pain ;
to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain ; to be dis-
tressed. "My old bones acAe." Shak.
The sins that In your conscience ache. Keble.
A-che'an' (a-ke'an), a. & re. See Ach^an, Achaian.
A-ohene' (a-ken'), I re. [Gr. d priv. + x""'-
A-che'ni-um (a^ke'nl-iim), ) i/«v to gape.] (Bot.)
A small, dry, iudehiscent fruit, containing a single seed,
as in the buttercup ; — called a naked seed by the earlier
botanists. [Written also akene and achainium.}
A-che'nl-al (a-ke'ni-al), a. Pertaining to an achene.
Aeh'e-ron (ak'^-rSn), re. [L., fr. Gr. 'Axepui'.] (Myth.)
A river in the Nether World or infernal regions ; also,
the infernal regions themselves. By some of the English
?o«*« it was supposed to be a flaming lake or gulf. Shak.
Aeh'a-ren'tlc (Sk'e-ron'tTk), a. Of or pertaining to
AeheroB ; infernal ; hence, dismal, gloomy ; moribund.
A-oUeVa-ble (^chev'a-b'l), a. Capable of being
Wlu«v9d. Barrow.
A-chlev'ance (&-cheT'ans), re. [Cf. OF. achevance."]
Achievement. [06s.] Sir T. Elyot.
A-chieve' (S.-chev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achieved
(-ehevd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Achieving (-chev'lng).] [OE
acheven, OF. achever, achiever, F. achever, to finish ; h
(L. ad) -(- OF. chief, F. chef, end, head, fr. L. caput
head. See CmEr.] 1. To carry on to a final close ; to
bring out into a perfected state ; to accomplish ; to per-
form ; — as, to achieve a feat, an exploit, an enterprise.
Supposing faculties and powers to be the same, far more may
be achiei>e(fin any line by the aid of a capital, invigorating mo-
tive than without it. /. Taylor.
2. To obtain, or gain, as the result of exertion ; to suc-
ceed in gaining ; to win.
Some are born great, some achieve greatness. Shak.
Thou hast achieved our liberty. Milton,
[Obs., with a material thing as the aim.]
Show all the spoils by valiant kings achieved. Prior.
He hath achieved a maid
That paragons description. Shak.
3. To finish; to kill. [06s.] Shak.
Syn. — To accomplish; effect; fulfill; complete; exe-
cute ; perform ; realize ; obtain. See Accomplish.
A-chleve'ment (-inent), re. [Cf. F. uchcveinent, E.
Hatchment.] 1. The act of achieving or performing ;
an obtaining by exertion ; successful performance ; ac-
complishment ; as, the achievement of his object.
2. A great or heroic deed ; something accomplished
by valor, boldness, or praiseworthy exertion ; a feat.
[The exploits! of the ancient saints ... do far surpass the
most famous acnievements of pagan heroes. Barrow.
The highest achievements of the human intellect. Macaulay.
3. (Her. ) An escutcheon or ensign armorial ; now
generally applied to the funeral shield commonly called
hatchment. Cussuns.
A-chlev'er (-er), n. One who achieves ; a winner.
Ach'U-le'an (Sk'Il-le'an), a. Resembling Achilles,
the hero of the Iliad ; invincible.
A-Chilles' ten'don (a-kTllez tSn'dOn), re. [L. Achil-
lis tendo.'] (Anat.) The strong tendon formed of the
united tendons of the large muscles in the calf of the
leg, and inserted into the bone of the heel ; — so called
from the mythological account of Acliilles being held by
the heel when dipped in the River Styx.
A-chilous (a-kiliis), a. [Gr. a priv. -f- x'uKo^ lip.]
(Bot.) Without a lip.
Ach'lng (ak'ing), a. That aches ; continuously pain-
fuL See Ache. — Ach'ing-ly, adv.
The aching heart, the aching head. Longfellow.
II A'chl-O'te (a'chi-o'ta), re. [Sp. achioie, fr. Indian
achiotl.J Seeds of the annotto tree ; also, the coloring
matter, annotto.
A-chlam'y-date (a-klSmt-dat), a. [Gr. o priv. +
xAajoitis, -v'Sos, a short cloak.] (Zool.) Not possessing
a mantle ; — said of certain gastropods.
Ach'la-myd'e-ous (5k'la-mid'e-us), a. (Bot.) Naked;
having no floral envelope, neither calyx nor corolla.
II A-ohOll-a (a-kSni-a), re. [NX., from Gr. axoAi'o ; a
priv. -\- xoA^ bile.] (3Ied.) Deficiency or want of bile.
Ach'o-lous (ak'6-lus), a. (Med.) Lacking bile.
Ach'ro-mat'ic (Sk'r6-mSt1k), a. [Gr. oixpiuiixaTOs col-
orless ; d priv. -j- xP'^t'^a-^ xP'"/'^*''°5> color : cf. F. achro-
matique.'] 1. (Opt.) Free from color; transmitting
light without decomposing it into its primary colors.
2. (Biol.) Uncolored; not absorbing color from a
fluid ; — said of tissue.
Achromatic lens (Opt.), a lens composed usually of two
separate lenses, a convex and a concave, of substances
having different refractive and dispersive powers, as
crown and flint glass, with the curvatures so adjusted
that the chromatic aberration produced by the one is
corrected by the other, and hght emerges from the
compound lens undecomposed. — Achromatic prism. See
Pkism. — Achromatic telescope, or microscope, one in which
the cliromatic aberration is corrected, usually by means
of a compound or achromatic object glass, and which
gives images free from extraneous color.
Ach'ro-mat'lc-al-ly (-I-kal-ly ), adv. In an achromatic
manner.
Ach'ro-ma-tic'i-ty (-ma-.tis'if-t3r), re. Achromatism.
A-chro'ma-tln (3^kro'ma-tin), re. (Biol.) Tissue which
is not stained by fluid dyes. W. Flemming.
A-chro'ma-tism (-tiz'm), re. [Cf. F. achromatisme.l
The state or quality of being achromatic ; as, the achro-
matism of a lens ; achromaticity. Nichol.
A-chro'ma-ti-za'tloil(a-kro'ma-ti-za'shiin), re. [Cf. F.
achromatisation.l The act or process of achromatizing.
A-chro'ma-tize (a-kro'm4-tiz), V. t. [imp. & p. p.
AcHEOMATizED (-tizd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Acheomatizing
(-zing).] [Gr. a priv. + XP"!^" color.] To deprive of
color ; to make achromatic.
A-chro'ma-top'sy (-top'sy), re. [Gr. a priv. -f xP"f'<^
color -f oi//is sight.] Color blindness ; inability to distin-
guish colors ; Daltonism.
A-chron'ic (a-kronTk), a. See Ackontc.
Ach'ro-'o-dex'trin (Sk'ro-S-deks'trTn), re. [Gr. a.xP°°^
colorless -\- E. dextrin.l (Physiol. Chem.) Dextrin Liot
colorable by iodine. See Dextrin.
Ach'ro-OUS (5k'r6-us), a. [Gr. axpoos ; a priv. + XP""'
color.] Colorless ; achromatic.
A-chylous (a-kiliSs), a. [Gr. dxuAot without juice.]
(Physiol.) Without chyle.
A-chy'mous (a-ki'miis), a. [Gr. axv/iios without
juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyme.
II A-clc'U-la (a^sik'ii-la), re. ; pi. Acicttlm (-le). [L., a
small needle, dimin. of acus needle.] (A^at. Hist.) One
of the needlelike or bristlelike spines or prickles of some
animals and plants ; also, a needlelike crystal.
A-ciC'U-lar (-ler), a. Needle-shaped ; slender like a
needle or bristle, as some leaves or crystals ; also, having
sharp points like needles. — A-Cio'U-lar-ly, ndv.
A-cic'u-late (a-sTk'ii-lat), ) a. (JVat. Hist.) (a) Pnr-
A-cio'u-la'ted (-iS-la't'd), ) nished with aciculse. (6)
Acicular. (c) Marked with fine irregular streaks as it
scratched by a needle. Ldndley.
A-clc'U-11-fonn (A-sIk'fi-It-f Srm), a. [L. acicula needle
-|- -form.^ Needle-shaped ; aciciUar.
A-clc'u-llte (-lit), re. (Min.) Needle ore. Brande &C.
Ac'id (its'id), a. [L. acidus sour, fr. the root ak to
be sharp: cf. F. acide. Cf. Acute.] 1. Sour, sharp, or
biting to the taste ; tart ; having the taste of vinegar ;
as, acid fruits or liquors. Also fig. : Sour-tempered.
He was stern and his face as acid as ever. A. 7'roUope.
2. Of or pertaining to an acid ; as, acid reaction.
Ac'ld, re. 1. A sour substance.
2. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds, generally
but not always distinguished by their sour taste, solubil-
ity in water, and reddening of vegetable blue or violet
colors. They are also characterized by the power of
destroying the distinctive properties of alkalies or bases,
combining with them to form salts, at the same time
losing their own peculiar properties. They all contain
hydrogen, united with a more negative element or radi-
cal, either alone, or more generally with oxygen, and
take theii- names from this negative element or radical.
Those which contain no oxygen are sometimes called
hydracids in distinction from the others wliich are called
oxygen acids or oxacids.
^W^ In certain cases, sulphur, selenium, or tellurium
may take the place of oxygen, and the corresponding
compounds are called respectively su/yAwr acids or sulph-
acids, selenium acids, or tellurium acids. When the hy-
drogen of an acid is replaced by a positive element or
radical, a salt is formed, and hence acids are sometimes
named as salts of hydrogen ; as hydrogen nitrate (or ni-
tric acid, hydrogen sulphate for sulphuric acid, etc. In
the old chemistry the name acid was applied to the ox-
ides of the negative or nonmetaUic elements, now some-
times called anhydrides.
A-cid'lc (a-sTd'ik), a. (Min.) Containing a high per-
centage of silica ; — opposed to basic.
Ac'id-U'er-OUS (Ss'id-ifer-iis), a. [L. acidus sour -j-
-ferov^.'^ Containing or yielding an acid.
A-CU'l-H'a-ble (a^sid'r-fi'4-b'l), a. Capable of being
acidified, or converted into an acid.
Ac'ld-U'lc (Ss'td-Tfik), a. Producing acidity; con-
verting into an acid. Dana.
A-cid'i-a-ca'tlon (a-sTd'T-fl-ka'shun), re. [Cf. F. acU
dijication.'] The act or process of acidifying, or changing'
into an acid.
A-cid'1-fi'er (4-sId'T-fi'er), re. (Chem.) A simple or
compound principle, whose presence is necessary to pro-
duce acidity, as oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.
A-cid'1-fy (-fi), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidified (-fid) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Acidifying (-fi'ing).] [L. acidus sour,
acid + -fy : cf . F. acidifier. ] 1. To make acid ; to con-
vert into an acid ; as, to acidify sugar.
2. To sour ; to imbitter.
His thin existence all ctcidified into rage. Carlyle.
Ac'ld-lm'e-ter (Ss'Td-Tm'e-ter), re. [L. acidus acid +
■meter.'} (Chem.) An instrument for ascertaining the
strength of acids. Ure.
Ac'ld-im'e-try (-Tm'e-try), re. [L. acidus acid -f
-metry.2 (Chem.) The measurement of the strength of
acids, especially by a chemical process based on the law
of chemical combinations, or the fact that, to produce a
complete reaction, a certain definite weight of reagent is
required. — Ac'id-i-met'rlc-al (-T-met'ri-kal), a.
A-cld'1-ty (4-sid'I-ty), re. [L. aciditas, f r. acidus : cf.
F. acidiie. See Acid.] The quality of being sour ; sour-
ness ; tartness ; sharpness to the taste ; as, the acidify
of lemon juice.
Ac'id-ly (Sstd-iy), adv. Sourly ; tartly.
Ac'id-ness (Ss'id-nSs), re. Acidity ; sourness.
A-cid'U-late (a-sId'iS-lat), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Acrotr-
LATED (-la'tSd); p. pr. & vb. re. Acidulating (-ting).]
[Cf. F. aciduler. See Acidulous.] To make sour or acid
in a moderate degree ; to sour somewhat. Arbuthnot.
A-cid'a-lent (-lent), a. Having an acid quality ; sour ,•
acidulous. " With anxious, actrf«?en< face." Carlyle.
A-cld'u-lOUS (-Ills), a. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus.
See Acid.] Slightly.sour ; sub-acid ; sourish ; as, an acid'
ulcus tincture. E. Burke.
Acidulous mineral wattus, such as contain carbonic an-
hydride.
Ac'i-er-age (Ssl-er-aj), re. [F. acierage, fr. acier
steel.] The process of coating the surface of a metal
plate (as a stereotype plate) with steeUike iron by means
of voltaic electricity ; steeling.
Ac'1-form (Ss'i-fSrm), a. [L. acus needle -|- -form.']
Shaped like a needle.
Ac'1-na'ceous (as'T-na'shiis), a. [L. acinus a grape,
grapestone.] (Bot. ) Containing seeds or stones of grapes,
or grains like them.
II A-cin'a-ces (a-sIn'S^sez, a-kTn'4-kez), re. [L., from
Gr. aKii'dKi)?.] (^ree. Hist.) A short sword or saber.
Ao'i-nac'l-form (as'T nas'T-
fSrni), a. [L. acinaces a short
sword + -form : cf. F. acinaci-
forme.-] (.Bo;!.) Scimeter-shaped ; Acinacilorm.
as, an acinacxform leaf.
II Ac'i-ne'si-a (Ss'i-ne'sT-4), re. (Med.) Same as Aki-
nesia.
II Ac'i-ne'tae (Ss'T-ne'te), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. axiiT)-
Tos immovable.] (Zool.) A group of suctorial Infusoria,
which in the adult stage are stationary. See Suctoma.
Ac'i-net'i-form (-nSt'T-fSrm), a. [Acinetm -f -form."]
(Zool.) Resembling the Acinets.
A-cln'l-lonn (a-sTn'i-f8rm), a. [L. acinus a grape,
gi'apestone -\- -form ; cf. F. aciniforme.'] 1. Having the
form of a cluster of grapes ; clustered like gr.apes.
2. Full of small kernels like a grape.
Ac'i-nose' (as'T-nos'), I a. [L. acinosus, fr. acinut
Ac'1-nous (as'T-niis), ( grapestone.] Consisting of
acini, or minute granular concretions ; as, acinose or oct-
nous glands. Kirwan.
Gse, unite, ri}de, fi^, Cp, Qm ; pity ; food, f<i^t ; out, oil ; cliair '- go ; sing, ink ; tlien, tbin ; boN ; zh = z la axure.
M
ACINUS
II Acl-nns (Ssl-nus), n. ; pi. Acini (-nl). [L., grape,
grapestone.] 1. {Bot.) (a) One of the small grains or
drupelets whicli make up some kinds of fruit, as the
blackberry, raspberry, etc. (6) A grapestone.
2. [Anat.) One of the granular masses which consti-
tute a racemose or compound gland, as the pancreas ; also,
one of the saccular recesses in the lobules of a racemose
gland. Quain.
II Ac'i-pen'ser (5s'T-pen'ser), n, [L., the name of a
fish.] {Zo'dl.) A genus cf ganoid fishes, including the stur-
geons, liaving tlie body armed with bony scales, and the
mouth on tlie under side of the head. See Stueoeon.
Ao'1-nr'gy (Ss'I-Qr'jj^), n. [Gr. dicis a point + epyox
work.] Operative surgery.
Ac-know' (Sk-no'), v. t. [Pref. a- + know ; AS. on-
cna.wan.'\ 1. To recognize. [06*.] "You will not be
acknown^ sir." B. Jonson.
2. To acknowledge ; to confess. [06s.] Chaucer.
To be acknown (often with of or ora),toacknowledge; to
confess. [Obs.]
We say of a stubborn body that Btandeth still in the denying
of his fault, This ma.i will not acknowledge his fault, or, Ue
will not be ack-noicn of his fault. Sir T. More.
Ac-knowl'edge (5k-u(51'Sj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ac-
knowledged (-5jd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acknowledgino
(-ej-Tng).] [Prob. fr. pref. a- -{- the verb knowledge. See
Knowledge, and cf. Acknow] 1. To own or admit the
knowledge of ; to recognize as a fact or truth ; to declare
one's belief in ; as, to acknoivledge the being of a God.
I achnowledge my transgressions. Ps. li. 3,
For ends generally achnowledyed to be good. Macaulay.
2. To own or recognize in a particular character or re-
lationsliip ; to admit the claims or authority of ; to give
recognition to.
In all thy ways acknowledge Him. Prov. iii. 6.
By my soul, I *11 ne'er acknowledge thee. Shak.
3. To own witli gratitude or as a benefit or an obli-
gation ; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter.
They his gifts acknowledged none. Milton.
4. To own as genuine ; to assent to, as a legal instru-
ment, to give it validity ; to avow or admit in legal form ;
as, to acknowledge a deed.
Syn, — Toavow; proclaim; recognize; own; admit;
allow ; concede ; confess. — Acknowledge, Recognize.
Acknowledge is opposed to keep back, or conceal, and sup-
poses that sometnmg had been previously known to us
(though perhaps not to others; wliicli we now feel bomid
to lay open or make public. Thus, a, ma.n acknowledges
a secret marriage ; one who has done wrong acknowledges
his fault ; an autlior acknowledges his obligations to those
who have aided him; we acknowledge our ignorance.
Recognize supposes that we have either forgotten or not
had the evidence of a tiling distinctly before our minds,
but tliat now we know it (as it were) anew, or receive and
admit it on the ground of tlie evidence it brings. Thus,
we recognize a friend after a long absence. We recognize
facts, principles, trutlis, etc., when their evidence is
brought up fresh to the mind ; as, bad men usually recog-
nize the providence of God in seasons of danger. A
foreign minister, consul, or agent of any kind, is recog-
nized on the ground of liis producing satisfactory creden-
tials. See also Confess.
Ac-knowl'edged-ly (-Sjd-lJ^), adv. Confessedly.
Ac-knowl'edg-er (-gj-er), n. One who acknowledges.
Ac-kuowl'edg-ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of ac-
knowledging ; admission ; avowal ; owning ; confession.
" An acknowledgment of fault." Froude.
2. The act of owning or recognizing in a particular
character or relationship ; recognition as regards the
existence, authority, truth, or genuineness.
Immediately upon the acknowledgment of the Christian faith,
the eunuch was baptized by Philip. Hooker.
3. The owning of a benefit received ; courteous recog-
nition ; expression of thanks. Shak.
4. Sometliing given or done in return for a favor,
message, etc. Smollett.
5. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to give it
legal validity ; as, the acknowledgment of a deed before
a proper officer. Also, the certificate of the officer attest-
ing such declaration.
Acknowledgment money, in some parts of England, a
sum paid by copyhold tenants, on the death of their land-
lords, as an acknowledgment of their new lords. Cowell.
Syn. — Confession; concession; recognition; admis-
sion; avowal; recognizance.
A-cUn'lo (a-klTn'ik), a. [Gr. a priv. -\- /cAiVeiv to in-
cline.] {Physics) Without inclination or dipping ; —
said of the imaginary line near the earth's equator on
which the magnetic needle balances itself horizontally,
having no dip. The aclinic line is also termed the mag-
netic equator. Prof. August.
Ac'me (ak'me), n. [Gr. aKixiq point, top.]. 1. The
top or highest point ; the culmination.
The very acme and pitch of life for epic poetry. Pope.
The moment when a certain power reaches the acme of its
supremacy. /. Taylor.
2. {Med.) The crisis or height of a disease.
3. Mature age ; full bloom of life. B. Jonson.
Ac'ne (Sk'ne), n. [NL., prob. a corruption of Gr.
ix/iiiy.] {3Ied. ) A pustidar affection of the skin, due to
changes in the sebaceous glands.
Ac-no'dal (ak-no'dal), a. Pertaining to acnodes.
Ac'node (ak'nod), n. [L. aciis needle + E. node."]
{Geom.) An isolated point not upon a curve, but whose
coordinates satisfy the equation of the curve so that it
is considered as belonging to tlie curve.
A-COCk' (a-kok'), ait;. [Pref. a- -f- coei.] In a cocked
or turned up fashion.
A-COCk'bill' (-biP), adv. [Prefix a- -f cock -f- bill ; with
bills cocked up.] {Naut.) (a) Hanging at the cathead,
ready to let go, as an anchor. (6) Topped up ; having
one yardann higher than tlie other.
A-COld' (a-kold') a. [Prob. p. p. of OE. acolen to grow
cold or cool, AS. acolian to grow cold ; pref. d- (cf.
16
Goth, us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) -\- colian to cool.
See Cool.] Cold. [06*.] "Poor Tom 's acoZd." Shak.
Ac'0-log'lc (5k'o-loj'ik), a. Pertaining to acology.
A-OOl'O-gy (a-kSl'o-jy), n. [Gr. a/cos remedy -j- -logy.^
Materia medica ; the science of remedies.
A-col'O-thlst (a-kbl'o-thist), n. See Acolythist.
Ac'0-lyc'tine (Sk'o-lTk'tTn or -ten), n. [From the
name of the plant.] {Chem.) An organic base, in the
form of a white powder, obtained from Aconituni lycoc-
tonum. Eng. Cyc.
Ac'O-lyte (Sk'o-lit), re. [LL. acolythus, acoluthus,
Gr. axoAoufloE following, attending : cf, F. acolyte.']
1. {Eccl.) One who has received the highest of the
four minor orders in the Catholic church, being ordained
to carry the wine and water and the lights at the Mass.
2. One who attends ; an assistant. " With such chiefs,
and vritli James and John as acolytes." Motley.
Ac'0-lyth (-ITth), n. Same as Acolytb.
A-col'y-thist (a-kol'i-thlst), re. An acolyte. [Obs.']
A-con'dy-lose' (a-kon'dl-los'), I a. [Gr. a priv. +
A-COn'dy-lous (4-kon'dT-liis), ] kov&vKo^ joint.]
{Nat. Hist. ) Being witliout joints ; jointless.
Ac'o-nl'tal (Sk'6-m'tal), a. Of the nature of aconite.
Ac'0-nlte (ak'o-ult), n. [L. aconitum, Gr. o.k6vitov :
cf. F. aconit.] 1. {Bot.) The herb wolfsbane, or
monkshood ; — applied to any plant of the genus Aco-
nitum (tribe Hellebore), aU the species of which are
poisonous.
2. An extract or tincture obtained from Aconitum
napellus, used as a poison and medicinally.
Winter aconite, a plant (Eranihis hyemalis) allied to the
aconites.
II Ac'0-nl'tl-a (Sk'o-nishl-i), n. {Chem.) Same as
AcoNrriNE.
Ac'0-nlt'lc (-nittk), a. Of or pertaining to aconite.
A-COn'i-tlne (^-kSnt-tin o»--teu), re. {Chem.) An in-
tensely poisonous alkaloid, extracted from aconite.
II Ac'O-ni'tum (5k'6-ni'tiim), re. [L. See Aconite.]
The poisonous herb aconite ; also, an extract from it.
ACQUIESCENCE
strong
As aconitum or rash gunpowder.
Shak.
II A-COn'tl-a (a-k5n'shT-a), n.pl. [NL., from Gr. aKov-
Tiof a little dart.] {Zo'dl.)
Tlireadlike defensive organs,
composed largely of nettling
cells {cnidm), thrown out of
the mouth or special pores
of certain Actiniae when irri-
tated.
II A-con'ti-as (a^kSn'tl-Ss),
re. [NL., from Gr. aKoi'Tt'as,
fr. aKuf, dim. aKovnov dart.] '~^^
{Zo'dl.) Anciently, a snake, rrj<g<^
called dart snake; now, one Wl,,^^^ "
of a genus of reptiles closely '
aUied to the lizards. gea Anemone (Sagartia
A-COp'lC (a-koplk), a. [Gr. abyssicola), of the Atlantic
a priv. -4- (coiros striking, coast, about natural size,
weariness, KoTrreiv to strike.] ?'><'","°S/ome of the Acontm
/Tir J \ T> T • • (as at a a) protruding from
{Med.) Rehevmg weariness ; pores in the sides,
restorative. Buchanan.
A'com (aTsiim), re. [AS. secern, fr. seeer field, acre ;
akin to D. aker acorn, Ger. ecker, Icel.
akarn, Dan. agem, Goth, akrun fruit,
alcrs field ; — orig. fruit of the field. See
AcEE.] 1. Tlie fruit of the oak, being
an oval nut growing m a woody cup or
cupule.
2. {Naut.) A cone-shaped piece of
wood on the point of the spindle above
the vane, on the mast-head.
3. (Zo'dl.) See Acoen-shell.
A'com cup (kup). The involucre or
cup in which the acorn is fixed.
A'comed (aTiiimd), a. 1. Furnished
or loaded with acorns.
2. Fed or filled with acorns. [Jf.]
A'com-shell' (a'kum-shel'), n. {Zo'dl.) One of the
sessile cirripeds ; a barnacle of the genus Balanus. See
Baenacle.
A-cos'mlsiIl (a-koz'miz'm), re. [Gr. a priv. + Kdcr;u,o!
world.] A denial of the existence of the universe as
distinct from God.
A-COS'mist (-mist), re. [See Acosmism.] One who
denies the existence of the universe, or of a universe as
distinct from God. G. H. Lewes.
A-COt'y-le'don (a-kotl-le'diin ; 277), re. [Gr. a. priv.
+ KoroKr^huiv anything cuji-shaped. See Cotyledon.]
{Bot.) A plant which has no cotyledons, as the dodder
and all flowerless plants.
A-COt'y-led'on-OUS (-led'iin-us ; 277), a. Having no
seed lobes, as the dodder ; also applied to plants which
have no true seeds, as ferns, mosses, etc.
A-COU'chy (a-koo'she), re. [F. acouchi, from the na-
tive name in Guiana.] {Zo'dl.) A small species of agouti
{Dasyprocta acouchy). _
A-COU'me-ter (a-kou'me-ter or -koo'-), re. [Gr. aicou'eii/
to hear -f -meter.] {Physics) An instrument for meas-
uring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. Hard.
A-COU'me-try (-try), re. [Gr. oLKowLv to hear -f -me-
try.] The measuring of the power or extent of hearing.
A-COUS'tiC (a-kous'tik or a-koos'- ; 277), a. [F. acous-
tique, Gr. <1koiiotik6s relating to hearing, fr. aKovetv to
hear.] Pertaining to the sense of hearmg, the organs of
hearing, or the science of sounds ; auditory.
Acoustic duct, the auditory duct, or external passage of
the ear. —Acoustic telegraph, a telegraph makmg audible
signals • a telephone. — Acoustic vessels, brazen tubes or
vessels ' shaped like a bell, used in ancient theaters to
propel the voices of the actors, so as to render them audi-
ble to a great distance.
A-COUS'tlC, re. A medicine or agent to assist hearing.
A-COUS'Uc-al (-tt-kol), a. Of or pertaining to acoustics.
A-COUS'tiO-al-ly (a^kous'tl-kal-lj^ or 4-koos'-), arfv. In
relation to sound or to hearing. TyndalL
Ac'ous-ti'cian (ak'ous-tTsh'an or Sk'66s-tTsh'an), ?i.
One versed in acoustics. Tyndall.
A-cous'tiC8(a-kous'tiks or a-koos'-; 277), re. [Names
of sciences in -ics, as, acoustics, mathematics, etc., are
usually treated as singular. See -ics.] (Physics) The
science of sounds, teaching their nature, phenomena, and
laws.
Acovstics, then, or the science of sound, is a very considerable
branch of physics. Sir J. Herachel.
(J^"" This science is, by some writers, divided into dio-
coustics, which explains the properties of sounds coming
directly from the sonorous body to the ear ; and cata-
coustics, which treats of reflected sounds or echoes.
Ac-quaint' (ak-kwanf), a. [OF. acoint. See Ac-
quaint, V. i,] Acquainted. [Obs. or Archaic]
Ac-quaint', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquainted ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Acquainting.] [OE. aqueinten, acointen, OF.
acointier, 'LL. adcognitare, fr. L. ad -\- cognitus, p. p. of
cognoscere to know ; con- + noscere to know. See
QuAnn.', Know.] 1. To furnish or give experimental
knowledge of ; to make (one) to know ; to make familiar ;
— followed by with.
Before a man can speak on any subject, it is necessary to be
acquainted with it. Loche.
A man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. Isa. liiL 8.
2. To communicato notice to ; to inform ; to make
cognizant ; — followed by with (formerly, also, by of), or
by that, introducing the intelligence ; as, to acqiMitit a
friend with the particulars of an act.
Acquaint her here of my son Paris' love. Shak.
I must acnnaint you that I have received
New dated letters from Northumberland. Shsl..
3. To familiarize ; to accustom. [06*.] Evelyn
To be acquainted with, to be possessed of personal knowl-
edge of ; to be cognizant of : to be more or less familiar
with ; to be on terms of social intercourse with.
Syn.— To inform; apprise; communicate; advise.
Ac-quaint'a-ble (-kwant'a^b'l), a. [Cf. OF. acointaUe.']
Easy to be acquainted witli ; affable. [Obs.] Bom. of R.
Ac-quaint'ance (-ons), re. [OE. aqueintance, OF.
acointance,ii\ acointier. See Acquaint.] 1. A state of
being acquainted, or of having intimate, or more than
slight or superficial, knowledge ; personal knowledge
gained by intercourse short of that of friendship or in-
timacy ; as, I linow the man, but have no acquaintance
with him.
Contract no friendship, or even acquaintance, with a guileful
man. Sir W. Jones.
2. A person or persons with whom one is acquainted.
Mine acquaintance are verily estranged from me. Job six. 13.
Montgomery was on old acquaintance of Ferguson. Macaulay,
^ff^ In this sense the collective term acquaintance was
formerly both singular and plural, but it is now commonly
singular, and has tlie regular plural acquaintances.
To be of acquaintance, to be intimate. — To take ac-
quaintance of or with, to make the acquaintance of. [Obt.]
Syn. — Familiarity ; intimacy; fellowship; knowledge.
— Acquaintance, Famillaeity, Intimacy. These words
mark ditterent degrees of closeness in social intercourse.
Acquaintance arises from occasional intercourse ; as, our
acquaintance has been a brief one. We can speak of a
slighter an intimate acquaintance. Familiarity is the
result of continued acquaintance. It springs from per-
sons, being frequently together, .so as to wear oft all re-
straint and reserve ; as, the familiarity of old compan-
ions. Intimacy is the result of close connection, and the
freest interchange of thought ; as, the intimacy of estab-
lished friendship.
Our admiration of a famous man lessens upon our nearer oo-
quaiiitance with him. Addison.
We contract at last such & familiarity with them as makes it
difficult and irksome for us to call off our minds. Atlerbury.
It is in our power to confine our friendships and intimacies to
men of virtue. Sogers.
Ac-qnainfauce-shlp, re. A state of being acquainted ;
acquaintance. Southey.
Ac-qualnt'ant (-ant), n. [Cf. OF. acointant, p. pr.]
An acqu£untance. [P.] SwM,
Ac-quaint'ed, a. Personally knovm ; familiar. See
To be acgxtainted with, under Acquaint, v. t.
Ac-quaint'ed-ness, re. State of bemg acquainted;
degree of acquaintance. [E.] Boyle.
Ac-quest' (Sk-kwesf), re. [OF. aquest, F. acquet, fr.
LL. acquestum, acquisUum, forL. acquisltum, p. p. (used
substantively) of acquirere to acquire. See Acquire.]
1. Acquisition; the thing gained. [E.] Bacon.
2. (Law) Property acquired by purchase, gift, or oth-
erwise than by inlieritance. Bouvier.
Ac'qui-esce' (ak'kwi-Ss'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ac-
quiesced (-est') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiescing (-es'sing).]
[L. acquiescere ; ad -f- quiescere to be quiet, fr. quies
rest : cf. F. acquiescer. See Quiet.] 1. To rest satis-
fled, or apparently satisfied, or to rest without opposi-
tion and discontent (usually implying previous oppo-
sition or discontent) ; to accept or consent by silence
or by omittmg to object ;— followed by in, formerly
also by with and to.
They were compelled to acquiesce in a government which
they did not regard as just. De Quincey.
2. To concur upon conviction; as, to acquiesce in an
opinion ; to assent to ; usually, to concur, not heartily^
but so far as to forbear opposition.
Syn.— To submit; comply; yield; assent; agree:
consent ; accede ; concur ; conform ; accept tacitly.
Ac'qui-es'cence (-es'sens), re. [Cf. F. acquiescence.']
1. A silent or passive assent or submission, or a sub-
mission with apparent content ; — distinguished from
avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other, from
opposition or open discontent ; quiet satisfaction.
2. (Crim. Law) (a) Submission to an injury by the
party injured. (6) Tacit concurrence in the action of
^°*^er. Wharton.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, finol, ^U; eve, event, find, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, odd;
ACQUIESCENCY
17
ACROTARSIUM
Ac'Qul-es'cen-cy (i£k'kwI-Ss'sen-sy), n. The quality
<jf being acquiescent ; acquiescence.
Ac'qul-es'cent (-sent), a. [L. acquiescens, -centis, p.
pr.] Resting satisfied or submissive ; disposed tacitly to
submit ; .issentive ; as, an acquiescent policy.
Ac'qul-es'cent-ly, adv. in an acquiescent manner.
Ac-qul'et (Sk-kwI'St), V. t. [LL. acquietare ; L. ad -f
^liiies rest. See Quiet and cf. Acqott.] To quiet. [06.S.]
Acmiet his mind from stirring you ugaiust your own iiencc.
Sir A. Sherky.
Ac-qulr'a-bll'1-ty (Sk-kwIr'a-btl'I-t^), n. The quality
of being aoquimbk- ; attainableness. [A*.] Palcy.
Ac-qulr'a-ble (ak-kwii'a-b'l), a. Capable of being
acquired.
Ac-qulre' ($k-kwlr'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquired
(-kwird') ; p. pr. & vb. n. AcQumiNG (-kwlr'ing).] [L. iw-
■guirere, acyuhitum ; ad + quaerere to seek for. In OE.
was a verb aquercn, fr. the same, through OF. aquerre.
See Quest.] To gain, usually by one's ovm exertions ;
to get as one's own ; as, to acquire a title, riches, knowl-
edge, skill, good or bad habits.
No virtue is acquired in an instant, but step by step. Barrow.
Descent is the title whereby a man, on the death of his ances-
tor, acquires his estate, by right o£ represeutation, asjiis lieir at
law. ' ' " Blackstone,
Syn. — To obtain; gain; attain; procure; win; earn;
secure. See Obtain.
Ac-qolre'ment (-ment), n. The act of acquiring, or
that which is acquired ; attainment. " Rules for the
acquirement of a taste." Addison.
His acquirements by industry were . . . enriched and en-
larged by many ex'cellent endowments of nature. Hayward.
Syn.— Acquisition, AcQuniEMENT. Acquirement is used
in opposition to a natural gilt or talent ; as, eloquence, and
skill in music and painting, are acrmiremenls ; genius is
the gift or endowment of nature. It denotes especially
personal attainments, iu opposition to material or exter-
nal things gained, which are more usually called acquisi-
tions; but this distinction is not always observed.
Ac-qnir'er (5k-ln\-ir'er), n. A person who acquires.
Ac-qulr'y (-y), "• Acquirement. [06«.] Barrow.
Ac'qul-slte (iiktwi-zTt), a. [L. acqitisitiis, p. p. of ac-
quirere. See AcQumE.] Acquired. [06*.] Burton.
Ac'qul-Si'tion (Sk'kwI-zTsli'iln), n. [L. acquisitio, fr.
acquirere : cf. F. acquisition. See Acquiee.] 1. The
act or process of acquiring.
The acquisition or loss of a province. Macavlay.
2. The thing acquired or gained ; an acquirement ; a
gain; as, learrung is an acquisition.
Syn. — See Acquirement.
Ac-quls'i-tlve (Sk-kwTz'I-tiv), a. 1. Acquired. [OJs.]
He died not in his acquisitive, but in his native soil. Wotton.
2. Able or disposed to make acquisitions ; acquiring ;
«s, an acquisitive person or disposition.
Ac-quis'i-tive-ly, adv. In the way of acquisition.
Ac-qilis'l-tive-nes3, M. 1. The quality of being acquisi-
tive ; propensity to acquire property ; desire of possession.
2. (Phren.) The faculty to which the phrenologists
attribute the desire of acquiring and possessing. Combe.
Ac-quis'i-tOr (Sk-kwiz'T-ter), n. One who acquires.
Ac-quist' (Sk-kwisf), «. [Cf. Acquest.] Acquisition;
gain. 3Iilton.
Ac-qnit'{Sk-kwit'),p.^. Acquitted; set free; rid of.
[Archaic'^ Shak.
Ac-qiUt', V. t. limp. & p. p. Acquitted ; p. pr. & vb.
n. Acquitting.] [OE. aquilen, OF. aquiter,F. acquiiter;
h (L. ad) -\- OF. quiter, F. quitter, to quit. See Quit, and
cf . Acquiet.] 1. To discharge, as a claim or debt ; to
clear oil ; to pay off ; to requite.
A responsibility that can never be absolutely acquitted.
I. Taylor.
2. To pay for ; to atone for. [OJ.S.] Shak.
3. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation,
duty, liability, burden, or from an accusation or charge ;
— now followed by of before the charge, formerly by
Jrom ; as, the jury acquitted the prisoner ; we acquit a
man of evil intentions.
4. ReiJexively : (a) To clear one's self. Shak. (5)
To bear or conduct one's self ; to perform one's part ; as,
the soldier acquitted himself well in battle ; the orator
acquitted himself very poorly.
Syn. — To absolve; clear; exonerate; exculpate ; re-
lease ; discharge. See Absolve.
Ac-quit'ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. aquitement.'] Ac-
quittal. [Obs.'] Milton.
Ac-quit'tal (-tal), n. 1. The act of acquitting ; dis-
charge from debt or obligation ; acquittance.
2. (Law) A setting free, or deliverance from the
charge of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of
a court. Bouvier.
Ac-qult'tance (-tons), n. [OF. aquitance, fr. aquiter.
See Acquit.] 1. The clearing off of debt or obligation ;
a release or discharge from debt or other liability.
2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge ; a re-
ceipt in full, which bars a further demand.
You can produce acquittances
For such a sum, from special officers. SJiak.
Ac-quit'tance, v. t. To acquit. [06«.] Shak.
Ac-quit'ter (-ter), n. One who acquits or releases.
II A-cra'ni-a (a-kra'ni-a), n. [Nl., from Gr. a priv. +
Kpai'ioi' skull.] 1. {Physiol.) Partial or total absence of
the skuU.
2. pi. {Zool.) The lowest group of Vertebrata, in-
cluding the amphioxus, in which no skull exists.
A-cra'nl-al (-n\), a. Wanting a skull.
A-crase' ) (4-kraz'), v. t. [Pref. a- -f erase ; or cf . F.
A-craze' ) icraser to crush. See Cease, Craze.]
1. To craze. [06s.] Grafton.
2. To impair ; to destroy. [06s.] Racket.
II A-cra'sl-a (a^kra'sT-a), ) re. [Gr. i/tpao-i'a.] Excess ;
Ac'ra-sy (Sk'ra^sy), ] intemperance. [06s. ex-
rcept m Med.'\ Farindon.
II A-cras'pe-da (4-kr5s'pe-d4), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. a.
priv. -)- KpdcrneSov border.] {Zool.) A group of acalephs,
including most of the larger jellyflshes ; the Discophora.
A'cre (ii'ker), »i. [OE. aker, AS. secer; akin to OS.
accar, OHG. ocAar, Ger. acker, Icel. akr, Sw. Sker, Dan.
aflcr, Goth, akrs, L. ager, Gr. a-ypds, Skr. ajra. V2,
206.] 1. Any field of arable or pasture laud. [06s.]
2. A piece of land, containing ICO square rods, or 4,840
square yards, or 43,5G0 square feet. This is the Enghsh
statute aci-e. That of the United States is the same.
The Scotcli acre was about 1.2U of the English, and the
Irish 1.G2 of the English.
tl^^ Tlie acre was limited to its present definite quan-
tity by statutes of Edward I., Edward III., and Henry
Vlll.
Broad acres, many acres, much landed estate. [Rhetor-
ical] — God's acre, God's field ; the churchyard.
I like tliat ancient 8axon phrase, which calls
The burial ground, God's acre. Longfellow.
A'cre-a-ble (ii'ker-d.-b'l), a. Of an acre ; per acre ; as,
the acrtab/e produce.
A'cre-age (a'kSr-iSj), re. Acres collectively; as, the
acreage of a farm or a country.
A'cred (a'kerd), a. Possessing acres or landed prop-
erty ; — used in composition ; as, large-acred! men.
Ac'rid (Sk'rid), a. [L. acer sliarp ; prob. assimilated
in form to acid. See Eager.] 1. Sharp and harsh, or
bitter and hot, to the taste ; pungent ; as, acrid salts.
2. Causing heat and iiritation ; corrosive ; as, acrid
secretions.
3. Caustic ; bitter ; bitterly irritating ; as, acrid tem-
per, mind, writing.
Acrid poison, a poison which irritates, corrodes, or bums
the parts to which it is appUed.
A-crld'I-ty (a-krTdt-tjr), 1 re. The quality of being
Ac'rid-ness (Sk'rid-nSs), ) acrid or pungent ; irri-
tant bitterness ; acrimony ; as, the acridity of a plant, of
a speech.
Ac'rld-ly (5k'rid-15'), adv. In an acrid manner.
Ac'rl-mo'nl-OUS (jk'rl-mo'ni-iis), a. [Cf. LL. acrimo-
niosus, F. acrimonieux.'] 1. Acrid ; corrosive ; as, acri-
monious gall. [Archaic'] Harvey.
2. Caustic ; bitter-tempered ; sarcastic ; as, acrimoni-
ous dispute, language, temper.
Ac'li-mo'nl-ons-ly, adv. In an acrimonious maimer.
Ac'rl-mo'ni-ons-nesB, re. The quality of being acri-
monious ; asperity ; acrimony.
Ac'rl-mo-ny (5k'ri-mo-ny), re. ; pi. Acrimonies (-ntz).
[L. acrimonio, fr. acer sharp : cf. F. acrimonie.'] 1. A
quality of bodies wliich corrodes or destroys others ; also,
a harsh or biting sharpness ; as, the acrimony of the
juices of certain plants. [Archaic"] Bacon.
2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper ;
irritating bitterness of disposition or manners.
John the Baptist set himself with much acrimony and indig-
nation to baffle this senseless arrog:ant conceit of theirs. South.
Syn. — AcRiMONT, Aspeeitt, Harshness, Tartness.
These words express different degrees of angry feeling
or language. Asperiti/ and harshness arise from angry
feelings, connected with a disregard for the feelings of
others. Harshness usually denotes needless severity or
an imdue measure of severity. Acrimony is a biting sharp-
ness produced by an imbittered spirit. yar<)?ess denotes
slight asperity and implies some degree of intellectual
readiness. Tartness of reply; /iarsAreess of accusation ;
acrimony of invective.
In his official letters he expressed, with great acrimony, his
contempt for the king's character. Macaulay.
It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where
no benefit has been received. Johnson.
A lust reverence of mankind prevents the growth of harshness
and brutality. Shaftesbury.
II A-crls'i-a (a-krlsl-a), ) re. [LL. acrisia, Gr. aKptma ;
Ac'ri-sy (ak'ri-sy), ( a priv. -|- Kpiveiv to sepa-
rate, to decide.] 1. Inability to judge.
2. {Med.) Undecided character of a disease. [06s.]
II Ac'rl-ta (Sk'ri-ta), n. pi. [NL., from Gr. aKpiros in-
discernible ; a priv. -I- KpCveiv to distinguish.] {Zool.)
The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous sys-
tem has been observed.
Ac'ri-tan (-tan), a. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to the
Acrita. — re. An individual of the Acrita.
Ac'rite (ak'rit or ak'rit), a. {Zool.) Acvitsm. Owen.
A-crit'iC-al (a-krTt'T-kal), a. [Gr. d priv. -|- Kpinxo^
critical.] {Med.) Having no crisis ; giving no indications
of a crisis ; as, acritical symptoms, an acritical abscess.
^ Ac'ri-tO-Chro'ma-cy (ak'ri-to-kro'ma-sy), re. [Gr.
aKptTos undistinguishable ; a priv. -|- Kpiveiv to separate,
distinguish -\- XP^I''"- color.] Color blindness ; achroma-
topsy.
Ac'ri-tnde (Sk'rT-tud), re. [L. acritudo, from acer
sharp.] Acridity ; pungency joined with heat. [06s.]
Ac'n-ty (Sk'rT-ty), n. [L. acritas, fr. acer sharp : cf.
F. acrete.] Sharpness ; keenness. [06s.]
Ac'ro-a-mat'ic (Sk'ro-a-mat'ik), ) a. [Gr. aKpoaixan-
Ac'ro-a-mafic-al (-mat'i-kal), ' J k6?, fr. aitpoaa-Sai.
to hear.] Communicated orally ; oral; — applied to the
esoteric teachings of Aristotle, those intended for his gen-
uine disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines,
which were adapted to outsiders or the public generally.
Hence : Abstruse ; profound.
AcTO-at'iC (3k'ro-at'ik), a. [Gr. aKpoartKos, fr. axpo-
OLtrBai to hear.] Same as Acroamatio.
Ac'ro-bat (ak'r6-bSt), re. [F. acrobaie, fr. Gr. ixpo-
^aro! walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft ; oucpos high -{-
^aiveiv to go.] One who practices rope dancing, high
vaulting, or other daring gymnastic feats.
Ac'ro-bat'iC (Sk'ro-bat'Ik), a. [Cf. F. acrobafique.]
Pertaining to an acrobat. — Ac'ro-t)at'lC-aI-ly, adv.
Ac'ro-bat-lsm (Sk'ro-bat-Tz'm), re. Feats of the acro-
bat ; daring gymnastic feats ; high vaulting.
Ac'ro-car'pous (Sk'ro-kar'pus), a. [Gr. a/cpos ex-
treme, highest -f- KapjTos fruit.] {Bot.) {a) Having a
terminal fructification ; having the fruit at the end of the
stalk. (6) Having the fruit stalks at the end of a leafy
stem, as in certain mosses.
Ac'rO-ce-phal'lC (ak'rJ-se-fSl'ik), a. [Gr. a/cpos \ag\>.
est -\- Ke<l>aXiK6^. See Cephalic] Characterized by a high
skull.
Ac'ro-ceph'a-ly (-sSfa-iy), n. Loftmess of skull.
Ac'ro-ce-rau'ni-an (-se-ra'nl-on), a. [L. acroceran-
nius, fr. Gr. a/cpos high, n. pi. axpa heights -(- Kepaui'ds
thimderbolt.] Of or pertainmg to the high mountain
range of "thunder-smitten" peaks (now Kimara), be-
tween Epirus and Macedonia. Shelley.
_ II Ac'ro-dac'tyl-um (-dilk'tll-iim), re. [NL., from'Gr.
a/tpos topmost -f- SaKTvAos finger.] {Zool.) The upper
surface of the toes, hidividually.
Ac'ro-dont (Sk'rS-dQnt), n. [Gr. aKpo? summit -f-
o6ovs, ofioi'Tos, a tooth.] {Zool.) One of a group of liz-
ards having the teeth immovably united to the top of the
alveolar ridge. — a. Of or pertaining to the acrodonts.
Ac'ro-gen (-j5n), re. [Gr. axpos extreme, high -|- -gen.]
{Bot. ) A plant of the highest class of cryptogams, includ-
ing the ferns, etc. See Crtptogamia.
The Age of Acrogens {GeoQ, the age of coal plants, or the
carboniferous era.
Ac-rog'e-nous (5k-r5j'e-nas), a. (Bot.) Increasing by
growth from the extremity ; as, an acrogenous plant.
A-cro1e-in (a-krole-Tn), re. [L. acer sharp \- olcre to
smell.] {Chem.) A limpid, colorless, higlily volatile
Uquid, obtained by the dehydration of glycerin, or the de-
structive distillation of neutral fats containing glycerin.
Its vapors are intensely irritating. Watts.
Ac'ro-lith ($k'ro-lith), re. [L. acrolithus, Gr. aKpo\C9oi
with the ends made of stone ; a/cpos extreme -f- Ai'Sos
stone.] {Arch. & Sculp.) A statue whose extremities are
of stone, the trunk being generally of wood. Elmes.
A-croI'l-than (a-krSl'T-tbnn), 1 a. Pertaining to, or
Ac'ro-Uth'lc (Sk'rS-lTth'ik), ( like, an acrolith.
Ac'ro-meg'a-ly (Sk'rS-mSg'a^li^), n. [NL. acromega-
lia, fr. Gr. aKpav point, peak-f-M^V"') f-^yaXov, big.]
{Med.) Chronic enlargement of the extremities and face.
A-cro'ml-al (4-kro'mi-al), a. [Cf. F. acromial."]
{Anat.) Of or pertaining to the acromion. Dunglison.
II A-cro'ml-on (-5n), re. [Gr. axpoiiitov ; d/cpos extreme
-f- wfios shoulder : cf. F. acromtore.] {Anal.) The outer
extremity of the shoulder blade.
Ac'ro-mon'o-gram-mat'lc (5k'ro-m5n'o-grSm-mSt'-
ik), a. [Gr. a/cpos extreme -|- |u.dros alone -\- ypaii/ia. a
letter.] Having each verse begin with the same letter
as that with which the preceding verse ends.
A-cron'yc (a^kron'Ik), 1 a. [Gr. a/cpot/uxos at night-
A-cron'yc-al (-t-kal), > fall ; a/cpos + vv^ night.]
A-cron'ych-al (-I-kal), ) {Astron.) Rising at sunset
and setting at sunrise, as a star ; — opposed to cosmical.
^W° The word is sometimes incorrectly written achron-
ical, achronychal, acronichal, and acronical.
A-cron'yc-al-ly, adv. In an acronycal manner, as ris-
ing at the setting of the sun, and vice versa.
Ac'rO-nyC'tOUS (Sk'ro-nik'tQs), a. [Gr. aKpdwiCTOS',
a/cpos + vv^, fu/cTos, night.] {Astron.) Acronycal.
A-crook' (4-kr6ok'), adv. Crookedly. [B..] Udall.
A-crOp'e-tal (4-krop'e-tal), a. [Gr. a/cpo; summit -\- L.
petere to seek.] {Bot.) Developmg from below towards
the apex, or from the circumference towards the center ;
centripetal ; — said of certain inflorescence.
A-croph'0-ny (a-kr8f'6-ny), n. [Gr. a/cpos extreme +
iptavri sound.] The use of a picture symbol of an object
to represent phonetically the initial sound of the name
of the object.
II Ac'ro-po'dl-um (5k'r6-po'dT-um1, re. [Gr. a/cpo5
topmost + Tous, iroSds, foot.] {Zool.) The entire upper
surface of the foot.
A-Crop'0-Us (a-kr5p'6-lis), re. [Gr. d/cpoTroAis ; aKpos
extreme -f ttoAcs city.] The upper part, or the citadel, of
a Grecian city ; especially, the citadel of Athens.
Ac'TO-pol'i-tan (2k'r6-p51'i-tan), a. Pertaining to an
acropolis.
Ac'ro-splre (Sk'rS-spIr), n. [Gr. aicpos -f- o-n-eipa any-
thing twisted.] {Bot.) The sprout at the end of a seed
when it begins to germinate ; the plumule in germina-
tion ; — so called from its spiral form.
Ac'ro-spire, v. i. To put forth the first sprout.
Ac'ro-Spore (Sk'ro-spor), re. [Gr. d/cpos -|- o-irdpos
fruit.] {Bot.) A spore borne at the extremity of the
cells of fructification in fungi.
Ac'ro-spor'ous (Sk'ro-spor'us), a. Having acrospores.
A-cross' (a-krSs'; 115), prep. [Pref . a- -|- cross .- cf.
F. ere croix. See Cross, re.] From side to side ; athwart ;
crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length ; quite
over ; as, a bridge laid across a river. Dryden.
To come across, to come upon or meet incidentally.
Freeman. — To go across the country, to go by a direct
course across a region without following the roads.
A-crOBS', adv. 1. From side to side ; crosswise ; as,
with arms folded across. Shah.
2. Obliquely ; athwart ; amiss ; awry. [06s.]
The squint-eyed Pharisees look across at all the actions of
Christ. Jip. Hall.
A-cros'tiC (a-kr5s'tik), re. [Gr. d/cpdorixos ; d/cpos
extreme -\- (jTt'xo! order, line, verse.] 1. A composition,
usually in verse, in wliich the first or the last letters of
the lines, or certain other letters, taken in order, form a
name, word, phrase, or motto.
2. A Hebrew poem in which the lines or stanzas begin
with the letters of the alphabet in regular order (as Psalm
cxix.). See Abecedarian.
Double acrostic, a species of enigma, in which words are
to be guessed whose initial and final letters form other
words.
A-cros'tic (4-krSs'tik), ) a. Pertaining to, or charac-
A-cros'tic-al (-tt-kol), t terized by, acrostics.
A-cros'tlc-al-ly, adv. After the manner of an acrostic.
II Ac'ro-tar'si-um (Sk'ro-tar'sT-um), re. [NL., from
Gr. d/cpos topmost -\- rapcro^ tarsus.] (Zool.) The instep,
or front of the tarsus.
B
H
K
Ose, unite, rude, full, tip, <iru ; pity ; food, fo~bt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ;
2
zh:
: z m azure.
ACROTELEUTIC
18
ACTUAL
Ac'ro-te-leu'tlc (Sk'r6-te-lu'tTk), n. [Gr. axpot ex-
treme + TeKevTij end.] {Eccks.) The end of a verse or
psalm, or something added tliereto, to be sung by the
people, by way of a response.
Ac/ro-ter (Sk'r6-ter or a-kro'ter), re. [F. acroihre.
See AcEOTERiuH.] {Arch.) Same as Aobotekium.
Ac'ro-te'rl-al (5k'ro-te'ri-al), a. Pertaining to an ac-
roterium ; as, acroierial ornaments. P. Cyc.
II Ac'ro-te'ri-uin (-um), n. ; pi. Aceoteria (-a). [L. , f r.
Or. a.KpuiTrjpi,ov summit, fr. a/cpos topniost.T (Arch.)
{a) One of the small pedestals, for statues or other or-
naments, placed on the apex and at the basal angles of a
pediment. Acroteria are also sometimes placed upon
the gables in Gothic architecture. J. H. Parker. (6) One
of the pedestals, for vases or statues, forming a part of
a roof balustrade.
A-Crot'io (a-krottk), a. [Gr. aKpdrijs an extreme, fr.
oKpog.] (Sled.) Pertaming to or affecting the surface.
Ac'ro-tism (Sk'ro-tiz'm), re. [Gr. a priv. -|- /cpoTos a
rattling, beating.] (Med.) Lack or defect of pulsation.
A-crot'O-moiis (a-krot'6-raus), 0. [Gr. a.K.p6rQp.o^ cut
off sharp ; aicpos extreme + Tey-veiv to cut.] (ilin.)
Having a cleavage parallel witli tlie base.
A-cryl'ic (a-krtl'Tk), a. (Cheia.) Of o^ containing
acryl, the hypothetical radical of which acrolein is the
hydride ; as, acrylic acid.
Act (Skt), re. [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do : cf. F.
acte. See Agent.] 1. That which is done or doing ; the
exercise of power, or tlie effect, of which power exerted
is the cause ; a performance ; a deed.
That best portion of a good man's life,
His little, nameless, unremembered acts
Of kindness and of love. Wordsworth.
Hence, in specific uses : (a) The result of public deliber-
ation ; the decision or determination of a legislative body,
council, court of justice, etc. ; a decree, edict, law, judg-
ment, resolve, award ; as, an act of Parliament, or of
Congress, (b) A formal solemn writing, expressing that
something has been done. Abbott, (c) A performance
of part of a play ; one of the principal divisions of a play
or dramatic work in wliich a certain definite part of the
action is completed, (d) A thesis maintained in public,
in some English universities, by a candidate for a degree,
or to show the proficiency of a student.
2. A state of reality or real existence as opposed to a
possibility or possible existence. [Obs.']
The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility,
what they afterward grow to be. Hooker.
3. Process of doing ; action. In act, in the very doing ;
on the point of (doing). "In act to shoot." Dryden.
This womon was taken ... in the very act. John viii. 4.
Act of attainder. (Law) See Attainder. — Act of bank-
ruptcy (Ltiic), an act of a debtor which renders him lia-
ble to be adjudged a bankrupt. —Act of faith. (Ch. Hist.)
See Auto-da-Fe. — Act of God {L«a'), an inevitable acci-
dent ; sucli extraordinary interruption of the usual course
of events as is not to be looked for in advance, and ag.ainst
which ordinary prudence could not guard. — Act of grace,
an expression often used to designate an act declaring
pardon or amnesty to numerous offenders, .as at the be-
ginning of a new reign. — Act of indemnity, a statute
passed for the protection of those wlio liave committed
some illegal act subjecting them to penalties. Abbott. —
Act in pais, a thing done out of court (anciently, in the
country), and not a matter of record.
Syn. — See Action.
Act, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Acted ; p. pr. & vb. re. Actino.]
[L. actus, p. p. of agere to drive, lead, do; but influ-
enced by B. act, n.] 1. To move to action ; to actuate ;
to animate. [OJs.]
Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul. Pope.
2. To perform ; to execute ; to do. [Archaic^
That we ac( our temporal affairs with a desire no greater than
our necessity. Jer. Taylor.
Industry doth beget ease by procuring good habits, and facility
of acting things expedient for us to do. Barrow.
Uplifted hands that at convenient times
Could act extortion and the worst of crimes. Cowper.
3. To perform, as an actor ; to represent dramatically
on the stage.
4. To assume the office or character of ; to play ; to
personate ; as, to act the hero.
5. To feign or counterfeit ; to simulate.
With acted fear the villain thus pursued. Dryden,
To act a part, to sustain the part of one of the characters
in a play ; hence, to simulate ; to dissemble. — To act the
part of, to take the character of ; to fulfill the duties of.
Act, V. i. 1. To exert power ; to produce an effect ;
as, the stomach acts upon food.
2. To perform actions ; to fulfill functions ; to put
forth energy ; to move, as opposed to remaining at rest ;
to carry into effect a determination of the will.
He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest. Pope.
3. To behave or conduct, as in morals, private duties,
or public offices ; to bear or deport one's self ; as, we
know not why he has acted so.
4. To perform on the stage ; to represent a character.
To show the world how Garrick did not act. Coivper,
To act as or for, to do the work of ; to serve as. — To act
on, to regulate one's conduct according to. — Tb act up
to, to equal in action ; to fulfill in practice ; as, he has
acted ap to his engagement or his advantages.
Act'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being acted.
Is naked truth actable in true life ? Tennyson.
Ac'tl-nal (Sk'ti-nol or ak-tl'nal), a. [Gr. aKxis, 6.ktIvo';,
ray.] (Zo'ol.) Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal
which contains the mouth. L. Agassiz.
11 Ao'ti-na'ri-a (Sk'tT-na'rT-a), re. pi. [NL., from Gr.
oicTK, aKTiva, ray.] (Zonl.) A large division of Antho-
zoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do
not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, ap-
plied to all the Anthozoa, except the Alcyonaria, whether
forming corals or not.
Act^g (Skttng), a. 1. Operating in any way.
2. Doing duty for another ; officiating ; as, an acting
superintendent.
II Ac-tin'i-a (Sk-tTnT-a), re, ; pi. L. kcnsiM (-5), E.
Actinias (-az]. [Latinized fr. ^^
Gr, dicTiV, aKTii/os, ray,] (Zool.) _t J2 A)"^
(a) An animal of the class An- ""
tliozoa, and family Actinidss. "z -^
From a resemblance to flowers
in form and color, they are often
called animal flowers and sea
anemones. [See Polyp.] (6) A
genus in the family Actinidx.
Ac-tln'lC (-ik), a. Of or per- Actmia (UUicina cras^i-
taining to actmism ; as, actinic <:oriiis), Atlantic coast,
g_ " ' young, reduced,
Ac-tln'i-form (-T-f8rm), a. [Gr, aKTi's, a/cTij/os, ray
-)- -form.'] Having a radiated form, like a sea anemone,
Ac'tin-ism (ak'ttn-Tz'm), re, [Gr, <ikti's, iKTiros, ray,]
The property of radiant energy (foimd chiefly in solar or
electric light) by which chemical changes are produced,
as in photography.
Ac-tin'i-um (3k-tTn'i-um), re. [Gr. aKxt's, aKTiros,
ray.] (Chem.) A supposed metal, said by Phipson to be
contained in (fcmmercial zinc ; — so called because certain
of its compounds are darkened by exposure to light.
Ac'ti-no-chem'is-try (5k'ti-n6-kem'is-try), re. Chem-
istry in its relations to actinism. Draper.
Ac-tln'0-graph (ak-tin'o-grftf), n. [Gr. okti's, a/c-
Tivos, ray + -graph.] An instrument for measuring and
recording the variations in the actinic or chemical force
of rays of light. ^ _ Nichol.
Ac'tln-oid (Sk'tin-oid), a. [Gr. oxtk, oktivos, ray +
-oid.] Having tlie form of rays ; radiated, as an actinia.
Ac-tin'0-lite (ak-tiu'o-lit), n. [Gr. axTi's, aKxii/os, ray
-f -lite.'] (Min.) A bright green variety of amphibole
occurring usually in fibrous or colunuiar masses.
Ac'tin-0-lit'ic (ak'tTn-o-litTk), a. (3Iin.) Of the na-
ture of, or containing, actinolite.
Ac'tl-nol'0-gy (5k'ti-n51'o-jy), n. [Gr. axxt's, o-ktivo';,
ray + -logy-] The science which treats of rays of light,
especially of the actinic or chemical rays.
Ac-tiri'O-mere (ak-tin'o-mer), n. [Gr. oktk, aKTiKo?,
ray -j- |U.e'po5 part.] (Zo'ol.) One of the radial segments
composing the body of one of the Coelenterata.
Ac'ti-nom'e-ter (ak'ti-nom'e-ter), n. [Gr. a/crt's, aicTt-
vos, ray + -meter ] (a) An instrument for measuring the
direct heating power of the sun's rays, (b) An instrument
for measuring the actinic effect of rays of light.
Ac'ti-no-met'rio (ak'ti-no-mSt'rik), a. Pertaining to
the measurement of the intensity of the solar rays, either
(a) heating, or (b) actmic.
Ac'ti-nom'e-tfy (Sk'ti-nom'e-try), re. 1. The meas-
urement of the force of solar radiation. Mam-y.
2. The measurement of the chemical or actinic energy
©flight. Abney.
Ac'tl-noph'0-rOUS (-nSf'o-rus), a. [Gr. aKTW, i/cTti/os,
ray + if>epei.v to bear.] Having straight projecting spines.
Ac-tin'O-SOme (ak-tin'o-som), n. [Gr. axTi's, axTivos,
ray -|- aih/xa body.] (Zo'ol.) The entire body of a coelen-
terate animal.
Ac'tin-ost (Sk'tTn-3st), re. [Gr. a/cTi's, olktIvo^, ray.]
(Zo'ol.) One of the rays of a fish's fin.
Ac-Un'o-stome (-tin'6-stom), n. [Gr. olktw, aKTcvo?, a
ray + o-roma mouth.] (Zo'ol.) The mouth or anterior
opening of a coelenterate animal.
II Ac'ti-not'ro-Cba (Sk'ti-nSt'rS-ka), re. pi. [NL. ; Gr.
aKTis, aKTiyo;, a ray + Tpoxo! a ring,] (Zo'ol. ) A peculiar
larval form of Phoronis, a genus of marine worms, having
a circle of cUiated tentacles.
II AC'tl-nO-ZO'a (-nS-zo'a), n. pi. [Gr, aicTis, aKrlvog,
ray + (iaov animal.] (Zo'ol.) A group of Ccelenterata,
comprising the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea anem-
one, or actinia, is a familiar example.
Ac'ti-no-zo'al (-zo'al), o. (Zo'ol.) Of or pertaining to
the Actinozoa.
II Ac'tl-no-zo'on (-on), n. (Zo'ol.) One of the Actinozoa.
II Ac-tln'U-la (ak-tln'ii-la), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. okti's,
aK7ivo5, a ray.] (Zo'ol.) A kind of embryo of certain
hydroids (Tubularia), having a stellate form.
Ac'tlon (Sk'sbiin), re. [OP. action, L. actio, fr. agere
to do. See Act,] 1. A process or condition of acting or
moving, as opposed to rest ; the doing of something ;
exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on
another; the effect of power exerted on one body by
another ; agency ; activity ; operation ; as, the action of
heat ; a man of action.
One wise in council, one in action brave. Pope.
2. An act ; a thing done ; a deed ; an enterprise, (jpl.) :
Habitual deeds ; hence, conduct ; behavior ; demeanor.
The Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him actions are
weighed. 1 Sam. ii. 3.
3. The event or connected series of events, either real
or imaginary, forming the subject of a play, poem, or
other composition ; the unfolding of the drama of events.
4. Movement ; as, the horse has a spirited action.
5. (Mech.) Effective motion; also, mechanism; as,
the breech action of a gim.
6. (Physiol.) Any one of the active processes going on
in an organism ; the performance of a function ; as, the
action of the heart, the muscles, or the gastric juice.
7. (Orat.) Gesticulation ; the external deportment of
the speaker, or the suiting of his attitude, voice, ges-
tures, and countenance, to the subject, or to the feelings.
8. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position of the
several parts of the body as expressive of the sentiment
or passion depicted.
9. (Law) (a) A suit or process, by which a demand
is made of a right in a court of justice ; in a broad sense,
a judicial proceeding for the enforcement or protection
of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the
punishment of a public offense, (b) A right of action ;
as, the law gives an action for every claim.
10. (Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock
company, or in the public fmids ; hence, in the i-lural,
equivalent to stocks. [A Gallicism] [Obs.]
The Euripus of funds and actions. Burkt
H. An engagement between troops in war, whether
on land or water ; a battle ; a fight ; as, a general action,
a partial action.
12. (Music) The mechanical contrivance by means of
which the impulse of the player's finger is transmitted
to the strings of a pianoforte or to the valve of an organ
pipe. Grove.
Chose In action. (Law) See Chose. — Quantity of action
(PJiysic.s), the product of the mass of a body by the space
it runs through, and its velocity,
Syn. —Action, Act. In many cases action and act are
synonymous; but some distmctiou is observable. Action
involves the mode or process of acting, and is usually
viewed as occupying some time in doing. Act has more
reference to the effect, or the operation as complete.
To poke the fire is an act. to reconcile friends who hare quar-
reled IS a praiseworthy action. C. J. Smith.
Ac'tion-a-'ble (Sk'shun-a-b'l), a. [Cf. LL, actionabilis.
See Action,] That may be the subject of an action or suit
at law ; as, to call a man a thief is actionable.
Ac'tion-a-bly, adv. In an actionable manner.
Ac'tion-a-ry (ak'shjin-a-ry), | re. [Cf, F, actionnaire.']
Ac'tion-ist (ak'shfin-ist), | (Com.) A shareholder
in a joint-stock company, [Obs.]
Ac'tlon-less, a. Void of action.
Ac'tl-vate (Sk'tT-vat), ?i. t To make active, [06.5.]
Ac'tive (ak'tiv), a. [F. aclif, L. activus, fr. agere to
act.] 1. Having the power or quality of acting ; causin)}
change ; communicating action or motion ; acting ; —
opposed to passive, that receives action ; as, certain ac-
tive principles ; the active powers of the mind.
2. Quick in physical movement ; of an agile and vigor-
ous body ; nimble ; as an active child or animal.
Active and nervous was his gait. Woi'dsjvortTu
3. In action ; actually proceeding ; working ; in force ;
— opposed to quiescent, dormant, or extinct; as, active
laws ; active hostilities ; an active volcano.
4. Given to action ; constantly engaged in action ; en-
ergetic ; diUgent ; busy ; — opposed to didl, sluggish, in-
dolent, or inert ; as, an active man of business ; active
mind ; active zeal.
6. Requiring or implying action or exertion; — op-
posed to sedentary or to tranquil; as, active employment
or service ; active scenes.
6. Given to action rather than contemplation ; prac-
tical ; operative ; — opposed to speculative or theoretical;
as, an active rather than a speculative statesman.
7. Brisk ; lively ; as, an active demand for com.
8. Implying or producing rapid action ; as, an active
disease ; an active remedy.
9. (Gram.) (a) Applied to a form of the verb; —
opposed to passive. See Active voice, under Voice. (6)
Applied to verbs wliich assert that the subject acts upon
or affects something else ; transitive, (c) Applied to all
verbs that express action as distinct from mere existence
or state.
Active capital, Active wealth, money, or property that
may readily be converted into money.
Syn. — Agile ; alert ; brisk ; vigorous ; nimble ; lively ;
quick ; sprightly ; prompt ; energetic,
Ac'tlve-ly, adv. 1, In an active manner; nimbly;
briskly ; energetically ; also, by one's own action ; vol-
untarily, not passively,
2, (Gram.) In an active signification ; as, a word used
actively.
Ac'Uve-ness, re. The quality of being active ; nim-
bleness ; quickness of motion ; activity.
Ac-tiV'i-ty (Sk-tTv'T-tJ^), n.;pl. AcTrvrnEs (-tiz), [Cf.
F, activity, LL, activitas.] The state or quality of being
active ; nimbleness ; agility ; vigorous action or operation ;
energy ; active force ; as, an increasing variety of human
activities. " Tlie activity of toil." Palfrey.
Syn. — Liveliness; briskness; quickness.
Actless (Sktigs), a. Without action or spirit, [ij.]
Ac'ton (Sk'tun), re. [OF. aketon, auqueton, F. hoque-
ton, a quilted jacket, fr. Sp. alcoton, algodon, cotton,
Cf. Cotton,] A stuffed jacket worn under the mail, or
(later) a jacket plated with mail, [Spelled also hacque-
ton.] lObs.] ^ Halliwell. Sir W. Scott.
Ao'tor (ak'ter), n. [L. actor, fr. agere to act.] 1. One
who acts, or takes part in any affair ; a doer.
2. A theatrical performer ; a stageplayer.
After a well graced actor leaves the stage, Shak.
3. (Zaw) (a) An advocate or proctor in civil courta
or causes. Jacobs, (b) One who institutes a suit; a
plaintiff or complainant.
Actress (-tres), n. [Cf. F. aeiriee.'] 1. A female
actor or doer. [Obs.] Cockeram.
2, A female stageplayer; a woman who acts a part.
Ac'tU-al (-tu-al ; 135), a. [OE. actuel, F- actuel, L. ac-
tualis, fr. agere to do, act.] 1. Involving or comprising
action ; active. \Obs.]
Her walking and other actual performances, Shak.
Let your holy and pious intention be actual; that is, , , , by
a special prayer or action, , , , given to God. Jer. Taylor.
2. Existing in act or reality ; really acted or acting ;
in fact ; real ; — opposed to potential, possible, virtual,
speculative, conceivable, theoretical, hypothetical, or nam.-
inal ; as, the actual cost of goods ; the actual case under
discussion.
3. In action at the time being ; now existing ; present ;
as the actual situation of the country.
Actual cautery. See under Cauteet. — Actual da
(Theol.), that kind of sin which is done by ourselves,
in contradistinction to "orir/inal sin." Shipley.
Syn . — Real ; genuine ; positive ; certain. See Reai..
ale. senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, gll ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; Ice, idea, ill ; old, fibey, orb, 6dd ;
( .
ACTUAL
19
ADD
Actn-al (SkUA-cA), n. (finance) Something actimlly
received; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts.
[CanO
The accounts of revenues supplied . . . were not renl re-
ceipts : not, in financial language, ''aediafc," but only Eu'vptian
budget estimates. FortnigMlij heview.
ActU-al-lst, n. One who deals with or considers actu-
ally existing facts and conditions, rather than fancies or
theories; — opposed to 7(?f«/M7. J. Grole.
Ac'tn-al1-ty (Sk'tfi-ai'I-ty), «. ,- pi. Actcalities (-ttz).
The state of being actual ; reality ; as, tlie uctualitij of
God's nature. South.
Ac'tn-al-l-za'tion (iOc'tli-fll-t-za'shiSn), n. A nial<ing
actual or really existent. [i2.] Emerson.
Ac'tU-al-lze (Sk'tu-al-iz), v. I. To make actual ; to
seidizc in action. [£.] Coleridge.
Ac'tU-al-ly, «<;« . 1. Actively. [Obs.'] " Neither «c<h-
nUy . . . nor passively." Fuller.
2. In act or in fact ; really ; in truth ; positively.
Ac'tU-al-ness, »• Quality of being actual ; actuaUty.
Ac'tn-a'rl-al (iSk'tu-a'it-nl), a. Of or pertauung to
actuaries ; as, the aclmirial value of an annuity.
Ac'tn-a-ry (iSk'tu-fi-rj?), «.; pi. Actuaeies (-rlz). [L.
actuarius copyist, clerk, fr. acttts, p. p. of agere to do,
act.] 1. {Laio) A registrar or clerk; — used originally
in courts of civil law jurisdiction, but in Europe used
lor a clerk or registrar generally.
2. The computing official of an insurance company;
one whose profession it is to calculate for insurance com-
panies the risks and premiums for life, fire, and other
insurances.
Ac'tU-ate (Sk'tu-at), v. t. {imp. & j>. p. Actuated
(-a't?d) ; p. pr. & vb. ?i. Actuating (-a'ting).] [LL. ac-
tualiis, p. p. of actuate, fr. L. actus act.] 1. To put into
action or motion ; to move or incite to action ; to influ-
ence actively ; to move as motives do ; — more com-
monly used of persons.
Wings, which others were contriving to actuate by the per-
petual motion. Johnson.
Men of the greatest abilities are most fired with ambition;
and, on the contrary, mean and narrow minds are the least
actuated by it. Aailison.
2. To carry out in practice ; to perform. [Ofc.] " To
actuate what you command."' Jer. Taylor.
Syn.— Tomove; impel; incite; rouse; instigate; ani-
jnate.
Ac'ta-ate (-St), a. [LL. actuatus, p. p. of aciuare.']
fut in action ; actuated. \_Obs.'\ South.
Ac'tU-a'tlon (Sk'tii-a'shun), n. [Cf. UL. actuatio.}
A bringing into action ; movement. £p. Pearson.
Ac'tn-a'tor (Sk'tlS-S'ter), n. One who actuates, or
puts into action, [i?.] Meh-ille.
Ac'tu-ose' (-OS'), a. [L. actuosus."] Very active. [06«.]
ACtU-OS'1-ty (Sk'tiJi-Ss'I-ty), «. Abimdant activity.
lObs.'l Dr. H. Ilore.
Ac'tnie (Sk'tiir), n._ Action. [OJs.] Shak.
Ac-tU'rl-ence (ak-tu'rt-eus), n. [A desid. of L. agere,
actum, to act.] Tendency or impulse to act. [i?.]
Actvrience^ or desire of action, in one form or another, whether
^9 restlessness, ennui, dissatisfaction, or the imagination of
something desirable. J- Grote.
Ac'U-ate (Sk'iS-at), «;. <. [L.ocws needle.] To sharpen;
to make pungent ; to quicken. [Obs.'] " [To] acuate the
blood." Harvey.
Ac'n-ato (-St), a. Sharpened ; sharp-pointed.
Ac'U-a'Uon (ak'iJ-a'shiin), n. Act of sharpening. [iJ.]
Ac'n-i'Uon (-ish'iin), n. [L. acutus, as if acuitus, p. p.
11 acuere to sharpen.] The act of sharpening. [Obs."]
A-cu'1-ty (a-kut-ty), n. [LL. acuitas ; cf . F. acuite."]
Sharpness or acuteness, as of a needle, wit, etc.
A-CUle-ate (-le-at), a. [L. aculeatus, fr. aculeus, dim.
of acus needle ] 1. (Zool.) Having a sting ; covered with
prickles ; sharp like a prickle.
2. (Sot.) Having prickles, or
sharp points ; beset with prickles.
3. Severe or stinging ; inci-
""■«• ^n-^ ,. .. / -,.,.s ■^'S""- Aculeate Stem.
A-cu1e-a'ted (-a'tSd), a. Hav-
ing a sharp point ; armed with prickles ; prickly ; aculeate.
A-cule-i-form (a-k\i1e-I-f5rm), a. Like a prickle.
A-cu1e-0-late (-6-lat), a. [L. aculeolus little needle.]
(£ot.) Having small prickles or sharp points. Gi'ay.
A-cule-OUS (-lis), a. Aculeate. [Obs.'] Sir T. Browne.
II A-CUle-ns (a-kule-us), n. ; pi. AcuiEi (-1). [L.,
c'im. of acus needle.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle growing on the
tark, as in some brambles and roses. lAndley.
2. (Zool.) A stiiig.
A-CU'men (a-ku'm§n), n. [L. acumen,
it. acuere to sharpen. Cf. Acttte.] Quick-
ness of perception or discernment ; pene-
tration of mind; the faculty of nice dis-
crimination. Selden.
Syn. — Sharpness ; s^acity ; keenness ;
shrewdness ; acuteness.
A-CU'mi-nate (a-kii'mi-nat), a. [L. acu-
minatits, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen,
ir. acumen. See Acumen.] Tapering to a
point; pointed; as, ocamiTjaie leaves, teeth,
etc.
A-CU'mi-riate (-nat), v. t. To render
sharp or keen. [iJ.] "To acuminate
even despair." Cowper.
A-cn'mi-nate, v. i. To end in, or come
■lO, a sharp point. ^^Acuminating in a
cone of prelacy." Milton.
A-cu'ml-na'tlon (a-ku'mT-na'shvin), n.
A sharpening ; termination in a sharp
point ; a tapering point. Bp. Pearson.
A-cu'mi-nose' Ca-ku'mT-nos'), o. Ter- . • , t *
mmating m a flat, narrow end. Undley. ^cummate Leaf.
A-ca'mi-nous (4-ku'mt-nQs), a. Characterized by
acumen; keen. Highmore.
Ac'U-pres'SUre (ak'S-prSsh'ur) n. [L. acus needle
•\-premeTe,pressum,topTess.'] \Surg.) A mode of arrest-
ing hemorrhage resulting from wounds or surgical op-
erations, by passing under the divided vessel a needle,
the ends of which are left exposed externally on the cu-
taneous surface. Simpson.
Ac'U-punc'tU-ra'tion (Sk'fi-pHnk'tii-ra'shun), n. See
Acupuncture.
Ac'u-punc'ture (-tSr; 135), n. [L. acus needle +
punctura a pricking, fr. pungere to prick ; cf. F. acu-
poiicture.'] Pricking with a needle ; a needle prick.
Specifically (Med.) : The insertion of needles into the liv-
ing tissues for remedial purposes.
Ac'U-pui'C'ture (-tiir), v. t. To treat with acupuncture.
A-cus'tum-aunce (a-kiis'tum-ans), n. See Accustom-
ANCB. [Oi'/.v.]
A-cut'an'gTl-lar (4-kiit'itn'gu-ler), a. Acute-angled.
A-CUte' (a-kiif), a. [L. acutus, p. p. of acuere to
sharpen, fr. a root ak to be sharp. Cf.
Ague, Cute, Edge.] 1. Sharp at the
end ; ending in a sharp point ; pointed ;
— opposed to blunt or obtuse ; as, an
acute angle ; an acute leaf.
2. Having nice discernment ; per-
ceiving or using miiuite distinctions ;
penetrating ; clever ; shrewd ; — op-
posed to dull or stupid ; as, an acute
observer ; acute remarks, or reasoning. , . t
« TT . - ■ , •, -i-i. Acute Ijeaves.
3. Havuig nice or quick sensibility; '^^'"■^ x^<:u,,.o.
susceptible to slight impressions ; acting keenly on the
senses ; sharp ; keen ; intense ; as, a man of acute eye-
sight, hearing, or feeling ; acute pain or pleasure.
4. High, or shrill, in respect to some other sound ; —
opposed to grave or low ; as, an acute tone or accent.
5. (Med.) Attended with symptoms of some degree of
severity, and coming speedUy to a crisis ; — opposed to
chronic ; as, an acute disease.
Acute angle (Geom.), an angle less than
a right angle. .
Syn.— Subtile ; ingenious ; sharp ; keen ;
penetrating ; sagacious ; sharp - witted ;
shrewd ; discemmg ; discriminating. See , ^ . ,
Subtile. -^"^u'^ ^g'«-
A-cute', V. I. To give an acute sound to ; as, he acutes
his rising inflection too much, [i?.] Walker.
A-CUte'— an'gled (-Sn'g'ld), a. Having acute angles ;
as, an acute-angled triangle, a triangle with every one of
its angles less than a right angle.
A-CUte1y, adv. In an acute manner ; sharply ; keenly ;
with nice discrimination.
A-cute'ness, n. 1. The quality of bemg acute or
pointed ; sharpness ; as, the acuteness of an angle.
2. The faculty of nice discernment or percepti<m ;
acumen ; keenness ; sharpness ; sensitiveness ; — applied
to the senses, or the understanding. By acuteness of
feeling, we perceive small objects or slight impressions :
by acuteness of intellect, wa discern nice distinctions.
Perhaps, also, he felt hi professional acuteness interested in
bringing it to a successfu close. AVr W. Scott.
3. Shrillness ; high pitch ; — said of sounds.
4. (Med.) Violence of a disease, which brings it speed-
ily to a crisis.
Syn. — Penetration; sagacity; keenness; ingenuity;
shrewdness ; subtlety ; sharp-wttedness.
A-cu'ti-foll-ate (a-kii'ti-foMT-at), a. [L. acutus sharp
-|- /oZ?«m leaf.] (Bot.) Having sharp-pointed leaves.
A-CU'ti-l0l)ate (-lo'bat), a. [L. acutus sharp -)- E.
lobe.] (Bot.) Having acute lobes, as some leaves.
II Ad- (ad). [A Latin preposition, signifying to. See
At.] As a prefix ad- assumes the forms ac-, a/-, ag-, al-,
an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, assimilating the d with the first letter
of the word to which ad- is prefixed. It remains im-
changed before vowels, and before d, h, j, m, v. Exam-
ples : adduce, adhere, adja,cent, adroit, advent, accord, af-
fect, aggregate, allude, annex, appeal, etc. It becomes
ac- before git, as in acquiesce.
Ad-act' (Sd-Skt'), V. i. [L. adactus, p. p. of adigere.]
To compel ; to drive. [06s.] Fotherby.
A-dac'tyl (a-dSk'til), ) a. [Gr. a priv. -f &6.K-
A-dac'tyl-OUS (a^lSk'til-us), ) ruAos finger.] (Zo'ol.)
(a) Without fingers or without toes, (b) Without claws
on the feet (of crustaceous animals).
Ad'age (ad'aj), re. [F. adage, fr. L. adagium ; ad -{-
the root of L. aio I say.] An old saying, which has
obtained credit by long use ; a proverb.
Letting '• I dare not '* wait upon " I would, '
Like the poor cati' the adage. Shak.
Syn. — Axiom ; maxim ; aphorism ; proverb ; saying ;
saw ; apothegm. See Axiom.
A-da'gi-al (a-da'ji-al), a. Pertaining to an adage ;
proverbial. " Adagial verse." Barrow.
II A-da'glO (a-da'jo), a. & adv. [It. adagio ; ad (L. ad)
at + agio convenience, leisure, ease. See Agio.] (Mus. )
Slow ; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. When repeated,
adagio, adagio, it directs the movement to be very slow.
II A-da'gio, n. A piece of music in adagio time ; a slow
movement ; as, an adagio of Haydn.
Ad'am (Sd'om), n. 1. The name given in the Bible to
the first man, the progenitor of the human race.
2. (As a symbol) " Original sin ; " human frailty.
And whipped the offending Adam out of him. Shak.
Adam's ale, water. [Co/?0(7.]— Adam's apple. 1. (Bot.)
(a) A species of banana (Masa 2'aradisiaca). It attains
a height of twenty feet or more. Pailon. (6) A species
of lime (Citrus Umetta). 2. The projection formed by
the thyroid cartUage in the neck. It is particularly
prominent in males, and is so called from a notion that
It was caused by the forbidden fruit (an apple) sticking
in the throat of our first parent. —Adam's flanneKiJo/.),
the mullein ( 7er4asc«»i ihapsus). — Ai&m'a no&dXe (Bot.),
the popular name of a genus ( Yucca) of liliaceous plants.
Ad'a-mant (Sd'a-miJnt), n. [OE. adamaunt, adamant,
diamond, magnet, OF. adamant, L. adamas, adamantis,
the hardest metal, f r. Gr. asanas, -ovtos ; a priv. -|- Safi-^v
to tame, subdue. In OE., from confusion with L. ad-
amare to love, be attached to, the word meant also
magnet, as in OP. and LL. See Diamond, Tame.] 1. A
stone imagined by some to be of impenetrable hardness ;
a name given to the diamond and other substances of
extreme hardness ; but in modern mineralogy it has no
technical signification. It is now a rhetorical or poetical
name for the embodiment of impenetrable hardness.
Opposed the rocky orb
Of tenfold adamant, his ample sliield. Hilton,
2. Lodestone ; magnet. [Obs.] "A great adamant
of acquaintance." Bacen.
As true to thee as steel to adamant. Greene, '
Ad'a-man-te'an (Sd'd-mSn-te'an), a. [L. adaman-
tens.] Of adamant ; hard as adamant. 3Iiiton.
Ad'a-man'tine (-mSn'tTn), a. [L. adamantinus, Gr.
aSafiifTifOs.] 1. Made of adamant, or having the qual-
ities of adamant ; incapable of being broken, dissolved, or
penetrated ; as, adamantine bonds or chains.
2. (Min.) Like the diamond in hardness or luster.
Ad'am-bll-la'cral (5d'Sm-bij-la'kral), a. [L. ad -f-
E. atiibulacral.] (Zo'ol.) Next to the ambulacra ; as, the-
adumbulacral ossicles of the starfish.
A-dam'lc (a-dSm'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to Adam,
A-dam'ic-al (-I-kal), } or resembling him.
Adamic earth, a name given to common red clay, from
a notion that Adam means red earth,
Ad'am-ite (ad'am-Jt), n. [From Adam.] 1. A de-
scendant of Adam ; a human being.
2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of visionaries, who, pro-
fessing to imitate the state of Adam, discarded the use of
dress in their assemblies.
Ad'am's ap'ple (Sd'amz Sp'p'l). See under Acam,
A-dance' (a-dans'), adv. Dancing. Lowell.
A-dan'gle (4-dSn'g'l), adv. Dangling. Browning.
II Ad'an-so'ni-a (ad'Sn-so'ni-a), re. [From Adanson,
a French botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of great trees re-
lated to the Bombax. There are two species, A. digi-
lata, the baobab or monkey-bread of Africa and India,
and A. Ch'egorii, the sour gourd or cream-of-tartar tree
of Australia. Both have a trunk of moderate height,
but of enormous diameter, and a wide-spreading head.
The fruit is oblong, and filled with pleasantly acid pulp.
The wood is very soft, and the bark is used by the na-
tives for making ropes and cloth. D. C. Eaton.
A-dapt' (4-d5pt'), a. Fitted ; suited. [06*.] Swijl.
A-dapt', V. t. [imp. &p. p. Adapted ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Adapting.] [L. adaptare ; ad -\- aptare to fit ; cf . F.
adapter. See Apt, Adept.] To make suitable ; to fit,
or suit ; to adjust ; to alter so as to fit for a new use ; —
sometimes followed by to or for.
For nature, always in the right.
To your decays adapts my sight. Swift,
Appeals adapted to his [man's] whole nature. AngvA.
Streets ill adapted for the rer: Jence of wealthy persons.
2Iacaxday,
A-dapt'a-bU'l-ty (a-dSpt'a-'oVl'l-;;^'). \ n. The qual-
A-dapt'a-We-ness (a-dSpi'a-b'l-nes), ( ity of being
adaptable; suitableness. "6eneiala(f«^ta6i7'% for every
purpose. " Earrar,
A-dapt'a-ble (-b'l), a. Capab»e of being adapted.
Ad'ap-ta'Uon (Sd'Sp-ta'shiin), re. [Cf. F. adaptation,
LL. adaptatio.] 1. The act or process of adaptuig, or fit-
ting ; or the state of being adapted or fitted ; fitness.
'■'■Adaptation of the means to the end." Erskine.
2. The result of adapting ; an adapted form.
A-dapt'a-tlve (5.-d3pt'a-tiv), a. Adaptive. Stubbs,
A-dapt'ed-ness (a-dSpt'6d-n6s), re. The state or qual-
ity of being adapted ; suitableness ; special fitness.
A-dapt'er (-er), re. 1. One who adapts.
2. (Chem.) A connecting tube ; an adopter.
A-dap'tlon (-dSp'shiin), re. Adaptation. Cheyne,
A-dapt'lve (a-dSpt'i v), a. Suited, given, or tending,
to adaptation ; characterized by adaptation ; capable of
adapting. Coleridge. — A-dapt'lve-ly, adv.
A-dapt'lve-ness, re. The quality of being adaptive ;
capacity to adapt.
A-daptly, adv. In a suitable manner. [iJ.] Prior.
A-dapt'ness, re. Adaptedness. [i?.]
Ad'ap-tO'rl-al (5d'ap-to'rI-al), a. Adaptive. [B.]
II A'dar (a'd4r), re. [Heb. adar.] The twelfth month
of the Hebrew ecclesiastical year, and the sixth of the
civil. It corresponded nearly with March.
II A-dar'ce (a-dar'se), n. [L. adarce, adarca, Gr.
aSapm].] A saltish concretion on reeds and grass in
marshy grounds in Galatia. It is soft and porous, and
was formerly used for cleansing the skin from freckles
and tetters, and also in leprosy. Dana,
II Ad'a-tls (ad'A-tis), n. A fine cotton cloth of India.
A-daunt' (aidant'), v. t. [OE. adaunten to overpower,
OF. adonter ; a (L. ad) + donter, F. dompter. See Daunt.]
To daunt ; to subdue ; to mitigate. [Obs.] Skelton.
A-daW (a-da'), v. i. [Cf. OE. ada'we of dawe, AS. of
dagum from days, i. e., from life, out of life.] To sub-
due ; to daunt. [Obs.]
The sight whereof did greatly him adaw. Spenser,
A-daw', V. t. & i. [OE. adawen to wake ; pref. o- (cf.
Goth, us-, Ger. er-) -f- dawen, dagen, to dawn. See
Daw.] To awaken ; to arouse. [Obs.]
A man that waketh of his sleep
He may not suddenly well taken keep
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly
Till that he be adaiced verily. Chaucer.
A-days' (a-daz'), adv. [Pref. a- (for ore) + day; the
final s was orig. a genitive ending, afterwards forming ad-
verbs.] By day, or every day ; in the daytime. [&6s.,
except in the compound nowadays.Ti Fielding.
II Ad cap-tan'dum (Sd kap-tan'dam). [L., for catch-
ing.] A phraso used adjectively sometimes of meretri-
cious attempts to catch or win popular favor.
Add (5d), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Added ; p. pr, & vb. n.
Adding.] [L. addere ; ad + dare to give, put. Cf.
Date, Do.] 1. To give by way of increased possession
(to any one) ; to bestow (ore).
The Lord shall add to me another son. Oen. xxx. 2i
Q
H
K
Ose, unite, rude, full, fip, Orn ; pity ; food, fo~ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, Igk ; men, thin ; boN ; zli = z In azure.
M
ADD
20
ADEMPT
2. To join or unite, as one thing to another, or as sev-
eral particulars, so as to increase the number, augment
the quantity, enlarge the magnitude, or so as to form into
one aggregate. Hence : To sum up ; to put together men-
tally ; as, to add numbers ; to add up a column.
Back to thy punishment,
False fugitive, and to tliy spcjed add wings. Jlilton.
As easily as he can add together the ideas of two days or two
years. Locfcc.
3. To append, as a statement ; to say further.
He ndderl that he would willingly consent to the entire aboli-
tion of the tax. JIacaulai/.
Syn. — To Add, Join, Annex, Unite, Coalesce. We
add by bringing; tilings together so as to form a whole.
We join by putting one thiug to another hi close or con-
tinuous connectiou. We Kiiiie.r by attacliiug some ad-
junct to a larger body. We ntiite by bringing things to-
gether so that their parts adhere or mtermiugle. Things
coalesce by comhig together or mingling so as to form one
organization. To add quantities ; to join houses ; to annex
territory ; to unile kingdoms ; to make parties coalesce.
Add (Sd), V. i. 1. To make an addition. To add to,
to augment ; to increase ; as, it adds to our anxiety. " I
will add to your yoke." 1 Kings xii. 14.
2. To perform the arithmetical operation of addition ;
as, he adds rapidly.
Add'a-ble (5d'a-b'l), a. {Add, v. + -able.] Addible.
Ad'dax [Sd'-
dSks), n. [Na-
tive name.]
(Zool.) One of
the largest Af-
rican antelopes
{Hippolragus,
or Onjx, naso-
maculatus).
I!I^=" It is
now believed to
be the Slrep-
siceros (twisted
horn) of the an-
cients. By some
it is thought to
be the pygarg
of the Bible.
A d - d e e m'
(5d-dem'), v. t.
[Pref. a- +
Addax of Northern Africa.
deem.J To award ; to adjudge. [06s.] " Unto him they
did addeem the prize." Spenser.
II Ad-den'dum (Sd-dSn'dfim), n. ; pi. Addenda (-da).
[L., fr. addere to add.] A thing to be added ; an appen-
dix or addition.
Addendum circle (ifeclt.), the circle which may be de-
scribed around a circular spur wheel or gear wheel, touch-
ing the crests or tips of the teeth. Ra)Hcine.
Add'er (Sd'der), n. [See Add.] One who, or that
which, adds; esp., a machine for adding numbers.
Ad'der, n. [OE. addere., naddere, eddre, AS. nxdre,
adder, snake ; akin to OS. nadra, OHG. natrn, nalara, Ger.
natter, Goth, nadrs, Icel. naSr, raasc, naSra, fem. : cf. W.
neidr, Com. naddyr, Ir. nathair, L. natrix, water snake.
An adder 13 tov a nadder.] 1. A serpent. [Ofe.] "The
edtZre seide to the woman." Wyclif. (Gere. iii. 4.)
2. i^Zo'ol.) (n) A small venomous serpent of the genus
Vipera. The common European adder is the Vipera (or
Pelias) berus. The puff adders of Africa are species of
Clotho. (6) In America, the term is commonly applied to
several harmless snakes, as the milk adder, puffing adder,
etc. (c) Same as Sea addeb.
^W" In the Scriptures the appellation is given to sev-
eraTvenomous serpents, — sometunes to the homed viper
(Cerastes).
Ad'der fly (fli')- ^ dragon fly.
Ad'der's-tongue' (Sd'derz-tiing'), re. {Bot.) (a) A
genus of teTns{Ophioglossum), whose seeds are produced
on a spike resembling a serpent's tongue. (6) The yel-
low dogtooth violet. Gray.
Ad'der- wort' (-wiirf), re. (Bot.) The common bistort
or snakeweed {Polygonum historta).
Add'i-bil'i-ty (3d'dT-bil'i-ty), re. The quaUty of be-
ing addible ; capability of addition. Locke.
Add'1-ble (Sd'dT-b'l), a. Capable of being added.
"Addible numbers." Locke.
Ad'dlce (ad'dis), re. See Adze. [Ofc.] Moxon.
Ad-dlct' (Sd-dikf), p. p. Addicted ; devoted. [06*.]
Ad-dlct', V. t. [imp. & p. p. Addicted ; p. pr. & vb. re.
Addictinq.] [L. addictus, p. p. of addicere to adjudge,
devote ; aa-\- dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To apply
habitually ; to devote ; to habituate ; — with to. " They
addict themselves to the civil law." Evelyn.
He is addicted to his study. Beau. Sf Fl.
That part of mankind that addict their minds to speculation.
Adventurer.
His genius addicted him to the study of antiquity. Fuller.
A man gross . . . and addicted to low company. Macaulay.
2. To adapt ; to make suitable ; to fit. [06s.]
The land about is exceedingly addicted to wood, but the
coldness of the place hinders the growth. Evehjn.
Syn. — Addict, Devote, Consecrate, Dedicate. Ad-
dict was formerly used in a good sense ; as, addicted to
letters ; but is now mostly employed in a bad sense or an
indifferent one ; as, addicted to vice ; addicted to sen-
sual indulgence. ^^ Addicted to staying at home." J.
S. Mill. Devote is always taken in a good sense, express-
ing habitual earnestness in the pursuit of some favorite
object; as, devoted to science. Consecrate and dedicate
express devotion of a higher kind, involving religious sen-
timent ; as, consecrated to the service of the church ; ded-
icated to God.
Ad-dict'ed-ness, n. The quality or state of being ad-
dicted ; attachment.
Ad-dlc'tlon (-dik'shtiu), n. [Cf. L. addictio an adjudg-
ing.] The state of being addicted ; devotion ; incli-
nation. " His odfficZiore was to courses vain. " Shak.
Vector addition.
Added; supplemental; in the
Ad'dl-SOn'S dls-ease' (Sd'di-sunz diz-ez'). [Named
from Thomas Addison, M. D., of London, who first de-
scribed it.] (Med.) A morbid condition causing a pe-
culiar brownish discoloration of the skin, and thought,
at one time, to be due to disease of the suprarenal cap-
sules (two flat triangular bodies covering the upper part
of the kidneys), but now known not to be dependent
upon this cause exclusively. It is usually fatal.
Ad-dit'a-ment (ad-dit'a-ment), re. [L. additamentum,
fr. additus, p. p. of addere to add.] An addition, or a
thing added. Fuller.
My persuasion that the latter verses of the chapter were an
addttament of a later age. Coleridge.
Ad-di'tion (5d-dish'un), re. [F. addition, L. addilio,
fr. addere to add.] 1. The act of adding two or more
things togetlier ; — opposed to subtraction or diminution.
" This endless addition or addibility of numbers." Locke.
2. Anything added ; increase ; augmentation ; as, a
piazza is an addition to a building.
3. (Math.) That part of arithmetic which treats of
adding numbers.
4. (Mus. ) A dot at the right side of a note as an indi-
cation that its sound is to be lengthened one half, [if.]
5. (Law) A title annexed to a man's name, to iden-
tify him more precisely ; as, John Doe, Esq. ; Richard
Roe, Gent. ; Robert Dale, Mason; Thomas Way, of New
York ; a mark of distinction ; a title.
6. (Her.) Sometliing added to a coat of arms, as a
mark of honor ; — opposed to abatement.
Vector addition (Geom.), ^^C
that kind of addition of
two lines, or vectors, AB
and BC, by which their
sum is regarded as the
line, or vector, AC.
Syn.— Increase ; acces-
sion ; augmentation ; ap-
pendage ; adjunct.
Ad-dl'tion-al (-«l), a.
way of an addition.
Ad-dl'tion-al, re. Sometliing added. [JJ.] Bacon.
Ad-dl'tlon-al-ly, adv. By way of addition.
Ad-dl'tlon-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Additional. [JR.'] Herbert.
Ad'dl-ti'tiOUS (Sd'dl-tish'iis), a. [L. additiiius, fr.
addere.] Additive. IB.] Sir J. Herschel.
Ad'dl-Uve (Sd'di-ttv), a. [L. addUivus.] (Math.)
Proper to be added ; positive ; — opposed to subtractive.
Ad'dl-tO-ry (-t6-ry), a. Tending to add ; making some
addition. \.B.] Arbuthnot.
Ad'dle (Sd'd'l), re. [OE. adel, AS. adela, mud.]
1. Liquid filth ; mire. [Obs.]
2. Lees ; dregs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
Ad'dle, a, Ha\'Tng lost the power ef development,
and become rotten, as eggs ; putrid. Hence : Unfruit-
ful or confused, as brains ; muddled. Dryden.
Ad'dle, V. t. & i. limp. & p. p. Addled (-d'ld) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Addling (-dling).] To make addle ; to grow ad-
dle ; to muddle ; as, he addled his brain. " Their eggs
were addled." Cowper.
Ad'dle, V. t. & i. [OE. adlen, adilen, to gain, acquire ;
prob. fr. Icel. oSlask to acquire property, aJdn to oSal
property. Cf. Allodial.] 1. To earn by labor. [Prov.
Eng.] Forby.
2. To thrive or grow ; to ripen. [_Prov. Eng.]
Kill ivy, else tree will addle no more. . Tusser.
^A't^t'^i^'t^^^f^'^' I n. A foolish or dull-witted
Ad'dle-nead' (-bed' , \ t^^^n„ imiinn ^
Ad'dle-pate' (-pat'), ) *®"°'^- ^^o""?-)
Ad'dle-brained' (-brand'), 1 a. Dull-witted ; stupid.
Ad'dle-head'ed (-jiSd'Sd), | " The addle-brained
Ad'dle-pa'ted (-pa'ted), ) Oberstein." Motley.
Dull and addle-pated. Dryden.
Ad'dle-pa'ted-ness (-pa'ted-nes), re. Stupidity.
Ad'dlingS (ad'dlingz), re. pi. [See Addle, to earn.]
Earnings. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
Ad-dOOm' (Sd-doom'), v. t. [Pref. a- + doom.] To
adjudge. [06s.] Spenser.
Ad-dorsed' (-dSrsf), a. [L. ad-\-
dorsum, back : cf. F. adosse.] (Her.)
Set or turned back to back.
Ad-dress' (Sd-dres'), V. t. [imp. &
p. p. Addressed (-drest') ; p. pr. Ai vb.
n. Addressing.] [OE. adressen to raise
erect, adorn, OF. adrecier, to straighten,
address, F. adresser, fr. a (L. ad) -|-
OF. drecier, F. dresser, to straighten,
arrange. See Dress, v.] 1. To aim ;
to direct. [06s.] Chaucer.
Addorsed. (.Her.)
And this good knight his way with me addrest. Spenser.
2. To prepare or make ready. [06s.]
His foe was soon a/idresi^ed. Spenser,
Turnus addressed his men to single fight. Dryden.
The five foolish virgins addressed themselves at the noise of
the bridegroom's coming. Jer. Taylor.
3. Reflexively: To prepare one's self; to apply one's
skUl or energies (to some object) ; to betake.
These men addressed themselves to the task. Macaulay.
4. To clothe or array ; to dress. [Archaic]
Tecla . . . addressed herself in man's apparel. Jewel.
5. To direct, as words (to any one or any thing) ; to
make, as a speech, petition, etc. (to any one, an audience).
The young hero had addressed his prayers to him for his as-
sistance. Dryden.
6. To direct speech to ; to make a communication to,
whether spoken or written ; to apply to by words, as by
a speech, petition, etc. ; to speak to ; to accost.
Are not your orders to addre.ts the senate ? Addison.
The representatives of the nation addressed the king. Swift.
7. To direct in writing, as a letter ; to superscribe, or
to direct and transmit ; as, he addressed a letter.
8. To make suit to as a lover ; to court ; to woo.
9. (Com.) To consign or intrust to the care of another.
as agent or factor ; as, the ship was addressed to a mer-
chant in Baltimore.
To address one's self to. (a) To prepare one's self for ; to
apply one's _lf to. (6) To direct one's speech or dis-
course to.
Ad-dress' (Sd-dr5s'), v. i. 1. To prepare one's self.
[06s.] " Let us address to tend on Hector's heels."
Shak.
2. To direct speech. [06s.]
Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addrest. Dryden.
<^^ The intransitive uses come from the dropping out
of the reflexive pronoun.
Ad-dress', n. [Cf. F. adresse. See Address, v. t.]
1. Act of preparing one's self. [06s.] Jer. Taylor.
2. Act of addressing one's self to a person ; verbal ap-
plication.
3. A formal communication, either written or spoken ;
a discourse ; a speech ; a formal application to any one ;
a petition ; a formal statement on some subject or spe-
cial occasion ; as, an address of thanks, an address to the
voters.
4. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the name,
title, and place of residence of the person addressed.
5. Manner of speaking to another ; delivery ; as, a
man of pleasing or insinuating address.
6. Attention in the way of courtship ; — usually in the
plural; as, to pay one's addresses to a lady. Addison.
7. Skill ; skillful management ; dexterity ; adroitness.
Syn. — Speech; discourse; harangue; oration; peti-
tion ; lecture ; readiness ; ingenuity ; tact ; adroitness.
Ad'dreSS-ee' ( -e'), re. One to whom anything is ad-
dressed.
Ad-dress'er (-er), n. One who addresses or petitions.
Ad-dres'sion (Sd-drSsh'un), re. The act of addressing
or directing one's course. [Bare & Obs.] Chapman.
Ad-duce' (5d-dus'), v. t. [imp. & j). p. Adduced
(-dust') ; p. pr. & vb. re. Adddcing (-dii'sing).] [L. ad-
ducere, adductum, to lead or bring to ; arf -j- ducere to
lead. See Duke, and cf. Adduct.] To bring forward or
offer, as an argument, passage, or consideration which
bears on a statement or case ; to cite ; to allege.
Reasons . . . were adduced on both sides. Macaulay.
Enough could not be adduced to satisfy the purpose of illus-
tration. Dc (Juincey.
Syn. — To present; allege; advance; cite; quote; as-
sign ; urge ; name ; mention.
Ad-du'cent (Sd-dii'sent), a. [L. adducens, p. pr. of ad-
ducere.] (Physiol.) Bringing together or towards a given
point ; — a word applied to those muscles of the body
which pull one part towards another. Opposed to ab-
ducent.
Ad-du'cer (-ser), n. One who adduces.
Ad-du'ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Capable of being adduced.
Proofs innumerable, and in every imaginable manner diversi-
fied, are adducible. I. Taylor.
Ad-duct' (ad-diikf), v. t. [L. adductus, p. p. of addu-
cere. See Adduce.] (Physiol.) To draw towards a com-
mon center or a middle line. Huxley.
Ad-dUC'tlon (-diJk'shiin), re. [Cf. F. adduction. See
Adduce.] 1. The act of adducing or bringing forward.
An adduction of facts gathered from various quarters.
/. Taylor,
2. (Physiol.) The action by which the parts of the
body are drawn towards its axis; — opposed to abduc-
tion. Dunglison.
Ad-dUC'tive (-dSk'tiv), a. Adducing, or bringing
towards or to something.
Ad-duc'tor (-ter), re. [L., fr. addticere.] (Anat.) A
muscle which draws a limb or part of the body toward
the middle line of the body, or closes extended parts of
the body ; — opposed to abductor ; as, the adductor of the
eye, which turns the eye toward the nose.
In the bivalve shells, the muscles which close the valves of the
shell are called adductor muscles. Verrill,
Ad-dtUce' (-dills'), v. t. [Like F. adoucir ; fr. L. ad -f-
dulcis sweet.] To sweeten ; to sootlie. [06s.] Bacon.
A-deem' (a-dem'), V. t. [L. adimere. See Ademption.]
(Law) To revoke, as a legacy, grant, etc., or to satisfy
it by some other gift.
II A'de-lan'ta-diiao (a'da-lSn'ta-del'yo), re. [Sp.] A
Spanish red wine made of the first ripe grapes.
II A'de-lan-ta'dO (a'dS-lan-tii'do or Sd'e-lSn-), n. [Sp.,
prop. p. of adelantar to advance, to promote.] A gov-
ernor of a province ; a commander. Prescott.
II Ad-e-las'ter (ad-e-las'ter), n. [Gr. iSr)\os not mani-
fest -\- aa-rnp a star.] {Bot.) A provisional name for a
plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined,
and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus.
Ad'el-ing (ad'gl-Tng). 71. Same as Atheling.
A-del'o-co-don'ic (4-dgl'6-ko-don'ik), a. [Gr. aS-qkoi
invisible -|- KtoSiav a beU] (Zool.) Applied to sexual zo-
oids of hydroids, that have a saclike form and do not
become free ; — opposed to phanerocodonic.
A-del'0-pod (a-dgl'o-pod), re. [Gr. i^rjAos invisible -f
TTous, 7ro86s, foot.] {Zool.) An animal having feet that
are not apparent.
_ II A-del'phi-a (a-del'fi-a), re. [Gr.
aSeA^ot brother.] (Bot.) A " brother-
hood," or coDection of stamens in a
bundle ; — used in composition, as in the
class names, Monadelphia, Oiadelphia,
etc.
A-del'phons (-fiis), a. [Gr. aSeKtjio^
brother.] (Bot.) Having coalescent or
clustered filaments ; — said of stamens ;
as, adelphous stamens. Usually in com-
position ; as, raonndelphovs. Gray.
A-dempt' (a-demf ; 215), p. p. [L.
ademptus, p. p. of adimere to take away.]
away. [06s.]
Without any sinister suspicion of anything being added or
adempt. Latimer.
Taken
ale, senate, cfire, am, arm, ask, final, gUj eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, add;
ADEMPTION
21
ADJOIN
A-4emp'tlon (^-dSmp'shOn), n. [L. ademplio. It.
adimere, ademptum, to take away ; ad -\- emere to buy,
orig. to take.] (Law) The revocation or taking away
of a grant, donation, legacy, or the like. Bouvier.
Aden- or AdenO-. [Gr. a&riy, iSeVot, gland.] Combin-
ing forms of the Greek word for gland ; — used in words
relating to the structure, diseases, etc., of the glands.
II Ad'e-nal'gl-a (5d'e-n51'jI-4), 1 n. [Gr. ai^v -\- oA-yos
Ad'e-nal'gy (ad'e-nSl'jJ), \ pain.] (ilTed.) Pain
in a gland.
A-den'i-form (a-dSn'I-fSrm), a. [Aden- 4- -form.'}
Shaped like a gland ; adenoid. Dimalison.
II Ad'e-ni'tis (Sd'e-ni'tls), re. [_Aden-\- -itis.l (Med.)
Glandular intianunation. JJtmgiison.
Ad'e-no-grapMc (ad'e-n6-graftk), a. Pertaining to
adenography.
Ad'e-nog'ra-phy (-nSg'ra-fJ^), n. \_Adeno- + -graphy.]
That part of anatomy wliich describes the glands.
Ad'e-nold (Sd'e-noid), ) a. [Gr. a.&evoei.Srji ; aSrjv
Ad'e-noid'al (Sd'e-noid'al), ) gland -\- eUot form.]
Glaudlike ; glandular.
Ad'e-no-log'lc-al (-n6-15j'I-kal), a. Pertaining to ade-
Bology.
Ad'e-nol'O-gy (-ni51'o-J5'), n. lAdeno--\- -logy.} The
part of physiology that treats of the glands.
Ad'e-noph'0-rODS (ad'e-n5f'o-rOs), a. lAdeno- -f- Gr.
<^op6s bearing.] {Bot.) Producing glands.
Ad'e-noph'yl-lOUS (Sd'e-n5f'il-l>is or -no-flllQs), a.
lAdeno- -\- Gr. ij>v?Oi.ov leaf.] (Boi.) Having glands on
the leaves. Hensloiv.
Ad'e-nose' (Sdt-nos' ; 277), a. Like a gland ; full of
glands ; glaudulous ; adenous.
Ad'e-no-tom'ic (Sd'e-nd-tSmlk), a. Pertaining to
adenotomy.
Ad'e-not'0-my (-n5t'o-myj, n. [Adeno- + Gr. tout) a
cutting, Tc'iiiveiv to cut.] (Anat.) Dissection of, or in-
(Hsion into, a gland or glands.
Ad'e-nous (Sd'e-niis), a. Same as Adenosb.
II Ad'eps (Sd'gps), re. [L.] Animal fat ; lard.
A-dept' (a^depf), n. [L. adepius obtained (sc. ariem),
he who has obtained an art, p. p. of adipisci to arrive
at, to obtain ; ad -{- apisci to pursue. See Apt, and cf.
Adapt.] One fully skilled or well versed in anything ; a
proficient ; as, adepts in philosophy.
A-dept', a. Well skilled ; completely versed ; thor-
oughlx proficient.
Beaus adept in everything profound. Cowper.
A-dep'tion (4-dSp'shuu), re. [L. adeptio. See Adept,
o.] An obtaining ; attainment. [06i.]
In the wit and poUcy of the capitain consisteth the chief
adeption of the victory. Grafton.
A-dept'lst, re. A skilled alchemist. \Obs.'\
A-dept'ness, re. The quality of being adept ; skill.
Ad'e-qua-cy (Sd'e-kwa-sJ?), re. [See Adequate.] The
state or quality of b^g adequate, proportionate, or suf-
ficient ; a sufficiency for a particular purpose ; as, the
adequacy of supply to the expenditure.
Ad'e-quate (-kwat), a. [L. adaequaius, p. p. of adae-
quare to make equal to ; ad -{- aequare to make equal,
aequus equal. See Equai.] Equal to some requirement ;
proportionate, or correspondent; fully sufficient; as,
powers adequate to a great work ; an adequate definition.
Ireland had no adequate champion. De Quincey.
Syn. —Proportionate ; commensurate ; sufficient ; suit-
able; competent; capable.
Ad'e-quate (-kwat), v. t. [See Adequate, c] 1. To
equalize ; to make adequate. [JfJ.] Poiherhy.
2. To equal. [06s.]
It [is] an impoBBibility for any creature to adequate God in his
eternity. Shelford.
Ad'e-quate-ly (-kwat-iy), adv. Inan adequate manner.
Ad'e-quate-ness, re. The quality of being adequate ;
suitableness ; sufficiency ; adequacy.
Ad'e-qua'tlon (5d'e-kwa'shun), re. [L. adaequatio.}
The act of equalizing ; act or result of making adequate ;
an equivalent. [06s.] Bp. Barlow.
A-des'my (a-dgs'mj^), re. [Gr. aSetr/xo^ unfettered ; a
priv. -|- Seo-ftos a fetter.] (Bot.) The division or defect-
ive coherence of an organ that is usually entire.
Ad-es'se-na'rl-an (Sd-Ss'se-na'rT-an), re. [Termed f r.
L. adesse to be present ; ad -\- esse to be.] (JEeel. Hist.)
One who held the real presence of Christ's body in the
eucharist, but not by transubstantiation.
Ad-fect'ed (Sd-f6kt'Sd), a. [L. adfeeius or affectus.
See AiTECT, v.\ (Alg.) See Affected, 5.
Ad-fll'1-a'ted (-fTl'T-a'tSd), a. See Affiliated. [06s.]
Ad-fll'1-a'tlon (-a'shiin), re. See Affiliation. lObs.!
Ad-flox'lon (Sd-fli3k'shiin), re. See Affluxion.
Ad-ha'mant (-ha'mant), a. [From L. adhamare to
catch ; ad -j- kamus hook.] Clinging, as by hooks.
Ad-here' (Sd-her'), V. i. limp. & p. p. Adheeed
{-herd') { p. pr. & vb. re. ADHF.Rma (-her'ing).] [L. ad-
haerere, adkaesum ; ad -\- haerere to stick : cf. F. ad-
I herer. See Aghast.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as a
glutinous substance does; to become joined or united;
as, wax adheres to the finger ; the lungs sometimes ad-
here to the pleura.
2. To hold, be attached, or devoted ; to remain fixed,
either by personal union or conformity of faith, princi-
ple, or opinion ; as, men adhere to a party, a cavise, a
leader, a church.
3. To be consistent or coherent ; to be in accordance ;
to agree. "Nor time nor place did then adAere." "Every
thing adheres together." Shak.
Syn.— To attach; stick; cleave; cling; hold.
Ad-ber'ence (-ens), n. [Cf. F. adherence, LL. adhae-
rentia.'] 1. The quality or state of adhering.
2. The state of being fixed in attachment ; fidelity ;
steady attachment ; adhesion ; as, adherence to a party or
to opinions.
Syn. — Adhebenoe, Adhesion. Tliese words, which
were once freely interchanged, are now almost entirely
separated. .4dA«'CTee is no longer used to denote phys-
ical union, but is applied to mental states or habits ; as,
a strict adherence to one's duty; close adherence to the
argument, etc. Adhesion is now confined chiefly to the
physical sense, except in the phrase "To give in one's
adhesion to a cause or a party.''
Ad-her'en-cy (Xd-her'en-sJ), re. 1. The state or qual-
ity of being adherent ; adherence, [i?.]
2. That wliich adheres. [06s.] Dr. H. More.
Ad-her'ent (-<nt), a. [L. adhaerens, -entis, p. pr. : cf.
r. adherent.} 1. Sticking ; clinging ; adhering. Pope.
2. Attached as an attribute or circumstance.
3. (Bot.) Congenitally united with an organ of another
kind, as calyx with ovary, or stamens with petals.
Ad-her'ent, re. 1. One who adlieres ; one who follows
a leader, party, or profession ; a follower, or partisan ; a
believer in a particular faith or church.
2. That which adheres ; an appendage, [i?.] Milton.
Syn. — Follower ; partisan ; upholder ; disciple ; sup-
porter; dependent; ally; backer.
Ad-her'ent-1^, adv. In an adherent manner.
Ad-her'er (-er), re. One who adheres ; an adherent.
Ad-he'slon (Sd-he'zhiin), re. [L. adhaesio, fr. adhae-
rere : cf . F. adhesion.'] 1. The action of sticking ; the
state of being attached ; intimate union ; as, the adhesion
of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, or the
like.
2. Adherence ; steady or firm attachment ; fidelity ; as,
adhesion to error, to a policy.
His aclhesio7i to the Tories was bounded by his approbation of
their foreign poUcy. De Quincey.
3. Agreement to adhere ; concurrence ; assent.
To that treaty Spain and England gave in their adhesion.
Macaulay.
4. (Physics) The molecular attraction exerted be-
tween bodies in contact. See Cohesion.
5. (Med.) Union of surfaces, normally separate, by
the formation of new tissue resulting from an inflamma-
tory process.
6. (Bot.) The union of parts which are separate in
other plants, or in younger states of the same plant.
Syn.— Adherence; union. See Adhekence.
Ad-he'slve (5d-he'sTv), a. [Cf. F. adhesif.'} 1. Sticky ;
tenacious, as glutinous substances.
2. Apt or tending to adhere ; clinging. Thomson.
Adhesive attraction. (Physics) See Attraction. — Ad-
hesive inflammation (Surg.), that kind of inflammation
which terminates in the reunion of divided parts without
suppuration. — Adhesive plaster, a sticking plaster ; a plas-
ter containing resin, wax, litharge, and olive oil.
Ad-he'sive-ly, adv. In an adhesive manner.
Ad-he'slve-ness, re. 1. The quality of sticking or ad-
hering ; stickiness ; tenacity of union.
2. (Phren.) Propensity to form and maintain attach-
ments to persons, and to promote social intercourse.
Ad-hib'lt (Sd-hlblt), V. t. [L. adhibitiLs, p. p. of ad-
hibere to hold to ; ad-}- habere to have.] 1. To admit, as
a person or a thing ; to take in. Muirhead.
2. To use or apply ; to administer. Camden.
3. To attach ; to affix. Alison.
Ad'hi-bl'tlon (Sd'hi-bTsh'iin), re. [L. adhibitio.} The
act of adhibiting ; application ; use. Whiiaker.
II Ad homl-nem (5d hSm'i-nem). [L., to the man.]
A phrase applied to an appeal or argument addressed to
the principles, interests, or passions of a man.
Ad-hort' (5d-h6rf ), v. t. [L. adhortari. See Adhoe-
tation.] To exhort ; to advise. [06s.] Feltham.
Ad'hor-ta'tlon (Sd'hSr-ta'shiin), re. [L. adhoriatio,
fr. adhortari to advise ; ad -t- hortari to exhort.] Ad-
vice ; exhortation. [06s.] Peacham.
Ad-hor'ta-tO-ry (Sd-hSr'ta-to-rj?), a. Containing coun-
sel or warning ; hortatory ; advisory. [06s.] Potter.
Ad'1-a-bat'lC (ad't-a-bSttk), a. [Gr. iSia'/SaTos not
passable ; a priv. -j- 6ia through + /SaiVeiy to go.]
(Physics) Not giving out or receiving heat. — Ad'i-a-
bat'lc-al-ly, adv.
Adiabatic line or curve, a curve exhibiting the varia-
tions of pressure and volume of a fluid when it expands
vrithout either receiving or giving out heat. Rankine.
Ad'i-ac-tln'ic (adT-Sk-tlntk), a. [Pref. a- not-f-
diactinie.'] (Chem.) Not transmitting the actinic rays.
II Ad'i-an'tum (Sd'i-an'tum), re. [L., fr. Gr. oSi'ai'TOi',
maidenhair ; a priv. -f- SiaiVeci' to wet.] (Bot.) A genus
of ferns, the leaves of which shed water ; maidenhair.
Also, the black maidenhair, a species of spleenwort.
Ad'i-aph'O-rism (ad'I-SfS-riz'm), re. Religious indif-
ference.
Ad'1-aph'o-rlst (-rlst), n. [See Adiaphohous.] (Eccl.
Hist.) One of the German Protestants who, with Me-
lanchthon, held some opinions and ceremonies to be in-
different or nonessential, which Luther condemned as
sinful or heretical. Murdock.
Ad'i-aph'0-ris'tic (5d'T-af'o-rTs'tTk), a. Pertaining to
matters indifferent in faith and practice. Shipley.
Ad'i-aph'o-rite (-af'6-rit), re. Same as Adiaphorist.
Ad'1-aph'O-roUS (-riis), a. [Gr. aSia'c^opos ; a. priv. -f-
6ia(/>opos different ; Sid through -|- c^epetv to bear.] 1. In-
different or neutral. Je?: Taylor.
2. (Med.) Incapable of doing either harm or good, as
some medicines. Dunglison.
Ad'i-aph'0-ry, re. [Gr. aSioAopta.] Indifference. [Obs.']
Ad'i-ather'mlC (ad'i-a-ther'mTk), a. [Gr. i priv. -|-
Sid through -^9epix-q heat.] Not pervious to heat.
A-dieu' (a-du'), interj. & adv. [OE. also adew, adewe,
adue, F. a dieu, fr. L. ad to -f- deus God.] Good-by ;
farewell ; an expression of kind wishes at parting.
A-dleu', re. / p^. Adieus (-duz'). A farewell; commen-
dation to the care of God at parting. Shak.
A-dlght' (a-dif), V. t. [_p. p. Adioht.] [Pref. a- (in-
tensive) -|- OE. dihten. See Disht.] To set in order ;
to array ; to attire ; to deck ; to dress. [06s.]
II Ad In'Il-nl'tum (5d in'ft-ni'tiSm). [L., to infinity.]
Without limit ; endlessly.
II Ad In'ter-lm (5d Tn'ter-Im). [L.] Meanwhile;
temporary.
Ad'1-pes'cent (5d'i-pSs'sent), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat
-f- -escent.} Becoming fatty.
A-dlp'lc (a-dip'Ik), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat.'} (Chem.)
Pertaining to, or derived from, fatty or oily substances ;
— applied to certain acids obtained from fats by the ac-
tion of nitric acid.
Ad'1-poc'er-ate (Sd'I-pSs'er-at), v. I. To convert into
adipocere.
Ad'1-poc'er-a'tlon (Sd'I-pSs'er-a'ehiin), re. The act or
process of changing into adipocere.
Ad'1-pO-cere' (Sd'i-pS-ser'^, re. [L. adeps, adipis, fat
+ cera wax : cf. F. adipocire.'] A soft, unctuous, or
waxy substance, of a light brown color, into which the
fat and muscle tissue of dead bodies sometimes are con-
verted, by long immersion in water or by burial in moist
places. It is a result of fatty degeneration.
Ad'i-po-cer'i-fonn (ad'I-po-ser'I-fSnn), a. [Adipo-
cere-]- -form.'] Having the form or appearance of adi-
pocere ; as, an adipoceriform tumor.
Ad'1-poc'er-OUS (-pBs'er-us), a. Like adipocere.
Ad'l-pOBS' (Sd'I-pos' ; 277), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat,
grease.] Of or pertaining to animal fat ; fatty.
Adipose fin (Zo'ol.), a soft boneless fin. —Adipose tissue
(A-Kut.), that form of animal tissue which forms or con-
tains fat.
Ad'i-pose'ness (5d'T-pos''nS8), ) re. The state of being
Ad'1-pos'l-ty (5d'i-p8s'i-t3^), ] fat ; fatness.
Ad'i-pons (ad'i-pils), a. Fatty ; adipose. [iJ.]
A-dlp'SOUS (4-dTp'sus), a. [Gr. aSu/iot; a. priv. -)-
fiii/(o, thirst.] Quenching thirst, as certain fruits.
Ad'lp-sy (SdTp-sj?), re. [Gr. aSii^os not thirsty; d
priv. -4- bi.\\ia thirst.] (Med.) Absence of thirst.
Ad'it (Sd'it), re. [L. aditus, fr. adire, adiiiim, to go to ;
ad + ire to go.] 1. An entrance or passage. Specifically :
The nearly horizontal opening by which a mine is en-
tered, or by which water and ores are carried away; —
called also drift and tunnel.
2. Admission ; approach ; access. [i2.]
Yourself and yours shall have
Free adit. Tennys&n.
Ad-ja'cence (Sd-ja'sens), ) re. [Cf . LL. adjaceniia.]
Ad-ja'cen-cy (sen-s^), j 1. The state of being ad-
jacent or contiguous ; contiguity ; as, the adjacency of
lands or buildings.
2. That which is adjacent. [iJ.] Sir T. Browne.
Ad-Ja'cent (-sent), a. [L. adjacens, -centis, p. pr. of
adjacere to lie near ; ad -^jacere to lie : cf . F. adjacent.']
Lying near, close, or contiguous ; neighboring ; bordering
on ; as, a field adjacent to the highway. " The adjacent
forest." B. Jonson.
Adjacent or contiguouB angle. (Oeom.) See Angle.
Syn. — Adjoining ; contiguous ; near. — Adjacent, Ad-
jonnNG, Contiguous. Things are adjacent when they lie
close to each other, not necessarily in actual contact ; as,
adjacent fields, adjacent villages, etc.
I find that all Europe with her atfjaceni isles is peopled with
Christians. Howell.
Things are adjoining when they meet at some line or
point of junction ; as, adjoining farms, an adjoining higli-
way. What is spoken of as contiguous should touch with
some extent of one side or the whole of it ; as, a row of
contiguous buildings ; a wood contiguous to a plain.
Ad-]a'cent, re. That which is adjacent. [iJ.] Locke.
Ad-Ja'cent-ly, adv. So as to be adjacent.
Ad-]ect' (Sd-jekt'), v. t. [L. adjectus, p. p. of adjicere
to throw to, to add to ; ad -{-jacere to throw. See Jet
a shooting forthj To add or annex ; to join. Leland.
Ad-]ec'tlon (ad-j5k'shiin), re. [L. adjectio, fr. ad-
jicere: cf. F. adjeclion. See Adject.] The act or mode
of adding ; also, the thing added. [JS.] B. Jonaon.
Ad-Jec'tlon-al (-<j1), a. Pertaining to adjection ; that
is, or may be, annexed, [if.] Earle.
Ad'jec-ti'tlOUS (2d'jSk-tTsh'i5s), a. [L. adjectitius.]
Added; additional. Parkhurst.
Ad'Jec-tl'val (Sd'jSk-ti'val or ad'j5k-tTv-ol ; 277), a.
Of or relating to the adjective ; of the nature of an ad-
jective ; adjective. fV. Taylor (1797).
Ad'Jec-U'val-ly, adv. As, or in the manner of, an ad-
jective ; adjectively.
Ad'Jec-Uve (5d'jSk-tTv), a. [See Adjective, «.]
1. Added to a substantive as an attribute ; of the na-
ture of an adjunct ; as, an adjective word or sentence.
2. Not standing by itself ; dependent.
Adjective color, a color which requires to be fixed by
some mordant or base to give it permanency.
3. Relating to procedure. " The whole English law,
substantive ani adjective." Macaulay.
Ad'Jec-tlve, re. [L. adjectivum (sc. nomen), neut. of
adjectivus that is added, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjectif.
See Adject.] 1. (Gram.) A word used with a noun, or
substantive, to express a quality of the thing named, or
something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or to
specify or describe a thing, as distinct from something
else. Thus, in the phrase, " a wise ruler," wise is the
adjective, expressing a property of ruler.
2. A dependent ; an accessory. Fuller.
Ad'jec-tive, v. t. \im,p. &p.j}. Adjectited (-tTvd) ; p.
pr. & vb. re. Adjecttving (-tiv'iug).] To make an adjec-
tive of ; to form or change into an adjective. [P.]
Language has as much occasion to adjective the distinct sig-
nificntion of the verb, and to adjective also the mood, as it has
to adjective time. It has . . . adjectived all three. Tooke.
Ad'Jec-tive-ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective ;
as, a word used adjectively.
Ad-]oln' (5d-join'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjoined
(-joind') ; p. pr. & vb. re. Adjoining.] [OE. njoinen, OP.
njoindre, F. adjoindre,fT. L. adjungere ; ad-\-jungere
to join. See Join, and cf. Adjunct.] To join or unite
to ; to lie contiguous to ; to be in contact with ; to attach ;
to append.
Corrections . . . should be, as remarks, adjoined by way of
note. Watts.
B
D
H
K
M
use, unite, nide, full, fip, fim ; pity; food, iSbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, i|ik; then, thin; boN; zh = z in azuie.
ADJOIN
Aa-]Oln' (Sd-join'), V. i. 1. To lie or be next, or in
contact ; to be contiguous ; as, the houses adjoin.
When one man's land adjoins to another's. Blackstone.
^W^ The construction with to, on, or with is obsolete
or obsolescent.
2. To join one's self. \_Obs.'l
She lightly unto him adjoined side to side. Spenser.
Ad-]oin'ant (-«nt), a. Contiguous. lObs.'^ Carew.
Ad-join'ing, a. Joining to ; contiguous ; adjacent ; as,
an adjoining room. " The adjoining fan.?. " Dnjden.
Upon the hills adjoining to the city Shak.
Syn. — Adjacent ; contiguous ; near ; neighboring;
abutting ; bordering. See Adjacent.
Ad'joint (ad'joint), n. An adjunct ; a helper. \Ohs.'\
Ad-Journ' (Sd-jflm'), v. t. [imp. & p. p.^ Adjourned
(-jQrnd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjouhning (-jiirii'ing).] [OE.
ajornen, OF. ajorner, ajurner, F. ajourner ; OF. a (L.
ad) -\- jor, jur,jorn, F.jour, day, fr. L. diurntis belong-
ing to the day, fr. dies day. Cf. Journal, Journey.] To
put oflE or defer to another day, or indefinitely ; to post-
pone ; to close or suspend for the day ; — commonly said
of the meeting, or the action, of a convened body ; as,
to adjourn the meeting, to adjourn a debate.
_ It is a common pr.TCtice to adjourn the reformation of their
lives to a further time. Barrow.
'Tis a needful fitness
That we adjourn this court till f urtlier day. Siiak.
Syn. — To delay ; defer; postpone; put off; suspend.
— To Adjourn, Prorogue, Dissolve. These words are
used in respect to public bodies when they lay aside busi-
ness and separate. Adjourn, both in Great Britain and
this country, is applied to all cases in wliich such bodie;;
separate for a brief period, with a view to meet again.
Prorogue is applied in Great Britain to that act of the
executive government, as tlie sovereign, which bruigs a
session of Parliament to a close. The word is not used in
this country, but a legislative body is said, in such a case,
to adjourn sine die. To Utssolce is to annul the corporate
existence of a body. In order to exist again the body
must be reconstituted.
Ad-joum', V. i. To suspend business for a time, as
from one day to another, or for a longer period, or in-
definitely ; usually, to suspend public business, as of leg-
islatures and courts, or other convened bodies ; as,
congress adjourned at four o'clock ; the court adjourned
without day.
Ad-joum'al C-al), n. Adjournment ; postponement.
[iJ.] " An adjotimal of the Diet." Sir W. Scott.
Ad-]OUrn'ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. ajoumement, OF.
ajornement. See Adjourn.] 1. The act of adjourning ;
the puttmg off tiU another day or time specified, or
without day.
2. The time or interval during which a public body ad-
journs its sittings or postpones business.
Ad-judge' (Sd-juj'), ". '• [imp. & p. p. Adjudged
(-jiijd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudging (-jiij'ing).] [OE.
ajugen, OF. ajugier, fr. L. adjudicare ; ad -|- judicare
to judge. See Judge, and cf. Adjudicate.] 1. To award
judicially in the case of a controverted question ; as, the
prize was adjudged to the victor.
2. To determine in the exercise of judicial power ; to
decide or award judicially ; to adjudicate ; as, the case
was adjudged in the November term.
3. To sentence ; to condemn.
Without reprieve, adjudged to death
For want ot well pronouncing Shibboleth. Milton.
4. To regard or hold ; to judge ; to deem.
He adjudgedhira unworthy of his friendship. Knolles.
Syn.— To decree; award; determine; adjudicate; or-
dain; assign.
Ad-Judg'er (5d-jiij'er), re. One who adjudges.
Ad-]udg'ment (-ment), re. The act of adjudging ; ju-
dicial decision ; adjudication. Sir W. Temple.
Ad-Ju'dl-cate (5d-jii'di-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ad-
judicated (-ka'tSd) : p. pr. & vb. re. Adjudioatino (-ka'-
tlng).] [L. adjudieatus, p. p. of adjudicare. See Ad-
judge.] To adjudge ; to try and determine, as a court ;
to settle by judicial decree.
Ad-]U'di-cate, v. i. To come to a judicial decision ;
as, the court adjudicated upon the case.
Ad-ju'di-ca'Uon (-jri'di-ka'shiin), re. [L. adjudicatio :
cf. F. adjudication.'] 1. The act of adjudicating ; the
act or process of trying and determining judicially.
2. A deliberate determination by the judicial power ;
a judicial decision or sentence. " An adjudication in
favor of natural rights." Burke.
3. {Bankruptcy practice) The decision upon the ques-
tion whether the debtor is a bankrupt. Abbott.
4. {Scots Law) A process by which land is attached
as security or in satisfaction of a debt.
Ad-ju'di-ca-tive (ad-jii'di-kS-tTv), a. Adjudicating.
Ad-ju'dl-ca'tor (-ka'ter), re. One who adjudicates.
Ad-Ju'di-ca-ture (-ka-tur), re. Adjudication.
Ad'jU-gate (ad'jiS-gat), V. t. [L. adjugatus, p. p. of
<tdjugare; ad+jugum a yoke.] To yoke to. [Obs.l
Ad'ju-ment (ad'jfi-ment), re. [L. adjumenium,, for ad-
juvamentum, f r. adjuvare to help ; ad -\- juvare to help.]
Help ; support ; also, a helper. [06s.] Waterhouse.
Ad'junct' (ad'junkf), a. [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjun-
gere. See Adjoin.] Conjoined ; attenduig ; consequent.
Though that my death were adjunct to my act. Siiak.
Adjunct notes (Mns.), short notes between those essen-
tial to the harmony ; auxiliary notes ; passing notes.
Ad'junct^ re. 1. Something joined or added to an-
otlier thing, but not essentially a part of it.
Learning is but an adjunct to our self. Shak.
2. A person joined to another in some duty or service ;
a colleague ; an associate. Wotton.
3. (Gram.) A word or words added to qualify or am-
plify the force of other words ; as, the History of the
American Revolution, where the words in italics are the
adjunct or adjuncts of " History."
4. (Metaph.) A quality or property of the body or the
22
mind, whether natural or acquired; as, color, in the
hoiy,juagment, in the mind.
5. (Mus.) A key or scale closely related to another
as principal ; a relative or attendant key. [i?.] See
Attendant keys, under Attendant, o.
Ad-Junc'tion (5d-jiink'shuu), re. [L. adjunclio, fr. ad-
jungere: cf. F. adjonction, and see Adjunct.] The act
of joining ; the thing joined or added.
Ad-Junc'tive (-tlv), a. [L. adjunctivus, fr. odjungere.
See Adjunct.] Joinmg ; having the quality of joining ;
forming an adjunct.
Ad-junc'tive, n. One who, or that which, is joined.
Ad-lunc'tive-ly, adv. In an adjunctive mamier.
Ad-junot'ly (Sd-junkt'lJ), adv. By way of addition
or adjunct; in connection with.
Ad'jU-ra'tion (ad'jii-ia'shun), n. [L. adjuratio, fr.
adjurare : cf. F. adjuration. See Adjure.] 1. The act
of adjurmg ; a solemn charging on oath, or under the
penalty of a curse ; an earnest appeal.
What an accusation could not effect, an adjuration shall.
Bp. Hall.
2. The form of oath or appeal.
Persons who.. . made use of prayer and adjurations. Addison.
Ad-Jn'ra-tO-ry (ad-ju'ra-t6-ry ), a. [L. adjuratorius.l
Containing an adjuration.
Ad-jlire'(ad-jiir'),t). <. [inip. fcjo. p. Adjured (-jurd') ;
p. pr. &vb. re. Adjuring (-jui":ng).] [L. adjurare, ad-
juratum., to swear to ; latev, to adjure : cf . F. adjurer.
See Jury.] To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if
under oath, or under the penalty of a curse ; to appeal
to in the most solemn or impressive manner ; to entreat
earnestly.
Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man
before the Lord, that riseth up and hulldeth this city Jericho.
Josh. vi. 26.
The liigh priest . . . said ... I adjure thee by the living God,
that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ. 31att. xxvi. 63.
The commissioners adjured them not to let pass so favorable
an opportunity of securing their liberties. diars/iall.
Ad-jur'er (-er), n. One who adjures.
Ad-just' (Sd-jusf), V. I. [imp. & p. p. Adjusted ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Adjusting.] [OF. ojuster, ajoster (whence
F. ajouter to add), LL. adjuxtare to fit; fr. L. ad -\-juxta
near ; confused later with L. ad and Justus just, riglit,
whence F. ajuster to adjust. See Just, v. t., and cf.
Adjute.] 1. To make exact ; to fit ; uo make correspond-
ent or conformable ; to bring into proper relations ; as,
to adjust a garment to the body, or things to a standard.
2. To put in order ; to regulate, or reduce to system.
Adjusting the orthography. Johnson.
3. To settle or bruig to a satisfactory state, so that
parties are agreed in the result ; as, to adjust accounts ;
the differences are adjusted.
4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts of
an instrument ; to regulate for use ; as, to adjust a tele-
scope or microscope.
Syn. — To adapt; suit; arrange; regulate; accommo-
date ; set right ; rectify ; settle.
Ad-Just'a-We (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being adjusted.
Ad-just'age (-aj), n. [Cf. Ajutage.] Adjustment. [iJ.]
Ad-jUSt'er (-er), re. One who, or that which, adjusts.
Ad-just'lve (-iv), a. Tending to adjust. [i2.]
Ad-]ust'ment (-ment), re. [Cf . F. ajustement. See Ad-
just.] 1. The act of adjusting, or condition of being ad-
justed ; act of bringing into proper relations ; regulation.
Success depends on the nicest and minutest a^vztment of the
parts concerned. Paley.
2. {Law) Settlement of claims ; an equitable arrange-
ment of conflicting claims, as in set-off, contribution, ex-
oneration, subrogation, and marshaling. Bispham.
3. The operation of bringing aU the parts of an instru-
ment, as a microscope or telescope, into their proper
relative position for use ; the condition of being thtis ad-
justed ; as, to get a good adjustment ; to be in or out of
adjustment.
Syn. — Suiting ; fitting ; arrangement ; regulation ; set-
tlement ; adaptation ; disposition,
Ad'ju-tage (ad'jii-taj), re. Same as Ajutage.
Ad'Ju-tan-cy (-tan-sy), re. [See Adjutant.] 1. The
office of an adjutant.
2. Skillful arrangement in aid ; assistance.
It wag, no doubt, disposed with all the adjutancy ot definition
and division. Burke.
Ad'ju-tant (-tant), re. [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adju-
tare to help. See Am.] 1. A helper ; an assistant.
2. {Mil.) A regimental staff officer, who assists the
colonel, or commanding officer of a garrison or regiment,
in the details of regimental and garrison duty.
Adjutant general (a) (.Mil.), the principal staff officer of
an army, through whom the cona-
manding general receives communi-
cations and issues military orders.
In the TJ. S. army he is a brigadier
general, (t) (Amonrj the Jesuits), one
of a select number of fathers, who
resided with the general of the or-
der, each of whom had a province or
country assigned to his care.
3. {Zool.) A species of very large
stork {Ciconia argala), a native of
India ; — called also the gigantic
crane, adjutant crane, and by the
native name argala. It is noted for
its serpent-destroying habits.
Ad'jU-ta'tor (-ta'ter), re. {Eng.
Hist.) A corruption of Agitator.
J. R. Green. AHintant^ ■!
Ad-Jute' (Sd-juf), V. t. [F. ajou. ^ '^^' ■"■
ter; confused with L. adjutare.] To add. [OJi.]
Ad-ju'tor (ad-ju'ter), re. [L., fr. adjuvare. See Aid.]
A helper or assistant. [Archaic'] Drayton.
Ad-JU'tO-ry (-to-ry), «• [L. adjutorius.'] Serving to
help or assist ; helping. [06s.]
ADMINISTRATION
Ad-]n'trlx (Sd-jii'tiTks), re. [L. See Adjutor.] A.
female helper or assistant. [iJ.]
Ad'jU-vant (ad'jiS-vant), a. [L. adjuvans, p. pr. of
adjuvare to aid : cf. F. adjuvant. See Aid.] Helping ;
helpful ; assisting. [J?.] "Adjuvant causes." Howell.
Ad'ju-vant, re. 1. An assistant. [R.] Yelverton.
2. {Med.) An ingredient, in a prescription, which aids
or modifies the action of the principal ingredient.
Ad'le-ga'tion (Sd'le-ga'shiin), n. [L. adlegatio, alle-
gatio, a sending away ; fr. adlegare, allegare, to send
away with a commission; ad ni addition -)- legare to
send as ambassador. Cf. Allegation.] A right for-
merly claimed by the states of the German Empire of
joining their own ministers with those of the emperor
in public treaties and negotiations relating to tlie com-
mon interest of the empire. Encyc. Brit.
II Ad Ub'l-tum (Sd llb'I-tiim). At one's pleasure ; as
one wishes.
Ad'lo-cu'tion(-lo-ku'shun),M. See Allocution. [Obs.'\
Ad-mar'gin-ate (ad-mar'jin-iit), V. t. [Pref . ad- +
margin.'] To write in the margin. [2J.] Coleridge.
Ad-max'U-la-ry (ad-maks'Il-Ia-ry), a. [Pref. ad- +
maxillary.] (Anat.) Near to the maxilla or jawbone.
Ad-meas'ure (Sd-mgzh'ilr; 135), V. t. [Cf. OF. ame-
surer, LL. admensurare. See Measure.] 1. To measure.
2. {Law) To determine the proper share of, or the
liroper apportionment of ; as, to admeasure dower ; to
admeasure common of pasture. Blackstone.
Ad-meas'ure-ment (-ment), re. [Cf. OF. amesure-
ment, and E. Measure.] 1. The act or process of ascer-
taining the dimensions of anything ; mensuration ; meas-
urement ; as, the admeasurement of a ship or of a cask.
"Admeasurement by acre." Bacon.
2. The measure of a thing ; dimensions ; size.
3. {Law) Formerly, the adjustment of proportion, or
ascertainment of shares, as of dower or pasture held in
common. This was done by writ of admeasurement,
directed to the sheriff.
Ad-meas'ur-er (-Sr-er), n. One who admeasures.
Ad-men'su-ra'tion (ad-m5n'shu-ra'shiin), re. [LL.
admensuratio ; L. ad -\- mensurare to measure. Sea
Mensuration.] Same as Admeasurement.
Ad-min'i-cle (ad-min'i-k'l), re. [L. adminiculum
support, orig., that on which the hand rests ; ad -f-
manus hand -f- dim. ending -culum.] 1. Help or sup-
port ; an auxiliary. Grate.
2. {Law) Corroborative or explanatory proof.
In Scots law, any writing tending to establish the ex-
istence or terms cf a lost deed. Bell.
Ad'mi-nic'U-lar (ad'mi-nik'ii-ler), a. Supplying help ;
a'axiliary ; corroborative ; explanatory ; as, adminicular
evidence. H. Spencer.
Ad'mi-nic'n-la-ry (-ii-la-ry), a. Adminicular.
Ad-min'is-ter (Sd-mtnls-ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p.
Administered (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Administeeino.]
[OE. aministren, OF. aministrer, F. administrer, fr. L.
administrare ; ad-\- ministrare to serve. See Minister.]
1. To manage or conduct, as public affairs ; to direct
or superintend the execution, application, or conduct of ;
as, to administer the government or the state.
For forms of government let fools contest :
Whate'er is best administered is best.
Popt,
2. To dispense; to serve out; to supply; to execute;
as, to administer relief, to administer the sacrament.
[Let zephyrs] administer their tepid, genial airs. Philips,
Justice was administered with an exactness and purity not
before known. Macaulay.
3. To apply, as medicine or a remedy ; to give, as a
dose or something beneficial or suitable. Extended to a
blow, a reproof, etc.
A noxious drug had been administered to him. JUacautap^
4. To tender, as an oath.
Swear ... to keep the oath that ive administer. Shak.
5. {Law) To settle, as the estate of one who dies
without a wai, or whose will fails of an executor.
Syn. — To manage; conduct; minister; supply; dis-
pense ; give out ; distribute ; furnish.
Ad-mln'is-ter, v. i. l. To contribute ; to bring aid
or supplies ; to conduce ; to minister.
A fountain . . . administers to the pleasure as well as th«
plenty of the place. Spectator.
2. {Law) To perform the office of administrator ; to
act officially; as, A administers upon the estate of B.
Ad-min'is-ter, re. Administrator. [Obs.] Bacon.
Ad-min'is-te'ri-al (-mln'is-te'ri-al), a. Pertaining to
administration, or to the executive part of government.
Ad-mln'is-tra-'ble (ad-min'is-tra-b'l), a. Capable oi
being administered ; as, an administrable law.
Ad-mm'is-trant (-trant), «. [F., p. pr. of administrer.
See Administer.] Executive ; acting ; managing affairs.
— n. One who administers.
Ad-min'is-trate (-trat), v. t. [L. administratus, p. p.
of administrare.] To administer. [R.] Milman.
Ad-min'is-tra'tion (ad-min'is-tra'shun ; 277), n. [OE.'
administracioun, L. adm,inistratio : cf. F. administra-
tion.] 1. The act of administering ; government of pub-
lic affairs ; the service rendered, or duties assumed, in
conducting affairs ; the conducting of any office or em-
ployment ; direction ; management.
His financial administration was of a piece with his militarv
administration. Hacaulai.
2. The executive part of government ; the persons col-
lectively who are Intrusted with the execution of laws
and the superintendence of public affairs ; the chief mag-
istrate and his cabinet or council ; or the council or
ministry, alone, as m Great Britain. '
A mild and popular ddministration. Macaulay.
The administration has been opposed in parUament. Johnson.
3. The act of administering, or tendering something
to another ; dispensation ; as, the administration of a
medicme, of an oath, of justice, or of the sacrament
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, event, find, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, 5bey, 6rb, 6ddj
ADMINISTRATIVE
23
ADOLESCENCY
4. {Law) (n) The management and disposal, under le-
gal authority, of the estate of an intestate, or of a testa-
tor having no competent executor. (6) The management
of an estate of a deceased person by an executor, tlie
strictly corresponding term execution not being in use.
Administration with the will annexed, administration
granted wliere the testator has appointed no e,\ecutor, or
where his apiiointment of an executor for any cause has
failed, as by death, incompetency, refusal to act, etc.
Syii.— Conduct; management; direction; regulation;
execution ; dispens.ation ; distribution.
Ad-min'is-tra'tive (Sd-mTn'Is-tra'ttv), a. [L. admin-
istraiivus; cf. F. adiiiinistratif.'] Pertauiing to adminis-
tration ; administering ; executive ; as, an admiiustratire
body, ability, or energy. — Ad-mln'is-tra'tlve-ljr, adv.
Ad-min'is-tra'tor (Sd-mTn'Is-tra'ter ; 277), n. [L.]
1. One who administers affairs ; one who directs, luan-
ages, executes, or dispenses, whether in civil, judicial,
political, or ecclesiastical affairs ; a manager.
2. (ioic) A man who manages or settles the estate of
an intestate, or of a testator when there is no competent
■executor ; one to whom the right of administration has
been connnitted by competent authority.
Ad-mln'is-tra'tor-siiip, n. The position or office of
an administrator.
.fld-min'ls-tra'trix (-triks), n. [NL.] A woman who
administers ; esp., one who administers tlie estate of au
intestate, or to whom letters of administration have been
granted ; a female administrator.
Ad'mi-ra-bil'i-ty (Sd'mT-ra-btl'i-tJ), n. [L. ndinira-
•bilitas.'} Admirableness. [iJ.] Jolmsmi.
Ad'ml-ra-ble (Sd'mt-riwb'l), a. [L. admirabdis : cf.
F. cidmirable.'} 1. Fitted to excite wonder ; wonderful ;
marvelous. [Ois.]
Ill man there is nothing admirable but his ignorance and
weakness. Jei: Taijhr.
2. Having qualities to excite wonder united with ap-
probation ; deserving the highest praise ; most excellent ;
— used of persons or things. "An admirable machine."
"Admirable fortitude." Macaulay.
Syn. — Wonderful ; marvelous ; surprising ; excellent ;
•delightful ; praiseworthy.
Ad'ml-ra-ble-ness, n. The quality of being admira-
ble ; wonderful excellence.
Ad'mi-ra-bly, adi'. In an admirable manner.
Ad'mi-ral (ad'mi-ral), n. [OE. amiral, adm iral, OF.
amiral, ultimately fr. Ar. amlr-al-bahr commander of
the sea; Ar. amir is commander, al is the Ar. article,
and amlr-al, heard in different titles, was taken as one
word. Early forms of the word show confusion with
Ii. admirabilis admirable, fr. admiran to admire. It
is said to have beeu introduced into Europe by the Gen-
oese or Venetians, in the 12th or 13th century. Cf.
Ameek, Emik.] 1. A naval officer of the highest rank ;
a naval officer of high rank, of which there are different
grades. The chief gi-adations in rank are admiral, vice
■admiral, and }'ear admiral. The admiral is the com-
mander in chief of a fleet or of fleets.
2. The sliip which carries the admiral ; also, the most
considerable ship of a fleet.
Like some mighty ailmirnl, dark and terrible, bearing down
tupnn his aii.,asonist with all his canvas straining to tlie wind,
^nd all his thunders roaring from his broadsides. E. Everett.
3. (Zool.) A handsome butterfly (Pyrameis Atcdanta)
«f Europe and America. The larva feeds on nettles.
Admiral shell (Zool.), the popular name of an orna-
mental cone shell (Conus admiralis).
Lord High Admiral, a great officer of state, who (when
this rare dignity is conferred) is at the head of the naval
administration of Great Britain.
Ad'mi-ral-ship, n. The office or position of an ad-
miral ; also, the naval skill of an admiral.
Ad'mi-ral-ty (-ty), n. ; pi. ADMntALTiES (-ttz). [F.
*miraute, for an older amiralte, office of admiral, fr. LL.
<idmiralitas. See Admibal.] 1. The office or jurisdiction
of an admiral. Prescott.
2. The department or officers having authority over
naval affairs generally.
3. The court wliich has jurisdiction of maritime ques-
tions and offenses.
51^^ In England, admiralty jurisdicticn was formerly
vested m the High Court of Admiralty, which was held
before the Lord High Admiral, or his deputy, styled thei
Judge of the Admiralty ; but admiralty jurisdiction is
now vested m the probate, divorce, and admiralty divi-
sion of the High Com-t of Justice. In America, there are
no admiralty courts distinct from others, but admiralty
jurisdiction is vested in the district courts of the United
btates, subject to revision by the circuit courts and the
bupreme Court of the United States. Admiralty juris-
priidence has cognizance of maritime contracts and torts,
coUisions at sea, cases of prize in war, etc., and in Amer-
ica, admiralty jurisdiction is extended to such matters,
arismg out of the navigation of any of the public waters,
as the Great Lakes and rivers.
4. The system of jurisprudence of admiralty courts.
5. The building ii. which the lords of the admiralty,
m England, transact business.
Ad-mir'ance (ad-mlr'ans), n. [Cf. OF. admirance.']
Admiration. [06s.] Spenser.
Ad'mi-ra'tion (Sd'mi-ra'shun), n. [P., fr. L. admi-
rniio. SeeAnaiEE.] 1. Wonder ; astonishment. [06s.]
Season your admiration, for a while. Shak.
2. Wonder mmgied %vith approbation or delight ; an
emotion excited by a person or thing possessed of won-
derful or liigh excellence ; as, admiration of a beautiful
woman, of a landscape, of virtue.
3. Cause of admiration; something to excite wonder,
or pleased surprise ; a prodigy.
Now, good Lafeu, bring in the admiration. Shak.
Note of admiration, the mark (i), called also exclamation
ptjnt.
SjTi. — Wonder; approval; appreciation; adoration;
reverence ; worship.
Ad-mlr'a-tlve (Sd-mir'i-tTv), a. Relating to or ex-
pressing admiration or wonder. [iJ.] Earle.
Ad-mlre' (Sd-mir'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admired
(-mird') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adiueing (-mlr'Tug).] [F. ad-
mirer, f r. L. admirari ; ad -\- mirari to wonder, for smi-
rarz, akinto Gr. ix.et.Sai/ to smile, Skr. smi, andE. smile.'\
1 To regard with wonder or astonishment ; to view
with surprise ; to marvel at. [Arc/mic^
E.xamples rither to be ailmircd than imitated. Fuller.
2. To regard witli wonder and deliglit ; to look upon
with an elevated feeling of pleasure, as something wliich
calls out approbation, esteem, love, or reverence ; to es-
timate or prize higlUy ; as, to admire a person of high
moral worth, to admire a landscape.
Admired as heroes and as go;ls obeyed. Pope.
<^^ Admire followed by the infiintive is obsolete or
colloquial ; as, I admire to see a man consistent in his
conduct.
Syn. —To esteem ; approve ; delight in.
Ad-mire', v. i. To wonder ; to marvel ; to be affected
with surprise ; — sometimes with at.
To wonder at Pharaoh, and even udiitirc at myself. Fuller.
Ad-mired' (Sd-mird'), a. 1. Regarded with wonder
and delight; highly prized; as, an admired poem.
2. Wonderful; also, admirable. [06s.] ^^ Admired
disorder." "^Irf/iKVcfZ Miranda." Sliak.
Ad-mlr'er (Sd-mir'er), n. One who admires ; one wlio
esteems or loves greatly. Cowper.
Ad-mir'ing, a. Expressing admir.ation ; as, an admir-
ing glance. — Ad-mir'ing-ly, adv. Shak.
Ad-mis'si-bil'i-ty (Sd-mTs'sT-bTl'I-ty), n. [Cf. P. ad-
missibilite.'] The quality of being admissible ; admissi-
bleness ; as, the admissibility of evidence.
Ad-mis'si-ble (Itd-mTs'si-b'l), a. [F. admissible, LL.
admissibilis. See Admit.] Entitled to be admitted, or
worthy of being admitted ; that may be allowed or con-
ceded; allowable; as, the supposition is hardly admis-
sible. — AA-mis'sl-Vle-nesa, n. — Ad-mis'si-bly, adv.
Ad-mis'sion (Sd-mlsh'tin), m. [L. admissio: cf. P.
admission. See Admit.] 1. The act or practice of ad-
mitting.
2. Power or permission to enter ; admittance ; en-
trance ; access ; power to approach.
What numbers groan for sad adriiission there 1 Young.
3. The granting of an argument or position not fully
proved ; the act of acknowledging something asserted ;
acknowledgment ; concession.
The too easy admission of doctrines. Macaulay.
4. (Law) Acquiescence or concurrence in a statement
made by another, and distinguishable from a confession
in that an admission presupposes prior inquiry by another,
but a confession may be made without such inquiry.
5. A fact, point, or statement admitted ; as, admis-
sions made out of court are received in evidence.
6. [Eng. Eccl. Law) Declaration of the bishop that
he approves of the presentee as a fit person to serve the
cure of the church to which he is presented. Shipley.
Syn. — Admittance; concession; acknowledgment;
concurrence ; allowance. See Admittance.
Ad-mis'slve (5d-mis'siv), a. Implying an admission ;
tending to admit. [iJ.] Lamb.
Ad-mls'SO-ry (-so-ry), a. Pertaining to admission.
Ad-mlt' (Sd-mTf), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Admitted; p.
pr. & vb. n. Admitting.] [OE. amitten, L. admittere,
admissum ; ad + mitiere to send : cf . F. admettre, OF.
ameire. See Missile.] 1. To suffer to enter ; to grant
entrance, whether into a place, or into the mind, or con-
sideration ; to receive ; to take ; as, they were admitted
into his house ; to admit a serious thought into the
mind ; to admit evidence in the trial of a cause.
2. To give a right of entrance; as, a ticket admits
one into a playhouse.
3. To allow (one) to enter on an office or to enjoy a
privilege ; to recognize as qualified for a franchise ; as,
to admit an attorney to practice law ; the prisoner was
admitted to bail.
4. To concede as true ; to acknowledge or assent to,
as an allegation which it is impossible to deny ; to own or
confess; as, the argument or fact is admitted; he ad-
mitted his guilt.
5. To be capable of; to allow; to permit; as, the
words do not admit such a construction. In this sense,
of may be used after the verb, or may be omitted.
Both Houses declared that they could admit of no treaty
with the king. Hume.
Ad-mit'ta-ble f-ta-b'l), a. Admissible. Sir T. Browne.
Ad-mit'tance (-tans), n. 1. The act of admittmg.
2. Permission to enter; the power or right of en-
trance ; also, actual entrance ; reception.
To gain admittance into the house. South.
He desires admittance to the king. Drjiden.
To give admittance to a thought of fear. Shak.
3. Concession ; admission ; allowance ; as, the admit-
tance of an argument. [06s.] Sir T. Browne.
4. Admissibility. [06s. & iJ.] Shak.
5. {Eng. Law) The act of giving possession of a copy-
hold estate. Bouvier.
Syn. — Admission ; access ; entrance ; initiation. —
Admittance, Admission. These words are, to some ex-
tent, in a state of transition and change. Admidance is
now chiefly confined to its primary sense of access into
some locality or building. Thus we see on the doors of
factories, shops, etc., "No admittance.''^ Its secondary
or moral sense, as " admittance to the church, "is almost
entirely laid aside. Admission has taken to itself the
secondary or figurative senses ; as, adm i.'.sion to the rights
of citizenship; admission to the church; the admissions
made by one of the parties in a dispute. And even
when used in its primary sense, it is not identical with
admittance. Thus, we speak of admission into a country,
territory, and other lai-ger localities, etc., where admit-
tance could not be used. So, when we speak of admis-
sion to a concert or other public assembly, the meaning
is not perhaps exactly that of admittance, yi^., access
within the walls of the building, but rather a reception
into the audience, or access to the performances. But
the lines of distinction on tliis subject are not deflmitely
drawn.
II Ad'mlt-ta'tur (Sd'mtt-ta'tur), n. [L., let him be
admitted.] Tlie certificate of admission given in some
American colleges.
Ad-mlt'ted(Sd-mTt'tBd), a. Received as true or valid ;
acknowledged. — Ad-mit'ted-ly, adv. Confessedly.
Ad-mit'ter (Sd-mXt'tSr), n. One who admits.
Ad-mix' (ad-miks'), v. t. [Pref . ad- -\- mix : cf . L. ad- i
mixtus, p. p. of admiscere. See Mix.] To mingle with '
something else ; to mix. [J?.]
Ad-mlx'tlon (5d-nuks'chiiu ; 106), n. [L. admixtio.']
A mingling of different things ; admixture. Glanvill.
Ad-miX'ture (ad-mTks'tiSr ; 135), n. [L. admiscere,
admixtum, to admix ; ad -)- miscere to mix. See Mix.]
1. The act of mixing ; mixture. Bay.
2. The compound formed by mixing different sub-
stances together.
3. That which is mixed with anything.
Ad-mon'lsll (ad-mon'Tsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admon-
ished (-Tsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Admonishing.] [OE.
omonesten, OF. amonester, P. admonester, fr. a supposed
LL. admonestare, fr. L. admonere to remind, warn ; ad
+ monere to warn. See Monition.] 1. To warn or no-
tify of a fault ; to reprove gently or kindly, but seriously ;
to exhort. '^Admonish him as a brother." 2 Thess. iii. 15.
2. To counsel against wrong practices ; to caution or
advise ; to warn against danger or an offense ; — followed
by of, against, or a subordinate clause.
Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns. Col, iii. 16.
I warned thee, I admonished thee, foretold
The danger, and the lurking enemy. Milton.
3. To instruct or direct ; to inform ; to notify.
Moses was admonished of God, when he was about to make
the tabernacle. Beh. viii. 5.
Ad-mon'ish-er (-er), n. One who admonishes.
Ad-mon'ish-ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OP. amoneste-
nient, admonestement.'] Admonition, [i?.] Shak.
Ad'mo-ni'tion (Sd'mo-nTsh'iin), n. [OE. amonicioun,
OP. amonilion, F. admonition, fr. L. admonitio, fr. ad-
monere. See Admonish.] Gentle or friendly reproof ;
counseling against a fault or error ; expression of au-
thoritative advice ; friendly caution or warning.
Syn. —Admonition, Reprehension, Reproof. Admo'
nition is prospective, and relates to moral delinquencies ;
its object is to prevent further transgression. Reprelien^
sion and reproof are retrospective, the former being
milder than the latter. A person of any age or station
may be liable to reprehension in case of wrong conduct ;
but reproof is the act of a superior. It is authoritative
fault-finding or censure addressed to cliildren or to infe-
riors.
Ad'mo-ni'tion-er (-er), n. Admonisher. [06s.]
Ad-mon'i-tive (ad-m6n'i-tTv), a. Admonitory. [iJ.]
Barrow. — Ad-mon'i-tive-lv, adv.
Ad-mon'i-tor (-ter), n. [L.] Admonisher ; monitor.
Conscience is at most times a very faithful and prudent ad.
monitor. Shenstone.
Ad-mon'1-tO'ri-al (ad-mSn'i-to'rl-al), a. Admonitory.
[iJ.] "An admonitorial tone." Dickens.
Ad-mon'1-tO-ry (-mon'T-to-ry), a. [LL. admonitorius.']
That conveys admonition ; warning or reproving ; as, an
admonitory glance. — Ad-mon'i-tO-ri-ly (-to-rt-ly), adv.
Ad-mon'1-tris (-trIks), n. [L.] A female admonitor.
Ad-mor'ti-za'tion (5d-m8r'tT-za'shiin), n. [LL. ad-
mortizatio. Cf. Amortization.] {Law) The reducing of
lands or tenements to mortmain. See Mortmain.
Ad-move' (Sd-moov'), v. t. [L. admovere. See Move.]
To move or conduct to or toward. [06s.] Sir T.Browne.
Ad-nas'cent (5d-nas'sent), a. [L. adnascens, p. pr.
of adnasci to grow to or on ; ad-\- nasci to be born,
grow.] Growing to or on something else. "An atZnas-
cent plant." Evelyn.
Ad'nate (Sd'nat), a. [L. adnatus, p. p. of adnasci.
See Adnascent, and cf. Agnate.] 1. {Physiol.) Grown
to congenitally.
2. {Bot.) Growing together; — said only of organic
cohesion of unlike parts.
An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the
filament. Gray.
3. {Zool.) Growing with one side adherent to a stem ;
— a term applied to the lateral zooids of corals and other
compound animals.
Ad-na'tion (ad-na'shun), n. {Bot.) The adhesion or
cohesion of different floral verticils or sets of organs.
Ad-nom'i-nal (-nom'i-nal) ,a. [h.ad-\- nomen noun. 1
{Gram.) Pertaining to an adnoun ; adjectival ; attached
to a noun. Gibbs. — Ad-nom'i-nal-ly, adv.
Ad'nouil' (ad'noun'), »i. [Piei. ad--\-noun.'] {Gram.)
An adjective, or attribute. [jK.] Coleridge.
Ad-nu'bi-la'ted (Sd-nu'bT-la't5d), a. [L. adnnbilatus,
p. -p. of adnubilare.2 Clouded; obscured, [i?.]
A-dO' (a-doo'), (1) V. inf., (2) n. [OE. at do, northern
form for to do. Cf. Afpalr.] 1. To do ; in doing ; as,
there is nothing ado. "What is here ado f " J. Aewton.
2. Doing ; trouble ; difficulty ; troublesome business :
fuss ; bustle ; as, to make a great ado about trifles.
With much ado, he partly kept awake. Bryden. ♦
Let 'a follow to see the end of this ado. Shak.
II A-do'be (4-do'ba), B. [Sp.j An unbumt brick dried
in the sun ; also used as an adjective, as, an adobe house,
in Texas or New Mexico.
Ad'0-les'cence (ad'o-lSs'sens), n. [P., fr. L. adoles,^
centia."] The state of growing up from childhood to man* '
hood or womanhood ; youth, or the period of life between
puberty and maturity, generally considered to be, in the
male sex, from fourteen to twenty-five years of age, and,
in the female sex, from twelve to twenty-one. Sometimes
used with reference to the lower aninuils.
Ad'O-les'cen-cy (-ISs'sen-sj?), n. The quality of being
adolescent ; youtlif ulness.
Sse, Snite, r^ide, full, Up, -Qm ; pity ; food, fctbt ; out, uU ; cliair ; go ; sing, iQk ; then, tliin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
ADOLESCENT
24
ADULTERY
Ad'O-les'cent (Sd'o-lSs'sent), a. [L. adolescens, p. pr.
of adolescere to grow up to ; ad -{- the inchoative oles-
cere to grow : cf. F. adolescent. See Adult.] Growing ;
advancing from childliood to maturity.
Schools, unless discipline were doubly strong,
Detain tlieir adolescent charge too long. Cowper,
Ad'0-les'cent, n. A youth.
Ad'o-ne'an (-ne'an), a. [L. Adoneus.'] Pertaining to
Adonis; Adonic. "Fair ^rfonean Venus." Faber.
A-don'lc (a-d5n'ik), a. [F. adonique : cf. L. Adonius.}
Relatmg to Adonis, famed for his beauty. — 71. An
Adonic verse.
Adonic verse, a verse consisting of a dactyl and spondee
(-o„|--).
II A-do'nis (a-do'nis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'ASiufis.] 1. (Gr.
Myth.) A youth beloved by Venus for his beauty. He
was killed in the chase by a wild boar.
2. A preeminently beautiful young man ; a dandy.
3. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the family Ranuncu-
lacese, containing the pheasant's eye {Adonis autumna-
lis); — named from Adonis, whose blood was fabled to
have stained the flower.
A-dO'nlst (a-do'nlst), n. [Heb. Sdonai my Lords.]
One who maintains that the points of the Hebrew word
translated " Jehovah " are really the vowel points of the
word " Adonai." See Jehovist.
Ad'o-nlze (Sd'o-niz), v. i. [Cf. F. adoniser, fr. Ado-
nw.] To beautify ; tc dandify.
I employed three good hours at least in adjusting and ado-
nizlng myself. Smollett.
A-dOOr' (a-dor'), )adv. At the door; of the door;
A-dOOrs'(a-dorz'), j as, out adoors. Shah.
I took him in adoors. Vicar^s Virgil (16-30).
A-dopt' (4-dSpt'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Adopted ; p. pr.
&vb.n. Adopting. ] [L. adoptare ; ad -f- optare to choose,
desire : cf. F. adopter. See Option.] 1. To take by choice
Into a relationslup, as, cliild, heir, friend, citizen, etc. ;
esp. to take volimtarily (a child of other parents) to be
in the place of, or as, one's own child.
2. To take or receive as one's own what is not so nat-
urally; to select and take or approve; as, to adopt the
view or policy of another ; tlxese resolutions were adopted.
A-dopt'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being adopted.
A-dopt'ed (a-d5pt'Sd), a. Taken by adoption ; taken
up as one's own ; as, an adopted son, citizen, country,
word. — A-dopt'ed-ly, adv.
A-dopt'er (a-dSpfer), n. 1. One who adopts.
2. (Cfiem.) A receiver, with two necks, opposite to
each other, one of which admits the neck of a retort, and
the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in dis-
tillations, to give more space to elastic vapors, to increase
the length of the neck of a retort, or to unite two vessels
whose opeiungs have different diameters. [Written also
adapter.^
A-dop'Uon (a-dop'shiin), n. [L. adopiio, allied to
adoptare to adopt: cf. F. adoption.'] 1. The act of
adopting, or state of being adopted ; voluntary accept-
ance of a child of other parents to be the same as one's
own child.
2. Admission to a more intimate relation ; reception ;
as, the adoption of persons into hospitals or monasteries,
or of one society into another.
3. The choosing and making that to be one's own
which originally was not so ; acceptance ; as, the adop-
tion of opinions. Jer. Taylor.
A-dop'tlon-ist, n. {Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect which
maintained that Christ was the Son of God not by nature
but by adoption.
A-dop'tlous (-shus), a. Adopted. [Ofo.] Shale.
A-dopt'lve (a-d5pt'iv), a. [L. adoptivu's: cf. F. adop-
tif.] Pertaining to adoption ; made or acquired by adop-
tion ; fitted to adopt ; as, an adoptive father, an adoptive
child ; an adoptive language. — A-dopt'lve-ly, adv.
A-dor'a-bil'i-ty (a-dor'a-bTl'i-ty), n. Adorableness.
A-dor'a-ble (ar-dor'a-b'l), a. [L. adorabilis, fr. ado-
rare: cf. F. adorable.] 1. Deserving to be adored; wor-
thy of divine honors.
The adorable Author of Christianity. Cheyjie.
2. Worthy of the utmost love or respect.
A-dor'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being adorable,
or worthy of adoration. Johnson.
A-dor'a-bly, adv. In an adorable manner.
Ad'0-ra'tlon (Sd'S-ra'shiin), n. [L. adoralio, fr. ado-
rare: cf. F. adoration] 1. The act of paying honor to
a divine being ; the worship paid to God ; the act of ad-
dressing as a god.
The more immediate objects of popular adoration amongst
the heathens were deified human beings. Farmer.
2. Homage paid to one in high esteem ; profound ven-
eration ; intense regard and love ; fervent devotion.
3. A method of electing a pope by the expression of
homage from two thirds of the conclave.
[Pole] might have been chosen on the spot by adoration.
Froude.
A-dore' (a-dor'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Adored (S^dord') ;
p. pr. & vh. n. Adorino (a-dor'ing).] [OE. aouren,
aneuren, adoren, OF. aorer, adorer, F. adorer, fr. L.
adorare ; ad + orare to speak, pray, os, oris, mouth. In
OE. confused with honor, the French prefix a- being
confused with OE. a, an, on. See Okai..] 1. To wor-
ship with profound reverence ; to pay divine honors to ;
to honor as a deity or as divine.
,♦ Bishops and priests, . . . bearing the host, which he [James
n.] publicly adored. Smollett.
2. To love in the highest degree : to regard with the
utmost esteem and afiection ; to idolize.
The great mass of the population abhorred Popery and adored
Monmouth. Macaulay.
A-dore', V. t. To adorn. [Obs.]
Congealed little drops which do the mom adtyre. Spenser.
A-dore'ment (-ment), n. The act of adoring ; adora-
tion. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
A-dor'er (4-dor'er), n. One who adores ; a worshiper ;
one who admires or loves greatly; an ardent admirer.
" An adorer of truth." Clarendon.
I profess myself her adorer, not her friend. Shak.
A-dor'lng-ly, adv. With adoration.
A-dorn' (a-dSm'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adorned
(a-domd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adokning.] [OE. aournen,
anournen, adomen, OF. aorner, f r. L. adomare ; ad +
ornare to furnish, embellish. See Adore, Ornate.] To
deck or dress with ornaments ; to embellish ; to set off
to advantage ; to render pleasing or attractive.
As a bride adometh herself with her jewels. Isa. Ixi. 10.
At church, with meek and unaffected grace,
His looks adorned the venerable place. Goldsmith.
Syn. — To deck ; decorate ; embellish ; ornament ;
beautify ; grace ; garnish ; dignify ; exalt ; honor. — To
Adorn, Ornament, Decorate, Embellish. We decorate
and ornament by puttmg on some adjunct which is at-
tractive or beautiful, and which serves to heighten the
general effect. Thus, a lady's head-dress may be orna-
mented or decorated vrith flowers or jewelry ; a hall may
be decorated or ornamented with carving or gilding, %vith
wreaths of flowers, or with hangings. Ornaineiit is used
in a wider sense than decorate. To embellish is to beau-
tify or ornament richly, not so much by mere additions or
details as by modifying the thing itself as a whole. It
sometimes means gaudy and artificial decoration. We em-
be!lis/ia book with rich engravings ; a style is embellished
with rich and beautiful imagery ; a shopkeeper embellishes
his front window to attract attention. Adorn is some-
times identical with decorate, as when we say, a lady was
adorned with jewels. In other cases, it seems to imply
something more. Thus, we speak of a gallery of paint-
ings as adorned with the works of some of the great mas-
ters, or adorned with noble statuary and columns. Here
decorated and ornamented would hardly be appropriate.
There is a value in these works of genius beyond mere
show mid ornament. Adorn may be used of what is
purely moral ; as, a character adorned with every Chris-
tian grace. Here neither decorate, nor ornament, nor
embellish is proper.
A-dorn', n. Adornment. [OJs.] Spenser.
A-dorn', a. Adorned ; decorated. [Obs.] Milton.
Ad'or-na'tlon (Sd'Sr-na'shun), n. Adornment. [Obs.]
A-dorn'er (a-dSrn'er), n. He who, or that which,
adorns ; a beautifier.
A-dorn'ing-ly. adv. By adorning ; decoratively.
A-dorn'ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. adomement. See
Adorn.] An adornfng ; an ornament ; a decoration.
Ad-OS'CU-la'tlon (5d-5s'ku-la'shiln), n. [L- odoscu-
lari, adosculatum, to kiss. See Osculate.] (Biol.) Im-
pregnation by external contact, without intromission.
A-dOwn' (a-doun'), adv. [OE. adiin, adoun, adune.
AS. of dune off the hill. See Down.] From a higher to a
lower situation ; downward ; down, to or on the ground.
[Archaic] "Thrice did she sink arfoit-K." Spenser.
A-dOwn', prep. Down. [Archaic & Poetic]
Her hair adotun her shoulders loosely lay displayed. Prior.
Ad-press' (Sd-prSs'), v. t. [L. adpressus, p. p. of ad-
primere.] See Appeessed. — Ad-pressed' (-prSsf), a.
A-drad' (a-drSd'), p. a. [P. p. of adread.] Put in
dread; afraid. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Ad'ra-gant (Sd'ra-gSnt), n. [¥., a corruption of trag-
acanth.] Gum tragacanth. Brande <& C.
A-dread' (a-drSd'), v. t. & i. [AS. andrsedan, on-
drsedan ; pref . a- (for and against) -)- drseden to dread.
See Dread.] To dread. [Obs.] Sir F. Sidney.
A-dreamed' (a-dremd'), p. p. Visited by a dream ; —
used in the phrase. To be adreamed, to dream. [Obs.]
Ad-re'nal (3d-re'nal), a. [7xei. ad- -\- renal.] (Anal.)
Suprarenal.
A'dri-an (I'drl-an), a. [L. Hadrianus.] Pertaining to
the Adriatic Sea ; as, Adrian billows.
A'drl-at'ic (a'diT-at'Ik or Sd'ri-), a. [L. Adriaticus,
Hadriaticus, fr. Adria or Hadria, a town of the Veneti.]
Of or pertaining to a sea so named, the northwestern
part of which is known as the Gulf of Venice.
A-drift' (a-drlff), adv. & a. [Pref. a- (for on) -f
drift.] Floating at random ; in a drifting condition ; at
the mercy of wind and waves. Also fig.
So on the sea she shall be set adrift. Dryden.
Were from their daily labor turned adrift. Wordsworth.
A-drlp' (a-drip'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- in -f- drip.] In
a dripping state ; as, leaves all adrip. D. G. Mitchell.
Ad'ro-gate (5d'ro-gat), v. t. [See Arrogate.] (Rom.
Law) To adopt (a person who is his own master).
Ad'ro-ga'tlon (Jd'ro-ga'shiin), n. [L. adrogatio, ar-
rogatio, fr. adrogare. See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) A
kind of adoption in ancient Rome. See Areogation.
A-droit' (a-droif), a. [F. adroit; a, (L. ad) + droit
straight, right, fr. L. directus, p. p. of dirigere. See Di-
rect.] Dexterous in the use of the hands or in the exer-
cise of the mental faculties ; exhibiting skill and readi-
ness in avoiding danger or escaping difficulty ; ready in
invention or execution ; — applied to persons and to acts ;
as, an adroit mechanic, an adroit reply. "Adroit in the
application of the telescope and quadrant." Horsley.
"He was adroit in intrigue." Macaulay.
Syn. — Dexterous; skillful; expert; ready; clever;
deft ; ingenious ; cunning ; ready-witted.
A-droit1y, adv. In an adroit maimer.
A-droit'ness, n. The quality of being adroit ; skiU and
readiness; dexterity.
Adroitness was as requisite as courage. Motley.
Syn. — See Skill.
A-dry' (a-dri'), a. [Pref. a- (for on) -f- dry.] In a
dry or thirsty condition. "A man that is adry." Burton.
Ad'sci-U'tious (ad'sT-tish'us), a. [L. adscitus, p. p.
of adsciscere, asdscere, to take knowingly ; ad + scis-
cere to seek to know, approve, scire to know.] Supple-
mental; additional; adventitious; aseititious. '^Adsci-
iitious evidence." Bowring. — Ad'sci-ti'tious-ly, adi).
Ad'script (Sd'skrTpt), a. [L. adscriptus, p. p. of ad-
scribere to enroll. See Ascribe.] Held to service as at-
tached to the soil ; — said of feudal serfs.
Ad'script (Sd'skript), n. One held to service as at
tached to the glebe or estate ; a feudal serf. Bancroft.
Ad-scrip'tive (5d-skrTp'tiv), a. [L. adscriptivus.
See Adscript.] Attached or annexed to the glebe or es-
tate and transferable with it. Brougham.
Ad-sig'nl-fi-ca'tlon (ad-sTg'ni-fi-ka'shiin), n. Addi-
tional signification. [R.] Tooke.
Ad-sig'ni-fy (Sd-sTg'ni-fi), v. t. [L. adsignifcare
to show.] To denote additionally. [R.] Tooke.
Ad-strict' (ad-strTkf), V. t. — Ad-stric'tlon (Sd-strlk'-
shiin), n. See Astrict, and Astriction.
Ad-Strlc'tO-ry (ad-strTk't6-ry), a. See Astrictory.
Ad-Strin'gent (5d-strTn'jent), o. See Astringent.
II Ad'U-la'ri-a (Sd'ia-la'ri-a), n. [FroraAdula, a moun-
tain peak in Svritzerlaud, where fine specimens are found. J
(Min. ) A transparent or translucent variety of common
feldspar, or orthoclase, which often shows pearly opales-
cent reflections ; — called by lapidaries moonstone.
Ad'u-late (Sd'ii-lat), v. t. [L. adulatus, p. p. of adu-
lari.] To flatter in a servile way. Byron.
Ad'U-la'tlon (5d'u-la'shun), n. [F. adulation, fr. L.
adulatio, fr. adulari, adulatiim, to flatter.] Servile flat-
tery ; praise in excess, or beyond what is merited.
Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out
With titles blown from adulation ? Shak.
Syn, — Sycophancy ; cringing ; fawning ; obsequious-
ness ; blandishment. — Adulation, Flattery, Compli-
ment. Men deal in compliments from a desire to please ;
they Vise flattery either from undue admiration, or a wish
to gratify vanity ; they practice adulation from sordid
motives, and with a mingled spirit of falsehood and hy-
pocrisy. Compliment may be a sincere expression of due
respect and esteem, or it may be unmeaning ; flattery i»
apt to become gross ; adulation is always servile, and
usually fulsome.
Ad'U-la'tor (Sd'ii-la'ter), n. [L., fr. adulari: cf. F.
adulateur.] A servile or liTOOcritical flatterer. Carlyle.
Ad'U-la-tO-ry (5d'ii-ia-to-ry), a. [L. adidatorius, fr.
adulari : cf. OF. adulatoire.] Containing excessive
praise or compliment ; servilely praising ; flattering ; as,
an adulatory address.
A mere rant of adulatory freedom. Burke.
Ad'U-la'tress (ad'ii-la'trSs), n. A woman who flat-
ters with servility.
A-dult' (a-dulf), a. [L. adultus, p. p. of adolescere,
akin to alere to nourish : cf . F. adulie. See Adolescent,
Old.] Having arrived at maturity, or to full size and
strength ; matured ; as, an adult person or plant ; an
adult ape ; an adult age.
A-dult', n. A person, animal, or plant grown to full
size and strength ; one who has reached maturity.
11^°' In the common law, the term is applied to a per-
son who has attained full age or legal ma3ority ; in the
civil law, to males after the age of fourteen, and to fe-
males after twelve. Bouvier. Burrill.
A-dul'ter (a-dul'ter), v. i. [L. adulterare.] To com-
mit adultery ; to pollute. [Obs.] B.Jonson.
A-dUl'ter-ant (-ont), n. [L. adulterans, p. pr. of adut-
terare.] That which is used to adulterate anything. -^
a. Adulterating ; as, adulterant agents and processes.
A-dul'ter-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adulterated
(-a'tgd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adulterating (-a'tlng).] [L.
adulteratus, p. p. of adulterare, fr. adulter adulterer,
prob. fr. ad -f alter other, properly one who approaches
another on account of unlawful love. Cf. Advoutky.]
1. To defile by adultery. [Obs.] Milton.
2. To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admix-
ture of a foreign or a baser substance ; as, to adulterate
food, drink, drugs, coin, etc.
The present war has . . . adulterated our tongue with
strange words. Spectator.
Syn. — To corrupt; defile; debase; contaminate; vi-
tiate ; sophisticate.
A-dul'ter-ate, v. i. To commit adultery. [Obs.l
A-dul'ter-ate (-at), a. 1. Tainted with adultery.
2. Debased by the admixture of a foreign substance ;
adulterated ; spurious.
— A-dul'ter-ate-ly, a<fw. — A-dul'ter-ate-ness, re.
A-dul'ter-a'Uon (a-diil'ter-a'shun), n. [L. aduUera-
tio.] 1. The act of adulterating ; corruption, or debase-
ment (esp. of food or drink) by foreign mixture.
The shameless adulteration of the coin. Prescott.
2. An adulterated state or product.
A-dul'ter-a'tOr (a^iil'ter-a'ter), re. [L.] One who
adulterates or corrupts. [R.] Cudwortk.
A-dUl'ter-er (-er), «. [Formed fr. the verb adulter,
with the E. ending -er. See Advouther.] 1. A man who
commits adultery ; a married man who has sexual inter-
course with a woman not liis wife.
2. (Script.) A man who violates his religious cov-
enant, jg.^ jx 2
A-dul'ter-ess (-gs), re. [Fem. from L. adulter. cC
Advoutress.] 1, A woman who commits adultery.
2. (Script.) A woman who violates her religious en-
gagements. James iv. 4
A-dul'ter-ine (-Tn or -in ; 277), a. [L. adulterinus,.
fr. adulter.] Proceedmg from adulterous intercourse.
Hence : Spurious ; without the support of law ; illegal.
When any particular class of artificers or traders thought
proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such were-
called adulterine guilds. 2dam SmuZ
A-duI'ter-lue, re. An illegitimate child. [R.]
A-dul'ter-ize (-iz),i). t". To commit adultery. Milton
A-dUl'ter-ons (-us), a. 1. Guilty of, or given to, adul-
tery ; pertaining to adultery ; illicit. Dryden
2. Characterized by adulteration; spurious. "Aii
adulterous mixture." [Obs.] Smollett
A-dul'ter-OUS-ly, adv. In an adulterous manner
A-dul'ter-y (a-diil'ter-y), n. ; pi. Adulteries (-Tz).
[L. adultenum. See Advoutry.] 1. The unfaitlifulness.
of a married person to the marriage bed ; sexual inter-
course by a married man with another than his wife or
voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman Witb
another than her husband.
51e, senate, c4re, am, arm, ast, final, ^\1; eve, event, find, fem, recent i Ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, oddj
ADULTNESS
25
ADVERSARY
H^" It is adultery on the part of the married wrong-
doer. The word has also been used to characterize the
act of an unmarried participator, the other being mar-
ried. In the United States tlie deiiuition varies with the
local statutes. Uulawful intercourse between two mar-
ried persons is sometimes called double adul/erj/ ; be-
tween a married and an unmarried person, single adul-
tery.
2. Adulteration ; corruption. [06«.] S. Jonson.
3. (Script.) (a) Lewdness or unchastity of thouglit
as well as act, as forbidden by the seventh command-
ment. (6) Faithlessness iu religion. Jer. iii. 9.
4. (Old Law) The fine and penalty imposed for the
offense of adultery.
5. (Eccl.) The intrusion of a person into a bishopric
during the life of the bishop.
6. Injury; degradation; ruin. \_Obs.']
You might wrest the caduceus out of my hand to the adul-
tery nnd spoil of nature. B. Jonson.
A-dolt'ness (4-dult'nSs), n. The state of being adult.
Ad-U]n1)rant (Sd-Sm'brnnt), a. [L. adumbrans, p. pr.
of adumbrare.'] Giving a faint shadow, or slight resem-
blance ; shadowing forth.
Ad-UIIl1)rate (-brat), v. t. [L. adumbratus, p. p. of
adumbrare; ad -{- umbrnre to shade; umbra shadow.]
1. To give a faint shadow or slight representation of ;
to outline ; to shadow forth.
Both in the vastness and the richness of the visible universe
the invisible God is adicmbraled. 1. Taylor.
2. To overshadow ; to sliade.
AlI'Uin-l)ra'tiOll (Sd'Cim-bra'shiSn), re. [L. adumbra-
tio.l 1. The act of adumbrating, or shadowing forth.
2. A faint sketch ; an outline ; an imperfect portrayal
or representation of a thing.
Elegant adumbrations of sacred truth. Jip. Uorsleij.
3. (Hei.) The shadow or outlines of a figure.
Ad-umtira-tlve (Sd-iim'br4-tTv), o. Faintly repre-
senting; typical. Carlyle.
Ad'n-na'tlon (Sd'ii-na'shQn), n, [L. adunaiio ; ad -j-
umis one."] A uniting; imion. Jer. Taylor.
A-dnnc', A-dunque' (a-dtink'), a. (Zool.) Hooked;
as, a parrot has an adtinc bill.
A-dun'ol-ty (a-dun'si-ty), n. [L. aduncitas. See
Aduncoos.] Curvature inwards ; hookedness.
The ailuncily of the beaks of hawks. Fope.
A-dun'COOS (a-dHn'kiis), a. [L. aduncus; ad -j- wn-
C!M hooked, hook.] Curved inwards; hooked.
A-dore' (a-dur'), V. i. [L. adurere; ad + urere to
bum.] To burn up. [06s.] Bacon.
A-dost' (a-diSsf), a. [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere : cf .
F. adaste.2 1. Inflamed or scorched ; fiery. "The Lib-
yan air adust." Milton.
2. Looking as if burnt or scorched ; sunburnt.
A tall, thin man, of an adust complexion. Sir W, Scott.
3. (3Ied.) Having much heat in the constitution and
little serum in the blood. [06s.] Hence : Atrabilious ;
sallow; gloomy,
A-dnst'ed, a. Burnt ; adust. [06s.] Sou-ell.
A-dast'i-ble (-T-b'l), a. That may be burnt. [06s.]
A-dus'tlon (a-diSs'chun ; WG),n. [L. adustio, fr. adu-
rere, adustum : cf . F. adustion.^ X. The act of burning, or
heating to dryness; the state of being thus heated or
dried. [06s. or JJ.] Harvey.
2. (Surg.) Cauterization. Buchanan.
II Ad Ta-lo'rem (Sd va-lo'rem). [L., according to the
value.] (Com.) A term used to denote a duty or charge
laid upon goods, at a certain rate per cent upon their
value, as stated in their invoice, — in opposition to a spe-
cific sum upon a given quantity or number; as, an ad
valorem duty of twenty per cent.
Ad-vance' (Sd-vans'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Advanced
(-vansf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advancing (-van'sing).] [OE.
avancen, avauncen, P. avancer, fr. a supposed LL. abaii-
tiare; ab -\- ante (F. avant) before. The spelling with d
was a mistake, a- being supposed to be fr. L. ad. See
Avaunt.] 1. To bring forward ; to move towards the
van or front ; to make to go on.
2. To raise ; to elevate. [Archaic']
They . . . advanced their eyeUds. Shak.
3. To raise to a higher raiik ; to promote.
Ahasuerus . . . aduanced him^ and set his seat above all the
princes. Esther iii. 1.
4. To accelerate the growth or progress of ; to further ;
to forward ; to help on ; to aid ; to heighten ; as, to ad-
vance the ripening of fruit ; to advance one's interests.
5. To bring to view or notice ; to offer or jwopose ; to
show ; as, to advance an argument.
Some ne'er advance a judgment of their own. Pope.
6. To make earlier, as an event or date ; to hasten.
7. To furnish, as money or other value, before it be-
comes due, or in aid of an enterprise ; to supply before-
hand ; as, a merchant advances money on a contract or
on goods consigned to him.
8. To raise to a higher point ; to enhance ; to raise in
rate ; as, to advance the price of goods.
9. To extol; to laud. [06s.]
Greatly advancing his gay chivalry. Spenser.
Syn. — To raise; elevate; exalt; aggrandize; im-
prove ; heighten ; accelerate ; allege ; adduce ; assign.
Ad-vance', v. i. 1. To move or go forward; to pro-
ceed ; as, he advanced to greet me.
2. To increase or make progress in any respect ; as, to
advance in knowledge, in stature, in years, in price.
3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence ; to be pre-
ferred or promoted.
Advanced to a level with ancient peers. Prescott.
Ad-vance', n. [Cf. F. avance, fr. avancer. See Ad-
vance, t).] 1. The act of advancing or moving forward
or upward ; progress.
2. Improvement or progression, physically, mentally,
morally, or socially ; as, an advance in health, knowledge,
or religion; an advance in rank or office.
3. An addition to the price ; rise in price or value ; as,
an advance on the prime cost of goods.
4. The first step towards the attainment of a result ;
approach made to gain favor, to form an acquaintauce,
to adjust a difference, etc. ; an overture; a tender; an
offer ; — usually in the plural.
'He] made the Uke advances to the dissenters. Swift.
5. A furnishing of something before an equivalent is
received (as money or goods), towards a capital or stock,
or on loan ; payment beforehand ; the money or goods
thus f ui-nished ; money or value supplied beforehand.
I sliall, with pleasure, make the necessary advances. Jay.
The account was made up witii intent to show what advances
had been made. Kent.
In advance, (o) In front ; before, (ft) Beforehand ; be-
fore an equivalent is received, (c) In the state of having
advanced money on accoimt ; as, A is in advance to B a
thousand dollars or pounds.
Ad-vance' (ild-vans'), a. Before in place, or before-
hand in time; — used ior advanced; as, an advance guard,
or that before the main guard or body of an army ; ad-
vance payment, or that made before it is due ; advance
proofs, advance sheets, pages of a forthcoming volume,
received in advance of the time of publication.
Ad-vanced' (Sd-vansf), a. 1. In the van or front.
2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or
ideas ; as, advanced opinions, advanced thinkers.
3. Fiir on in life or time.
A gentleman advanced in years, with a hard experience
written in his wrinkles. llanthonte.
Advanced giiard, a detachment of troops which precedes
the march of the main body.
Ad-vance'ment (5d-vans'ment), ?j. [OE. avance-
ment, F. avancement. See Advance, v. t."] 1. The act of
advancing, or the state of being advanced ; progression ;
improvement ; furtherance ; promotion to a higher place
or dignity ; as, the atlvancement of learning.
In heaven . . . every one (so well they love each other) re-
joiceth and hath his part in each other's advancement.
Sir T. More.
True religion . . . proposes for its end the joint advancement
of the virtue and happiness of the people. Horsley.
2. An advance of money or value; payment in ad-
vance. See Advance, 5.
3. (Laii}) Property given, usually by a parent to a
child, in advance of a future distribution.
4. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. [06s.] Bacon.
Ad-van'cer (Sd-van'ser), n. 1. One who advances;
a promoter.
2. A second branch of a buck's antler. Howell.
Ad-van'cive (-slv), a. Tending to advance. [i?.]
Ad-van'tage (-tSj ; 61, 48), ». [OE. avantage, avaun-
tage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See Advance, and cf.
Vantage.] 1. Any condition, circumstance, opportu-
nity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to
any desired end ; benefit ; as, the enemy had the advan-
tage of a more elevated position.
Give me advantage of some brief discourse. Shak.
The advantages of a close alliance. Macaulay.
2. Superiority ; mastery ; — with of or over.
Lest Satan should get an advantage of us. 2 Cor. ii. 11.
3. Superiority of state, or that wliich gives It ; benefit ;
gain ; profit ; as, the advantage of a good constitution.
4. Interest of money ; increase ; overplus (as the thir-
teenth in the baker's dozen). [06s.]
And with advantage means to pay thy love. Shak.
Advantage grotmd, vantage ground. [iJ.] Clarendon.
— To have the advantage of (any one), to have a personal
knowledge of one who does not have a reciprocal knowl-
edge. " You have the advantage of me ; I don't remem-
ber ever to have had the honor." Sheridan. — To take
advantage of, to profit by ; (often used in a bad sense) to
overreach, to outwit.
Syn. — Advantage, Advantageous, Benefit, Bene-
ficial. We speak of a thing as a benefit, or as beneficial,
when it is simply productive of good ; as, the benefits of
early discipline ; the beneficial effects of adversity. We
speak of a thing as an advantage, or as advantageous,
when it affords us the means of getting forward, and
places us on a "vantage ground" for further effort.
Hence, there is a difference between the benefits and the
advantages of early education ; between a beneficial and
an advantageous investment of money.
Ad-van'tage, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Advantaged (-tajd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging (-ta-jing).] [F. avaniager,
fr. avantage. See Advance.] To give an advantage to ;
to further ; to promote ; to benefit ; to profit.
The truth is, the archbishop's own stiffness and averseness
to crf^mply witli the court designs, advantaged his adversaries
against him. Puller.
What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and
lose himself, or be cast away ? Luke ix. 25.
To advantage one's self of, to avail one's self of. [06s.]
Ad-van'tage-a-ble (-3^b'l), a. Advantageous. [06s.]
Ad'van-ta'geous (ad'van-ta'jQs), a. [F. avantageux,
fr. avantage.'] Being of advantage ; conferring advan-
tage ; gainful ; profitable ; useful ; beneficial ; as, an ad-
vantageous position ; trade is advantageous to a nation.
Advantageous comparison with any other country. Prescoit.
You see ... of what use a good reputation is, and how swift
and advantageous a harbinger it is, wherever one goes.
Chesterfield.
Ad'van-ta'geous-ly, adv. Profitably ; with advantage.
Ad'van-ta'geous-ness, n. Profitableness.
Ad-vene' (ad-ven'), ii. i. [L. advenire; ad -]- venire
to come : cf. F. avenir, advenir. See Come.] To accede,
or come (to) ; to be added to something or become a part
of it, though not essential. \_R.]
Where no act of the will advenes as a coefficient. Coleiidge.
Ad-ven'ient (Sd-ven'yent), a. [L. adveniens, p. pr.]
Coming from outward causes ; superadded. [06s.]
Ad'vent (ad'vent), n. [L. adventus, fr. advenire, ad-
ventum: cf. F. avent. See Advene.] 1. (Eccl.) The
period including the four Sundays before Christmas.
Advent Sunday (Eccl.), the first Sunday in the season
of Advent, being always the nearest Sunday to the feast
of St. Andrew (Nov. 30). Sliipley,
2. The first or the expected second coming of Christ.
3. Coming ; any important arrival ; approach.
Death's dreadful advent. Young.
Expecting still his advent home. Tennyson.
Ad'vent-ist (5d'vSnt-ist), n. One of a religious body,
embracing several branches, who look for the proximate
personal coming of Christ; — called also Second Advent-
ists. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.
Ad'ven-U'tlous (itd'vgn-tTsh'tis), a. [L. adventitius.]
1. Added extrinsically ; not essentially inherent; acci-
dental or casual ; additional; supervenient; foreign.
To things of great dimensions, if we annex an adventitious
idea of terror, they become without comparison greater. Burke.
2. (Nat. Hist.) Out of the proper or usual place; as,
adventitious buds or roots. Gray.
3. (Bot.) Accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a
country or district ; not fully naturalized ; adventive ; —
applied to foreign plants.
4. (Med. ) Acquired, as diseases ; accidental.
— Ad'ven-tl'tious-ly, aciii. — Ad'ven-tl'tious-nesB, a.
Ad-ven'tive (ad-v6n'tiv), a. 1. Accidental.
2. (Bot.) Adventitious. Gray.
Ad-ven'tive, n. A thing or person coming from with-
out ; an immigrant. [iJ.] Bacon.
Ad-ven'tU-al (Sd-vSn'tii-al ; 135), a. Relating to the
season of advent. Sanderson.
Ad-ven'ture (5d-v6n'tiSr ; 135), n. [OE. aventure, aun-
ter, anter, F. aventure, fr. LL. adventura, fr. L. advenire,
adventum, to arrive, which in the Romance languages
took the sense of "to happen, befall." See Advene.]
1. That which happens without design ; chance ; haz-
ard ; hap ; hence, chance of danger or loss.
Nay, a far less good to man it will be found, if she must, at
all adventures, be fastened upon him individually. Milton,
2. Risk; danger; peril. [06s.]
He was in great adventure of his life. Bemers,
3. The encountering of risks ; hazardous and striking
enterprise ; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to
be encountered, and the issue is staked upon unforeseen
events ; a daring feat.
He loved excitement and adventure. Macaulay,
4. A remarkable occurrence ; a striking event ; a stir-
ring incident ; as, the adventures of one's life. Bacon,
5. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard ; a
venture ; a shipment by a merchant on his own account.
A bill of adventure (Com.), a writing setting forth that
the goods shipped are at the owner's risk.
Syn. — Undertaking; enterprise; venture; event.
Ad-ven'ture, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Adventured (-tiSrd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Adventoeing (-tiir-ing).] [OE. aven-
turen, auntren, F. avenlurer, fr. aventure. See Adven-
TUEE, n.] 1. To risk, or hazard ; to jeopard ; to venture.
He would not adventure himself into the theater. Acts xix. 31.
2. To venture upon ; to run the risk of ; to dare.
Yet they adventured to go back. Bunyan.
Discriminations might be adventured. 1. Taylor.
Ad-ven'ture, v. i. To try the chance ; to take the risk.
I would adventure for such merchandise. Shak.
Ad-ven'ture-ful (-ful), a. Given to adventure.
Ad-ven'tur-er (5d-ven'tiir-er), n. [Cf. F. aventurier.]
1. One who adventures ; as, the vaevchsintadventurers ;
one who seeks his fortune in new and hazardous or peril-
ous enterprises.
2. A social pretender on the lookout for advancement.
Ad-ven'tUie-SOme (-stim), a. Full of risk ; adventur-
ous ; venturesome. — Ad-ven'ture-6ome-ness, n.
Ad-ven'tur-ess (-tiir-Ss), re. A female adventurer;
a woman who tries to gain position by equivocal means.
Ad-ven'tur-OUS (-us), a. [OE. aventurous, aunterous,
OF. aveniuros, F. aventureux, fr. aventure. See Ad-
VENTUBE, n.] 1. Inclined to adventure ; willing to in-
cur hazard ; prone to embark In hazardous enterprises ;
rashly daring ; — applied to persons.
Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve. Milton.
2. Full of hazard ; attended with risk ; exposing to
danger ; requiring courage ; rash ; — applied to acts ; as,
an adventurous undertaking, deed, song.
Syn. — Rash; foolhardy; presumptuous; enterpris-
ing ; daring ; hazardous ; venturesome. See Rash.
Ad-ven'tur-OUS-ly, adv. In an adventurous manner ;
venturesomely ; boldly ; daringly.
Ad-ven'tur-OUS-ness, re. The quality or state of being
adventurous; daring; venturesomeness.
Ad'verb (iSd'verb), n. [L. adverbium ; ad + verbum
word, verb : cf. F. adverbe.] (Gram.) A word used to
modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other
adverb, and usually placed near it ; as, he writes icell ;
paper extremely white.
Ad-ver'bi-al (Sd-ver'bT-al), a. [L. adverbialis : cf . F.
adve7-binl.] Of or pertaining to an adverb ; of the na-
ture of an adverb ; as, an adverbial phrase or form.
Ad-ver'bi-al'i-ty (Sd-ver'bi-Sl'i-tJ), re. The quality
of being adverbial. Earle.
Ad-ver'bi-al-ize (ad-ver'bi-al-ize), v. t. To give the
force or form of an adverb to.
Ad-ver'bi-al-ly, adv. In the manner of an adverb.
II Ad'ver-sa'ri-a (ad'ver-sa'rt-a), re. pi. [L. adversa-
ria (sc. scripta), neut. pi. of adversai-ius.] A miscella-
neous collection of notes, remarks, or selections ; a com-
monplace book ; also, commentaries or notes.
These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul's ad-
versaria. Bp. Bull.
Ad'ver-sa'ri-ous (;us), a. Hostile. [R.] Souihey.
Ad'ver-sa-ry (Sd'ver-sS-ry ), re./ pi. Adversaries (-riz).
[OE. adversarie, direct fr. the Latin, and adversaire, fr.
OF. adversier, aversier, fr. L. adversarius (a.) turned
toward, (n.) an adversary. See Adverse.] One who is
turned against another or others with a design to oppose
B
D
H
K
fise, unite, n}de, full, iip, -Qxa ; pity ; food, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; eo ', sing, inl^ ; tlien, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
ADVERSARY
26
^OLIAN
or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile
party ; an opponent ; an antagonist ; au enemy ; a £oe.
His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries. Sliak.
Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25.
It may be thought that to vindicate tlie permanency of truth
is to dispute without an adversary. Meattte,
The Adversary, Satan, or the Devil.
Syn. — Adversary, Enemy, Opponent, Antagonist.
Enemy is the only one of these words whicli necessarily
implies a state of personal hostility. Men may be udci-r-
i arie.t^ aiitagoiiists^ oi* oppoitenta to each other in certain
'-■espects, and yet have no feelings of general animosity,
-'in adrersary may be simply one wiio is placed for a tune
in a liostile position, as in a lawsuit, au argument, in chess
playing, or at fence. An opponeid is one wlio is ranged
agamst another (perhaps passively) on the opposing side ;
aa a political opponent, au opponenl m debate. An an-
ir«joiiist is one wlio struggles against another with active
effort, eitlier in a literal light or in verbal debate.
Ad'ver-sa-ry(ad'ver-sa-ry), a. 1. Opposed; opposite;
adverse ; antagonistic. \_Arch(iic] Bp, King.
2. (Law) Having an opposing party ; not imopposed ;
as, an adversary suit.
Ad-ver'sa-tive (Sd-ver'sA-tiv), a. [L. adversaiivus,
fr. adversari.'] Expressing contrariety, opposition, or
antithesis; as, an adrersutire conjunction (but, however,
yet, etc. ) ; an adversative force. — Ad-ver'sa-tive-ly, adv.
Ad-ver'sa-tive, n. An adversative word. Harris.
Ad'verse (Sd'vers), a. [OE. udvers, OF. avers, advers,
-fr. L. adversus, p. p. of advertere to turn to. See Advert.]
1. Acting against, or in a contrary direction ; opposed ;
■contrary ; opposite ; conflicting ; as, adverse winds ; an
■adverse party ; a spirit adverse to distinctions of caste.
2. Opposite. "Calpe's ocZre)-.se height." Byron.
3. In hostile opposition to ; unfavorable ; unpropitious ;
contrary to one's wislies; unfortunate; calamitous; af-
flictive; hurtful; as, arftiej-^e fates, aduej-se circumstances,
things adverse.
Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and
wisely as we endure an adverse fortune. Houtlicy.
Adverse possession (£au>), a possession of real property
avowedly contrary to some claim of title in another per-
son. Abbott.
Syn. — Averse ; reluctant ; vmwilling. See Averse.
Ad-verse' (Sd-vers'), i;. <. [L. adversari: cf. OF. aver-
ser.] To oppose ; to resist. [Ofo.] Gower.
Ad'verse-ly (277), adv. In an adverse manner; in-
imically; unfortunately; contrariwise.
Ad'verse-ness, n. The quality or state of being ad-
verse; opposition.
Ad-ver'si-fo'11-ate (5d-ver'§T-fo1T-at), ) a. [L. adver-
Ad-ver'si-Io'li-OUS (Sd-ver'si-f o'li-tis), ) stis opposite
-\- folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having opposite leaves, as plants
which have tlie leaves so arranged on the stem.
Ad-Ver'slon (5d-ver'shun), n. [L. adversio.J A turn-
ing towards ; attention. [06s.] Dr. H. 3Iore.
Ad-ver'sl-ty (Sd-ver'si-t5f), n. / pi. Adversities (-tiz).
rOE. adversite, F. adversite, f r. L. adversitas.'] 1. Opposi-
tion ; contrariety. [OJs.] Wyclif.
2. A condition attended with severe trials ; a state of
adverse fortune ; misfortune ; calamity ; afilictiou , trial ;
— opposed to well-being ox prosperity.
Adversity is not without comforts and hopes. Bacon.
Syn. — Affliction ; distress ; misery ; disaster ; trouble ;
.■suffering; trial.
Ad-vert' (ad- vert'), v. i. {imp. Sip. p. Adverted ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Advbrtino.] [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to ;
ad + vertere to turn : cf. F. averlir. See Advertise.]
To turn the mind or attention ; to refer ; to take heed or
notice; — with to; as, he adverted to what was said.
I may again advert to the distinction. Owen.
Syn. — To refer ; allude ; regard. See Refer.
Ad-vert'ence (-ens), \n. [OF. advertence, aver-
Ad-vert'en-cy (-en-s^), J tence, LL. advertentia, fr.
h. advertens. See Advertent.] The act of adverting,
or the quality of being advertent ; attention ; notice ;
regard; heedfulness.
To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in
regulating taxation. J. S. Mill.
Ad-vert'ent (-ent), a. pj. advertens, -enlis, p. pr. of
advertere. See Adveet.] Attentive; heedful; regard-
ful. Sir M. Hale. — Ad-vert'ent-ly, adv.
Ad'ver-tise' (Sd'ver-tiz' or Sd'ver-tlz' ; 277), v. t. [imp.
& p. p. Advertised (-tizd' or -tizd') ; p. pr. &. vb. n.
Advertising (-tiz'ing or -ti'zTng).] [F. averlir, formerly
also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere
to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the
noun advertisement. See Advebt.] 1. To give notice to ;
to inform or apprise ; to notify ; to make known ; hence,
to warn ; — often followed by of before the subject of in-
formation ; as, to adveHise a man of his loss. [Archaic']
I will advertise thee what this people shall do. Num. xxiv. 14.
2. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp.
by a printed notice ; as, to advertise goods for sale, a lost
article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting.
Syn. — To apprise ; inform ; make known ; notify ; an-
nounce; proclaun; promulgate; publish.
Ad-Ter'tise-ment (ad-ver'tTz-ment or Sd'ver-tlz'ment ;
277), re. [F. avertissement, formerly also spelled adver-
tissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.'] 1. The
act of informing or notifymg ; notification. [Archaic']
An advertisement of danger. Bp. Burnet.
2. Admonition ; advice ; warning. [Obs.]
Therefore give me nc counsel :
My griefs cry louder than advertisement. Shdk.
3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some
public print ; anything that advertises ; as, a newspaper
containing many advertise?nents.
Ad'ver-tis'er (ad'ver-tiz'er or ad'ver-ti'zer), n. One
who, or that \yhich, advertises.
Ad-Vlce' (Sd-vis'), re. [OB. avis, F. avis; h. + OF.
• vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen ; really p. p. of videre to
see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See
Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recom-
mended or offered, as worthy to be followed ; counsel.
We may give advice, but we can not give conduct. Franklin.
2. Deliberate consideration ; knowledge. [Obs.]
How shall I dote on her with more advice,
That thus without advice begin to love her ? Shak.
3. Information or notice given ; intelligence ; as, late
advices from France ; — commonly in the plural.
(8^°' In commercial language, advice usually means in-
formation communicated by letter ; — used chiefly m ref-
erence to drafts or bills of exchange ; as, a letter of ad-
vice. McElratk.
4. {Crim. Law) Counseling to perform a specific ille-
gal act. Wharton.
Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or
to reconnoiter ; a dispatch boat. — To take advice, (a) To
accept advice. (6) To consult vrith another or others.
Syn. — Counsel ; suggestion; recommendation ; admo-
nition ; exhortation ; ijif ormation ; notice.
Ad-Vis'a-bil'1-ty (ad-viz'a-btl'I-ty), n. The quality
of being advisable ; advisableness.
Ad-vis'a-ble (5d-viz'a-b'l), a. 1. Proper to be ad-
vised or to be done ; expedient ; prudent.
Some judge it advisable for a man to account with Ms heart
every day. Huutti.
2. Ready to receive advice. [iJ.] South.
Syn. — Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting.
Ad-Vls'a-ble-ness, re. The .quality of being advisable
or expedient ; expediency ; advisability.
Ad-vis'a-bly, adv. With advice ; wisely.
Ad-vlse' (ad-viz'), V. t. [imji. & p.p. Advised (-vizd') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Advising (-viz'ing).] [OE. avisen to per-
ceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare ; ad
+ visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and
cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to ; to offer an opinion,
as worthy or expedient to be followed ; to counsel ; to
warn. " I shall no more advise thee." Milton.
2. To give information or notice to ; to apprise ; to
inform ; — with of before the thing communicated ; as,
we were advised of the risk.
To advise one's self, to bethink one's self ; to take coun-
sel with one's self ; to reflect ; to consider. [Obs.]
Bid thy master well advise himself. ShaJ:.
Syn. — To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint.
Ad-vlse', V. i. 1. To consider ; to deliberate. [Obs.]
Advise if this be worth attempting. Milton.
2. To take counsel; to consult ; — followed hy with;
as, to advise witli friends.
Ad-vis'ed-ly (Sd-viz'Sd-lJ^), adv. 1. Circumspectly ;
deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak.
2. With deliberate purpose ; purposely ; by design.
"Advisedly undertaken." Suckling.
Ad-vis'ed-ness, n. Deliberate consideration; pru-
dent procedure ; caution.
Ad-vise'ment (ad-viz'ment), re. [OE. avisement, F.
avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.]
1. Counsel; advice; information. [Archaic]
And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had
passed in sleep. Daniel.
2. Consideration ; deliberation ; consultation.
Tempering the passion with advisement slow. Spenser.
Ad-Vis'er (Sd-viz'er), re. One who advises.
Ad-vis'er-shlp, n. The office of an adviser. [R.]
Ad-vl'SO (5d-vi'z6), re. [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.]
Advice ; counsel ; suggestion ; also, a dispatch or advice
boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
Ad-Vl'SO-ry (-z6-ry), a. Having power to advise ;
containing advice ; as, an advisory council ; their opinion
is merely advisory.
The General Association has a general advisory superintend-
ence over all the ministers and churches. Trumbull.
Ad'VO-ca-cy (Sd'vo-ka-sy), re. [OF. advocatie, LL. ad-
vocatia. See Advocate.] The act of pleading for or
supporting ; work of advocating ; intercession.
Ad'VO-cate (Sd'vo-kat), re. [OE. avocat, avoket, OF.
avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one smnmoned or called to an-
other ; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to
one's aid ; ad -f- vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee,
Vocai,.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Spe-
cifically : One who pleads the cause of another before a
tribunal or judicial court ; a counselor.
11^°°" In the English and American Law, advocate is
the same as "coxmsel," "counselor," or "barrister."
In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies
the same as " counsel " at the common law.
2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause
by argument ; a pleader ; as, an advocate of free trade,
an advocate of truth.
3. Christ, considered as an intercessor.
We have an Advocate with the Father. 1 John il. 1.
Faculty ot advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edin-
burgh.—Lord advocate (Scot.), the pubUc prosecutor of
crimes, and principal crown lawyer. — Judge advocate.
See under Judge.
Ad'VO-cate (ad'vo-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advo-
cated (-ka'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Advocating (-ka'ting).]
[See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.] To plead in favor
of ; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the pub-
lic ; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly.
To advocate the cause of thy client. Bp. Sanderson (1624).
This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been ad-
vocated. Burke.
Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause. Milford.
Ad'VO-cate, v. i. To act as advocate. [Obs.] Fuller.
Ad'VO-cate-Ship, n. Office or duty of an advocate.
Ad'VO-ca'tion (ad'vo-ka'shiSn), re. [L. advocatio: cf.
OF. avocation. See Advowson.] 1. The act of advo-
cating or pleading ; plea; advocacy. [Archaic]
The holy Jesus . . . sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation
for us. Jer. Taylor.
2. AdvoWsda. [Obs.]
The donations or advocations of church livings. Sanderson.
3. (Scots Law) The process of removing a cause fronp
an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell.
Ad'vo-ca-tO-ry (ad'v6-ka-t6-ry), a. Of or pertaming
to an advocate. [J?.]
Ad-voke' (5d-vok'), v. t. [L. advocare. See Advo-
cate.] To summon ; to call. [Obs.]
Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with th« pope to
advoke the cause to Eome. I'lHler.
Ad'vo-lu'tlon (ad'vo-lii'shiin), n. [L. advolvere, ad'
volutum, to roU to.] A rolling toward something. [R.]
Ad-vou'trer (ad-vou'trer), re. [OF. avoutre, avoltre,
fr. L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.] An adulterer. [Obs.]
Ad-VOU'tress(-tres), «. An adulteress. [06s.] Bacon.
Ad-vou'try I (-vou'try), re. [OE. avoutrie, avoiderie,
Ad-VOW'try ) advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr.
'L. aduUerium. Cf. Adultery.] Adultery. [06sJ Bacon.
Ad-VOW-ee' (Sd-vou-e'), re. [OE. avowe, F. avoui,
fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.] On«
who has an advowson. Coicell.
Ad-VOW'SOn (ad-vou'ziin or -siin ; 277), re. [OE.
avoweisoun, OF. avo'eson, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advoca-
tion.] (^Eng. Law) The right of presenting to a vacant
benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the rela^
tion of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice,
and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.]
^^ The benefices of the Church of England are jn
every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly
12,000 in number; the advoicson of more than half of
them belongs to private persons, and of the remauider
to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities,
and colleges. Amer. Cyc.
Ad-voy'er (Sd-voi'er), n. See Avoyee. [Obs.]
Ad-ward' (ad-ward'), re. Award. [Obs.] Spenser.
II Ad'y-na'mi-a '(ad'i-na'mi-4), n. [NL. adynamia,
fr. Gr. aSwafxia want of strength ; d priv. -f Svi/a/ut
power, strength.] (Med.) Considerable debility of the
vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison.
Ad'y-nam'io (ad'I-nam'Ik), a. [Cf. F. adynamique.
See Adynamy.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to, or character-
ized by, debility of the vital powers ; weak.
2. (Physics) Characterized by the absence of power
or force.
Adynamic fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended
vrith great muscular debility.
A-dyn'a-my (4-din'a-my), re. Adynamia. [R.] Morin,
II Ad'y-tum (Sd'i-tiim), n.; pi. Adyta (-ti). [h., fr.
Gr. a&vTov, n., fr. aSuros, a., not to be entered; a priv.
-]- &veiv to enter.] The innermost sanctuary or shrine
in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence ;
A private chamber ; a sanctum.
Adz I (3dz), re. [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa,
Adze J adese, ax, hatchet.]
A carpenter's or cooper's tool,
formed with a thin arching
blade set at right angles to
the handle. It is used for
chipping or slicing away the
surface of wood.
Adz, V. t. To cut with an
adz. [R.] Carlyle. """""
Si or Ae. A diphthong in the Latin language ; used
also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. at. The
Anglo-Saxon short » was generally replaced by a, the
long « by e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with
ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found
with this initial combination, the reader will therefore
search under the letter E.
II .Sl-cld'1-iun (e-sTd'i-iim), re.; pi. Mcmu. (-&). [NL.,
dim. of Gr. ainCa injury.] (Bot.) A form of fruit in the
cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of
fungi, formerly considered independent plants.
.ffi'dlle (e'dfl), re. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public
building. Cf. Edify.] A magistrate in ancient Rome,
who had the superintendence of public buildings, high-
ways, shows, etc. ; hence, a municipal officer.
.ffl'dlle-shlp, re. The office of an sedUe. T. Arnold.
.ffi-gC^an (e-je'an), a. [L. Aegeus; Gr. Alyaioy.] Of
or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean
sea, east of Greece. See Archipelago.
Jl .ffl'gl-cra'nl-a (e'jl-kra'ni-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. 6r.
aif, alyos, goat -j- Kpavia, n. pi., heads.] (Arch.) Sculp-
tured ornaments, used in classical architecture, repre-
senting rams' heads or skulls.
_.ajg'l-lops (Sj'i-Iops or e'ji-), re. [L. aegilops, Gr.
alyiKoiij/, fr. aif, gen. aiyos, goat -f- <Si/< eye.] 1. (Med.)
An ulcer or fistula in the inner comer of the eye.
2. (Bot.) (a) The great wild-oat grass or other corn-
field weed. Crabb. (6) A genus of plants, called also
hardgrass.
II JE'gla ^e'jis), re. [L. aegis, fr. Gr. aiyi<s a goat skin,
a shield, al^ goat, or fr. atoaio to rush.] A shield or
protective armor ; — applied in mythology to the shield
of Jupiter which he gave to Minerva. Also fig. : A
shield ; a protection.
iE-gOph'o-ny (e-g5f'o-ny), re. Same as Egophony.
II iE-gro'tat (e-gro'tSt), re. [L., he is sick.] (Camb.
Univ.) A medical certificate that a student is ill.
.S-ne'id (t-ne^Id or e'ne-id), re. [L. Aeneis, Aeneidis,
or -dos: cf. F. Eneide.] The great epic poem of Virgil,
of which the hero is .Slneas.
A-e'ne-ous (a-e'ne-iis), a. [L. a'eneus.] (Zo'ol.) Col-
ored like bronze.
.ffi-Oli-an (e-oli-on), a. [L. Aeolius, Gr. Al6\io?.]
1. Of or pertaining to Moiia, or J5olis, in Asia Minor,
colonized by the Greeks, or to its inhabitants ; seolic ;
as, the Motion dialect.
2. Pertaining to .ffiolus, the mythic god of the winda;
pertaining to, or produced by, the wind ; aerial.
Viewless forms the seolian organ play. CampbettL
iEollan attachment, a contrivance often attached to a
pianoforte, which prolongs the vibrations, increases the
ale, senate, cSxe, San, arm, ask, final, ^; eve, event, find, iem, recent; ice, idea, illj old, dbey, drb. dddi
'•>%
^OLIC
27
AFFABLY
^oUuu U:irp.
Hero*s ^olipile.
70lume of sound, etc., by forcing a stream of air upon the
strings. Moore. — .Sollan harp, ^oUan lyre, a musical in-
strument consisting of
a box, on or in wliich
are stretched strings,
on which tlie wind acts
to produce tlie notes ;
— usually placed at an
open wMidow. Moore.
— Aolian mode [Mas.), one of the ancient Greek and early
ecclesiastical modes.
iE-Ol'iC (e-51'ik), a. [L. Aeolicus ; Gr. AioAikos.] .^o-
lian, 1 ; as, the JEolic dialect ; the JEolic mode.
jE-ol'i-pUe \ (e-51'i-pil), 1). [L. aeolipilae; Aeolus
5j-ol'i-pyle ) god of the winds
-|- pila a ball, or Gr. -nvKr] gate (i. e.,
doorway of ^olus) ; cf. V. eoUpyle.'\
An apparatus consisting chietly of a
closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder)
with one or more projecting bent
tubes, thro\igli which steam is made
to pass from the vessel, causing it
to revolve. [Written also eoltpile.']
^^W^ Such an apparatus was first
described by Hero of Alexandria
about 2(10 yeai-s B. c. It has often
been called the first steam enguie.
.ffl'O-lO-trop'ic (e'o-lo-trSp'ik), a.
[Gr. atoAos changeful -\- tootitj a
turning, rpeweiv to turn.] {P/n/sics)
Exhibiting differences of quality or property in different
directions ; not isotropic. Sir W. Thomson.
.ai'o-lot'ro-py(e'o-15t'ro-py), n. {Physics) Difference
of quality or property in different directions.
ll.ff!'0-lUS (e'o-lus), ?;,. [L., fr. Gr. AioAos.] {Gr. &
Rom. Mtilh.) The god of the winds.
ai'on (e'on), n. A period of immeasurable duration ;
also, an eniariation of the Deity. See Eon.
2!-0'ni-an (e-o'nT-nn), a. [Gr. alwvios.] Eternal ;
everlasting. "^on?an hills." Tennyson.
II .ffi'py-or'nis (e'pI-6r'uTs), n. [Gr. oittd's high -f- opi'is
bird.] A gigantic bird found fossU in Madagascar.
A'er-ate (a'er-at), v.t. [/»!/). (Sr p. jB.AJiRATED(-a'ted);
p. pr. & vb. n. Aerating (-a'ting).] [Cf. F. aerer. See
AiK, V. 1.1 1. To combine or charge with gas ; usually
with carbonic acid gas, formerly cailedjixed air.
His sparkling sallies bubbled up as from aerated natural
fountains. Carlyle.
2. To supply or impregnate with common air ; as, to
aerate soil ; to aerate water.
3. {Physiol. ) To expose to the chemical action of air ;
to oxygenate (tlie blood) by respiration ; to arterialize.
Aerated bread, bread raised by charging dough with car-
bonic acid gas, instead of generating the gas m the dough
by fermentation.
A'Sr-a'tion (a'er-a'shun), n. [Cf. F. aeration.'] 1. Ex-
posure to the free action of the air ; airing ; as, aeration
of soil, of spawn, etc.
2. {Physiol. ) A change produced in the blood by ex-
posure to the air in respiration ; oxygenation of the
blood in respiration ; arterialization.
3. The act or operation of charging with carbonic acid
gas or with o.xygen.
A'Sr-a'tor (a'er-a'ter), n. That which supplies with
air ; esp. an apparatus used for charging mineral waters
with gas and in making soda water.
A-6'ri-al (a-e'rl-al), a. [L. aerius. See Am.] 1. Of
or pertaming to the air, or atmosphere ; inhabiting or fre-
quenting the air ; produced by or foimd in the air ; per-
formed in the air ; as, aerial regions or currents. " Ae-
rial spirits." Milton, "^mai voyages." Darwin.
2. Consisting of air ; resembling, or partaking of the
nature of air. Hence : Unsubstantial ; unreal.
3. Rising aloft in air ; high ; lofty; as, aerial spires.
4. Growing, forming, or existing in the air, as opposed
to growing or exis*^ing in earth or water, or underground ;
as, aerial rootlets, aerial plants. Gray.
5. Light as air ; ethereal.
Aerial acid, carbonic acid. [06s.] Ure. —Aerial perspec-
tive. See Pekspective. ,
A-B'rl-al'l-ty (-al'T-tj^), n. The state of being aerial ;
unsubstantiality. [iJ.] De Quineey.
A-e'rl-al-ly (-al-ly), adv. Like, or from, the air ; in an
aerial manner. " A murmur heard aerially." Tennyson.
Ae'rie (e'ry ; 277), n. [OE. aire, eire, air, nestj also
origin, descent, OF. aire, LL. area, aera, nest of a bird
of prey, perh. fr. L. area an open space (for birds of prey
like to build their nests on flat and open spaces on the
top of high rocks). Cf. Area.] The nest of a bird of
prey, as of an eagle or hawk ; also a brood of such birds ;
eyrie. Shak. Also fig. : A human residence or resting
placeperched like an eagle's nest.
A'er-i£'er-ous (a'er-tfer-fis), a. [L. aer air -\- -ferous :
cf. F. aerijere.] Conveying or containing air ; air-bear-
ing ; as, the windpipe is an a'eriferous tube.
A'Sr-i-H-ca'tion (a'er-T-fT-ka'shiin), n. [Cf. F. aerifi-
cation. See Aerify.] 1. The act of combining air vrith
another substance, or the state of being filled with air.
2. The act of becoming aerified, or of changing from a
solid or liquid form into an aeriform state ; the state of
being aeriform.
A'er-i-form (a'er-i-fSrm ; 277), a. [L. aer air + -form. :
cf. F. aeriforme.J Having the form or nature of air, or
of an elastic fluid ; gaseous. Hence fig. : Unreal.
_ A'^r-i-fy (-fi), v. t. [L. aer air -|- -fy.] 1. To mfuse
air into ; to combine air with.
2. To change into an aeriform state.
iL ^^'^'- \Si'^- <i'?p, ae'po5, air.] The combining form of
the Greek word meaning air.
A'Sr-o-Wes (a'er-S-btz), n.pl. \_Aero-\- Gt. jSi'os Ufe.]
(Biol.) Microorganisms which live in contact with the
air and need oxygen for their grovrth ; as the microbac-
teria which form on the surface of putrefactive fluids.
A'5r-o-bl-Ot'lC (a'er-6-bt-5t'Tk ; 101), a. {Biol.) Re-
lated to, or of the nature of, aerobics ; as, aerohiotic
plants, which live only when supplied with free oxygen.
A'Br-0-cyst (a'er-6-sTst), ?z. \_Aero- -{- cyst.] (Bot.)
One of the air cells of algals.
A'er-0-dy-nam'ic (-dt-nSm'Ik or dl-), a. Pertaining
to the force of air in motion.
A'er-o-dy-nam'lcs (-Tks),w. [Aero- -\- dynamics: cf.
F. aervdynamique.'] The science which treats of the air
and other gaseous bodies under the action of force, and
of their mechanical effects.
A'er-og'no-sy (-og'no-sy), n. [^Aero- + Gr. yviairi.':
knowing, knowledge : cf. F. aerognosie.~\ Tlie science
wliioli treats of the properties <)f tlie air, and of the part
it plays ill nature. Craig.
A'Br-Og'ra-pher (a'er-Bg'rA-fer), n. One versed in
aerography ; an aerologist.
A'er-O-graph'ic (-o-grSf'Tk), 1 a. Pertainuig to aerog-
A er-0-grapll'ic-al (-T-kol), I raphy; aerological.
A'er-Og'ra-phy (a'er-5g'ra-fy), n. [,-l<;)-o--f -graphy:
cf. F. uerugriipliie.] A description of tlie air or atmos-
phere; aerology.
A'er-O-hy'drO-dy-nam'ic (-S-hl'dro-di-nam'Tk ordT-),
a. \_A'ero — |- hydrodynamic.'] Acting by the force of
air and water ; as, an aerohi/drodynamic wheel.
A'Sr-0-lite (a'er-o-Ut), n. lAero- + -lite: cf. F.
aerolilhe.] {Neteor.) A stone, or metallic mass, which
has fallen to the earth from distant space ; a meteorite ;
a meteoric stone.
S^^ Some writers limit the word to stony meteorites.
A'8r-0-Uth (-lith), n. Same as Aerolite.
A'er-0-U-thol'O-gy (a'er-6-li-thol'o-jy), n. \_A'ero- -\-
litfiology.] Tlie science of aerolites.
A'er-0-lit'lc (-llt'Ik), a. Of or pertaining to aero-
lites ; meteoric ; as, aerolitic iron. Booth.
A'e'r-0-lOg'ic (-6-loj'ik), ) a. Of or pertaining to aer-
Aer-o-log'ic-al (-i-kal), ( ology.
A'er-ol'O-gist (-ol'o-ji.st), n. One versed in aerology.
A'er-Ol'O-gy (-ol'i-jy), n. \_Aero- -\- -logy: cf. F. aero-
logie.] That department of physics which treats of the
atmosphere.
A'er-O-man'cy (a'er-o-mSn'sy), n. [Aero- + -mancy :
cf. F. aeromancie.] Divination from the state of the
air or from atmospheric substances; also, forecasting
changes in the weather.
A'er-om'e-ter (a'er-om'e-ter), n. [Aero- + -meter:
cf. F. aeromiire.1 An instrument for ascertaming the
weight or density of air and gases.
A'er-0-met'rlc (-o-mSt'rlk), a. Of or pertaining to
aerometry ; as, aerometric investigations.
A'er-om'e-try (-5in'e-try), ». [Aero- ■\- -metry : cf.
F. aerumetrie.~\ The science of measuring the air, in-
cluding the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefac-
tion, and condensation ; pneumatics.
A'er-0-naut (a'er-o-nat: '.^77), n. [F. aeronaule, fr.
Gr. iijp air -|- vavn); sailor. See Nactical.] An aerial
navigator ; a balloonist.
A'er-0-naut'ic (a'er-o-nat'Ik), ) a. [Cf. F. aeronau-
A'er-0-naut'ic-al (-T-kai), j tique.] Pertaining
to aeronautics, or aerial sailing.
A'Sr-0-naut'iCS (-Tks), n. The science or art of as-
cending and sailing in the air, as by means of a balloon ;
aerial navigation ; ballooning.
II A'er-0-phoT)i-a (-fo'bl-a), 1 n. [A'iro- -f- Gr. (^o/3os
A'er-oph'0-by (-5f'o-bJ), ) ies.x-.ct.'F.aerophobie.']
{Med.) Dread of a current of air.
A'er-0-phyte (a'er-S-fit), n. [Aero- -f- Gr. i^vtov
plant, ^veiv to grow : cf. F. aerophyte.'] {Bot.) A plant
growing entirely in the air, and receiving its nourish-
ment from it ; an air plant or epiphyte.
A'er-0-plane' (a'er-o-plan'), n. [Aero- -\- plane.] A
flying machine, or a small plane for experiments on flying,
which floats in the air only when propelled through it.
A'Sr-0-SCOpe (-skop), n. [Aero- + Gr. o-Korretf to look
out.] {Biol.) Anapparatusdesignedfor collecting spores,
germs, bacteria, etc., suspended in the air.
A'er-OS'CO-py (a'er-os'ko-py), n. [Aero- + Gr. axo-jvia
a looking out ; (jKOTretv to spy out.] The observation of
the state and variations of the atmosphere.
.ffl-rose' (e-ros'), a. [L. aerosus, fr. aes, aeris, brass,
copper.] Of the nature of, or like, copper ; brassy. [E.]
A'er-o-sld'er-ite (a'er-o-sld'er-it), n. [Aero- -(- sider-
ite.~\ {3Ieteor.) A mass of meteoric iron.
A'Br-0-sphere (-sfer), n. [Aero- -\- sphere : cf. F. aSro-
sphire.] The atmosphere. [E-l
A'er-0-Stat (-stat), n. [F. aerostat, fr. Gr. arjp air -f
oraTos placed. See Statics.] 1. A balloon.
2. A balloonist ; an aeronaut.
A'Br-0-Stat'iC (a'er-o-stat'Ik), ) a. [Aero--\- Gr. trra-
A'Sr-O-Stat'ic-al (-stat'i-kal), ( tikos : cf. F. aerosta-
tique. See Statical, Statics.] 1. Of or pertaining to
aerostatics ; pneumatic.
2. Aeronautic ; as, an aerostatic voyage.
A'er-0-Stat'iCS (-iks), n. The science that treats of
the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sus-
tained in them. Hence it includes aeronautics.
A'er-OS-ta'tion (-os-ta'shiin), n. [Cf. F. aerostation
the art of using aerostats.] 1. Aerial navigation ; the
art of raising and guiding balloons in the air.
2. The science of weighing air ; aerostatics. [Obs.]
.Sl-ru'gi-nous (e-ru'jT-niis), 0. [L. aeruginosus, fr.
aerugo rust of copper, fr. aes copper : cf. F. eriigineux.]
Of the nature or color of verdigris, or the rust of copper.
II .3i-ru'gO (e-ru'go), n. [L., fr. aes brass, copper.]
The rust of any metal, esp. of brass or copper ; verdigris.
Ae'ry (e'ry), n. An aerie.
A'er-y (a'er-i^), a. [See Air.] Aerial ; ethereal ; in-
corporeal; visionary. [Poetic] M. Ar^.old.
^S'CU-la'pi-an (es'kiS-la'pi-an), a. Pertaining to
.Sisculapius or to the healing art ; medical : medicinal.
.Sls'CU-la'pi-US (-lis), n. [L. Aesculapius, Gr. 'AaKXr\-
TTios.] {Myth.) The god of medicine. Hence, a physi-
cian.
iEs'cn-lln (5s'ku-lTn), n. Same as Esoulin.
jiE-SO'pl-an. E-SO'pl-an (t-so'pt-on), a. [L. Aesopius,
from Gr. Aio-wjrio;, fr. the famous Greek fabulist jEsop
(AccrwTTos).] Of or pertaining to j35scp, or in his manner.
.ai-sop'lc, E-sop'lC (e-s5p'Tk), a. [L. Aesopicus, Gr.
AtCTcoTTtKos.] Same as .35sopian.
II .ffiS-the'si-a (Ss-the'si-a), n. [Gr. aia-flrjo-is sensation,
fr. a'i.<T06.vecr8aj. to perceive.] {Physiol.) Perception by
the senses ; feeling ; — the opposite of umvstliesia.
.ais-the'si-om'e-ter, Es-the'si-om'e-ter (es-the'si-
om'e-ter), n. [Gr. a'io-erjo-is (see jEsthesia) -f- -meteir.']
An instrument to measure the degree of sensation, by
determining at how short a distance two impressions
upon the skin can be distinguished, and thus to deter-
mine whether the condition of tactile sensibility is nor-
mal or altered.
II .Xs-the'sis (Ss-the'sls), n. [Gr. o'lo-eijo-ts.] Sensu-
ous perception. [P.] Riiskin.
.ffls'the-SOd'iC (Ss'the-sod'tk), a. [Gr. ai(rej)(ri5 sen-
sation -j- 6Sd5 a way ; cf. F. esthesodiqiie.] {Physiol.)
Conveymg sensory or afferent impulses ; — said of nerves.
.ffis'thete (Ss'thet or es'-), n. [Gr. at(rev)Tr)s one who
perceives.] One who makes much or overmuch of aes-
thetics, [lieccnt]
.ffis-thet'ic (es-thSt'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to
.SiS-thet'iC-al (es-thet'I-kal), ( aesthetics ; versed in
iesthetics ; as, xsthetic studies, emotions, ideas, persons,
etc. — 5!s-thet'ic-al-ly, adv.
.SIs'the-ti'cian (Ss'the-tlsh'an), n. One versed in
pestlietics.
.Xs-tiiefi-cism (Ss-thet'i-siz'm), n. The doctrine of
festhetics ; aesthetic principles ; devotion to the beauti-
ful in nature and art. Lowell.
.ffis-thet'lcs, Es-thet'ics (gs-thSt'Tks ; 277), ra. [Gr.
aio-flijTi/cos perceptive, esp. by feeling, fr. altrBavea-Bai to
perceive, feel : cf. G. asthelik, F. esthetique.] The theory
or philosophy of taste ; the science of the beautiful in
nature and art ; esp. that wliich treats of the expression
and embodiment of beauty by art.
5!s'0l0-phys'i-0l'0-gy (es'tho-fiz'i-ol'o-jj?), n. [Gr.
a'i.cr6avsa-8ai to xieTceive ^ E. physiology.] The science
of sensation in relation to nervous action. H. Spencer.
.ffis'ti-val (es'ti-val or gs-ti'val), a. [L. aestivalis,
aestivus, f r. aestas summer.] Of or belonging to the sum-
mer ; as, festival diseases. [Spelt also estival.]
iEs'tl-Vate (es'ti-vat), v. i. [L. aestivare, uestivatum.]
1. To spend the summer.
2. {Zool.) To pass the summer in a state of torpor.
[Spelt also estivate.]
.ffis'ti-va'tion (gs'tl-va'shiin), n. 1. {Zool.) The state
of torpidity induced by the heat and dryness of summer,
as in certain snails ; — opposed to hibernation.
2. {Bot.) The arrangement of the petals m a flower
bud, as to folding, overlapping, etc. ; prefloration. Gray.
[Spelt also estivation.]
.ffis'tu-a-ry (Ss'tu-a-ry ; 135), n. & a. See Estuary.
.SIs'tu-OUS (Ss'tu-us), a. [L. aestuosus, fr. aestus fii'e,
glow.] Glowing ; agitated, as with heat.
A-b'the-Og'a-mOUS (a-e'the-og'a-mus), a. [Gr. aijfli)!
unusual (d priv. -|- ^9os custom) -f- yafios marriage.J
(Bot.) Propagated in an unusual wa}' ; cryptogamous.
.Sl'ther (e'ther), n. See Ether.
.Si'tM-ops min'er-al (e'thT-6ps min'er-al). (Chem.)
Same as Ethiops mNERAL. [Obs.]
.Sith'O-gen (eth'o-jen or e'tho-), n. [Gr. ateos fire,
light -|- -gen.] (Chem.) A compound of nitrogen and
boron, which, when heated before the blowpipe, gives a
brilliant phosphorescent light ; boric nitride. _
.Sj'thrl-0-SCOpe (e'thri-o-skop), n. [Gr. ai0ptO5 clear
-f- aAowelv to observe.] An instrument consisting in part
of a differential thermometer. It is used for measuring
changes of temperature produced by different conditions
of the sky, as when clear or clouded.
AI'ti-0-lOg'ic-al (e'ti-6-loi'i-kal), a. Pertaining to aeti-
ology ; assigning a cause. — iE'ti-O-log'ic-al-ly, adv.
.ffi'ti-ol'O-gy (e'tT-61'o-jy), n. [L. aetiologia, Gr.
atTioAoyia ; aiTi'a cause -|- Aoyos description : cf. F. etio-
logie.] 1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of
causes; esp., the investigation of the causes of any dis-
ease ; the science of the origin and development of things.
2. The assignment of a cause.
II A'e-tl'tes (a'e-tl'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. aeTi'Trjf (sc.
Ai0os) stone, fr. derds eagle.] See Eaglestoke.
A-lar' (a-far'), adv. [Pref. a- (for on or of) -\-far.'\
At, to, or from a great distance ; far away ; — often used
with from preceding, or off following ; as, he was seen
from afar ; I saw him afar off.
The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar. Beatlie.
A-feard' (a-f erd'), p. a^ [OE. afered, AS. afsered, p. p.
of afKran to frighten ; a- (cf. Goth, us-, Ger. er-, orig.
meaning owi) -|- /asrOK to frighten. See Fear.] Afraid.
[Obs. Sometimes heard from the uneducated.]
Be not afcard; the isle is full of noises. Sltak.
II A'Jer(a'fer), M. [L.] The southwest wind. Sfilton.
Af'fa-bil'1-ty (af'fa-bil'i-ty), n. [L. affabilitas: cf.
F. affabilite.] The quality of being affable; readiness
to converse; courteousness in receiving others and in
conversation ; complaisant behavior.
Affability is of a wonderful efficacy or power in procuring
love. Eluot.
Af'fa-We (af'fa-b'l), a. [F. affable, L. affabilis, fr.
affari to speak to ; ad -\- fori to speak. See Fable.]
1. Easy to be spoken to or addressed ; receiving others
Mndly and conversing with them m a free and friendly
manner; courteous; sociable.
An affable and courteous gentleman. Stiak.
His manners polite and affable. Macaulay,
2. Gracious ; mild ; benign.
A serene and affable countenance. Tatfcr.
Syn. — Courteous ; civil ; complaisant ; accessible ;
mild ; benign ; condescending.
Al'fa-ble-ness, v. AffabiUty.
Al'ia-bly, orf«. In an affable manner ; courteously.
B
H
K
ase, unite, ryde, full, iip, fim ; pity; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tben, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
M
AFFABROUS
28
AFFIRMANCE
Af'fa-brous (Sf f i-brHs), a. [L. affaher workmanlike ;
ad + faber.^ Executed in a workmanlike manner ; in-
geniously made, [i?.] Bailey.
M-laiX' (af-fSr'), n. [OE. afere, affere, OF. afaire,
P. affaire, fr. a /aire to do; L. ad -f- J'acere to do. See
Fact, and cf. Ado.] 1. That which is done or is to be
done ; matter ; concern ; as, a difficult affair to manage ;
business of any kind, commercial, professional, or pub-
lic;— often in the plural. "At the head of affairs."
Junius. " A talent for o^aiVi. " Prescott.
2. Any proceeding or action which it is wished to re-
fer to or characterize vaguely ; as, an affair of honor,
>. e., a duel ; an affair of love, i. e., an intrigue.
3. (Mil.) An action or engagement not of sufficient
magnitude to be called a battle.
4. Action ; endeavor. [06s.]
And with his best affair
Obeyed the pleasure of the Sun. Chapman.
6. A material object (vaguely designated).
A certain affair of fine red cloth much worn and faded.
Hawthorne.
Al-fam'lsh (Sf-fSm'Tsh), v. t. & i. [F. ttffamer, fr.
L. ad -j- fames hunger. See Famish.] To afflict with, or
perish from, hunger. [06s.] Spenser.
Af-fam'ish-ment (-ment), n. Starvation. £p. Hall.
Af-fat'U-ate (af-fSt'ii-at), v. t. [L. ad-\-fatuus fool-
ish.] To infatuate. \Obs.} Milton.
At-leai' (5f-fer'), v. t. [OE. aferen, AS. afxran. See
iFEAKD.] To frighten. [06*.] Spenser.
M-tecV (Sf-f Skt'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Affected ■,p.pr.
& vb. n. Appeotino.] [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to
affect by active agency ; ad -\- facere to make : cf . F. af-
fecler, L. affectare, freq. of afficere. See Fact.] 1. To
act upon ; to produce an effect or change upon.
As might affect the earth with cold and heat. ililtan.
The climate ajfeclecl their health and spirits. Macaulay.
2. To influence or move, as the feelings or passions;
to touch.
A consideration of the rationale of our passions seems to me
very necessary for all who would affect them upon solid and
pure principles. Burke.
3. To love ; to regard with affection. [06s.]
As for Queen Katharine, he rather respected than affected,
father honored than loved, her. Fuller.
4. To show a fondness for ; to like to use or practice ;
to choose ; hence, to frequent habitually.
For he does neither affect company, nor is he fit for *t, indeed.
Shak.
Do not affect the society of your inferiors in rank, nor court
Chat of the great. Hazlitt.
5. To dispose or incline.
Men whom they thought best affected to religion and their
country's liberty. Milton.
6. To aim at ; to aspire to ; to covet. [06s.]
This proud man affects imperial sway. Dryden.
7. To tend to by affinity or disposition.
The drops of every fluid affect a round figure. Newton.
8. To make a show of ; to put on a pretense of ; to
feign ; to assume ; as, to affect ignorance.
Careless she is with artful care,
.^^ecf/ng to seem unaffected. Congreve.
Thou dost affect my manners. Shale.
9. To assign ; to appoint. [iJ.]
One of the domestics was effected to his special service.
Thackeraij.
Syn. — To influence ; operate ; act on ; concern ; move ;
melt ; soften ; subdue ; overcome ; pretend ; assume.
Af-fect', n. [L. affectus.'\ Affection ; inclination ;
passion; feeling; disposition. [06s.] Shall.
Af'fec-ta'tion (Sf'fSk-ta'shiin), n. [L. affectatio : cf.
F. affectation.'] 1. An attempt to assume or exhibit
what is not natural or real ; false display ; artificial
show. "An o^eciaJjora of contempt." Macaulay.
Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what
should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accom-
panies what is natural. Locke.
2. A striving after. [06s.] Bp. Pearson.
3. Fondness; affection. [06s.] Hooker.
Af'fec-ta'tion-lst, n. One who exhibits affectation.
[JJ.] Fitzed. Hall.
Al-f ect'ed (5f-fSkt'5d), p. p. & a. 1. Regarded with
affection; beloved. [06s.]
His affected Hercules. CTtapman.
2. Inclined ; disposed ; attached.
How stand you affected to his wish ? Shak.
3. Given to false show; assuming or pretending to
possess what is not natural or reaL
He is . . . too spruce, too affected, too odd. Shah.
4. Assumed artificially ; not natural.
Affected coldness and indifference. Addison.
5. {Alg.) Made up of terms involving different pow-
ers of the unknown quantity; adfected ; as, an affected
equation.
Af-fect'ed-ly, adv. l. in an affected manner ; hypo-
critically ; with more show than reality.
2. Lovingly ; with tender care. [06s.] ShaJc.
Al-fect'ed-ness, n. Affectation.
Af-f ect'er (-er), n. One who affects, assumes, pretends,
or strives after. " Affecters of wit." Abp. Seeker.
Ai-feot'i-bU'i-ty (-i-bil'i-ty), n. The quaUty or state
of being affectible. • [i?.]
Al-fect'1-ble (-b'l), a. That may be affected. [iJ.]
Lay aside the absolute, and, by union with the creaturely,
become affectible. Coleridge.
Af-f ect'ing, a. 1. Moving the emotions ; fitted to ex-
cite the emotions ; pathetic ; touching ; as, an affecting
address ; an affecting sight.
The most affecting music is generally the most simple. Mitford.
2. Affected ; given to false show. [06s.]
A drawling, affecting rogue. Shdk.
Af-fect'lng-ly (Sf-f5kt1ng-ly), adv. In an affecting
manner ; in a manner to excite emotions.
Af-fec'tlon (Sf-f6k'shun), n. [F. affection, L. affec-
tio, fr. afficere. See Affect.] 1. The act of affecting
or acting upon ; the state of being affected.
2. An attribute ; a quality or property ; a condition ;
a bodily state ; as, flgiure, weight, etc., are affections of
bodies. "The ajfecWons of quantity." Boyle.
And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less.
An old and strange affection of the house. Tennyson.
3. Bent of mind ; a feeling or natural impulse acting
upon and swaying the mind ; any emotion ; as, the be-
nevolent affections, esteem, gratitude, etc. ; the malevo-
lent affections, hatred, envy, etc. ; inclination ; disposi-
tion ; propensity ; tendency.
Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant
state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality.
Cogan.
4. A settled good will ; kind feeling ; love ; zealous or
tender attachment ; — often in the pi. Formerly followed
by to, but now more generally hy for or towards ; as, filial,
social, or conjugal affections ; to have an affection for or
towards chQdren.
All his affections are set on his own country. Macaulay.
5. Prejudice ; bias. [06s.] Bp. Aylmer,
6. i,Med. ) Disease ; morbid symptom ; malady ; as, a
pulmonary affection. Dunglison.
7. The lively representation of any emotion. Wotton.
8. Affectation. [06s.] " Spruce affection." Shak.
9. Passion ; violent emotion. [06s.]
Most wretched man.
That to affections does the bridle lend. Spenser.
Syn. — Attachment ; passion ; tenderness ; fondness ;
kindness ; love ; good will. See Attachment ; Disease.
Af-fec'tlon-al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to the affec-
tions ; as, affectional impulses ; an affectional nature.
Al-tec'Uon-ate (-at), a. [Cf. F. affectionne.'] 1. Hav-
ing affection or warm regard ; loving ; fond ; as, an
affectionate brother.
2. Kindly inclined ; zealous. [06s.] Johnson.
Man, in his leve to God, and desire to please him, can never
be too affectionate. Sprat.
3. Proceeding from affection ; indicating love ; ten-
der ; as, the affectionate care of a parent ; affectionate
countenance, message, language.
4. Strongly inclined ; — with <o. [06s.] Bacon.
Syn. — Tender ; attached ; loving ; devoted ; warm ;
fond ; earnest ; ardent.
Af-fec'tlon-a'ted, a. Disposed ; inclined. [OJs.]
Affectionated to the people. Holinshed.
Ai-fec'tlon-ate-ly, adv. With affection ; lovingly ;
fondly ; tenderly ; kindly.
Al-fec'Uon-ate-ness, n. The quality of being affec-
tionate ; fondness ; affection.
Al-fec'tloned (-shiind), a. 1. Disposed. [Archaic']
Be kindly affectioned one to another. Horn. xii. 10.
2. Affected ; conceited. [06s.] Shak.
Al-feC'tlve (-tlv), a. [Cf. F. affectif] 1. Tending
to affect ; affecting. [06s.] Burnet.
2. Pertaining to or exciting emotion ; affectional ;
emotional. Rogers.
Af-fec'Uve-ly, adv. In an affective manner; im-
pressively ; emotionally.
Ai-fec'tU-OUS (-tlS-us ; 135), a. [L. affectuosus : cf. F.
affectueux. See Affect.] Full of passion or emotion ;
earnest. [06s.]— Ai-Jec'tn-ons-ly, adv. [06s.] Fabyan.
Af-feer' (Sf-fer'), v. t. [OF. aforer, afeurer, to tax,
appraise, assess, f r. It. ad-{- forum market, court of jus-
tice, in LL. also meaning ^n'ce.] 1. To confirm ; to as-
sure. [06s.] "The title is o^eereti." Shak.
2. (Old Law) To assess or reduce, as an arbitrary pen-
alty or amercement, to a certain and reasonable sum.
Amercements . . . were affeered by the judges. Blackstone.
Al-feer'er (-er), ) n. [OF. aforeur, LL. off orator^ (Old
Ai-feer'or (-er), ) Laio) One who affeers. Cowell.
Af-feer'ment (-ment), M. IGt. OF. aforement.] (Old
Law) The act of affeering. Blackstone.
Al'fer-ent (Sf'fer-ent), a. [L. afferens, p. pr. of af-
ferre; ad -{-ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) Bearing or con-
ducting inwardp. '^^ a part or organ ; — opposed to effer-
ent ; as, afferent vessels ; afferent nerves, which convey
sensations from the external organs to the brain.
II Af-let'tU-0'SO (af-fSt'teS-o'so), adv. [It.] (Mus.)
With feeling.
Af-fi'ance (Sf-fi'ans), n. [OE. afiaunce trdst, ctfufi-
dence, OP. afiance, fr. ajier to trust, fr. LL. affidare to
trust ; ad -\-fidare to trust, fr. L. fides faith. See PArrn,
and cf. Affidavit, Apfy, Confidence.] 1. Plighted
faith ; marriage contract or promise.
2. Trust ; reliance ; faith ; confidence.
Such feelings promptly yielded to his habitual affiance in the
divine love. Sir J. Stephen.
Lancelot, my Lancelot, thou in whom 1 have
Most joy and most affiance. Tennyson.
Af-ti'ance, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Affianced (-anst) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Affiancing (-sing).] [Cf. OF. afiancier, fr.
afiance.] 1. To betroth ; to pledge one's faith to for mar-
riage, or solemnly promise (one's self or another) in mar-
To me, sad maid, he was affianced. Spenser.
2. To assure by promise. [06s.] Pope.
Af-fl'an-cer (-an-ser), n. One who makes a contract
of marriage between two persons.
Af-fi'ant (-ant), n. [From p. pr. of OP. after, "LL.
affidare. See AFFTDAvrr.] (Law) One who makes an
affidavit. [U.S.] Burrill.
Syn. — Deponent. See Deponent.
Af'H-da'vit (af'fi-da'vit), n. [LL. affidavit he has
made oath, perfect tense of affidare. See Affiance, Af-
FY.] (Law) A sworn statement in writing ; a declara-
tion in writing, signed and made upon oath before an au-
thorized magistrate. Bouvier. Burrill.
[^^ It is always made «r parte, and without croes-ex-
ammation, and in this differs from a deposition. It 18
also applied to written statements made on affirmation.
Syn. — Deposition. See Deposition.
Al-flle' (af-fll'), ■"• t. [OF. afller, F. affiler, to sharpen ;
a(L. ad)-|-yiUhread, edge.] To polish. [06s.]
AI-fU'1-a-ble (Sf-fll'I-a-b'l), a. Capable of being affil-
iated to or on, or connected with in origin.
Ai-fil'1-ate (-at), v. t. limp. & p. p Affiliated
(-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Affiliatino (-5'tTng).] [LL. ad-
filiare, affiliare, to adopt as son ; ad -\-Jilius son : cf. P.
affilier.] 1. To adopt ; to receive into a family as a son ;
hence, to bring or receive into close connection ; to ally.
Is the soul affiliated to God, or is it estranged and in rebel-
lion ? /■ Taylor.
2. To fix the paternity of ; — said of an Ulegitimat©
child ; as, to affiliate the child to (or on or upon) one man
rather than another.
3. To connect in the way of descent ; to trace origin to.
How do these facts tend to affiliate the faculty of hearing
upon the aboriginal vegetative processes 't H. Spencer.
4. To attach (to) or unite (with) ; to receive into a so-
ciety as a member, and initiate into its mysteries, plans,
etc. ; — followed by to or with.
Affiliated societies, societies connected with a central so-
ciety, or witli each other.
Al-fil'i-ate, V. i. To connect or associate one's self ;
—followed by with; as, they affiliate with no party.
Al-fll'1-a'tion (Sf-f Il'i-a'slmn), n. [F. affiliation, LL.
affilialio.'] 1. Adoption ; association or reception as a
member in or of the same family or society.
2. (Law) The establishment or ascertaining of parent-
age ; the assignment of a child, as a bastard, to its father ;
filiation.
3. Connection in the way of descent. H. Spencer.
Af-fi'nal (Sf-fi'nal), a. [L. affmis.] Related by mar-
riage ; from the same source.
Af-flne' (Sf-fin'), V. t. [F. affiner to refine ; h. (L. ad)
+/nfine. See Pine.] To refine. [06s.] Holland.
Ai-fined' (-find'), a. [OF. afine related, p. p.,fr. LL.
affinare to join, fr. L. affinis neighboring, related to ; ad
+ finis boundary, limit. ] Joined in affinity or by any tie.
[06s.] "Al\ affined and 'kin." iShak.
Af-fln'l-ta-tlve (5f-fln'r-tii-tlv), a. Of the nature of
affinity. — Af-fln'1-ta-tlve-ly, adv.
Ai-Qn'i-Uve, a. Closely connected, as by affinity.
Al-Un'l-ty (Sf-fTnl-ty ), n. ; pi. Affinities (-ttz). [OF.
afinitk, F. affinite, L. affinitas, fr. affinis. See Affined.J
1. Kelationship by marriage (as between a husband ana
his wife's blood relations, or betvi'een a wife and her hus-
band's blood relations) ; — in contradistinction to consan-
guinity, or relationship by blood ; — followed by with, to,
or between.
Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh. 1 Kings iii. L
2. Kinship generally ; close agreement ; relation ; con-
formity ; resemblance ; connection ; as, the affinity of
sounds, of colors, or of languages.
There is a close affinity between imposture and credulity.
Sir G. C. Lewis.
3. Companionship; acquaintance. lObs.]
About forty years past, I began a happy affinity with William
Cranmer. Burton.
4. (Chem.) Tliat attraction which takes place, at an
insensible distance, between the heterogeneous particles
of bodies, and unites them to form chemical compounds;
chemism ; chemical or elective affinity or attraction.
5. (JVal. Hist.) A relation between species or higher
groups dependent on resemblance in the whole plan of
structure, and indicating community of origin.
6. (Spiritualism) A superior spiritual relationship ot
attraction held to exist sometimes between persons, esp.
persons of the opposite sex ; also, the man or woman who
exerts such psychical or spiritual attraction.
Af-flrm' (5f-ferm'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Affirmed
(-fermd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Affirming.] [OE. affermen,
OF. afermer, P. affirmer, nffermir, fr. L. affirmare; ad
-|-/rmare to make firm, jfirmMs firm. See Firm.] 1. To
make firm; to confirm, or ratify; esp. (Law), to assert
or confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, brought be-
fore an appellate court for review.
2. To assert positively ; to tell with confidence ; to aver ;
to maintain as true ; — opposed to deny.
Jesus, . . . whom Paul affirmed to be alive. Acts xxv. 19.
3. (Law) To declare, as a fact, solemnly, under judi-
cial sanction. See Affirmation, 4.
Syn. — To assert ; aver ; declare ; asseverate ; assure ;
pronounce ; protest ; avouch ; confirm ; establish ; ratify.
— To Affirm, Asseverate, Aver, Protest. We affirm
when we declare a thing as a fact or a proposition. We
asseverate it in a peculiarly earnest manner, or with in-
creased positiveness as what can not be disputed. We
aver it, or formally declare it to be true, when we have
positive knowledge of it. We protest in a more public
manner and with the energy of nerf ect sincerity. People
asseverate in order to produce a conviction of their ve-
racity ; they aver when they are peculiarly desirous to be
believed ; fhej protest when they wish to free themselves
from imputations, or to produce a conviction of their in-
nocence.
Af-firm', v. i. 1. To declare or assert positively.
Not that I so affirm, though so it seem
To thee, who hast thy dwelling here on earth. Milton.
2. (Law) To make a solemn declaration, before an
authorized magistrate or tribunal, under the penalties of
perjury ; to testify by affirmation.
Af-firm'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being affirmed,
asserted, or declared; — followed by of; as, an attribute
affirmable of every just man.
Af-firm'a-bly, adv. In an.afflrmable manner.
Af-fum'ance (-ans), n. [Cf. OF. afermance.] 1. Con-
firmation ; ratification ; confirmation of a voidable act.
This statute ... in affirmance of the common law. Bacon.
2. A strong declaration ; affirmation. Cowper.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, 6bey, orb, add}
AFFIRMANT
29
AFFRONTIVE
Af-flnn'ant (Sf-ferm'ant), n. [L. affirmans, -anlis,
p. pr. See Apfibm.] 1. One who affirms or asserts.
2. (//(("') One wlio affirms, instead of taking an oath.
AfHr-ma'tion (Sl'fer-ma'sliun), n. [L. affirmaiio :
cf. F. ajlinnation.'] 1. Confirmation of anything estab-
lislied ; ratification ; as, the aJfiiinatio7i of a law. Hooker.
2. The act of affirming or asserting as true ; assertion ;
— opposed to negation or denial.
3. That which is asserted ; an assertion ; a positive
statement ; an averment ; as, an ajffinnation, by the
vender, of title to property sold, or of its quality.
4. (Law) A solemn declaration made mider the penal-
. ties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline
taking an o.ath, which declaration is iu law equivalent to
au oath. £oiii-iei:
Al-flrm'a-tlve (Sf-ferm'A-tTv), a. [L. affirmalivus:
cf. F. a_ffirmali/.2 1. Confirmative; ratifying; as, au act
affirmalive of common law.
2. That affirms ; asserting that the fact is so ; declara-
tory of wliat exists; answering "yes" to a question; —
opposed to negative ; as, txnaffirmative answer; aaojffirm-
ative vote.
3. Positive ; dogmatic. [Ofo.] Jer. Taylor.
Lysicles was a little disconcerted by the c^ffirmatire nir of
Crito. Berkeley.
4. (Logic) Expressing the agreement of the two terms
of a proposition.
5. (Alg.) Positive; — a term applied to quantities
which are to be added, and opposed to negative, or such
as are to be subtracted.
Ai-flrm'a-tive, n. 1. That which affirms as opposed
to that which denies ; an affirmative proposition ; that
side of a question which affirms or maintains the proposi-
tion stated ; — opposed to negative; as, there were forty
votes in the affirmative, and ten in the negative.
Whether there are such beinj;s or not, 't is sufficient for my
purpose that many have believed the afftrniative. JJryden.
2. A word or phrase expressing affirmation or assent ;
as, yes, that is so, etc.
Al-nnn'a-Uve-ly, adv. In an affirmative manner;
on the affirmative side of a question ; in the affirmative ;
— opposed to negatively.
Al-llnn'a-tO-ry (-k-tt-v^), a. Giving affirmation ; as-
sertive ; affirmative. Massey.
Af-Qrm'er (-er), n. One who afflii-ms.
Al-fis' (Sf-flks'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Affixed (-fTksf) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Affixing.] [LL. affixare, L. affizus, p. p.
of affigere to fasten to ; ad -\- figere to fasten : cf. OE.
affichen, F. afficher, ultimately fr. L. affigere. See Fix.]
1. To subjoin, annex, or add at the close or end ; to
append to ; to fix to any part of ; as, to affix a syllable to
a word ; to affix a seal to an instrument ; to affix one's
name to a WTiting.
2. To fix or fasten in any way ; to attach physically.
Should they [caterpillars] affix them to the leaves of a plant
Improper for their food. May.
3. To attach, unite, or connect with ; as, namec affixed
to ideas, or ideas affixed to things ; to affix a stigma to a
person ; to affix ridicule or blame to any one.
4. To fix or fasten figuratively ; — with on or ■upon ; as,
«yes affixed upon the ground. [06s.] Spenser.
Syn. — To attach; subjoin; connect; annex; unite.
Affix (5f 'f Iks), n. ; pi. Affixes (-5z\ [L. affixus, p.
p. of affigere: cf. F. nffixe.l That which is affixed; an
appendage ; esp. one or more letters or syllables added at
the end of a word ; a suffix ; a postfix.
Af-flx'ion (Sf-f ik'shim), M. [L. affixio, fr. affigere."]
Affixture. [OJs.] T. Adams.
Af-flx'tnre (af-f iks'tiir ; 135), n. The act of affixing,
or the state of being affixed ; attachment.
Af-fla'tion (af-fla'shiin), n. [L. affiatus, p. p. of af-
flare to blow or breathe on ; ad-\- flare to blow.] A
blowing or breathing on ; inspiration.
Af-fla'tns (af-fla'tus), n. [L., fr. afflare. See Afpla-
TioN.] 1. A breath or blast of wind.
2. A divine impartatipii of knowledge; supernatural
Impulse; inspiration.
A poet writing against his genius will be like a prophet
•without his afflatus. Spence.
Af-fllct' (5f-fiikt'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] [L. afflictus, p. p. of af-
fligere to cast down, deject ; ad -\- fligere to strike : cf.
OF. aflit, afflict, p. p. Cf. Flagellate.] 1. To strike or
cast down ; to overthrow. [Ofo.] " Keassembling our
afflicted powers." Milton.
2. To inflict some great injury or hurt upon, causing
continued pain or mental distress; to trouble griev-
ously ; to torment.
They did set over them taskmasters to qfflict them with
their burdens. Exod. i.U.
That which was the worst now least affiicts me. Milton.
3. To make low or humble. [Obs.'\ Spenser.
Men are apt to prefer a prosperous error before an afflicted
«™th. Ji,r. Taylor.
Syn. — To trouble ; grieve ; pain ; distress ; harass ;
torment ; wound ; hurt.
Af-flict', p. p. & a.
iObs.-]
Af-fUct'ed-ness, n.
fliction. [Obs.l
AI-Qlct'er (-er), n.
[L. afflictus, p. p.] Afiflicted.
Becon.
The state of being afliicted; af-
Sp. Ball.
One who afflicts.
Af-flict'ing, a. Grievously painful; distressing; af-
flictive ; as, an afflicting event. — Af-fliot'ing-ly , adv.
Af-flic'tion (af-fllk'shiiu), n. [F. affliction, L. affiic-
tio, fr. affligere.1 1. The cause of continued pain of
body or mind, as sickness, losses, etc. ; an instance of
grievous distress ; a pain or grief.
To repay that money vriU be a biting affliction. Shah.
2. The state of being afflicted ; a state of pain, dis-
tress, or grief.
Some virtues are seen only in affliction. Addison.
Syn. — Calamity; sorrow; distress; grief; pain; ad-
versity ; misery ; wretchedness ; misfortune ; trouble ;
hardship. — Affliction, Sorrow, Grief, Distress. Af-
fliction and sorroio are terms of wide and general appli-
cation ; [iric/ aud distress have reference to particular
cases. Aflliclion is the stronger term. The sultering
lies deeper iu the soul, and usually arises from some
powerful cause, such as the loss ot what is most dear
— friends, healtli, etc. We do not speak of mere sickness
or paiu as "an affliction," though one who suffers from
either is said to be aflliclnl ; but deprivations of every
kuid, such as deafness, blindness, loss of limbs, etc., are
called iiflliclioiis, sliownig tliat the term applies particu-
larly to prolonged sources of suffering, ,'iorroii' and
grii'f are nmch alike in meaning, but f/cd/ is the stronger
term of the two, usually denoting poignant mental suffer-
ing for some definite cause, as, iii-iej for the death of a
dear friend ; sorrow is more reflective, and is tmged with
regret, as, the misconduct of a child is looked upon with
sorrow. Grief is often violent and demonstrative ; .<")•-
roic deep and orooding. i^/s/cew implies extreme suffer-
ing, either bodily or mental. In its higlier stages, it de-
notes pain of a restless, agitating kind, ;uid almost always
supposes some struggle of mind or body. Affliction is
allayed, grief subsides, sorrow is soothed, distress is mit-
igated.
Ai-fUc'tlon-lesB (iU-fllk'shtin-lgs), a. Free from af-
fliction.
Af-fUc'tive (5f-flTk'tTv), a. [Cf. F. affliclif.-\ Giving
pain ; causing continued or repeated pain or grief ; dis-
tressing. "Jove's o^jcft'De hand." Pope.
Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain. Prior,
Af-lUc'tive-ly, adv. In an afflictive manner.
Ai'flu-ence (Sf'flii-ens), n. [F. affluence, L. affluen-
tia, fr. affluens, p. pr. of affluere to now to ; ad -\- fluere
to flow. See Flux.] 1. A flowing to or towards ; a
concourse; an infhiK.
The (^f^uence of young nobles from hence into Spain, Wotton,
There is an unusual affluence of strangers this year. Carlyle,
2. An abundant supply, as of thought, words, feelings,
etc. ; profusion ; also, abundance of property ; wealth.
An old age of elegance, affluence, and case. Goldsmith.
Syn. — Abundance ; riches; profusion; exuberance;
plenty ; wealth ; opulence.
Al'flu-en-cy (-en-sy), n. Affluence. [OJs.] Addison.
Al'fln-ent (-ent), a. [Cf. F. affluent, L. affluens, -entis,
p. pr. See Affluence.] 1. Flowing to ; flowing abun-
dantly. " Affluent hlood." Marvey.
2. Abundant ; copious ; plenteous ; hence, wealthy ;
abounding in goods or riches.
Language . . . affluent in expressions. H. Heed,
Loaded and blest with all the affluent store.
Which human vows at smoking shrines implore. Trior,
Af'flu-ent, n. A stream or river flowing into a larger
river or into a lake ; a tributary stream.
Ai 'flu-ent-ly, adv. Abundantly ; copiously.
Ai'nu-ent-ness, n. Great plenty. [iJ.]
Afflux' (af'fliiks'), n, [L. affluxum, p. p. of affluere:
cf . F. afflux. See Afpliience.] A flowing towards ; that
which flows to ; as, an afflux of blood to the head.
Ai-flux'ion (Sf-fluk'shiin), n. The act of flowing
towards ; afflux. Sir T. Browne.
Af fo-dill (5f'f$-dil), n. Asphodel. [06s.]
Af-force' (Sf-fors'), v. t. [OF. afforcier, LL. affor-
tiare ; ad + fortiare, fr. L. Jorlis strong.] To reen-
f orce ; to strengthen. Hallam,.
Al-force'ment (-ment), n, [OF.] 1. A fortress ; a
fortification for defense [06j.] Bailey.
2. A reenf orcement ; a strengthening. Hallam.
Al-f OT'ci-a-ment (af-f or'si-a-ment), n. See Affoece-
MENT. [06s.]
Ai-ford' (Sf-ford'), V. t. [imp, &p. p. Afforded ; p.
pr:& vb. 11. Affording.] [OE. aforihen, AS. geforSian,
forSian, to further, accompUsh, afford, fr. ford forth,
forward. The prefix ge- has no well defined sense. See
Forth.] 1. To give forth ; to supply, yield, or produce
as the natural result, fruit, or issue ; as, grapes afford
wine ; olives affcrrd oil ; the earth affords fruit ; the sea
affords an abundant supply of fish.
2. To give, grant, or confer, with a remoter reference
to its being the natural result ; to provide ; to furnish ;
as, a good life affords consolation in old age.
His tuneful Muse affords the sweetest numbers. Addison.
The quiet lanes . . . afford calmer retreats. Gilpin.
3. To offer, provide, or supply, as in selling, granting,
expending, with profit, or without loss or too great in-
jury ; as, A affords his goods cheaper than B ; a man can
afford a sum yearly in charity.
4. To incur, stand, or bear without serious detriment,
as an act which might under other circumstances be in-
jurious;— vrith an auxiliary, as can, could, might, etc.;
to be able or rich enough.
The merchant can afford to trade for smaller profits. Hamilton.
He could afford to suffer
With those whom he saw suffer. Wordsworth.
Af-ford'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be afforded.
Ai-ford'ment (-ment), re. Anything given as a help ;
bestowal. [06s.]
Ai-for'est (af-f5r'Sst), V. t. [LL. offorestare ; ad -(-
forestare. See Forest.] To convert into a forest; as,
to afforest a tract of coimtry.
Af-for'es-ta'tion (af-fbr'Ss-ta'shun), re. The act of
converting into forest or woodland. Blackstone.
Af-form'a-tive (af-f8rm'a-tTv), n. An affix. [iJ.]
Af-f ran'chise (Sf-fran'chiz or -chiz), V. t. [F. affran-
chir ; a (L. ad) -j- franc free. See Franchise and Frank.]
To make free ; to enfranchise. Johnson.
Ai-fran'cliise-ment (-ment), re. [Cf. F. affranchisse-
ment.l The act of making free ; enfranchisement, [i?.]
Af-irap' (af-f rap'), v. t. & i. [Cf. It. afl'rappare, f rap-
pare, to cut, mmce, F. frapper to strike. See Frap.]
To strike, or strike do\vn. [06s.] Spenser,
Ai-fiay' (Sf-fra'), V, t, [p. p, Apfrated.] [OB.
afraien, affraien, OF. efl'reer, esfreer, F. effrayer, orig.
to disquiet, put out of peace, fr. L. ex-\- OHG. fridu
peace (akin to E. free). Cf. Afraid, Fbay, Frith inclo«
sure.] [Archaic'] 1. To startle from quiet ; to alarm.
Smale foulcs a great heap
That had afrayed [aflrayed] me out of my sleep. Chaucer,
2. To frighten ; to scare ; to frighten away.
That voice doth us affray. Shak,
Ai-fray' (Sf-fra'), n. [OE, afrai, affrai, OF. esfrei, F.
eff'roi, fr. OF. esfreer. See Affray, v. J.] 1. The act of
suddenly disturbing any one ; an assault or attack. [06s. J
2. Alarm ; terror ; fright. [06s.] Spenser,
3. A tumultuous assault or quarrel ; a brawl ; a fray.
" In the very midst of the affray." Motley,
4. (Law) The fighting of two or more persons, in a
public place, to the terror of others. Blackstone.
^W^ A fighting in private is not, in a legal sense, an
affray.
Syn. — Quarrel ; brawl; scuffle; encounter; fight;
contest ; feud ; tumult ; disturbance.
Af-fray'er (-er), n. One engaged in an affray.
Af-fray'ment (-ment), «. Affray. [06s.] Spenser.
Af-frefght' (Sf-fraf), v. t. [Pref. ad- -f freight: cf.
F. affreter. See Freight.] To hire, as a ship, for the
transportation of goods or freight.
Al-frelght'er (-er), re. One who hires or charters a
ship to convey goods.
Af-frelgkt'ment (-ment), re. [Cf. F. affretement.l The
act of hiring, or the contract for the use of, a vessel, or
some part of it, to convey cargo.
Af-fref (iSf-f r6t'), re. [Cf . It. affretlare to hasten, fretta
haste.] A furious onset or attack. [06s.] Spenser,
Al-mc'tlon (Sf-frTk'shun), re. [L. affricare to rub on.
See Friction.] The act of rubbing against. [06s.]
AI-Mend'ed (5f-frSnd'gd),p. p. Made friends ; recon-
ciled. [06s.] " Deadly foes ... a^jtererfed. " Spenser,
Af-frighf (af-frif), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affrighted ;
p. pr, & vb. n. Affrighting.] [Orig. p. p. ; OE. afright,
AS. Sfyrhlan to terrify ; a- (cf . Goth, us-, Ger. er-, orig.
meaning out) -\-fyrhto fright. See Feigut.] To impress
with sudden fear ; to frighten ; to alarm.
Dreams affright our souls. Shak.
A drear and dying sound
Affrights the flamens at their service quaint. Milton,
Syn. — To terrify; frighten; alarm; dismay; appall;
scare ; startle ; daunt ; intimidate.
Al-trlghV, p, a. Affrighted. [06s.] Chaucer,
Ai-lrlght', n. 1. Sudden and great fear ; terror. It
expresses a stronger impression than fear, or apprehen-
sion, perhaps less than terror.
He looks behind him with affright, and forward with despair.
Goldsmith,
2. The act of frightening ; also, a cause of terror ; an
object of dread. B. Jonson.
Ai-fllght'ed-ly, adv. With fright. Drayton.
Al-frlght'en (-'n), i>. <. To frighten. [Archaic'] "Pit
tales ... to affrighten babes." Southey.
Al-frlghf er (-er), n. One who frightens. [Archaic^
Af-frlghfful (-ful), a. Terrifying; frightful. —Ai«
frlght'ful-ly, adv. ' [Archaic']
Bugbears or affrightful apparitions. Cudworih,
Af-fright'ment (-ment), re. Affright ; the state of be-
ing frightened ; sudden fear or alarm. [Archaic]
Passionate words or blows . . . fill the child's mind with
terror and affrightrtient. Locke.
Al-fcont' (Sf-friinf), v, t. [imp. & p. p. Affronted ;
p, pr. & vb. n. Affronting.] [OF. afronter, F. affronter^
to confront, LL. afl'rontare to strike against, fr. L. ad -\-
frons forehead, front. See Front.] 1. To front ; to face
in position ; to meet or encounter face to fa<;e. [06s.]
All the sea-coasts do affront the Levant. Holland.
That he; as 'twere by accident, may here
Affront Ophelia. Shak.
2. To face in defiance ; to confront ; as, to affront
death ; hence, to meet in hostile encounter. [Archaic]
3. To offend by some manifestation of disrespect ; to
insult to the face by demeanor or language ; to treat
with marked incivility.
How can any one imagine that the fathers would have
dared to ajf'ront the wife of Aurelius 1 Addison.
Syn. — To insult ; abuse; outrage ; wound ; illtreat;
slight ; defy ; offend ; provoke ; pique ; nettle.
Ai-!ronf , re. [Cf. F. affront, fr. affronter,] 1, An
encounter either friendly or hostile. [06s.]
I walked about, admired of all, and dreaded
On hostile ground, none daring my affront. Milton,
2. Contemptuous or rude treatment which excites or
justifies resentment ; marked disrespect ; a purposed in-
dignity; insult.
Offering an affj'&nt to our understanding. Addison,
3. An offense to one's self-respect ; shame. Arbuthnot.
Syn. — Affront, Insult. Outrage. An afl'ront is a
designed mark of disrespect, usually in the presence of
others. An insult is a personal attack either by words or
actions, designed to humiliate or degrade. An outrage is
an act of extreme and violent insult or abuse. An affront
piques and mortifies ; an insult irritates and provokes ;
an outrage wounds and injures.
Captious persons construe every innocent freedom into an
affront. When people are in a state of animosity^ they seek op-
portunities of offering each other insults. Intoxication or vio-
lent passion impels men to the commission of outrages. C^-abb.
AMron-W (af-friin-ta'), a. [F. affronti, p. p.] (Zfer.)
Face to face, or front to front ; facing.
Af-fronf ed-ly (Sf-frunt'Sd-li^), adv. "
Shamelessly. [Obs.] Bacon.
Af-fron-tee', re. One who receives
an affront. I/ytton.
Af-front'er (Sf-friint'er), re. One
who affronts, or insults to the face.
AWront'lng-ly, adv. In an affront-
ing manner.
At-front'Ive (-Iv), a. Tending to M!xon<6k
anront or offend ; offensive ; abusive.
How affvontive it is to despise mercy I South*
\
B
D
H
K
-Qse, unite, r^de, full, ilp, Urn; pity; food, ioitt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tben, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
M
AFFRONTIVENESS
30
AGAINWARD
Af-front'lve-ness (5f-frunt'Tv-ngs), n. The quality
that gives an aiiront or offense, [i?.] Bailey.
AMuse' (af-f uz')i '«■ t- [imp. & p. p. Afpdsed (-f uzd') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Atfusinq (-fuz'ing).] [L. affnsus, p. p. of
affnndere to pour to ; ad-\- fundere. See Fuse.] To
pour out or upon. \Jt.'\
I first affiised water upon the compressed beans. Boyle.
Af-fU'sion (5f-fii'zhun), n. [Cf. P. affusion.} The
act of pouring upon, or sprinkling with a liquid, as water
upon a child in baptism. Specifically : (3Ied.) The act of
pouring water or other fluid on the whole or a part of the
body, as a remedy in disease. Dunglison.
At-ly' (af-fl'), )'. i. limp. & p. p. Apited (Sf-fid') ; p.
pr. Affyinq.] [OF. afiei; LL. affidare. Cf. Affiance.]
1. To confide (one's self to, or in) ; to trust. [Oi*.]
2. To betroth or espouse ; to affiance. lObs.l Shuk.
3. To bind in faith. [06«.] Bp. Montagu.
Af-ly', V. i. To trust or confide. [06s.] Shak.
Afghan (af'gan), a. Of or pertaining to Afghanistan.
Afghan, n. 1. A native of Afghanistan.
2. A kind of worsted blanket or wrap.
A-fleW (a-feW), adv. [Pref. o- + field.'] 1. To, in,
or on the field. " We drove a/eW.' Milton.
How jocund did they drive their team afield .' Gray.
2. Out of the way ; astray.
Why should he wander afield at the ago of flf ty-flve I Trollope.
A-Rie' {a-fli')2_adv. & a. [Pref. n- + /re.] On fire.
A-fiame' (a-rtam'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -j-fiame.} In
flames ; glowing with light or passion ; ablaze. 6. Eliot.
A-Ilaf (a-flat'), "f/!'. IPref. a- + flat.} Level with the
gromid ; flat. [06.s.] Bacon.
A-llaunt' (a-flanf), adv. & a. [Pref. a--^flaimt.'] In
a flaunting state or position. Copley.
A-fllck'er(a-flik'er),adi;.&a. [Pref.a-+/icto-.] In
a flickering state.
A-float' (a-flof), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + float.}
1. Borne on the water ; floating ; on board ship.
On such a full sea are vfe now afloat. Shak.
2. Moving ; passing from place to place ; in general cir-
culation ; as, a rumor is afloat.
3. Unfixed ; moving without guide or control ; adrift ;
as, our affairs are all afloat.
A-flow' (a-flo'), «<?i'- & a. [Pref. a-+/ow.] Flowing.
Their founts aflow with tears. 7?. Browning.
A-flush' (4-flush'), adv. & a. [Pref. a--\- flush, n.] In
a flushed or blushing state.
A-Qush', adv. & a. [Pref. a- -^ flush, a.] On a level.
The bank is . . . afltish with the sea. Swinburne.
A-flUt'ler (^flut'ter), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flutter.}
In a flutter ; agitated.
A-foam' (a-fom'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -\-foam.} In a
foaming state ; as, the sea is all afoam.
A-foot' (a-f66t'), adv. [Pref. a- +fooi.} 1. On foot.
We '11 walk afoot a while. Shak.
2. Fig. : In motion ; in action ; astir ; in progress.
The matter being afoot. Sliak.
A-fOre' (a-for'), adv. [OE. afore, aforn, AS. onforan
or setforan ; pref. a- -{-fore.} 1. Before. lObs. or bial.}
If he have never drunk wine afore* Shak.
2. (Naut.) In the fore part of a vessel.
A-l0t6',prep. 1. Before (in all its senses). {^Archaic}
2. (Naut.) Before ; in front of ; farther forward than ;
as, afore the windlass.
Afore the mast, among the common sailors ; — a phrase
used to distinguish the ship's crew from the officers.
A-fore'cit'ed (-sit'ed), a. Named or quoted before.
A-f ore'go'lng (-go'ing), a. Going before ; foregoing.
A-fore'hand' (-hand'), adv. Beforehand ; in anticipa^
tlon. [Archaic or Dial.}
She is come aforeltand to anoint my body. Mark xiv. 8.
A'fore'band', a. Prepared ; previously provided ; —
opposed to behindhand. [Archaic or Dial.}
Aforeltand in all matters of power- Bacon.
A-fore'men'tloned (-mSn'shund), a. Previously men-
tioned ; before-mentioned. Addison.
A-fore'named' (-namd'), a. Named before. Peacham.
A-Iore'sald' (-sSd'), a. Said before, or in a preceding
part ; already described or identified.
A-fore'tbought' (-that'), a. Premeditated ; prepense ;
previously in mind ; designed ; as, malice aforethought,
which is required to constitute murder. Bouvier.
A-fore'thought', n. Premeditation.
A-Jore'time' (-tlm'), adv. In time past; formerly.
" He prayed ... as he did aforetime." Dan. vi. 10.
II A for'ti-0'ri (a fSr'shi-o'ri). [L.] {Logic & Math.)
With stronger reason.
A-fOUl' (a-foul'), acZu. & o. [Vret. a- ■{- foul.} In col-
lision ; entangled. Totten.
To rtm afool of, to run against or come into collision
with, especially so as to become entangled or to cause
injury.
A-fraid' (-frad'), p. a. [OE. ofrayed, affraide, p. p.
of afraien to affray. See Affray, and cf. Afeakd.] Im-
pressed with fear or apprehension ; in fear ; apprehsn-
Bive. [^/raW comes after the noun it limits.] "Back
they recoiled, afraid." Milton.
^^^ This word expresses a less degree of fear than
terrified or frightened. It Is followed hy of before the
object of fear, or by the infinitive, or by a dependent
daase ; as, to be afraid of death. " I am afraid to die."
•l as afraid he will chastise me. " " Be not afraid that
1 year hand should take. " Shak. I am afraid is Bome-
liKies used colloquially to soften a statement ; as, / am
afraid I can not help you in this matter.
Syn. — Fearful; timid; timorous; alarmed; anxious.
Afreet (Sf'ret), n. Same as Afeit.
A-lresb' (a-fresh'), adv. [Pref. a- -}- fresh.} Anew ;
again ; »nce more ; newly.
They crucify . . . the Son of God afresh. Beb. vi. 6.
Ai'rlc (Sf'rTk), a. African. — n. Africa. [Poetic}
Afrl-can (Sf 'rt-kon), a. [L. Africus, Africanus, fr.
Afer African.] Of or pertaining to Africa.
African hemp, a fiber pi-epared from the leaves of the
Snnsei'itra Giiineeiisis, a plant found in Africa and India.
— African marigold, a tropi':al American plant (Tac/eles
erecta). — African oak or Albican teak, a timber furnished
by Oldfieldia Africana, used in ship building.
Af'rl-can, n. A native of Africa ; also, one ethnolog-
ically belonging to an African race.
Ai'ri-can'der (Sf rX kSn'der), n. One born in Africa,
the offspring of a white father and a " colored " mother.
Also, and now commonly in Southern Africa, a native
born of European settlers.
Afrl-Can-ism (af'rt-kan-iz'm), n. A word, phrase,
idiom, or custom peculiar to Africa or Africans. " The
'kaotty Africanisms ... of the fathers." Milton.
Af rl-can-ize (-iz), v. t. To place under the domina-
tion of Africans or negroes. [Amer.} Bartlett.
Afrit (Sf'rit), Al'rite (-ret), Ai'reet (-ret), n. [Arab.
'ifrit.} (Moham. Myth.) A powerful evil jinnee, demon,
or monstrous giant.
A-front' (a-friinf), adv. [Pref. a- -\- front.} In front ;
face to face. —prep. In front of. Shak.
Aft (aft), adv. & a. [AS. leftan behind ; orig. superl.
of of, off'. See After.] (A'aut.) Near or towards the
stem of a vessel ; astern : abaft.
Aft'er (affer), a. [AS. a;fter after, behind ; akin to
Goth, oftaro, aflra, backwards, Icel. aptr, Sw. and Dan.
efter, OHG. a'ftar behind, Dutch and LG. achter, Gr.
a.Tru>Te'p(o further off. The ending -ter is an old compara-
tive suffix, in E. generally -ther (as in other), and after is
a compar. of of, off. V194- See Of ; cf. Apt.] 1. Next ;
later in time ; subsequent ; succeeding ; as, an after pe-
riod of life. Marshall.
^W^ In this sense the word is sometimes needlessly
conioined with the following noun, by means of a hy-
phen, as, f;/<«'-ages, afler-Kct, after-iays, after-Mfe. For
the most part the words are properly kept separate when
after has this meaning.
2. Hinder; nearer the rear. (Naut.) Toward the
stem of the ship; — applied to any object in the rear
part of a vessel ; as the after cabin, after hatchway. It
is often combined with its noun; as, o/fer-bowlines,
ff//er-braces, after-saMs, after-yaids, those on the main-
masts and mizzenmasts.
After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat,
or middle part.
Aft'er, prep. 1. Behind in place ; as, men in line one
after another. " Shut doors after you." Shak.
2. Below in rank ; next to in order. Shak,
Codrus after Phcebua sings the best. Dryden.
3. Later in time ; subsequent to ; as, after supper, after
three days. It often precedes a clause. Formerly thai
was interposed between it and the clause.
After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.
Mutt. xxvi. 32.
4. Subsequent to and in consequence of; as, after what
you have said, I shall be careful.
5. Subsequent to and notwithstanding; as, after all our
advice, you took that course.
6. Moving toward from behind; following; in search
of; in pursuit of.
Ye shall not ga after other gods. Deut. vi. 14.
After whom is the king of Israel come out ? 1 Sam. xxiv. 14.
7. Denoting the aim or object ; concerning ; in relation
to ; as, to look after workmen ; to inquire after a friend ;
to thirst after righteousness.
8. In imitation of ; in conformity with; after the man-
ner of ; as, to make a thing after a model ; a picture after
Bubens ; the boy takes after his father.
To name or call after, to name like and in reference to.
Our eldest son was narned George after his uncle. Goldsmith.
9. According to; in accordance with; in conformity
with the nature of ; as, he acted after his kind.
He shall not judge after the sight of his eyes. Isa. xi. 3.
They that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh.
Rom. viii. 5.
10. According to the direction and influence of; in
proportion to ; befitting. [Archaic}
He takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and cur-
rency, and not after their intrinsic value. Bacon.
After all, when everything has been considered ; upon
the whole. —After (with the same novm preceding and
following), as, wave after wave, day after day, several or
many (waves, etc.) successively. — One after another, suc-
cessively. — To be after, to be in pursuit of in order to
reach or get ; as, he is after money.
Aft'er, adv. Subsequently in time or place ; behind ;
afterward ; as, he follows after.
It was about the space of three hours after. Acts v. 7.
11^= After is prefixed to many words, forming com-
pounds, but retaining its usual signification. The prefix
may be adverbial, prepositional, or adjectival ; as in after-
described, o/?er-dinner, after-vavi. The hyphen is some-
times needlesslv; used to connect the adjective after with
its noun. See Note under After, a., 1.
Aft'er-birth' (-berth'), n. (Med.) The placenta and
membranes with which the fetus is connected, and which
come away after delivery.
Aft'er-iirain' (-bran'), n. (Anat.) The medulla oblon-
gata.
Aft'er-cast' (-kasf), n. A throw of dice after the game
is ended ; hence, anything done too late. Gower.
Aft'er-Clap' (klSp'), n. An unexpected subsequent
event ; something disagreeable happening after an affair
is supposed to be at an end. Spenser.
Aft'er-crop' (-krop'), n. A second crop or harvest in
the same year. Mortimer.
Aft'er damp' (damp'). An irrespirable gas, remain-
ing after an explosion of fire damp in mines; choke
damp. See Carbonic acid.
Aft'er-din'ner (-din'ner), n. The time just after din-
ner. "An o/Ver-dinner's sleep." Shak. [Obs.} — a.
Pollewing dinner ; post-prandial ; as, an after-dinner nap.
Aft'er-eat'age (Mfer-efaj), n. Aftergrass.
Aft'er-eye' (-i'), v. t. To look after. [Poetic} Shak.
Aft'er-game' (-gam'), n. A second game ; hence, a
subsequent scheme or expedient. Wotton.
Aftergame at Irish, an ancient game very nearly resem-
bling backgammon. Beau. &• Ft.
Aft'er-glow' (-glo'), n. A glow of refulgence in the
western sky after sunset.
Aft'er-grass' (aft'er-gras'), n. The grass that grows-
after the first crop has been mown ; aftermath.
Aft'er-growth' (-groth'),ra. A second growth or crop,
or (metaphorically) development. J. S. Mill.
Alt'er-guard' (-gard'), n. (Kant.) The seaman or .
seamen stationed on the poop or after part of the ship, to
attend the after-sails. Totten.
Aft'er-im'age (-Tm'aj), n. The impression of a vivid
sensation retained by the retina of the eye after the cause
has been removed ; also extended to impressions left of
tones, smells, etc.
Aft'er-ings (-Tngz), n. pi. The last milk drawn in
milking; strokings; strippings. [Obs. or Dial.} Grose.
Aft'er-math (-math), n. [After + math. See Math.]
A second mowing ; the grass which grows after the first
crop of hay in the same season ; rowen. Holland.
Aft'er-men'tioned (-mSn'slmnd), a. Mentioned aft~
erwards; as, persons after-mentioned (in a writing).
Aft'er-most (-most), a. superl. [OE. eftemest, AS..
seftemest, akin to Gothic aftumist and aftmna, the last,
orig. a superlative of of, with the superlative endings -ie,.
-me,-st.} 1. Hindmost; — opposed to foremost.
2. (haul.) Nearest the stem ; most aft.
Aft'er-nODM' (-noon'), n. The part of the day which.
follows noon, between noon and evening.
Aft'er-note' (-not'), n. (Mus.) One of the small notes,
which occur on the unaccented parts of the measure, tak-
ing their time from the preceding note.
Aft'er-pains' (-panz'), n. pi. (Med. ) The pains which
succeed childbirth, as in expellmg the afterbirth.
Aft'er-piece' (-pes'), n. 1. A piece performed after a .
play, usually a farce or other small entertainment.
2. (Naut.) The heel of a rudder.
Aft'er-salls' (-salz'), n. pi. ( Naut.) The sails on the
mizzenmast, or on the stays between the mainmast and
mizzenmast. Totten.
Aft'er-Shaft' (-shaft'), n. (Zo'ol.) The hypoptilum.
Aft'er-taste' (-tasf), n. A taste which remains in the-
mouth after eating or drinking.
-Aft'er-thought' (-that'), re. Reflection after an act;
later or subsequent thought or expedient.
Aft'er- wards (-werdz), 1 adv. "[AS. sefteu-eard, a., bo-
Aft'er-ward (-werd), ) hind. See Apt, and -ward
(suffix). The final i in afterwards is adverbial, orig. a
genitive ending.] At a later or succeeding time.
Aft'er-Wise' (-wiz'), a. Wise after the event; wise or
knowing, when it is too late.
Aft'er-wit' (-wTf), n. Wisdom or perception that
comes after it can be of use. " After-wit comes too late
when the miscliief is done." IS'Estrange.
Aft'er-wit'ted (-wit'tSd), a. Characterized by after-
wit; slow-witted. Tyndale.
Aft'most (aft'most), a. (Naut.) Nearest the stem.
Aft'ward (-werd), adv. (Naut.) Toward the stem.
II A-ga' or II A-gha' (a-ga' or a'ga), re. [Turk, agha a
great lord, chief master.] In Turkey, a commander or
chief officer. It is used also as a title of respect.
A-gain' (a-gSn' ; 277), adv. [OE. agein, agayn, AS.
ongegn, ongean, against, again ; on -j- gean, akin to Ger.
gegen against, Icel. gegn. Cf. Gainsay.] 1. In return ;
back ; as, bring us word again.
2. Another time ; once more ; anew.
If a man die, shall he live again f Job xiv. 14
3. Once repeated; — of quantity; as, as large again,
half as much again.
4. In any other place. [Archaic} Bacon.
5. On the other hand. "The one is my sovereign . . .
the other again is my kinsman. " Shak.
6. Moreover; besides; further.
Again, it is of great consequence to avoid, etc. Herschel.
Again and again, more than once ; often ; repeatedly. —
Now and again, now and then; occasionally. — To and
again, to and fro. [Obs.] De Foe.
H^"" Again was formerly used in many verbal combina-
tions, as, ag'aire-witness,l;o witness agamst ; again-vide, to
nde against ; OOTm-come, to come against, to encounter;
agam-brmg, to brmg back, etc.
A-gain' (a-gen'), Iprep. Against ; also, towards (m
A-gains' (-gens'), ) order to meet). [Obs.}
Albeit that it is again his kind. Chaucer.
A-gain'buy' (-hi'), ?;. i!. To redeem. [06.5.] Wyclif
A-gam'aa.y' (-S2i'),v.t. To gainsay. [Obs.i Wvclif.
A-gainst' (a^ggnsf ; 277), prep. [OE. agens, ageynes,
AS. ongegn. ITie s is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending,
bee Again.] 1. Abreast of ; opposite to ; facmg ; towards •
as, agmrist the mouth of a river; — in this sense often
preceded by over.
Jacob saw the angels of God come against him. Tyndale.
2. From an opposite direction so as to strike or come-
in contact with; in contact with; upon; as, hail beats
against the roof.
3. In opposition to, whether the opposition is of senti-
ment or of action ; on the other side ; counter to • in
contrariety to; hence, adverse to; as, against reasons
against law ; to run a race against time.
The gate would have been shut against her. Fieldinn.
An argument against the use of steam. TyndaU
4. By or before the time that; in preparation for ; so.
as to be ready for the time when. [Archaic or Dial }
Tr,^^o^ ""^ ^"^" """^^ "• °^'"'"'' ^"S Ahaz came from Da.
Against the sun, m a direction contrary to that in whicb
the sun appears to move. wmm
A-gain'stand'(a.gen'stand'), ■!,.<. To withstand. \Obs.-\
A-gain'ward (-werd), adv. Back again. [Obs.}
ale, senate, cftre, am, arm, ask, finol, 3,11 ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill j old, 5t)ey, orb, 6dd •
AGALACTIA
31
AGGRACE
n Agr'a-lac'd-a (Sg'a-lSk'tI-4), ) n. [Gi'. ayoAtucTi'a ;
Ag'a-laX'y {Sp;'a-iak'sj*), ( a priv. + yoAa, ya-
AaKTos, milk.] (Med.) Failure of the due secretion of
•nilk after ohildbirtli.
Ag'a-lac'toilS (-tus), a. Lacking milk to suckle with.
II A'gal-a'gal (a'gSl-a'gSl), n. Same as Agae-agar.
Ag'al-loch (Sg'51-18k), ) 71. [6r. iyaAAoxov,
II A-gal'lO-chum (A-gal'lo-ktim), ( of Eastern origin :
of. Skr. agtiru, Hob. pi. aliallm.'] A soft, resinous wood
{Aginlaria agallochum) of a liiglily aromatic smell, burnt
by the orientals as a perfume. It is called also agnl-
wood and aloes wood. The name is also given to some
other species.
Ag'aJ-mat'0-UtO (5g'Sl-mSf6-lit), n. [Gr. ayoAna,
./iaro?; image, statue + -lite: cf. F. (tgalmalolithe.']
(,Min.) A soft, compact stone, of a grayish, greenish, or
yellowish color, carved into images by the Cliiuese, and
hence called figure stone, andpagodile. It is probably a
variety of pinite.
llAg'a-ma (Sg'4-m4), n.;
pi. A.GAiLis (-maz). [From
the Caribbean name of a spe-
cies of lizard.] (Zool.) A ge-
nus of lizards, oue of the few
which feed upon vegetable sub-
stances ; also, oue of these llz- .-.^i^™™,— -
ards. ¥MHWj||j8||l 1
II Ag'a-ml (-me), re. ; pi. Ao- IB^^^BMafc. •>
AMIS X-mez). [F. ugami, fr.
the native name.] (Zool.) A
South American bird (Psophia
e1^epitat}s), allied to the cranes,
and easily domesticated ; — Aeama (A. amUata).
called also the gold • breasted
trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant.
See Trumpetbb.
A-gam'ic (a-gSm'ik), a. [See Agamous.] {a) {Biol.)
Produced without sexual union; as, agamic or unfertil-
ized eggs. (6) Not having visible organs of reproduction,
as flowerless plants ; agamous.
A-gam'iC-ai-ly (-T-koI-ly), adv. In an agamic manner.
Ag'a-mist (Sg'a-mist), n. [See Agamods.] An un-
married person ; also, one opposed to marriage. Foxe.
II Ag'a-mo-gen'e-sls (5g'a-mo-jen'e-sis), n. [Gr. dya-
^05 umnarried (a priv. -|- yajuos marriage) -\- yeVeo-ts re-
production.] (Biol.) Keproduction without the union of
parents of distinct sexes ; asexual reproduction.
Ag'a-mo-ge-net'lc (-je-nSt'Ik), a. (Biol.) Reprodu-
cing or produced without sexual union. — Ag'a-mo-ge-
net'ic-al-ly (-T-koi-iy), adv.
All known agamogeiutic processes end in a complete return
*o the primitive stock. Jitixlei/.
Ag'a-moos (Sg'S,-miis), a. [Gr. ayajios immarried ; a
priv. -|- yafios marriage.] (Biol.) Having no visible sex-
ual organs ; asexual. lii Bot. , cryptogamous.
A-gan'gU-on'io (a-gSn'gli-Sntk), a. [Pref. a- not +
ganglionic.'] (Physiol.) Without ganglia.
A-gape' (4^gap' or -gap'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gape."]
Gaping, as with wonder, expectation, or eager attention.
Dazzles the crowd and sets them all agape. Milton.
II Ag'a-pe (5g'a-pe), n. ; pi. Aqap^s (-pe). [Gr. di/a7nj
love, pi. ayaTrai.] The love feast of the primitive Chris-
tians, being a meal partaken of in connection with the
communion.
II A'gar-a'gar (a'g4r-a'g4r), n. [Ceylonese local
name.] A f ucus or seaweed much used in the East for
soups and jellies ; Ceylon moss (Graeilarm lichenoides).
Ag'a-ric (5g'a-rTk ; 277), n. [L. agaricum, Gr. iyapi-
k6v, said to be fr. Agara, a town in Sarmatia.] 1. (Bot.)
A fungus of the genus Agaricus, of many species, of which
the common mushroom is an example.
2. An old name for several species of Polyporus, corky
fungi growing on decaying wood.
^S^ The "female agaric " (Polyporus officinalis) was
renowned as a cathartic ; the " male agaric " (Polypo-
rus igniarius) is used for preparing touchwood, called
punk or German tinder.
Agaric Biineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of
lime, sometimes called rockmili; formed in caverns or
fissures of limestone.
A-gasp' (4-g4sp'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gasp.l In a
■tate of gasping. Coleridge.
A-gast' or A-ghast' (a-gasf), v. i. To affright ; to
terrify. [06s.] Chaucer. Spenser.
A-gast' (a-gast'J, p. J). & a. See Aghast.
A-gas'tric (a-gSs'tnk), a. [Gr. a priv. + yaa-rfip
stomach.] (Physiol.) Having no stomach, or distinct
digestive canal, as the tapeworm.
A-gate' (a^gaf), adv. [Pref. a- on -|- gate way.]
On the way ; agoing ; as, to be agate ; to set the bells
agate. \_Obs. or Prov. Bng.'\ Cotgrave.
A^'ate (Sg'at), n. [F. agate, It. agata, L. achates, fr.
Gr. axdn]^.] 1. (Min.) A semipellucid, uncrystallized
variety of quartz, presenting various tints in the same
specimen. Its colors are_ delicately arranged in stripes
er bands, or blended in clouds.
11^^ Tho fortification agate, or Scotch pebble, the moss
agate, the clouded agate, etc., are familiar varieties.
2. (Print.) A kind of type, larger than pearl and
smaller than nonpareil ; in England called ruby.
^W This lino is printed in the type called agate.
3. A diminutive person ; so called in allusion to the
small figures cut in agate for rings and seals. {_Obs.'] Shale.
4. A tool used by gold-wire drawers, bookbinders,
etc. ; — so called from the agate fixed in it for burnishing.
Ag'a-tif'er-ons (Bg'a-ttfer-iis), a. {Agate -f -ferous.^
Containing or producing agates. Craig.
Ag'a-tine (Sg'a-tin), a. Pertaining to, or like, agate.
Ag'a-tize (-tiz), v. t. [Usually p. p. Agatized (-tizd).]
To convert into agate ; to make resemble agate. Dana.
Ag'tL-ty (-tf), a. Of the nature of agate, or contain-
ing agate.
A-^a've (i-ga've), re. [L. Agave, prop, name, fr. Gr,
ayavr}, fem. of dyauos illustrious,
noble.] (Bot.) A genus of plants
(order Amaryllidaceai) of wliich
the chief species is the maguey
or century plant (A. Americana),
wrongly called Aloe. It is from
ten to seventy years, according to
climate, in attaining maturity,
when it produces a gigantic tlower
stem, sometimes forty feet in
height, and perishes. The fer-
mented juice is the pulque of the
Mexicans ; distilled, it yields mes-
cal. A strong thread and ii tough
paper are made from the leaves,
and the wood h.as many uses.
A-gazed'{a-gazd'), p. p. [Only ^■
in p. p. ; another spelling for
aghast.-] Gazing with astonish- Agave (^1. ^mericona).
meut; amazed. \_Obs.]
The whole army stood agazed on him. Shak.
Age (aj), re. [OF. auge, eage, F. age, fr. L. ae^asthrough
a supposed LL. aetalicum. L. aetas is contracted fr.
aevitas, fr. aevum lifetime, age ; akin to E. aye ever.
Cf. Each.] 1. The whole duration of a being, whether
animal, vegetable, or other kind c lifetime.
Mine age is as nothing' before thee. Ps. xxxLx. 5.
2. That part of the duration of a being or a thing
which is between its beginning and any given time ; as,
what is the present age of a man, or of the earth ?
3. The latter part of life ; an advanced period of life ;
seniority ; state of being old.
Nor wrong mine aye with this Indignity. Shak.
4. One of the stages of life ; as, the age of infancy, of
youth, etc. Shak.
5. Matiure age ; especially, the time of life at wliich one
attains fuU personal rights and capacities ; as, to come
of age ; he (or she) is of age. Abbott. In the United
States, both males and females are of age when twenty-
one years old.
6. The time of life at which some particular power or
capacity is understood to become vested ; as, the age of
consent ; the age of discretion. Abbott.
7. A particidar period of time in history, as distin-
guished from others ; as, the golden age, the age of Per-
icles. " The spirit of the age." Prescott.
Truth, in some age or other, will find her witness. Milton.
Aicheological ages are designated as three : The Stone
age (the early and the later stone age, called paleolithic
and neolithic), the Bronze age, and the Iron age. Dur-
ing the Age of Stone man is supposed to have employed
stone for weapons and implements.
See AuGusTAK, Beazen, Golden, Heeoic, Middle.
8. A great period in the history of the Earth.
The geologic ages are as follows : 1. The Archaean, in-
cluding the time when there was no life and the time of
the earliest and simplest forms of lite. 2. The age of In-
vertebrates, or the Silurian, when the life on the globe
consisted distinctively of invertebrates. 3. The age of
Fishes, or the Devoman, when fishes were the dommant
race. 4. The age of Coal Plants, or Acrogens, or the Car-
boniferous age. 5. The Mesozoic or Secondary age, or age
of Reptiles, when reptiles prevailed in great numbers and
of vast size. 6. The Tertiary age, or age of Mammals,
when the mammalia, or quadrupeds, abounded, and were
the dominant race. 7. The Quaternary age, or age of
Man, or the modem era. Dana.
9. A century ; the period of one hundred years.
Fleury . . . apologizes for these five ages. Hallam.
10. The people who live at a particular period ; hence,
a generation. ".496* yet unborn." Pope.
The way which the age follows. J. H. Newman.
I>o I where the stage, the poor, degraded stage.
Holds its warped mirror to a gaping age. C. Sprague.
11. A long time. [Colloq.'] "He made minutes an
age." Tennyson.
Age of a tide, the time from the origin of a tide in the
South Pacific Ocean to Its arrival at a given place. —
Moon's age, the time that has elapsed since the last pre-
ceding conjunction of the sun and moon.
15^°' Age is used to form the first part of many com-
pounds; as, age-lasting, aje-adoming, ag'e-wom, aye-
enfeebled, aye-long.
Syn. — Time ; period ; generation ; date ; era ; epoch.
Age, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Aged (ajd) ; p. pr. & vb. re.
Aging (a'jing).] To grow aged ; to become old ; to show
marks of age ; as, he grew fat as he aged.
They live one hundred and thirty years, and never age for
all that. Holland.
I am aging ; that is, I have a whitish, or rather a light-colored,
hair here and there. Landor.
Age, V. i. To cause to grow old ; to impart the char-
acteristics of age to ; as, grief ages us.
A'ged (a'jSd), a. 1. Old; having lived long ; having
lived almost to or beyond the usual time allotted to that
species of being ; as, an aged man ; an aged oak.
2. Belonging to old age. " Aged craiaps." Shak.
3. (a'jed or ajd) Having a certain age ; at the age of ;
having lived ; as, a man aged forty years.
A'ged-ly, adv. In the manner of an aged person.
A'ged-ness, re. The quality of being aged ; oldness.
Custom without truth is but agedness of error. Milton.
Ageless (aj'les), a. Without old age or limits of du-
ration ; as, fountains of ageless youth.
A-gen' (a-gSn'), adt). &^rep. See Again. [06s.]
A'gen-cy (a'jen-sy), re.; pi. Agencies (-sTz). [LL.
agentia,iT.'L.agens, agenlis: cf.F. agence. See Agent.]
1. The faculty of acting or of exerting power; the
state of being in action ; action ; instriUTientaJity.
The superintendence and age;icy of Providence in the natural
world. Woodward.
2. The office of an agent, or factor; the relation be-
tween a principal and his agent ; business of one intrusted
with the concerns of another.
3. The place of business of an agent,
Syn. — Action; operation; efficiency; management.
A'gend (a'jSnd), n. See Agendum. [06«.]
II A-gen'dum (4-j5n'dum), n. ; pi. Agenda (-da). [L.,
neut. of the gerundive of agere to act.] 1. Something t(
be done; in the pi., a memorandum book.
2. A church service ; a ritual or liturgy. [In this
sense, usually Agenda.]
Ag'e-nes'ic(Sj'e-ngs'ik),a. [See Agenesis.] (Physiol.)
Characterized by sterility ; infecund.
II A-gen'e-sis (a-j8n'e-sis), n. [Gr. a. priv. -j- yeVe<rtt
birth.] (Physiol.) Any imperfect development of the
body, or any anomaly of organization.
II Ag'en-ne'sls (aj'Sn-ne'sis), n. [Gr. d priv. -\- yevvri-
0-19 an engendering.] (Physiol. ) Impotence ; sterility.
A'gent (a'jent), a. [L. agens, agenlis, p. pr. of agere
to act ; akin to Gr. dyeii' to lead, Icel. aka to drive, Skr.
aJ. V2.] Acting ; — opposed to patient, or sustaining,
action. ^Archaici " The hoiy agent." Bacon.
A'gent, re. 1. One who exerts power, or has the pow-
er to act ; an actor.
Heaven made us agents, free to good or ill. Dryden.
2. One who acts for, or in the place of , another, by au-
thority from him ; one intrusted with the business of an-
other ; a substitute ; a deputy ; a factor.
3. An active power or cause ; that which has the power
to produce an effect; as, a physical, chemical, or medici-
nal agent ; as, heat is a powerful agent.
A-gen'tial (a-j5n'shal), a. Of or pertaining to an
agent or an agency. Fitzed. Hall.
A'gent-ship (a'jent-shlrtj re. Agency. Beau. & Fl.
II A-ger'a-tum (a-jer'a-tum or Sj'er-a'tilm), re. [NL.,
fr. Gr. dy^poToi' a sort of plant ; d priv. -f- yr)pa.<; old age.]
(Bot.) A genus of plants, one species of which (A. Mexi-
canum) has lavender-blue flowers in dense clusters.
Ag-gen'er-a'tion (5j-jen'er-a'shiin), n. [L. aggenerare
to beget in addition. See Generate.] The act of pro-
ducing in addition. [06.s.] T. Stanley.
II Ag'ger (aj'jer), re. [L., a mound, fr. aggerere to bear
to a place, heap up ; ad ■^- gerere to bear.] An earthwork ;
a mound ; a raised work. [06s.] Hearne.
Ag'ger-ate (-at), v. t. [L. aggeralus, p. p. of aggerare.
See Agger.] To heap up. [06s. or E.] Foox.
Ag'ger-a'tion (Sj'jer-a'shiin), n. [L. aggeratio.] A
heaping up ; accumulation ; as, aggerations of sand, [if.]
Ag'ger-ose' (aj'jer-os'), a. In heaps ; full of heaps.
Ag-gest' (aj-j§st'), V. t. [L. aggestus, p. p. of aggerere.
See Agger.] To heap up. [06s.]
The violence of the waters aggested the earth. Fuller.
Ag-glom'er-ate (Sg-gl5m'er-at), V. t. limp. & p. p.
Agglomerated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agglomerating
(-a'tiug).] [L. agglomeralus, p. p. of agglomerare; ad
-j- glomerare to form into a ball. See Glomerate.] To
wind or collect into a ball ; hence, to gather into a mass
or anything like a mass.
Where he builds the agglomerated pile. Coteper.
Ag-glom'er-ate, v. i. To collect in a mass.
Ag-glom'er-ate (-St), 1 a. 1. Collected into a
Ag-glom'er-a'ted (-a'tSd), ) ball, heap, or mass.
2. (^ot.) Collected into a rounded head of flowers.
Ag-glom'er-ate (-St), re. X. A collection or mass.
2. (Geol.) A mass of angular volcanic fragments imit-
ed by heat ; — distinguished from conglomerate.
Ag-glom'er-a'tion (Sg-glom'er-a'shiin), n. [Cf. F.
agglomeration.] 1. The act or process of collecting ia
a mass ; a heaping together.
An excessive agglomeration of turrets. Warion.
2. State of being collected in a mass ; a mass ; cluster.
Ag-glom'er-a-tlve (Sg-gl5m'er-a-tiv), a. Having a
tendency to gather together, or to make collections.
Taylor is eminently discursive, accumulative, and (to use one
of his own words) agglomerative. Coleridge.
Ag-glu'tl-nant (Sg-glii'tT-nant), a. [L. agglutinans,
-antis, p. pr. of agglutinare.] Uniting, as glue ; causing,
or tending to cause, adhesion. ^ re. Any viscous sub-
stance which causes bodies or parts to adhere.
Ag-gln'ti-nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aqohiti-
NATED (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aoglutotating.] [L.
agglutinatus, p. p. of agglutinare to glue or cement to a
thing; ad -}- glutinare to glue; gluten glue. See Glde.]
To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous
substance ; to imite by causing an adhesion of substances.
Ag-glu'ti-nate (-nSt), a. 1. United with glue or as
with glue ; cemented together.
2. (Philol.) Consisting of root words combined but
not materially altered as to form or meaning ; as, agglu-
tinate forms, languages, etc. See Agglutination, 2.
Ag-glu'ti-na'uon (Sg-glu'tT-na'shiiu), re. [Cf. F. ag-
glutination.] 1. The act of uniting by glue or other te-
nacious substance ; the state of being thus united ; adhe-
sion of parts.
2. (Philol.) Combination in which root words are unit-
ed with little or no change of form or loss of meaning.
See Agglutestattve, 2.
Ag-glu'ti-na-tive (Sg-glu'tT-na-ttv), a. [Cf. F. agglu-
tinati/.] 1. Pertaining to agglutination ; tending to unite,
or having power to cause adhesion ; adhesive.
2. (Philol.) Formed or characterized by agglutination,
as a language or a compound.
In agglutinative languages the union of words may be com-
pared to mechanical compounds, in inflective laneunKes to
chemical compounds. Jf. Morns.
Cf. man-hind, heir-loom, war-like, which are agghttinatire
compounds. The Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, the Tamul,
etc., are agglutinative languages. Ji. Mon-is,
Agglutinative languages preserve the consciousness of their
roots. Max Midh-r.
Ag-grace' (Sg-gras'), v. l. [Pref. a- -|- grace : cf . It. ag-
raziare,lilj.aggraiinre. See Grace.] To favor; to grace.
"■ .] "That knight so much a<7(/raccrf." Spenser.
\
B
D
\ F
G
H
K
gr
tc
M
use, unite, njde, full, iip, Qm ; pity ; food, frf&t ; out, oil j chair j go ; sing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
AGGRACE
32
AGNATION
Ag-grace' (Sg-grSs'), n. Grace ; favor. [06«.] Spenser.
Ag'gran-dl'za-ble (5g'grSn-di'z4-b'l), a. Capable of
being aggrandized.
Ag-gran'dl-za'tion (Sg-gr5u'dI-za'shiSn), n. Aggran-
dizement. \_Obs.'] Waierhouse.
Ag'gran-dlze (Sg'grSn-diz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ag-
ORANDIZED (-dizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggkamdizing (-di'-
zing).] [F. agrandir; a {li. ad) -i- grandir to increase,
L. grandire, fr. grandis great. See Grand, and of. Finish.]
1. To make great ; to enlarge ; to increase ; as, to ag-
grandize our conceptions, authority, distress.
2. To make great or greater in power, rank, honor, or
wealth ; — applied to persons, countries, etc.
His scheme for aggrandizing his son. Prescott.
3. To make appear great or greater ; to exalt. Lamb.
Syn. — To augment ; exalt ; promote ; advance.
Ag'g^an-dlze, V. i. To increase or become great. [OJs.]
Follies, continued till old age, do aggrandize. J. Hall.
Ag-gran'dlze-ment (Sg-grSu'dTz-ment ocSg'gran-dlz'-
ment ; 277), n. [Cf. F. agrandissement.'] The act of
aggrandizing, or the state of being aggrandized or ex-
alted in power, rank, honor, or wealth ; exaltation ; en-
largement ; as, the emperor seeks only the aggrandize-
ment of liis own family.
Syn. —Augmentation; exaltation; enlargement; ad-
vancement ; promotion ; preferment.
Ag'gran-dl'zer (Sg'grSn-di'zer), re. One who aggran-
dizes, or makes great.
Ag-grate' (5g-grat'), v. t. [It. aggraiare, fr. L. ad +
grains pleasing. See Grate, a.] To please. [06i.]
Eoch one sought his lady to aggrate. Spetiser.
Ag'gra-vate (Sg'gra-vat), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Aogra-
TATBD (-va'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggravating.] [L.
aggravatus, p. p. of aggravare. See Aoobieve.] 1. To
make heai-y or heavier; to add to; to increase. [Obs.']
''To aggravate thy store." Shak.
2. To make worse, or more severe ; to render less tol-
erable or less excusable ; to make more offensive ; to en-
hance ; to intensify. " To aggravate vay woes." Pope.
To agtjravate the horrora of the scene. Prescott.
The defense made by the prisoner's counsel did rather ag-
gravaie than extenuate his crime. Addison,
3. To give coloring to in description ; to exaggerate ;
as, to aggravate circumstances. Paley.
4. To exasperate ; to provoke ; to irritate. [Colloq."]
If both were to aggravate her parents, as my brother and sis-
ter do mine. Jiic/idrdson (Clarissa).
Syn. — To heighten; intensify; increase; magnify;
exaggerate ; provoke ; irritate ; exasperate.
Ag'gra-va'tlng (-va'tTng), a. 1. Making worse or
more heinous ; as, aggravating circumstances.
2. Exasperating; provoking; irritating. [CoUog.']
A thing at once ridiculous and aggravating. J. Ingelow.
Ag'gra-va'ting-ly, adv. In an aggravating manner.
Ag'gra-va'tion (3g'gra-va'shun), re. [LL. aggrava^
iio : cf . F. aggravation/] 1. The act of aggravating, or
making worse ; — used of evils, natural or moral ; the
act of increasing in severity or heinousness ; something
additional to a crime or wrong and enhancing its guilt or
injurious consequences.
2. Exaggerated representation.
By a little aggravation of the features changed it into the
Saracen's head. Addison.
3. An extrinsic circumstance or accident wliich in-
creases the guUt of a crime or the misery of a calamity.
4. Provocation ; irritation. [Collog.'] .Dickens.
Ag'gra-va-tlve (Sg'gra-va-ttv), a. Tending to aggra-
vate. ^ re. That wliich aggravates.
Ag'gre-gate (Sg'gre-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggre-
gated (-ga'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggregating.] [L.
aggregatus, p. p. of aggregare to lead to a flock or herd ;
ad -\- gregare to collect into a flock, grex flock, herd. See
Gregarious.] 1. To bring together ; to collect into a
mass or sum. "The aggregated aoM." Milton.
2. To add or unite, as, a person, to an association.
It is many times hard to discern to which of the two sorts, the
good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated. Wollaston.
3. To amoimt in the aggregate to ; as, ten loads, ag-
gregating five hundred bushels. [Colloq.~\
Syn, — To heap up ; accumulate ; pile ; coUect.
Ag'gre-gate (Sg'gre-gat), a. [L. aggregatus, p. p.]
X. Formed by a collection of particulars into a whole
mass or sum ; collective.
The aggregate testimony of many hundreds. Sir T. Browne.
2. (Anat.) Formed into clusters or groups of lobules;
as, aggregate glands.
3. (Bot.) Composed of several florets
within a common involucre, as in the
daisy ; or of several carpels formed from
one flower, as in the raspberry.
4. (itfm. & Geol.) Having the several
component parts adherent to each other
only to such a degree as to be separable
by mechanical means.
5. {Zool.) United into a common or-
ganized mass ; — said of certain compound
animals.
Corporation aggregate. (Law) See under
Corporation.
Aggregate
Truit.
Ag'gre-gate, n. 1. Amass, assemblage,
or sum of particulars ; as, a house is an aggregate of stone,
brick, timber, etc.
f^° In an aggregate the particulars are less intimately
mixed than in a compound.
2. (Physics) A mass formed by the union of homo-
geneous particles; — in distinction from a compound,
formed by the union of heterogeneous particles.
In the aggregate, collectively ; together.
Ag'gre-gate-ly, adv. Collectively ; in mass.
Ag'gre-ga'tlon (Sg'gre-ga'shiin), n. [Cf. LL. aggre-
gatio, P. agregation.'] The act of aggregating, or the
state of being aggregated ; collection into a mass or sum ;
a collection of particulars ; an aggregate.
Each genus is made up by aggregation of species. Carpenter.
A nation is not an idea only of local extent and individual
momentary aggregation, but ... of continuity, which extends
in time as well as in numbers, and in space. Burke.
Ag'gre-ga-Uve (Sg'gre-gS-ttv), a. [Cf. Fr. agrega-
tif.'] 1. Taken together ; collective.
2. Gregarious; social. [R.J Carlyle.
Ag'gre-ga'tor (-ga'ter), n. One who aggregates.
Ag-grege' (Sg-grSj'), v. t. [OF. agreger. See Aggra-
vate.] To make heavy ; to aggravate. [Obs.'] Chancer.
Ag-gress' (3g-grSs'), v. i. [imp. &p. p. Aggressed
(-grist') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggressing.] [L. aggj-essus,
p. p. of aggredi to go to, approach ; ad -\- gradi to step,
go, gradus step: cf. OF. aggresser. See Grade.] To
commit the first act of hostility or offense ; to begin a
quarrel or controversy ; to make an attack ; — with on.
Ag-gress', v. t. To set upon ; to attack. [P.]
Ag-gress', re. [L. aggressus.] Aggression. [06^.]
Their military aggresses on others. Sir M. Hale.
Ag-gres'slon (Sg-grgsh'mi), re. [L. aggressio, fr. ag-
gredi: cf. F. agression.] The first attack, or act of hos-
tility ; the first act of injury, or first act leading to a war
or a controversy ; unprovoked attack ; assault ; — as, a
war of aggression. " Aggressions of power." Hallam.
Syn. — Attack ; invasion ; assault ; encroachment ; in-
jury ; offense ; intrusion ; provocation.
Ag-gres'sive (3g-grgs'siv), a. [Cf. F. agressif.]
Tending or disposed to aggress ; characterized by aggres-
sion ; making assaults ; unjustly attacking ; as, an aggres-
sive policy, war, person, nation. — Ag-gres'sive-ly,
adv. — Ag-gres'slve-ness, n.
No aggressive movement was made. Macaulay.
Ag-gres'sor (-ser), re. [L. : cf. P. agresseur.] The
person who first attacks or makes an aggression ; he who
begins hostility or a quarrel ; an assailant.
The insolence of the aggressor is usually proportioned to the
tameness of the sufferer. Ames.
Ag-griev'ance (Sg-grev'ans), re. [OP. agrevance, fr.
agrever. See Aggrieve.] Oppression ; hardship ; injury ;
grievance. [Archaic]
Ag-grleve' (2g-grev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrieved
(-grevd') ; J), pr. & vb. re. Aggrievino- (-grev'ing).] [OE.
agreven, OP. agrever ; a (L. ad) -f grever to burden,
injure, L. gravare to weigh down, fr. gravis heavy. See
Grieve, and cf. Aggravate.] To give pain or sorrow
to ; to afflict ; hence, to oppress or injure in one's rights ;
to bear heavily upon ; — now commonly used in the pas-
sive To be aggrieved.
Aggi-ieved by oppression and extortion. Macaulay.
Ag-grleve', v. i. To grieve ; to lament. [Obs.]
Ag-group' (ag-groop'), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Aggeouped
(Sg-groopf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrouping.] [¥. agrovper ;
h (L. ad) -f- groupe group. See Group.] To bring to-
gether in a group ; to group. Dryden.
Ag-group'ment (-ment), re. Arrangement in a group
or in groups ; grouping.
II Ag'gry, II Ag'grl (Sg'gri), a. Applied to a kind of
variegated glass beads of ancient manufacture ; as, aggry
beads are found in Ashantee and Fantee in Africa.
A-ghast' (a-gasf), v. i. See Agast, v. t. [Obs.]
A-ghast' (a^gasf), a. &p. p. [OE. agast, agasted, p. p.
of agasten to terrify, fr. AS. pref. a- (cf . Goth, us-, G. er-,
orig. meaning out) -\- gxstan to terrify, torment : cf.
Goth, usgaisjan to terrify, primitively to fix, to root to
the spot with terror ; akin to L. haerere to stick fast,
cling. See Gaze, Hesitate.] Terrified ; struck with
amazement ; showing signs of terror or horror.
Aghast he waked ; and, starting from his bed.
Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o'erspread. Dryden.
The commissioners read and stood aghast. Macaulay.
Ag'i-ble (Sj'T-b'i;), a. [Cf. LL. agiUlis, fr. L. ogere
to move, do.] Possible to be done ; practicable. [Obs.]
" Pit for agible things." Sir A . Sherley.
Ag'lle (Sj'Tl), a. [P. agile, L. agilis, fr. agere to
move. See Agent.] Having the faculty of quick motion
in the limbs ; apt or ready to move ; nimble ; active ; as,
an agile boy ; an agile tongue.
Shaking it with agile hand. Coivper.
Syn. — Active; alert; nimble; brisk; lively; quick.
Ag'lle-ly, adv. In an agile manner ; nimbly.
Ag'lle-nesS; re. Agility ; nimbleness. [P.]
A-gll'I-ty (a-jTl'i-ty), re. [F. agilite, L. agilitas, fr.
agilis.] 1. The quality of being agile ; the power of
moving the limbs quickly and easily ; nimbleness ; activ-
ity ; quickness of motion ; as, strength and agility of body.
They . . . trust to the agility of their wit. Bacon.
Wheeling with the agility of a hawk. Sir W. Scott.
2. Activity ; powerful agency. [Obs-J
The agility of the sun's fiery heat. Holland.
Ag'1-0 (Sj'T-6 or a'jT-o ; 277), re. ; pi. Agios (-oz). [It.
aggio exchange, discoimt, premium, the same word as
agio ease. See Ease.] {Com.) The premium or per-
centage on a better sort of money when it is given in
exchange for an inferior sort. The premium or discount
on foreign bUls of exchange is sometimes called agio.
Ag'i-0-tage (aj'i-o-taj), re. [F. agiotage, fr. agioter
to practice stockjobbing, fr. agio.] Exchange busuiess;
also, stockjobbing ; the maneuvers of speculators to
raise or lower the price of stocks or public funds.
Vanity and agiotage are to a Parisian the oxygen and hy-
drogen of life. Landor.
A-gist' (a-jisf), V. t. [OP. agister ; a (L. ad) -f gister
to assign a lodging, fr. giste lodging, abode, F. gtte,
LL. gistum, gista, fr. L. jadtum., p. p. of jacere to lie :
cf. LL. agistare, adgistare. See Gist.] (Law) To take
to graze or pasture, at a certain sum ; — used originally of
the feeding of cattle in the king's forests, and collecting
the money for the same. Blackstone.
Ag'ls-ta'tor (Sj'Ts-ta'tSr), re. [LL.] See Agister.
A-glSt'er 1 (a-j'sfer), re. [Anglo-Norman agistour.J
A-giSt'or I (Law) (a) Formerly, an officer of the
king's forest, who had the care of cattle agisted, and
collected the money for the same;— hence called gist-
taker, which in England is corrupted into guest-taker,
(b) Now, one who agists or takes in cattle to pasture at
a certain rate ; a pasturer. Mozley d: W.
A-gist'ment(-ment),n. [OV.agislement. See Agist.]
(Laio) (a) Formerly, the taking and feeding of other
men's cattle in the king's forests, (b) The taking in by
any one of other men's cattle to graze at a certain rate.
Mozley & W. (c) The price paid for such feeding.
(d) A charge or rate against lands ; as, an agistment
of sea banks, j . e. , a charge for banks or dikes.
Ag'i-ta-ble (Sj'T-ta-b'l), a. [L. agitabilis: cf. P. agita-
ble.] Capable of being agitated, or easily moved, [it.]
Ag'i-tate (-tat), V. t. [imp. &j). p. Agitated (-ta'tSd) ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Agitating (-ta'ting).] [L. agitatus, p. p.
of agiiare to put in motion, fr. agere to move : cf. P.
agiter. See Act, Agent.] 1. To move vrith a violent,
irregular action ; as, the n-ind agitates the sea ; to agitate
water in a vessel. "Winds. .. offrta^e the air." Cowper.
2. To move or actuate. [P.] Thomson.
3. To stir up ; to disturb or excite ; to perturb ; as, he
was greatly agitated.
The mind of man is agitated by various passionB. Johnson.
4. To discuss vrith great earnestness ; to debate ; as,
a controversy hotly agitated. Boyle.
5. To revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects ;
to contrive busily ; to devise ; to plot ; as, politiciana
agitate desperate designs.
SjTi. — To move ; shake ; excite ; rouse ; disturb ; dis-
tract ; revolve ; discuss ; debate ; canvass.
Ag'I-ta'ted-ly, adv. In an agitated manner.
Ag'1-ta'tion (Sj'I-ta'shiin), re. [L. agitatio : cf. F.
agitation.] 1. The act of agitating, or the state of being
agitated ; the state of being moved with violence, or
with irregular action ; commotion ; as, the sea after a
storm is in agitation.
2. A stirring up or arousing ; disturbance of tranquil,
lity ; disturbance of mind which shows itself by physical
excitement ; perturbation ; as, to cause any one agitation.
3. Excitement of public feeling by discussion, ap.
peals, etc. ; as, the antislavery agitation; labor agitation
"Religious agitations." Prescott.
4. Examination or consideration of a subject in con.
troversy, or of a plan proposed for adoption; earnest
discussion ; debate.
A logical agitation of the matter. VEstrange,
The project now in agitation. SwiJ't
Syn. — Emotion ; commotion ; excitement ; trepida^
tion ; tremor ; perturbation. See Emotion.
Ag'1-ta-tive (Sj'i-ti-tTv), a. Tending to agitate.
II A'gl-ta'tO (a'ji-fa'tfi), a. [It. , agitated.] (Mus.) Sunj,
or played in a restless, hurried, and spasmodic manner.
Ag'1-ta'tor (Sj'i-ta'ter), re. [L.] 1. One who agi
tates ; one who stirs up or excites others ; as, political
reformers and agitators.
2. (Eng. HiM.) One of a body of men appointed h\i
the army, in Cromwell's time, to look after their inter
ests ; — called also adjutators. Clarendon
3. An implement for shaking or mixing.
A-gleam' (a-glem'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -f gleam.]
Gleaming ; as, faces agleam. Lowell.
Aglet (Sglgt), ) re. [P. aiguUlette point, tagged
Aiglet (agist), ) point, dim. of aiguille needle, fr.
LL. acucula for acicula, dim. of L. acus needle, pin :
cf. OF. agleter to hook on. See Acute, and cf. Aigoil-
lETTE.] 1. A tag of a lace or of the points, braids, or
cords formerly used in dress. They were sometimes
formed mto small images. Hence, " aglet baby " (Shak.),
an aglet image.
2. (Haberdashery) A round white staylace. Beok.
A-gley'(a-gla'),(7rfi'. Aside; askew. [Scotch] Burns.
A-gllm'mer (a-glTm'mer), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glim-
mer.] In a glimmering state. Hawthorne.
A-gllt'ter (a^glit'ter), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -j- glitter.]
Glittering ; in a glitter.
A-glos'sal (a^glos'sal), a. [Gr. ayA<<i<r<ros.] (Zool.)
Without tongue ; tongueless.
A-glow' (a-glo'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -f glow.] In a
glow ; glowing ; as, cheeks aglow ; the landscape all aglow.
AglU-tl'tlon (Sg'lii-tTsh'iin), re. [Pref. a- not -f L.
glutire to swailow.] (Med.) Inability to swaUow.
Ag'ml-nal (ag'mT-nal), a. [L. agminalis ; agmen,
agminis, a train.] Pertaining to an army marching, or
to a train. [P.]
Ag'mi-nate (ag'mi-nat), ) a. [L. agmen, agminit, a
Ag'mi-na'ted (-na'tgd), ) train, crowd.] (Physiol.)
Grouped together ; as, the agminatecl glands of Peyer in
the small intestine.
Ag'nall (Sg'nal), re. [AS. angnsegl ; ange vexation,
trouble -|- nssgel nail. Cf. Hangnail.] X. A com on
the toe or foot. [Obs.]
2. An inflammation or sore under or around the nail ;
also-, a hangnail.
Ag'nate (ag'nat), a. [L. agnatus, p. p. of agnasci to
be bom in addition to ; ad -{- nasci (for gnasci) to be
born. Cf. Adnate.] 1. Related or akin by the father's
side ; also, sprung from the same male ancestor.
2. Allied; akin. " Agnate words." PownaU.
Assume more or less of a fictitious character, but congenial
and agnate with the former. Landor.
Ag'nate, n. [Cf. F. agnat.] (Civil Law) A relative
whose relationship can be traced exclusively through
males.
Ag-nat'lc (5g-nSt'ik), a. [Cf. P. agnatigue.] Per-
taining to descent by the male line of ancestors. " The
c<?rea<to succession." ~ Blackstone.
Ag-na'tlon (Sg-na'shiin), re. [L. agnatio: cf. P. ag-
nation.] X. (Civil Law) Consanguinity by a line of
males only, as distinguished from cognation. Bouvier.
ale, senate, c4re, &m., arm, ask, final, j^ll; eve, event, £nd, fern, recent; Ice, idea, ill; old, dbey, drb, 5dd;
AGNITION
33
AGRIMONY
2. Relationship ; kinsliip by descent ; as, an agnation
between tlie Latin language and tlie German.
Ag-nl'Uon (Sg-nlsliTm), n. [L. agnitio, I'r. agnoscere.
See Notion.] Aoknowledgnient. [()i.»'.] Grafton.
Ag-Blze' (.Sg-niz'), V. t. [Formed like recognize, fr. L.
agnoscere.'] Jo recognize ; to acloiowledge. \_Archaic']
I uo af/iiize a natural and prompt alacrity. S/iit/c.
Ag'nol-Ol'O-gy (Sg'noi-ol'o-jy), n. [Gr. ayvoia igno-
rance + -logi/'l {Metapk.) The doctrine concerning those
■ things of wiiicli we are necessarily ignorant.
II Ag-no'men (5g-no'men), n. [L.; ad -\- nomen name.]
1. An additional or fourth name given by the Romans,
on account of some remarkable exploit or event ; as, Pub-
lius Caius Scipio Africunus.
2. An addition:)! name, or an epithet appended to a
name ; as, Aristides the Just.
Ag-nom'i-nate (ag-n5m't-nat), v. t. To name. [Ois.]
Ag-nom'i-na'fcion (Sg-n8m'T-na'shiSu), n. [L. aoiioin i-
naiio. See Au.nomen.] 1. A surname, [/i'.] JMinsheu.
2. Paronomasia ; also, alliteration ; annomiuatiou.
Ag-nOS'Uc (;Xg-nSs'tTk), a. [Gr. a priv. + yFioari/cds
knowing, yiyviiiaK&iv to know.] Professing ignorance ;
involving no dogmatic assertion ; pertaining to or involv-
ing agnosticismr — Ag-nos'tic-al-ly (-tl-kal-ly), adv.
Ag-nos'tlc, n. One vvlio professes ignorance, or denies
that we have any knowledge, save of plienomena; one
who supports agnosticism, neither affirming nor denying
the existence of a personal Deity, a future life, etc.
Il^°" A name first suggested by Huxley in 1869.
Ag-nos'tl-clsm (-tT-sIz'm), n. That doctrine which,
professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies. Spe-
cifically: {Theol.) The doctrine that the existence of a
personal Deity, an unseen world, etc., can be neitlier
proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of
the human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton
and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency of the evi-
dence furnished by psycliical and physical data, to war-
rant a positive conclusion (as taught by the seliool of
Herbert Spencer) ;— opposed alike to dogmatic skepticism
and to dogmatic theism.
II Ag'nus (Sg'nQs), n. ; pi. E. Aghuses (-Sz) ; L. Aqni
(-ni). [L., a lamb.] Agnus Dei.
II Ag'nus cas'tUS (kSs'tiis). [Gr. dyvos a willow-
hke tree, used at a religious festival ; confused with dyi/o!
holy, chaste.] {Bot.) A species of Vitex {V. agnus coi-
tus) ; the chaste tree. Loudon.
And wreaths of agnvs castas others bore. Dryden.
II Ag'nus De'i(de'i). [L., lamb of God.] (iJ. C. Ck.)
(a) A figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag, (b) A cake
of wax stamped with such a figure. It is made from the
remains of the paschal candles and blessed by the Pope,
(c) A triple prayer in the sacrifice of the Mass, beginning
mth the words "Agtins Dei."
A-go' (a-go'), a. & adt\ _ [OE. ago, agon, p. p. of agon
to go away, pass by, AS. agan to pass away ; a- (cf . Goth,
tts-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + gan to go. See Go.]
Past; gone by; since; as, ten years a jo/ gone long a^o.
A-gog' (a-g5g'), a. & adv. fCf. F. gogue fun, perhaps
of Celtic origin.] In eager desire ; eager; astir.
All agog to dash through thick and tliin. Coivper.
A-gO'lng (a-go'Tng), adv. [Pref. a- -f- p. pr. of go.'] In
motion ; in the act of going ; as, to set a null agoing.
II Ag'on (Sg'on), M. ; pi. Agones (a^go'nez). [Gr. ayiuv,
fr. ayeiv to lead.] (<?r. Antiq.) A contest for a prize at
the public games.
A-gone' (a-g6n'), a. & adv. Ago. [_Archaic & Poet.']
Three days agmie I fell sick. 1 Sam. xxx. 13.
A'gone (a'gon), M. [See Agonic] Agonic line.
A-gon'lc (a-gon'ik), a, [Gr. dyui'os without angles; a
priv. -f- yavCa. an angle.] Not forming an angle.
Agonic line (Phi/sics), an imaginary line on the earth's
aurface passing through those places where the magnetic
needle points to the true north ; the line of no magnetic
variation. There is one such line in the Western hemi-
sphere, and another in the Eastern hemisphere.
Ag'O-nlsm (Sg'o-niz'm), n. [Gr. aycoi'icrnds, fr. ayai-
vi^eaQa.!. to contend for a prize, fr. ayiiiv. See Agon.]
Contention for a prize ; a contest. [_Obs. & E.] Blount.
Ag'0-nlst (Sg'o-nist), n. [Gr. dywi/ionis.] One who
contends for the prize in public games. [.R.]
Ag'o-nis'tic (Sg'o-nis'tik), ) a. [Gr. a.yiavi.aTi.K.6^. See
Ag'o-nis'tic-al (-tl-kal), ) Agonism.] Pertaining
to violent contests, bodily or mental ; pertaining to ath-
letic or polemic feats ; athletic ; combative ; hence,
strained; unnatural.
As a scholar, he [Dr. Parr] was brilliant, but he consumed his
power in apoHis^iC displays. De Quincey.
Ag'0-nls'tlc-al-ly, adv. In an agonistic manner.
Ag'o-nis'tlcs (-tiks), n. The science of athletic com-
bats, or contests in public games.
Ag'0-nlze (Sg'6-niz), v. i. limp. & p. p. Agonized
(-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agonizing (-ni'zing).] [F. a^o-
niser, LL. agonizare, fr. Gr. ayuvi^iaSai. See Agony.]
1. To writhe with agony ; to suffer violent anguish.
To smart and agonize at every pore. Pope.
2. To struggle ; to wrestle ; to strive desperately.
Ag'o-nlze, v. t. To cause to suffer agony ; to subject
to extreme pain ; to torture.
He agonized his mother by his behavior. Thackeray.
Ag'o-ni'zJjlg-ly (-m'zTng-lJr), adv. With extreme an-
guish or desperate struggles.
Ag'o-no-thete' (-n6-thet'), n. [Gr. aymvo9iTr[i ; i.yu>v -\-
riBevai to set, appoint.] (Antiq.) An officer who pre-
sided over the great public games in Greece.
_Ag'0-nO-thet'IC (5g'6-nS-thgt'tk), a. [Gr. ayMvofleri-
Jtds.] Pertaining to the office of an agonothete.
A^'o-nj (Sg'o-nJ^), n. ; pi. Agonies (-niz). [L. agonia,
Gr. ayuvia, orig. a contest, fr. aycii' : cf. F. agonie. See
Agon.] 1. Violent contest or striving.
Tho world ia convulsed by the agonies of great nations.
Macaulay.
2. Pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions
of the body, similar to those made in the athletic con-
tests in Greece ; and hence, extreme pain of mind or
body ; anguish ; paroxysm of grief ; specifically, the suf-
ferings of Christ m the garden of Getlisemane.
Being in an agony he prayed more earnestly. Luke xx\\. 44.
3. Paroxysm of joy ; keen emotion.
With cries and agonies of wild delight. Pope.
4. The last struggle of life ; death struggle.
Syn. — Anguish ; torment ; throe; distress; pangs;
suffering. —Agony, Anguish, Pang. These words agree
in expressing extreme pain of body or mind. Afioiii/ de-
notes acute and iJermanei.t pain, usually of the whole
system, and often producing contortions. Atiauisli de-
notes severe pressure, and, considered as bodily suffer-
ing, is more commonly local (as the amjuish of a wound),
thus dittering from uyoiry. A paiiij is a paroxysm of ex-
cruciatuig paui. It is severe and transient. The«'/0H(>5
or paiifjs of remorse; the a/ttjtiish of a wounded con-
science. "Oh, sharp convulsive pangs of agonising
pride ! " JJri/deii.
A-gOOd' (a-g68d'), adv. [Pref. a- + good.] In earn-
est; heartily. lObs.] "I made her weep ayood." Shak.
!l Ag'O-ra (Sg'6-ra), n. [Gr. dyopd.] An assembly ;
hence, the place of assembly, especiaUy the market
place, in an ancient Greek city.
II A-gOU'a-ra (a-goo'a-ra), 7i. [Native name.] (Zoul.)
The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), found
in the tropical parts of America.
II A-gOU'ta (a-goo'ta), 7i. [Native name.] (Zool.) A
small msectivorous mammal {Solenodon paradoxus), al-
lied to the moles, found only in Hayti.
A-gOU'ti, I (a-gob'ti), n. [F. agouti, acouti, Sp.
A-gOU'ty, ) aguii, fr. native name.] (Zoul.) A
rodent of the genus Da-
syprocta, about the size of
a rabbit, peculiar to South
America and the West In-
dies. The most common
species is the Dasyprocta
agouti.
A-grace' (a-gras'), n. & tr
V. See Aggeace. lObs.] Agouti.
A-graffe' (a-grSf), n. [F. agrafe, formerly agraffe,
OF. agrappe. See Aghappes.] 1. A hook or clasp.
The feather of an ostrich, fastened in her turban by an
agraffe set with brilliants. Sir W. Scott.
2. A hook, eyelet, or other device by which a piano
wire is so held as to limit the vibration.
A-gram'ma-tlst (a-gr5m'ma-tTst), n. [Gr. aypaniia-
Tos illiterate ; d priv. -f- ypdfunara letters, fr. ypa<j>eLV to
write.] An illiterate person. [_Obs.] Bailey.
II A-graph'l-a (a-grSf'i-a), n. [Gr. d priv. -f ypa.<jieLv
to write.] The absence or loss of the power of express-
ing ideas by written signs. It is one form of aphasia.
A-graph'lC (-ik), a. Characterized by agraphia.
A-giappes' (^graps'), n. pi. [GF. agrappe, F. agrafe;
a -\- grappe (see Gbape) fr. OHG. krapfo hook.]^ Hooks
and eyes for armor, etc. Fairholt.
A-gra'rI-an (a-gra'rT-an), a. [L. agrarius, fr. ager
field.] 1. Pertaining to fields, or lands, or their tenure ;
esp., relating to an equal or equitable division of lands ;
as, the agrarian laws of Rome, which distributed the
conquered and other public lands among the citizens.
His Grace's landed possessions are irresistibly inviting to an
agrariayi experiment. Burke.
2. (Bot A WUd ; — said of plants growing in the fields.
A-gra'rl-an, n. 1. One in favor of an equal division
of landed property.
2. An agrarian law. [i?.]
An eq.ual agrarian is a perpetual law. Harrington.
A-gra'rl-an-lsni (-iz'm), n. An equal or equitable di-
vision of landed property ; the principles or acts of those
who favor a redistribution of land.
A-gra'ri-an-ize (-iz), v. t. To distribute according to,
or to imbue with, the principles^ of agrarianism.
A-gre' 1 (a-gre'), adv. [F. a gre. See Agkee.] In
A-gree' ( good part ; kindly. [_Obs.] Rom.ofS,.
A-gree' (a^gre'), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Ageeed (a^gred') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Agreeing.] [P. agreer to accept or re-
ceive kindly, fr. a gre ; a (L. ad) -\- gre good wiU, con-
sent, liking, fr. L. grnius pleasing, agreeable. See
Geateful.] 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or
action ; to be in unison or concord ; to be or become
united or consistent ; to concur ; as, all parties agree in
the expediency of the law.
If music and sweet poetry agree. Shak.
Their witness agreed not together. Mark xiv. 56.
The more you agree together, the less hurt can your enemies
do you. Sir T. Browne.
2. To yield assent ; to accede ; — followed by to ; as,
to agree to an offer, or to an opinion.
3. To make a stipulation by way of settling differences
or determining a price ; to exchange promises ; to come
to terms or to a common resolve ; to promise.
Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25.
Didst not thou agree with me for a penny ? 2{att. xx. IS.
4. To be conformable ; to resemble ; to coincide ; to
correspond ; as, the picture does not agree with the orig-
inal ; the two scales agree exactly.
5. To suit or be adapted in its effects ; to do well ; as,
the same food does not agree with every constitution.
6. (Gram.) To correspond in gender, number, case,
or person.
|J^°' The auxiliary forms of to be are often employed
with the participle agreed. "The jury tcere agreed."
Macaulay. " Can two walk together, except they be
agreed f" Amos iii. 3. Tlie prmcipal intransitive uses
were probably derived from the transitive verb used re-
flexively. " I aryree me well to your desire. " Ld. Berners.
Syn. — To assent; concijr; consent; acquiesce; ac-
cede ; engage ; promise ; stipulate ; contract ; bargain ;
correspond ; harmonize ; fit ; tally ; coincide ; comport.
A-gree' (A-gre'), v. t. 1. To make harmonious ; to rec-
oncile or make friends. \_Obs.] Spenser.
2. To admit, or come to one mind concernmg ; to set-
tle ; to arrange ; as, to agree the fact ; to agree differ-
ences. lObs. or Archaic]
A-gree'a-bU'I-ty (a-gre'a-btl'T-t^), n. [OF. agrea-
blele.] 1. Easiness of disposition. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. The quality of being, or making one's self, agree-
able; agreeableness. Thackeray.
A-gree'a-ble (4-gre'a-b'l), a. IF. agrSable.] 1. Pleas-
ing, either to the mind or senses ; pleasant ; grateful; as,
agreeable manners or remarks ; an agreeable person ; fruit
agreeable to the taste.
A train of agreeable reveries. Goldsmith.
2. Willing; ready to agree or consent. l_Colloq.]
These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a great
sum of money, so that he will be but content and agreeable that
they may enter into the said town. Latimer.
3. Agreeing or suitable ; conformable ; correspondent ;
concordant ; adapted ; — followed by to, rarely by with.
That which ia agreeahle to the nature of one thing, is many
times contrary to the nature of another. L Estrange.
4. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance; — in this
sense used adverbially for agreeably ; as, agreeable to the
order of the day, the House took up the report.
Syn. — Pleasing; pleasant; welcome; charming; ac-
ceptable ; amiable. See Pleasant.
A-gree'a-'ble-ness, n. 1. The quality of being agree-
able or pleasing ; that quality which gives satisfaction or
moderate pleasure to the mind or senses.
That author . , . has an agreeableness that charms us. Pope.
2. The quality of being agreeable or suitable ; suitable-
ness or conformity ; consistency.
The agreeableness of vu-tuous actions to human nature. Pearce.
3. Resemblance; concordance; harmony; — with io or
between. [_Obs.]
The agreeableness between manandtheotherpartsof the uni-
verse. Grew.
A-grea'a-Wy, adv. 1. In an agreeable manner ; in a
manner to give pleasure; pleasingly. ^^ Agreeably en-
tertained." Goldsmith.
2. In accordance; suitably; consistently; conforma-
bly ; — followed by to and rarely by with. See Agree-
able, 4.
The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent,
agreeably to the maxim above laid down. Paley.
3. Alike ; similarly. lObs.]
Both clad in shepherds* weeds agreeably. Spenser.
A-gree'lng-ly, adv. In an agreeing manner (to) ; cor-
respondingly; agreeably. [Obs.]
A-gree'ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. agriment.'] 1. State
of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or
character ; concurrence ; concord ; conformity ; as, a good
agreement subsists among the members of the council.
What agreement hath the temple of God with idols ?
2 Cor. vi. 16.
Expansion and duration have this further agreement. Locke.
2. (Gram.) Concord or correspondence of one word
with another in gender, number, case, or person.
3. (Law) (a) A concurrence in an engagement that
something shall be done or omitted ; an exchange of
promises ; mutual understanding, arrangement, or stipu-
lation; a contract, (b) The language, oral or written,
embodying reciprocal promises. Abbott. Brande &: 0.
Syn. — Bargain; contract; compact; stipulation.
A-gre'er (a^gre'er), n. One who agrees.
A-gres'tiC (a-grSs'tik), a. [I., agrestis, fr. ager field.]
Pertaining to fields or the country, in opposition to the
city; rural; rustic; unpolished; uncouth. '■'■Agrestic
behavior." Gregory.
A-gres'tlC-al (-tt-kal), a. Agrestic. \_Obs.]
A-gric'o-la'tion (a-grik'o-la'shun), n. [L. agricola-
tio.] Agriculture. [Obs.] Bailey.
A-gllc'O-llst (a-grik'o-list), n. A cultivator of the
soil ; an agriculturist. [06*.] Dodsley.
Ag'ri-cul'tor (Sg'rI-kul'tSr), n. [L., fr. ager field -j-
cultor cultivator.] An agriculturist ; a farmer, [i?.]
Ag'rl-cul'tur-al (Sg'rl-kiU'tiir-al), a. Of or pertain-
ing to agriculture ; connected with, or engaged in, till-
age; as, the agricultural class ; af/netrfiwraZ implements,
wages, etc. — Ag'ri-cul'tur-al-ly, adv.
Agricultural ant (.Zool.), a species of ant which gathers
and stores seeds of grasses, for food. The remarkable
species (Myrmica barbaia) found in Texas clears circu-
lar areas and carefully cultivates its favorite grain,
known as ant rice.
Ag'ri-cul'tur-al-ist, n. An agriculturist (which is
the preferred f ormV
Ag'rl-cul'ture (ag'rl-kiil'tur ; 135), n. [L. agrieul-
tura; ager &e\i3i ■{- cidlura cultivation: cf. F. agriculture.
See Acre and Culture.] The art or science of culti-
vating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and
the rearing and management of live stock ; tUlage ; hus-
bandry; farming.
Ag'ri-cul'tur-ism (-tiir-tz'm), n. Agriculture. [It.]
Ag'ri-cul'tur-lst, n. One engaged or skilled in agri-
culture ; a husbandman.
The farmer is always a practitioner, the agriculturist may be
a mere theorist. Crabb.
A-grlef (a-gref'), adv. [Pref. a- + grief.] In gi-ief ;
amiss. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Ag'ri-mo-ny (Sg'rT-mo-nj?), n. [OE. agremoyne,OF.
aigremoine, L. agrimonia for argemmiia, fr. Gr. dpye-
(ucin).] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Rose family.
(6) The name is also given to various other plants ; as,
hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabi7ium); water agri-
mony (Bidens).
3
D
H
K
.^ The Aarimonia etcpatoria, or common agrimony,
a perennial herb with a spike of yellow flowers, was once
esteemed as a medical remedy, but is now seldom used.
fise, unite, i^de, full, ilp, Qrn ; pity ; food, fctbt ; out, oil i «liair ; go ; sing, IqJc ; then, tbin ; boN ; zb = z In azure.
M
AGRIN
34
AIR
A-g:rln' (4-grin'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + grinJ In the
act of grinning. " His visage aU agrin. " Tennyson,
Ag'rl-ol'o-gist (Sg'rl-ol'J-jist), n. One versed or en-
gaged in agriology.
Ag'ri-Ol'O-gy (5g'ri-Sl'6-J3^), n. [Gr. aypio; wild, sav-
age 4- -logy.^ Description or comparative study of the
customs of savage or uncivilized tribes.
A-g[rise' (a-griz'), V. i. [AS. agr'isan to dread ; a- (of.
Goth. MS-, Ger. «)■-, orig. meaning out) -j- grlsan, for gry-
san (only in comp. ), akin to OHG. gruison, G. grausen, to
shudder. See Gbisly.] To shudder with terror; to
tremble with fear. [06«.] Chaucer.
A-grise', v. t. 1. To shudder at ; to abhor ; to dread ;
to loathe. \_Obs.'] Wyclif.
2. To terrify; to affright. [06s.]
His manly face that did his foes agrise. Speii3er.
llA'g^om (a'grtim), n. [Native name.] {Med.) A
disease occurring in Bengal and other parts of the East
Indies, in which tlie tongue chaps and cleaves.
Ag'ro-nom'ic (ag'ro-nom'Ilt), 1 a. [Of. F. agrono-
Ag'ro-nom'lc-al (-nom'i-kal), J mique.'] Pertaining
to agronomy, or the management of farms.
Ag'ro-nom'ics (-iks), n. The science of the distribu-
tion and management of land.
A-gron'0-niist (a-gron'o-mtst), n. One versed in
agronomy ; a student of agronomy.
A-gron'O-my (-mj), n. [Gr. i-ypoKo^tO! rural ; as a
noun, an overseer of the public lands ; iypds field -\- vofioi
usage, veixeLv to deal out, manage: cf. F. agronomie.^
The management of land ; rural economy ; agriculture.
A-grope' (a-grop'), odv. & a. [Pref. a- -\- grope.'] In
the act of groping. Mrs. Brown ing.
II A-gros'tis (a-grSs'tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. aypcoo-Tis. ]
A genus of grasses, including species called iu common
language hent grass. Some of them, as redtop {Agroslis
vulgaris), are valuable pasture grasses.
A-gros'to-grapMc (a-grSs'to-graf'Ik), 1 a. [Cf. F.
A-gros'to-graph'io-al (-to-gr3f'T-kal), ) agrostogra-
phigue.] Pertaluuig to agrostography.
Ag'ros-tOg'ra-phy (ag'rSs-tog'ra-f^), n. [Gr. aypuorts
-|- -graphy.] A description of the grasses.
A-gros'tO-log'lc (a-gr5s'to-loj'ik), ) a. Pertaining to
A-gros'to-log'ic-al (-to-16j'i-kal), ) agrostology.
Ag'ros-tOl'O-gist (Sg'rSs-tol'o-jIst), n. One skilled in
agrostology.
Ag'ros-tol'0-gy (-jy), n. [Gr. aypucms + -logy.]
That part of botany which treats of tlje grasses.
A-ground' (a-ground'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -{- ground.]
On the ground ; stranded ; — a nautical term applied to a
ship when its bottom lodges on tlie ground. Toiten.
A-group'meilt (a-groop'ment), n. See Aogeoupment.
Ag'ryp-not'io (ag'rii>n5t'ik), n. [Gr. aypuiri/os sleep-
less ; aypelv to chase, search for -)- tin-i/os sleep : cf. F.
agrypnolique.] Anything which prevents sleep, or pro-
duces wakefulness, as strong tea or coffee.
II A'guar-di-en'te (a'gwar-de-Su'ta), n. [Sp., contr. of
agua ardiente burning water (L. aqua water -j- ardens
burning).] 1. An inferior brandy of Spain and Portugal.
2. A strong alcoholic drink, especially pulque. IMex-
ico and Spanish America]
A'gue (a'gfi), n. [OE. affM, ague, OF. agu, F. aigu,
Aharp, OF. fem. ague, LL. (febris) acuta, a sharp, acute
fever, fr. L. acutus sharp. See Aoute.] 1. An acute
fever. [Ofis.l " Brenning ajjj&j. " . I^. Plowman.
2. (Med.) An intermittent fever, attended by alter-
nate cold and hot fits.
3. The cold fit or rigor of the intermittent fever ; as,
fever and ague.
4. A chill, or state of shaking, as with cold. Dryden.
Ague cake, an enlargement of the spleen produced by
ague. — Ague drop, a solution of the arsenite of potassa
used for ague. — Ague fit, a fit of the ague. Shai: — Ague
spell, a spell or charm against ague. Oay. — Ague tree,
the sassafras, — sometimes so called from the use of its
root formerly, in cases of ague. [Obs.]
A'gue, V. t. [imp. &p.p. AouED (a'giJd).] To strike
with an ague, or with a cold fit. Heywood.
A-gullt' (a-gtlf), v. t. To be guilty of ; to offend ; to
sin against ; to wrong. [Obs.] Chaucer,
A-gulse' (4-giz'), n. Dress. \_Obs.] Dr. H. 3fore.
A-gulse', V. t. [Pref a- + guise.] To dress ; to at-
tire ; to adorn. [Obs.]
Above all knights ye goodly seem aguised. Spenser.
A'gn-lsh (a'gii-Ish), a. 1. Having the qualities of an
ague ; somewhat cold or shivering ; chilly ; shaky.
Her aguish love now glows and burns. OranvUle,
2. Productive of, or affected by, ague ; as, the aguish
districts of England. T. Arnold.
— A'gu-ish-ly , adv . — A'gu-lsh-ness, n.
A-gUSh' (a^gush'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -j- gush.] In a
gushing state. Hawthorne.
Ag'y-nous (Sjl-nas), a. [Gr. a priv. -|- ywrj woman.]
(£ot.) Without female organs ; male.
Ah (a), interj. [OE. a : cf. OF. a, F. ah, L. ah, Gr. a,
Sk. a, Icel. », OHG. a, Lith. a, d&.] An exclamation, ex-
pressive of surprise, pity, complaint, entreaty, contempt,
threatening, delight, triumph, etc., according to the man-
ner of utterance.
A-ha' (ft-ha'), interj. [Ah, interj. + ha.] An ex-
clamation expressing, by dSfferent intonations, triumph,
mixed with derision or irony, or simple surprise.
A-ba', n. A sunk fence. See Ha-ha. Mason.
A-head' (4-h5d'), adv. [Pref. a- + head.] 1. In or
to ihe front ; in advance ; onward.
The island bore but a little ahead of ns. Fielding.
2. Headlong ; without restraint. [Obs.] L'Estrange.
To go ahead, (a) To go in advance, (b) Togo on or on-
ward, (c) To push on in an enterprise. [Collog.]—To
fet ahead of. (a) To get in advance of. (6) To surpass ;
0 get the better of. [Colloq.]
A-heap' {4/-hep'), adv. [Pref. a- + heap.] In a heap ;
bttddled together. Hood.
A-helght' (4-hif ), adv. [Pref. a- + height.] Aloft ;
on high. lObs.] " Look up aheight." Shak.
A-hem' (a-hSm'), interj. An exclamation to call one's
attention ; hem.
A-hey' (a-ha'), interj. Hey ; ho.
A-hlgh' (a-lii'), adv. On high. \_Obs.] Shak.
A-hold' (a-hold'), adv. [Pref. a- + hold.] Near the
wind ; as, to lay a ship ahold. [Obs.] Shak.
A-horse1)ack (a^hSrs'bak), adv. On horseback.
Two suspicious fellows ahorseback. Smollet.
A-hoy'{iAioi'),interj. [OE. a, interj. -|- Aoy.] (Naut.)
A term used in hailing'; as, " Ship ahoy."
II Ah'rl-man (a'ri-man), n. [Per.] The Evil Princi-
ple or Being of the ancient Persians ; the Prince of Dark-
ness as opposer to Ormuzd, the King of Light.
II A'hu (a'hoo), n. [Native name.] \Zodl.) The
Asiatic gazelle.
A-huU' (a-hiil'), adv. [Pref. a- -f- hull.] (Naut.)
With the sails furled, and the hehn lashed alee ; — ap-
plied to ships in a storm. See Hitll, n. Totlen.
A-hun'gered (a-hSn'gerd), a. [Pref. a- + hungered.]
Pinched with hunger ; very hungry. C. Bronte.
A'i (al), n. ; pi. Ais (a'Tz). [Braz. ai, hai, from the
animal's cry ; cf. F. ai.] (Zool.) The three-toed sloth
(Bradypus tridaetylus) of South America. See Sloth.
II Ai'blins, A'bllns (a'blinz), adv. [See Able.] Per-
haps; possibly. [Scotch] Burns.
Alch's met'al (fks met'al). A kind of gun metal,
containing copper, zinc, and iron, but no tin.
Aid (ad), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Aided (ad'gd) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Aiding.] [F. aider, OF. aidier, fr. L. adjutare
to help, freq. of adjuvare to help ; ad -\- juvure to
help. Cf. Adjutant.] To support, either by furnishing
strength or means in cooperation to effect a purpose, or
to prevent or to remove evil ; to help ; to assist.
You speedj^ helpers . . .
Appear and aid me in this enterprise. Shak.
Syn. — To help; assist; support; sustain ; succor ; re-
lieve ; befriend ; cooperate ; promote. See Help.
Aid, n. [F. aide, OF. aide, a'ie, fr. the verb. See Aid,
V. t.] 1. Help ; succor ; support ; assistance ; relief.
An unconstitutional mode of obtaining aid. Hallam.
2. The person or thing that promotes or helps in some-
thing done ; a helper ; an assistant.
It is not good that man should 'le alone ; let us make unto
him an afrflike unto himself. Tobit viii. 6.
3. (Eng. Hist.) A subsidy granted to the king by Par-
liament ; also, an exchequer loan.
4. {Feudal Law) A pecuniary tribute paid by a vassal
to his lord on special occasions. Blackstone.
6. An aid-de-camp, so called by abbreviation ; as, a
general's aid.
Aid prayer (Law), a proceeding by which a defendant
beseeches and clamis assistance from some one who has
a further or more permanent interest in the matter in
suit. — To pray in aid, to beseech and claim such assist-
ance.
Ald'ance (ad'ans), n. [Cf. OF. aidance.] Aid. [E,]
Aidance 'gainst the enemy. Shak.
Ald'ant (-ant), a. [Cf. F. aidant, p. pr. of aider to
help.] Helping; helpful; supplying aid. Shak.
Aid'-de-camp' (ad'de-kaN'), n. ; pi. Aids-de-camp
(ad;!'-). [F. aide de camp (literally) camp assistant.]
{Mil.) An officer selected by a general to carry orders,
also to assist or represent him in correspondence and in
directing movements.
Ald'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, aids.
Ald'ful (-ful), a. Helpful. [Archaic] Bp. Hall.
Aidless, a. Helpless ; without aid. Milton.
Ald'-ma'jor (-ma'jer), n. The adjutant of a regiment.
Al'el (i'gl), n. See Ayie. [Obs.]
Aiglet (agist), n. Same as Aglet.
Al'gre(a'ger), a. [P. SeeEAGEK^ Sour. [Obs.] Shak.
II M'gre-more (a'ger-mor), n. [F. Origin unknown.]
Charcoal prepared for making powder.
Al'gret (a'grgt), 1 n. [F., a sort of white heron,
Al-grette' (a-grSf), ) with a tuft of feathers on its
head ; a tuft of feathers ; dim. of the same word as her-
on. See Hekon, and cf. Eqeet, Egeette.] 1. (Zool.)
The small white European heron. See Egket.
2. A plume or tuft for the head composed of feathers,
or of gems, etc. Prescott.
3. A tuft like that of the egret. (Bot.) A feathery
crown of seed ; egret ; as, the aigrette or down of the
dandelion or the thistle.
II Al'gullle' (a'gwel'), m. [F., a needle. See Aglet.]
1. A needle-shaped peak.
2. An instrument for boring holes, used in blasting.
Al'gull-lette' (a'gwtl-lSf), n. [F. See Aglet.] 1. A
point or tag at the end of a fringe or lace ; an aglet.
2. One of the ornamental tags, cords, or loops on some
military and naval uniforms.
Al'gu-let (a'gu-lSt), n. See Aglet. Spenser.
All (al), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Ailed (aid) ; p. pr. & vb.
n. Ailing.] [OE. eilen, aileit, AS. eglan to trouble, pain ;
akin to Goth, us-agljan to distress, agls troublesome, irk-
some, agio, aglitha, pain, and prob. to E. awe. V 3.] To
affect with pain or imeasiness, either physical or mental ;
to trouble ; to be the matter with ; — used to express
some imeasiness or affection, whose cause is unknown ;
as, what aUs the man ? I know not what ails him.
What aileth thee, Hagar ? Gen. xxi. 17.
m^^ It is never used to express a specific disease. We
do not say, a fever ails him ; but, something ails him.
All, V. i. To be affected with pain or uneasiness of
any sort ; to be ill or indisposed or in trouble.
When he ails ever so little ... he is so peevish. Hichardson.
All, n. Indisp^ition or morbid affection. Pope.
Al-lan'thus (a-15n'thus), re. Same as Ailantus.
Al-lan'tUS (-tQs), n. [From aylanio, i. e., tree of
heaven, the name of the tree in the Moluccas.] (Bot.)
A genus of beautiful trees, natives of the East Indies.
The tree is unperfectly dioecious, and the staminate oj
male plant is very offensive wlien m blossom.
Al-lette' (a-lef), n. [F. ailette, dim. of aile wing, L.
ala.] A small square shield, formerly worn on the shoul-
ders of knights, — being the prototype of the modern
epaulet. FairhoU.
All'ment (al'ment), n. Indisposition ; morbid affec-
tion of the body ; — not apphed ordmarily to acute dis-
eases. "Little aiiments.'-' Lansdowne,
II Ai'lU-rold'e-a (a'lii-roid'e-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
oiAoupos cat+ -Old.] (Zool.) A group of the Camivora,
which includes the cats, civets, and hyenas._
Aim (am), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Aimed (amd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Aiming.] [OE. amen, aimen, eimen, to guess
at, to estimate, to aim, OF. esmcr, asmer, fr. L. aestimare
to estimate ; or perh. fr. OF. aesmer ; h (L. ad) + esmer.
See Estimate.] 1. To point or direct a missUe weapon,
or a weapon which propels a missile, towards an object
or spot with the intent of hitting it ; as, to aim, at a fox,
or at a target.
2. To direct the intention or purpose ; to attempt the
accomplishment of a purpose ; to try to gam ; to endeav-
or ; — followed by at, or by an infinitive ; as, to aim at
distinction ; to aim to do well.
Aim'st thou at princes ? Pope.
3. To guess or conjecture. [Obs.] Shak.
Aim, V. t. To direct or point, as a weapon, at a partic-
ular object ; to direct, as a missile, an act, or a proceed-
ing, at, to, or against an object ; as, to aim a musket or aa
arrow, the fist or a blow (at something) ; to aim a satire
or a reflection (at some person or vice).
Aim, re. [Cf. OF. esme estimation, fr. esmer. See
Aim, v. i.] \. The pointing of a weapon, as a gun, a dart,
or an arrow, in the line of direction with the object in-
tended to be struck ; the line of fire ; the direction of
anything, as a spear, a blow, a discourse, a remark, to-
wards a particular point or object, with a view to strike
or affect it.
Each at the head leveled his deadly aim. Milton.
2. The point intended to be hit, or object intended to
be attained or affected.
To be the aim of every dangerous shot. Shak
3. Intention ; purpose ; design ; scheme.
How oft ambitious aims are crossed ! Topi,
4. Conjecture ; guess. [Obs.]
What you would work nie to, I have some aim. Shah.
To cty a,im(Archer7j), to encourage, [Obs.] Shak.
Syn. — End; object; scope; drift; design; purpose;
intention ; scheme ; tendency ; aspiration.
Aim'er (am'er), re. One who aims, directs, or points.
Aimless, a. Without aim or purpose ; as, an aimless
life. — Aim'less-ly, adv. — Alm'less-ness, re.
Ai'no (i'no), re. [Said to be the native name for man.]
One of a peculiar race inhabiting Tesso, the Kooril Is-
lands etc., in the nortliem part of the empire of Japan,
by some supposed to have been the progenitors of the Jap-
anese. The Ainos are stout and short, with hairy bodies.
Ain't (ant). A contraction for are not and am not ; also
used for is not. [Colloq. or illiterate speech] See An't.
Air (Sr), re. [OE. air, eir, F. air, L. aer, fr. Gr. arjp,
air, mist, for of Tjp, fr. root a/r to blow, breathe, probably
akin to E. wind. In sense 10 the French has taken a
meaning fr. It. aria atmosphere, air, fr. the same Latin
word; and in senses 11, 12, 13 the French meaning is
either fr. It. aria, or due to confusion with F. aire, in
an older sense of origin, descent. Cf . Aery, Deeonaib,
Malaria, Wind.] 1. The fluid which we breathe, and
which surrounds the earth ; the atmosphere. It is invis-
ible, inodorous, insipid, transparent, compressible, elas-
tic, and ponderable.
tS^ By the ancient philosophers, air was regarded as
auelement ; but modern science has shown that it is es-
sentially a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, with a small
amount of carbon dioxide, the average proportions being,
by volume: oxygen, 20.96 per cent. ; nitrogen, 79.00 per
cent. ; carbon dioxide, 0.04 per cent. These proportions
are subject to a very slight variability. Air also always
contains some vapor of water.
2. Symbolically : Something unsubstantial, light, or
volatile. " Charm ache with at>." Shak.
He was still all air and fire. Macaulai/, [Air and Jire being
the finer and quicker elements as opposed to earth and water.)
3. A particular state of the atmosphere, as respects
heat, cold, moisture, etc., or as affecting the sensations;
as, a smoky air, a damp air, the morning air, etc.
4. Any aeriform body ; a gas ; as, oxygen was for-
merly called vital air. [Obs.]
6. Air in motion ; a light breeze ; a gentle wind.
Let vernal airs through trembling osiers play. Fopf:,
6. Odoriferous or contaminated air. Bacon.
7. That which surrounds and influences.
The keen, the wholesome air of poverty. WcyrdswurtK.
8. Utterance abroad ; publicity ; vent.'~^
You gave it air before me. J[>rydeR.
9. Intelligence ; information. [Obs.] Bacon.
10. (Mus, ) (a) A musical idea, or motive, rhythmic-
ally developed in consecutive single tones, so as to form a
symmetrical and balanced whole, which may be sung by
a single voice to the stanzas of a hymn or song, or even
to plain prose, or played upon an instrument ; a melody ;
a tune ; an aria, (b) In harmonized chorals, psalmody,
part songs, etc., the part which bears the time or melody
— in modern harmony usually the upper part — is some-
times called the air.
H. The peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of a
person ; mien ; demeanor ; as, the air of a youth ; a heavy
air ; a lofty air. " His very air." Shak.
12. Peculiar appearance ; apparent character ; sem-
blance ; manner ; style.
It was communicated with the air of a secret. Pope.
13. pi. An artificial or affected manner ; show oJ
31e, senate, c^re, 9.m, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event., £nd, fern, recent; Ice, idea, ill; old, 6bey, 5rb, tidi;
AIR
35
ALAR
pride or vanity ; haughtiness ; as, it is said of a person,
he puts on airs. Thackeray.
14. (Paint.) [a) The representation or reproduction
of the effect of tlie atmospheric medium through wliich
every object m nature is viewed. New Am. Cyc. (\i)
Carriage ; attitude ; action ; movement ; as, the liead
of that portrait has a good air. FairhoU.
15. (Man.) The artificial motion or carriage of a
horse.
J^"" Air is much used adjectively or as the first part of
a compoimd term. In most cases it miglit be written ui-
differently, as a separate hmlting- word, or as the first ele-
ment of the compound term, with or witliout tlie hyphen ;
as, n/r bladder, ir/r-bladder, or uiV-bladder; air cell, uir-
cell, or ai/ceU ; air pump, »i;'-pump, or u/rpump.
Air balloon. See Balloon. — Air bath. («) An appara-
tus for tlie application of air to the body, (b) An arrange-
ment for drying substances in air of any desired tempera-
ture.—Air castle. See Ca.-itle in the air, mider Castle.
— Air compresaor, a machine for compressmg air to be used
as a motive power. — Air crosBing, a passage for air in a
mine. — Air cushion, an air-tight cushion which can be in-
flated ; also, a device for arresting motion without shock
by confined air. — Air fountain, a contrivance for produ-
cing a jet of water by the force of compressed air. —Air
furnace, a furnace which depends on a natural draft and
not on blast. — Air line, a straight line ; a bee line. Hence
Alr-llne, adj.; as, air-line road. —Air lock {Hijdr. Enqin.),
an intermediate chamber between the outer air and the
compressed-air chamber of a pneumatic caisson. Knight.
— Afr port (iVrti'.), a scuttle or porthole in a ship to admit
air. — Air spring, a spring in which the elasticity of air is
utilized. —Air thermometer, a form of thermometer in
wliich the contraction and expansion of air is made to
measure changes of temperature. — Air threads, gossa-
mer. — Air trap, a contrivance for sl\uttmg oft' foul air or
gas from drains, sewers, etc. ; a stench trap. — Air trunk,
a pipe or shaft for conducting foul or heated air from a
room. — Air valve, a valve to regulate the admission or
egress of air ; esp. a valve which opens mwardly in a steam
boiler and allows air to enter. — Air way, a passage for a
current of air; as, the air irau of an air pump ; an air
way in a mine. — In the air. {a) Prevalent without trace-
able origin or authority, as rumors. (6) Not in a fixed
or stable position : unsettled, (c) {Mil.) Unsupported and
liable to be tiumed or taken in flank ; as, the army had its
wing in the a ir. — To take air, to be divulged ; to be made
public. — To take the air, to go abroad ; to walk or ride out.
Air (&),«>. t. [imp. &p. p. AiEED(3;rd) ;p.pr.&vb.n.
Airing.] [See Am, «., and cf. Aerate.] 1. To expose
to the air for the purpose of cooling, refreshing, or puri-
fying ; to ventilate ; as, to air a room.
It were good wisdom . . . that the jail were aired. Bacon.
Were you but riding forth to air yourself. Sliak.
2. To expose for the sake of public notice ; to display
ostentatiously ; as, to air one's opinion.
Airing a snowy hand and signet gem. Tennyson.
3. To expose to heat, for the purpose of expelling
dampness, or of warming ; as, to air linen ; to air liquors.
Mx' bed' (bed'). A sack or mattress inflated with air,
and used as a bed.
Air' blad'der (blad'der). 1. (Anat.) An air sac, some-
times double or variously lobed, in the visceral cavity of
many fishes. It originates in the same way as the lungs
of air-breatlung vertebrates, and in the adult may retain
a tubular connection with the pharynx or esophagus.
2. A sac or bladder full of air in an animal or plant ;
also an air hole in a casting.
Air' brake' (brak'). (Maeh.) A railway brake oper-
ated by condensed air. Knight.
Alr'-buUt' (-bilf), a. Erected in the air ; having no
solid fovmdation ; chimerical ; as, an air-built castle.
Air' cell' (sa'). 1. (Bol.) A cavity in the cellular tis-
sue of plants, containing air only.
2. {Anat.) A receptacle of air in various parts of the
system ; as, a cell or minute cavity in the walls of the
air tubes of the lungs ; the air sac of birds ; a dilatation
of the air vessels in insects.
Air' cham'ber (cham'ber). 1. A chamber or cavity
filled with air, in an animal or plant.
2. A cavity containing air to act as a
spring for equalizing
the flow of a liquid in a
pump or other hydrau-
lic machine.
Air' cock' (kok'). A
faucet to allow escape
of air.
Air'-drawn'
(-dran'), a. Drawn in
air; imaginary.
This is the air-drawn
dagger. Shak.
Air' drill' (dril'). A
drill driven by the elastic pressure of condensed air ; a
pneumatic drill. Knight.
Air' en'glne (Sn'jin). An engine driven by heated or
by compressed air. Knight.
Alr'er (-er), n. 1. One who exposes to the air.
2. A frame on which clothes are aired or dried.
Air' gas' (gas'). See under Gas.
Air' gun' (gun'). A kind of gun in which the elastic
force of condensed air is used to discharge the ball. The
air is powerfully compressed into a reservoir attached to
the gun, by a condensing pump, and is controlled by a
valve actuated by the trigger.
Air' hole' (hoi'), l. A hole to admit or discharge air ;
specifically, a spot in the ice not frozen over.
2. {Founding) A fault in a casting, produced by a bub-
ble of air ; a blowhole.
Alr'l-ly (Sr'i-ly), adv. In an airy manner ; lightly ;
gaily ; jauntUy ; flippantly.
Alr'l-ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being airy ;
openness or exposure to the air ; as, the airiness of a
country seat.
2. Lightness of spirits ; gayety ; levity ; as, the airi-
ness of young persons.
a a Two forms of Air Chamber, 2.
One form of Air Pump.
a Cylinder ; h Piston rod : c Manometer ;
d Receiver or Beil Glass.
Air'ing (Sr'Tng), n. 1. A walk or a ride in the open
air; a short excursion for health's sake.
2. An exposure to air, or to a fire, for warming, dry-
ing, etc. ; as, the airing of linen, or of a room.
Air' Jack'et (jSk'St). A jacket having air-tight cells,
or cavities which can be filled with air, to render per-
sons buoyant in swimming.
Airless (fir'lSs), a. Not open to a free current of air ;
wanting fresh air, or communication with the open air.
Air' level (ISVSl). Spirit level. See Level.
Airlike' (-lik'), a. Resembling air.
Air'ling (-lTng),n. A thoughtless, gay person. [06i.]
"Slight 0(Wm<;«." B. Jonson.
Ail-om'e-ter (Sr-6m'e-ter), n. \_Air -\- -meter.'] A
hollow cylinder to contain air. It is closed above and
open below, and has its open end plunged into water.
Air' pipe' (pip')- A pipe for the passage of air ; esp.
a ventilating pipe.
Air' plant' (plSnf). {Bot.) A plant deriving its sus-
tenance from tlie air alone ; an aerophyte.
ECP" The " Florida moss " ( Tillandsia), many tropical
orcluds, and most mosses and lichens are air plants.
Those which are lodged upon trees, but not parasitic on
them, are epiphytes.
Air' poise' (poiz'). [See Poise.] An instrument to
measure the weight of air.
Air' pump' (pilmp'). 1. {Physics)
A kind of pump for exhausting air from
a vessel or closed space ; also, a pump
to condense air or force it into a closed
space.
2. {Steam En-
gines) A pump
used to exhaust
from a condenser
the condensed
steam, the water
used for con-
densing, and any
commingled air.
Air' sac
(s5k'). {Ajiat.)
One of the spaces
in different parts
of the bodies of birds, which are filled with air and con-
nected with the air passages of the lungs ; an air cell.
Air' shaft' (shaft'). A passage, usually vertical, for
admitting fresh air into a mine or a tunnel.
Air'-slacked' (-slXkf), c. Slacked, or pulverized, by
exposure to the air ; as, air-slacked lime.
Air' stove' (stov'). A stove for heating a current of
air which is directed against its surface by means of
pipes, and then distributed through a building.
Air'-tight' (-tit'), a. So tight as to be impermeable
to air ; as, an air-tight cyUnder.
Air'-tight', n. A stove the draft of which can be al-
most entirely shut off. \_Colloq. U. 5.]
Air' ves'sel (ves'sa). A vessel, ceU, duct, or tube
containing or conducting air ; as the air vessels of in-
sects, birds, plants, etc. ; the air vessel of a pump, en-
gine, etc. For the latter, see Air chamber. The air ves-
sels «f insects are called tracheae, of plants spiral vessels.
Air'ward (Sr'werd), I adv. Toward the air ; upward.
Air'wards (-werdz), ) \_R.'\ Keats.
Air'y (Sr'y), a. 1. Consisting of air; as, an airy
substance ; the airy parts of bodies.
2. Relating or belonging to air ; high in air ; aerial :
as, an airi/ flight. " The airy region. " Milton.
3. Open to a free current of air ; exposed to the air ;
breezy ; as, an airy situation.
4. Resembling air ; thin ; unsubstantial ; not material ;
airlike. " An o«'?/ spirit. " Shak.
5. Relating to the spirit or soul ; delicate ; graceful ;
as, airy music.
6. Without reality ; having no solid foundation ;
empty ; trifling;, visionary. " Airy iaxae." Shak.
Empty sound, and airy notions. Roscommon.
7. Light of heart ; vivacious ; sprightly ; flippant ; su-
perficial. " Merry and airj/. " Jer. Taylor.
8. Having an affected maimer ; being in the habit of
putting on airs ; affectedly grand. IColloq.'}
9. (Paint.) Having the light and aerial tints true to
nature. Elmes.
Aisle (il), re. [OF. ele, F. aUe, wing, wing of a build-
ing, L. ato, contr. fr. axilla.'] {Arch.) {a) A lateral
division of a building, separated from the middle part,
called the nave, by a row of columns or piers, which
support the roof or an upper wall containing windows,
called the clearstory wall. (6) Improperly used also for
the nave ; — as in the phrases, a church with three aisles,
the middle aisle, (c) Alsc^perhaps from confusion with
alley), a passage into which the pews of a church open.
Aisled (ild)^ a. Furnished with an aisle or aisles.
Aisle'less (il'les), a. Without an aisle.
Ait (at), n. [AS. iggaS, tgeoS, perh. dim. of leg, ig,
island. See Etot.] An islet, or little isle, in a river or
lake ; an eyot.
The ait where the osiers grew. R. Hodges (1649).
Among green aits and meadows. Dickens.
Ait (at), n. Oat. \_Scot.] Burns.
Aitch (ach), re. The letter h or H.
Altch'bone' (ach'bon'), re. [For nachebone. For loss
of n, cf. Adder. See Natch.] The bone of the rump ;
also, the cut of beef surrounding this bone. [Spelt also
edgebone.']
Ai'ti-ol'o-gy (I'tl-ol'o-jy), re. See .IItioloqy.
A-Jar' (a-jar'), adv. [OE. ore char ajar, on the turn ;
AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, akin to G. kehren to turn, and to D.
akerre. See Char.] Slightly turned or opened ; as, the
door was standing ajar.
A-]ar' (a-jar'), adv. [Pref. a- -\- jar.'] In a state of
discord ; out of harmony ; as, he is ajar with the world.
A-Jog' (a-j5g'), adv. [Pref. a- -\-jog.'] On the jog.
AJ'U-tage (5j'ia-taj), re. [F. ajutage, for ajoutage, fr.
ajouter to add, LL. adjuxtare, fr. L. ad -\- juxta near to,
nigh. Cf. Adjutage, Adjustage, Adjust.] A tube
through which water is discharged ; an efflux tube ; as,
the ajutage of a fountain.
Ake (ak), re. & v. l_Obs.] See Ache.
A-kene' (a-ken'), re. {Bot.) Same as Achene.
Ak'e-ton (Sk'e-tSn), re. lObs.] See Acton.
A-kini'bO.(a-kim'bo), a. [Etymology unknown. Cf.
Kimbo.] With a crook or bend; with the hand on tho
hip and the elbow turned outward. "With one arm
akimbo." Irving.
A-kin' (a-kitn'), a. [Pref. a- (for of) -f- kin.] 1. Of
the same kin ; related by blood ; — used of persons ; as,
the two families are near akin.
2. Allied by nature ; partaking of the same properties ;
of the same kind. " A joy akin to rapture." Cowper.
The literary character of the work is akin to its moral char-
acter. Jeffrey.
^W^ This adjective is used only after the noun.
II Ak'i-ne'si-a (Sk'T-ne'sT-a), re. [Gr. axLvria-Ca quies-
cence ; a. priv. -|- Kivriai'; motion.] {Med.) Paralysis of
the motor nerves ; loss of movement. Foster.
Ak'1-ne'sic (Sk'i-ne'sik), a. {Med.) Pertaining to
akinesia.
A-knee' (a^ne'), adv. On the knee. [J?.] Souihey.
Ak-now' (Sk-no'). Earlier form of Acknow. lObs.]
To be aknow, to acknowledge ; to confess. [Obs.]
Al (51), a. All. lObs.] Chaucer.
A1-. A prefix, (a) [AS. eal.] All ; wholly ; completely ;
as, a/mighty, atoost. (6) [L. od.] To; at; on; — in OF.
shortened to a-. See Ad-, (c) The Arabic definite article
answering to the English the ; as, Alkoraxi, the Koran or
the Book ; alchemy, the chemistry.
Al, conj. Although ; if. \_Obs.] See All, conj.
II Ala (ala), n. ; pi. Alm (ale). [L., a wing.]
{Biol.) A winglike organ, process, or part.
Al'a-ba'ma pe'ri-od (Sl'a-bii'ma pe'rT-iid). {Geol.) A
period in the American eocene, the lowest in the tertiary
age except the lignitic.
Al'a-bas'ter (al'a-bSs'ter), n. [L. alabaster, Gr. aKa-
|3a<rTpos, said to be derived fr. Alabastron, the name of
a town in Egypt, near which it was common : cf. OF.
alabasire,F. albatre.] 1. (Min.) {a) A compact variety
of sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture, and
usually white and translucent, but sometimes yellow,
red, or gray. It is carved into vases, mantel ornaments,
etc. (6) A hard, compact variety of carbonate of lime,
somewhat translucent, or of banded shades of color;
stalagmite. The name is used in this sense by Pliny.
It is sometimes distinguished as oriental alabaster.
2. A box or vessel for holding odoriferous ointments,
etc.; — so called from the stone of which it was originally
made. Fosbroke.
Al'a-bas'tri-an (Sl'a-bas'trT-an), a. Alabastrine.
Al'a-bas'trine (-trTn), a. Of, pertaining to, or like,
alabaster ; as alabastrine limbs.
II Al'a-bas'trum (-triim), re. / pi. Alabastra (-tra).
[NL.] {Bot.) A flower bud. Gray.
A-lack' (a-iak'), inierj. [Prob. from ah ! lack ! OE.
lak loss, failure, misfortune. See Lack.] An exclamation
expressive of sorrow. [Archaic or Poet.] Shak.
A-lack'a-day' (-a^da'), interj. [For alack the day.
Cf. Lackadat.] An exclamation expressing sorrow.
11^°° Shakespeare has " alack the day " and " alack
theheavy day.'' Compare " woe worth the day."
A-lac'ri-fy (a-lak'ri-fi), V. t. [L. alacer, alacris,
lively -|- -fy. ] To rouse to action ; to inspirit.
A-lac'ri-ous (-us), a. [L. alacer, alacris.] Brisk;
joyously active ; lively.
'T were well if we were a little more aJacrious. Ifammond.
A-lac'ri-OUS-ly, adv. With alacrity ; briskly.
A-lac'ri-OUS-nesS, re. Alacrity. [Obs.] Hammond.
A-lac'ri-ty (-ty), re. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer lively,
eager, prob. akin to Gr. eAav!/e«' to drive, Goth, aljan
zeal.] A cheerful readiness, willingness, or prompti-
tude ; joyous activity ; briskness ; sprightliness ; as, the
soldiers advanced with alacrity to meet the enemy.
I have not that alaciity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind that I was wont to have. Shak.
A-lad'in-ist (a-lSd'in-Tst), re. [From Aladin, for Ala
Eddin, i. e., height of religion, a learned divine under
Mohammed II. and Bajazet 11.] One of a sect of free-
thinkers among the Mohammedans.
Al'a-lon'ga (Sl'a-lun'ga), or Al'i-lon'ghi (al'i-lun'gt),
n. (Z o'ol.) "ii^etwrmy. See Albicore.
II A'la-mi're (a'la-me'ra), re. [Compounded of a la mi
re, names of notes in the musical scale.] The lowest
note but one in Guido Aretino's scale of music.
Al'a-mo-dal'i-ty (Sl'a-mo-dai'i-Q?), re. The quality of
being h la mode ; conformity to the mode or fashion ;
fashionableness. [JJ.] So^ithey.
Al'a-mode' (Sl'a-mod' ; F. ala-mod'), adv. & a. [F.
a la mode after the fashion.] According to the fashion
or prevailing mode. "Alamodebeei shops." Macaulay.
Al'a-modC, re. A thin, glossy, black silk for hoods,
scarfs, etc. ; — often called simply mode. Buchanan.
Al'a-mort' (Sl'a-mSrf ; P. a'la-m8r'), a. [F. h. la mort
to the death. Cf. Amort.] To the death ; mortally.
A-lan' (a-lan'), re. [OF. alan, alant; cf. Sp. al'ano.]
A wolfhound. [Obs.] Chaucer.
A-land' (a-liSnd'), adv. [Pref. a- + land.'] On land ;
to the land; ashore. "Cast o/ore;?." Sir P. Sidney.
Al'a-nine (Sl'a-nTn or -uen), re. [Aldehyde -\- the end-
ing-I'ree. The -are- is a euphonic insertion.] {Chem.) A
white crystalline base, CgHjNOj, derived from aldehyde
ammonia.
A-lan'tln (MSn'tin), re. [G. alant elecampane, the
Inula helenium of 'Linn'eeus.] {Chem.) See Inulin.
Alar (a'ler), a. [L. alaris, fr. ala wing : cf . F. alaire.]
1. Pertaining to, or having, wings.
2. (Bot.) Axillary ; in the fork or axil. Gray.
B
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, iip, am ; pity ; ftiod, ttfot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; tben, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
ALARM
36
ALCARRAZA
A-lann' (a-lann'), n. [F. alarme, It. alV arme to
arms ! fr. L. arma, pL, arms. See Asms, and cf. Alabum.]
1. A summons to arms, as on the approach of an enemy.
Arming to answer in a night alarm. Sha/c.
2. Any sound or information intended to give notice of
approacliing danger; a warning sound to arouse atten-
tion ; a warning of danger.
Sound an alarm in my holy mountain. JopI ii. 1.
3. A sudden attack ; disturbance ; broil. IE.'] "Tliese
home alarms." S/tak.
Thy palace fill with insults and alarms. Pope.
4. Sudden surprise witli fear or terror excited by ap-
prehension of danger; in the military use, commonly,
sudden apprehension of being attacked by surprise.
Alarm and resentment spread throughout the camp. Jfccaulap.
5- A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons
from sleep, or rousing their attention ; an alarum.
Alarm bell, a bell that gives notice of danger. — Alarm
clock or watch, a clock or watch which can be so set as to
ring or strike loudly at a prearranged hour, to wake from
sleep, or excite attention. — Alarm gauge, a contrivance
attached to a steam boiler for sliomiig when the pressure
of steam is too high, or the water in the boiler too low.
— Alarm gun, a gun fired to give an alarm. — Alarm post,
a place to which troops are to repair in case of an alarm.
Syii. — Fright ; affright; terror; trepidation ; appre-
hension ; consternation ; dismay ; agitation ; disquiet ;
disquietude. — Alarm, Fright, Terror, Consternation.
These words express different degrees of fear at the ap-
§ roach of danger. Fright is fear suddenly excited, pro-
ucing confusion of the senses, and hence it is unreflect-
ing. Alarm is the hurried agitation of feeling which
springs from a sense of immediate and extreme exposure.
Teo-for is agitating and excessive fear, wliich usually be-
numbs the taculties. Consternation is overwhelming fear,
and carries a notion of powerlessuess and amazement.
Alarm agitates the feeluigs ; terror disorders the uuder-
standmg and affects the will ; friijlit seizes on and con-
fuses the senses; conxternation takes possession of the
soul, and subdues its faculties. See Apprehension.
A-larm', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alarmed (a-larmd') ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Alarming.] [Alarm., n. Cf. F. alarmer.]
1. To call to arms for defense ; to give notice to (any
one) of approachuig danger; to rouse to vigilance and
action ; to put on the alert.
2. To keep in excitement ; to disturb.
3. To surprise witli apprehension of danger; to fill
with anxiety in regard to threatening evil ; to excite with
sudden fear.
Alarmed by rumors of military preparation. Macaulay.
A-larm'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Easily alarmed or disturbed.
A-Iarmed' (a-larmd'), a. Aroused to vigilance; ex-
cited by fear of approaching danger ; agitated ; disturbed ;
as, an alarmed neighborhood ; an alarmed modesty.
The white pavilions rose and fell
On the alarmed air. Longfellow.
A-Iann'ed-ly (-5d-ly), adv. In an alarmed manner.
A-larm'lng, a. Exciting, or calculated to excite,
alarm ; causing apprehension of danger ; as, an alarm-
ing crisis or report. — A-larm'lng-ly, adv.
A-larm'ist, n. [Gi.'F.alarmiste.'] One prone to sound
or excite alarms, especially, needless alarms. Macaulay.
A-lar'um (a-lar'iim ; 277), n. [OE. alarom, the same
word as alarm, n.] See Alarm. [Now Poetic]
Ij^r' The variant form alarum is now commonly re-
stricted to an alarm signal or the mechanism to sound an
alarm (as in an alarm clock).
Al'a-ry (51'a-ry or a'la-ry), a. [L. alarius, fr. ala
wing.] Of or pertaining to wings ; also, wing-shaped.
The alary system of insects. Wollaston.
A-las' (a-las'), inlerj. [OE. alas, alias, OP. alas, F.
helas; a interj. (L. ah) + las wretched (that I am), L.
lassus weary, akin to E. late. See Late.] An exclama-
tion expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil ;
— in old writers, sometimes followed hy day or while;
alas the day, like alack a day, or alas the while.
A-late' (a-laf), adv. [Pref. a- + late.} Lately; of
late. [Archaic']
There hath been alate such tales spread abroad. Latimer,
Alate (a'lat), ) a. [L. alatus, from ala wing.]
Ala-ted (a'la-tSd), I Winged; having wings, or side
appendages like wings.
.M'a-tern (al'a-tern), )ra. ['L. ala wing -\-terni
II Al'a-ter'nus (Sl'a-ter'nBs), ) three each.] {Bot.)
An ornamental evergreen shrub (Shamnus alatemus) be-
longing to the buckthorns.
A-la'tion (a-la'sh!in), n. [F., fr. L. alatus winged.]
The state of being winged.
A-launt' (a-lanf), n. See Alan. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Alb (Sib), n. "[OE. aZ6e, LL.
alba, fr. L. albus white. Cf.
Album and Aube.] A vestment
of white linen, reaching to the
feet, and enveloping the per-
son;— in the Roman Catholic
church, worn by those in holy
orders when officiating at mass.
It was formerly worn, at least
by clerics, in daily life.
Al'ba-core (51'ba^kor), n.
(Zo'ol.) See Albicohe.
Al'ban (al'bau), re. [L. albus
white.] {Chem.) Awliitecrys-
taDine resinous substance ex-
tracted from gutta-percha by
the action of alcohol or ether.
Al-ba'nl-an (51-ba'ni-an), a.
Of or pertaining to Albania, a
province of Turkey, — n. A native of Albania.
II Al-ba'ta (51-ba'ta), n. [L. albatus, p. p. of albare to
make white, fr. albus white.] A white metallic alloy;
which is made into spoons, forks, teapots, etc. British
plate or German silver. See German silver, imder Gee-
man.
Alb.
Al'ba-trOSS (Sl'ba-trBs), n. [Corrupt, fr. Pg. alcatras
cormorant, albatross, or Sp. alcatraz a pehcan : cf. Pg.
alcatruz,SY>. arcaduz, a bucket, fr.
Ar. al-qadus the bucket, fr. Gr.
KaSos, a water vessel. So an Arabic
term for pelican is water-carrier,
as a bird carrying water in its
pouch ] {Zo'ol.) A web-
tooted bird, of the genus
Diomedea, of which
there are several spe-
cies. They are the
largest of sea
Wandering Albatross (Diomedea eoculans).
birds, capable of long-continued flight, and are often seen
at great distances from the laud. They are found chiefly
in the southern hemisphere.
Al'be' ( (al'be'), eonji. [See Albeit.] Although; al-
AlOjee' ( belt. [Obs.']
Albe Clarissa were their chiefest founderess. Spettser.
IIAl-be'do(Sl-be'do), ?7. [h.,fr. albus white.'] White-
ness. Specifically: (Astron.) The ratio which the light
reflected from an unpolished surface bears to the total
light falling upon that surface.
Al'be'it (al'be'it), conj. [OE. al be although it be,
where al is our all. Cf. Although.] Even though ; al-
though ; notwithstanding. Chaucer.
Albeit so masked, Madam, I love the truth. Tennyson.
Ainbert-lte (Sl'bert-It), n. (Min.) A bituminous min-
eral resembling asphaltum, found in the county of Al-
bert, New Brunswick.
Al'ber-type (51'ber-tip), n. [From the name of the
inventor, Albert, of Munich.] A picture printed from
a kind of gelatine plate produced by means of a photo-
graphic negative.
Al-bes'cence (51-b§s'sens), n. The act of becoming
white ; whitishness.
Al-bes'cent (Sl-bSs'sent), a. [L. albescens, p. pr. of
albescere to grow white, fr. albus white.] Becoming
white or whitish ; moderately white.
Al'bl-cant (Sl'bT-kant), a. [L. albicans, p. pr. of albi-
care, albicatum, to be white, fr. albas white.] Growing
or becoming white.
Al'bl-ca'tlon (Sl'bT-ka'shiin), n. The process of be-
coming white, or developing white patches, or streaks.
Al'bl-COre (51'bT-kor), n. [F. olbicore (cf. Sp. albaco-
ra, Pg. albacor, albacora, albecora), fr. Ar. bakr, bekr, a
young camel, young cow, heifer, and the article al : cf.
Pg. bacoro a little pig.] (Zo'ol.) A name applied to sev-
eral large fishes of the Mackerel family, esp. Orcynus al-
alonga. One species (Orcynus thynnus), common in the
Mediterranean and Atlantic, is called in New England
the horse -mackerel ; the tuimy. [Written also aZ6o core.]
Al'bi-fl-ca'tlon (Sl'bi-f i-ka'shiln), n. [Cf. F. albiflca-
tion : L. albus wliite -j- flcare (only in comp. ), facere, to
make.] The act or process of making white. [Obs.]
Al'bi-gen'ses (51'bT-jgn'sez), ) re. pi. [From Albi and
II Al'bl'geois' (al'be'zhwa'), ) Albigeois,_ a town and
its district in the south of France, in which the sect
abounded.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of reformers opposed
to the church of Rome in the 12th and 13th centuries.
The Albigenses were a branch of the Catharists (the
Eure). They were exterminated by crusades and the
nquisition. They were distinct from the Waldenses.
Al'bl-gen'sian (Sl'bT-jSn'shan), a. Of or pertaining
to the Albigenses.
Al-bi'ness (51-bi'ngs), re. A female albino. Holmes.
Al'bi-nism (al'bl-nTz'm), re. The state or condition
of being an albino ; albinoism ; leucopathy.
Al'bl-nis'tlc (-nis'tik), a. Affected with albinism.
Al-bi'no (Sl-bi'no ; 277), re. / pi. Albinos (-noz). [Sp.
or Pg. albino, orig. whitish, fr. albo white, L. albus.] A
person, whether negro, Indian, or white, in whom by
some defect of organization the substance which gives
color to the skin, hair, and eyes is deficient or in a mor-
bid state. An albino has a skin of a milky hue, with hair
of the same color, and eyes with deep red pupil and pink
or blue iris. The term is also used of the lower animals,
as white mice, elephants, etc. \ and of plants in a whitish
condition from the absence of chlorophyll. Amer. Cyc.
^^^ The term was originally applied by the Portu-
guese to negroes met with on the coast of Africa, who
were mottled with white spots.
Al-bi'no-ism (-tz'm), re. The state or condition of be-
ing an albino ; albinism.
Al'bi-not'iC (al'bi-not'Ik), a. Affected with albinism.
Al'bi-on (31'bi-iin), n. [Prob. from the same root as
Gael, alp a height or hill. "It may have been bestowed
on the land lying behind the white cliffs visible from the
coast of Gaul. Albany, the old name of Scotland, means
probably the 'hilly land.'" I. Taylor.] An ancient name
of England, stiU retained in poetry.
In that nook-shotten isle of Albion. Shak.
AlTlite (Sl'bit), re. ['L. albus white.] (il/jM.) A mineral
of the feldspar family, triclinic in crystallization, and in
composition a silicate of alumina and soda. It is a com-
mon constituent of granite and of various igneous rocks.
See Feldspar.
AITjo-UOi (Sl'bo-lith), re. [L. albus white -f -lith.]
A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting
chiefly of magnesia and silica ; — called also albolite.
llAlTjO-rak (51'b6-rak; 277), re. [Ar. al-buraq, fr.
baraqa to flash, shine.] The imaginary milk-white a,nl.
mal on which Mohammed was said to have been carried
up to heaven ; a white mule.
Al'bu-gin'e-ous (al'bii-jin'e-iis), a. [See Albugo.] Of
the nature of, or resembluig, the white of the eye, or of
an egg; albuminous; — a term applied to textures, hu-
mors, etc., which are perfectly white.
II Al-bU'gO (al-bu'go), re. ; pi. Albugines (-jT-nez). [L.,
whiteness, fr. albus white.] (Med.) Same as Leucoma.
Al'bum (al'bum), 71. [L., neut. of albus white : cf.
F. allium. Cf. Alb.] Z. (Mom. Antiq.) A white tablet
on which anythmg was inscribed, as a list of names, etc.
2. A register for visitors' names ; a visitors' book.
3. A blank book, in which to insert autographs,
sketches, memorial writing of friends, photographs, etc.
Al-bu'men (al-bii'mSn), re. [L., fr. albus white.]
1. The white of an egg.
2. (Bot. ) Nourishing matter stored up within the in-
teguments of the seed in many plants, but not incorpo-
rated in the embryo. It is the floury part in corn, wheat,
and like grains, the oily part in poppy seeds, the fleshy
part in the cocoanut, etc.
3. (Chem.) Same as Albumin.
Al-bu'men-ize (-iz), '■• /. [imp. & p. p. Albumenized
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Albumenizing.] To cover or sat-
urate with albumen ; to coat or treat with an albuminous
solution ; as, to albumen i2e paper.
II Al'bum Grae'cum (ai'bQm gre'kiim). [L., Greek
white.] Dung of dogs or hyenas, which becomes white
by exposure to air. It is used in dressing leather, and
was formerly used in medicine.
Al-bu'min (-mtn), re. (Chem.) A thick, viscous ni-
trogenous substance, which is the chief and characteris-
tic constituent of white of eggs and of the serum of
blood, and is found in other animal substances, both flud
and solid, also in many plants. It is soluble in water and
is coagulated by heat and by certain chemical reagents.
Acid albumin, a modification of albumin produced by
the action of dilute acids. It is not coagulated by heat.
— Alkali albumin, albumin as modified by the action of al-
kaline substances ; —called also albuminate.
Al-bu'mi-nate (-mT-nfit), re. (Chem.) A substance
produced by the action of an alkali upon albumin, and
resembling casein in its properties ; also, a compound
formed by the union of albumin with another substance.
Al-bu'mi-nif'er-OUS (al-bu'mt-nTf 'er-us), a. [L. albu-
men -\- -ferovs.] Supplying albumen.
Al-bu'mi-nim'e-ter (-nTm'e-ter), re. [L. albumen, al-
buminis-\- -meter: cf. F. albvmiirimetre.] An instrument
for ascertaining the quantity of albumen in a liquid.
Al-bu'mi-nln (Sl-bC'im nTn), re. (Chem.) The sub-
stance of the cells which inclose the white of birds' eggs.
Al-bu'mi-nip'a-rous (-nTp'a-rGs), a. [L. albumen +
parere to bear, bring fortii.] Producing albumin.
Al-bU'mi-noid (fl-bu'mi-noid), a. [L. albumen -\-
-oid.] (Chem.) Resembling albumin. —re. One of a
class of organic principles (called also proteids) which
form the main part of organized tissues. Brunton.
Al-bU'mi-noid'al (51-bu'mi-noid'ol), a. (Chem.) Of
the nature of an albuminoid.
Al-bU'mi-nose' (Sl-bu'mT-nos'), re. (Chem.) A diffusi-
ble substance formed from albumin by the action of
natural or artificial gastric juice. See Peptone.
Al-bu'mi-nous (-nils), ) a. [Cf. F. albumineux.]
Al-bU'ml-nose' (-nos'), ( Pertaining to, or contain-
ing, albumen ; having the properties of, or resembling, al-
bumen or albumin. — Al-bu'mi-nous-ness, re.
II Al-bU'mi-nu'rl-a (Sl-bil'mi-nu'rT-aV re. [NL., fr.
L. albumen -\- Gr. oJpof urine.] (Med.) A morbid con-
dition in which albumin is present m the urine.
Al'bU-mose'(51'bi5-mos'),re. [^tomalbumin.] (Chem.)
A compound or class of compounds formed from albu-
min by dilute acids or by an acid solution of pepsin. Used
also in combination, as ajAialbumose, heraialbumose.
Al'bum (al'bfirn), re. [L. alburnus, fr. L. albus white.
Cf. Auburn.] (Zo'ol.) The bleak, a small European fish
having scales of a peculiarly silvery color which are used
in making artificial pearls.
Al-bur'nOUS (ai-bflr'ntis), a. Of or pertaining to al-
burnum ; of the nature of alburnum ; as, alburnous sub-
stances.
Al-bur'num (-niim),M. [L., fr. a?6«s white.] (Bot.)
The white and softer part of wood, between the inner
bark and the hard wood or duramen ; sapwood.
Al'byn (al'btn), re. [See Albion.] Scotland ; esp. the
Highlands of Scotland. T. Campbell.
Al-cade' (al-kad'), re. Same as Alcaid.
Al'ca-hest (SI'ka-hSst), re. Same as Alkahest.
Al-ca'iC (51-ka'ik), a. [L. Alcaicus, Gr. 'AAKaiVcd9.]
Pertaining to AlcfEus, a lyric poet of Mitylene, about
600 B. c. — re. A kind of verse, so called from Alcaeus.
One variety consists of five feet, a spondee or iambic, an
iambic, a long syllable, and two dactyls.
IIAl-caid', Al-cayde'_ (al-kad' ; Sp. al-ka-e'da), re.
[Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. al-qatd governor, fr. qada to lead,
govern.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress among
the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Moors.
2. The warden, or keeper of a jail.
II Al-cal'de (iil-kal'da), re. [Sp. alcalde, fr. Ar. al-qadi
judge, fr. qada to decide, judge. Hence, the cadi of the
Turks. Cf. Cadi.] A magistrate or judge in Spain and
in Spanish America, etc. Preseott.
IS^^ Sometimes confounded with Alcaid.
Al'ca-lim'e-ter, re. See Alkalimetee.
II Al-can'na (al-kSn'na), re. [Sp. alcana, alhefla, fr. Ar.
al-hinna. See Henna, and cf. Alkanet.] (.Bo<. ) An ori-
ental shrub (Lawsonia inermti) from which henna is -^ 1
obtained. ^H 1
II Al'car-ra'za (al'kar-ra'za ; Sp. al'ka-ra'tha), n.;pl. ^1
Alcareazas. [Sp., from Ar. al-kurraz earthen vessel.]
A vessel of porous earthenware, used for cooling liquids
by evaporation from the exterior surface.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, ddd-
ALCAYDE
37
ALEHOOF
nAl-oayde' (si-
kad'), n. Same as
AXOAID.
llAl-ca'zar (si-
ka'zSr ; Sp. al-ka'-
UiXr), n. [Sp. , f r. At.
al the + 5«fr (in pi.)
a castle.] A fortress;
also, a royal palace.
Prescott.
llAl-ce'do (ai-se'-
(14), n. [L., equiv.
to Gr. a\Kvti)v. See
HALCYON.] (Zo'dl.)
A. genus of perching i>jBgli&lior i^Mcedo ispida).
birds, including the European kingfisher {Alcedo ispida).
See Halcyon.
Al-chem'lc (Sl-kgm'ik), ) a. [Cf. F. alchimique.'] Of
Al-chem'ic-al (-I-kal), ( or relating to aloliemy.
Al-Chem'lc-al-ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy.
Al'che-mist (ifl'ke-mist), n. [Cf. OF. alquemute, F.
alchimiste.'i One who practices alchemy.
You are an alchejiiist ; make gold. Sfial'.
Al'che-mis'tlc (Sl'ke-mTs'tikV 1 a. Relating to or
Al'che-mis'tic-al (-mls'ti-k«l), ( practicing alchemy.
Metaphysical and alchcmistical legislators. Iiif7-l:e.
Al'Che-mlS-trv (iQ'ke-mls-trj?), n. Alchemy. lObs.]
Al'che-mlze C-niiz), v. t. Xo change by alchemy ; to
transmute. Lovelace.
Al'che-my (Sl'ke-my),_ re. [OF. alkemie, arguemie,
F. alchhiiie, Ar. al-klmla, fr. late Gr. x')/^"'", for X""
/leia, a mingling, infusion, x"!'-'''' juice, liquid, espe-
cially as extracted from plants, fr. x""' to pour ; for
chemistry was originally the art of extracting tlie juices
from plants for medicinal purposes. Cf . Sp. nlquiinia, It.
alchimia. Gr. x«"' is prob. akin to L. fundere to pour,
Goth, giutan, AS. geolan, to pour, and so to E. /use. See
Fuse, and cf. Chemistry.] 1. An imaginary art which
aimed to transmute the baser metals into gold, to find the
panacea, or universal remedy for diseases, etc. It led the
way to modern chemistry.
2. A mixed metal composed mainly of brass, formerly
used for various utensils ; hence, a trumpet. [Ote.]
Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy. MUton.
3. Miraculous power of transmuting something com-
mon into something precious,
Kissing with golden face the meadows er<
Gilding pale streams with heavenly alche\
'een,
iiemtj.
STiak.
Alchemy.
II Al'CO (SlTso), n. A small South American dog, do-
mesticated by the aborigines.
Al'co-ate (Sl'ko-St), ) n. Shortened forms of Al-
Al'co-hate (51'ko-hat), j coholate.
Al'co-hol (Sl'kS-h51), n. [Cf. F. alcool, formerly
written alcohol, Sp. alcohol alcohol, antimony, galena,
OSp. alcofol ; all fr. Ar. al-kohl a powder of antimony or
galena, to paint the eyebrows with. Tlie name was after-
wards applied, on account of the fineness of this pow-
der, to highly rectified spirits, a signification unknown
in Arabia. The Sp. word has both meanings. Cf. Al-
QinroiT.] 1. An impalpable powder. [06«.]
2. The fluid essence or pure spirit obtained by distilla-
tion. [06s.} Boyle.
3. Pure spirit of wine ; pure or highly rectified spirit
(called also ethyl alcohol) ; the spirituous or intoxicating
element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely
a liquid containing it in considerable quantity. It is ex-
tracted by simple distillation from various vegetable juices
and infusions of a saccharine nature, which have under-
gone vinous fermentation.
I^^As used in the U. S. "Pharmacopoeia," alcohol
contains 91 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 9 per
cent of water ; and diluted alcohol (proof spirit) contains
45.5 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 54.5 per
cent of watfc^
^. {Orgar^K^hem.) A class of compounds analogous
to vinic alcohol in constitution. Chemically speaMng,
they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals ; as, the
radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C^Hj.OH) ;
methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH3.OH) or wood spirit;
amyl forms amyl alcohol (CjH.j.OH) ov fusel oil, etc.
Al'co-hol-ate (-h51-at), re. i&.F.alcoolate.'] {Chem.)
A crystallizable compound of a salt with alcohol, in wliich
the latter plays a part analogous to that of water of crys-
tallization. Graham.
Al'CO-hol'a-tme (Sl'ko-hol'a^tfir), re. [Cf. F. alooola-
ture.1 {Med.) An alcoholic tincture prepared with fresh
plants. ]few Eng. Diet.
Al'CO-hol'lc (-Tk), a. [Cf . P. alcoolique.'] Of or per-
taining to alcohol, or partaking of its qualities ; derived
from, or caused by, alcohol ; containing alcohol ; as, al-
coholic mixtures; alcoholic gastritis; alcoholic odor.
Al'CO-hol'lc, re. 1. A person given to the use of al-
coholic liquors.
2. pi. Alcoholic liquors.
Al'co-hol-lsm (Sl'ko-hol-iz'm), n. [Cf. P. alcoolisme.']
(Med.) A diseased condition of the system, brought
about by the continued use of alcoholic liquors.
Al'CO-hol'l-Za'tion(al'k6-hol'i-za'shiin), re. [Cf. P.
alcoolisation.} 1. The act of reducing a substance to a
fine or impalpable powder. [06s.] Johnson.
2. The act of rectifying spirit.
3. Saturation with alcohol ; putting the animal system
under the influence of alcoholic liquor.
Al'co-hol-lze (ai'ko-hSl-iz), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Alco-
holized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Alcoholizing.] [Cf . F. al-
cooliser.'] 1. To reduce to a fine powder. [06«.] Johnson.
2. To convert into alcohol ; to rectify ; also, to satu-
rate with alcohol.
Al'CO-hoI-om'e-ter (51'k8-h51-5m'e-ter), 1 n. [Alcohol
Al'co-hol'me-ter (ifl'ko-hSl'me-ter), ) 4- -77ieter.'i
(Chem.) An instrument for determining the strength of
spirits, witli a scale graduated so as to indicate the per-
centage of piu-e alcohol, either by weight or volume. It
is usually a form of liydrometer with a special scale.
Al'CO-hol'O-met'rlc (-o-m6t'iTk), 1 a. Relating to the
Al'co-hol'o-met'rlc-al (-rl-kal), > alcoholometer or
Al'CO-hol-met'rlc-al (-mSt'rl-kol), ) alcoholometry.
The alcoholomctrical strength of spirituous liquors. C/rc.
Al'CO-hOl-om'e-try (-h8I-5m'e-try), ra. The process
or method of ascertaining tlie proportion of pure alcohol
which spirituous liquors contain.
Al'co-hom'e-ter (-hCm'e-ter), re., Al'co-ho-met'rlc, a.
Same as Alcoholometer, Alcoholometrio.
Al'co-dm'e-ter (-6m'e-ter), re., Al'co-b-met'rlc-al, a.
Same as Alcoholometer, Alcoholometrical.
Al'CO-bm'e-try (-5m'e-try), re. See Alcoholometey.
I^^The chemists say alcoomelre, alcoometrie, doubt-
lessby the suppression of a syllable in order to avoid a
disagreeable sequence of sounds. (Cf. Idolatry.) LiltrS.
Al'co-ran (itl'ko-rSn ; Sl/ko-ran' ; 277), n. [P. alcoran,
fr. Ar. al-qoran, orig. the reading, the book, fr. qaraa to
read. Cf. Koran.] Tlie Mohammedan Scriptures ; the
Koran (now the usual form). [Spelt also Alkoran.]
Al'CO-ran'iC (-rSil'Ik), a. Of or pertaining to the Koran.
Al'CO-ran'lst, n. One who adheres to the letter of
the Koran, rejecting all traditions.
Al'cove (51'ko v or ai-kov' ; 277), re. [P. alcove, Sp.
or Pg. ulcoba, from Ar. al-quobbah arch, vault, tent.]
1. (Arch.) A recessed portion of a room, or a small
room openmg into a larger one ; especially, a recess to
contain a bed ; a lateral recess in a library.
2. A small ornamental building with seats, or an arched
seat, in a pleasure ground ; a garden bower. Couper.
3. Any natural recess analogous to an alcove or recess
in an apartment.
The youthful wanderers found a wild alcove. Falconer.
Al'cy-on (Sl'si-6n), re. See Halcyon.
II Al'cy-0-na'ce-a (ai'sT-o-na'she-a), n. pi. [NL.]
(Zo'dl.) A group of soft-bodied Alcyonaria, of which
Alcyonium is the type. See Illust. under Alcyonaria.
II Al'cy-0-na'ri-a (Sl'si-6-na'ri-a),re.^/. [NL.] (Zo'dl.)
One of the orders
of Authozoa. It in-
cludes the Alcyona-
cea, Pennatulacea,
and Gorgonacea.
II Al-cy'0-nes
(al-si'o-nez), re. pi.
[L., pi. of Alcyon.]
(Zo'dl.) The king-
fishers.
Al'oy-on'lc (Sl'-
si-on'Ik), a. (Zo'dl.)
Of or pertaining to
the Alcyonaria.
II Al'cy-o'ni-um
(^-o'ni-um), re. [Gr.
ahicvoviov a z o 6 -
phyte, so called from
being like the halcy-
on's nest.] (Zo'dl.)
A genus of fleshy Al-
cyonaria, its polsT^s
somewhat resem-
bling flowers vrith
eight fringed rays.
The term was also
formerly used for
certain species of
sponges.
Al'cy-0-noid («'-
sT-o-noid), a. [Gr.
a\Kv6viov -}- -Old.'}
(Zo'dl.) Like or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. — re. A
zoophyte of the order Alcyonaria.
Al'day (al'da), adv. Continually. [06s.] Chaucer,
Al-deb'a-ran (Sl-dgb'a-ran), «. [Ar. al-debaran, fr.
dabar to follow ; so called because this star follows upon
the Pleiades.] (Astron.) A red star of the first magni-
tude, situated in the eye of Taurus ; the Bull's Eye. It
is the bright star in the group called the Hyades.
Now when Aldebaran was mounted high
Above the shiny Cassiopeia's chair. Spenser.
Al'de-hyde (Sl'dt-hid), re. [Abbrev. fr. alcohol de-
hydrogenatwca, alcohol deprived of its hydrogen. '](Chem.)
A colorless, mobile, and very volatile liquid obtained
from alcohol by certain processes of oxidation.
^ff^ The aldehydes are intermediate between the alco-
hols and acids, and differ from the alcohols in having two
less hydrogen atoms in the molecule, as common aldehyde
(called also acetic aldehyde or ethyl aldehyde), C2H4O;
methyl aldehyde, CHoO.
Aldehyde ammonia (CTiem.), a compound formed by the
union of aldehyde with ammonia.
Al'de-hy'dic (al'de-hi'dik), a. (Chem.) Of or pertain-
ing to aldehyde ; as, aldehydic acid. Miller.
Al'der (al'der), re. [OE. aldir, aller, fr. AS. air, aler,
alor, akin to D. els, G. erle, Icel. elrir, elri, Swed. al,
Dan. elle, el, L. alnus, and E. eZm.] (Bot.) A tree,
usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the
genus Alnus. The wood is used by turners, etc. ; the
bark by dyers and tanners. In the U. S. the species of
alder are usually shrubs or small trees.
Black alder, (a) A European shrub {Rhamnus fran-
gula); alder buckthorn. (6) An American species of
holly {Ilex verticillatu), bearing red berries.
Al'der (al'der), ) a. [From ealra, alra, gen. pi. of AS.
Al'ler (ai'ler), ) eal. The d is excrescent.] Of all ;
— used in composition ; as, aMerbest, best of all, alder-
vrisest, wisest of all. [06s.] Chaucer.
Alcyonaria.
1 One of the Alcyonacea i Alcyonium
carneum) (about natural size).
2 One of the Pennatulacea ( Veretillum
cynomorum') (reduced).
AI'der-Uef'est (al'dSr-lef'Sst), a. [For allerliefesi
dearest of all. See Lief.] Most beloved. [06s.] Shak.
Al'der-man (al'dei-mon), re. ; pi. Aldermen (-men).
[AS. aldormon, ealdorman; ealdor an elder -f- man.
See Elder, re.] 1. A senior or superior; a person of
rank or dignity. [06s.]
2. The head man of a guild. [06s.]
III^°° The title was applied, among the An^lo-Saxons,
to princes, dukes, earls, senators, and presidmg magis-
trates ; also to archbishops and bishops, implying supe-
rior wisdom or authority. Thus Ethelstaii, duke of the
East-Aiiglians, was called Alderman of all England ; and
tliere were aldeniieii of cities, comities, and castles, who
had jurisdiction within their respective districts.
3. One of a board or body of municipal officers next
in order to the mayor and having a legislative function.
They may, in some cases, individually exercise some mag-
isterial and administrative functions.
Al'der-man-cy (-sy), re. The office of an alderman.
Al'der-man'lc (al'der-mSn'ik), a. Relating to, be-
coming to, or like, an alderman ; characteristic of an al-
derman.
Al'der-man'1-ty (-T-tJ), n. 1. Aldermen collectively ;
the body of aldermen.
2. The state of being an alderman. [Jocular^
Al'der-man-lUce' (-man-lik'), a. Like or suited to an
alderman.
Al'der-man-Iy, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alder-
man. "An aZf/ermareft/ discretion." Swift.
Al'der-mau-ry (-rj?;, n'. _. The district or ward oi
an alderman.
2. The office or rank of an alderman, [i?.] B. Jonson.
Al'der-man-ship, re. The condition, position, or of-
fice of an alderman. Fabyan.
Al'dem (al'dem), a. Made of alder.
Al'der-ney (al'der-nj), re. One of a breed of cattle
raised in Alderney, one of the Channel Islands, Alder-
neys are of a dun or tawny color and are often called
Jersey cattle. See Jeesey, 3.
Al'dine (al'din or al'din; 277), a. (Bibliog.) An
epithet applied to editions (chiefly of the classics) which
proceeded from the press of Aldus Manutius, and his
family, of Venice, for the most part in the 16th century,
and known by the sign of the anchor and the dolphin.
The term has also been applied to certain elegant edi-
tions of English works.
Ale (al), re. [AS. ealu, akin to Icel., Sw., and Dan.
'dl, Lith. alus a kind of beer, OSlav. olU beer. Cf. Ir. ol
drink, drinking.] 1. An intoxicating liquor made from
an infusion of malt by fermentation and the addition of
a bitter, usually hops.
I!^= The word ale, in England and the United States,
usually designates a heavier kind of fermented liquor,
and the word 6i?e;' a lighter kind. The word beer is also
in common use as the generic name for all malt liquors.
2. A festival in English country places, so called from
the liquor drunk. "At wakes and ales." £. Jonson.
"On ember eves and holy ales." Shak.
A-leak' (a-lek'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + leak.l In a
leaking condition.
A'le-a-tO-ry (a1e-4-to-rJf), a. [L. aleatorius, fr. alea
chance, die.] (Law) Depending on some uncertain con-
tingency ; as, an aleatory contract. Bouvier.
Ale1)ench' (al'bSnch'), re. A bench in or before an
alehouse. Bunyan.
Aleter'ry (-bSr'rJr), re. [OE. alebery, alebrey ; ale -\-
bre broth, fr. AS. brlw pottage.] A beverage, formerly
made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread.
Their aleberries, caudles, possets. Beau. & Fl.
A-leo'i-thal (a-les'i-thal), a. [Gr. a priv. -f KeKiBot
yelk.] (Biol.) Applied to those ova which segment uni-
formly, and which have little or no food yelk embedded
in their protoplasm. Balfour.
Ale'con'ner (al'kSn'ner), n. [Ale -|-core, OE. cunnen
to test, AS. cunnian to test. See Con.] Orig., an officer
appointed to look to the goodness of ale and beer ; also,
one of the officers chosen by the liverymen of London to
inspect the measures used in public houses. But the of-
fice is a sinecure. [Also called aletaster.^ [Eng.J
Ale'COSt' (al'kosf), re. [Ale + L. costus an aromatic
plant: cf. Costmary.] (Bot.) The plant costmary, which
was formerly much used for flavoring ale.
II AI'ec-tor'i-deB (Sl/Sk-tor't-dez), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
aKsKTuip a cock.] (Zo'dl.) A group of birds including the
common fowl and the pheasants.
A-lec'tO-rom'a-chy (a-lSk'to-rom'A-kJ^), n. [Gr. oAe'/c-
T(op cock -f ixaxv fight.] Cockfighting.
A-lec'tO-ro-man'cy (a-16k't6-r6-man's3^),». See Alec-
teyomanoy.
A-lec'try-om'a-cliy (-trj^-Bm'i-ky), re. [Gr. aXeic-
Tpvdv cock -f- juaxr) fight.] Cockfighting.
A-lec'try-O-man'cy (-try-o-mSn'sj^), re. [Gr. oAeK.
Tpvwv cock -\- -mancy.l Divination by means of a cock
and grains of com placed on the letters of the alphabet,
the letters being put together in the order in which the
grains were eaten. Amer. Cyc.
A-lee' (a-le'), aiii). [Pref. a- -f Zee.] (Naut.) On or
toward the lee, or the side away from the wind ; the op-
posite of aweather. The helm of a ship is alee when
pressed close to the lee side.
Hard alee, or Lnfl alee, an order to put the helm to the
lee side.
Al'e-gar (Slt-ger), re. [Ale + eager sour, F. aigre.
Cf. Vinegae.] Sour ale ; vinegar made of ale. Cecil.
Al'e-ger (-jer), a. [F. allegre, earlier alegre, fr. L.
alacer.'^ Gay ; cheerful ; sprightly. [06s.] Bacon.
A-legge' (a-lgj'), V. i. [OE. aleggen, alegen, OF.
alegier, F. alleger, fr. LL. alleviare, for L. allevare to
lighten ; ad -f levis light. Of. Alleviate, Allay, Al-
lege.] To allay or alleviate ; to lighten. [06s.]
That shall alegge this bitter blast. Spenser.
Ale'hoof (al'ho6f'),re. [AS. hofe ground ivy; the first
part is perh. a corruption : cf . OE. heyhowe hedgehove,
B
E
0
H
K
use, unite, nide, full, fip, ftrh ; pity ; food, frfbt ; out, oil ; ihair ; go ; sine, ii|k j tben, thin ; bow ; zh = s in ftBure.
M
ALEHOUSE
38
ALIENAGE
Alembic.
a Head ; b Cucur-
bit ; c Receiver j
d Lamp.
See under Lace.
froimd ivy, " in old MSS. heyhowe, heyoue, haihoue,
alehoue. Prior.'] Ground ivy {Nepela Glechoma).
Ale'house' (al'hous'), n. A house where ale is re-
tailed ; hence, a tippling house. Mficaulay.
Ale'-knlght' (-nit'), n. A pot companion. [Ofts.]
Al'e-man'nic (Sl'e-mSn'nik), a. Belonging to the
Alemanni, a confederacy of warlike German tribes.
Al'e-man'nio, n. The language of the Alemanni.
The Swabian dialect ... Is known as the Alemannic. Anier. Cyc.
A-lem'bic (a^lSm'bTk), n. [F. alambic (of. Sp. alam-
bique), Ar. al-anbiq, fr. Gr. aji^if cup,
cap of a still. The cap or head was the
alembic proper. Cf. Limbec] An ap-
paratus formerly used in distillation,
usually made of glass or metal. It has
mostly given place to the retort and
worm still.
Used also metaphorically.
The alembic of a great poet's imagina-
tion, Bniiiley.
A-lem1>roth (-brSth), n. [Origin
uncertain.] The salt of wisdom of the
alchemists, a double salt composed of
the chlorides of ammonium and mer-
cury. It was formerly used as a stimu-
lant. Brande & G.
A'len'Qon' lace' (a'laN'aSN' las')
A-length' (a-lSngth'), adv. [Pref. a- -^ length.'] At
full length ; lengthwise. Chaucer.
A-lep'1-dOte (4-lep'i-dot), a. [Gr. a priv. -\- Aen-i's, A.e-
mSos, a scale.] (Zo'dl.) Not having scales, ^n. A fish
without scales.
Ale'pole' (al'pol'), n. A pole set up as the sign of an
alehouse. [06s.]
A-lert' (a-lerf), a. [P. alerte, earlier h, I'erte on the
watch, fr. It. all' erta on the watch, prop, (standing) on
a height, where one can look around ; erta a decUvity,
steep, erto steep, p. p. of ergere, erigere, to erect, raise,
L. erigere. See Erect.] 1. Watchful ; vigilant ; active
in vigUauce.
2. Brisk; nimble; moving with celerity.
An alert young fellow. Addison.
Syn.— Active; agile; lively; quick; prompt.
A-lert', n. {Mil.) An alarm from a real or threatened
attack ; a sudden attack ; also, a bugle sound to give
warning. "We have had an aie;<." Farrow.
On the alert, on the lookout or watch against attack or
danger ; ready to act.
A-lertly, adv. In an alert manner ; nimbly.
A-lert'ness, n. The quality of being alert or on the
alert; brisloiess; nimbleness; activity.
Ale' sll'ver (al' sll'ver). A duty payable to the lord
mayor of London by the sellers of ale within the city.
Ale'stake' (-stak'), n. A stake or pole projecting
from, or set up before, an alehouse, as a sign ; an alepole.
At the end was commonly suspended a garland, a bunch
of leaves, or a "bush." lObs.] Chaucer,
Ale'tast'er (-tast'er), n. See Aleconnbe. lEng.]
A-le'thi-Ol'O-gy (a-le'thT-81'o-ji), n. [Gr. a\r)9eLa.
truth -f- -logy.] The science which treats of the nature
of truth and evidence. Sir TiV. Hamilton.
A-leth'0-SCope (a-lSth'o-skop), n. [Gr. dATjft^! true
-f- iTKOTreiv to view.] An instrument for viewing pictures
by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natural
proportions and relations.
A-leu'ro-man'cy (a-lu'ro-mSn'sj?), n. [Gr. aXevpov
wheaten flour + -mancy: cf. F. aleuromancie.] Divina-
tion by means of flour. Encyc. Brit.
Al'eu-rom'e-ter (Sl'ii-rom'e-ter), n. [Gr. oKevpov flour
-)- -meter.] An instrument for determining the expan-
sive properties, or_quality, of gluten in flour. Knight.
A-leu'rone (a-lu'ron), n. [Gr. aKevpov flour.] (Bot.)
An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains
("protein granules") in maturing seeds and tubers; —
supposed to be a modification of protoplasm.
Al'eu-ron'ic (Sl'iJ-ronlk), a. (Bot.) Having the na-
ture of aleurone. D. C. Eaton.
A-leu'tian (a-lu'shon), ) a. [Said to be from the Russ.
A-leu'tic (a-lu'tik), J aleut a bold rock.] Of or
pertaining to a chain of islands between Alaska and
Kamtchatka ; also, designating these islands.
Al'e-vln (Sl'e-vin), n. [F. alevin, OF. alever to rear,
fr. L. ad -)- levare to raise ] Toung fish ; fry.
A-lew' (a-lu'), re. Halloo. lObs.] Spenser.
Ale'wlle' (al'wif'), n.; pi. Alewives (-wTvz'). A
woman who keeps an alehouse. Cfay.
Ale'wlfe', «.; pi. Alewives. [This word is properly
aloof, the Indian
name of a fish.
See Winthrop on
the culture of
maize in Amer-
ica, "Phil.
Trans." No. 142,
p. 1065, and Bad-
dam's "Mem- '^
oirs," vol. ii., p. Alewife.
131.] (Zool.) A North American fish {Clupea vernalis)
of the Herring family. It is called also ellwife, ellwhop,
branch herring. The name is locally applied to other
related species.
Al'ex-an'ders (al'egz-Sn'derz), Al'i-san'ders (ai'T-
fiSn'derz), n. [OE. alisaundre, OF. alissandere, fr. Alex-
ander or Alexandria.] {Bot. ) A name given to two species
of the genus Smymium, formerly cultivated and used as
celery now is ; — called also horseparsley.
Al'ez-an'drt-an (-drT-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining to
Alexandria in Egypt ; as, the Alexandrian library.
2. Applied to a kind of heroic verse. See Alexan-
DEINE, n.
Al'es-an'dTine (-drm ; 277), a. Belonging to Alexan-
dria; Alexandrian. Bancroft.
A,
Al'ex-an'drine (Sl'Sgz-Sn'drTn), n. [F. alexandrin.]
A kind of verse consisting in English of twelve syllables.
A needless Alexandrine ends the song,
That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. Pope.
A-les'l-phai-'mac (a-lSks'I-far'mSk), \a. & n. [See
A-lex'l-phar'ma-cal (-far'ma-kal), ) Alexiphak-
Mic] Alexipharmic. [OfisJ
A-lez'1-phar'mic (-far'mik), 1 a. [Gr. a.KeiL(f,dpp.a-
A-lex'i-phar'mlc-al (-mT-kal), ) /co9 keeping off poi-
son ; aKefeiv to keep off -)- KfidpfjiaKov drug, poison : cf . F.
alexipharmaque.] {Med.) E-xpeUing or counteracting
poison ; antidotal.
A-lex'i-phar'mic (-far'mik), n. {Med.) An antidote
against poison or infection ; a counterpoison.
A-lex'i-py-ret'ic (a-16ks'T-pt-ret'ik), a. [Gr. aAe'feii/
-|- TTupeTO! burning heat, fever, nip fire.] (Med.) Serving
to drive off fever ; antifebrile, — n. A febrifuge.
A-lex'i-ter'ic (-tgr'Ik), l a. [Gr. aA.efr)T-i)ptos fit to
A-lex'i-ter'ic-al (-i-kal), ) keep off or help, fr. aAe-
ir]Trip one who keeps off, helper ; oKi^eiv to keep off : cf .
F. alexitere.] (Med.) Resisting poison; obviating the
effects of venom ; alexipharmic.
A-lex'i-ter'iC, n. [Gr. aK^^riTTJpLov a remedy, an am-
ulet; cf. F. alexitlre, HL. alexilerium.] (Med.) A pre-
servative against contagious and infectious diseases, and
the effects of poison in general. Brande & C.
IIAl'la (51'fa) or Al'ia grass' (gras'), re. A plant
(Maerochloa tenacissima) of If orth Africa ; also, its fiber,
used in paper making.
Al-Ial'fa (al-fai'fa), re. [Sp.] (Bot.) The lucem
(Medicago saliva): — so called in California, Texas, etc.
Al'fe-nide (al'fe-ntd), n. (Metal.) An alloy of nickel
and silver electroplated mth silver.
II Al-fe'res (ai-fe'rSz), «. [Sp., fr. Ar. al-faris knight.]
An ensign ; a standard bearer. [Obs.] J. Fletcher,
Al'fet (Sl'fgt), re. [LL. alfetum, fr. AS. alfset a pot to
boU in; al burning -}-/«< vat.] A caldron of boiling
water into which an accused person plunged his forearm
as a test of innocence or guilt.
II Al-fU'a-ri'a (Sl-fTl'a-re'a), re. (Bot.) The pm grass
(Erodium, cicutarium), a weed in California.
IIAl'fi-0'ne (al'f e-o'na), re. (Zool.) An edible marine
fish of California (Rhucochilus toxotes).
II Al-fres'CO (al-frSs'k6), adv. & a. [It. alfresco in or
on the fresh J In the open air ; open-air. Smollett.
II Afga (Sl'ga), re. / pi. Alg.^ (Sl'je). [L., seaweed.]
(Bot.) A kind of seaweed ; pi. the class of cellular cryp-
togamic plants which includes the black, red, and green
seaweeds, as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, also marine and
fresh water confervae, etc.
Al'gal (Sl'gffl)^ a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or like, algae.
II Al'ga-ro'ba (Sl'ga-ro'ba), re. [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar.
al-l-harrubah. Cf. Caeob.] (.So/.) (o) The Carob, alegu-
minous tree of the Mediterranean region ; also, its edible
beans or pods, called St. John's bread, (b) The Honey
mesquite (Prosopis jaliflora), a small tree foimd from
California to Buenos Ayres; also, its sweet, pulpy pods.
A valuable gum, resembling gum arable, is collected from
the tree in Texas and Mexico.
Al'ga-rot (Sl'ga-r5t), ) re. [F. algaroih, fr. the name
Al'ga-roth (-r5th), ( of the inventor, Algarotli.]
(Med.) A term used for the Powder of Algaroth, a
white powder which is a compound of trichloride and
trioxide of antimony. It was formerly used in medicine
as an emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic.
II Al'ga-ro-vll'la (al'ga-ro-vel'ya), re. The aggluti-
nated seeds and husks of the legumes of a South Ameri-
can tree (Inga Marthx). It is valuable for tanning
leather, and as a dye.
Al'gate (al'gat), ) adv. lAll -|- gate way. The « is
Al'gates (al'gats), ) an adverbial ending. See Gate.]
1. Always; wholly; everywhere. lObs. oi Dial.]
Ulna now he alf^ates must forego. Spenser.
m^^ Stai used in the north of England in the sense of
"everywhere."
2. By any or all means ; at all events. {_Obs.] Fairfax.
3. Notwithstanding; yet. [06s.] Chaucer.
Al'ga-zel' (al'ga-zel'), re. [Ar. al the -|- ghazal.]
(Zool.) The true gazelle.
Al'ge-bra (al'je-bra), n. [LL. algebra, fr. Ar. al-jebr
reduction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole
numbers, fi'. jabara to bind together, consolidate ; al-jebr
w'almuqdbalah reduction and comparison (by equations) :
cf. F. algebre. It. & Sp. algebra.] 1. (Math.) That
branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and
properties of quantity by means of letters and other sym-
bols. It is applicable to those relations that are true of
every kind of magnitude.
2. A treatise on this science.
Al'ge-bra'io (Sl'je-bra'ik), la. Of or pertaining to al-
Al'ge-bra'ic-al (-bra'i-kal), ) gebra ; containing an
operation of algebra, or deduced from such operation ; as,
algebraic characters ; algebraical writings.
Algebraic curve, a curve such that the equation which
expresses the relation between the coordinates of its
pomts involves only the ordinary operations of algebra ;
— opposed to a transcendental curve.
Al'ge-bra'ic-al-ly, adv. By algebraic process.
Al'ge-bra'ist (al'je-bra'ist), re. One versed in algebra.
Al'ge-iira-lze (-bra-iz), v. t. To perform by algebra ;
to reduce to algebraic form.
Al-ge'ri-an (al-je'ri-an), a. Of or pertaining to Al-
geria. — re. A native of Algeria.
Al'ge-rine' (Sl'je-ren'), a. Of or pertaining to Algiers
or Algeria.
Al'ge-rlne', re. A native or one of the people of Al-
giers or Algeria. Also, a pirate.
Al'gid (Sl'jid), a. [L. algidus cold, fr. algere to be
cold : cf. F. algide.] Cold ; chiUy. Bailey.
Algid cholera (Med.), Asiatic cholera.
Al-gid'i-ty (51-jid'i-ty), re. Chilliness ; coldness ; es-
pecially (Med.), coldness and collapse.
Al'gid-ness (Sl'jTd-nSs), re. Algidity. lObs.]
Al-gU'lc (51-jIf 'Ik), a. [L. algificus, f r. algus cold -f-
facere to make.] Producing cold.
Al'goid (ai'goid), a. [L. alga -\- -oid.] Of the nature
of, or resemblmg, an alga.
Al'gol (Sl'gol), re. [Ar. al-ghul destruction, calamity,
fr. ghdla to take suddenly, destroy.] (Asiron.) A fixed
star, in Medusa's head, in the constellation Perseus, re-
markable for its periodic variation in brightness.
Al'gO-lOg'ic-al (Sl'go-loj'i-kal), a. Of or pertamihg
to algology; as, algvlogical specimens.
Al-gOl'0-giSt (51-g8l'6-jist), n. One learned about
algiE ; a student of algology.
Al-gOl'0-gy (-jy), re. [L. alga seaweed -f -logy.]
(Bot. ) The study or science of algie or seaweeds.
Al-gon'quin (Sl-gon'kwTn), j re. One of a widely spread
Al-gon'kln (al-gou'kin), ) family of Indians, in-
cluding many distinct tribes, which formerly occupied
most of the northern and eastern parts of North America.
The name was originally applied to a group of Indian
tribes nortli of the River St. Lawrence.
II Al'gor (Sl'gor), re. [L.] (il/e(?. ) Cold ; chilliness.
Al'go-rlsm (Sl'go-riz'm), 1 re. [OE. algorism, algrim,
Al'gO-rithm (-rith'm), ) augrim, OF. algorisme,
F. algorithme (cf . Sp. algorilmo,_ OSp. alguarismo, LL.
algorismus), fr. the Ar. al-Khoicarezml of Khowarezm,
the modern Kliiwa, surname of Abu Ja'far Mohammed
ben Musa, author of a work on arithmetic early in the
9th century, which was translated into Latin, such books
bearing the name algorismus. The spelling with th is due
to a supposed connection with Gr. aptdfxd; number.]
1. The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.
2. The art of calculating with any species of notation ;
as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.
Al'gOUS (al'gus), a. [L. algosus, fr. alga seaweed.]
Of or pertaining to the algae, or seaweeds ; abounding
with, or like, seaweed.
II Al'gua-zil' (Sl'gwa-zel'), re. [Sp. alguacil, fr. Ar. al-
waz'ir the vizier. Cf. Tiziee.] An mferior officer of jus-
tice in Spain ; a warrant officer ; a constable. Prescott,
Al'guin (51'gumV re. Same as Alitog (and etymo-
logically preferable). 2 Chron. ii. 8.
Al-ham'bra (Sl-hSm'br4), re. [Ultimately fr. Ar. al
the -|- hamra red ; i. e., the red (sc. house).] The palace
of the Moorish kings at Granada.
Al'ham-bra'ic (Sl'ham-bra'ik), 1 a. Made or deco-
Al'haill-l)resque'(-brgsk'; 277), ( rated after the
fanciful style of the ornamentation in the Alliambra,
which affords an unusually fine exliibition of Saracenic
or Arabesque architecture.
II Al-hen'na (Sl-hSn'na), re. See Henna.
Ali-as (a'li-as), adv. [L., fr. alius. See Else.]
(Laio) (a) Otherwise ; otherwise called ; — a term used
in legal proceedings to connect the different names ot
any one who has gone by two or more, and vihose true
name is for any cause doubtful ; as. Smith, alius Simp-
son, (b) At another time.
Ail-as, n.; pi. Aluses (-Sz). [L., otherwise, at an-
other time.] (Laxo) (a) A second or further writ which
is issued after a first writ has expired without effect.
(b) Another name ; an assumed name.
Al'i-toi (Sl'T-bi), re. [L., elsewhere, at another place.
See Alias.] (Laio) The plea or mode of defense under
which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to
prove that he was in another place when the alleged act
was committed ; as, to set up an alibi ; to prove an aliM.
Al'1-Wl'i-ty (ai'i-bil'i-ty), re. Quality of being alible.
Al'l-ble (-b'l), a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nouriah.]
Nutritive; nourishing.
AI'1-Cant (al'i-kant), re. A kind of wine, formerly
much esteemed ; — said to have been made near Alicant,
in Spain. J. Fletcher.
Al'1-dade (31'i-dad), n. [LL. alldada, alhidada, fr.
Ar. al-'idada a sort of rule : cf. F. alidade.] The por.
tion of a graduated instrument, as a quadrant or astro-
labe, carrying the sights or telescope, and showing the
degrees cut off on the are of the instrument. W/iewell.
Al'len (al'yen), a. [OF. alien, L. alienns, fr. alius an-
other; properly, therefore, belonging to another. See
Else.] 1. Not belonging to the same country, land, or
government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof ; for-
eign ; as, alien subjects, enemies, property, shores.
2. WhoUv different in nature; foreign; adverse; in-
consistent (with) ; incongruous ; — followed by from or
sometimes by to ; as, principles alien from our religion.
An alien sound of melancholy. Wordsworth.
Allen enemy (Lair), one who owes allegiance to a gov-
ernment at war with ours. Abbott,
Al'ien, re. 1. A foreigner ; one owing allegiance, or
belonging, to another country; aforeign-bom residentol
a country in which he does not possess the privileges ol
a citizen. Hence, a stranger. See Alienage.
2. One excluded from certain privileges ; one alienated
or estranged ; as, aliens from God's mercies.
Aliens from the commonwealth of Israel. Ephes. ii. 12.
Al'len, V. i. [F. aliener, L. alienare.] To alienate;
to estrange ; to transfer, as property or v..vynerslrip. [ij. 1
"If the son alien lands." Sir M. Bale.
The prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of . . . the
marriage. CtarauloiL
Al'ien-a-bll'1-ty (-a-bTll-ty), re. Capability of being
alienated. " The alieriability of the domain." Burke.
Al'ien-a-ble (al'yen-a-b'l), a. [Cf. F. alienable.] Ca-
pable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another;
as, land is alienable according to the laws of the state.
Al'ien-age (-aj), re. [Cf. OF. alienage.] 1. The state
or legal condition of being an aUen.
I^^The disabilities of olienarje are removable by nat-
uralization or by special license from the State of rest
dence,_ and m some of the United States bv declaration ol
intention of naturalization. K'enl. Wharton.
Estates forfeitable ou account of alienage. Story.
2. The state of being alienated or transferred to an-
°*^^^- Brtugham.
ale, senate, c&re, 3.m, arm, ask, final, ^11 \ eve, event, £nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, dbey, drb, fidd ■
I
ALIENATE
:39
ALL
Allen-ate (al'yen-St), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alien-
are, fr. alienus. See Auen, and cf. Axiene.] Estranged ;
withdrawn in affection ; foreign ; — with from.
O alienate from God. Milton,
Al'len-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alienated (-a'-
tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alienating.] 1. To convey or
transfer to another, as title, property, or right ; to part
vohintarily with owneraliip of.
2. To witlidraw, as the affections ; to make indiffer-
ent or averse, wliere love or friendship before subsisted ;
to estrange ; to wean ; — with from.
The errors which . . . alienated a loyal gentry and priest-
hood from the House of Stuart. Macaukii/,
The recollection of his former life is a dream that only the
more aliatntes him from the realities of the present. /. Taijlur.
Al'len-ate (-Stl, ». A stranger; an alien. [OJs.]
Al'len-a'tlon (al'yen-a'shiSu), n. [F. alienation, L.
alienaiio, fr. alienare. See Alienate.] 1. The act of
alienating, or the state of being alienated.
2. (Lau>) A transfer of title, or a legal conveyance of
property to another.
3. A withdrawing or estrangement, as of the affections.
The alienation of hia heart from the king. Bacon,
4. Mental alienation ; derangement of the mental fac-
ulties ; insanity ; as, alienation of mind.
Syn. — Insanity ; limacy ; madness ; derangement ; ab-
erration ; mania ; delirium ; frenzy ; dementia ; mono-
mania. See Insanity.
Al'len-a'tor (al'yen-a'ter), n. One who alienates.
Al-lene' (al-yen'), v. t. To alien or alienate ; to trans-
fer, as title or property ; as, to aliene an estate.
Al'len-ee' (al'yen-e'), n. (Law) One to whom the
title of property is transferred ; — opposed to alienor.
If the alienee enters and keeps possession. Blackstone.
Al'len-lsm (al'yen-iz'm), n. 1. The status or legal
condition of an alien ; alienage.
The law was very gentle in the construction of the disabil-
ity of alienism. Kent.
2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind.
Al'len-ist (al'yen-ist), n. [F. alienisle.} One who
treats diseases of the mind. £Jd. Rev.
Al'len-or' (al'yen-6r'), n. [OF. alieneur."] One who
alienates or transfers property to another. Blackstone.
Al'i-eth'moid (Sl'I-eth'moid), ) a. [L. ala wing
Al'l-eth-moid'al (Sl'i-eth-moid'al), ) -|- E. ethmoid!]
(Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the ethmoid bone or
cartilage.
A-Ule' (A-lif'), adv. [Cf. lief dear.] On my Ufe;
dearly. [OJs.] "I love that sport a/ ;/«." Beau. & Fl.
A-Uf'er-OUS (a-lifer-iSs), a. [L. ala wing -j- -ferous-l
Having wings ; winged ; aligerous. [i?.]
All-form (Sl'I-fSrm), a. [L. ala wing -J- -form.]
Wing-shaped ; winglike.
A-llg'er-OUS (a-llj'er-ils), a. [L. aliger ; nln wing-f-
jerere to carry.] Having wings; winged. [7?.]
A-llght' (a-llf), t'. i. [imp. & p. p. Alighted (a-llt'gd)
sometimes Alit (a-lTf) ; p. pr._ & vb. n. Alighting.] [OE.
alihien, fr. AS. allhtan ; pref . a- (cf. Goth, us-, G. er-, orig.
meaning out) -|- llhtan ; or gelihtan, fr. IJ/itan, to alight,
orig. to render light, to remove a burden from, fr. llkt,
leoht, light. See Light, v. i.] 1. To spring down, get
down, or descend, as from on horseback or from a car-
riage ; to dismount.
2. To descend and settle, lodge, rest, or stop ; as, a fly-
ing bird alights on a tree ; snow alights on a roof.
3. To come or chance (upon). [J?.]
A-llght', a. [Pref. a- + light.] Lighted ; lighted up ;
in a flame. "The lamps were oKjAi." Dickens.
A-lign' (a-lin'), v. t. [F. aligner; a (L. ad) -J- ligne
(L. linea) line. See Line, and cf. Allineate.] To adjust
or form to a line ; to range or form in line ; to bring into
line ; to aline.
A-lign', V. i. To form in line ; to fall into Ime.
A-Ugn'ment (-ment), n. [F. alignement.] X. The
act of adjusting to a line ; arrangement in a line or lines ;
the state of being so adjusted ; a formation in a straight
line ; also, the line of adjustment; esp., an imaginary line
to regulate the formation of troops or of a squadron.
2. {En gin.) The ground-plan of a railway or other
road, in distinction from the grades or profile.
A-like' (a-lik'), a. [AS. onlie, geUc ; pref. a- -j- like.]
Having resemblance or similitude ; similar ; without dif-
ference. [Now used only predicatively.]
The darkness and the light are both alike to thee.
Ps. cxxxix. 12.
A-llke', adv. [AS. gelice, onlice.] In the same man-
ner, form, or degree ; in common ; equally ; as, we are
all alike concerned in religion.
A-like'-mind'ed (-mind'ed), a. Like-minded. [Obs.]
Al'1-ment (al'i-ment), n. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to
nourish ; akin to Goth, alan to grow, Icel. ala to nour-
ish : cf. F. aliment. See Old.] 1. That which nourishes ;
food ; nuti-iment ; anything which feeds or adds to a sub-
stance m natural growth. Hence : The necessaries of
life generally ; sustenance ; means of support.
Aliments of their sloth and weakness. Bacon.
2. An allowance for maintenance. • [Scot.]
Al'1-ment, v. t. 1. To nourish; to support.
2. To provide for the maintenance of. [Scot.]
■ •*i'l-™en'tal (Sl'T-mgn'tal), a. Supplying food ; hav-
mg the quality of nourishing ; furnishing the materials
for natural growth ; as, alimental sap.
A'11-men'tal-ly, adv. So as to serve for nourishment
or food ; nourishingly. ^,V y. Browne .
Al'l-men'ta-rl-ness (-ta-rt-ngs), n. The quality of
being ahmentary ; nourishing quality. [E.]
Al'1-men'ta-ry (-ta-ry), a. [L. aUmentarius, fr. ali-
mentum: cf. F. alimentuire.] Pertaining to aliment or
tood or to the function of nutrition ; nutritious ; ali-
mental ; as, alimentary substances.
Alimentary canal, the entire channel, extending from
the mouth to the anus, by which aliments are conveyed
through the body, and the useless parts ejected.
Al'i-men-ta'tlon (51'I-men-ta'shiin),re. [Cf. P. alimen-
tation, LL. alimentatio.] 1. The act or process of afford-
ing nutriment ; the function of the alimentary canal.
2. State or mode of being nourished. Bacon.
Al'i-men'tive-nes? i-mgn'tiv-nSs), n. The instinct
or faculty of appetite for food. [Chiefly in Phrenol.]
Al'i-mo'nl-OUS (-mo'nT-Ks), a. Affording food ; nour-
ishing, [i?.] ".-l//vHon('o«4' humors." Harvey.
Al'i-mo-ny (Sl'i-mo-ny), n. [L. alimonia, alimonium,
nourishment, sustenance, fr. alere to nourish.] 1. Main-
tenance ; means of livmg.
2. {Law) An allowance made to a wife out of her hus-
band's estate or income for her support, upon her di-
vorce or legal separation from him, or during a suit for
the same. Wharton. Burrill.
Al'i-na'sal (itl'T-na'zol), a. [L. ala wing -\- E. nasal.]
{Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the nasal bone or
cartilage.
A-line' (a-lin'), V. t. To range or place in a line ; to
bring into line ; to align. Evelyn.
A-lin'e-a'tlon (iHTn'e-a'slmn), re. See Allineation.
A-Une'ment (4-lin'ment), 71. Same as Alignments.
The Eng. form atineinent is preferable to ahqnmcnt, a bad
spelling ot the Fr[ench]. X.iu> Eng. Diet. (Munaij)-
A-lin'er (4-lin'er), n. One who adjusts things to a
line or lines or brings them into line. Evehjn.
Al'I-Oth (Sl'i-Btli), n. [Ar. alydt the tail of a fat
sheep.] {Astron.) A star in the tail of the Great Bear,
the one next the bowl in the Dipper.
Al'i-ped (51'i-pSd), a. [L. aiipes ; ala wing -f pes,
pedis, foot: cf. F. aliphle.] {Zool.) Wing-footed, as
the bat. ^ n. An animal whose toes are connected by a
membrane, serving for a wing, as the bat.
Al'i-QUant (-kwant), a. [L. aliquantus some, moder-
ate ; alius other -)- quantus how great : cf. F. ali-
quante.] {Math.) An aliquant part of a number or
quantity is one which does not divide it without leaving
a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquant part of 16. Opposed
to aliquot.
Al'i-qnot (-kw5t), a. [L. aliquot some, several ; alius
other -j- 5z(0il how many: cf. F. aiiquote.] {3fath.) An
aliquot part of a number or quantity is one which will
divide it without a remainder ; thus, 5 is an aliquot part
of 15. Opposed to aliquant.
Al'1-sep'tal (Sl'T-sgp'tol), a. [L. ala wing -|- E. sep-
tal,] {.inat.) Relating to expansions of the nasal septum.
Al'lsh (al'Isli), a. Like ale ; as, an alish taste.
Al'l-sphe'noid (al'i-sfe'noid), la. [L. ala wing-fE.
Al'1-sphe-noid'al (-noid'al), ) sphenoid.] {Anat.)
Pertaining to or forming the wing of the sphenoid ; re-
lating to a bone in the base of the skull, which in the
adult is often consolidated with the sphenoid ; as, ali-
sphenoid bone ; alisphenoid canal.
Al'i-sphe'noid, n. {Anat.) The alisphenoid bone.
Al'i-trunk (al'i-trunk), n. [L. ala wing -)- truncns
trunk.] {Zool.) The segment of the body of an insect
to which the wings are attached ; the thorax. Kirby.
Al'i-tur'gic-al (Sl'I-tfir'ji-kol), a. [Pref. a- not -f li-
turgical.] {Eccl,) Applied to those days when the holy
sacrifice is not offered. Shipley.
II A'11-un'de (a'li-uu'de), adv. & a. [L.] {Law) From
another source ; from elsewhere ; as, a case proved ali-
unde; evidence aliunde.
A-live' (a-liv'), a.. [OE. on live, AS. on life in life ;
life being dat. of llf life. See Life, and cf. Live, a.]
1. Having life, in opposition to dead ; living ; being in
a state in which the organs perform their functions ; as,
an animal or a plant wliich is alive.
2. In a state of action; in force or operation; unex-
tinguished ; unexpired ; existent ; as, to keep the fire
alive ; to keep the affections alive.
3. Exhibiting the activity and motion of many living
beings ; swarming ; thronged.
The Boyne, for a quarter of a mile, was alive with muskets
and green boughs. ilacuulay,
4. Sprightly; lively; brisk. Richardson.
5. Having susceptibility ; easily impressed ; having
lively feelings, as opposed to apathy ; sensitive.
Tremblingly alive to nature's laws. Falconer.
6. Of all living (by way of emphasis).
Northumberland was the proudest man alive. Clarendon,
Used colloquially as an intensive ; as, man alive !
^W^ Alive always follows the noun which it qualifies.
II Ali-za'ri (aaT-za'rT), n. [Perh. fr. Ar. ''acarah juice
extracted from a plant, fr. 'a^ara to press.] (Com.) The
madder of the Levant. Brande & C.
A-liZ'a-rin (a-lTz'a-rm), re. [F. alisarine, fr. alizari.]
(Chem.) A coloring principle, C^H^.O, (OH),, found in
madder, and now produced artificially from anthracene.
It produces the Turkish reds.
Allia-hest (al'ka-hest), re. [LL. alchahest, F. alcahesf,
a word that has an Arabic appearance, but was probably
arbitrarily formed by Paracelsus.] The fabled " univer-
sal solvent " of the alchemists ; a menstruum capable of
dissolving all bodies. — Al'ka-hes'tic (al'ka-hes'tik), a.
AFkal-am'ide ( 51'kSl-am'id or Sl/kSl-amld ), n.
[Alkali -\- amide.] {Chem.) One of a series of com-
pounds that may be regarded as ammonia iu which a
part of the hydrogen has been replaced by basic, and an-
other part by acid, atoms or radicals.
Al'ka-les'cence (al'k4-les'sens), \n. A tendency to
Al'ka-les'cen-cy (-Igs'sen-sy), ) become alkaline ;
or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties
begin to be developed, or to be predominant. Ure.
Al'ka-les'cent (-sent), a. [Cf. F. alcnlescent.] Tend-
ing to the properties of an alkali ; slightly alkaline.
Al'ka-U (al'ka-ll or -IT ; 277), re. / pi. Alkalis or Al-
kalies (-Hz or -liz). [F. alcali, ultimately fr. Ar. al-
qall ashes of the plant saltwort, fr. qalay to roast in a
pan, fry.] 1. Soda ash ; caustic soda, caustic potash, etc.
2. {Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, such as
soda, potash, ammonia, and litliia, whose distinguishing
peculiarities are solubility in alcoliol and water, uniting
with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming
salts w ith acids, turning to brown several vegetable yel-
lows, and changing reddened litmus to blue.
Fixed alkalies, potash and soda. — Vegetable alkalies.
Same as Alkaloids. — Volatile alkali, ammonia, so called
in distinction from the fbced alkalies.
Al'ka-ll-fi'a-ble (Sl'ka-ll-fi'a-b'l), a, [Cf. F. alcalijia-
ble. ] Capable of being alkalified, or converted into aa
alkali.
Al'ka-li-fy (iil'kWT-fi ; 277), V. t. [imp. & p.p. Al-
kalified (-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Alkalifying.] [Alkali
-f|- -fy; cf. F. alcalrfier.] To convert into an alkali; to
give alkaline properties to.
Al'ka-li-fy, v. i. To become changed into an alkali.
Al'ka-lig'e-nous^(ai'ka-lTj'e-iius), a. [Alkali -f -ge-
nous: cf. ¥. alcaligene.] Generating alkali.
Al'ka-lim'e-ter (-ITm'e-ter), n. [Alkali -)- -meter : cf.
F. alcaiimetre.] An instrument to ascertain the strength
of alkalies, or the quantity of alkali in a mixture.
Al'ka-li-met'rlc (-li-mgt'rik), I a. Of or pertaining
Al'ka-li-met'riC-al (-ri-kan, j to alkalimetry.
Al'ka-liin'e-try (-ITm'e-try), re. [Cf. p. alcalimetrie.]
{Chem.) The aj-t or process of ascertaining the strength
of alkalies, or the quantity present in alkaline mixtures.
Al'ka-line (al'ka-lin or -lin ; 277), a, [Cf. F. alca-
lin.] Of or pertaining to an alkali or to alkalies ; having
the properties of an alkali.
Alkaline earths, certain substances, as lime, baryta,
strontia, and magnesia, possessing some of the qualities
of alkalies. — AlkaUne metals, potassium, sodium, caesium,
litluum, rubidium. — Alkaline reaction, a reaction indica^
ting alkalinity, as by the action on litmus, turmeric, etc.
Al'ka-lin'i-ty (Sl/ka-lln't-ty), n. The quality which
constitutes an alkali ; alkaline property. Thomson.
Al-ka'U-ous (51-ka'li-iis), a. Alkaline. [Obs.]
Al'ka-li-zate (Sl'kMi-zat), a. Alkaline. [Obs.] Boyle.
Allia-U-zate (-zat), v. t. To alkalize. [R.] Johnson.
Al'ka-li-za'tion (-za'shiin), n. [Cf. F. alcalisation.^
The act of rendering alkaline by impregnating with an
alkali ; a conferring of alkaline qualities.
Al'ka-lize (Sl'ki-liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalized
(-lizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalizing (-li'zing).] [Cf. F.
alcaliser.] To render alkaline ; to communicate the prop-
erties of an alkali to.
Allca-loid (Sl'ka-loid), 1 a. [Alkali + -oU : cf .
Al'ka-loid'al (51'ka^loid'al), ) F. alcaloide.] Per-
taining to, resembling, or containing, alkali.
Al'ka-loid (Sl'ka-loid), re. {Chem.) An organic base,
especially one of a class of substances occurring ready
formed in the tissues of plants and the bodies of animals.
IS^" Alkaloids all contain nitrogen, carbon, and hy-
drogen, and many of them also contain oxygen. The-
include many of the active principles in plants ; thus,
morphine and narcotine are alkaloids found in opium.
Al'ka-net (-net), re. [Dim. of Sp. alcana, alhefia, ia<
which al is the Ar. article. See Henna, and cf. Okchanet.]
1. (Chem.) A dyeing matter extracted from the roots
of Alkanna iinctoria, which gives a fine deep red color.
2. {Bot.) {a) A boraginaceous herb {Allcanna tinctoria)
yielding the dye ; orchanet. (6) The similar plant An-
chusa officinalis ; bugloss ; also, the American puccoon.
Al-kar'gen (Sl-kar'jgn), re. [Alkarsia. -J- oxygen.]
{Chem.) Same as Cacodylic acid.
Al-kar'sln (al-kSr'sTn), n. [Alkd.\i -f crwenic -\- -in.]
{Chem.) A spontaneously inflammable liquid, having a
repulsive odor, and consisting of cacodyl and its oxida-
tion products ; — called also Cadefs fuming liquid,
Al-ka'zar (Sl-ka'zar), re. See Alcazak.
Al'ke-ken'gi (al/ke-kgn'jl), re. [Cf. F. alkekenge, Sp.
alquequenje, ultimately fr. Ar. al-kakanj a kind of resin
from Herat.] {Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the night-
shade family {Physalis alkekengi) and its fruit, which is a
well-flavored berry, the size of a cherry, loosely inclosed
in an enlarged leafy calyx ; — also called winter cherry,
ground cherry, and strawberry tomato. D. C. Eaton,
Al-ker'mes (al-ker'mez), re. [Ar. al-qirmiz kennes.
See Kekmes.] {Old Pharmacy) A compound cordial, in
the form of a confection, deriving its name from the
kermes insect, its principal ingredient.
Al'kO-ran (al'kS-ran ; Ar. al'ko-ran' ; 277), n. Tlie Mo-
hammedan Scriptures. Same as Alcokan and Koran.
Al'kO-ran'ic (al'ko-rSn'ik), a. Same as Alcobanic.
Al'ko-ran'ist, n. Same as Alcokanist.
All (al), a. [OE. al, pi. alle. AS. eal, pi. ealle, North-
umbrian alle, akin to D. & OHG. al, Ger. all, Icel. allr,
Dan. nl, Sw. all, Goth, alls; and perh. to Ir. and Gael.
uile, W. oil.] 1. The whole quantity, extent, duration,
amount, qualitj', or degree of ; the whole ; the whole num-
ber of ; any whatever ; every ; as, all the wheat ; all the
land ; all the year ; all the strength ; all happiness ; all
abundance ; loss of all power ; beyond all doubt ; you
will see us all (or all of us).
Prove all things : hold fast that which is good. 3 Tliess. v. 21.
2. Any. [Obs.] "Without aZZ remedy." ■ Shak.
^g^ When the definite article "the," or a possessive
or a demonstrative pronoun, is joined to the noun that ail
qualifies, oil precedes the article or the pronoun ; as, all
the cattle ; all my labor ; all his wealth ; all our families ;
a// your citizens: «?? their property ; «W other joys.
This word, not only in popular language, but in the
Scriptures, often signifies, indefinitely, a large portion
or number, or a great part. Thus, all the cattle m Egjiit
died, all Judea and all the region round about Jordan,
all men held John as a prophet, are not to be understood
in a literal sense, but as mcluding a large part, or very
great numbers.
3. Only ; alone ; nothing but.
I was born to spenk all mirth and no matter. Shak,
All the whole, the whole (emphatically). [Obs.\ " All
the whole aimy." Shak.
All, adv. 1. Wholly ; completely ; altogether ; en-
B
C
F
Q
K
ase, unite, rude, fuU, ilp, ftm ; pity; food, fo^ot; out, oil -^ chair; go; sing, ink; t jen, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
M
ALL
40
ALLEVIATION
tirely ; quite ; very ; as, all bedewed ; my friend is all
for amusement. "And cheeks aW pale." Byrun.
|^g°° In the ancient phrases, (/// too dear, ult too much,
allio long, etc., this word retains its appropriate sense
or becomes intensive.
2. Even; just. (Often a mere intensive adjunct.) [OAs.
or Poet.']
All as his straying flock he fed. Spenser.
A damsel lay deuloring
All on a rock i
[eulo
?clin
ed.
Gay.
All to, or All-to. In such phrases as " all to rent," " all
to break," '''all-to frozen," etc., which are of frequent
occurrence in our old authors, the all and the to have
commonly been regarded as forming a compound adverb,
equivalent in meaning to entire?!/, i-uuijik'tely, allocjether.
But the sense of entireness lies wliolly hi tlie word all (as
it does in " all forlorn," and similar e.xpressions), and the
to properly belongs to the following word, being a kind of
intensive prefix (orig. meaning asunder and answering
to the LG. ?(?r-, HG-. zcr-). It is frequently to be met with
in old books, used without the all. Thus Wyclif says,
" The vail of the temple was lo rent ; " and of Judas, " He
was haaiged and to-burst tiie middle : " i. c, burst in two,
or asunder. — All along. See under Along. — All and some,
individually and collectively, one and all. [Obs.] "Dis,-
Tpleased all and some.^^ Fairfa.r. — Allbxit. (o) Scarcely;
not even. [Obs.] Shal: (6) Almost; nearly. "The fine
arts were all but proscribed." Macanlay. — All hollow,
entirely, completely ; as, to beat any one "// hallmc.
\Low'\ —All one, the same thing in effect ; that is, wholly
the same thing. — All over, over the whole extent ; thor-
oughly ; wholly; as, she is lier mother <(// oic/'. [C'oZ/w/.]
— All the better, wholly the better ; tliat is, better by the
whole dilterencp. — All the same, nevertheless. "There
they [certain plienoiuena] remain rooted all the sarae^
whether we recognize them or not. " J. C. Sliairp. "But
Rugby is a very nice place all the same," T. Arnold.—
See also under All, n.
AH (al), n. The whole number, quantity, or amount ;
the entire thing ; everything included or concerned ; tlie
aggregate ; the whole ; totality ; everything or every per-
son ; as, our all is at stake.
Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all. Stiak.
All that thou seest is mine. Gen. xxxi. 43.
All is used with o/, like a partitive ; as, all of a thing,
all of us.
After all, after considering everything to the contrary ;
nevertheless. — All in all, a phrase which signifies all
things to a person, or everytliing desired; (also adver-
bially) wholly ; altogether.
Tliou shalt be all in all, and I in thee,
Forever.
Trust me not at all, or all in all.
Milton.
Tennyson.
All in the wind (Naiit.), a phrase denoting that the sails
are parallel with the course of the wind, so as to shake. —
All told, all counted ; in all. —And all, and the rest ; and
everytliing else : and everytliing comiected. " Bring our
crown and all." Sluil:— At aU. (.a) In every respect ;
wholly ; thoroughly. [Obs.] " She is a shrew o< «/(/)."
Chaucer, (b) A phrase much used by way of enforce-
ment or emphasis, usually in negative or mterrogative
sentences, and signifying )« any way or respect : in the
least degree or to the least e.rtent ; in the least ; under any
circumstances ; as, he has no ambition at all ; has he any
property a( o// .* " Nothing «< a//." Shale. "Ifthyfather
al all miss me." 1 .Sam. xx. 6. — Over all, everywhere.
[06.1.1 Chaucer.
^^^ All is much used in composition to enlarge the
meaning, or add force to a word. In some instances, it is
completely incorporated into words, and its final conso-
nant is dropped, as in a/mighty, o/ready, ohvays ; but,
in most instances, it is an adverb prefixed to adjectives
or participles, but usually %vith a hyphen, as, a/?-boun-
tiful, a//-glorious, oH-important, a/?-surrounding, etc. In
others it is an adjective ; as, a//-power, (///-giver. An-
ciently many words, as, o/about, o/aground, etc., were
compounded with all, which are now written separately.
All, conj. [Orig. a//, adv., wholly: used with though
or if, which being dropped before the subjunctive left all
as if in the sense although.'] Although ; albeit. [06«.]
All they were wondrous loth. Spenser.
II Al'la bre've (al'la bra'va). [It., according to the
breve.] {Old Church Music) With one breve, or four
minims, to a measure, and sung faster like four crotch-
ets ; in quick com- fh mon time ; — indicated in the
time signature by ■ y
II Allah (al'la), n. [Ar., contr. fr. the article al the +
ilah God.] The name of the Supreme Being, in use
among the Arabs and the Mohammedans generally.
All'-a-mort' (al'a^mSrf), a. See Alamoet.
Allan-ite (al'lan-it), n. [From T. Allan, who first
distinguished it as a species.] (Min.) A silicate contain-
ing a large amount of cerium. It is usually black in color,
opaque, and is related to epidote in form and composition.
Al'lan-tO'ic (al'lan-to'ik), a. [Cf. F. allanto'igue.]
Pertaining to, or contained in, the allantois.
Allantoic acid. (Cliem.) See Allantoin.
Al-lan'tOid (al-lan'toid), 1 a. [Gr. a.kKavTOuSrj';
Al'lan-toid'al (Sl'lSn-toid'al), ) shaped like a sau-
sage ; iAAis sausage -)- etSos form.] (Anat.) Of or per-
taining to the allantois.
II Al'lan-toid'e-a (-e-a), re. ^;. [NL.] {Zo'dl) The di-
vision of Vertebrata in which the embryo develops an al-
lantois. It includes reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Al-lan'tO-in (Sl-lSu'to-Tn), n. (C/iem.) A crystalline,
transparent, colorless substance found in the allantoic
liquid of the fetal calf ; — formerly called allantoic acid
and amniotic acid.
II Al-lan'tO-ls (-to-Ts), ) re. (Anat.) A membranous
Al-lan'toid (-toid), ( appendage of the embryos of
mammals, birds, and reptiles, — in mammals serving to
connect the fetus with the parent ; the urinary vesicle.
Alla-trate (alla-trat), V. i. [L. allatrare. See La-
TRATE.] To bark as a dog. \_Obs.] Stubbes.
Al-lay' (al-la'), V. t. limn. & p. p. Allayed (-lad') ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Allaying.] [OE. alnien, aleggen, to lay
down, put down, humble, put an end to, AS. alecgan; a-
(cf . Goth, tis-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) -(- lecgan to lay ;
but confused with old forihs of allege, alloy, alegge. See
Lat.] 1. To make quiet or put at rest ; to pacify or ap-
pease ; to quell ; to calm ; as, to allay popular excite-
ment ; to allay the tumult of the passions.
2. To alleviate ; to abate ; to mitigate ; as, to allay
the severity of affliction or the bitterness of adversity.
It would allay the burning quahty of that fell poison. Shak.
Syn. — To alleviate; check; repress; assuage; aj)-
pease ; abate ; subdue ; destroy ; compose ; soothe ; calm ;
quiet. See Alleviate.
Al-lay' (al-la'), V. i. To diminish in strength ; to abate ;
to subside. " When the rage allays." Shak.
Al-lay', re. Alleviation; abatement; check. [06s.]
Al-lay', re. Alloy. \_Obs.] Chaucer.
Al-lay', V. t. To mix (metals) ; to mix with a baser
metal ; to alloj ; to deteriorate. \_Archaic] Fuller.
Al-lay'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, allays.
Al-lay'ment (-ment), n. An allaying ; that which al-
lays; mitigation. [06s.]
The hke allayment could I give mv grief. Shak.
Al'le-cret (Sl'le-kret), n.
[OP. alecret, halecret, halle-
cret.] A kind of light armor
used m the sixteenth century,
esp. by the Swiss. Fairholt.
Al-lect' (ia-lekf), V. t. [L.
allectare, freq. of ullicere, al-
leclum.] To allure ; to entice.
[06s.]
Al ' lec - ta ' tion (al'lek-ta'-
shiin),re. {h. allectatio.] En-
ticement; allurement. [06s.]
Bailey.
Al-lec'tive (al-lSk'ttv), a.
[LL. allectivus.] Alluring.
lObs.]
Al-lec'tive, re. Allurement.
[06s.] Jer. Taylor.
Al-ledge' (Sl-lej'), t). t. See
Allege. [06s.]
1^°° This spelling, corre-
sponding to abridge, was once
the prevailing one. Aliecret Armor, a. d. IMO.
Al'le-ga'tion (al'le-ga'shun), re. [L. allegatio, fr. al-
legare, allegatum, to send a message, cite ; later, to free
by givmg reasons ; ad -\- legare to send, commission. Cf.
Allege and Adlegation.] 1. The act of alleging or pos-
itively asserting.
2. That which is alleged, asserted, or declared ; posi-
tive assertion ; formal averment.
1 thought their allegations but reasonable. Steele.
3. (Law) A statement by a party of what be undertakes
to prove, — usually applied to each separate averment;
the charge or matter undertaken to be proved.
Al-lege' (al-lej'), V. i. [imp. &p.p. Alleged (-ISjd') ;
p. pi: &vb.n. Alleging.] [OE. aleggen to bring for-
ward as evidence, OP. esligier to buy, prop, to free from
legal difiiculties, fr. an assumed LL. exliligare ; L. ex-\-
litigare to quarrel, sue (see Litigate). The word was
confused with L. allegare (see Allegation), and lex law.
Cf . Allay.] 1. To bring forward with positiveness ; to
declare ; to affirm ; to assert ; as, to allege a fact.
2. To cite or quote ; as, to allege the authority of a
judge. \_Archaic]
3. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, or excuse ; as,
he refused to lend, alleging a resolution against lending.
Syn. — To bring forward ; adduce ; advance ; assign ;
produce ; declare ; affirm ; assert ; aver ; predicate.
Al-lege', "v. t. [See Allay.] To alleviate ; to lighten,
as a burden or a trouble. [06s.] Wyclif.
Al-lege'a-We (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being alleged or
affirmed.
The most authentic examples allegedble in the case. South.
Al-Iege'ance (S3-lej'ons), re. Allegation. [06s.]
Al-lege'ment (-ment), re. Allegation. [06s.]
With many complaints and ctllegements. Bj>. Sanderson.
Al-leg'er (-er), n . One who affirms or declares.
Al-legge' (-lej'), V. t. See Alegge and Allay. [06s.]
Al-le'glance (al-le'jons or al-le'ji-ons), re. [OE. ale-
geaunce; pref. a--\- OF. lige, liege. The meaning was in-
fluenced by L. ligare to bind, and even by lex, legis, law.
See Lege, Ligeance.] 1. The tie or obligation, implied
or expressed, which a subject owes to his sovereign or
government ; the duty of fidelity to one's king, govern-
ment, or state.
2. Devotion; loyalty; as, o/?e^!<7rece to science.
Syn.— Loyalty ; fealty.— Allegiance, Loyalty. These
words agree in expressing the general idea of fidelity and
attachment to the "powers that be." Allegiance is an
obligation to a ruling power. Loyalty is a feeling or sen-
timent towards such power. Alleaiance may exist under
any form of government, and, in a republic, we generally
speak of allegiance to the government, to the state, etc.
In well conducted monarchies, loyalty is a warm-hearted
feeling of fidelity and obedience to the sovereign. It is
personal in its nature ; and hence we speak of the loy-
alty of a wife to her husband, not of her allegiance.
In cases where we personify, loyalty is more commonly
the word used ; as, loyally to the constitution ; loyalty
to the cause of virtue ; loyalty to truth and religion, etc.
Hear me, recreant, on thine allegiance hear me I Shak.
So spake the Seraph Abdiel, faithful found, . . .
Unsliaken. unsediiced, unterrified.
His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. Milton.
Al-le'giant (-j«nt or -jT-ont), a. Loyal. Shak.
Al'le-gor'ic (al'le-gor'tk), 1 a. [P. allegorique, L. al-
Al'le-gor'iC-al (-gor'T-kol), ) legoricus, fr. Gr. aA\Tj-
yopiKos. See Allegory.] Belonging to, or consisting of,
allegory ; of the nature of an allegory ; describing by re-
semblances ; figurative. " An allegoric tikie." Falconer.
"An allegorical application." Pope.
Allegorical being . . . that kind of language which says one
thing, but means another. Max iliiller.
— Alle-gor'Ic-al-ly, adv. — Al'le-gor'ic-al-ness, re.
Alle-gO-rlst (S11e-go-rTst), re. [Cf. F. allegorisle.J
One who allegorizes ; a writer of allegory. Hume.
Al'le-gor'i-za'tion (Sl'le-gor'I-za'shun), n. Tlie act
of turning into allegory, or of understanding in an alle-
gorical sense.
Al'le-go-rize (al1e-g6-riz), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Alle-
gorized (-rizd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Allegorizing.] [Ci. F.
ullegoriser, fr. L. allegorizare.] 1. To form or turn into
allegory; as, to allegorize the history of a people.
2. To treat as allegorical ; to understand in an allegor-
ical sense ; as, when a passage in a writer may be under-
stood literally or figuratively, he who gives it a figurative
sense is said to allegorize it.
A11e-gO-rize, v. i. To use allegory. Holland.
Al'le-gO-ri'zer (-rl'zer), re. One who allegorizes, or
turns things into allegory; an allegorist.
Al'le-go-ry (-go-iy), re.; pi. Allegories (-riz). [L.
allegoria, Gr. aWriyopia, description of one thing under
the image of another ; aAAo? other -f ayopeveiv to speak
in the assembly, harangue, dyopd place of assembly, fr.
ayeipeLv to assemble: cf. F. allegorie.] \. A figurative
sentence or discourse, in which the principal subject is
described by another subject resembling it in its proper-
ties and circumstances. The real subject is thus kept out
of view, and we are left to collect the intentions of the
writer or speaker by the resemblance of the secondary to
the primary subject.
2. Anythuig which represents by suggestive resem-
blance ; an emblem.
3. {Paint. & Sculpt.) A figure or representation which
has a meaning beyond the notion directly conveyed by the
object painted or sculptured.
Syn. — Metaphor; fable. — Allegory, Parable. "An
allegory differs both from fable and jiarable, in that the
properties of persons are fictitiously represented as at-
tached to things, to which they are as it were transferred.
... A figure of Peace and Victory cromiing some histor-
ical personage is an allegory. "I am the Vine, ye are the
branches" [John xv. 1-6] is a spoken allegory. In the
parable there is no transference of properties. The jiai'-
able of the sower [Matt. xiii. 3-23] represents all things as
according to their proper nature. In the allegory quoted
above the properties of the vine and the relation of the
branches are transferred to the person of Christ and Hia
apostles and disciples. " C.J. Smith.
An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. Bunyan's " Pil-
grim's Progress " and Spenser's " Faerie Queene " are cel-
ebrated examples of the allegory.
II Al'Ie'gresse' (al'la'gras'), re. [F. allegresse, fr. L.
alacer sprightly.] Joy ; gladsomeness.
II Al'le-gret'tO (51'le-gret't6 ; It. al'la-grat'tS), a. [It.,
dhn. oi allegro.] (3Ius.) Quicker than o?)(7anYe, but not
60 quick as allegro. — re. A movement in this time.
IIAl-le'gro (Sl-le'gro ; It. al-la'gro). o. [It., merry,
gay, fr. L. alacer lively. Cf. Alegee.] {3Ius.) Brisk,
lively. — re. An allegro movement ; a quick, sprightly
strain or piece.
Al'le-lU'ia ) (51'lelu'ya), re. [L. alleluia, Gr. aAArj-
Al'le-lU'iah I Aov'ia, fr. Heb. hallelu-yah. See Hal-
lelujah.] An exclamation signifying Praise ye Jehovah.
Hence : A song of praise to God. See Hallelujah, the
commoner form.
I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying. Al-
leluia. Jie'i: xix. 1.
II Alle-mande' (Sl'lS-mand'), re. [F., fr. allemand
German.] 1. {3fus.) A dance in moderate twofold time,
invented by the French in the reign of Louis XIV. ; —
now mostly found in suttes of pieces, like those of Bach
and Handel.
2. A figure in dancing,
Al'le-man'nic (51'le-nrSn'nTk), a. See Alemannic.
Al-len'ar-ly (51-len'er ly), adv. [All + anerly singly,
fr. one one.] Solely ; only. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
Aller (aller), a. [For ealra, the AS. gen. pi. of eal
all,] Same as Alder, of all. [06s.] Chaucer.
II Al-le'ri-on (51-le'rT-5n), re. [P. alerion, LL. alario a
sort of eagle ; of uncertain origin.]
{Her.) An eagle without beak or feet,
with expanded vrings. Burke.
Al-le'Vi-ate (Sl-le'vi-at), v. t. [imp.
& p. p. Allevlated ; p. pr. & vb. re.
Alleviating.] [LL. alleviare, fr. L.
ad 4- levis light. See Alegge, Levity.]
1. To lighten or lessen the force or
weight of. [06s. in a literal or general
sense.] Alkrion.
Should no others join capable to alleviate the expense.
Evelyn.
Those large bladders . . . conduce much to the alleviatinir
of the body [of flying birds]. Jiay.
2. To lighten or lessen (physical or mental troubles) ;
to mitigate, or make easier to be endured ; as, to allevi-
ate sorrow, pain, care, etc. ; — opposed to aggravate.
The calamity of the want of the sense of hearing is much
alleviated by giving the use of letters. Bp. Horsley.
3. To extenuate ; to palliate. [R.]
He alleviates his fault by an excuse. Jolinson-
Syn. — To lessen; diminish; soften; mitigate; as-
suage ; abate ; relieve ; nullify ; aUav. — To Alleviate,
Mitigate, Assuage, Allay. These words have in com-
mon the idea of relief from .some painful state ; and being
all figurative, they differ in their application, according
to the image imder which this idea is presented. Alle-
viate supposes a load which is lightened or taken off ; as,
to alleviate one's cares. Mitigate supposes something
fierce which is made mUd ; as, to mitigate one's anguish.
Assuage supposes something violent which is quieted ;
as, to assuage one's sorrow. Alia?/ supposes something
previously excited, but now brought down ; as, to allay
one's suffering or one's thirst. To alleviate the dis-
tresses of life; to jnitigate the fierceness of passion or
the violence of grief ; to assuage angry feeling ; to allay
wounded sensibility.
Al-le'vi-a'tion (al-le'vT-a'shiin), re. [LL. allevialio .']
1. The act of alleviating j-a lightening of weight or se-
verity ; mitigation ; relief.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all i eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, 5dd;
ALLEVIATIVE
41
ALLOTMENT
2. That which mitigates, or makes more tolerable.
I have not wanted such aXleviations of life as friendship
could supply. Johnson.
Al-le'Vl-a-tlve (Sl-le'vT-i-tlv), a. Tending to alle-
viate ; palliative. — n. That which alleviates.
Al-le'vi-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who, or that whicli,
alleviates.
Al-le'Vl-a-tO-ry (-a-tS-ry), a. Alleviative. Carlyle.
Al'ley (Sl'lf ), n. ; pi. Alleys (-liz). [OE. aley, alley,
CF. alee, F. allee, a going, passage, f r. OF. aler, F. aller,
to go ; of uncertain origin : cf. Prov. anar, It. andare,
Sp. andar.^ 1. A narrow passage; especially a walk or
passage in a garden or park, bordered by rows of trees or
bushes ; a bordered way.
1 know eacli lane and every alley green. JJilton.
2. A narrow passage or way in a city, as distinct from
a public street. Gay.
3. A passageway between rows of pews in a church.
4. {Persp.) Any passage having the entrance repre-
sented as wider than the exit, so as to give the appear-
ance of leugtli.
5. The space between two rows of compositors' stands
fa a printing office.
Al'ley, n. ; pi. Alleys {Slltz). [A contraction of ala-
baster, of which it was originally made.] A choice taw
or marble. Dickens.
Alleyed (Sl'lTd), a. Furnished with alleys ; forming
an alley. " An alleyed walk." Sir W. Scott.
Al'ley-way' (itl'iy-wa'), «. An alley.
All' Fools' Day' (al' fCoIz da'). The first day of
April, a day on which sportive impositions are practiced.
The first of April, some do say.
Is set apart for All J''ooh' Day.
Foor Robin's Almanack (1760).
All' fours' (al' forz'). \_All -\-four (cards).] A game
at cards, citUed " High, Low, Jack, and the Game."
All' fours' [formerly. All' four']. All four legs of a
quadruped ; or the two legs and two arms of a person.
To be, go, or run, on all fours (Fig.), to be on the same
footing ; to correspond (irilh) e.xactly ; to be alike hi all
the circumstances to be considered. " This example is
on all fours with the other." "No simile can r/o on all
fours." Macaulay,
All' liall' (al' halO. [^i? + Ao«, interj.] All health;
— a phrase of salutation or welcome.
All'-hail', V. i. To saJute ; to greet. [Poei.]
Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from
the king, who all-hailed me " Thane of Cawdor." Sliak.
All'hanond (-hSinSnd), m. Allhallows. [06s.] Shak.
All'liallOW (aVhSllo), \n. 1. All the saints (in heav-
All'hallOWS (-loz), ) en). tObs.2
2. All Saints' Day, November 1st. lArchaie]
All'hal'lOW eve' (ev'). The evening before Allhal-
lows. See Halloween.
All'hallow-mas (-mas), n. The feast of All Saints.
All'hal'lown (-ion), a. Of or pertaining to the time
of A Uhallows. lObs.'] "■ Allhallown smoxaer." Shak.
(i. e., late summer ; " Indian Summer").
All'haiaow-tlfle' (-lo-tid'), K. [AS. ild time.] The
time at or near All Saints, or November 1st.
Alllieal' (-heV), n. A name popularly given to the
officinal valerian, and to some other plants.
Al-U'a-ble (ai-li'a-b'l), a. Able to enter into alliance.
Al'Ii-a'ceous (Sl'lT-a'shils), a. Of or pertaining to the
genus Allium, or garlic, onions, leeks, etc. ; having the
amell or taste of garlic or onions.
Al-11'ance (Sl-ll'nns), re. [OE. aliaunce, OF. aliance,
F. alliance, fr. OF. alter, F. allier. See Ally, and cf. LL.
alligantia.] 1. The state of being allied ; the act of al-
lying or unitmg ; a union or connection of interests be-
tween families, states, parties, etc., especially between
fanulies by marriage and states by compact, treaty, or
league; as, matrimonial alliances; an alliance between
church and state ; an alliance between France and Eng-
land.
2. Any union resembling that of families or states;
union by relationship in qualities ; affinity.
The alliance of the principles of the world with those of the
eospeL c. J. Smith.
The alliance . . . between logic and metaphysics. Mansel.
3. The persons or parties allied. Vdall.
Syn. — Connection ; affinity ; imion ; confederacy ;
confederation ; league ; coalition.
Al-U'ance, v. t. To connect by alliance ; to ally. [06s.]
Al-U'ant-(-ant), m. [Cf F. aZ«an<, p. pr.] Anally;
a confederate. [06s. & i?.] Sir H. Wotton.
Allice ) (allTs), n. (Zool.) The European shad (Clu-
Allls ) pea vulgaris) ; allice shad. See Alose.
Al-U'clen-cy (Sl-lish'en-sy), n. Attractive power;
attractiveness. [06s.] Sir T. Browne.
Al-U'cient (Sl-lish'ent), a. [L. alliciens, p. pr. of al-
Itcere to aUure ; ad + laeere to entice.] That attracts ;
attracting. — n. That which attracts. XEare or 06s.]
Al-lled' (Sl-lid'), a. United ; joined ; leagued ; akin ;
related. See Ally.
Al'U-gate (Slit-gat), V. t. [L. alligatus, p. p. of alii-
gare. See Ally.] To tie ; to unite by some tie.
Instincts alligated to their nature. Sir M. Hale.
Al'U-ga'tion (al'lt-ga'shtin), n. [L. alligatio.'\ 1. The
»ct of tymg together or attaching by some bond, or the
state of being attached. [JJ.]
2. (Arith.) A rule relating to the solution of questions
concernmg the compounding or mixing of different in-
gredients, or ingredients of difeerent qualities or values.
i«i^°" Tv ^ ""iS^ " named from the method of connect-
^fiin?.?;- I¥ *^""8 by certain ligature-Uke signs.
miigatmnis of two kmds, medial and alternate ; medial,
m,vt,!?f *?® method of findmg the price or quality of a
mixture of several sunple ingredients whose prices and
JomT^V "® known ; alternate, teaching the amount of
Hoa „;i several simple ingredients whose prices or quali-
nf o?.^f known, which will be required to make a mixture
of given pnce or quality.
Alll-ga'tor (SlIT-ga'ter), n. [Sp. el lagarto the liz-
ard (el lagarto de Indias, the cayman or Ajnericaii croc-
odile), fr. L. lacertns, lacerta, lizard. See Lizakd.]
1. {Zool.) A large
carnivorous reptile of
the Crocodile family,
peculiar to America. It
Common Alligator (.4. Jilissi^sippiensis'),
has a shorter and broader snout than the crocodile, and
the large teeth of the lower jaw shut into pits in the
upper jaw, which has no marginal notches. Besides the
coimnou species of the southern United States, there are
allied species in South America.
2. (Mec/i.) Any machine with strong jaws, one of
wliich opens like the movable jaw of an alligator ; as,
(a) (Metal Working) a, toim of squeezer for the puddle
ball : (6) (Mining) a rock breaker ; (c) (Printing) a kind
of job press, called also ulligaior press.
Alligator apple (Bot.), the fruit of the Anona palustris,
a West Indian tree. It is said to be narcotic in its prop-
erties. Loudon. — Alligator fish (Zool.), a marine fish
of nortliwestem America (Podothecus acipenserinus). —
Alligator gar (Zool.), one of the gar pikes (Lepidosleus
spaliila)loviaA in the southern rivers of the United States.
'The name is also applied to other species of gar pikes. —
Alligator pear (A)A), a corruption of Avocado pear. See
Avocado. — Alligator snapper, Alligator tortoise, Alligator
turtle (Zool.), a very large and voracious turtle {Mucroche-
li/s lacertina) mhabitiug the rivers of the southern United
States. It sometimes reaches the weight of two hundred
pounds. Unlike tlie common snappme turtle, to which
th? name is sometimes eiToneously applied, it has a scaly
head and many small scales beneath the tail. This name
is somttimes given to other turtles, as to species of Tri-
onyx. — Alligator wood, the timber of a tree of the West
Indies (GtfdrtK Sioartzii).
Al-Ilgn'ment (Sl-Hn'ment), n. See Alignment.
Al-lln'e-ate (31-lin'e-at), v. t. [L. ad + lineatus, p. p.
of liiteare to draw a luie.] To align, [i?.] Herschel.
Al-lln'e-a'tion (Sl-lTn'e-a'shun), ) n. Alignment ; po-
A-lin'e-a'tlon (a-lln'e-a'shun), ) sition in a straight
line, as of two planets with the sun. Whewell.
The allineation of the two planets. C A. Young.
Al-ll'slon (Sl-lizh'un), n. [L. allisio, fr. allidere, to
strike or dash against ; ad -}- laedere to dash against.]
The act of dashing against, or striking upon.
The boisterous atlision of the sea. Woodward.
Al-llt'er-al (al-lifer-al), a. Pertaining to, or charac-
terized by, alliteration.
Al-llt'er-ate (-at), v. i. To employ or place so as to
make alliteration. Skeat.
Al-llt'er-ate, v. i. To compose alliteratively ; also, to
constitute alliteration.
Al-llt'er-a'tlon (al-lTfer-a'shiin), n. [L. ad -|- litera
letter. See Letter. ] The repetition of the same letter
at the beginning of two or more words immediately suc-
ceeding each other, or at short intervals ; as in the follow-
ing lines : —
Behemoth, biggest bom of earth, upheaved
His vastness. Milton.
Fly o'er waste fens and windy fields. Tennyson.
11^°' The recvirrence of the same letter in accented
I)arts of words is also called alliteration. Anglo-Saxon
poetry is characterized by alliterative meter of this sort.
Later poets also employed it.
In a somer seson whan soft was the Sonne,
I sAope me in sAroudes as I a sAepe were. P. Plxytmnan.
Al-Ut'er-a-tfve (-Kfer-a-tlv; 277), a. Pertaining to,
or characterized by, alliteration ; as, alliterative poetry.
— Al-llt'er-a-tive-ly, a(ii». — Al-llt'er-a-tive-ness, n.
Al-llt'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who alliterates.
II Alli-um (Slli-iim), n. [L., garlic] (Bot.) A genus
of plants, including the onion, garlic, leek, chive, etc.
All'month' (al'mouth'), n. (Zool.) The angler.
All'ness (al'nes), n. Totality ; completeness. [iJ.]
The allness of God, including his absolute spirituality, su-
premacy, and eternity. E. Tumhull.
AU'nlght' (al'mf), n. Light, fuel, or food for the
whole night. i<)5s.] Bacon.
AllO-cate (Sllo-kat), V. i. [LL. ollocatus, p. p. of
allocare, fr. L. ad + locare to place. See Allow.] 1. To
distribute or assign ; to allot. Burke.
2. To localize. IE.']
Al'lo-ca'tion (Sl'lo-ka'shfin), n. [LL. allocatio: cf.
F. allocation.'] 1. The act of putting one thing to an-
other ; a placing ; disposition ; arrangement. Hallam.
2. An allotment or apportionment ; as, an allocation
of shares in a company.
The allocation of the particular portions of Palestine to its
successive inhabitants. A. P. Stanley.
3. The admission of an item in an account, or an al-
lowance made upon an account; — a term used in the
English exchequer.
II Al'lo-ca'tur (-tiir), n. [LL., it is allowed, fr. allo-
care to allow.] (Law) "Allowed." The word alloca-
tur expresses the allowance of a proceeding, writ, order,
etc., by a court, judge, or judicial officer.
Al'lo-Chro'lc (-kro'ik), n. Changeable in color.
Al-loch'ro-ite (al-15k'ro-it), «. (3Iin.) See Garnet.
Al-lOCh'ro-OUS (-US'), a. [Gr. iAAdxpoos changed in
color, fr. oAAos other -f-J(p<"i color.] Changing color.
Al'lO-CU'tlon (51'lo-ku'shiin), n. [L. allocutio, fr. al-
loqui to speak to; ad -\- loqui to speak : cf. F. allocu-
tion.] 1. The act or manner of speaking to, or of ad-
dressing in words.
2. An address ; a hortatory or authoritative address,
as of a pope to liis clergy. Addison.
Al'lod (al'lSd), n. See Allodidm.
Al-lo'dl-al (Sl-lo'dT-rtl), a. [LL. allodialis, fr. allo-
dium : ci. F. allodial. See Allodium.] (Law) Pertain-
ing to allodium ; freehold ; free of rent or service ; held
mdependent of a lord paramount ; — opposed to feudal ;
as, allodial lands ; allodial system. Blackstone.
Al-lo'di-al, re. Anything held allodially. TF. Coxe.
Al-lo'di-al-lsm (-Iz'm), m. The allodial system.
Al-lo'dl-al-ist, n. One who holds aUodial land.
Al-lO'di-al-ly, adv. By aUodial tenure.
Al-lo'di-a-ry (-a-r^), n. One who holds an allodium.
Al-lO'di-um (-iim), n. [LL. allodium, alodium, alo-
dis, alaudis, of Ger. origin ; cf. OHG. al all, and ot (AS.
earf) possession, property. It me.ans, therefore, entirely
one's property.] (Law) Freehold estate ; land which is
the absolute property of the owner ; real estate held in ab-
solute independence, without being subject to any rent,
service, or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus
opposed to feud. Blackstone. Bouvier.
Al-lOg'a-mous (Sl-lSg'a-mus), a. (Bot.) Character-
ized by allogamy.
Al-log'a-my (-mj), n. [Gr. aAAos other -(- yafi05 mar-
riage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of the pistil of a plant by pol-
len from another of the same species ; cross-fertilization.
Al'lO-ge'ne-OUS (Sl'16-je'ne-us), a. [Gr. aAAoytr^s.]
Difterent in nature or kind, [i?.]
Al'lO-grapb (Sl'lo-graf), n. [Gr. aAAos another -)-
-graph.] A writing or signature made by some person
other than any of the parties thereto ; — opposed to au-
tograph.
Al-lom'er-lstn (Sl-lSm'er-iz'm), n. [Gr. aAAo5 other
-1- jue'pos part.] (Chem.) Variability in chemical consti-
tution without variation in crystalline form.
Al-lom'er-OUS (-us), a. (Chem.) Characterized by
allomerism.
Al'lo-morph (allo-mOrf), n. [Gr. aAAos other -f
IJ-op4>ri form.] (Min.) (a) Any one of two or more dis-
tinct crystalline forms of the same substance ; or the sub-
stance having such forms ; — as, carbonate of lime occurs
in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite. (6) A variety of
pseudomorph which has undergone partial or complete
change or substitution of material; — thus limoiiite is
frequently an allomorph after pyrite. G. H. 'Williams.
AHo-mor'phic (ai'l6-m6r'fik), a. (Min.) Of or per-
taining to allomorphism.
Al'lO-mor'phism (-fTz'm), n. (Min.) The property
which constitutes an allomorph ; the change involved in
becoming an allomorph.
Al-longe' (Sl-lunj'), n. [F. allonge, earlier alonge, a
lengthening. See Allonge, v., and cf. Lunge.] 1. (Fen-
cing) A thrust or pass ; a lunge.
2. A slip of paper attached to a bill of exchange for
receiving indorsements, when the back of the bill itself
is already full ; a rider. [.4 French vsage] Abbott.
Al-longe', V. i. [F. allonger ; a (L. ad) -j- long (L.
longus) long.] To thrust with a sword ; to lunge.
AllO-nym (511o-nim), n. [F. allonyme, f r. Gr. aAAot
other -)- 6voijt.a name.] 1. The name of another person
assumed by the author of a work.
2. A work published under the name of some one
other than the author. .
Al-lon'y-mous (ai-lSnl-mus), a. Published under
the name of some one other than the author.
Al-lOO' (Sl-loo'), V. t. or i. [See Halloo.] To incite
dogs by a call ; to halloo. [06s.]
Allo-path (allo-pSth), n. [Cf. F. allopaihe.l An al-
lopathist. Ed. Bev.
Al'lo-path'ic (Sl'lo-pSthlk), a. [Cf . F. allopathique.]
Of or pertaining to allopathy.
Al'lo-path'ic-al-ly (-I-kal-ly), adv. In a manner con-
formable to allopathy ; by allop.ithic methods.
Al-lop'a-thlst (Sl-lSp'ar-thist), n. One who practices
allopathy ; one who professes allopathy.
Al-lop'a-thy (al-lop'a-thy), n. [Gr. oAAos other -f-
Trd^o? suffering, irdax^tv, n-aOetv, to suffei" : cf. G. allopa-
thie, F. allopathie. See Pathos.] That system of medi-
cal practice which aims to combat disease by the use of
remedies which produce effects different from those pro-
duced by the special disease treated ; — a term invented
by Hahnemann to designate the ordinary practice, as op-
posed to homeopathy.
Al'lo-phyl'iC (51'lo-fTllk), I a. [Gr. aAAd(^uAo5 of
Allo-phyl'l-an (-fil'i-on), ) another tribe ; aAAos
other + tiivkq class or tribe.] Pertaining to a race or a
language neither Aryan nor Semitic. J. Prichard.
Allo-quy (Sl'16-kwy), n. [L. alloguium, fr. alloqui.]
A speaking to another ; an address. [06s.]
Al-lot' (Sl-lof), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Allotted; p. pr.
& vb. n. Allotting.] [OF. aloier, P. allotir ; a (L. ad)
-\- lot lot. See Lot.] 1. To distribute by lot.
2. To distribute, or parcel out in parts or portions ;
or to distribute to each individual concerned ; to assign
as a share or lot ; to set apart as one's share ; to bestow
on ; to grant ; to appoint ; as, let every man be contented
with that which Providence allots him.
Ten years I will allot to the attainment of knowledire.
Johnson.
AllO-the-lsm (Sllo-the-tz'm), n. [Gr. aAAos other -)-
06OS god.] The worship of strange gods. Jer. Taylor.
Al-lot'ment (Sl-lSt'ment), n. [Cf. OF. alotement, F.
alloiement.] 1. The act of allotting ; assignment.
2. That which is allotted ; a share, part, or portion
granted or distributed ; that which is assigned by lot, or
by the act of God ; anything set apart fpr a special use
or to a distinct party.
The allotmems of God and nature. V Estrange.
A vineyard and an allotment for olives and herbs. Broome.
3. (Law) The allowance of a specific amount of scrip
or of a particular thing to a particular person.
Cottage allotment, an allotment of a small portion of land
to a country laborer for garden cultivation. [£ng.]
B
C
D
H
K
use, unite, r^de, full, iip. ttm ; pity; food, ftfbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tben, thin; bow; zh := z in azure.
M
ALLOTRIOPHAGY
42
ALMANAC
Al'lO-trl-oph'a-gy (51'lo-trT-5£'a-jy), n. [Gr. o^^Ao-
Tpios strange + <l>ayeii' to eat : cf. F. alloiriophagie.']
(Med. ) A deprared appetite ; a desire for improper food.
Al'lO-trop'io (51'lo-trbp'ik), 1 a. [Cf. F. alloiropique.']
Al'lo-trop'io-al (-i-kal), ) Of or pertaining to aJ-
lotropism. — Al'lO-trop'ic-al-ly, adv.
Allotropic state, the several conditions which occur in a
case of allotropism.
Al-lOt'ro-piC'i-ty (al-15t'ro-pis'T-ty), n. Allotropic
property or nature.
Al-lot'ro-pism (51-lot'ro-pTz'm), ) n. [Gr. aA.A.os other
Al-lot'ro-py (al-lot'ro-py), ( + rpon-os direction,
way, TpeVety to turn : cf. F. aHodropie.] (Chem.) The
property of existing in two or more conditions which are
distinct in their physical or chemical relations.
81^°' Thus, carbon occurs crystallized in octahedrons
andother related forms, in a state of extreme hardness,
in the diamond ; it occurs in hexagonal forms, and of lit-
tle hardness, in black lead ; and again occurs m a third
form, with entire softness, m lampblack and cliarcoal.
In some cases, one of these is peculiarly an active state,
and the other a passive one. Thus, ozone is an active
state of oxygen, and is distinct from ordinary oxygen,
wliich is the element in its passive state.
Al-lot'ro-pize (-piz), v. t. To change in physical prop-
erties but not in substance. [iJ.]
Al-lot'ta-ble (-ta-b'l), a. Capable of being allotted.
Al-lot'tee' (Sl-lSt'te'), re. One to whom anything is
allotted ; one to whom an allotment is made.
Al-lOt'ter {51-15t'ter), n. One who aUots.
Al-lOt'ter-y (-ter-y),re. Allotment. \_Obs.'] Shah.
Al-lOW' (Sl-lou'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowed
(-loud') J p. pr. & vb. n. Allowino.] [OE. alouen, OF.
alouer, aloer, aluer, F. allouer, fr. LL. allocare to admit
as proved, to place, use ; confused with OF. aloer, fr. L.
allaudare to extol ; ad -\- laudare to praise. See Local,
anr". cf. Allocate, Ladd.] 1. To praise ; to approve of ;
hence, to sanction. [Obs. or Arcfiaic]
Ye aijoio the deeds of your fathers. Luke xi. 48.
We commend liis pains, condemn his pride, allow his life,
approve his learning. Fuller.
2. To like ; to be suited or pleased with. [06*.]
How allow you the model of these clothes ? Jlassinger.
3. To sanction ; toinvsst; to intrust. [06i.]
Thou shalt be . . . allowed with absolute power. Sliak.
4. To grant, give, admit, accord, afford, or yield ; to
\et one have ; as, to allow a servant his liberty ; to allow
a free passage ; to allow one day for rest.
He was allowed about three hundred pounds a yepr.
Macaulay.
5- To own or acknowledge ; to accept as true ; to con-
cede ; to accede to an opinion ; as, to allow a right ; to
allow a claim ; to allow the truth of a proposition.
I allow, with Mrs. Grundv and most moralists, that Miss
Newcome's conduct . . . was highly reprehensible. Thackeray.
6. To grant (something) as a deduction or an addition ;
esp. to abate or deduct ; as, to allow a sum for leakage.
7- To grant license to ; to permit ; to consent to ; as,
to allow a son to be absent.
Syn. — To aUot ; assign; bestow; concede; admit;
permit ; suffer ; tolerate. See Pebmit.
Al-lOW', V. i. To admit ; to concede ; to make allow-
ance or abatement.
Allowing still for the different ways of making it. Addison.
To allow of, to permit ; to admit. Shak.
Al-low'a-ble (Sl-lou'a-b'l), a. IF. allowable.']
1. Praiseworthy ; laudable. [06*.] Hacket.
2. Proper to be, or capable of being, allowed ; permis-
sible ; admissible ; not forbidden ; not imlawful or im-
proper ; as, a certain degree of freedom is allowable
among friends.
Al-loWa-We-ness, n. The quality of being allow-
able ; permissibleness ; lawfulness ; exemption from pro-
hibition or impropriety. South.
Al-lOW'a-bly, adv. In an allowable manner.
Al-low'ance (-ans), n. [OF. alouance.'] 1. Ap-
proval ; approbation. \_Obs.'] Crabbe.
2. The act of allowing, granting, conceding, or admit-
ting ; authorization ; permission ; sanction ; tolerance.
Without the king's will or the state's allowance. Shak.
3. Acknowledgment.
The censure of the which one must in your allowance o'er-
weigh a whole theater of others. Shak.
4. License ; indulgence. •[Ofo.] Locke.
6. That which is allowed ; a share or portion allotted
or granted ; a sum granted as a reimbursement, a bounty,
or as appropriate for any purpose ; a stated quantity, as
of food or drink ; hence, a limited quantity of meat and
drink, when provisions fall short.
I can give the boy a handsome allowance. Thackeray.
6. Abatement ; deduction ; the taking into account of
mitigating circumstances ; as, to make allowance for the
inexperience of youth.
After maMng the largest allowance for fraud. MacavHay.
7. (Com.) A customary deduction from the gross
weight of goods, different in different countries, such as
tare and tret.
Al-lOW'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowanced (-anst) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Allowancing (-sing').] [See Allowance,
n.] To put upon a fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and
drink) ; to supply in a fixed and limited quantity ; as,
the captain was obliged to allowance his crew ; our pro-
visions were allowanced.
Al-lOW'ed-ly (-ed-ly), adv. By allowance ; admit-
tedly. Shenstone.
Al-low'er (-er), n. 1. An approver or abettor. [06*.]
2. One who allows or permits.
Al-lOX'an (Sl-lSks'an), n. [^Hantoin -|- oxalic, as con-
taining the elements of allantoin and oxalic acid.]
{Chem.) An oxidation product of uric acid. It is of a
pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or alcohol.
Al-loz'a-nate (51-15ks'i-nat), n. {Chem.) A combina-
tion of aUoxanic acid and a base or positive radical.
Al'lox-an'ic (51'18ks-Sn'ik), a. {Chem.) Of or per-
taining to alloxan ; — applied to an acid obtained by the
action of soluble alkalies on alloxan.
Al'lox-an'tin (-tin), n. {Chem.) A substance pro-
duced by acting upon uric acid with warm and very
dilute nitric acid.
Al-loy' (ai-loi'), n. [OE. alai, OF. alei, F. aloi, from
OF. alter, F. aloyer, to alloy, allier to ally. See Alloy,
V. ?.] 1. Any combination or compound of metals fused
together ; a mixture of metals ; for example, brass, which
is an alloy of copper and zinc. But when mercury is one
of the metals, the compound is called an amalgam.
2. The quality, or comparative purity, of gold or sil-
ver ; fineness.
3. A baser metal mixed with a finer.
Fine silver is silver without the mixture of any baser metal.
Alloy is baser metal mixed with it. Locke.
4. Admixture of anything which lessens the value or
detracts from ; as, no happiness is without alloy. " Pure
English without Latin alloy." F. Harrison.
Al-loy', V. t. [imp. & p. p. Alloyed (-loid') ; p. pr
& vb. n. Alloying.] [F. aloyer, OF. alier, allier, later
allayer, fr. L. alligare. See Alloy, k.. Ally, v. (., and cf.
Allay.] 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a
less valuable substance ; as, to alloy gold with silver or
copper, or silver with copper.
2. To mix, as metals, so as to form a compound.
3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture ; to allay ;
as, to alloy pleasure with misfortunes.
Al-loy', v. i. To form a metallic compound.
Gold and iron alloy with ease. Ure.
Al-loy'age (-aj), n. [F. alvyage.} The act or art
of alloying metals ; also, the combination or alloy.
All'-pos-sessed' (al'-p5z-zgst'), a. Controlled by an
evil spirit or by evil passions ; wild. [Collog.']
All' Saints' (al' sants'j, I The first day of November,
All' Saints' Day' (da'), ) called, also, ^HAaZ/ow.? or
Hallowmas ; a feast day kept in honor of all the saints ;
also, the season of this festival.
All' Souls' Day' (solz). The second day of Novem-
ber ; a feast day of the Roman Catholic church, on which
supplications are made for the soids of the faithful dead.
AU'spice' (al'spis'), n. The berry of the pimento {Fu-
genia pimenla), a tree of the West Indies ; a spice of a
mildly pungent taste, and agreeably aromatic ; Jamaica
pepper ; pimento. It has been supposed to combine the
flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves ; and hence the
name. The name is also given to other aromatic shrubs ;
as, the Carolina allspice {Calycanthus floridus) \ wild all-
spice (ZAndera benzoin), called also spicebush, spicewood,
and /everbush.
All'tbing' (al'thing'), adv. [For in all {^= every)
thing.] Altogetlier. [Obs.] Shak.
Al-lude' (Sl-lud'), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Alluded ; p.
pr. & vb.n. Alluding.] [L. alludere to play with, to
allude ; ad -f- ludere to play.] To refer to something in-
directly or by suggestion ; to have reference to a subject
not specifically and plainly mentioned ; — followed by
to ; as, the story alludes to a recent transaction.
These speeches ... do seem to allude unto such ministerial
garments as were then in use. Hooker.
Syn. — To refer ; point ; indicate ; hint ; suggest ; in-
timate ; signify ; insinuate ; advert. See Refek.
Al-lude', V. t. To compare allusively ; to refer (some-
thing) as applicable. [Obs.] Wither.
II Al'lU'mette' (a/lu'met'), n. [F., from allumer to
light.] A match for hghting candles, lamps, etc.
Al-lu'mi-nor (al-lii'mi-ner), n. [OF. alumineor, fr.
L. ad -j- luminare. See Luminate.] An illuminator of
manuscripts and books ; a limner. [_Obs.^ Cowell.
Al-lur'anoe (Sl-lvir'ans), n. Allurement. [B.]
Al-lure' (-lur'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Allured (-lurd') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Allueing.] [OF. aleurrer, alurer, fr. a
{Li. ad) -\- leurre lure. SeeLuEE.] To attempt to draw ;
to tempt by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some
good, real or apparent ; to invite by something flattering
or acceptable ; to entice ; to attract.
With promised joys allured them on. Falconer,
The golden sun in splendor likest Heaven
Allured his eye. Milton.
Syn. — To attract; entice; tempt; decoy; seduce. —
To Alluee, Entice, Decoy, Seduce. These words agree
in the idea of acting upon the mind by some strong con-
trolling influence, and differ according to the image un-
der which tliis is presented. They are all used in a bad
sense, except allure, which has sometimes (though rarely)
a good one. We are allured by the prospect or offer
(usually deceptive) of some future good. We are com-
monly enticed into evil by appeals to our passions. We
are decoyed into danger by false appearances or repre-
sentations. We are seduced when drawn aside from the
path of rectitude. What allures draws by gentle means ;
what entices leads us by promises and persuasions ; what
decoys betrays us, as it were, into a snare or net ; what
seduces deceives us by artful appeals to the passions.
Al-lure', n. Allurement. [JJ.] Hayward.
II Al'lure' (a'lur'),». [F.; aHe)' to go.] Gait ; bearing.
The swing, the gait, the pose, the allure of these men,
Jiarper's Mag.
Al-lure'ment (31-lur'ment), n. 1. The act of allur-
ing; temptation; enticement.
Though Adam by his wife's allurement fell. Milton.
2. That which allures ; any real or apparent good
held forth, or operating, as a motive to action ; as, the
allurements of pleasure, or of honor.
Al-lur'er (-er), n. One who, or that wliich, allures.
Al-lur'ing, a. That allures ; attracting ; charming ;
tempting. — Al-lur'ing-ly, adv. — Al-lur'ing-ness, n.
Al-lu'sion (al-lu'zhiin), n. [L. allusio, fr. alludere to
allude : cf . F. allusion.] 1. A figurative or symbolical
reference. [Obs.]
2. A reference to something supposed to be known,
but not explicitly mentioned ; a covert indication ; indi-
rect reference ; a liint.
Al-lU'Sive (al-lii'sTv), a. 1. Figurative ; symbolical.
2. Having reference to something not fully expressed ;
containing an allusion.
Al-lu'sive-ly, adv. Figuratively [Obs.] ; by way of
allusion ; by implication, suggestion, or insinuation.
Al-lu'sive-ness, n. The quality of being allusive.
Al-lu'SO-ry (-so-ry), o. AUusive. [R.] Warburton.
Al-lu'vi-al (al-lu'vi-al), a. [Cf. F. alluvial. See Al-
luvion.] Pertaining to, contained in, or composed of, al-
luvium ; relating to the deposits made by flowing water ;
washed away from one place and deposited in another ;
as, alluvial soil, mud, accumulations, deposits.
Al-lu'vi-on (-iin), n. [F. alluvion, L. alluvia, fr. al-
luere to wash against ; ad -\- lucre, equiv. to lavare, to
wash. See Lave.] 1. Wash or flow of water against
the shore or bank.
2. An overflowing ; an inmidation ; a flood. I/yell.
3. Matter deposited by an inundation or the action of
flowing water ; alluvium.
The golden alluvions are there [in California and Austraha]
spread over a far wider space : they are found not only on the
banks of rivers, and in their beds, but are scattered over the
surface of vast plains. H. Cobden.
4. {Law) An accession of land gradually washed to the
shore or bank by the flowing of water. See Accketion.
Al-lU'vI-OUS (-lis), n. [L. alluvius. See Alluvion.]
Alluvial, [a.] Johnson.
Al-lu'vl-um (-iim), n. ; pi. E. Alluviums, L. Allu-
via (-a). [L., neut. oi alluvius. See Alldvious.] {Geol.)
Deposits of earth, sand, gravel, and other transported
matter, made by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land
not permanently submerged beneath the waters of lakes
or seas. L/yell.
All'where' (al' hwSr'), adv. Everywhere. [Archaic]
All'work' (-wflrk'), n. Domestic or other work of all
kinds ; as, a maid of allwork, that is, a general servant.
Al-ly' (iH-li'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Allied (-lid') ; p. pr,
& vb. n. Allying.] [OE. alien, OP. alier, P. allier, f r. L.
alligare to hind to ; ad -j- ligare to bind. Cf. Alugate,
Alloy, Allay, Ligament.] 1. To unite, or form a con-
nection between, as between famihes by marriage, or be-
tween princes and states by treaty, league, or confeder-
acy ; — often followed by to or with.
O chief I in blood, and now in arms allied. Pope.
2. To connect or form a relation between by similitude,
resemblance, friendship, or love.
These three did love each other dearly well.
And with so firm affection were allied. Spenser.
The virtue nearest to our vice allied. Pope.
B^"" Ally is generally used in the passive form or re-
flexively.
Al-ly' (Sl-li'), n. ; pi. Allies (Sl-liz'). [See Ally, v.]
1. A relative ; a kirisman. [ObsP\ Shak.
2. One united to another by treaty or league ; — usu-
ally applied to sovereigns or states ; a confederate.
The English soldiers and their French allies. Macaulay.
3. Anything associated with another as a helper ; an
auxiliary.
Science, instead of being the enemy of religion, becomes its
ally. Buckle.
4. Anything akin to another by structure, etc.
Ally (Sl'lyJ, n. See Alley, a marble or taw.
Aiayl (al'hl), n. [L. allium garUc + -yl.] {Chem.)
An organic radical, C3H5, existing especially in oils of
garlic and mustard.
Al'ly-lene (allT-len), n. {Chem.) A gaseous hydro-
carbon, C3H4, homologous with acetylene ; propine.
Al'ma, Al'mah (51'ma), n. Same as Alms.
Al'ma-can'tax (Sl'ma-kSn'ter), n. {Astron.) (a) Samf
as Almucantae. {b) A recently invented instrument foi
observing the heavenly bodies as they cross a given al
macantar circle. See Amiucantab.
II Al'ma-di'a (al'ma-de'a), i n, [F. almadie (cf. Sp.
II Al'ma-die (31'ma^di), f & Pg. almadia), fr. At.
aZma'cZJj/aA a raft, float.] {Naut.) (a) A bark canoe used
by the Africans. (6) A boat used at CaUcut, in India,
about eighty feet long, and six or seven broad.
Al'ma-gest (al'ma^jgst), n. [F. almageste, LL. alma-
geste, Ar. al^majistl, fr. Gr. jneyt'o-nj (sc. ooii/Taftt), the
greatest composition.] The celebrated work of Ptolemj
of Alexandria, which contains nearly all that is known
of the astronomical observations and theories of the an-
cients. The name was extended to other similar works.
II Al-ma'gra (al-ma'gra), n. [Sp. almagra, almagre,
fr. Ar. al-maghrah red clay or earth.] A fine, deep red
ocher, somewhat purplish, found in Spain. It is the sil
ailicum of the ancients. Under the name of Indian red
it is used for polishing glass and silver.
Al'main (al'man), j re. [OF. Aleman, F. J.llemand,
Al'majme (-man), S fr. L. ./I ^CTianrei, ancient Ger.
Al'man (-man), ) tribes.] [Obs.] 1. A German.
Also at?/., German. . Shak.
2. The German language. J. Foxe,
3. A kind of dance. See Allemande.
Almain rivets, Almayne rivets, or Alman rivets, a sort of
light armor from Germany, characterized by overlapping
plates, arranged to slide on rivets, and thus afford ereat
flexibihty.
II Al'ma Ma'ter (al'ma ma'ter). [L., fostering
mother.] A college or seminary where one is educated.
Al'ma-nac (al'ma-nak ; 277), n. [LL. almanac, al-
manack : cf. F. almanach, Sp. almanague, It. alma-
nacco, all of uncertain origin.] A book or table, con-
taining a calendar of days, weeks, and months, to which
astronomical data and various statistics are often added,
such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun
and moon, changes of the moon, echpses, hours of fuU
tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, etc.
Nautical almanac, an ahnanac, or year book, containing
astronomical calculations (lunar, stellar, etc.), and other
information useful to mariners
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, ot\>, 5dd ;
ALMANDINE
43
ALPHITOMANCY
Al'man-dlue (51'm5n-diu), n. [LL. almandina, ala-
mandina, for L. alabandina a precious stoue, named
after Alabanda, a town iu Caria, where it was first and
chiefly found : cf. F. almandine.'] (Min.) The common
red variety of garnet.
II Al'me 1 (Sl'me), n. [Ar. 'alma/i (fem.) learned,
II Al'meh ) fr. 'alama to know : cf. P. almie.'j An
Egyptian dancing girl ; an Alma.
The Almclis lift their arms in dance. Bayard Taylor.
II Al'men-dron' (ai'mgn-dron'), n. [Sp., fr. almendra
almond.] Tlie lofty Brazil-nut tree.
Al'mer-y (51'mer-y), n. See Ambby. \_Obs.']
Alm'esse (iim'Ss), «. See Alms. [Oii.]
Al-mlght'fUl (al-mit'fiil), I a. All-powerful ; al-
Al-nilght'l-ful"(al-iiiit'»-fu'). ) miglity- iObs.'] Vdall.
Al-mlght'Uy, adv. With almighty power.
Al-mlght'i-ness, n. Omnipotence; infinite or bound-
less power ; unlimited might. Jer. Taylor.
Al-mlght'y (ftl-mit'y), a. [AS. ealmihtig, xlmihtig ;
eal (OE. al) ail + mihtig miglity.] 1. Unlimited in
miglit ; omnipotent ; all-powerfid ; irresistible.
I am the Almighty God. (Jen. xvii. 1.
2. Great ; extreme ; terrible. ISlang']
Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, — so that he is in an
almkihty fix. -De Qiiincey.
The Almighty, the omnipotent God. Rev. i. 8.
Alm'ner (Jtm'uer), n. An almoner. [06i.] Spenser.
Alm'ond (ii'miind), n. [OE. almande, almaunde,
alemaunde, F. amande, L. amygdala, fr. Gr. inuySaAij :
cf. Sp. almendra. Cf. Amygdalate.] 1. The fruit of
the almond tree.
d^" The different kinds, as bitter, sweet, thin-shelled,
thick-slielled almonds, and Jordan almonds, are the
products of different varieties of the one species, Ami/g-
daliis communis, a native of the Mediterranean region
and western Asia.
2. The tree that bears the fruit ; almond tree.
3. Anything shaped like an almond. Specifically :
(Anat.) One of the tonsils.
Almond oU, fixed oil expressed from sweet or bitter
almonds. — Oil of bitter almonds, a poisonous volatile oil
obtained from bitter almonds by maceration and distilla-
tion ; benzoic aldehyde. — Imitation oil of bitter almonds,
nitrobenzene. — Almond tree {But.), the tree bearuig the
almond. — Almond willow [Bol.), a willow wliich has leaves
that are of a light green on both sides ; almond-leaved
willow (-Sn/i.r cimi/gdalina). S/ieiistone.
Al'mond fur'nace (fflr'nas). [Prob. a corruption of
Almain furnace, i. e., German furnace. See At.maiw.]
A kind of furnace used In refining, to separate the metal
from cinders and other foreign matter. Chambers.
Al'mon-dlne (51'miin-diu), n. See Almandine.
Al'mon-er (Sl'miin-er), n. [OE. aumener, aulmener,
OF. almosnier, aumosnier, F. aumonier, fr. OF. almosne,
alms, L. eleemosyna. See Alms.] One who distributes
alms, esp. the doles and alms of religious houses, alms-
houses, etc. ; also, one who dispenses alms for another,
as the almoner of a prince, bishop, etc.
Al'mon-er-shlp, n. The office of an almoner.
Al'mon-ry (al'mun-ry), n. ; pi. Almonries (-riz). [OF.
aumosnerie, F. aumonerie, fr. OF. aumosnier. See Al-
moner.] The place where an almoner resides, or where
alms are distributed.
Al'mose (al'mos), n. Alms. [06^.] ChcJce.
Al'most (al'most), adv. [AS. ealmsest, xlmxst, quite
the most, almost all ; eal (OE. al) all -f- mSsl most.]
Nearly ; well nigh ; all but ; for the greatest part.
Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. Acts xxvi. 28.
Almost never, scarcely ever. — Almost nothing, scarcely
anything.
Alm'ry (am'ry-), re. See Almonet. [06«.]
Alms (amz), n. sing. &pl. [OE. almes, almesse, AS.
selmysse, fr. L. eleemosyna, Gr. ekermowivT) mercy, char-
ity, alms, fr. cA.eeii' to pity. Cf. AiMONRY, Eleemosy-
nary.] Anything given gratuitously to relieve the poor,
as money, food, or clothing ; a gift of charity ; charity.
A devout man . . . which gave much alms to the people.
Acts X. 2.
Alms are but the vehicles of prayer. Dryden.
Tonnre by free alms. See Feankalmoion. Blackstone.
1^^ Tills word alms is singular in its form (a?mes5e),
andis sometimes so used: as, "asked an alms." Acts
iii. 3. "Received an a?ms.'' Shak. It is now, however,
commonly a collective or plural noun. It is much used
in composition, as atasgiver, atesgiving, alms bag, alms
chest, etc.
Alms'deed' (-ded'), n. An act of charity. Acts ix. 36.
Alms'folk' (-fok'), n. Persons supported by alms;
abnsmeii, [Archaic'] Holinshed.
Alms'giv'er (-gTv/gr), re. A giver of alms.
Alms'giv'ing (-giv'mg), re. The giving of alms.
Alms'house' (-hous'), re. A house appropriated for
the use of the poor ; a poorhouse.
Alms'man (-man), re. ; fern. Almswoman. 1. A re-
cipient of alms. Shah.
2. A giver of alms, [if.] Halliwell.
Al'mu-can'tar (al'mu-kSn'ter), re. [F. almucantarat,
almicanlarat, ultimately fr. Ar. al-mugan(arat, pi., fr.
qanlara to bend, arch.] {Astron.) A smaU circle of the
sphere parallel to the horizon ; a circle or parallel of al-
titude. Two stars which have the same almucantar have
the same altitude. See Almacantae. [Archaic]
Almucantar staff, an ancient instrument, having an arc
of fifteen degrees, formerly used at sea to take observa-
tions of the sun's amplitude at the time of its rising or
setting, to find the variation of the compass.
Al'mnce (51'mus), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape.
II Al-mude' (51-mud'), re. [Pg. almnde, or Sp. almud,
a measure of grain or dry fruit, fr. Ar. al^mudd a dry
measure.] A measure for liquids in several countries. In
Portugal the Lisbon almude is about 4.4, and the Oporto
almude about 6.6, gallons U. S. measure. In Turkey the
" aOmud " is about 1.4 gallons.
Al'mng (51'miigJ, ) re. _
Al'gum (ai'giim), ) vaiguka sandalwood.]
[Heb., perh. borrowed fr. Skr.
I (Script.)
A tree or wood of tlie Bible (2 Cliron. ii. 8 ; '1 K. x. 11).
E^Most writers at tlie present day follow Celsius, wlio
takes it to be the red sandalwood of China and the Indian
Archipelago. H'. Smith.
Al'nage ($l'naj), n. [OF. alnage, aulnage, F. aunage,
fr. OF. alne eU, of Ger. origin : cf. OHG. elina, Goth, ale-
ina, cubit. See Ell.] (0. Eng. Law) Measurement (of
clotli) by the ell ; also, a duty for such measurement.
Al'na-ger (Sl'nS-jer), re. [See Alnaoe.] A measurer
by the ell ; formerly a sworn officer in England, whose
duty was to inspect and measure woolen cloth, and fix
upon it a seal.
Al'oe (51'6), re./ pi. Aloes (-oz). [L. alo'i, Gr. aKot),
aloe : cf. OF. aloe, F. aloes.'] 1. pi. The wood of the
agalloch. \_Obs.] Wyclif.
2. (Bot.) A genus of succulent plants, some classed as
trees, others as shrubs, but the greater number liaving
tlie habit and appearance of evergreen herbaceous plants ;
from some of which are prepared articles for medicine
and the arts. They are natives of warm countries.
3. pi. (3fed.) Tlie inspissated juice of several species
of aloe, used as a purgative. [Plural in form but syn-
tactically singular.]
American aloe. Century aloe, the agave. See Agave.
Al'oes wood' (wood'). See Agalloch.
Al'0-«t'lC (ai'6-St'Ik), a. [Cf. F. aloelique.] Con-
sisting chiefly of aloes ; of the nature of aloes.
Al'0-et'lc, n. A medicine containing chiefly aloes.
A-loft' (i-15ff ; 115), adv. [Pref. a- -\- loft, which prop-
erly meant air. See Loft.] 1. On liigli ; in the air ; liigh
above the ground. "He steers his flight oio/^" Milton.
2. (Naut.) In the top; at the mast head, or on the
higher yards or rigging ; overhead ; hence (Fig. and Col-
loq.), in or to heaven.
A,-loff , prep. Above ; on top of. [Obs.]
Fresh waters run aloft the sea. Holland.
A-Io'gl-an (a^lo'jl-an), re. [LL. Alogiani, Alogii, fr.
Gr. aAoyos; a priv. -f- Aoyos word.] (Eccl.) One of an
ancient sect who rejected St. John's Gospel and the
Apocalypse, which speak of Christ as the Logos. Shipley.
Al'O-gy (Jtl'o-ji^), re. [L. alogia, Gr. aAoyt'a, fr. a priv.
-)- Adyos reason.] TJnreasonableness ; absurdity. [06s.]
Al'o-in (Sl'6-in), re. (Chem.) A bitter purgative prin-
ciple in aloes.
Al'0-man'oy (Sl'S-mSn'sJ?), re. [Gr. oAs, oAos, salt-f-
-mancy: cf. F. alomancie, halomancie.] Divination by
means of salt. [Spelt also halomancy.] Morin.
A-lone' (a-lon'), a. \_All -f one. OE. al one all alone,
AS. are one, alone. See All, One, Lon-e.] 1. Quite by
one's self; apart from, or exclusive of, others; single;
solitary ; — applied to a person or thing.
Alone on a wide, wide sea. Coleridge.
It is not good that the man should be alone. Gen. il. 18.
2. Of or by Itself ; by themselves ; without any thing
more or any one else ; without a sharer ; only.
Man shall not live by bread alone. Luke iv. 4.
The citizens alone should be at the expense. Franklin.
3. Sole; only; exclusive, [i?.]
God, by whose alo>ie power and conversation we all live, and
move, and have our being. BentUy.
4. Hence : Unique ; rare ; matchless. Shak.
1!^°* The adjective alone commonly follows its noun.
To let or leave alone, to abstain from interfering with or
molesting ; to suffer to remain in its present state.
A-lone', adv. Solely ; simply ; exclusively.
A-lone'ly, 0(Zj). Only; merely; singly. [Obs.]
This said spirit was not given alonely unto him, but unto all
his heirs and posterity. Latimer.
A-lonely, a. Exclusive. [OJs.] Fabyan.
A-lone'ness, re. A state of being alone, or without
company; solitariness. [iJ.] Bp. Montagu.
A-long' (a-long'; 115), adv. [OE. along, anion g, AS.
andlang, along ; pref. and- (akin to OFris. ond-, ORG.
ant-, Ger. ent-, Goth, and-, anda-, L. ante, Gr. avri, Skr.
anti, over against) -\- lang long. See Long.] 1. By the
length ; in a line with the len^h ; lengthwise.
Some laid along, . • . on spokes of wheels are hung. Dryden.
2. In a line, or with a progressive motion ; onward ;
forward.
We win go along by the king's highway. Nhmb. xxi. 22.
He stnick with his o'ertaking wings.
And chased us south along. Coleridge.
3. In company ; together.
He to England shall along with you. Shak.
All along, all through the course of ; during the whole
time ; throughout. 'I have all along declared this to be
a neutral paper." Addison. — To get along, to get on ; to
make progress, as in business. " She 'U get along in
heaven better than you or I." Mrs. Stotoe.
A-long', prep. By the length of, as distinguished
from aeros.s. ".4Zore£r the lowly lands." Dryden.
The Mne . . . went along the highway. 1 Sam. vi. 12.
A-long'. [AS. gelang owing to.] (Now heard only in
the prep, phrase along of.)
Along of, Along on, often shortened to long of, prep, phr.,
owing to ; on account of . [Obs. or Low. Eng.] "On me is
not along thin evil fare." Chaucer. "And aU this is
long of you. " Shak. " This increase of price is all along
o/ the foreigners." London Punch.
A-long'shore' (-shor'), adv. Along the shore or coast.
A-long'shore'man (-man), n. See Longshoreman.
A-long'side' (-sid'), adv. Along or by the side ; side
by side vrith; — often with of; as, bring the boat along-
side ; alongside of him ; alongside of the tree.
A-longSt' (a-lSngsf; 115), prep. & adv. [Formed fr.
along, like amongst fr. among.] Along. [Obs.]
A-lOOf (a-loof'), re. (Zool.) Same as Alewife.
A-lOOf, adv. [Pref. a- -\- loof, fr. D. loef luff, and so
meaning, as a nautical word, to the windward. See Loof,
LopF.] 1. At or from a distance, but within view, or at
a small distance ; apart ; away.
Our palace stood aloof irom streets. Dryden,
2. Without sympathy ; unfavorably.
To take the Bible as from the hand of God, and then to look
at it aioQ/"aud with caution, is the worst of all impieties.
/. Taylor.
A-lOOf (4-loof'), prep. Away from ; clear from. [Obs.]
Rivetus . , . would fain work himself aZoo/ these rocks and
quicksands. Milton.
A-lOOf'ness, n. State of being aloof. Rogers (1642).
The , , . aloofness of his dim forest life. Thoreau.
II Al'0-pe'cl-a (Sl'o-pe'shi-a), ) re. [L. alopecia, Gr.
A-lop'e-cy (a-15p'e-sy), ) aAwTreKi'o, fr. aKunn]^
fox, because loss of tlie hair is common among foxes.]
{Med.) Loss of the hair; baldness.
A-lOp'e-olst (a-15p'e-.sist), n. A practitioner who tries
to prevent or cure baldness.
A-lose' (a^loz'), V. t. [OF. aloser.] To praise. [Obs.]
A'lose (a'los), re. [F., fr. L. alosa or alausa.] {Zool.)
The European shad (Clupea alosa) ; — called also allice
shad or allis shad. The name is sometimes applied to
the American shad (Clupea sapidissima). See Shad.
II Al'OU-atte' (SX'S6-3,t'), n. [Of uncertain origin.]
(Zool.) One of the several species of howling monkeys
of South America. See Howleb, 2.
A-lOUd' (a^loud'), adv. [Pref. a- -f- loud.] With a
loud voice, or great noise ; loudly ; audibly.
Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice. Isa. Iviii. 1.
A-low' (a-lo'), adv. [Pref. a- + low.] Below ; in a
lower part. " Aloft, and then alow." Dryden.
Alp (51p), re. [L. Alpes the Alps, said to be of Celtic
origin ; cf. Gael, alp a high mountain, Ir. ailp any huge
mass or lump : cf . F. Alpes.] 1. A very high moun-
tain. Specifically, in the plural, the highest chain ol
mountains in Europe, containing the lofty mountains oJ
Switzerland, etc.
Nor breath of vernal air from snowy alp. Milton.
Hills peep o'er hills, and alps on alps arise. Pope.
2. Fig. : Something lofty, or massive, or very hard to
be surmounted.
d^"" The plural form Alps is sometimes used as a sin-
gular. "The .4Zps doth spit." Shak,
Alp, re. A bullfinch. [Obs.] Rom. of B.
Al-pac'a (ai-pak'4), re. [Sp. alpaca, fr. the original
Peruvian name of the ani-
mal. Cf. Paco.] 1. (Zool.)
An animal of Peru (Lama
paco), having long, fine,
woolly hair, supposed by
some to be a domesticated
variety of the llama.
2. Wool of the alpaca.
3. A thin kind of cloth
made of the woolly hair of
the alpaca, often mixed with
silk or with cotton.
Al'pen (Sl'pSn), a. Of
or pertaining to the Alps.
[R.] "The .4?/>ere snow."
J. Fletcher.
II Al'pen-stock' (-stSk'), re. ^ _ _ _
+ stock stick.] A long staff, pointed with iron, used in
climbing the Alps. Cheever.
Al-pes'trine (Sl-pes'trTn), a. [L. Alpestris.] Per-
taining to the Alps, or other high mountains ; as, A Ipes-
trine diseases, etc.
Al'pha (Sl'f a), re. [L. alpha, Gr. aA(;)a, from Heb.
aleph, name of the first letter in the alphabet, also
meaning ox.] The first letter in the Greek alphabet, an-
swering to A, and hence used to denote the beginning.
1 am Alftha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first
and the last. Hev. xxii. 13.
Formerly used also to denote the chief; as, Plato was
the alpha of the wits.
<S^^ In cataloguing stars, the brightest star of a con-
stellation is designated by Alpha (a) ; as, a Lyrae.
Al'pha-bet (ai'fa-bSt), n. [L. alphabetum, fr. Gr.
aX<j>a -\- pfiTa, the first two Greek letters ; Heb. aleph and
beth : cf. F. alphabet.] 1. The letters of a language ar-
ranged in the customary order ; the series of letters or
signs which form the elements of written language.
2- The simplest rudiments ; elements.
The very alphabet of our law. Macaulay.
Deaf and dumb alphabet. See Dactylology.
Al'plia-l)et, v. t. To designate by the letters of the
alphabet ; to arrange alphabetically. [R.]
Al'pha-bet-a'rl-an (Sl'fA-bgt-a'rl-an), re. A learner
of the alphabet ; an abecedarian. Abp. Sancroft.
Al'pha-bet'ic (-bSt'Tk), )a. [Cf. F. alphabStigue.]
Al'pha-bet'iC-al (-i-kal), ) 1. Pertaining to, fur-
nished with, expressed by, or in the order of, the letters
of the alphabet ; as, alphabetic characters, writing, lan-
guages, arrangement.
2. Literal. [Obs.] "Alphabetical servility." Milton.
Al'pha-bet'lc-al-ly, adv. in an alphabetic manner ;
in the customary order of the letters.
Al'pha-bet'ics (-Tks), re. Tlie science of representing
spoken sounds by letters.
Al'pha-bet-ism (-iz'm), re. The expression of spoken
sounds by an alphabet. Encyc. Brit.
Al'pha-bet-ize (-iz), v. i. 1. To arrange alphabetic-
ally ; as, to alphabetize a list of words.
2. To furnish with an alphabet.
Al-phen'ic (Sl-fSn'ik), n. [F. alfenic, alph&nic, Sp.
alfehique, Ar. al-fanld sweetness, sugar, fr. Per. fdmd,
pdnld, sug.ar, cheese preserved in sugar.] (Med.) The
crystallized juice of the sugarcane ; sugar candy.
Al-phit'O-man'cy (Sl-fTt'6-m5n'sy), «. [Gr. oA(^ito»
barley meal -j- -money ; cf. F. alphitomancie.] Divina-
tion by means of barley meal. Knowles.
Alpaca.
[G. ; Alp, gen. pi. Alpen
B
H
K
•use, unite, rude, full, iip, <ini ; pity; food, fctbt; out, oil; cbalr; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN; zli = z in azure.
IVI
ALPHONSINE
44
ALTISCOPE
Al-pbon'slne (Sl-fon'sTn), a. Of or relating to Al-
phonso X., the Wise, King of Castiie (1252-1284).
Alphonsine tableS; astronomical tables prepared under
the patronage of Alphouso the Wise. Wliewell.
Al'pi-gene (al'pT-jen), a. [L. Alpes Alps + -gen.'\
Growing in Alpine regions.
Al'pine (Sl'ptn or -pin), a. [L. Alpinus, fr. Alpes
the Alps : ef. F. Alpin.^ 1. Of or pertaining to the
Alps, or to any lofty mountain ; as, Alpine snows ; Al-
pine plants.
2. Like the Alps ; lofty. " Gazuig up an Alpine
height." Tennyson.
Al'pin-lst (Sl'pifn-Tst), n. A climber of tlie Alps.
Al'pist (-pTst), ) n. [F. : cf. Sp. & Pg. alpisle.] Tlie
Al'pl-a (-pt-4), ( seed of canary grass {P/mlaris Ca-
narienais), used for feeding cage birds.
II Al'qui-fou (al'ke-foo), n. [Equiv. to arquifoux, F.
alqidfoux, Sp. alquifol, fr. the same Arabic word as al-
cohol. See Alcohol.] A lead ore found in Cornwall,
England, and used by potters to give a green glaze to
their wares ; potter's ore.
Al-read'y (al-red'y), adv. [All (OE. al) -\- ready.']
Prior to some specified time, either past, present, or fu-
ture ; by this time ; previously. " Joseph was in Egj^pt
already." Exod. i. 5.
I say unto you, that Elias is come aJreadtj. Matt. xvii. 12.
5!^°' It has reference to past time, but may be used
for a future past ; as, when you shall arrive, the business
will be already completed, or AviU have been already
completed.
Als (als), adv. 1. Also. [06s.] Chaucer.
2. As. [06«.] Chaucer.
Al-sa'tlan (Sl-sa'shan), a. Pertaining to Alsatia.
Al-sa'tian, n. An inhabitant of Alsatia or Alsace in
Germany, or of Alsatia or White Friars (a resort of
debtors and criminals) in London.
II Al' se'gno (al' san'yo). [It., to the mark or sign.]
(Mus.) A diiection for the . „ performer to return and
recommence from the sign j;
Al'sike (51'sTk), n. [From Alsike, in Sweden.] A
species of clover with pinkish or white flowers ; Trifo-
liujn hybridum.
AI'SO (al'so), adv. & conj. \_All -\- so. OE. al so,
AS. ealstcri, alsicu, pelsica ; eal, al, set, all -\- sioa so.
See All, So, As.] 1. In like manner ; likewise. [06.S.]
2. In addition ; besides ; as well ; further ; too.
Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven . . . for where
your treasure is, there will your heart be also. JIaft. vi. 20.
3. Even as; as; so. [06«.] Chaucer.
Syn. — Also, Likewise, Too. These words are used
by way of transition, in leaving one thought and passing
to another. Also is the widest term. It denotes that
what follows is all so, or entirely like that which pre-
ceded, or may be affirmed ^vith the same truth; as. If
you were there, I was there also ; " " If our situation
has some discomforts, it has also many sources of enjoy-
ment. ' ' Too is simply less formal and pointed than also ;
it marks the transition with a lighter touch ; as, " I was
there loo ; " " a courtier yet a patriot too." Pope. Like-
wise denotes literally " m like manner," and hence has
been thought by some to be more specific than also. " It
implies," says Whately, " some connection or agreement
between the words it unites. We may say, ' He is a poet,
and likewise a musician ; ' but we should not say, 'He is
a prince, and likewise a musician,' because there is no
natural connection between these qualities." This dis-
tinction, however, is often disregarded.
Alt (51t), a. & n. [See Alto.] {3Ius.) The higher
part of the scale. See Alto.
To be in alt, to be in an exalted state of mind.
Al-ta'ian (a-ta'yan), Al-ta'ic (-Tk), a. [Cf. F. al-
taique.J Of or pertaining
to the Altai, a mountain
chain in Central Asia.
Al'tar (al'ter), n. [OE.
alter, outer, autier, fr. L. al-
tare, pi. allaria, altar, prob.
fr. altus high : cf. OF. alter,
autier, F. auiel. Cf. Alti-
tude.] 1. A raised structure
(as a square or oblong erec-
tion of stone or wood) on
which sacrifices are offered
or incense burned to a deity.
Noah builded an altar unto
the Lord. Gen. viii. 20.
2. In the Christian church,
a construction of stone,
wood, or other material for
the celebration of the Holy
Eucharist ; the communion
table.
(!^°° Altar is much used
adjectively, or as the first
part of a compound ; as, al-
tar bread or a/^a;-bread.
Altar cloth or Altar-cloth,
the cover for an altar in a
Christian church, usually
richly embroidered. — Altar
cushion, a cushion laid upon
the altar in a Christian
church to support the ser-
vice book. — Altar frontal.
See Feontal. — Altar rail,
the railing in front of the
altar or communion table. —
Altar screen, a wall or par-
tition built behind an altar
•■.o protect it from approach
n the rear. — Altar tomb, a tomb resembling an altar in
shape, etc. — Family altar, place of family devotions. — To
lead (as a bride) to the altar, to marry ; — said of a woman.
Al'tar-age (-aj), n. [Cf. OF. auterage, autelage.1
1. The offerings made upon the altar, or to a church.
Roman Catholic Altar.
2. The profit which accrues to the priest, by reason of
the altar, from the small tithes. Shipley.
Al'tar-ist (al'ter-Ist), 7i. [Cf. LL. altarista, F. alta-
risie.'] {Old Law) (a) A chaplain. (6) A vicar of a church.
Al'tar-piece' (-pes'), w. The painting or piece of
sculpture above and behind the altar ; reredos.
Al'tar-wise' (-wiz'), adv. In the proper position of
an altar, that is, at the east of a church with its ends
towards the north and south. Shipley.
Alt-az'i-muth (at-az'i-miith), n. lAltiUide + azi-
muth.l (Astron.) An instrument for taking azimuths
and altitudes simultaneously.
Al'ter (al'ter), v. t. \_imp. & p. p. Altbked (-terd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Altering.] [F. alierer, LL. allerare, f r.
L. alter other, alim other. Cf. Else, Other.] 1. To make
otherwise ; to change in some respect, either partially or
wholly ; to vary ; to modify. " To alter .the king's
coiurse." "To alter the condition of a man." "No
power in Venice can alter a decree." Shak.
It gilds, all objects, but it alters none. Pope.
My covenant will 1 not break, nor alter the thing that is gone
out of my lips. jfs. Ixxxix. 34.
2. To agitate : to affect mentally. \_Obs.'\ Milton.
3. To geld. IColloq.-]
Syn. — Change, Altee. Change is generic and the
stronger term. It may express a loss of identity, or the
substitution of one tiling in place of another ; alter com-
monly expresses a partial change, or a change in form or
details without destroying identity.
Al'ter, V. i. To become, in some respects, different ;
to vary ; to change ; as, the weather alters almost daily ;
rocks or minerals alter by exposure. " The law of the
Modes and Persians, which altereth not." Dan. vi. 8.
Al'ter-a-bil'i-ty (al'ter-a-bll'I-ty), n. [Cf. P. altera-
bilite.2 The quality of being alterable ; alterableness.
Al'ter-a-ble (al'ter-a-b'l), a. [Cf. F. alterable.} Ca-
pable of being altered.
Our condition in this world is mutable and unceTtam, alter-
able by a thousand accidents. Rogers.
Al'ter-a-We-ness, n. The quality of being alterable ;
variableness ; alterability.
Al'ter-a-Wy, adv. In an alterable manner.
Al'ter-ant (-«nt), a. [LL. alterans, p. pr. : cf. F. al-
terant.'] Altering ; gradually changing. Bacon.
Al'ter-ant, n. An alterative, [i?.] Chambers.
Al'ter-a'tion (al'ter-a'shiiu), n. [Cf. F. alteration.]
1. The act of altering or making different.
Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in it in-
conveniences. Hooker.
2. The state of being altered ; a change made in the
form or nature of a thing ; changed condition.
Ere long I might perceive
Strange alteration in me. 3filton.
Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those
who had been slaves ; by which, and succeeding alterations,
that council degenerated into a most corrupt body. Swift.
Al'ter-a-tive (al'ter-a-tiv), a. [L. alteralivus : cf. F.
alleratif.] Causing alteration. Specifically : (Med.)
Gradually changing, or tending to change, a morbid
state of the functions into one of health. Burton.
Al'ter-a-tive, n. A medicine or treatment which
gradually induces a change, and restores healthy func-
tions without sensible evacuations.
Al'ter-cate (al'ter-kat), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Altee-
cated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alteecating.] [L. allercaius,
p. p. of altercare, altercari, fr. alter another. See Ai^
TEE.] To contend in words ; to dispute with zeal, heat,
or anger ; to wrangle.
Al'ter-ca'tion (51'ter-ka'shun ; 277), n. [F. alterca-
tion, fr. L. altercatio.] Warm contention in words ; dis-
pute carried on with heat or anger ; controversy ; wran-
gle ; wordy contest. " Stormy al/ercalions." Macaulay.
Syn. — Alteecation, Dispute, Weangle. The term
dispute is in most cases, but not necessarily, applied to
a verbal contest ; as, a dispute on the lawfulness of war.
An altercation is an angry dispute between two parties,
involving an interchange of severe language. A wrangle
is a confused and noisy altercation.
Their whole life was little else than a perpetual wrangling
and altercation. Hakewill.
Al'ter-ca-tive (3I'ter-ka-tTv), a. Characterized by
wranglmg ; scolding. [JJ.] Fielding.
Al-ter'i-ty (Sl-terT-ty), n. [F. alterite.] The state
or quality of being other ; a being otherwise. [R.]
For outness is but the feeling of otherness (a?te)-i<2/)rendered
intuitive, cr alterity visually represented. Coleridge.
Al'f em (Sl'tem), a. [L. altemus, fr. alter another :
cf. F. alterne.] Acting by turns ; alternate. Milton.
Altem base (Trig.), a second side made base, in distinc-
tion from a side previously regarded as base.
Al-ter'na-cy (al-ter'na-sy), n. Alternateness ; alter-
nation. [iJ.] Mitford.
Al-ter'nant (-nant), a. [L. aliemans, p. pr. : cf. P.
alternant. See Alteenate, v. t.] (Geol.) Composed of
alternate layers, as some rocks.
Al-ter'nate (Sl-ter'nat ; 277), a. [L. aliernatus, p. p. of
alternare, fr. altemus. See Alteen, Altee.] 1. Being
or succeeding by turns ; one following
the other in succession of time or place ;
by turns first one and then the other ;
hence, reciprocal.
And bid aZferaaie passions fall and rise.
Pope.
2. Designating the members in a se-
ries, which regularly intervene between
the members of another series, as the
odd or even numbers of the numerals ;
every other ; every second ; as, the al-
ternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. ; read
every alternate line.
3. (Bot.) Distributed, as leaves, sin-
gly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals
as respects angular divergence. Gray.
Alternate alligation. See Alligation. — Alternate an-
E\
Alternate Leaves.
Alternate Angles.
[iJ.]
(GeoiH.), the internal an-
gles made by two Hues with a
third, on opposite sides of it.
If the parallels AB, CD, are ^
cut by the line EF, the angles
AGH, GHD, as also the angles
BGH and GHC, are called «/-
ternate angles. — Alternate gen- C
eration. (Biol.) See imder Gen-
eeation.
Al-ter'nate (al-ter'nat ; 277),
n, 1. That which alternates
with something else ; vicissitude.
Grateful alternates of substantial peace. Prior.
2. A substitute ; one designated to take the place o*
another, if necessary, in performing some duty.
3. (Math.) A proportion derived from another pro-
portion by interchanging the means.
Al'ter-nate (al'ter-nat or a-ter'nat ; 277), v. t. [imp.
& p. p. Alteenated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alternatino.]
[L. aliernatus, p. p. of alternare. See Alteen.] To
perform by turns, or in succession ; to cause to succeed,
by turns : to interchange regularly.
The most high God, in all things appertaining unto this life,
for sundry wise ends alternates the disposition of good and evil.
Grew.
Al'ter-nate, v. i. 1. To happen, succeed, or act by
turns ; to follow reciprocally in place or time ; — fol-
lowed by with; as, the flood and ebb tides alternate-
with each other.
Kage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast. J. PhUips.
Different species alternating with each other. Kirtvan.
2. To vary by turns ; as, the land alternates between
rocky hills and sandy plains.
Al-ter'nate-ly (Sl-ter'niit-ly), adv. 1. In reciprocal.
succession ; succeeding by turns ; in alternate order.
2. (Malh.) By alternation; when, in a proportion,
the antecedent term is compared with antecedent, and
consequent mth consequent.
Al-ter'nate-ness, n. The quality of being alternate,
or of following by turns.
Al'ter-na'tion (Sl'ter-na'shiin), n. [L. alternatio :
cf. F. alternation.] 1. The reciprocal succession of
tilings in time or place ; the act of following and being-
followed by turns ; alternate succession, perfonnance, or
occirrrence ; as, the alternation of day and night, cold
and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear.
2. (3Iath.) Permutation.
3. The response of the congregation speaking alter-
nately with the minister. Mason.
Alternation of generation. (Biol.) See Alternate genera-
tion, under Geneeation.
Al-ter'na-tive (al-ter'na-ttv), a. [Cf. F. altemati/.y
1. Offering a choice of two things.
2. Disjunctive; as, an oteni(ffti>e conjunction.
3. Alternate; reciprocal. [Obs.] Holland.
Al-ter'na-tive, n. [Cf. P. alternative, LL. alterna-
iiva.] 1. An offer of two things, one of which maybe
chosen, but not both ; a choice between two things, so
that if one is taken, the other must be left.
There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute
destruction orunreformed existence. Burke.
2. Either of two things or propositions offered to
one's choice. Thus when two things offer a choice of
one only, the two things are called alternatives.
Having to choose between two alternatives, safety and war,
you obstinately prefer the worse. Jowett ( Tliucyd.).
3. The course of action or the thing offered in place of
another.
If this demand is refused the alternative is war. Lewis.
With no oitematire but death. Longfellow.
4. A choice between more than two things; one of
several things offered to choose among.
My decided preference is for the fourth and last of these
alternatives. Gladstone.
Al-ter'na-tive-ly, adv. In the manner of alterna-
tives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things.
Al-ter'na-tive-ness, n. The quality of being altema.
tive, or of oft'ermg a choice between two.
Al-ter'ni-ty (-ni-ty), n. [LL. altemitas.] Succession,
by turns; alternation, [i?.] Sir T. Broicne.
II Al-thae'a ) (51-the'a), re. [L. althaea, Gr. aXBaCa.]
II Al-the'a j (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the
Mallow family. It includes the officinal marsh mallow,
and the garden hollyhocks, (b) An ornamental shrub-
(Hibiscus Syriacus) of the Mallow family.
Al-the'ine (-Tn), re. (Chem.) Asparagine.
Altliorn' (alt'hSrn'), n. [Alt + horn.] (>/ms.) An in-
strument of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in mil-
itary music, often replacing the French horn. Grove.
Al-though' (al-tho'), conj. [All + though; OE. at
thagh.] Grant all this ; be it that; supposing that ; not-
withstanding; though.
Although all shall be offended, yet will not I. Mark xiv. 29.
Syn. — Although, Though. Although, which original-
ly was perhaps more emphatic than though, is now inter-
changeable with it in the sense given afcove. Euphonic
consideration determines the choice.
Al-tll'0-quence (51-til'6-kwens), n. Lofty speech ;
pompous language. [B..] Bailey.
Al-til'0-ciuent (-kwent), a. [L. altus (adv. alte) high
-f loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] High-sounding ;
pompous in speech. [R.] Bailey.
Al-tim'e-ter (51-tim'e-ter), re. [LL. altimeter; altus
high + metrum, Gr. iMdrpov, measure : cf. F. altimeire.]
An instrument for taking altitudes, as a quadrant, sex-
tant, etc. Knight.
Al-tim'e-try (-try), n. [Cf. P. aliimiirie.] The art
of measuring altitudes, or heights.
Al-tin'car (Sl-tln'kar), re. See Ttncal.
Al'ti-scope (al'ti-skop), n. [L. altus high -|- Gr.
aKonetv to view.] An arrangement of lenses and mir ors
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, finol, all; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; Old, obey, drb, 6dd;
ALTISONANT
45
AMARANTHINE
•which enables a person to see an object in spite of inter-
vening objects.
Al-tlS'O-nant (Sl-tls'o-nont), a. [L. alius high +
sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] High-sounding ; lofty
or pompous. Skelton.
Al-tls'0-nous (-nils), a. [L. altisoiius.'] Altisonant.
II Al-tls'sl-mo (al-tes'se-mo), n. [It. ; superl. of alto.l
(Mas.) The part or notes situated above F iu alt.
Al'tl-tUde (Sl'tl-tud), n. [L. altiludo, fr. alius high.
Cf. Altak, Haoohty, Enhance.] 1. Space extended
upward ; height ; the perpendicular elevation of an ob-
ject above its foundation, above the ground, or above
3 given level, or of one object above another; as, the
altitude of a moimtain, or of a cloud, or of a bird above
the top of a tree. >
2. (Astron.) The elevation of a point, or star, or other
celestial object, above the horizon, measured by the arc
of a vertical circle intercepted between such point and
the horizon. It is either ti'ue or apparent; true when
measured from the rational or real liorizon, apparent
when from the sensible or apparent horizon.
3. (Geom.) The perpendicidar distance from tlie base
of a figure to the summit, or to the side parallel to the
base ; as, the altitude of a triangle, pyramid, parallelo-
gram, frustum, etc.
4. Height of degree ; highest point or degree.
He is. [proud] even to the altitude of his virtue. Sltak,
5. Height of rank or excellence ; superiority. Swift.
6. pi. Elevation of spirits ; heroics ; haughty airs.
[^Collog.'] Richardson.
The man of law hegan to get into his altitudes. Sir ]\'. Scott.
Meridian altitude, an arc of the meridian intercepted be-
tween the soutli point on the horizon and any pouit on
the meridian, or the center of any object on the meridian.
See Meridian, 3.
Al'U-tn'dl-nal (51'tT-tu'dT-nal), a. Of or pertaining to
height ; as, altitudinal measurements.
Al'ti-tU'di-na'ri-an (-tu'dl-na'rl-an), a. Lofty in doc-
trine, aims, etc. [iJ.J Coleridge.
Al-tiv'0-lant (Sl-tiv'6-lant), a. [L. altivolans. See
Volant.] Flying liigh. [Ofc.] Blount.
Al'to (51'to or al'to), n. ; pi. Altos (-toz). [It. alto
high, fr. L. alius. Cf. Alt.] \. {Mus.) Formerly the
part sung by the highest male, or counter-tenor, voices ;
now the part smig by the lowest female, or contralto,
voices, between the tenor and soprano. In instrumental
music it now signifies the tenor.
2. An alto singer.
Alto clot (Mus.), the counter-tenor clef, or the C clef,
placed so that the two strokes include the middle line oi
the stalf. Moore.
Al'tO-geth'er (al'too-gSth'er), adv. [OE. altogedere ;
ai all -|- togedere together. See Together.] X. AH to-
gether; conjointly. [06s.]
Altogether they went at once. Chaucer,
2. Without exception ; wholly ; completely.
Every man at his best state is altogethei- vanity. Fs. xxxix. 5.
Al-tom'e-ter(Sl-tSm'e-ter),n. [L. altusldgh-\- -meter.']
A theodolite. Knight.
Al'tO-re-lie'VO (51'to-re-le'vo), n. Alto-rilievo.
llAl'tO-rl-lie'VO (al'to-re-lya'vo), n. ; pi. Alto-eilie-
vos (-voz). [It.] (5c«?p.) High relief ; sculptured work
in which the figures project more than half their thick-
ness ; as, this figure is an alto-rilievo or in alto-rilievo.
5^= When the figure stands only half out, it is called
mezzo-rilievo, demi-rilievo, or medium relief ; when its
projection is less than one half, basso-rilievo, bas-relief, or
low relief.
Al'trl-cal (Sl'tri-kal), a. (Zool.) Like the altrices.
II Al-tll'ces (51-trI'sez), n. pi. [L., nonrishers, pi. of
altrix.'] (Zool.) Nursers, — a term applied to those birds
whose young are hatched in a very immature and help-
less condition, so as to require the care of their parents
for some time ; — opposed to prxcoces.
Al'tm-lsm (al'troo-Tz'm), n. [F. altruisme (a word
of Comte's), It. allrui of or to others, fr. L. alter an-
other.] Regard for others, both natural and moral; de-
votion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness;
— opposed to egoism or selfishness. IRecent] J. S. Mill.
Al'tru-ist, ra. One imbued with altruism; — opposed
to egoist.
Al'tni-is'tio (al'trSS-ts'tlk), a. [Cf. F. altruiste, a.
See Altruism.] Regardful of others ; beneficent ; un-
selfish ; — opposed to egoistic or selfish. Bain. — Al'tm-
Is'Uc-al-ly, odv.
Al'u-del (a'u-dgl), n. [F. & Sp. aludel, fr. Ar. al-
uthaW] {Chem.) One of the pear-shaped pots open at
both ends, and so formed as to be fitted together, the
neck of one into the bottom of another in succession ; —
used in the process of sublimation. Ure.
IIAl'u-la (al'ii-la), re. [NL., dim. of L. ala a wing.]
yZool.) A false or bastard wing. See under Bastard.
Al'u-lar (-ler), a. (Zool.) Pertaming to the alula.
Al'um (al'um), re. [OE. alum., atom, OF. alum, F.
almi, fr. L. alumen alum.] {Chem.) A double sulphate
formed of aluminium and some other element (esp. an
alkali metal) or of aluminium and ammonium. It has
twenty-four molecules of water of crystallization.
^W^ Common alum\s the double sulphate of aluminium
I'iidpotassium. It is white, transparent, very astringent,
•<■- id crystallizes easily in octahedrons. The term is ex-
tended so as to include other double sulphates similar to
f :um in formula.
Al'um (Sl'iim), V. f. To steep in, or otherwise impreg-
nate with, a solution of alum ; to treat with alum. Ure.
II A-lu'men (a-lii'mgn), n. [L.] (CAem.) Alum.
A-In'ml-na (a-lu'mt-na), re. [L. alumen, aluminis.
^fte Alum.] {Chem.) One of the earths, consisting of two
pirts of aluminium and three of oxygen, AljOs-
SJ^T" It is the oxide of the metal aluminium, the base of
•"nmmous salts, a constituent of a large iiart of the
«».phy siliceous minerals, as the feldspars, micas, scapo-
lites, etc., and the characterizing ingredient of common
clay, in which it exists as an impure silicate with water,
resulting from the decomposition of other aluminous min-
erals. In its natural state, it is the muieral corundum.
A-lu'ml-nate (a-lu'mi-nSt), 7». {Chem.) A compound
formed from tlie hydrate of alumiuiimi by the substitu-
tion of a metal for the hydrogen.
A-lu'mi-na'ted (-na'tgd), a. Combined with alumina.
Al'U-mlne (ill'ii-miii), re. [F.] Alumina. Davy.
Al'u-min'ic (ill'lS-min'Ik), a. Of or containing alu-
minium ; as, aluminic pliosphate.
A-lu'mi-nll'er-OUS (a-lii'niT-nTf'er-us), a. [L. alumen
B.\\in\ -\- -ferous: cf. F. iilumiiiifere.] Containing alum.
A-ln'mi-nl-f orm (a-lii'mi-nT-iSrm or Sl'u-min'I-fSrm),
o. [L. utiinien -j- -/orw.]^ Having the form of alumina.
Al'U-min'i-um (ai'iJ-miu'T-iJm), n. [L. alumen. See
Alum.] {Chem.) Tiie metallic base of alumina. This
metal is white, but witli a bluish tinge, and is remarka-
ble for its resistance to oxidation, and for its lightness,
having a specific gravity of about 2.G. Atomic weight
27.08. Symbol Al.
Alumhilum bronze or gold, a pale gold-colored alloy of
aluminium and copper, used for journal bearings, etc.
A-lu'ml-nize (a-lu'mT-niz), v. t. To treat or impreg-
nate witli alum ; to alum.
A-lu'ml-nous (a-lu'na-ni3s), a. [L. oluminosus, fr.
alumen alum: cf. F. alumineux.] Pertaining to or con-
taining alum, or alumina ; as, aluminous minerals, alu-
ini?ious solution.
A-lll'mi-num (a-lii'mT-num), n. See ALUMminm.
Al'um-isll (Sl'iim-Ish), a. Somewhat like alum.
II A-lum'na (a-liim'ua), n. fem. ; pi. ALUira^a; (-ne).
[L. See Alumnus.] A female pupil ; especially, a grad-
uate of a school or college.
II A-lam'nus (a-lum'niis), n. ; pi. Alumni (-ni). [L.,
fr. alere to nourish.] A pupil ; especially, a graduate
of a college or other seminary of learning.
Al'um root' (roof). {Bot.) A North American herb
{Heuchera Americana) of the Saxifrage family, whose
root has astringent properties.
Al'um schist' (shTsf), 1 {Min.) A variety of shale or
Al'um shale' (shal'), ) clay slate, containing iron
pyrites, the decomposition of which leads to the forma-
tion of alum, which often effloresces on the rock.
Al'um stone' (ston'). {Min.) A subsulphate of alu-
mina and potash ; alunite.
Al'u-nite (ai'u-nlt), re. {Min.) Alum stone.
A-lu'no-gen (a-lu'no-j5n), re. [F. alun alum -f- -gen.]
{Min.) A white fibrous mineral frequently found on the
waUs of mines and quarries, chiefly hydrous sulphate of
alumina ; — also called feather alum, and hair salt.
Al'ure (Sl'fir), re. [OF. alure, aleure, walk, gait, fr.
aler (F. alter) to go.] A walk or passage ; — applied to
passages of various kinds.
The sides of every street were covered with fresh alures of
marble. T. Warton.
Al'u-ta'ceous (Sl'u-ta'shiis), a. [L. alutacius, fr.
aluta soft leather.] 1. Leathery.
2. Of a pale brown color ; leather-yellow. Brande.
Al'U-ta'tlon (-shvin), re. [See Alutaceous.] The tan-
ning or dressing of leather. [Ofc.] Blount.
Al've-a-ry (al've-a-ry), re. ; pi. Alveakies (-rlz). [L.
alvearium, alveare, beehive, fr. alveus a hollow vessel,
beehive, from alvus belly, beehive.] 1. A beehive, or
somethiug resembling a beehive. Barret.
2. {Anat.) The hollow of the external ear. Quincy.
Al've-a'ted (-a'tSd), a. [L. alveatus hollowed out.]
Formed or vaulted like a beehive.
Al've-O-lar (al've-6-ler or ai-ve'o-ler ; 277), a. [L.
alveolus a small hollow or cavity : cf. F. alveolaire.]
{Anat. ) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, alveoli or little
cells, sacs, or sockets.
Alveolar proceases, the processes of the maziUary bones,
containing the sockets of the teeth.
Al've-0-la-ry (-la-r^), a. Alveolar. [iJ.]
Al've-O-late (Sl've-o-lat), a. [L. alveolatus, fr. alveo-
lus.] {Bot.) Deeply pitted, like a honeycomb.
Al've-ole (-51), re. Same as Alveolus.
Al-ve'O-ll-torm (51-ve'o-lT-f6rm), a. [L. alveolus +
-form.] Having the form of alveoli, or little sockets,
cells, or cavities.
II Al-ve'O-lus (Sl-ve'6-liis), n. ; pi. Alveoli (-li). [L.,
a small hollow or cavity, dim. of alveus : cf . F. alveole.
See Alveary.] 1. A cell in a honeycomb.
2. (Zool. ) A small cavity in a coral, shell, or fossil.
3. (Anat.) A small depression, sac, or vesicle, as the
socket of a tooth, the air cells of the lungs, the ultimate
saccules of glands, etc.
II Al've-US (Sl've-us), n. ; pi. Alvei (-1). [L.] The
channel of a river. Weale.
Al'vlne (al'vin or -vin), a. [L. alvus belly : cf. F.
alvin.] Of, from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the
intestines ; as, alvine discharges ; alvine concretions.
Al'way (al'wa), adv. Always. [Archaic or Poetic]
I would not live alway. Job vii. 16.
Al'ways (al'waz), adv. \_All -\- way. The s is an
adverbial (orig. a genitive) ending.] 1. At all times;
ever ; perpetually ; throughout all time ; continually ;
as, God is always the same.
Even in Heaven his [Mammon's) looks and thoughts
Were always downward bent. Milton.
2. Constantly during a certain period, or regularly at
stated intervals ; invariably ; uniformly ; — opposed to
sometimes or occasionally.
He always rides a black galloway. Bulwer.
II A-lys'SUm (a-lTs'siim), re. [NL., fr. Gr. aXvairov,
name of a plant, perh. fr. a priv. + Av'tro-a raging mad-
ness.] {Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants ; madwort.
The sweet alyssum {A. maritimum), cultivated for bou-
quets, bears small, white, sweet-scented flowers.
Am (Sm). [AS. am, eom, aWn to Gothic im,, Icel. em,
Olr. am, Lith. esmi, L. sum, 6r. ei^t, Zend ahmi, Skr.
asmi, fr. a root as to be. V9- See Are, and cf. Be,
Was.] The first person singular of the verb be, in the
indicative mode, present tense. See Be.
God said unto Moses, I am that I am. Exod. iii. 14.
Am'a-bU'i-ty (am'a-bTl'I-ty), n. [L. amabilitas.']
Lovableness. Je7: Taylor.
CgS^ The New English Dictionary (Murray) says this
woiFd is "usefully distinct from Amiability."
Am'a-crat'io (-krat'ik), a. [Gr. a/xa together -|-
KpaTOs power.] {Pholog.) Amasthenic. SirJ.Herschel.
II Am'a-da-vat' (Sin'a-da-vat'), re. [Isidian name.
From Ahuietlubad, a city from which it was imported to
Europe.] {Zool.) The strawberry finch, a small Indian
song bird {Estrelda amandava), commonly caged and
kept for fighting. The female is olive brown ; the male,
in summer, mostly crimson ; — called also red ivuxbill.
[Written also amadtivad and avadavut.]
Am'a-dOU (Sm'a-doo), n. [F. amadou tinder, prop,
lure, bait, fr. amadouer to allure, caress, perh. fr. Icel.
mala to feed, which is akin to E. meat.] A spcngy, com-
bustible substance, prepared from fmigus {Boletus and
Polyporus) which grows on old trees ; German tinder ;
punk. It has been employed as a styptic by surgeons,
but its common use is as tinder, for which purpose it is
prepared by soaking it iu a strong solution of niter. Ure.
A-main' (a-mSn'), adv. [Pref. a- + main. See 2d
Main, )i.] 1. With might ; with full force ; vigorously;
violently ; exceedingly.
They on the hill, which were not yet come to blows, perceiv-
ing the fewness of their enemies, came down amain. Milton.
That stripling giant, ill-bred and scoffing, shouts amain.
T. Parker.
2. At full speed ; in great haste ; also, at once. " They
fledamoire." Holinshed.
A-main',. t;. 1. [F. amener. See Amenable.] {Naut.)
To lower, as a sail, a yard, etc.
A-main', v. i. {Naut.) To lower the topsail, in token
of surrender ; to yield.
A-mal'gam (a-raSl'gam), re. [F. amalgame, prob. fr.
L. malar/ma, Gr. /adAayfia, emollient, plaster, poultice,
fr. tiaKdaaeiv to make soft, fr. joiaAaKos soft.] 1. An
alloy of mercury with another metal or metals ; as, an
amalgam of tin, bismuth, etc.
d^^ Medalists apply the term to soft alloys generally.
2. A mixture or compound of different things.
3. {Min.) A native compound of mercury and silver.
A-mal'gam, v. t. & i. [Cf. F. amalgamer ] To amal-
gamate. Boyle. B. Jonson.
II A-mal'ga-ma (-ga-ma), n. Same as Amalgam.
They divided this their amalgama into a number of inco-
herent republics. Burke.
A-mal'ga-mate (a-m51'ga-mat), V. t. [imp. & p. p.
Amalgamated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amalgamating.] 1. To
compoimd or mix, as quicksilver, with another metal ; to
unite, combine, or alloy with mercury.
2. To mix, so as to make a uniform, compound ; to
unite or combine ; as, to amalgamate two races ; to amal-
gamate one race with another.
Ingratitude is indeed their four cardinal virtues compacted
and amalgamated into one. Burke.
A-mal'ga-mate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam ;
to blend with another metal, as quicksilver.
2. To coalesce, as a result of growth ; to combine into
a uniform whole ; to blend ; as, two organs or parts amal-
gamate.
A-mal'ga-mate (-ga^mat), 1 a. Coalesced ; united ;
A-mal'ga-ma'ted (-ma'tgd), ( combined.
A-mal'ga-ma'tion (a-mSl'ga-ma'shiin), n. [Cf. F.
amalgamation.] 1. The act or operation of compound-
ing mercury with another metal ; — applied particularly
to the process of separating gold and silver from their
ores by mixing them with mercury. Ure.
2. The mixing or blending of different elements, races,
societies, etc. ; also, the result of such combination or
blending; a homogeneous union. Macaulay.
A-mal'ga-ma-tive (a-mSl'ga-ma-tlv), a. Character-
ized by amalgamation.
A-mal'ga-ma'tor (-ma'ter), re. One who, or that
which, amalgamates. Specifically : A machine for sep-
arating precious metals from earthy particles by bringing
them in contact with a body of mercury with which they
form an amalgam.
A-mal'ga-mize (-miz), v. t. To amalgamate, [i?.]
A-man'dine (a-mSn'din), re. [F. amande almond. See
Almond.] 1. The vegetable casein of almonds.
2. A kind of cold cream prepared from abnonds, for
chapped hands, etc.
A-man'i-tine (a-mSn'I-tm), n. [Gr. aixaviTai. a sort
of fungus.] The poisonous principle of some fungi.
A-man'U-en'sis (a-mSn'fi-en'sis), re. / x>l- Amanuenses
(-sez). [L., fr. a, ab + manus hand.] A person whose
employment is to write what another dictates, or to copy
what another has written.
II A-mar'a-CUS (a-mSr'a-kSs), re. [L., fr. Gr. diaapaxos.]
A fragrant flower. Tfmn/son.
Am'a-rant (Sm'ar-rSnt), re. Amaranth, 1. [Obs.] Milton.
Am'a-rah-ta'ceous (Sm'a-ran-ta'shus), a. {Bot.) Of,
pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of
which the amaranth is the type.
Am'a-ranth (Sm'a-rSnth), n. [L. amarantus, Gr.
d;Lidpai'T09, unfading, amaranth ; a priv -f- ixapaiveiv to
quench, cause to wither, fr. a root meaning to die, akin
to E. mortal; — so called because its flowers do not soon
wither: cf. F. amarante. The spelling with th seems
to be due to confusion with Gr. aKflos "flower.] 1. An
imaginary flower supposed never to fade. \_Poetic]
2. {Bot.) A genus of ornamental annual plants {Ama-
rantus) of many species, mth green, purplish, or crimson
flowers.
3. A color inclining to purple.
Am'a-ran'thine (Sm'4-rSn'thinJ, a. 1. Of or pertain-
ing to amaranth. ^'' Amaranthine oovieTs." Pope-
B
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, up, <irn ; pity, food, fo'bt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tUen, thin; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
AMARANTHUS
46
AMBITIOUSLY
2. Unfading, as the poetic amaranth ; undying.
The only amaranthine flower on earth
Is virtue. Cowper.
3. Of a purplish color. Buchanan.
Am'a-ran'UlUS (am'a-rSn'thQs), ) n. (Bot.) Same as
II Am'a-ran'tus (Sm'a-ran'tus), ) Amakanth.
Am'a-rine (5m'a-rin),?i. [L. a/nanii bitter.] {Chem.)
A. characteristic crystalline substance, obtained from oil
of bitter almonds. _
A-mar'i-tude (a-mSr'i-tud), n. [L. amaritudo, fr.
amariis bitter : cf. OF. amaritude.'] Bitterness. [^.]
Am'a-ryl'U-da'ceOUSCSm'a-ril'li-da'slms), l «. (Bot.)
Am'a-ryl-lld'e-OUS (5m'a-ril-lid'e-us), ) Of, per-
taining to, or resembling, an order of plants differing from
the lily family chiefly in having the ovary below the petals.
The narcissus and daffodil are members of tliis family.
II Am'a-ryllis (Sm'a-rtnts), re. [L. Amaryllis, Gr.
'A|CiapuAAi'5, -iSos, the name of a country girl in Theocritus
and Virgil.] 1. A pastoral svpeetheart.
To sport with Amaryllis in the shade. Milton.
2. (Bot.) {a) A family of plants much esteemed for
their beauty, mcluding the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil,
agave, and others. (6) A genus of the same family, in-
cluding the Belladonna lily.
A-mass' (a-mas'), v, t. [imp. & p. p. Amassed (a-
mast'); p. pr. & vh. n. Amassino.] [F. amasser, LL.
amassare; L. ad -)- massa lump, mass. See Mass.] To
collect into a mass or lieap ; to gather a great quantity of ;
to accumulate ; as, to amass a treasure or a fortune ; to
amass words or phrases.
The life of Homer has been written by amassing all the tradi-
tions and hints the writers could meet with. Pope.
Syn. — To accumulate ; heap up; pile.
A-masS', n. [OF. amasse, fr. atnasser.'] A mass ; a
heap. [06s.] Sir If. Wo/ton.
A-mass'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being amassed.
A-mass'er (-er), n. One who amasses.
II A'mas sette' (i'mas'sSf), n. [F. See Amass.] An
instrument of horn used for collecting painters' colors on
the stone in the process of grinding.
A-mass'ment (a-mas'ment), re. [Cf. OF. amasse-
meni.'] An amassing ; a lieap collected ; a large quantity
or number brouglit together ; an accumulation.
An atiiassment of imaginary conceptions. Glanvill.
Am'as-then'ic (Sm'Ss-tliSn'Tli), a. [Gr. afia together
-f- aSeVos force.] (PAo^oi/.) Uniting the chemical rays of
light into one focus, as a certain kind of lens ; amacratic.
A-matS' (a-maf), t). <. [OF. amnter,amatir.'] To dis-
may; to dishearten ; to daunt. \_Obs. ot Archaic]
The Silures. toamate the newgeneral, rumored the overthrow
greater than was true. Jlilton.
A-mate', v. t. [Pref . a- -\- mate.l To be a mate to ;
to match. [Oii.] _ Spenser.
Am'a-teur' (am'a-ter' or am'a-tur'), re. [F., fr. L.
flmator lover, fr. amare to love.] A person attached to
a particular pursuit, study, or science, as to music or
painting ; esp. one who cultivates any study or art, from
taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.
Am'a-teur'lsh, a. In the style of an amateur ; super-
ficial or defective like the work of an amateur. — Am'a-
teur'ish-ly, adv. — Am'a-teui'lsh-ness, re.
Am'a-tear-ism (-iz'm), re. The practice, habit, or
work of an amateur.
Am'a-teor'ship, re. The quality or character of an
amateur.
Am'a-tlve (Sm'a-tTv), a. [L. amaius, p. p. of amare
to love.] Full of love ; amatory.
Am'a-tlve-nes3, re. {Phren.) The faculty supposed
to influence sexual desire ; propensity to love. Combe.
Am'a-tO'ri-al (5m'a-to'rT-al), a. [See Amatokious.]
Of or pertaining to a lover or to love making ; amatory ;
as, amatorial verses.
Am'a-tO'rl-al-ly, adv. In an amatorial manner.
Am'a-to'rl-an (-an), a. Amatory. [i2.] Johnson.
Am'a-tO'ri-OUS (-iis), a. [L. amatorius, fr. amare to
love.] Amatory. [OS*-.] '■'■ Amatorious -^o&Ta." Milton.
Am'a-tO-ry (Sm'a-to-rJ), a. Pertaining to, producing,
or expressing, sexual love ; as, amatory potions.
II Ajn'au-ro'sis (am'a-ro'sTs), re. [Gr. iftavpioo-i?, fr.
kfLavpos dark, dim.] (Med.) A loss or decay of sight,
from loss of power in the optic nerve, without any per-
ceptible external change in the eye; — called also gutta
Serena, the '■^drop serene" of Milton.
Am'au-rot'ic (-rSt'ik), a. Affected with amaurosis ;
having the characteristics of amaurosis.
A-inaze'(a-maz'),D.<. [imp. &/).p. AMAZED(-mazd');
p. pr. & vb. re. AMAZiNa.] [Pref. a- + maze.'] 1. To
bewilder; to stupefy; to bring into a maze. [Obs.]
A labyrinth to amaze his foes. Shah.
2. To confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise ;
to overwhelm with wonder ; to astound ; to astonish
greatly. " .4 masireji Europe with her wit." Goldsmith.
And all the people were amazed, and said. Is not this the son
of David ? Matt. xii. 23.
Syn. — To astonish; astound; conf ormd ; bewilder;
perplex; surprise. — Amaze, Astonish, ^mazemen* in-
cludes the notion of bewilderment or difficulty accompa-
nied by surprise. It expresses a state in which one does
not know what to do, or to say, or to think. Hence we
are amazed at what we can not in the least account for.
Astonishment also implies surprise. It expresses a state
in which one is stunned, by the vastness or greatness of
something, or struck with some degree of horror, as when
one is overpowered by the enormity of an act, etc.
A-maze', ■K. i. To be astounded. [Archaic] B. Taylor.
.4-IIiaze', re. Bewilderment, arising from fear, sur-
prise, or wonder; amazement. [Chiefly poetic]
The wild, bewildered gaze
0£ one to stone converted by amaze. Byron.
A-maZ'ed-ly (a-maz'Sd-lJ), adv. In amazement ; with
confusion or astonishment. Shah,
A-maz'ed-ness, n. The state of being amazed, or con-
founded with fear, surprise, or wonder. Bp. Hall.
A-maze'fnl (a^maz'ful), a. Full of amazement, [i?.]
A-maze'ment (-ment), n. 1. The condition of being
amazed ; bewilderment [Obs.] ; overwhelming wonder,
as from surprise, sudden fear, horror, or admiration.
His words impression left
Of much amazement. Milton.
2. Frenzy ; madness. [Obs.] Webster (1661).
A-maz'lng (a-maz'Ing), a. Causing amazement ; very
wonderful; as, amazing grace. — A-maz'lng-ly, adv.
Am'a-zon (am'a-z5n), re. [L.,fr.Gr."AnafMi'.] 1. One
of a fabulous race of female warriors in Scythia ; hence,
a female warrior.
2. A tall, strong, masculine woman ; a virago.
3. (Zool.) A name of numerous species of South Amer-
ican parrots of the genus Chrysotis.
Amazon ant (Zool.), a species of 3.nt (Polyergus rufes-
cens), of Europe and America. They seize by conquest
the larvje and nymphs of other species and make slaves
of them in their own nests.
Am'a-ZO'nl-an (5m'a-zo'nT-an), a. 1. Pertaining to
or resembling an Amazon ; befitting an Amazon ; of mas-
culine manners; warlike. Shak.
2. Of or pertaining to the river Amazon in South
America, or to its valley.
Am'a-ZOn-lte ($m'a-zon-it), ) n. [Named from the
Am'a-zon stone' (ston'), ) vi-veT Amazon.] (Min.)
A variety of feldspar, having a verdigris-green color.
Amb-, Am-bi-. [L. prefix ambi-, amb-, akin to Gr.
ifitfiC, Skr. abhi, AS. embe, emb, OHG. umbi, umpi, G.
um, and also to L. ambo both. Cf. Amphi-, Both, By.]
A prefix meaning about, around; — used in words de-
rived from the Latin.
II Am-ba'ges (5m-ba'jez), re. pi. [L. (usually in pi.) ;
pref. ambi-, amb- -\- agere to drive : cf. F. ambage.] A
circuit; a winding. Hence: Circuitous way or proceed-
ing ; quibble ; circumlocution ; indirect mode of speech.
After many ambages, perspicuously define what this melan-
choly is. Burton.
Am-bag'l-nous (Sm-bSjI-nus), a. Ambagious. [R.]
Am-ba'gious (5m-ba'jQs), a. [L. ambagiosus.] Cir-
cumlocutory; circuitous. [R.]
Am-bag'1-tO-ry (-bSj'i-to-ry), a. Ambagious. [R.]
Am'bas-sade (Sm'bas-sad), Em'bas-sade (Sm'-), re.
[F. ambassade. See Embassy.] 1. The mission of an
ambassador. [Obs.] Carew.
2. An embassy. [OJs.] Strype.
Am-bas'sa-dor (5m-bas'sa-der), Em-bas'sa-dor (Sm-),
n. [See Embassadoe.] 1. A minister of the highest
rank sent to a foreign court to represent there his sov-
ereign or country.
(5^^ Ambassadors are either ordinary [or resident] or
extraordinary, that is, sent upon some special or unusual
occasion or errand. Abbott.
2. An official messenger and representative.
Am-bas'sa-do'll-al (Sm-b5s'sa-do'ri-r:l), a. Of or per-
taining to an ambassador. H. Walpole.
Am-bas'sa-dor-shlp (Sm-bSs'si-der-shTp), re. The
state, office, or functions of an ambassador.
Am-bas'sa-dress (-drSs), re. A female ambassador ;
also, the wife of an ambassador. Prescott.
Am'bas-sage (Sm'bas-sSj), n. Same as Embassage.
[Obs. or R.] Luke xiv. 32.
Am'bas-sy (Sm'bos-sJ^), n. See Embassy, the usual
spelling. Helps.
Am'ber (Sm'ber), n. [OE. aumbre, F. ambre, Sp.
ambar, and with the Ar. article, alambar, fr. Ar. 'anbar
ambergris.] 1. (Min.) A yellowish translucent resin re-
sembling copal, found as a fossil in alluvial soils, with
beds of lignite, or on the seashore in many places. It
takes a fine polish, and is used for pipe mouthpieces,
beads, etc., and as a basis for a fine varnish. By friction,
it becomes strongly electric.
2. Amber color, or anything amber-colored; a clear
light yellow ; as, the amber of the sky.
3. Ambergris. [Obs.]
You that smell of amber at my charge. Beau. Ir Fl.
4. The balsam, liquidambar.
Black amber, an old and popular name tor jet.
Am'ber, a. 1. Consisting of amber ; made of amber.
" Amber bracelets." Shak.
2. Resembling amber, especially in color; amber-col-
ored. "Theomfiermom." Tennyson.
Am'ber, v. t. [p. p. & p. a. Ambeeed (Sm'berd).]
1. To scent or flavor with ambergris ; as, ambered wine.
2. To preserve in amber ; as, an ambered fly.
Am'ber Hsh' (fish')- {Zodl.) A fish of the southern
Atlantic coast (Seriola Carolinensis).
Am'ber-grease (-gres), re. See Ambeeghis.
Am'ber-gris (-gres), re. [F. ambre gris, i. e., gray
amber; F. gris gray, wliich is of German origin: cf. OS.
gris, G. greis, gray-haired. See Amber.] A substance
of the consistence of wax, found floating in the Indian
Ocean and other parts of the tropics, and also as a mor-
bid secretion in the intestines of the sperm whale (Physe-
ter macrocephalus), which is believed to be in all cases
its true origin. In color it is white, ash-gray, yellow, or
black, and often variegated like marble. The floating
masses are sometimes from sixty to two hundred and
twenty-five pounds in weight. It is wholly volatilized as
a white vapor at 212° Fahrenheit, and is highly valued in
perfumery. Dana.
Am'ber seed' (sed'). Seed of the Hibiscus abelmos-
chus, somewhat resembling millet, brought from Egypt
and the West Indies, and having a flavor like that of
musk; musk seed. Chambers.
Am'ber tree' (tre'). A species of Anthospermum, a
shrub with evergreen leaves, which, when bruised, emit
a fragrant odor. -, „,
Ambes'-as (amz'as), re. Ambs-ace. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Am'bi-dex'ter (Sm'bi-dgks'ter), a. [LL., fr. L. ambo
both + dexter right, dextra (sc. manus) the right hand.]
Using both hands with eqiul ease. Smollett.
Am'bi-dex'ter (Sm'bl-dSks'ter), n. 1. A person who
uses both hands with equal facility.
2. Hence : A double-dealer ; one equally ready to act
on either side in party disputes.
The rest are hypocrites, ambidexters, so many turning pic-
tures — a lion on one side, a lamb on the other. Burton.
3. (Law) A juror who takes money from both parties
for giving hia verdict. Cowell.
Am'bl-des-ter'i-ty (5m'bT-dgks-tSr'i-ty), re. 1. The
quality of being ambidextrous ; the faculty of using both
hands with equal facility. Hence : Versatility ; general
readiness; as, arafrMexZej^'^y of argumentation. Sterne.
Ignorant I was of the human frame, and of its latent powers,
as regarded speed, force, and ambidexterity. De Quincey.
2. Double-dealing. (Law) A juror's taking of money
from botli parties for a verdict.
Am'bi-dex'tral (-tral), a. Pertaining equally to the
right-hand side and the left-hand side. Earle.
Am'bl-des'trous (-trus), a. 1. Havmg the faculty of
using both hands with equal ease. Sir T. Browne.
2. Practicing or siding with both parties.
All false, shuffling, and ambidextrous dealings. L^ Estrange.
Am'bi-dex'trous-Iy, adv. In an ambidextrous man-
ner ; cunningly.
Am'bi-dex'trOOS-ness (-dSks'triis-nSs), n. The qual-
ity of being ambidextrous ; ambidexterity.
Am'bi-ent (Sm'bT-ent), a. [L. ambiens, p. pr. of am-
bire to go around; amb- + ire to go.] Encompassing
on all sides; circumfused; investing. "Ambient air."
3Iilton. "Ambient clouds." Pope.
Am'bi-ent, re. Something tliat surrounds or invests;
as, air . . . being a perpetual ambient. Sir H. Wotlon.
Am-big'e-nous (Sm-bTj'e-niis^, a. [L. ambo both
-(- genus kind,] Of two kinds. (JSot.) Partaking of two
natures, as the perianth of some endogenous plants,
where the outer surface is calycine, and the inner pet-
aloid.
Am'bi-gU (Sm'bT-gu), re. [F., fr. ambigu doubtful,
L. ambigiius. See Ambiguous.] An entertainment at
which a medley of dishes is set on at the same time.
Am'bl-gU'i-ty (Sm'bt-gu'i-ty), n.; pi. AMBiGurriEa
(-tiz). [L. ambiguitas, fr. ambiguus: cf. F. ambigttite.]
The quality or state of being ambiguous ; doubtfulness or
uncertainty, particularly as to the signification of Ian.
guage, arising from its admitting of more than one mean-
ing ; an equivocal word or expression.
No shadow of ambiguity can rest upon the course to be pur-
sued. J. Taylor.
The words are of single signification, without any ambigu.
ity. Soutti.
Am-big'U-OUS (Sm-bTg'u-Qs), a. [L. ambiguus, fr.
ambigere to wander about, waver ; amb — |- agere to
drive.] Doubtful or uncertain, particularly in respect
to signification ; capable of being understood in either
of two or more possible senses ; equivocal ; as, an am-
biguous course ; an ambiguous expression.
What have been thy answers ? what but dark.
Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding i* Milton,
Syn. — Doubtful; dubious; uncertain; unsettled; in-
distinct ; indeterminate ; indefinite. See Equivocai.
Am-big'U-OUS-ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner ;
with doubtful meaning.
Am-big'u-ous-ness, re. Ambiguity.
Am'bl-le'vous (Sm'bi-le'vus), a. [L. ambo both -f-
laevus left.] Left-handed on both sides ; clumsy ; — op-
posed to ambidexter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
Am-bil'O-quy (5m-bil'o-kwJ'), re. Doubtful or ambig-
uous language. [Obs.] Bailey.
Am-bip'a-roas (Sm-bTp'i-rOs), a. [L. ambo both +
farere to bring forth.] (Bot.) Characterized by contain-
ing the rudiments of both flowers and leaves ; — applied
to a bud.
Am'blt (Sm'bit), n. [L. ambitus circuit, fr. ambire
to go around. See Ambient.] Circuit or compass.
His great parts did not live within a small ambit. Milward.
Am-bl'tlon (Sm-bTsh'iin), re. [F. ambition, L. ambi-
iio a going around, especially of candidates for office in
Rome, to solicit votes (hence, desire for office or honor),
fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient, Issue.] 1. The
act of going about to solicit or obtain an office, or any
other object of desire ; canvassing. [Obs.]
[I] used no ambition to commend my deeds. Ifilton.
2. An eager, and sometimes an inordinate, desire for
preferment, honor, superiority, power, or the attain-
ment of something.
Cromwell, 1 charge thee, fling away aTiibiHon:
By that sin fell the angels. Shak.
The pitiful ambition of possessing five or six thousand more-
acres. Burke.
Am-bl'tlon, V. t. [Cf. F. ambitionner.] To seek after
ambitiously or eagerly ; to covet. [R.]
Pausanias, ambitioning the sovereignty of Greece, bargain*
with Xerxes for his daughter in marriage. Trumbull.
Am-bi'tion-ist, re. One excessively ambitious. [R.]
Am-bl'tion-less, a. Devoid of ambition. Pollok.
Am-bi'tious (am-btsh'us), a. [L. ambitiosus : cf . F.
ambitieux. See Ambition.] 1. Possessing, or controlled
by, ambition ; greatly or inordinately desirous of power,
honor, office, superiority, or distinction.
Yet Brutus says he was arnbitiotis.
And Brutus is an honorable man. Shak.
2. Strongly desirous ; — followed by of or the infini-
tive ; as, ambitious to be or to do something.
I was not ambitious of seeing this ceremony. Evelyn.
Studious of song, and yet ambitious not to sing in vain.
Covjxr.
3. Springing from, characterized by, or indicating, am-
bition ; showy ; aspiring ; as, an ambitious style.
A giant .statue . . .
Pushed by a wild and artless race.
From oft its wide, ambitious base. CoUin*.
Am-bl'tiOUS-ly, adv. in an ambitious manner.
ale, senate, cAre, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, event, find, fern, recent; Ice, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd;
AMBITIOUSNESS
47
AMEND
Am-bl'tlOOS-ness (am-blah'iSs-nSs), n. The quality
of being ambitious ; ambition ; pretentiousness.
llAmtll-tns (Sm'bl-tiSs), n. [L. See Ambit, Ambi-
tion.] 1. The exterior edge or border of a thing, as tlie
border of a leaf, or the outline of a bivalve shell.
2. (Rom. Hist.) A canvassing for votes.
Amille (am'b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ambled (-b'ld) ;
p.pr. & vb. n. Ambling (-bling).] [F. ambler to amble,
fr.X. ambulare to walk, in Uj., to amble, perh. fr. amb-,
ambi-, and a root meaning to go : cf. Gr. paiveiv to go,
E. base. Cf. Ambulatf. 1 1. To go at the easy gait
ealled an amble ; — applied to the horse or to its rider.
2. To move somewhat like an ambling horse ; to go
easily or without hard shocks.
The skipping king, he ambled up and down. S/iak.
Sir, your wit ambles well ■ it goes easily. Sliak.
Am'ble, n. 1. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which
both legs on the same side are moved at the same time-
alternating with the legs on the other side. " A fine
easy amble." S. Jonson.
2. A movement like tje amble of a horse.
AmTjler (-bier), n. A horse or a person that ambles.
AmTjUng-ly, adv. With an ambling gait.
Am-blot'lc (Sm-blSt'tk), a. [Gr. a|oi(3AajTiKd9, fr. dji-
^A^uo■l5 an abortion.] Tending to cause abortion.
AJnTjly-gon (am'blT-gSu), «. [Gr. an^Aus obtuse +
ytavia. angle: cf. F. amblygone."] (Geom.) An obtuse-
angled flgui-e, esp. an obtuse-angled triangle. [Obs.}
Am-Wyg'O-nal (Sm-blTg'S-nal), a. Obtuse-angled.
[06i.] Button.
II Am'bly-O'pl-a (5m'blT-o'pt-a), ) n. [Gr. i/oi/SAuuiria ;
Am'bly-O'py (am'bll-o'pj), ) on^Aiit blunt, dim
4- Hiiji eye : cf. F. amblyopie-l (Med.) Wealoiess of
sight, without any opacity of the cornea, or of the inte-
rior of the eye ; the first degree of amaurosis.
Am1)ly-0p1c (am'bli-Sp'ik), a. (Med.) Of or per-
taining to amblyopy. Quain.
II Am-blyp'O^ (5m-blip'6-dA), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
o^^Av5 blunt + TToiit, TToSos, foot.] (Pal eon.) A group
of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the
Tertiary formation of the United States.
II AmlM (Sm'bS), n. ; pi- Ambos (-boz). [LL. ambo,
Gr. aii^av, any rising, a raised stage, pulpit : cf. F. am-
bon.} A large pulpit or reading desk, in the early Cliris-
tian churches. Gwilt.
II Ain1>on (Sm'bon), ra. Same as Ambo.
Am-bcy'na wood' (5m-boi'na wd8d'). A beautiful
mottled and curled wood, used in cabinetwork. It is
obtained from the Pterospermum Indicum of .Amboyna,
Borneo, etc.
Am'bre-ate (Sm'bre-at), n. (Ckem.) A salt formed
by the combination of ambreic acid with a case or posi-
tive radical.
Am-bre'lc (Sm-bre'Ik), a. {Chem.) Of or pertaining
to ambrein ; — said of a certain acid produced by digest-
ing ambrein in nitric acid.
Amnare-in (Sm'bre-Tn), n. [Cf. F. ambreine. See
Amber.] (Chem.) A fragrant substance which is the
chief constituent of ambergris.
Am'brlte (Sm'brit), n. [From amber.'] A fossil resin
< 'ccurring in large masses in New Zealand.
Alll1)I0se (am'broz), n. A sweet-scented herb ; am-
brosia. See Ambrosia, 3. Turner.
Am-bro'sla (5m-bro'zha or -zhi-4 ; 2T7), n. [L. am-
brosia, Gr. an^potrCa, properly f em. of a/i^potnos , f r. afi-
iSpoTo; immort^, divine ; a priv. + jSpoTo; mortal (because
it was supposed to confer immortality on those who par-
took of it). BpoTos stands for fiporos, akin to Slcr. mrita,
L. mortuus, dead, and to E. mortal.] 1. (Myth.) (a) The
tabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which
conferred immortality upon those who partook of it. (6)
An unguent of the gods.
His dewy locks distilled ambrosia. Milton.
2. A perfumed xinguent, salve, or draught; something
very pleasing to the taste or smell. Spenser.
3. Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant ; now (Bot.), a
genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless
weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc.
Am-bro'sl-ac (-zt-ak or -zhl-ak), a. [L. ambrosiacus :
cf. F. ambrosiaque.l Having the qualities of ambrosia ;
delicious. [jB.] "■ Ambrosiac oioTS." £. Jonson.
Am-bro'slal (-zhal or -zhi-al), a. [L. ambrosius, Gr.
oEl^Ppoo-ios.] 1. Consisting of, or partaking of the nature
of, ambrosia ; delighting the taste or smell ; delicious.
"Ambrosial iood." " Ambrosialiragtimce." Milton.
2. Divinely excellent or beautiful. "Shakes his am-
brosial cnils." Pope.
Am-bro'slal-ly, adv. Aitev the manner of ambrosia ;
delightfully. "Smelt ambrosially." Tennyson.
Ain-bTO'slan (-zhan), a. -Ambrosial. [iJ.] B. Jonson.
Am-bro'sian, a. Of or pertaining to St. Ambrose ; as,
the Ambrosian office, or ritual, a formula of worship in
the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose.
Ambrosian chant, the mode of singing or chanting intro-
duced by St. Ambrose in the 4th century.
Am'bro-sln (Sm'bro-sTn), ra. [LL. Ambrosinas num-
mus.] .in early coin struck by the dukes of Milan, and
bearing the figure of St. Ambrose on horseback.
Am'bro-type (-tip), ra. [Gr. aji/SpoTos immortal -|-
•type.2 (Photog.) A picture taken on a plate of prepared
glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and
the shades are produced by a dark background visible
through the unsilvered portions of the glass.
AmTiry (Sm'brJ), re. ; pi. Ambries (-briz). [OE.
aumbry, almery, almary, OF. almarie, armarie, au-
maire, F. armoire, LL. armarium chest, cupboard, orig.
a repository for arms, fr. L. arma arms. The word has
been confused with almonry. See Armory.] 1. In
churches, a kind of closet, niche, cupboard, or locker for
ntansils, vestments, etc.
2. A store closet, as a pantry, cupboard, etc.
3. Almonry. [Improperly so used']
3ad luck ; anything
Ambulance Cart.
AmbS'— ace (amz'as), n. [OF. ambesas ; ambes both
(fr. L. ambo) + as ace. See Ace.] Double aces, the
lowest throw of all at dice. Hence : B; ^
of no account or value.
Am'bU-la'cral (Sm'bu-lS'kral), a. (Zo'ol.) Of or per-
taining to ambulacra ; avenuelike ; as, the ambulacral os-
sicles, plates, spines, and suckers of echinoderms.
Am'bu-la'cil-f orm (-krl-f8rm or -ISk'ri-f 6rm),o. [Am-
bulacrum -\- -form.]
(Zo'ol.) Having the
form of ambulacra.
II Am'ba-la'cnun
(-kriim), re./ pi. Am-
bdlacra (-kri). [L.,
an alley or covered
way.] (Zo'dl.) (a) One
of the radial zones of
echinoderms, along
which run the princi-
pal nerves, blood ves-
sels, and water tubes.
These zones usually
bear rows of locomo-
tive suckers or ten-
tacles, which protrude Upper part of shell of common nor-
from regular pores. In Ihern sea urchin, deprived of spines,
star fishes they oclu- a.a two of the-A-mbulacra; h, one
nv tho oTonvps alnniT of "^<5 Interambiilacrn. The abac-
py the grooves along ^^^^ ^^^^ occupies the center,
the under side of the
rays, (b) One of the suckers on the feet of mites.
AmTau-lance (Sm^bfi-lans), ra. [F. ambulance, h8pi-
tal ambulant, fr. L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.]
(Mil.) (a) A field hospital, so organized as to follow an
army in its move-
ments, and intend-
ed to succor tlie
wounded as soon as
possible. Often
used adjectively ;
as, an ambulance
wagon ; ambulance
stretcher ; ambu-
lance corps, (b) An
ambulance wagon
or cart for convey-
ing the wounded
from the field, or
to a hospital.
Am'bU-lant (-Ifmt), a. [L. ambulans, p. pr. of ambu-
lare to walk : cf . F. ambulant.] Walking ; moving from
place to place. Gayton.
Am'bu-late (-lat), v.i. [L. ambulare to walk. See
Amble.] To walk ; to move about. £-R.] Southey.
Am'bu-la'tion (Sm'bii-la'shun), ,ra. [L. ambulalio.']
The act of walking. Sir T, Browne,
Am'bu-la-tive (Sm'bu-la-tTv), a. Walking. [-R.]
Am'bu-la'tor (-la'ter), ra. [L.] 1. One who walks
about ; a walker.
2. (Zo'ol.) (a) A beetle of the genus Lamia. (6) A
genus of birds, or one of this genus.
3. -An instrument for measuring distances; — called
also perambulator. Knight.
Am'bU-la-tO'rl-al (am'bii-l&-to'rI-al), a. Ambulatory ;
fitted for walking. 'Verrill.
Am'bn-la-tO-ry (Sm'bii-ia-to-r^), o. [L. ambulatori-
us.'] 1. Of or pertaining to walking ; having the faculty
of walking ; formed or fitted for walking ; as, an ambu-
latory animal.
2. Accustomed to move from place to place ; not sta-
tionary ; movable ; as, an ambulatory court, which exer-
cises its jurisdiction in different places.
The priesthood . . . before was very ambulatory, and dis-
persed into all families. Jer. Taylor.
3. Pertaining to a walk. [.B.]
The princess of whom his majesty had an ambuktforj/ view
in his travels. Sir If, Wotton.
4. (Law) Not yet fixed legally, or settled past altera-
tion ; alterable ; as, the dispositions of a will are ambu-
latory until the death of the testator.
AmTlU-la-tO-ry, ra. ;pl. Amedlatorob (-riz). [Cf. LL.
ambulatorium.'] (Arch.) A place to walk in, whether
in the open air, as the gallery of a cloister, or within a
building.
Am'bur-y (am'ber-y), ra. Same as Anbuky.
Am'bUS-cade' (Sm'biis-kad'), m. [F. embuscade, fr.
It. imboscata, or Sp. emboscada, fr. emboscar to ambush,
fr. LL. imboscare. See Ambush, v. <.] 1. A lying in a
wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy
by surprise. Hence : A lying in wait, and concealed in
any situation, for a like purpose ; a snare laid for an
enemy ; an ambush.
2 . A place in which troops lie hid, to attack an enemy
unexpectedly. [R.] Dryden.
3. (Mil.) The body of troops lying in ambush.
Am'bUS-cade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambuscaded
(-kad'Sd) ; p. pr, & vb, ra. Ambuscaddio (-kad'ing).]
X. To post or conceal in ambush ; to ambush.
2. To lie in wait for, or to attack from a covert or lurk-
ing place ; to waylay.
AJn'bus-Cade', v. i. To lie In ambush.
Am'bns-ca'do (-ka'do), ra. Ambuscade. [Obs.'] Shah.
Am'bus-ca'doed (-d6d), p. p. Posted in ambush ;
ambuscaded. [Obs."]
Am'bnsh (Sm'bSosh), ra. [F. embilcke, fr. the verb.
See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A disposition or arrangement of
troops for attacking an enemy unexpectedly from a con-
cealed station. Hence : Unseen peril ; a device to entrap ;
a snare.
Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege
Or ambush from the deep. Milton.
2. A concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in
wait to attack by surprise.
Bold in close ambiisk, base in open field. X>ryden.
3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for attacking
by surprise ; liers in wait. [Obs."]
The ambush arose quickly out of their place. Josh. viii. 19.
To lay an ambush, to post a force in ambush.
Am'bush (am'bSSsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambushed
(-bdSsht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambushing.] [OE. enbnssen,
enbuschen, OP. embuschier, embuissier, F. embUcher,
embusquer, fr. LL. imboscare ; in -{- LL. boscus, bus-
cus, a wood ; akin to G. busch, E. bush. See Ambuscade,
Bush.] 1. To station in ambush with a view to surprise
an enemy.
By ambushed men behind their temple laid.
We have the king of Mexico betrayed. Dryden,
2. To attack by ambush ; to waylay.
Am'bush, v. i. To lie in wait, for the purpose of at-
tacking by surprise ; to lurk.
Nor saw the snake that ambushed for his prey. Trumbull.
Am'bUSh-er (-er), n. One lying in ambush.
Am'busll-ment (-ment), ra. [OF. embnschement. See
-Ajubush, v. i.] An ambush. [Obs."] 2 Chron. xiii. 13.
Am-bus'tlon (Sm-biis'chiin ; 106), n. [L. ambustio.]
(Med.) A bum or scald. Blount.
Am'e-be'an (am'«-be'an), a. (Zo'dl.) See Amcebean.
A-meer', A-mir' (^mer'), ra. [See Emir.] 1. Emir.
[Obs.\
2. One of the Mohammedan nobility of Afghanistan
and Scinde.
Am'el (Sm'Sl), ra. [OE. amell, OF. esmail, F. email,
of German origin ; cf. OHG. smelzi, G. schmelz. See
Smelt, v, t.] Enamel. [Obs.] Boyle.
Am'el, V. t. [OE. amellen, OP. esmailler, P. Smailler,
OF. esmail, F. email.] To enamel. [Obs.]
Enlightened all with stars,
-And richly ameled. Chapman.
Am'el-COrn' (-k6rn'), ra. [Ger. amelkorn : cf- MHG.
amel, amer, spelt, and L. amylum starch, Gr. ajivKov.]
A variety of wheat from which starch is produced ; —
called also French rice.
A-mel'io-ra-ble (a^mel'y6-r4-b'l), a. Capable of being
ameliorated.
A-mel'iO-rate (-rate), v. t. [imp, & p, p. Amelio-
rated (-ra'tSd) ; p.pr. & vb. ra. Ameliorating.] [L. a4
-\- meliorare to make better: cf. P. ameliorer. See
Meliorate.] To make better ; to improve ; to meliorate.
In every human being there is a wish to ameliorate his own
condition. Macaulay,
A-mel'lO-rate, v. i. To grow better ; to meliorate ;
as, wine ameliorates by age.
A-mel'lo-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), re. [Cf. F. amelioration.'^
The act of ameliorating, or the state of being amelio-
rated ; making or becoming better ; improvement ; mel-
ioration. " Amelioration of "human affairs." J. S. Mill.
A-mel'IO-ra-tive (-ra-tiv), a. Tending to ameliorate;
producing amelioration or improvement ; as, ameliora-
tive remedies, efforts.
A-mel'io-ra'tor (-ra'ter), ra. One who ameliorates.
A'men' (a'mSn' ; in singing, a'mSn'j 277), inierj.,
adv., & n. [L. amen, Gr. a/xriv, Heb. amen certainly,
truly.] An expression used at the end of prayers, and
meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn
asseveration of belief. When it introduces a declaration,
it is equivalent to truly, verily. It is used as a noun,
to denote : (a) concurrence in belief, or in a statement ;
assent ; (6) the final word or act ; (c) Christ as being
one who is true and faithfuL
And let all the people say, Amen. Ps. cvi. 48.
Amen, amen, I say to thee, except a man be bom again, he
can not see the kingdom of God. John ii. 3, jRhemish Trans.
To say Amen to, to approve warmly ; to concur in heart-
ily or emphatically ; to ratify ; as, I say Amen to aU.
A'men', v. t. To say Amea to ; to sanction fully.
A-me'na-bil'l-ty (4-me'n5^bil'i-ty), ra. The quality
of being amenable ; amenableness. Coleridge,
A-me'na-ble (a-me'na-b'l), a. [F. amener to lead ; h
(L. ad) -f mener to lead, fr. L. minare to drive animals
(properly by threatening cries), in LL. to lead ; L. minari,
to threaten, TOJraae threats. See Menace.] X, (Old Law)
Easy to be led ; governable, as a woman by her husband.
[06s.] Jacob.
2. Liable to be brought to account or punishment ; an-
swerable ; responsible ; accountable ; as, amenable to law.
Nor Is man too diminutive ... to be amenable to the divine
government. T, Taylor,
3. Liable to punishment, a charge, a claim, etc.
4. Willing to yield or submit ; responsive ; tractable.
Sterling . , . always was amenable enough to counsel. Carhjle.
A-me'na-ble-ness, ra. The quality or state of being
amenable ; liability to answer charges ; answerableness.
A-me'na-bly, adv. In an amenable manner.
Am'e-nage (Sm'e-nSj), v, t, [OF. amesnagier. See
Manage.] To manage. [Obs.'] Spenser,
Am'e-nance (-nans), n, [OF. See Amenable.] Be-
havior; bearing. [Obs,] Spenser.
A-mend' (a-m6nd'), v. t, [imp, & p, p. Amended ;
p, pr, & vb, ra. Amending.] [P. amender, L. emendare;
e (ex) + mendum, menda, fault, akm to Skr. minda per-
sonal defect. Cf. Emend, Mend.] To change or modify in
any way for the better ; as, (a) by simply removing what
is erroneous, corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the like :
(b) by supplying deficiencies ; (c) by substituting some-
thing else in the place of what is removed ; to rectify.
Mar not the thing that can not be amended, Shak,
An instant emergency, granting no possibility for revision, or
opening for amended thought. T)e Qui7icey.
We shall cheer her sorrows, and ai7iend her blood, by wed-
ding her to a Norman. Sir Ji. Scott.
To amend a bill, to make some change in the details or
provisions of a bill or measure while on its passage, pro-
fessedly for its improvement.
Syn. — To Amend, Emend, Correct, Reform, Rec-
tify. These words agree in the idea of bringing things
into a more perfect state. We correct (literally, make
B
H
K
use, unite, r^de, full, <lp, tmn; pity; food, fobt; out, oil;; cbair; go; sing, ink: tben, tliin ; boN ; zli = z in azure.
IVl
AMEND
48
AMISS
straight) when we conform things to some standard or
rule ; as, to currecl proof sheets. We amend by remov-
ing blemishes, faults, or errors, and thus rendering a thing
more nearly perfect ; as, to uintnd our ways, to amend a
text, the draft of a bill, etc. Emend is only another form
of amend, and is appUed cliieliy to editions of books, etc.
To reform is literally to form over agam, or put into a
new and better form ; as, to reform one's life. To rectify
is to make right; as, to rectify a mistake, to rectify
abuses, inadvertencies, etc.
A-mend' (a-mend'), V. i. To grow better by rectifying
something wrong in manners or morals ; to improve.
"My fortune . . . amends." Sir P. Sidney.
A-mend'a-ble (-a^b'l), a. Capable of being amended ;
as, an amendable writ or error. — A-mend'a-ble-ness, n.
A-mend'a-tO-ry (-a-t6-ry), a. Supplying amendment ;
corrective; eraendatory. Bancroft.
II A'mende' (a'maNd'), n. [F. See Amend.] A pecu-
niary punishment or fine ; a repai'ation or recantation.
Amende honorable (o'no'rii'bl). {Old French Law) A
species of infamous punishment In wliich the offender,
being led into court with a rope about liis neck, and a
lighted torch in his hand, begged pardon of his God, the
court, etc. In popular language, the phrase now denotes
a public apology or recantation, and reparation to an in-
jured iJarty, for improper language or treatment.
A-mend'er (a-mend'er), n. One who amends.
A-mend'ful (-ful), ". Much improving. [^06.5.]
A-mend'ment (-ment), n. [F. ainendement, LL.
amendamentum.1 1. An alteration or change for the
better ; correction of a fault or of faults ; reformation
of life by quitting vices.
2. In public bodies : Any alteration made or proposed
to be made in a bill or motion by adding, changing, sub-
stituting, or omitting.
3. (Law) Correction of an error in a \vi-it or process.
Syn. — Improvement; reformation; emendation.
A-mends' (a-mendz'), «.. sing. &pt. [F. amendes, pi. of
amende. Cf. Amende.] Compensation for a loss or in-
jury ; recompense ; reparation. [_yow const, with sing,
verb'} " An honorable amoirfs." Addison.
Yet tlius far fortune niaketh us amends. Sliak.
A-men'i-ty (a-men'T-ty), n. ; pi. Amenities (-tiz).
[F. amenile, L. amoenitas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] The
quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in re-
spect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition ;
pleasantness ; civility ; suavity ; gentleness.
A sweetness and an anteiiiti/ of temper. Buckle.
This climate has not seduced by its amenities. W. Howitt.
I! A-men'or-rhoe'a (a-men'Sr-re'a), n. [Gr. a priv. +
ixriir month + pilv to flow : cf. F. anienorrhee.'] (Med.)
Retention or suppression of the menstrual discharge.
A-men'or-rhoe'al (-ol), a. Pertaining to amenorrhoea.
II A men'sa et tho'ro (a men'sa et tho'ro). [L., from
board and bed.] {Law) A
kind of divorce which does not
dissolve the marriage bond,
but merely authorizes a sepa-
rate life of the husband and
wife. Abbott.
Am'ent (am'Snt), n. [L.
amentum, thong or strap.]
[Bot.) A species of inflores-
cence ; a catkin.
The globular ament of a button-
wood. C'oues.
Aments or Catkins.
a Jlale Aments ; b Female
Ament.
Am'en-ta'ceons (Sm'en-
ta'shus),a. [lilu. amentaceus.~\
(Bot.) (a) Resembling, or con-
sisting of, an ament or aments ; as, the chestnut has an
.amentoeeo«s inflorescence. (6) Beariiig aments ; having
flowers arranged in aments ; as, amentaceous plants.
II A-men'ti-a (a-men'shi-a), n. [L.] (Med.) Imbecil-
ity ; total want of understanding.
Am'en-tU'er-ous (am'en-tifer-iis), a. [L. amentxnm
-[■ -ferous.'] (jBo/.) Bearing catlnns. Balfour.
A-men'tX-fonn (a-men'tT-f8rm), a. [L. amentmn +
-form.} (Bot.) Shaped like a catkin.
II A-men'tum (a-men'tiim), re.; pi. Amenta (-ta).
Same as Ament.
Am'e-nuse (am'e-nuz), V. t. [OF. amenuisier. See
Minute.] To lessen. \_Obs.'] Chaucer.
A-merce' (a-mers'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Amekced (a-
merst') ; p. pr. Sz vb. n. Amercing.] [OF. amercier, fr.
a merci at the mercy of, liable to a punishment. See
Merct. ] 1 . To punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount
of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion of
the court ; as, the court amerced the criminal in the sum
of one hundred dollars.
(5^°° The penalty or fine may be expressed without a
preposition, or it may be introduced by in, with, or of.
2. To punish, in general; to mulct.
Millions of spirits for his fault amerced
Of Heaven. Mlton.
Shall by him be amerced with penance due. Spenser.
A-iaerce'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Liable to be amerced.
A-merce'ment (-ment), n. [OF. amerdment.'] The
infliction of a penalty at the discretion of the court ; also,
a mulct or penalty thus imposed. It differs from a, fine,
in that the latter is, or was originally, a fixed and certain
sum prescribed by statute for an offense ; but an amerce-
ment is arbitrary. Hence, the act or practice of affeer-
ing. [See Affeer.] Blackstone.
^g^ This word, in old books, is written amerciament.
Amercement royal, a penalty imposed on an officer for
a misdemeanor in his office. Jacobs.
A-mer'oer (a-mer'ser), n. One who amerces.
A-mer'cia-ment (-sha-ment or -sl-a-ment), re. [LL.
amerciamentiim,.} Same as AMEKeEMENT. Mozley & W.
A-mer'i-can (a-mer'T-kan), a. [Named from Ameri-
■ ciis Vespucius.] 1. Of or pertaining to America ; as, the
jimerican continent ; American Indians.
2. Of or pertaining to the United States. "A yotmj
officer of the American navy." Lyell.
American ivy. See Virginia ceeepee. — American Party
( U. S. Politics), a party, about 1854, which opposed the
influence of foreign-born citizens, and those sujiposed to
owe allegiance to a foreign power. — Native American Party
( U. S. Politics), a party of principles similar to those of
the American party. It arose about 1843, but soon died out.
A-mer'i-can (a-mer'i-kon), n. A native of America ; —
originally apphed to the aboriginal uiliabitants, but now
applied to the descendants of Europeans born in Amer-
ica, and especially to the citizens of the United States.
The name American must always exalt the pride of patriot-
ism. Washington.
A-mer'i-can-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Attachment to the
United States.
2. A custom peculiar to the United States or to Amer-
ica; an American characteristic or idea.
3. A word or phrase peculiar to the United States.
A-mer'i-can-i-za'tion (a-mer'i-kan-T-za'shun), n . The
process of Americanizing.
A-mer'1-can-ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. American-
ized (-izd); p.pr. & vb. re. Ahekicanizing.] To render
American ; to assimilate to the Americans in customs,
ideas, etc. ; to stamp with American characteristics.
Ames'— ace (amz'as), n. Same as Ambs-ace.
Am'ess (am'es), n. (JEccl.) Amice, a hood or cape.
See 2d Amice.
II Am'e-tab'O-la (am'e-tab'6-la), re. pi. [NL.] (Zo'ol.)
A group of insects which do not undergo any metamor-
phosis. [Written also Amelabolia.}
A-met'a-bO'li-an (a-met'a-bo'lT-«n), a. [Gr. afiera^o-
Aos unchangeable ; a priv. + /aera/BoAos changeable, nicra-
/SdAAeii/ to change.] (Zo'ol.) Of or pertaining to insects
that do not undergo any metamorphosis.
A-met'a-bol'ic (a-met'a-bol'ik), la. (Zo'ol.) N'ot
Am'e-tab'0-lOUS (am'e-tSb'S-lQs), I undergoing any
metamorphosis; as, amelabolic insects.
A-meth'0-dist (a-meth'o-dTst), re. [Pref. a- not -\-
methodist.} One without method ; a quack. [Obs.']
Am'e-tnyst (Sm'e-thlst), n. [OF. ameliste, amatiste,
F. amethyste, L. amethystus, fr. Gr. dfie'fluo-Tos without
drmikenness ; as a noim, a remedy for drunkenness, the
amethyst, supposed to have this power ; d priv. -|- /xe-
flOeii' to be drunken, fie'flu strong driiik,wine. See Mead.]
X. (Min.) A variety of cry.stallized quartz, of a purple
or bluish violet color, of different shades. It is much
used as a jeweler's stone.
Oriental amethyst, the violet-blue variety of transparent
crystallized corundum or sappliire.
2. (Her.) A purple color in a nobleman's escutcheon,
or coat of arms.
Am'e-thys'tine (am'e-this'tm), a. [L. amethystinus,
Gr. ijaeflva-TH'os.] 1. Resembling amethyst, especially in
color ; bluish violet.
2. Composed of, or containing, amethyst.
II Am'e-tro'pi-a (-tro'pT-a), n. [Gr. dfierpos irregular
4- wi|', luTTos, eye.] (Med.) Any abnormal condition of
the refracting powers of the eye. — Am'e-trop'ic (-trop'-
itk), a.
Am-har'lc (5m-h5r'Tk), a. Of or pertaining to Am-
hara, a division of Abyssinia ; as, the Amharic language
is closely allied to the Ethiopic — re. The Amharic lan-
guage (now the chief language of Abyssinia).
II Am'i-a (am'T-a), re. [L., fr. Gr. d^xi'a a kind of tunny.]
(Zo'ol.) A genus of fresh-water ganoid fishes, exclusively
confined to North America ; — called bowfin in Lake
Champlain, dogfish in Lake Erie, and mudfish in South
Carolina, etc. See Bowfin.
A'mi-a-bU'i-ty (a'mi-a-bil'i-ty), re. The quality of
being amiable ; amiableness ; sweetness of disposition.
Every excellency is a degree of amiability. Jer. Taylor.
A'ml-a-ble (a'mt-a-b'l), a. [F. amiable, L. amicabilis
friendly, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. The mean-
ing has been influenced by F. aimable, L. amabilis lova-
ble, fr. amare to love. Cf . Amicable, Amoeous, Amabil-
ITY.] 1. Lovable ; lovely ; pleasing. [Obs. or JJ.]
So amiable a prospect. Sir T. Herbert.
2. Friendly; kindly; sweet; gracious; a,s, a,n amiable
temper or mood ; amiable ideas.
3. Possessing sweetness of disposition ; having sweet-
ness of temper, kind-heartedness, etc., which causes one
to be liked ; as, an amiable woman.
4. Done out of love. [Obs.~\
"Lay an amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford's wife. Skak.
A'mi-a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being amiable ;
amiability.
A'mi-a-bly, adv. In an amiable manner.
Am'i-antll (am'i-anth), re. See Amianthus. [Poetic']
Am'i-an'tlli-fonil (am'i-an'thT-fSrm), a. [Amianthus
+ -form.} Resembling amianthus in form.
Am'i-an'thoid (-thoid), a. [Amianthus -f- -oid: cf.
F. amiantdide.} Resembling amianthus.
Am'i-an'thUS (-thiis), re. [L. amiantus, Gr. aju.i'oi'Tos
At'So; (lit, unsoiled stone) a greenish stone, like asbestus ;
a priv. -[- fitaiVeii' to stain, to defile ; so called from its
incombustibility.] (Min.) Earth flax, or mountain flax ;
a soft silky variety of asbestus.
Am'ic (Smlk), a. [L. areimonia -)- -ic] (CAerei.) Re-
lated to, or derived from, ammonia ; — used chiefly as a
suffix ; as, amic acid ; phosphamic acid.
Amic acid {Chem.), one of a class of nitrogenized acids
somewhat resembling amides.
Am'i-ca-bU'i-ty (am'i-ka-btl'T-ty), n. The quality of
being amicable ; friendliness ; amicableness. Ash.
Am'i-ca-ble (5m'i-ka-b'l), a. [L. amicabilis, fr. amicus
friend, fr. amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendly;
proceeding from, or exhibiting, friendliness; after the
manner of friends ; peaceable ; as, an amicable disposi-
tion, or arrangement.
That which was most remarkable in this contest was . . . the
amicable manner in which it was managed. Prideavx.
Amicable action (Law), an action commenced and prose-
cuted by amicable consent of the parties, for the pur-
pose of obtaining a decision of the court on some matter
of law involved m it. Boucier. Burritl. — Amicable n^-
bers (Math.), two numbers, each of which is equal to the
sum of all the aliquot parts of the other.
Syn. — Friendly ; peaceable ; kind ; harmonious. ^
Amicable, Friendly. Neither of these words denotes
any great wtirmth of affection, since friendhi has by no
means the same strength as its nounfriendship. It does,
however, imply something of real cordiality ; wliilc ami-
cable supposes very little more than that the parties re-
ferred to are not disposed to quarrel. Hence, we speak
of amicable relations between two countries, an amica-
ble adjustment of difficulties. " Tliose who entertain
friendly feelings toward each other can live amicably
together."
Am'1-ca-ble-ness (Sm'T-ka-b'l-nes), n. The quality of
being amicable ; amicability.
Am'i-ca-bly, adv. In an amicable manner.
Am'ice (am'is), n. [OE. amyse, prob. for amyt, OF.
amit, ameit, fr. L. amicius cloak, the word being contused
with amice, almuce, a hood or cape. See next word.] A
square of white linen worn at first on the head, but now
about the neck and shoulders, by priests of the Roman
Catholic Church whUe saying Mass.
0^=' Examples of the use of the words amice, a square
of linen, and amice, ame.^s, or uynys.-i, a hood or cape,
show confusion between them from an early date.
Am'ice, re. [OE. amuce, amis.^e, OF. almuce, <iu-
muce,V. aumusse, LL. abnucium, almueia, aumucia:
of unknown orii;in ; cf. G. miitse cap, prob. of the same
origin. Cf. Mo'zetta.] (Eccl.) A hood, or cape with a
hood, made of or lined with gray im, formerly worn by
the clergy ; — written also amess, amyss, and almuce.
A-mid' (a-mid'), prep. See Amidst.
Am'ide (Sm'id or amid ; 277), re. [Ammonia + -ide.}
(Chem.) A compound formed by the union of amidogen
with an acid element or radical. It may also be re-
garded as ammonia in which one or more hydrogen
atoms have been replaced by an acid atom or radical.
Acid amide, a neutral compound formed by the substi-
tution of the amido group for hydroxyl in an acid.
Am'i-din (amT-dtn), re. [Cf. F. amidine, fr. amidon
starch, fr. L. amylum, Gr. anv\ov fine meal, neut. of
d;avAos not ground at the mill, — hence, of the finest
meal ; a priv. -|- fxvAos, |u.«A)), mill. See Meal.] (Chem.)
Starch modified by heat so as to become a transparent
mass, like horn. It is soluble in cold water.
A-mi'dO (a-mi'do), a. [From Amide.] (Chem.) Con-
taining, or derived from, amidogen.
Amido acid, an acid in which a portion of the nonacid
hydrogen has been replaced by the amido group. The
amido acids are both basic and acid. — Amido group, amid-
ogen, NHj.
A-mld'O-gen (a-mld'o-jen), re. [Amide + -gen..}
(Chem.) A compound radical, NH,, not yet obtained in
a separate state, which may be regarded as ammonia from
the molecule of which one of its hydrogen atoms has
been removed ; — called also the amido group, and in
composition represented by the form amido.
A-mid'ships (a-mld'shTps), adv. (Naui.) In the mid-
dle of a ship, with regard to her length, and sometimes
also her breadth. Totten.
A-midSt' (a-midsf), ) prep. [OE. amidde, amiddes,
A-mid' (a-mid'), J ore midden, AS. ore middan,
in the middle, fr. midde the middle The s is an adver-
bial ending, originally marking the genitive ; the < is a
later addition, as in whilst, amongst, alongst. See Mn).]
In the midst or middle of ; surrounded or encompassed
by ; among. " This fair tree amidst the garden." " Un-
seen oreiirf the throng. " "^mtrfji/ thick clouds." Milton.
'^ Am.idst acclamations." "Amidst the splendor and
festivity of a court. " Macaulay.
But rather famish them amid their plenty. Shak.
Syn. — Amidst, Among. These words differ to some
extent from each other, as wUl be seen from their ety-
mology. Amidst denotes in the midst or middle of, and
hence surrounded by ; as, this work was written amidst
many interruptions. Among denotes a mingling or inter-
mixing with distinct or separable objects; as, "He fell
among thieves." "Blessed art thou among women."
Hence, we say, among the moderns, among the ancients,
among the thickest of the trees, among these considera-
tions, among the reasons I have to offer. Amid and
amidst are commonly used when the idea of separate or
distinguishable objects is not prominent. Hence, we say,
they kept on amidst the storm, amidst the gloom, he was
sinldng amidst the waves, he persevered amidst many
difficulties ; in none of which cases could among be used.
In like manner, MUton .speaks of Abdiel, —
The seraph .ibdiel, faithful found ;
Among the faithless faithful only he,
because he was then considered as one of the angels.
But when the poet adds, —
From amidst them forth he passed,
we have rather the idea of the angels as a collective body.
Those squahd cabins and uncleared woods amidst which he
was born. Macaulay.
Am'ine (am'in or am'en ; 277), re. [Ammonia -)- -tree.]
(Chem.) One of a class of strongly basic substances de-
rived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hy-
drogen atoms by a basic atom or radical.
Am'i-oid (am'I-oid), a. (Zo'ol.) Like or pertaining to"
the Amioidei. — re. One of the Amioidei.
II Am'i-Oi'de-i (am'i-oi'de-i), re. pi. [NL., fr. Amia -\-
-oid.} (Zo'ol.) An order of ganoid fishes of which Amia
is the type. See Bowfin and Ganoidei.
II A-mir' (a-mer'), re. Same as Ameer.
A-miss' (a-mis'), adv. [Pref. a- -j- miss.} Astray;
faultily ; improperly ; wrongly ; ill.
What error drives our eyes and ears amiss ? Shak.
Ye ask and receive not>>becausc ye ask amiss. James iv. 3.
To take (an act, thing) amiss, to impute a wrong motive
to (an act or thing) ; to take offense at ; to take unkindly ;
as, you must not take these questions amiss.
ale, seaate, care, .am, arm, ask, final, alii eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb, dddj
AMISS
49
AMOUR
A-mlBS' (4-mts'), a. Wrong ; faulty ; out of order ;
improper ; as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. [Used
only iu the predicate.] Dryden.
His wisdom and virtue can not always rectify that which ia
amiss in himself or his circumstances. WuHaston.
A-miss', n. A fault, wrong, or mistake. lObs.]
Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss. Shak.
A-mls'si-Wl'i-ty (a-mTs'sI-bllT-tJ^), n. [Cf. F. amis-
sibilile. See Amit.] The quality of being amissible;
possibility of being lost, [i?.]
Notions of popular rights and the amissibilili/ of sovereign
power for misconduct were alternately broached by tlie two
great religious parties of Europe. Hallaiii.
A-mls'si-ble (a-mis'sT-b'l), a. [L. amissibilis: cf. F.
amissible.] Liable to be lost. [iJ.]
A-mis'slon (a-mtsb'un), m. [L. amissio: cf. F. amis-
smi.} Deprivation; loss. [Ofc.] Sir T. Browne.
A-mlt' (a-mif), V. t. [L. amitlere, amissum, to lose ;
a {ab) + mittere to send. See Missile.] To lose. [06s.]
A lodestone fired doth presently amit its proper virtue.
Sir T. Browne.
Am'l-ty (Sin'T-tj^), n. ; pi. Amities (-tlz). [F. amilie,
OF. amistie, amiste, fr. an assumed IJJ. amici'as, fr. L.
amicus friendly, from amare to love. See Amiable.]
Friendship, in a general sense, between individuals, so-
cieties, or nations ; friendly relations ; good imderstand-
ing ; as, a treaty of amity and commerce ; the amity of
the Whigs and Tories.
To live on terms of amity with vice. Cowper.
Syn. — Harmony ; friendliness ; friendship ; affection ;
good will ; peace.
II Am'ma (am'ma), n. [LL. amma, prob. of interjec-
f ional or imitative origin ; cf. Sp. ama, G. amme, nurse,
Hasque ama mother, Heb. em, Ar. iiiimun, umnmn.'] An
abbess or spiritual mother.
Am'me-ter (-me-ter), n. (Physics) A contraction of
innperometer or amperemeter.
Am'mi-ral (-mT-rol), n. An obsolete form of admiral.
'■The mast of some great ainmiral." Hilton,
Am'mlte (Sm'mit^, n. [Gr. a^|u,iT7)s, anjitris, sand-
stone, fr. ajifios or afijaos sand.] (Geol.) Oolite or roe-
stone ; — written also hammite. [06.S.]
Am'mo-dyte (am'm6-dit), n. [L. ammodytes, Ur. a/j.-
^o5vTi)9 sand burrower, a kind of serpent ; a;ii;u.os sand +
£ur>)9 diver, Svnv to dive.] (Zo'ol.) (a) One of a genus
of fislies ; the sand eel. (6) A kind of viper iu southern
Europe. lObs.]
Am-mo'ni-a (5m-rao'nT-a), n. [From sal ammoniac,
which was first obtained near the temple of Jupiter .dwi-
mon, by burning camels' dung. See Ammoniac] (Chem.)
A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NHg,
with a pungent smell and taste t — often called volatile
alkali, and spirits of hartshorn.
Am-mo'ni-ac (am-mo'nl-Sk), 1 a. Of or pertain-
Am'mo-ni'a-oal (am'mo-ni'a-kal), ) ing to ammonia,
or possessing its properties ; as, an am moniac salt ; am-
moniacal gas.
Ammoniacal engine, an engine in which the vapor of am-
monia is used as the motive force. — Sal ammoniac [L. sal
ammoniacus], the salt usually called cliloride of ammo-
nium, and formerly muriate of ammonia.
Am-mo'nl-ac_(<M' Gum' am-mo'ni-ac), n. [L. Am-
moniacum, 6r. anfiioviaKov a resinous gum, said to dis-
till from a tree near the temple of Jupiter Ammon ;
ci. F. ammoniac. See Ammonite.] (il/ecf. ) The concrete
juice (gum resin) of an umbelliferous plant, the Dorema
ammoniacum. It is brought chiefiy from Persia in the
form of yellowish tears, which occur singly, or are ag-
gregated into masses. It has a peculiar smell, and a
nauseous, sweet taste, followed by a bitter one. It is
inflammable, partially soluble in water and iu spirit of
wine, and is used in medicine as an expectorant and re-
solvent, and for the formation of certain plasters.
Am-mo'ni-a'ted (-a'ted), a. {Chem.) Combined or im-
pregnated with ammonia.
i^-mo'mc (am-mo'nik or Sm-mon'ik), a. Of or per-
taining to ammonia.
Am'mon-lte (am'mun-It), n. [L. comu Ammonis
horn of Ammon ; L. Ammon, Gr. 'Xjj^ixwv an appellation
of Jupiter, as represented with the horns of a ram. It
was originally the name of an
Egyptian god, Amun.^ (Pale-
on.) A fossU cephalopod shell
related to the nautilus. There
are many genera and species,
and all are extinct, the typical
forms having existed only in the
Mesozoic age, when they were
exceedingly numerous. They
differ from the nautili in having Ammonite {Ammonites Ja-
the margins of the septa very *°">' ^"'^^ ™<i 2i<i<= ■'iew.
much lobed or plaited, and the slphuncle dorsal. Also
called serpent stone, snake stone, and comu Ammonis.
Am'mon-1-tiI'er-ous (5m'miin-i-tTf'er-iIs), a. \_Am-
monile -f -ferons.l Containing fossil ammonites.
II Am-mon'i-tOld'e-a(am-mon'i-toid'e-a),M.p;. CNL.,
fr. Ammonite -\- -oid.'] (Zool.) An extensive group of
fossil cephalopods often very abundant in Mesozoic
rocks. Their shells are frequently large and highly oma.-
.mented. See Ammonite.
Am-mo'nl-um (am-mo'nT-um), n. [See Ammonia.]
(Chem.) A compound radical, NH4, having the chemical
relations of a strongly basic element like the alkali metals.
Am'mu-ni'tlon (Sm'mt-nish'iin), re. [F. amunition,
for munition, prob. caused by taking la munition as
I'amunition. See Munition.] 1. Military stores, or
provisions of aU kinds for attack or defense. [Oft*.]
2. Articles used in charging firearms and ordnance of
all kinds ; as powder, balls, shot, shells, percussion caps,
rockets, etc.
3. Any stock of missiles, literal or figurative.
Ammunition bread, shoes, etc. , such as are contracted for
oy government, and Supplied to the soldiers. [£n'j.]
Ama?ba, much
enlarged.
Am'mu-nl'tlon (Sm'mii-nTsh'iSn), V. t. [imp. &p. p.
Ammunitioned (-und) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ammunitioning.]
To provide with ammunition.
II Am-ne'si-a (5m-ne'sT-a or -zi-4), re. [NL., fr. 6r.
ifinjcria ; a priv. -)- fivacrBat. to remember.] (Med.) For-
getf ulness ; .also, a defect of speech, from cerebral disease,
in which the patient substitutes wrong words or names in
the place of those he wishes to employ. Quain.
Am-ne'slc (Sm-ne'sTk), a. (Med.) Of or pertainikig
to anmesia. " Amnesic or coiirdin.ate defects." Quain.
Am-nes'tlc (Sm-nSs'tTk), a. Causing loss of memory.
Am'nes-ty (Sm'ngs-ty), n. [L. amnestia, Gr. o/ohtj-
OTi'a, a forgetting, fr. a/injtrros forgotten, forgetful ; a
priv. -j- ixvaaOai to remember : cf. F. amnistie, earlier
amnestic. See Mean, v.J 1. Forgetfulness ; cessation
of remembrance of a wrong ; oblivion.
2. An act of the sovereign power griinting oblivion, or
a general pardon, for a past offense, as to subjects con-
cerned in an insurrection.
Am'nes-ty, v. t. [itnp. & p. p. Amnestied (-ttd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Amnestying.] To grant amnesty to.
Am-nlc'0-llst (am-nTk'6-list), n. [L. amnicola, am-
nis a river -j- colere to dwell.] One who lives near a
river. [Oi«.] Bailey.
Am-nig'e-noUS (Sm-nTj'e-niis), a. [L. amnigena ; am-
nis a river -|- root gen of giqnere to beget.] Born or
bred in, of, or near a river. [Ois.] Bailey.
Am'nl-on (5m'ni-5n), re. [Gr. a/xviov the membrane
round the fetus, dim. of aixvoi lamb.] (Anat.) A thin
membrane surrounding the embryos of mammals, birds,
and reptiles.
Am'ni-os (-3s), re. Same as Amnion.
II Am'nl-o'ta (5m'nT-o't4), n.pl. ' [NL. See Amnion.]
(Zool.) That group of vertebrates wliich develops in its
embryonic life the envelope called the amnion. It com-
prises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals.
Am'nl-Ot'lc (-St'Ik), a. [Of. F. amiiiotique.'] (Anat.)
Of or pertaining to the amnion ; characterized by an
amnion ; as, the amniotic fluid ; the amniotic sac.
Amniotic acid. (Cliem.) [R.] See Allantoin.
A-moBl)a (i-me'ba), n.; pi. L. Am(Eb^ (-be); E.
Amcebas (-baz). [NL., fr. Gr. anoip-q
change.] (Zool.) A rhizopod com-
mon in fresh water, capable of un-
dergoing many changes of form at
will. See Rhizopoda.
II Am'oe-bae'um (Sm'e-be'um), re.
[L. amoebaeus, Gr. ofiot|3aros, alter-
nate ; L. amoebaeum carmen, Gr. Serbia
i|iioi/3aroi', a responsive song, fr. ajioi-
^^; change.] A poem in which per-
sons are represented as speaking alternately ; as the third
and seventh eclogues of VirgU.
II Am'oe-be'a (Sm'e-be'a), n. pi. [NL.] (Zool.) That
division of the Rhizopoda which includes the amoeba and
similar forms.
Am'OB-be'an (-be'an), a. Alternately answering.
A-mee'bi-an (a-me'bi-an), re. (Zool.) One of the
Amoebea.
A-mce'bl-form(a-me'bT-fSrm), ) a. \_Amceba-\--form,
A-mOB'boid (a-me'boid), ( or -oid-l (Biol.)
Resembling an amoeba; amoeba-shaped; changing in
shape like an amoeba.
Amoeboid movement, movement produced, as in the
amoeba, by successive processes of prolongation and re-
traction.
A-mce'bOUS (-biis), a. Like an amoeba in structure.
Am'0-U'tion (3m'd-lish'iin), re. [L. amoliiio, fr. amo-
liri to remove ; a (ab) -j- moliri to put in motion.] Re-
moval; a putting away. \Obs.'] Bp.Ward (VdlZ).
II A-mo'mum (a-mo'miiTn), re. [L., fr. Gr. a/aajju.oi' an
Indian spice plant.] (Bot.) A genus of aromatic plants.
It includes species which bear cardamoms, and grains of
paradise.
A-mon'este (a-mon'est), V. t. To admonish. [06s.]
A-mong' (a-miing'), \prep. [OE. amongist,
A-mongst' (a^miingsf), ) amonges, amonge, among,
AS. onmang, ongemang, gemang, in a crowd or mixture.
For the ending -st see Ajiidst. See JUingle.] 1. Mixed
or mingled with ; surrounded by.
They heard,
And from his presence hid themselves among
The thickest trees. JUllton.
2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of
the number of ; in the number or class of.
Blessed art thou among women. ZvJce i. 28.
3. Expressing a relation of dispersion, distribution,
etc. ; also, a relation of reciprocal action.
What news among the merchants ? Shak.
Human sacrifices were practiced among them. Hume.
Divide that gold amongst you. Marloioe.
Whether they quarreled among themselves, or with their
neighbors. Addison.
Syn. — Amidst ; between. See Amidst, Between.
II A-mon'til-la'dO (a-mSn'til-ya'do), re. [Sp.] A dry
kind of sherry, of a light color. Simmonds.
Am'O-ret (am'o-ret), re. [OF. amorette, F. amourette,
dim. of amour.l 1. An amorous girl or woman ; a wan-
ton. [06s.] J. Warton.
2. A love knot, love token, or love song, (pi.) Love
glances or love tricks. [06s.]
3. A petty love affair or amour. [06s.]
Am'0-rette' (-rSf), re. Anamoret. [06s.] Bom. of B.
Am'0-rist (5m'o-rTst), re. [L. amor love. See Amo-
rous.] A lover ; a gallant. [K.] 3Iilton.
It was the custom for an amorist to impress the name of his
mistress in the dust, or upon the damp earth, with letters fixed
upon his shoe. Soiithri/.
A— mom'lngs (a-m8rn'Tngz), adv. [See Amorwb.
The -s is a genitival ending. See -wards.] In the morn-
ing; every morniug. [05s.]
And have such pleasant walks into the woods
A-moi-nings. J. Fletcher,
II Am'O-ro'sa (Sm'o-ro'sa), re. [It. amoroso, fem. amo-
rosa.'] A wanton woman ; a courtesan. Sir T. Herbert.
Am'0-ros'i-ty (-r5s'i-ty), n. The quality of being am-
orous ; lovinguess. [i?.] Gait,
II Am'0-ro'SO (-r5's6), re. [It. amoroso, LL. amorosus.']
A lover ; a man enamored.
II Am'0-ro'so, adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a soft, tender,
amatory style.
Am'o-rous (5m'6-rtis), a. [OF. amoros, F. amoreux,
liL. amorosus,fT. Li. amor \ove,iT. amare to love."] 1. In-
clined to love ; having a propensity to love, or to sexual
enjoyment ; lovmg ; fond ; fiffeotionate ; as, an amorous
disposition.
2. Affected with love; in love; enamored; — usually
with of; formerly with on.
Thy roses amorous of the moou. Keats.
High nature amorous of the good. Teymysun.
Sure my brother is auiorous on Hero. S/iak.
3. Of or relating to, or produced by, love. "Amorous
delight." Mlilton. '■'■Amorous aXia." Waller.
Syn. — Loving: fond; tender; passionate; affection-
ate ; devoted ; ardent.
Am'0-rous-ly, adv. In an amorous manner ; fondly.
Am'o-rous-ness, re. Tlie quality of being amorous, or
inclined to sexual love ; lovingness.
A-mor'pha (a-mSr'la), re. ; pi. Amorphas (-faz). [Gr.
a^i.op0os shapeless.] (Bot.) A genusof leguminous shrubf%
having long clusters of purple flowers ; false or bastard
indigo. Longfellow,
A-mor'pblsm (-fTz'm), re. [See Amorphous.] A state
of being amorphous ; esp. a state of being without crys-
tallization even in the minutest particles, as in glass,
opal, etc. There are stony substances which, when fused,
may cool as glass or as stone ; the glass state is some-
times spoken of as a state of amorji/iism.
A-mor'phOUS (-fiis), a. [Gr. ofiop<;)os; a priv. -f-
/xop(|))) form.] 1. Having no determinate form ; of irreg-
ular shape ; shapeless. Kirwan.
2. Without crystallization in the ultimate texture of a
solid substance ; uncrystallized.
3. Of no particular kind or character ; anomalous.
Scientific treatises . . . are not seldom rude and amoi'phoua
in style. Hare,
— A-mor'phous-ly, acfv. — A-mor'phous-ness, re.
II A-mor'pho-ZO'a (a-mSr'fo-zo'a), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
o;aop<^os shapeless ; a priv. -\- /J-opcfir) form -|- ^wov animal.]
(Zool.) Animals without a mouth or regular internal or-
gans, as the sponges.
A-mor'pho-zo'ic (-ik), a. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to
the Amorphozoa.
A-mor'phy (-fy), re. [Gr. a/nop(#)ia : cf. F. amorpliie.
See Amorphous.] Shapelessness. [06s.] Swift.
A-mort' (a-mSrf), a. [Pref . a- -f F. mart death, dead ;
all amort is for alamort.'\ As if dead ; lifeless ; spirit-
less ; dejected ; depressed.
What, sweeting ! all amort ! Shak.
A-mor'tlse (a-m6r'tTz), v., A-mor'ti-sa'tion (-ti-za'-
shiin), re., A-mor'tis-a-ble (-tiz-a-b'l), a., A-mor'tise-
ment (-ment), re. Same as Amortize, Amortization, etc.
A-mor'tiz-a-ble (a-mfir'tiz-a-b'l), a. [Cf. F. amortis-
sable.'] Capable of being cleared off, as a debt.
A-mor'ti-za'tion (a-mSr'ti-za'shtin), re. [LL. amorti-
satio, admoriizalio. See Amortize, and cf. Acmoetiza-
TiON.] 1. (Law) The act or right of alienating lands to
a corporation, which was considered formerly as trans-
ferring them to dead hands, or in mortmain.
2. The extinction of a debt, usually by means of a sink-
ing fund; also, the money thus paid. Simmonds,
A-mor'tize (a-mSr'tTzV V, t. [OE. amoriisen, LL.
amortisare, admortizare, F. amortir to sell in mortmain,
to extinguish; L. ad -{-■mors death. See Mortmain.]
1. To make as if dead ; to destroy. [06s.] Chaucer.
2. (Law) To alienate in mortmain, that is, to convey
to a corporation. See Mortmain.
3. To clear off or extinguish, as a debt, usually by means
of a sinking fund.
A-mor'tue-ment (-tTz-ment), re. [F. amortissement.']
Same as Amortization.
A-mor'we (a-m8r'we), adv. [Pref. a- on -|- OE. mor-
we. See Morrow.] 1. In the morning. [06s.] Chaucer.
2. On the following morning. [06s.] Chaucer.
A-mo'tion (a-mo'shQn), re. [L. amotio. See Amove.]
1. Removal ; ousting ; especially, the removal of a cor-
porate officer from liis office.
2. Deprivation of possession.
llA-mo'tus (a-mo'tus), a. [L., withdrawn (from its
place).] (Zool.) Elevated, — as a toe, when raised so
high that the tip does not touch the ground.
A-mount' (a-mounf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Amounted ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Amounting.] [OP. amonter to increase,
advance, ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to
the mountain) upward, F. amont up the river. See
Mount, re.] 1. To go up ; to ascend. [06s.]
So up he rose, and thence amonnled straight. Spenser.
2. To rise or reach by an accumulation of particular
sums or quantities ; to come (to) in the aggregate or
whole ; — with to or unto.
Thy substance, valued at the highest rate,
Can not amount unto a hundred marks.
Shak.
3. To rise, reach, or extend in effect, substance, or
Influence ; to be equivalent ; to come practically (to) ; as,
the testimony amounts to very little.
A-mount', v. t. To signify ; to amount to. [06s.]
A-mount', re. 1. The sum total of two or more sums
or quantities ; the aggregate ; the whole quantity ; a to-
tality ; as, the amount of 7 and 9 is 16 ; the amount of a
bill ; the amount of this year's revenue.
2. The elTect, substance, value, significance, or result ;
the sum ; as, the amount of the testimony is tiiis.
The whole omomit of that enormous fame. Pope.
A-mour' (a-mobr'), ?i. [F., fr.L. o7ho7' love.] I.Love:
affection. [06s.]
B
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, up, firn ; pity; food, fd'ot; out, oil; chair; go;
4 *
IVl
sing, ink ; tlien, thin ; boN ; zh == z in azure.
AMOUR PROPRE
50
AMPHITROPOUS
2. Love making ; a love affair ; usually, an unlawful
connection in love ; a love intrigue ; an illicit love affair.
In amotirs with, in love with. [Ol/s.]
II A'mour' pro'pre (a'moor' pro'pr'). [F.] Self-love ;
self-esteem.
A-mov'a-bil'i-ty (a-mo6v'a-bil'T-ty), 71. Liability to
be removed or dismissed from office, [i?.] T. Jefferson.
A-mov'a-ble (-b'l), a. [Cf. F. amovible.'] Removable.
A-move' (a-moov'), V. i. [L. amovere ; a- {ah) -{-
movere to move : cf. OF. atnover.'] 1. To remove, as a
person or thing, from a position. [06s.] Dr. H. More.
2. (Laio) To dismiss from an office or station.
A-move', v. t. & i. [OF. amovir, L. admovere to
move to, to excite ; ad + movere.'] To move or be
moved ; to excite. [OJs.] Spenser.
Am'pe-Ute (Sm'pe-lit), n. [L. ampelitis, Gr. ifin-eAi-
Tis, fr. oi/iTreAo! vine.] {Min.) An earth abounding in
pyrites, used by the ancients to kill insects, etc. , on vines ;
— applied by Brongniart to a carbonaceous alum schist.
II Am'pSre' (aN'pSr'),) n. [From tlie name of a French
Am-pere' (ara-par'), ) electrician.] (Physics) The
standard unit of current in electrical measurements. It
is the current produced by an electro-motive force of one
volt acting in a circuit liaving a resistance of one ohm ;
— formerly called a current of one Weber per second.
Ain'p6re'ine'ter (aN'pSr'me'ter), In. [Ampire-{-
_ Am'pe-rom'e-ter (Sm'pS-rom'e-ter), ( meter.] (Phys-
ics) An instrument for measuring the strength of an
electrical current in amperes.
Am'per-sand (-per-sand), n. [A corruption of and,
per 86 and, i. e., & by itself makes and.] A word used
to describe the character &, it, or &. Halliwell.
Am-phl-. [Gr. o.ix<l>i.] A prefix In words of Greek origin,
signifying holh, of built kinds, on both sides, about, around.
Am'phl-ar-thro'di-al (am'tl-iir-thro'dl-al), a. [Pref.
amphi- 4- arthrodial.] (Anat. ) Characterized by amphi-
arthrosis ; as, amphiarthrodial joints.
_ Am'phl-ar-thro'si_s (-sTs), «. [NL., fr. Gr. inc^i-f
apSpwo-i! a jointing, a.p9pov a joint.] (Anat.) A form of
articulation in which the bones are connected by inter-
vening substance admitting slight motion ; symphysis.
Am'phl-as'ter (am'ti-as'ter), n. [NL., fr. Gr. d/ic^i
+ aarq(> a star.] A spindle-shaped structure formed
during cell division, or kavyokinesis, at either pole of
which is a star composed of fibers radiating into the
cytoplasm of the cell.
II Am-phlb'1-a (am-fTb'T-a), n. pi. [See Amphibium.]
(Zool.) One of the classes of vertebrates.
i5E^°° The Amplubia are
distmguished by having
usually no scales, by hav-
ing eggs and embryos sim-
ilar to those of fishes, and
by undergoing a complete
metamorphosis, the yoimg
having gills. There are
three living orders : (1) The
tailless, as the frogs (^^?«-
ra) ; (2) The tailed ( Urode-
la), as the salamanders, and
the siren group (Sirenoi-
dea), which retain the gills
of the young state (hence
called Perennibranchiata)
through the adult state, among which are the siren, pro-
teus, etc. ; (3) The Coecilians, or serpentlike Amphibia
(Ophiomorpha or O>jmn0])hion(i), with minute scales and
without limbs. The extinct Labyrinthodonts also be-
longed to this class. The term is sometimes loosely
applied to both reptiles and amphibians collectively.
Am-phib'l-al (-a\), a. & n. Amphibian. [JJ.]
Am-phib'1-an (-an), a. (Zodl.) Of or pertaining to
the Amphibia; as, amphibian reptiles.
Am-phlb'1-an, n. (Zo'r'd.) One of the Amphibia.
Am-phib'1-O-lOg'lC-al (am-fib'T-o-lSj'i-kal), a. Per-
taining to amphibiology.
Am-phib'i-Ol'O-gy '(-ol'S-jy), re. [Gr. aij.4>CpLog am-
phibious -\- -logy : cf. F. amphibiologie.] A treatise on
amphibious animals ; the department of natural history
which treats of the Amphibia.
Marsh Frog (Rana palustris),
one of the Amphibia.
I Am-phlb'i-Ot'l-ca (^ot'i-ka), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. auAi
■ _ " " _ ""■ : (zc
insects having aquatic larvae.
-]- ^iwTt/cos pertaining to life.] (Zool.) A division of
Am-phlb'i-OUS (am-flb'T-us), a. [Gr. o;a(|>i|3i05 living
a double life, ;. e., both on land and in water ; afi.<^t +
jSi'os life.] 1. Having the ability to live both on land and
in water, as frogs, crocodiles, beavers, and some plants.
2. Pertaining to, adapted for, or connected with, both
land and water.
The amphihinus character of the Greeks was already deter-
mined : they were to be lords of land and sea. Hare.
3. Of a mixed nature ; partaking of two natures.
Not in free and common socige, but in this amphibious subor-
dinate class of villein socap:e. Btackstone.
Am-phib'i-OUS-ly, adv. Like an amphibious being.
Am-phib'l-ous-ness, re. The quality of being am-
phibious ; ability to live in two elements.
II Am-phib'i-um (-um), n. ; pi. L. Amphibia (-a) ; E.
Amphibtoms (-umz). [iSTL., fr. Gr. a.ij.<t>;^wv (sc. (wov an
animal). See Amphibious.] An amphibian.
Am'phl-blas'tlc (am'fi-blas'ttk), a. [Gr. an4,C -f
pKoLcTTiKoi tending to sprout.] (Biol.) Intermediate be-
tween the nieroblastic and holoblastic ova.
Am'plli-bole (am'fi-bol), n. [Gr. aM</>i'/3oAo9 doubtful,
equivocal, fr. aiJ.<l>L$a.\Xeiv to throw round, to doubt :
cf. F. amphibole. Haiiy so named the genus from the
great variety of color and composition assumed by the
mineral.] (Min.) A common mineral embracing many
varieties varying in color and in composition. It oc-
curs in monoclinic crystals ; also massive, generally with
fibrous or columnar structure. The color varies from
white to gray, green, brown, and black. It is a silicate
of magnesium and calcium, with usually aluminium and
iron. Some common varieiiies are iremolite, actinolite,
asbesius, edenite, hornblende (the last name being also
used as a general term for the whole species). Amphi-
bole is a constituent of many crystalline rocks, as syenite,
diorite, most varieties of trachyte, etc. See Hornblende.
Am'phi-bOl'io (am'f i-bol'ik), a. 1. Of or pertaining
to amphiboly ; ambiguous ; equivocal.
2. Of or resembling the mineral amphibole.
Am-phib'O-lOg'ic-al (5m-f ib'6-loj'T-kal), a. Of doubt-
ful meaning; ambiguous. ^^Amphibological expressions."
Jer. Taylor. — Am-phlb'0-lOg'ic-aI-ly, adv.
Am'phl-bol'0-gy (Sm'fi-bol'o-jy), re. / pi. Amphibol-
ogies (-jiz). [L. amphiboloyia, for amphibolia, fr. Gr.
afi<^i;3oAia, with the ending -logia as if fr. Gr. a.ixcj>i^o\os
.ambiguous + Adyo; speech : cf. F. amphibologie. See
Amphiboly.] A phrase, discourse, or proposition, sus-
ceptible of two interpretations ; and hence, of uncertain
meaning. It differs from equivocation, which arises from
the twofold sense of t. single term.
Am-phib'O-lous (sim-fTb'o-lus), a. [L. amphibolus,
Gr. aixijiipoKo^ tiirown about, doubtful. See Amphibole.]
1. Ambiguous ; doubtful. [Obs.]
Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel — both parties
declaring tliemselves for the king. Howell.
2. (Logic) Capable of two meanings.
An nmp/iihotoi'S sentence is one that is capable of two mean-
ings, not from the double sense of any of the words, but from
its admitting of a double construction; e.g., "The duke yet
lives that Henry shall depose." Wliatebj.
Am-phib'0-ly (-o-ly), n. ; pi. Amphibolies (-ITz). [L.
amphibolia, Gr. a/xi^i/3oA.ia : cf. OF. amphibolic. See
Amphibolous.] Ambiguous discourse ; amphibology.
If it oracle contrary to our interest or humor, we will create an
amphibobi, a double meaning where there is none. IVhitlorh.
Am'phi-brach (am'fi-brak), re. [L. amphibrachys,
Gr. d/xc^i/3paxus short at both ends ; a/i^i + ^paxlj? short,]
(Anc. Pros. ) A foot of three syllables, the middle one
long, the first and last short (o - u) ; as, habere. In mod-
ern prosody the accented syllable takes the place of the
long and the unaccented of the short ; as, pro-phet'ic.
Am'phi-car'pic (Sm'fl-kiir'pTk), I a. [Gr. i^i0i+ Ko.p-
Am'phi-car'pous (-kiir'piis), ) n-6; fruit.] (5o/.)
Producing fruit of two kinds, either as to form or time
of ripening.
Am'phi-Chro'lc (-kro'Tk), a. [Gr. aix^i -f XP°'^ color.]
(Chem.) Exhibiting or producing two colors, as sub-
stances whicli in the color test may change red litmus to
blue and blue litmus to red.
Am'phi-COe'Il-an (-se'lt-on), ) a. [Gr. i|a</)iKoiXo5 hol-
Ain'phl-COe'lOUS (-se'liSs), | lowed all round ; aix(^l
-\- KoiAos hollow.] (Zool.) Having both ends concave;
biconcave ; — said of vertebrae,
Am'phi-COme (Sm'fT-kom), re. [Gr. atKpUoiJLO'; with
hair all round; afj.<l>i -\- Ko/xr; hair.] A kind of figured
stone, rugged and beset with eminences, anciently used
in divination. [06s.] Encyc. Brit.
Am-pWc'ty-On'ic (5m-fik'tT-5n'tk), a. [Gr. 'A^ii^i-
KTuoi'iKos. ] Of or pertaining to the Amphictyons or their
League or Council ; as, an Amphictyonic town or state ;
the Amphictyonic body. W. Smith.
Am-phlc'ty-ons (Sm-fik'tT-onz), n. pi. [L. Amphic-
tyones, Gr. A.p.^i.KToove';. Prob. the word was orig. i^-
(j>i,KTiove? dwellers around, neighbors.] (Grecian Hist.)
Deputies from the confederated states of ancient Greece
to a congress or council. They considered both political
and religious matters.
Am-phlc'ty-O-ny (-6-ny), re. ; pi. Amphictyonees (-niz).
[Gr. a.fi4>i.KTuoi'La.] (Grecian Hist.) A league of states
of ancient Greece ; esp. the celebrated confederation
known as the Amphictyonic Council. Its object was
to maintain the common interests of Greece.
Am'plud (Sm'fid), n. [Gr. a/jajxa both: cf. F. am-
phide.] (Chem..) A salt of the class formed by the com-
bination of an acid and a base, or by the union of two
oxides, two sulphides, selenides, or tellurides, as distin-
guished from a haloid compound. [i2.] Berzelius.
Am'phl-diSC (Sm'fT-disk), re. [Gr. a^iii^i + Slo-ko? a
round plate.] (Zool.) A peculiar small siliceous spicide
having a denticulated wheel at each end ; — found in
freshwater sponges.
Am'phi-drom'ic-al (am'fi-drom'i-kol), a. [Gr. 0|U.-
(^t'fipo^og running about or around.] Pertaining to an
Attic festival at the naming of a child : — so called be-
cause the friends of the parents carried the child around
the hearth and then named it.
Am-phlg'a-moUS (Sm-fTg'a-mus), a. [Gr. a/a(f>i' -f
yafios marriage.] (Bot.) Having a structure entirely cel-
lular, and no distinct sexual organs ; — a term applied by
De Candolle to tlie lowest order of plants.
Am'phl-ge'an (Sm'fT-je'rtn), a. [Gr. aixi^ii + -fq, yaia,
the earth.] Extending over all the zones, from the trop-
ics to the polar zones inclusive.
Am'phi-gen (5m'fT-jen), n. [Gr. a^t<|>i -)- -gen: cf. F.
amphigene.] (Chem.) An element that in combination
produces amphid salts; — applied by Berzelius to oxy-
gen, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. [_R.]
Am'plll-gene (-jen), re. (Min.) Leucite.
Am'phi-gen'e-sis (-jen'e-sTs), re. [Gr. aix4>i + yei/ea-is
generation.] (Biol.) Sexual generation ; amphigony.
Am-phig'e-nous (am-fij'e-niis), a. (Bot.) Increasing
in size by growth on all .sides, as the lichens.
Am'phi-gon'ic (am'fl-gSn'Tk), a. Pertaining to am-
phigony; sexual; as, am^Aii/oreic propagation, [i?.]
,£n-ptlig'0-nOUS (am-fig'o-ntis), a. [Gr. ap.ifiC -\-
y6vo^; a begetting.] Relating to both parents. [-S.]
Am-phlg'0-ny (-ny), re. Sexual propagation. [_K.]
Am'phl-gor'lc (Sm'fT-gor'ik), a. [See Ahphigory.]
Nonsensical ; absurd ; pertaining to an amphigory.
Am'phi-gO-ry (am'fi-go-ry), re. [F. amphigonri, of
uncertain derivation ; perh. f r. Gr. ajx^L -\- yupos a circle.]
A nonsense verse ; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning,
which on further attention proves to be meaningless.
[Written also amphigonri.]
Am-phil'O-gism (Sm-fTl'o-jIz'm), ) re. [Gr. at).(\>i +
Am-phil'o-gy (am-fTl'o-jJ), ( -logy.] Ambi-
guity of speech ; equivocation. [JJ.]
(Zo'ol.) Of or pertaining
Am-phlm'a-cer (5m-fTm'a-ser), n. [L. amphimacrus,
Gr. o/x(|)i>aKD0s ; a.iJ.(f>i on both sides + ^a-
Kpos long.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syl-
lables, the iniddle one short and the others
long, as in castitds. _ Andrews.
II Am'phl-neu'ra (Sm'fT-nu'ra), 7i.pl.
[NL., fr. Gr. at^fti -j- vevpov siuew, nerve.]
(Zool.) A division of MoUusca remarkable
for the bilateral symmetry of the organs and
the arrangement of the nerves.
II Am'phi-OX'US (-oks'fis), re. [NL., fr.
Gr. a.p.<f>i -j- 6jv5 sharp.] (Zool.) A fishlLke
creature (Amphioxus tavceolatus), two or
three inches long, found in temperate seas ;
— also called the Ian celet. Its body is pointed
at both ends. It is the lowest and most gen-
eralized of the vertebrates, having neither
brain, skull, vertebrfe, nor red blood. It
forms the type of the groups Ac7'ania, Lep-
locardia, etc.
Am-phlp'neust (5m-fTp'nust), re. [Gr.
aju,(^t + TTceucTTT)? one \\ho breathes, Tri'eri' to
breathe.] (Zool. ) One of a tribe of Amphibia,
which have both lungs and gills at the same
time, as the proteus and siren.
Am'phl-pod (am'fi-p6d), n. (Zool.) One
of the Araphipoda.
Am'phl-pod (Sm'f i-p5d), 1 a. (Zo-
Am-phlp'O-dan (Sm-fifp'o-dan), J ol.) Of Amphioxus,
or pertaining to the Ampbipoda. nat. size.
II Am-phl^'0-da (<1m-f ip'ft-da), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. aiji(f>i
-|- TTou's, TToSds foot.] (Zool.) A numerous group of four-
tee n-f 0 o t e d
Crustacea,
inhabiting
both fresh and
salt water. The
body is usually
compressed ,
laterally, and '
the anterior
pairs of legs
are directed one of the Ampbipoda (Ericllionius diffbi-misy
downward and of New England, (x 3) a Female; i' /"Sub-
forward, but cbelatcclawsof flrstandsecondpairsof legs;
the posterior ^Chelate claw of male,
logs are usually turned upward and backward. The beach
flea is an example. See Tetkadecapoua and Aethros-
TKACA.
Am-phlp'o-dOUS (-diis), a.
to the Ampliipoda.
Am-phlp'ro-style (-ro-stn), a. [L. ampkiprosiylos,
Gr. a.fjL4>Lnp6(7Tv\o? hav-
ing a double prostyle : cf .
F. a7nphiprostyle. See
Prostyle. ] (Arch .)
Doubly prostyle ; having
columns at each end, but
notatthe sides. ^re. An
amphiprostyle temple or
edifice. Amphiprostyle.
II Am'phl-rhl'na (Sm'fT-rl'na), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
a.p.4,i -f pi's, ptfd;, nose.] (Zool.) A name applied to
the elasraobranch fishes, because the nasal sac is double
II Am'phls-bSB'na (Sm'fls-be'na), re. [L., fr. Gr. o^i-
^i<T^aLva.; afL^i^ on Ijoth ends -f /SoiVeii' to go.] 1. A
fabled serpent with a head at each end, moving either
"'ay- „ , Milton.
2. (Zool.) A genus of harmless lizards, serpentlike in
form, without legs, and with both ends so much alike
that they appear to have a head at each, and ability to
move either way. See Illustration in Appendix.
'ST ''he Oordius anuaticiis, or hairworm has been
caMea an amplnsbxna ; but it belongs among the worms.
II Am'phis-bae'noid (-noid), a. [NL., fr. L. amphis-
baena -\- -aid.] (Zool.) Like or pertaining to the lizards
of the genus Araphisbaena.
II Am-phis'ci-i (Sm-f ish'T-i), ) n. pi. [Gr. a^^i^Kioi
Am-phls'cians (Sm-fish'anz), I throwing a shadow
both ways; a/x^i -i- aKia. shadow.] The inhabitants of
the tropics, whose shadows in one part of the year are
cast to the north, and in the other to the south, accord-
ing as the sun is south or north of their zenith
Am-phls'tO-mous (Sm-fTs'to-mSs), a. [Gr. aiJi<l>L -Ir
a-roixa. mouth.] (Zool. ) Having a sucker at each extrem-
ity, as certain entozoa, by means of which they adhere
Am'phl-sty'Iic (Sm'fl-sti'lik), a. [Gr. <i,.i,#,t + o-tOAos-
pUlar, support.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch
articulated with the hyoid arch and the cranium, as in
the cestraciont sharks ; — said of a skull.
Am'phi-the'a-ter I (Sm'fT-the'a^ter), re. [L. amphi-
_ Am'phi-the'a-tre f theatrum, fr. Gr. kp.^i&ia.Tpov ;
ap.tj>L -\- BeaTpov theater : cf . F. amphitheatre. See The-
ater.] 1. An oval or circular building with rising tiers
of seats about an open space called the arena.
ill^ The Romans first constructed amphitheaters for
combats of gladiators and wild beasts.
2. Anything resembling an amphitheater in form ; as
a level surrounded by rising slopes or hills, or a rising
gaUery in a theater.
Ain'phi-the'a^-tral (-tral), a. [L. amphitheatralis :
cf. F. amphitheatral] Amphitheatrical ; resembling an
amphitheater.
Am'phi-the-at'ric (-the-St'rtk), 1 a. [L. amphitheai.
Am'phl-Uie-at'ric-al (-ri-kal), | ricus.] Of, per-
taining to, exhibited in, or resembling, an amphitheater.
Am'phl-the-at'ric-al-ly, adv. In the form or manner
of an amphitheater.
II Am;phit'ro-cha (Sm-fTt'rS-ka), re. [NL., fr. Gr. au.i,L
+ rpoxos a wheel.] (Zool.lA kind of annelid larva hav-
ing both a dorsal and a ventral circle of special cilia.
Am-phit'ro-pal (-pal), 1 a. [Gr. 6.^.^,1 + rpeVet.- to
Am-phlt'ro-pous (-pus), \ turn.] (ib<.) Having the
ale, senate, c^re, am, arm, ask, final, all ; eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey orb 8dd •
AMPHIUMA
51
AMYLOIDAL
ovnle inverted, but with the attachment near the middle
of one side ; half anatropous. Gray.
H Am'phl-n'ma (Sm'f i-u'm&), n. (Zo'61.) A genus of
amphibians,
inhabiting the
Southern Unit-
ed States, hav-
ing a serpent-
wM. ^Im^ mi- Amp""™" (^- tridactylum-), reduced,
nute limbs and two persistent gill openings ; the Congo
snake.
Am'pbO-pep'tone (am'fo-pSp'ton), n. [Gr. a^^t -\-
E. peplone.'] (Physiol.) A product of gastric digestion, a
mixture of liemipeptone and antipeptone.
II Am'pho-ra (Sm'fS-rA), n. ; pi. Amphor.e (-re). [L.,
fr. Gr. o/nAopevs, o|a<<)i(/)opevs, a jar with two
handles ; afi<|>i -\- <j>opevi bearer, </>e'peii' to
bear. Cf. Ampul.] Among tlie ancients, a
two-handled vessel, tapering at the bottom,
used for holding wine, oil, etc.
Am'pbo-ral (-ral), a. [L. amp/ioralis.']
Pertaining to, or resembling, an amphora.
Am-phor'lc (Sm-f5i'ik), <i. (Med.) Pro-
duced by, or indicating, a cavity in the lungs,
not filled with fluid, and giving a sound like
that produced by blowing into an empty de-
canter; as, amphoric respiration or reso-
nance.
Am'phO-ter'lc (Sm'f o-tgrTk), a. [Gr. a/u- A,„phora.
ijorepot botli.] Partly one and partly the
other; neitlier acid nor alkaline ; neutral. [ifJ.] Smart.
Am'ple (Sm'p'l), a. [F. ample, L. ampins, prob. for
ambiplus full on botli sides, tlie last syllable akin to L.
plenus full. See Fun, and cf. Double.] 1. Large ;
great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk ; spacious ; roomy ;
widely extended.
All the people in that ample house
Did to that image bow their humble knee, Spenser.
2. Fully sufficient : abundant ; liberal ; copious ; as, an
ample fortune ; ample justice.
3. Not contracted or brief ; not concise ; extended ;
diffusive ; as, an ample narrative. Johnson.
Syii. — Full; spacious; extensive; wide; capacious;
abundaat ; plentiful ; plenteous ; copious ; bountiful ;
rich ; liberal ; munificent. — Ample, Copious, Abundant,
Plentbous. These words agree in representing a tiling
a&large.hnt under different relations, according to the
image winch is used. Ample implies largeness, produemg
a sufficiency or fulhiessof supply for every want ; as, am-
ple stores or resources, ample provision. Copious carries
with it the idea of fiow, or of collection at a single point ;
as, a copio«s fountain, a rociows supply of materials. "Co-
pjoti,? matter of my song. ' Milton. Abimilant and plen-
teous refer to largeness of quantity ; as, abundant stores ;
plenteous liarvests.
Am-pleC'tant (Sm-plek'tont), a. [L. amplecli to em-
brace.] (Bot.) Clasping a support ; as, amplectant ten-
drils. Gray.
Am'ple-ness (Sm'p'l-nSs), n. The state or quality of
being ample ; largeness ; fullness ; completeness.
Am'plex-a'tion (Sm'plSks-a'shiiu), n. [L. amplexari
to embrace.] An embrace. [06s.]
All humble amplexation of those sacred feet. Bp. HalL
Am-plex'1-caul (Sm-plSksT-kal),
a. [L. amplexus, p. p. of amplecti
to encircle, to embrace + caiilis
stem: cf. F. amplexicaule.'] (Bot.)
Clasping or embracing a stem, as the
base of some leaves. Gray.
Am'pll-ate (Sm'pli-at), V. t. [L.
ampliaius, p. p. of ampliare to make
wider, fr. amplus. See Ample.] To
enlarge, [i?.]
To maintain and ampliate the external Amplesicaul Leaf.
possessions of yonr empire. Udall.
Am'pll-ate (-at), a. (Zool.) Having the outer edge
prominent ; — said of the wings of insects.
Am'pli-a'tlon (Sm'pli-a'shtin), ?i. [1,. ampHatio : cf.
F. ampliation.'] 1. Enlargement; amplification. [JJ.]
2. (Civil Law) A postponement of the decision of a
cause, for further consideration or re-argument.
Am'pU-a-tlve (Sm'pli-a-tlv), a (Logic) Enlarging
a conception by adding to that which is already known
or received.
"All bodies possess power of attraction " is an amvUative
judgment ; because we can think of bodies without thinking of
attraction as one of their immediate primary attributes.
Abp. W. Tliomson.
Am-pllf'1-cate (am-pltft-kat), v. t. [L. amplificatus,
p. p. of amplificare.'] To amplify. [OJs.] Bailey.
Am'pli-11-ca'tlon (Sm'plT-fT-ka'shiin), n. [L. amplifi-
catio.'] 1. The act of amplifying or enlarging in dimen-
sions ; enlargement ; extension.
2. (Ehet.) The enlarging of a simple statement by par-
ticularity of description, the use of epithets, etc., for
rhetorical effect ; diffuse narrative or description, or a
dilatmg upon all the particulars of a subject.
Exaggeration is a species of amplification. Brande «(■ C.
J shall summarily, without any oOTp?(;fca*ion at all, show in
what manner defects have been supplied. Sir J. Davits.
3. The matter by which a statement is amplified ; as,
the subject was presented without amplifications.
Am-plil'1-ca-tlve (Sm-pltfT-ka-tl v), a. Amplificatory.
Am-pUf'i-ca-to-iy (-ka-t6-rj^), a. Serving to amplify
or enlarge ; amplificative. Blorell.
Am'pU-Jl'er (Sm'plT.fi'er), n. One who or that which
amphfies.
/ ,^'PU-*y (5m'pli-fi), V. t. limp. &p. p. Amplified
(-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Amplifying.] [F. amplifier, L.
amplificare. See Ample, -fy.] 1. To render larger,
more extended, or more intense, and the like. [_Obs. or
•'^•'»« applied to material objects.]
Z. (Ehet.) To enlarge by addition or discussion; to
treat copiously by adding particulars, illustrations, etc. ;
to expand ; to maie much of.
Troihis iiiul Cressida was written by a Lombard author, but
much aiitjilijied by our English translator. Dryden.
Am'pU-fy (5m'plT-fi), v. i. 1. To become larger.
[Obs.2
Strait was the way at first, withouten light,
But further in did further amplify. Fair/ax.
2. To speak largely or copiously ; to be diffuse in ar-
gument or description ; to dilate ; to expatiate ; — often
witli on or npon. Watts.
He must often enlarge and amplify upon the subject he han-
dles. South.
Am'pU-tUde (Sm'plT-tiid), n. [L. ampliludo, fr. nm-
plus : ci. F.aynplitude. See Ample.] 1, State of being
ample ; extent of surface or space ; largeness of dimen-
sions ; size.
The cathedral of Lincoln ... is a magnificent structure, pro-
portionable to the amplitude of the diocese. Fuller.
2. Largeness, in a figurative sense ; breadth ; abun-
dance ; fidlness. (a) Of e.xtent of capacity or intellec-
tual powers. " Amplitude oimincli." Milton. "Ampli-
tude of comprehension." Macaulay. (b) Of extent of
means or resources. "^l?Hp/i7«(/e of reward." Bacon.
3. (Astron.) (a) The arc of tlie horizon between the
true east or west pouit and the center of the sun, or a
star, at its rising or setting. At tlie rising, the amplitude
is eastern or ortive : at the setting, it is western. Decidu-
ous, or occasive. It is also northern or soutliern, when
north or south of the equator, (b) The arc of the hori-
zon between the true east or west point and the foot of
the vertical circle passmg through any star or object.
4. (Gun.) Tlie horizontal line which measures the dis-
tance to whicli a projectile is thrown ; the range.
5. (Physics) The extent of a movement measured from
the starting point or position of equilibrium ; — applied
especially to vibratory movements.
6. (Math.) An angle upon whicli the value of some
function depends ; — a term used more especially in con-
nection with elliptic functions.
Magnetic amplitude, the angular distance of a heavenly
body, when on the liorizon, from the magnetic east or
west point as indicated by the compass. The difference
between tlie magnetic and the true or astronomical am-
plitude (see 3 above) is the " variation of the compass."
Am'ply (Sm'piy), adv. In an ample manner.
Am'piil (Sm'pul), n. [AS. ampella, ampolla, L. am-
pulla : cf. OF. ampolle, F. ampoule.] Same as Am-
pulla, 2.
II Am-pulla (Sm-pul'la), n. ; pi. Am-
pulla (-le). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A
narrow-necked vessel having two handles
and bellying out like a jug.
2. (Ecci.) (a) A cruet for the wine and
water at Mass. (b) The vase in which the
holy oil for chrism, unction, or coronation
is kept. Shipley.
3. (Biol.) Any membranous bag shaped
like a leatliem bottle, as the dilated end of a vessel or
duct ; especially the dilations of the semicircular canals
of the ear.
Am'pul-la'ceOUS (Sm'ptil-la'shus), a. [L. ampulla-
ceus, fr. ampulla.] Like a bottle or inflated bladder ;
bottle-shaped ; swelling. Kirby.
Amjranaceoas sac (Zool.), one of the peculiar cavities in
the tissues of sponges, containing the zooidal cells.
fflS-StS'?^' I ''■ Resembling an ampulla.
Am'pol-late (-lat), ) a. Having an ampulla ;
Am'pul-la'ted (-la'tSd), ( flask-shaped ; belhed.
Ain-pul'U-fonn (Sm-piUIT-fSrm), a. ^Ampulla -\-
-form.] Flask-shaped; dilated.
Am'pa-tate (Sm'pu-tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ampu-
tated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ampctatinq.] [L. amputatus,
p. p. of amputare ; amb- -\-putare to prune, putus clean,
akin to E. pure. See Putative.] 1. To prune or lop off,
as branches or tendrils.
2. (Surg.) To cut off (a limb or projecting part of the
body). Wiseman.
Am'pa-ta'tion (Sm'pSi-ta'shiin), n. [L. amputatio : cf .
F. amputation.] The act of amputating ; esp. the opera-
tion of cutting off a limb or projecting part of the body.
Am'pu ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. One who amputates.
II Am'pyx (am'piks), n. [Gr. aiirrui.] (Greek Antiq.)
A woman's headband (sometimes of metal), for binding
the front hair.
llAm-ri'ta(Sm-re'ta),7j. [Skr. ajnrite.] (Hind. Myth.)
Immortality ; also, the nectar conferring immortality. ^
a. Ambrosial ; immortal.
Am'sel, Am'zel (Sm'zel), n. [Ger. See Ousel.]
(Zool.) The European ring ousel (Turdus torquatus).
A-muck' (a-miik'), a. & adv. [Malay amog furious.]
In a frenzied and reckless manner.
To nm amuck, to rush out in a state of frenzy, as the
Malays sometimes do under the influence of "bhang,"
and attack every one that comes in the way ; to assail
recklessly and indiscriminately.
Satire 's my weapon, but I 'm too discreet
To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet. Pope.
Am'U-let (Sm'u-let), 71. [L. amuletum: cf. F. amu-
lette.] An ornament, gem, or scroll, or a package con-
taining a relic, etc., worn as a charm or preservative
against evils or mischief, such as diseases and witchcraft,
and generally inscribed with mystic forms or characters.
[Also used figuratively.]
Am'U-let'iC (Sm'u-lSt'ik), a. Of or pertaining to an
amulet ; operating as a charm.
A-mur'COUS (a-mflr'kus), a. [LL. amurcosus, L.
amurca the dregs of olives, Gr. a|uopy7)s, fr. andpyeiv to
pluck.] Full of dregs ; foul. [jR.] Knowles.
A-mns'a-ble (a-muz'a-b'l), a. [Cf. F. amusable.]
Capable of being amused.
Ampulla, 1.
A-mnsO' (4-muz'), V. t. \imp. & p. p. Amused (4,
muzd') ; p. pr. & vi. re. Amusing.] [F. amuser to make
stay, to detain, to amuse, h (L. ad) -\- OF. muser. See
MnsB, v.] 1. To occupy or engage the attention of ; to
lose in deep thought ; to absorb ; also, to distract ; to be-
wilder. lObs.]
Camillas set upon the Gauls when they were amused in re-
ceiving their golu. Holland.
Being aumsed with grief, fear, and fright, he could not find
the house. Fuller.
2. To entertain or occupy in a pleasant manner; to
stir with pleasing or mirthful emotions ; to divert.
A group of children amusinn themselves with pushing stones
from the top [of the clifl], and watching as they plunged into
the lake. Gilpin.
3. To keep in expectation ; to beguile ; to delude.
He amused his followers with idle promises. Johnson.
Syn. — To entertain ; gratify ; please ; dft^ert ; beguile ;
deceive; occupy. —To Amuse, Divert, Entertain. We
are amused by that which occupies us lightly and pleas-
antly. We are tJitertaiiied by that which brings our
minus into agreeable contact with others, as conversa^
tion, or a book. We are dioevted by that which turns off
our thoughts to sometliing of livelier interest, especially
of a sportive nature, as a liumorous story, or a laughable
incident.
Whatever nmiu?es serves to kill time, to lull the faculties, and
to banish reflection. Whatever entertains usually awakens the
understanding or gratifies the fancy. Whatever r/ivcr/s is lively
in its nature, and sometimes tumultuous in its effects. Crabb.
A-muse', V. i. _To muse ; to meditate. \_Obs.]
A-mused' (4-muzd'), a. 1. Diverted.
2. Expressing amusement ; as, an amused look.
A-muse'ment (a-miiz'ment), n. [Cf. F. amusement.]
1. Deep thought ; muse. lObs.]
Here I . . . fell into a strong and deep amusement, revolving
in my mind, with great perplexity, the amazing change of our
affairs. Fleetwood,
2. The state of being amused ; pleasurable excitement ;
tliat which amuses ; diversion.
His favorite amusements were architecture and gardening,
jyiacuulay,
Syn. — Diversion ; entertainment ; recreation ; relax-
ation ; pastime ; sport.
A-mns'er (-er), n. One who amuses.
II Am'n-sette' (Sm'u-zSf), n. [P.] A light field can-
non, or stocked gun mounted on a swivel.
A-mus'ing (a-miiz'ing), a. Giving amusement; di-
verting ; as, an amusing story. — A-mus'ing-ly, adv.
A-mu'sive (a-mii'zTv or -sTv ; 277), a. Having power
to amuse or entertain the mind ; fitted to excite mirth.
[i?.] — A-mu'sive-ly, adv. — A-mu'sive-nesB, ».
A-my' (a-me'), n. [F. ami, fr. L. amicus.] A friend.
lObs.] Chaucer.
A-my'e-lOUS (4-mi'e-liis), a. [Gr. afxiieAos without
marrow.] (Med.) Wanting the spinal cord.
A-Iuyg'da-la'ceous (a-mtg'da^la'shus), a. (Bot.) A'kin
to, or derived from, the almond.
A-myg'da-late (a-mtg'da-lat), a. [L. amygdala,
amygdalum, almond, Gr. aixvySaXti, a\xvy&a\ov. See Alm-
ond.] Pertaining to, resembling, or made of, almonds.
A-myg'da-late, n. 1. (Med.) An emulsion made of
almonds ; milk of almonds. Bailey. Coxe.
2. (Chem.) A salt of amygdalic acid.
Am'yg-dal'lc (am'lfg-dai'ik), a. (Chem.) Of or per-
taining to almonds ; derived from amygdalin ; as, amyg-
dalic acjd.
A-myg'da-111'er-OUS (a-mTg'da-lIfer-Jis), a. [L.
amygdalum almond -)- -ferous.] Almond-bearing.
A-myg'da-lln (a-mTg'da-lTn), re. (Chem.) A gluco-
side extracted from bitter almonds as a white, crystal-
line substance.
A-myg'da-line (-ITn), a. [L. amygdalinus.] Of, per-
taining to, or resembling, almonds.
A-myg'da-lOid (-loid), n. [Gr. aniuvSaAoi' almond +
-oid: cf. F. amygdaloide.] (Min.) A variety of trap
or basaltic rock, containing small cavities, occupied,
wholly or in part, by nodules or geodes of different min-
erals, esp. agates, quartz, calcite, and the zeolites. When
the imbedded minerals are detached or removed by de-
composition, it is porous, like lava.
A-myg'da-lold (-d4-loid), I a. 1. Almond-shaped.
A-myg'da-lold'al (-loid'al), ) 2. Pertaining to, or
having the nature of, the rock amygdaloid.
Am'yl (Sm'il), n. [L. amylum starch + -yl. Of.
Amidin.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, CjH,,, oJ
the parafline series found in amyl alcohol or fusel oil, etc.
Am'y-la'ceous (am'i-la'shiis), a. [L. amylum starch,
Gr. S-fjivKov. See Amidin.] Pertaining to starch ; of
the nature of starch ; starchy.
Am'y-late (Sm'i-lat), M. (Chem.) A compound of the
radical amyl with oxygen and a positive atom or radical.
Am'y-lene (Sml-len), n. (Chem.) One of a group of
metameric hydrocarbons, CeHjo, of the ethylene series.
The colorless, volatile, mobile liquid commonly called
amylene is a mixture of different members of the group.
A-myl'ic (a-mil'Tk), a. (Chem.) Pertauihig to, or
derived from, amyl ; as, amylic ether.
Amylic alcohol ( Chem.), one of the series of alcohols, a
transparent, colorless liquid, having a peculiar odor. It
is the hydroxide of amyl. —Amylic fermentation (CAcwi.),
a process of fermentation in starch or sugar in which
amylic alcohol is produced. Gregory.
Am'y-lo-bac'ter (Sm'T-lo-bSk'ter), ». [L. «?H.v/um
starch -fNL. bacter'mm. See Bacterium.] (Biol.) A
microorganism (Bacillus amylobacter) which develops
in vegetable tissue during putrefaction. Sternberg.
Am'y-loid (Sm'T-loid), 1 a. [L. amylum starch +
Am'y-lold'al (-loid'ol), ) -oid.] Resembling or con-
taining amyl ; starchhke.
Amyloid degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition of
various orgiiiis. of the body, ^produced by the deposit of
an albuminous substance, giving a blue color with iodine
and sulphuric acid ; — called also icajy or lardaceous de-
generation.
B
E
F
H
K
Use. finite, r«de, full, up, dm; pity; food, fd-ot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN; zh = zina«ure.
M
AMYLOID
52
ANALEMMA
Am'y-lold (Sm'i^-loid), re. 1. A non-nitrogenous
starchy food ; a starchlike substance.
2. (Med.) The substance deposited in the organs in
amyloid degeneration.
Am'y-lo-lyt'ic (Sm'i-lo-llt'ik), a. [Gr. afi-vKov starch
-|- AuTiKos solvent ; Aueii' to dissolve.] (Physiol.) Effect-
ing the conversion of starch into soluble dextrin and
sugar ; as, an amylolytic ferment. Foster.
Am'y-lose' (-los'), n. {Chem.) One of the starch
group (CgHiqO,^)ii of the carbohydrates ; as, starch, ara^
bin, dextrin, cellulose, etc.
Am'y-OUS (ttrn't-us), a. [Gr. ajivos.] {.Med.) Want-
ing ux muscle ; without flesh.
Am'yss (Sm'Ts), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape.
An (an). [AS. an one, the same word as the numeral.
See One, and cf. A.] This word is properly an adjective,
but is commonly called the indefinite article. It is used
before nouns of the singular number only, and signifies
one, or any, but somewhat less emphatically. In such
expressions as " twice an hour," " once an age," " a
shilling an ounce " (see 2d A, 2), it has a distributive
force, and is equivalent to each, every.
51^= An is used before a word begirming with a vowel
sound ; as, an enemy, un hour. It is also often used be-
fore h sounded, when the accent of the word falls on the
second syllable ; as, an historian, an hyena, an heroic
deed. Many writers use a before A in such positions. An-
ciently an was used before consonants as well as vowels.
An, conj. [Shortened fr. and, OE. an, and, some-
times and if, in introducing conditional clauses, like
Icel. enda if, the same word as and. Prob. and was
originally pleonastic before the conditional clause.] If ;
— a word used by old English authors. Shak.
Nay, an thou dallicst, then I am thy foe. B. Jonson.
An if, and if ; if.
An'a-. [Gr. avd on ; in comp., on, up, upwards.]
A prefix in words from the Greek, denoting up, upward,
throughout, backward, back, again, anew.
A'lia (a'na), adv. [Gr. ava. (used distributively).]
(Med.) Of each; an equal quantity; as, wine and honey,
ana (or, contracted, aa), gij., that is, of wine and honey,
each, two ounces.
An apothecary with a . . . long bill of anas. Dnjden.
-a'na (-a'na). [The neut. pi. ending of Latin adjectives
in -anus.'] A suffix to names of persons or places, used
to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip,
anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing
the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Jolmson, etc.
Used also as a substantive ; as, the French anas.
It has been said that the table-talk of Seldcn is worth all
the ana of the Continent. HaXlam.
An'a-bap'tism (5n'a-bap'tiz'm), n. [L. anabaptis-
mus, Gr. ii/a^aTrrio-Mo? : cf. F. anabaplisme. See Ana-
baptize.] The doctrine of the Anabaptists.
An'a-bap'tist (-ttst), «. [LL. anabaptista, fr. Gr. as
if ii/a^aTTTicm); : cf . F. anabaptiste-l A name sometimes
applied to a member of any sect holding that rebaptism is
necessary for those baptized in infancy.
m^p" In church liistory, the name Anabaptists usually
designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed the
peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc. , m the Reforma-
tion period. In more modem times the name has been
applied to those who do not regard infant baptism as real
and valid baptism.
An'a-bap-tis'tic (-bSp-tts'tTk), l a. Relating or at-
An'a-bap-tis'tlc-al (-tt-kal), ( tributed to the
Anabaptists, or their doctrines. Milton. Bp. Bull.
An'a-bap'tist-ry (-bSp'tist-ry), n. The doctrine, sys-
tem, or practice, of Anabaptists, [i?.]
Thus died this imaginary king ; and Anabaptistnj was sup-
pressed in Munster. I'atjitt.
An'a-bap-tize' (-bap-tlz'), v. t. [Gr. ava^a.TTTC(eiv, fr.
dva again + paTTTtfeii' to baptize. See Baptize.] Tore-
baptize ; to rechristen ; also, to rename. [iJ.] ^Vh.itlock.
II An'a-bas (an'a-bas) ,
n. [Gr. ai/a^d?, p. p. of
avafiaiveiv to advance.]
(Zool.) A genus of fishes,
remarkable for their pow-
er of living long out of wa-
ter, and of making their
way on laud for consid- Anahas saandem (.yQ-
arable distances, and for climbing trees ; the cUmbing
fishes.
II A-nab'a-Sis (a-nab'a-sis), n. [Gr. afajSatrt?, fr. ii/a-
^o-iveiv to go up ; ava. up -)- fio.iveiv to go.] 1. A journey
or expedition up from the coast, like that of the younger
Cyrus into Central Asia, described by Xenophon in his
work called " The Anabasis."
The anaha.=is of Napoleon. De Quince;/.
2. {Med.) The first period, or increase, of a disease ;
augmentation. [Obn.']
An'a-bat'iC (an'a-bat'tk), a. [Gr. ava^ariKo^.l Per-
taining to an anabasis ; as, an anabatic fever. [06s.]
An'a-bol'ic (-bSltk), a. [Gr. kva^oKi] something
heaped up ; i.va. -\- (SoXtj a stroke.] {Physiol.) Pertaining
to anabolism ; as anabolic changes, or processes, more or
less constructive in their nature.
A-nab'0-lism (a-nSb'o-lTz'm), re. {Physiol.) The con-
structive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from
katabolism.
An'a-Camp'Uc (an'a-kamp'tTk), a. [Gr. avaKafiTrrcij'
to bend back; ava. hack. -\- Kixii.iTTei.v to bend.] Reflect-
ing or reflected ; as, an anacamptic sound (an echo).
(!!^°°The word was formerly applied to that part of
optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is
now called catoptric. See Catoptbics.
An'a-camp'tic-al-ly (-tT-knl-ly), adv. By reflection ;
as, echoes are sounds produced anacamptically . Hntton.
An'a-camp'tics (-ttks), re. 1. The science of reflected
light, now called catoptrics.
2. The science of reflected sounds.
II An'a-can'thl-nl (-kSu'thl-ni), ) n. pi. [Nl., fr. Gr.
An'a-canUls (Sn'a-kauths), f di' priv. -\- iKdvei-
vm tlioruy, fr. dxai-ea thorn.] {Zool.) A group of tele-
ostean fislies destitute of spiny fin-rays, as tlie cod.
An'a-can'thous (-tlms), a. Spineless, as certain fishes.
An'a-car'di-a'ceous (an'a-kar'dl-a'shus), a. {Bot.)
Belonging to, or resembling, a family, or order, of plants
of which the cashew tree is the type, and the species of
sumac are well known examples.
An'a-car'dic (-kiir'dik), a. Pertaining to, or derived
from, the cashew nut : as, anacardic acid.
II An'a-car'di-um (-dT-iSm), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ava sim-
ilar to + Kap&Ca. heart; — the fruit of this plant being
thought to resemble the heart of a bird.] {Bot.) A genus
of plants including the cashew tree. See Cashew.
An'a-ca-thar'tiC (-ka-thar'tlk), a. [Gr. avaxaeapriKoi,
fr. avaxaOaiptiv to cleanse upward, i. e., by vomiting ;
ava -{- KaSaCpsLv. See Cathartic] {Med.) Producing
vomiting or expectoration. — re. An anacathartic medi-
cine ; an expectorant or an emetic.
II An-ach'a-ris (5n-5k'iV-rTs), re. [NL. , f r. Gr. i.va up -\-
xdpis grace/I {Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the frog's-
bit family {Hydrocharidacese), native to America. Trans-
ferred to England it became an obstruction to naviga-
tion. Called also waterweed and water thyme.
An-ach'0-ret (-o-ret),n., An-ach'o-ret'ic-al (-l-kai),
a. See Anchoret, Anchoketic. [Ois.]
An-ach'O-rism (-rlz'm), n. [Gr. dvd -|- xwpos place.]
An error in regard to the place of an event or a thing ; a
referring something to a wrong place. [iJ.]
An'a-chron'ic (an'ii-krbn'Ik), ) a. Characterized by,
An'a-chron'lc-al (-I-kal), ) or involving, anach-
ronism; anachronistic.
An-ach'rO-nism (Sn-5k'i%-niz'm), re. [Gr. iivaxpo-
VLafxo^, fr. avaxpovi^^iv to refer to a wrong time, to con-
found times ; di'd -f- xpoi-os time ; cf. F. anachronisrne.']
A misplacing or error in the order of time ; an error in
chronology by which events are misplaced in regard to
each otlier, esp. one by which an event is placed too early ;
falsification of chronological relation.
An-ach'ro-nis'tic (aii-5k'ro-nis'tTk), a. Erroneous in
date ; containing an anachronism. T. Warton.
An-ach'ro-nize (Sn-ak'rft-niz), v. t. [Gr. avaxpovL^fKv.']
To refer to, or put into, a wrong time. {B.~\ Lowell.
An-ach'ro-nous (-nus), a. Contaming an anachro-
nism; anachronistic. — An-ach'ro-nOUS-ly, «'^'!'.
An'a-Clas'tic (an'a-klas'ttk), a. [Gr. avaKXav to bend
back and break ; to reflect (light) ; di'd -\- Kkav to break.]
1. {Ojjt.) Produced by the refraction of light, as seen
through water ; as, anaclastic curves. Mutton.
2. Springing back, as the bottom of an anaclastic glass.
Anaclastic glass, a glass or phial, shaped like an in-
verted funnel, and with a very thin convex bottom. By
sucking out a little air, the bottom springs into a concave
form with a smart crack ; and by breathing or blowing
gently into the orifice, the bottom, with a like noise,
springs into its former convex form.
An'a-Clas'tics (-tTks), n. {Opt.) That part of optics
which treats of the refraction of light ; — commonly
called dioptrics. Encyc. Brit.
II An'a-COB-no'slS (-se-no'sTs), n. [Gr. cn'otKOiVwcris, fr.
avaKOLvovv, to communicate ; ava up -\- kolvovv to make
common, koii/o; common.] {Bhet.) A figure by which
a speaker appeals to liis hearers or opponents for their
opinion on the point in debate. Walker.
An'a-CO-lu'thic (-ko-liJ'thik), a. Lacking grammat-
ical sequence. — An'a-CO-lu'tlUC-al-ly (-thi-kol-ly), adv.
II An'a-CO-lu'thon (-thSn) , re. [Gr. draxoAoiieos , -oi', not
following, wanting sequence ; av priv. -|- d(cdAou6o5 fol-
lowing.] {Ch-am.) A want of grammatical sequence or
coherence in a sentence ; an instance of a change of con-
struction in a sentence so that the latter part does not
syntactically correspond with the first part.
An'a-con'da (an'a-kon'da), re. [Of Ceylouese origin ?]
{Zool.) A large South American snake of the Boa family
{Eunectes murinus), which lives near rivers, and preys
on birds and small mammals. The name is also applied
to a similar large serpent {Python tigris) of Ceylon.
A-nac're-on'tic (a-nak're-on'tik), a. [L. Anacreon-
ticus.] Pertaining to, after the manner of, or in the
meter of, the Greek poet Anacreon ; amatory and con-
vivial. De Quincey.
A-nac're-On'tlc, n. A poem after the manner of Anac-
reon ; a sprightly little poem in praise of love and wine.
An'a-crot'ic (Sn'a-krbt'Tk), a. (Physiol.) Pertaining
to anacrotism.
A-nac'ro-tism (a-nak'ro-tiz'm), re. [Gr. ava, up, again
-(- xpoTos a stroke.] (Physiol.) A secondary notcli in the
pulse curve, obtained in a sphygmographic tracing.
II An'a-cni'sis (Sn'a-kru'sts), re. [Gr. di'dxpouo-is, fr.
avaKpovEiv to push up or back ; dvd -|- Kpoveiv to strike.]
(Pros.) A prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to a
verse properly beginning with an accented syllable.
An'a-dem (an'a-dSm), n. [L. onadema,GT. avdSrifia,
fr. avaSelv to wreathe ; di'd up -)- Sslv to bind.] A gar-
land or fillet ; a chaplet or wreath. Drayton. Tenny.wn.
II An'a-di-plO'Sis (an'a-dT-plo'sts), n. [L., fr. Gr. di/a-
fiLTrXaxrt? ; di'd -f- ^nr\ovv to double, 6i7rA6os, fitTrAoiJs, two-
fold, double.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the last word or
any prominent word in a sentence or clause, at the be-
ginning of the next, with an adjunct idea ; as, " He re-
tained his virtues amidst all his mi.'ijortunes — misfor-
tunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent."
An'a-drom (an'a-drom), re. [Cf. F. anadrome.'\
(Zool.) A fish that leaves the sea and ascends rivers.
A-nad'ro-mOUS (a-n5d'ro-miSs), a. [Gr. di'dSpo/aos
running upward ; di'd -j- Spo^to? a running, Spafxeiv to
run.] 1. (Zool.) Ascending rivers from the sea, at cer-
tain seasons, for breeding, as the salmon, shad, etc.
2 . (Bot.) Tending upwards ; — said of ferns in which
the lowest secondary segments are on the upper side of
the branch of the central stem. D. C. Eaton.
II A-nse'mi-a (a-ne'mt-a), re. [NL., fr. Gr. dvaifxia ; dv
priv. -\- aX/ia blood.] (Med.) A morbid condition in
which the blood is deficient in quality or in quantity.
A-nsm'ic (a-ngm'Ik), a. Of or pertaining to anaemia.
An-a'e-rob'ic (Sn-a'e-rob'ik), a. (Biol.) Relating to,
or like, anaerobies ; anaerobiotic.
An-a'Sr-Q-bies (Sn-a'er-o-bTz), re. pi. [Gr. dv priv. -\-
dijp, de'pos, air -j-^'O? life.] (Sio?.) Microorganisms which
do not require oxygen, but are killed by it. Sternberg.
An-a'er-0-bi-Ot'ic (an-a'er-o-bt-ot'ik), a. (Biol.) Re-
lated to, or of the nature of, anaiJrobies.
II An'aes-the'si-a (au'es-the'sT-a or -zhi-a), re. [NL., fr.
Gr. dvaia9~f}<jia. ; dv priv. -f- ato-flr^o-i? feeling, oiaOdveaQat.
to feel: ci. F. atiesthesie. See ..Esthetics.] (Med.) En-
tire or partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation ; a
state of general or local insensibility produced by disease
or by the inlialation or application of an anaesthetic.
II An'aas-the'sis (-sTs), re. See Anesthesia.
An'aes-thet'ic (-thet'ik), o. (Med.) (a) Capable of
rendering insensible ; as, ansesthetic agents, (b) Char-
acterized by, or connected with, insensibility; as, an
anaesthetic effect or operation.
An'ass-thet'ic, «. (Med.) That which produces in-
sensibility to pain, as chloroform, ether, etc.
An-aes'the-ti-za'tion (5n-gs'thc-tT-za'shun), re. The
process of anaesthetizing ; also, tlie condition of the nerv-
ous system induced by anaesthetics.
An-aes'the-tize (Sn-5s'the-tiz), v. t. (Med.) To ren-
der insensible by an ans'sthetic. Encyc. Brit.
An'a-glyph (Sn'a-glif), re. [Gr. dvdy\v(j)os wrought
in low relief, di'dyAvc^oi' embossed work ; di'd -f yAvi^eii'
to engrave.] Any sculptured, chased, or embossed or-
nament worked in low relief, as a cameo.
An'a-glyph'ic (an'a-glif'ik), I a. Pertaining to the
An'a-glyph'ic-al (-T-k«l), f art of chasing or em-
bossing in relief ; anaglyptic ; — opposed to diaglyptic or
simk work.
An'a-glyph'ic, re. Work chased or embossed in relief.
An'a-glyp'tic (-glTp'ttk), a. [L. annglypticus, Gr.
dfd-yAvTrTO?, di-dyAv^os. See Anaglyph.] Relating to
the art of carving, enchasing, or embossing in low relief.
An'a-glyp'tics (-tTks), re. The art of carving in low
relief, embossing, etc.
An'a-glyp'to-graph (-to-gra.f), re. [Gr. dvdyAujTTos -f
-graph.'] An instrument by wliich a correct engraving
of any embossed object, such as a medal or cameo, can
be executed. Brande & C.
An'a-glyp'tO-graph'ic (-grSf'Tk), a. Of or pertaining
to anaglj-ptography ; as, anaglypt ographic engraving.
An'a-glyp-tog'ra-phy (-glip-tog'ra-fy), re. [Gr. d^d-
■yAuTTTo; embossed -j- -grojihy.'] The art of copying works
in relief, or of so engraving as to give the subject an em-
bossed or raised appearance ; — used in representing
coins, bas-reliefs, etc.
II An'ag-nor'i-sls (Sn'Sg-nort-sTs), re. [Latinized fr.
Gr. dvayviopL(Tf.s ', ava -j- yvcopi^etv to recognize.] The
unfolding or denouement. [/.',] De Quincey.
An'a-gO'ge (5n'a-go'je), re. [Gr. dvayiuy^ a leading
up ; di'd -j- dytoyij a leading, dyeti' to lead.] 1. An ele-
vation of mind to tilings celestial.
2. The spiritual meaning or application of words ; esp
the application of the types and allegories of the Old
Testament to subjects of the New.
An'a-gOg'iC (-gbj'ik), 1 a. Mystical ; having a sec-
An'a-gOg'lC-al (-T-kol), ( ondary spiritual meaning ;
as, the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagogical sense, sig-
nifies the repose of the saints in heaven ; an anagogical
explication. — An'a-gOg'ic-al-ly, adv.
An'a-gOg'iCS (-iks), re. pi. Mystical interpretations or
studies, esp. of the Scriptures. L. Addison.
An'a-gO'gy (Sn'a-go'jy), «■ Same as Anagoge.
An'a-gram (5n'a-gram), re. [F. anagramme, LL. ana-
gramma, fr. Gr. dvd back, again -|- ypd^eiv to write. See
Graphic] Literally, the letters of a word read back-
wards, but in its usual wider sense, the change of one
word or phrase into another by the transposition of its
letters. Thus Gnlenus becomes angeliis ; William Noy
(attorney-general to Charles I., and a laborious man) may
be turned into / moijl in law.
An'a-gram, v. t. To anagrammatize.
Some of these anagramed his name, Benlowes, into Benev-
olus. Warburton.
An'a-gram-mat'ic (Sn'a-grSm-mSt'ik), ) a. [Cf. F.
An'a-gram-mat'lc-al (-mat'i-kol), ) anagram-
matique,'} Pertaining to, containing, or making, an ana-
gram. — An'a-gram-mat'ic-al-ly , adv.
An'a-gram'ma-tism (-grSm'ma-ttz'm), re. [Gr. di-a-
ypap.iu.a7itriads: cf. F. anagrammatisme.l The act or
practice of making anagrams. Camden.
An'a-gram'ma-tist, re. [Cf. F. anagrammatiste.']
A maker of anagrams.
An'a-gram'ma-tjze (-tiz), r. t. [Gr. dvaypaij.ij.aTi(eiv :
cf. F. anagrammatiser.^ To transpose, as the letters of
a word, so as to form an anagram. Cudworth.
An'a-graph (an'a-grif), re. [Gr. dvaypa<l>ri a writing
out, fr. dvaypd4ieiv to write out, to record ; di'd -f- ypd-
<|j6ii' to write.] An inventory ; a record. I0bs.~\ Knowles.
II An'a-kim (-kTm), ) re. pi. [Heb.] (Bibl.) A race of
A'naks (a'naks), I giants Uviug in Palestine.
A'nal (a'nrtl), a. [From Anus.] (Anat.) Pertaining
to, or situated near, the anus ; as, the anal fin or glands.
A-nal'cime (a-nal'sTm), re. [Gr. di- priv. -f- dAKi;u.ot
strong, dAici) strength : cf. F. analcime.'] (Min.) A white
or fiesh-red mineral, of the zeolite family, occurring in
isometric crystals. By friction, it acquires a weak elec-
tricity ; hence its name.
A-hal'cite (-sit), re. [Gr. di'aAKr;? weak.] Analcime.
An'a-lec'tic (an'a-lek'tik), a. Relating to analects ;
made up of selections ; as, an analectic magazine.
An'a-lectS (an'a-lekts), ) re. pi. [Gr. dvdkeKra, fr.
II An'a-lec'ta (an'a-lek'ta), f dvaXeyeiv to collect ; dvd
-\- Ae'yeti' to gather.] A collection of literary fragments.
II An'a-lem'ma (-lem'ma), .». [L. anolemma a sun
dial on a pedestal, showing the latitude and meridian of
a place, Gr. dvdKr\iiixa a support, or thing supported, a
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, g,U ; eve, event, gnd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, orb, odd ;
ANALEPSIS
53
ANASTALTIC
sun dial, fr. avaXafi^dvuiv to take up ; avd -f- Aa/ajSaveti'
to take.] 1. {Geum.) An orthographic projection of the
sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being sup-
posed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west
point of the horizon.
2. An instrument of wood or brass, on which this pro-
jection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon
or cursor ; — formerly much used in solving some com-
mon astronomical problems.
3. A scale of the sun's declination for each day of the
year, drawn across the torrid zone on an artificial ter-
restrial globe.
II An'a-lep'sls (an'A-15p'sis), ^ n. [Gr. a.i'aA7)i//is a
An'a-lep'sy (Sn'a-lgp'sy), ) taking up, or again,
recovery, from aiva\an^iiv£i.v. See Anauemma.] {Med.)
(a) Recovery of strength after sickness. (6) A species
of epileptic attack, originating from gastric disorder.
An'a-lep'tlc (-ISp'ttk), a. [Gr. ai/aAjjTmKo; restora-
tive : cf. F. aMff^eptt^Me. See Analepsis.] (il/e<?.) Restor-
ative ; giving strength after disease. — n. A restorative.
II AJl'al-ge'si-a (Sn'ai-je'sl-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. avaX-
yria-Ca ; av priv. + aAyr)<7is sense of pain.] {Med.) Ab-
sence of sensibiKty to pain. Quain.
An'al-lag-mat'lc (Sn'Sl-lSg-mStlk), 3. [Gr. av priv.
+ oAAayiaa a change, fr. aAAa<r<Teii' to change.] {Math.)
Not changed in form by inversion.
Analla^matic curves, a class of curves of the fourth de-
gree which have certain peculiar relations to circles ; —
sometimes called bicircular quartics. — Anallagmatic sur-
faces, a certain class of surfaces of the fourth degree.
An'al-lan-to'Ic (an'Sl-ISn-to'ik), a. {Anat.) Without,
or not developing, an allantois.
II An'al-lan-toid'e-a (Sn'a-lSn-toid'e-a), n. pi. [Gr.
av priv. + B. allontoidea.'] (Zool.) The division of
Vertebrata in which no allantois is developed. It in-
cludes amphibians, fishes, and lower forms.
A-nal'O-gal (i-nSl'o-gal), a. Analogous. [06«.] Donne.
An'a-log'ic (5n'a-18j'ik), a. [See Analogous.] Of
or belonging to analog)'. Geo. Eliot.
An'a-iog'ic-al (-ISj'I-kal), a. 1. Founded on, or of
the nature of, analogy ; expressing or implying analog>\
When a country which has sent out colonies is termed the
mother country, the expression is analogical. J. S. Mill.
2. Having analogy ; analogous. Sir M. Hale.
An'a-log'ic-al-ly, adv. In an analogical sense ; in ac-
cordance with analogy ; by way of similitude.
A prince is analogically styled a pilot, being to the state as a
pilot is to the vessel. Berkdeij.
An'a-lOg'iC-al-ness, n. Quality of being analogical.
A-nal'O-gism (a^nSl'o-jIz'm^, n. [Gr. ai/aAo-yio-|a6s
course of reasoning, fr. dvaXoyi^etrBai to think over, to
calculate.] 1. {Logic) An argument from the cause to
the effect ; an a priori argument. Johnson.
2. Investigation of things by the analogy they bear to
each other. Crabb.
A-nal'O-glst (-jist), n. One who reasons from anal-
ogy ; one who seeks analogies.
A-nal'0-gize (-jiz), v. i. [Gr. avaKoyi^eaBai.'] To ex-
plain, or represent, by analogy. Cheyne.
A-nal'0-gize, v. i. To employ, or reason by, analogy.
II A-nal'0-gon (-gSn), n. [Gr. dvoKoyov.'] Analogue.
A-nal'0-gOUS (a-n51'o-gus), a. [L. analogus, Gr.
on'oAoyo! according to a due ratio, proportionate ; ava. -\-
\6yoq ratio, proportion. See Logic] Having analogy ;
corresponding to something else ; bearing some resem-
blance or proportion ; — often followed by to.
Analogous tendencies in arts and manners. De Quincey.
Decay of pubhc spirit, which may be considered analogous to
natural death. J. H. Newman.
Analogous pole {Pyroelect.), that pole of a crystal which
becomes positively electrified when heated.
Syn.— Correspondent; similar; like.
— A-nal'o-gous-ly, adv. — A-nal'o-gous-ness, re.
An'a-lOgue (5n'a-log ; 115), ra [F., fr. Gr. avi^oyoi'.]
1. That which is analogous M, or corresponds with,
some other thing.
The vexatious tyranny of the individual despot meets its aj»-
alogue in the insolent tyranny of the many. /. Taylor.
2. {PhUol.) A word in one language corresponding
with one in another ; an analogous term ; as, the Latin
" pater " is the analogue of the English " father."
3. {Nat. Hist.) (a) An organ which is equivalent in its
fvmctions to a different organ in another species or
group, or even in the same group ; as, the gUl of a fish is
the analogue of a lung in a quadruped, although the two
are not of like structural relations. (6) A species in
one genus or group having its characters parallel, one by
one, with those of another group, (c) A species or genus
in one country closely related to a species of the same
genus, or a genus of the same group, in another : such
species are often called representative species, and such
genera, representative genera. Dana.
A-nal'o-gy (a-uSl'o-jy), re. ; pi. Analogies (-jiz). [L.
analogia, Gr. dvoAoyia, fr. dfaAoyos: cf. P. analogie.
See Analogous.] 1. A resemblance of relations; an
agreement or likeness between things in some circum-
stances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely
different. Thus, learning enUghtems the mind, because
it is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to
discover things before hidden.
Followed by between, to, or voith ; as, there is an anal-
ogy between these objects, or one thir^ has an analogy to
or with another.
, -^ Analogy is very commonly used to denote simi-
larity or essential resemblance ; but its specific meaning
IS a similarity of relations, and in this consists the differ-
ence between the argument from example and that from
analogy. In the former, we argue from the mere simi-
larity of two things ; in the latter, from the similarity of
their relations. Karslake.
2. {Biol.) A relation or correspondence in function,
between organs or parts which are decidedly different.
3. {Geom.) Proportion; equality of ratios.
4. {Gram.) Conformity of words to the genius, struc-
ture, or general rules of a language ; similarity of origin,
inflection, or principle of pronunciation, and the like, as
opposed to anomaly. Johnson.
An'a-lyse (au'a-Ez), v., An'a-ly'ser (-li'zer), n., etc.
Same as Analyze, Analyzer, etc.
A-nal'y-sis (a-nSl'i-sIs), n. ; pi. Analyses (-sez).
[Gr. dvoKvdi'i, fr. dvaku&iv to unloose, to dissolve, to re-
solve into its elements ; dva. up -\- Kijeiv to loose. See
Loose.] 1. A resolution of anytliiug, whether an object
of the senses or of the intellect, mto its constituent or
original elements ; an examination of the component
parts of a subject, each separately, as the words which
compose a sentence, the tones of a tune, or the simple
propositions which enter into an argument. It is op-
posed to synthesis.
2. {Chem.) The separation of a compound substance,
by chemical processes, into its constituents, with a view
to ascertain either (a) what elements it contains, or (6)
how much of each element is present. The former is
called qualitative, and the latter quantitative analysis.
3. {Logic) The tracing of things to their source, and
the resolving of knowledge into its original principles.
4. {Math.) The resolving of problems by reducing
the conditions that are in them to equations.
5. {a) A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a
discoui'se, disposed in their natural order. (6) A brief,
methodical illustration of the principles of a science.
In this sense it is nearly synonymous with synopsis.
6. {Nat. Hist.) The process of ascertaining the name
of a species, or its place in a system of classification, by
means of an analytical table or key.
Ultimate, Fxozimate, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Volu-
metric analysis. (Chem.) See under Ultimate, Pkoximate,
Qualitative, etc.
An'a-lyst (Sn'a-llst), n. [F. analyste. See Analy-
sis.] One who analyzes ; formerly, one skilled in alge-
braical geometry ; now commonly, one skilled in chem-
ical analysis.
An'a-lyt'lc (Sn'a-litlk), ) a. [Gr. ava.kvrLK6i : cf . F.
An'a-lyt'ic-al (-T-kal), ) analytique. See Analy-
sis.] Of or pertaining to analysis ; resolving into ele-
ments or constituent parts ; as, an analytical experiment ;
analytic reasoning ; — opposed to synthetic.
Analytical or coordinate geometry. See under Geometet.
— Analytic language, a noninfiectional language or one
not characterized by grammatical endings. — Analytical
table (Nat. Hist.), a table in which the characteristics of
the species or other groups are arranged so as to facili-
tate the determination of their names.
An'a-lyt'ic-al-ly, adv. In an analytical manner.
An'a-lyt'ics (-iks), n. The science of analysis.
An'a-ly'za-ble (-li'za-b'l), a. That may be analyzed.
An'a-ly-za'tion (-li-za'shun), re. The act of analy-
zing, or separating into constituent parts ; analysis.
An'a-lyze (an'a-liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Analyzed
(-lizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Analyzing.] [Cf. P. analyser.
See AjfALYSis.] To subject to analysis ; to resolve (any-
thing complex) into its elements ; to separate into the
constituent parts, for the purpose of an examination of
each separately ; to examine in such a manner as to as-
certain the elements or nature of the thing examined ;
as, to analyse a fossil substance ; to analyze a sentence
or a word ; to analyse an action to ascertain its morality.
No one, I presume, can analyze the sensations of pleasure or
pain. Darwin.
An'a-ly'zer (-li'zer), «. 1. One who, or that which,
analyzes.
2. {Opt.) The part of a polariscope which receives the
light after polarization, and exhibits its properties.
An'a-mese' (Sn'a-mez'), a. Of or pertaining to Anam,
in southeastern Asia. — n. A native of Anam.
II An'am-ne'sis (Sn'3m-ne'sis), re. [Gr. dvaumjo-is, fr.
ai/a|u.i|avi)crKcti' to remind, recall to memory ; i.v6. -f- /u,i-
fiv^a-Kciv to put in mind.] {Ehet.) A recalling to mind ;
recollection.
An'am-nes'tlc (-nes'tTk), a. [Gr. ava/otvTja-TiKds.] Aid-
ing the memory ; as, anamnestic remedies.
An-am'ni-Ot'iC (an-am'ni-bt'tk), a. {Anat.) Without,
or not developing, an amnion.
An'a-mor'pUsin (an'a^mSr'fiz'm), n. [Gr. avd again
+ iu.op(i^ form.] 1. A'distorted image.
2. {£iol.) A gradual progression from one type to an-
other, generally ascending. Huxley.
An'a-mor'pho-sis (an'a-m6r'f6-sis or -m6r-fo'sis),
n. [Gr. avajaopc/jwo't?, fr. dvafjiop-
ij>ovv to form anew ; avd again -|-
IJiop(f)ovv to form, iJ.op4>ri form.]
1. {Persp.) A distorted or mon-
strous projection or representa-
tion of an image on a plane or
curved surface, which, when
viewed from a certain point, or as
reflected from a curved mirror or
through a polyhedron, appears
regular and in proportion ; a def-
ormation of an image.
2. {Biol.) Same as Anamor-
phism, 2.
3. {Bot.) A morbid or mon-
strous development, or change of
form, or degeneration.
An'a-mor'pho-sy (-sy), re. Same
as Anamorphosis.
A-nan' (a^nan'), interj. [See
Anon.] An expression equivalent
to What did you say ? Sir ? Eh ?
iObs.1 ■ Shak.
II A-na'nas (i-na'nSs), n. [Sp.
ananas, from the native Ameri-
can name.] {Bot.) The pineapple
{Ananassa sativa),
An-an'drous (Sn-Su'drfis), a.
Anamorphosis.
[Gr. dv priv. -f- dvrip a man.] {Bot.) Destitute of stamens,
as certain female flowers.
An-an'gU-lar (an-3n'gu-l3r), a. [Gr. av priv. + E.
angular.'i Containing jio angle. [iJ.]
An-an'ther-OUS (an-an'ther-iis), a. [Gr. av priv. -f-
E. anther.'] {Bot.) Destitute of anthers. Gray.
An-an'tnous (-thUs), a. [Gr. dv priv. + dveos a flow-
er.] {Bot.) Destitute of flowers ; flowerless.
An'a-paest (Sn'a-pest), An'a-paes'tic (-pSs'tTk). Same
as Anapest, Anapestic.
An'a-pest (Sn'a-pest), re. [L. anapaestus, Gr. avdnai-
oTos an anapest, i. e., a dactyl reversed, or, as it were,
struck back ; fr, dvairaUiv ; dvd back -f- iraUiv to strike.]
1. {Pros.) A metrical foot consisting of three syllables,
the first two short, or unaccented, the last long, or ac-
cented (^ ^ -); the reverse of the dactyl. In Latin dS-'i-tas,
and in English in-ter-vene', are examples of anapests.
2. A verse composed of such feet.
An'a-pes'tic (Sn'a-pgs'tik), a. [L. anapaesticus, Gr.
dravraKmicds.] Pertaining to an anapest ; consisting of
an anapest or of anapests ; as, an anapestic meter, foot,
verse. — n. Anapestic measure or verse.
An'a-pes'tic-al (-tt-kal), a. Anapestic.
II A-naph'0-ra (4-uaf'6-ra), re. [L., fr Gr. avaijjopa, fr.
dva<^ipei.v to carry up or back ; dcd -j- tjiepeiv to carry.]
{Ehet.) A repetition of a word or of words at the begm-
ning of two or more successive clauses.
, II Att-aph'ro-dis'i-a (Sn-Sf'rfi-drz'i-a), re. [NL., fr. Gr.
dv priv. -f- d^po&L(Tia sexual pleasure, 'A</>po6in) the god-
dess of love,] {Med.) Absence of sexual appetite.
An-aph'ro-dls'i-ac (-Sk), a. & re. [Gr.' dv priv. + d(|)po-
iienaKos pertaining to venery.] {Med.) Same as Ant-
APHEODisiAC. Dunglison.
An-aph'ro-dit'iC (-dlttk), a. [Gr. di'a(|>p66tT09 with-
out love.] {Biol.) Produced without concourse of sexes.
An'a-plas'tlc (Sn'a-plas'tlk), a. Of or pertaining to
anaplasty.
An'a-plas'ty (-plas'ti^), n. [Gr. di'd again -j- irkdaaeir
to form : cf. F. ajiaplastie.} {Surg.) The art or opera-
tion of restoring lost parts or the normal shape by the use
of healthy tissue.
An'a-ple-rot'ic (-ple-rot'Ik), a. [L. anapleroticus, fr.
Gr. di'aTrAijpoOi' to fill up ; dvd -\- nK-qpovv to fill.] {Med.)
Filling up ; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers.
— re. A remedy which promotes such granulation.
A-nap'no-graph (a-nSp'no-gr4f ), n. [Gr. avaTTVoij res-
piration -j- -graph.'} A form of spirometer.
An'ap-no'ic (an'ap-no'ik), a. [Gr. a-vairvorj respira-
tion.] {Med.) Relating to respiration.
An-ap'O-deiC'tiC (Sn-ap'o-dlk'tik), a. [Gr. ivamSei-
KTos ; av priv. -f- dnoSeLKTds. See Apodeictic] Not apo-
deictic ; vmdemonstrable. [JJ.]
ll_An'a-poph'y-SiS (Sn'a-pofi-sTs), re. [Gr. avd back
+ dnoclyjcris offshoot.] {Anat.) An accessory process in
many lumbar vertebrae.
An'ap-tOt'ic (an'Sp-tStlk), a. [Gr. dvd back -J- tttw-
TiKo; belonging to case.] Having lost, or tending to lose,
inflections by phonetic decay ; as, anaptotic languages.
II An-ap'ty-chus (3n-Sp'ti-kvis), re. / pi. Amaftichi
(-ki). [NL., fr. Gr. dvdTj-Tvxos unfolding ; a.vd back -f-
TTTua-<T€iv to fold.] {Paleon.) One of a pair of shelly
plates found in some cephalopods, as the ammonites.
An'arcil (Sn'ark), re. [Gr. di/apxos without head or
chief ; dv priv. -|- d.px^ beginning, the first place, magis-
tracy, government.] The author of anarchy ; one who
excites revolt. Milton.
Imperial anarchs doubling human woes. Byron.
A-cai'Chal (S.-nar'kol), a. Lawless ; anarchical. [.R.]
We are in the habit of calling those bodies of men anarchai
which are in a state of effervescence. Laudor,
A-nar'chic (a.-nar'kTk), ) a. [Cf. F. anarchique.']
A-nar'CbiC-al (-ki-kal), ) Pertaining to anarchy;
without rule or government ; in political confusion ;
tending to produce anarchy ; as, anarchic despotism ;
anarchical opinions.
An'arch-ism (Sn'ark-iz'm), n. [Cf. F. anarehisme.']
The doctrine or practice of anarchists.
An^arch-lst (Sn'ark-tst), re. [Cf. F. anarchiste.'] An
anarch ; one who advocates anarchy or aims at the over-
throw of civil government.
An'arch-lze (-iz), v. t. To reduce to anarchy.
An'arch-y (an'ark-y), re.. [Gr. avapxia : cf. F. anar-
chic. See Anarch.] 1. Absence of government; the
state of society where there is no law or supreme power ;
a state of lawlessness ; political confusion.
Spread anarchy and terror all around. Cowper.
2. Hence, confusion or disorder, in general.
There being then ... an anarchy, as I may term it, in au-
thors and their reckoning of years. Fuller.
II An'ar-throp'o-da (Sn'ar-thrSp'6-dJi), re. pi, [NL.,
from Gr. dvapOpo^ without joints -f- -poda. See Anar-
throus.] {Zo'ol.) One of the divisions of Articulata in
which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; — op-
posed to Arthropoda.
An'ar-throp'o-dOUS (-dus), a. {Zo'ol.) Having no
jointed legs ; pertaining to the Anarthropoda.
An-ar'throus (an-ar'thrQs), a. [Gr. dvapSpos without
joints, without the article ; av priv. -|- dpfipoi' joint, the
article.] 1. {Gr. Gram.) Used without the article ; as,
an anarthrous substantive.
2. {Zo'ol.) Without joints, or having the joints indis-
tinct, as some insects.
IIA'nas (a'nSs), re. [L., duck.] {Zo'ol.) A genus of
water fowls, of the order Auseres, including certain spe-
cies of fresh-water ducks.
II An'a-sar'oa (Sn'a-sar'ka), re. [NL., from Gr. di'd
throughout -f- crdp|, o-ap/cds, flesh.] {3Sed.) Dropsy of
the subcutaneous cellular tissue ; an effusion of serum
into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, iue.
lastic swelling of the skin.
An'a-sar'cous (-kiis), a. Belonging to, or affected by,
anasarca, or dropsy ; dropsical. 'Wiseman.
An'a-stal'ttG (-stSl'tlk), a. & n. [Gr. dvaoniATiKiSs
B
D
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, iip, am; pity; food, fo~bt; out, oil,- chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin;
tON ; zh = z in azure.
M
ANASTATE
54
ANCHOVY
fitted for checking, fr. i.va. + are'AAeci' to send.] [Med.)
Styptic. [06s.] ^ Coze.
An'a-Btate (an'4-stat), n. [Gr. ava up + iordvai to
make to stand.] (Physiol.) One of a series of substances
formed, in secreting cells, by constructive or anabolic
processes, in the production of protoplasm ; — opposed
to kaiastate. ^ Foster.
An'a-Stat'lC (Sn'S^stSttk), a. [Gr. ava up + iirrafai
to make to stand : cf . (rraTiicos causing to stand.] Per-
taining to a process or a style of printing from characters
in relief on zinc plates.
In this process the letterpress, engraving, or design of
any kind is transferred to a zinc plate ; the j)arts not cov-
ered with ink are eaten out, leaving a facsimile in relief
to be printed from.
A-nas'tO-mose (4-n5s't6-moz), v. i. limp. & p. p.
Anastomosed (-inozd) ; p. pr, & vh. n. Anastomosing.]
[Of. P. anastomoser, fr. anastomose. See Anastomosis.]
(Anat. & Bot.) To inosculate; to intercommunicate by
anastomosis, as the arteries and veins.
The ribbing of the leaf, and the anastomosing network of its
/. Taylor.
II A-nas'tO-mo'sls (a-nSs'to-mo'sts), n. ; pi. Anasto-
UOSES (-sez). [NL., fr. Gr. ai/atrTo^ojcris opening, fr. ava-
<rroij,ovv to furnish vrith a mouth or opening, to open ; avd
-j- ord/tia mouth: cf. F. anastomose.'] {Anat. & Bot.)
The inosculation of vessels, or intercommunication be-
tween two or more vessels or nerves, as the cross com-
munication between arteries or veins.
A-nas'tO-mot'ic (-m5t'ik), a. Of or pertMning to
anastomosis.
II A-oas'trO-phe (i-nSs'tri-fe), re. [Gr. avaoTfO^-t], fr.
avatrrpe^av to turn up or back ; ava. -\- orpeijieii' to turn.]
(Ehet. & Gram.) An mversion of the natural order of
words ; as, echoed the hills, for, (he hills echoed.
A-nath'e-ma (4-n$th'e-mi), n.; pi. Anathemas (-mAz).
[L. anathima, fr. Gr. avaOefia anything devoted, esp. to
evil, a curse ; also L. anathema, fr. Gr. avaSrina a votive
offering; all fr. avaTi.Bevai to set up as a votive gift, ded-
icate ; ava up -f TiSeVai to set. See Thesis.] 1. A ban
or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesi-
astical authority, and accompanied by excommunication.
Hence : Denunciation of anything as accursed.
[They] denounce anathemas against unbelievers. Priestley.
2. An imprecation ; a curse ; a malediction.
Finally ahe fled to London followed by the anaUiemasoi both
[families]. Tliackeray.
3. Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by
ecclesiastical authority.
Tlie Jewish nation were an anathema destined to destruction.
St. Paul . . . says he could wish, to save them from it, to be-
come an anathema, and be destroyed himself. Locke.
Anathema Maranatha (mSr'a-nSth'a) (see 1 Cor. xvi. 22J,
an expression commonly considered as a highly intensi-
fied form of anathema. Maran atha is now considered as
a separate sentence, meaning, " Our Lord cometh."
A-nath'e-mat'ic(S;-n5th'e-mSt'Ik), la. Pertaining to,
A-natli'e-mat'lc-al (-mSt'i-kal), ) or having the
nature of, an anathema. — A-nath'e-inat'ic-al-ly, adv.
A-nath'e-ma-tlsni (a-nSth'S-ma-tiz'm), re. [Gr. ava-
9e|uiaTia|n6s a cursing : cf. F. anathemalisme.'\ Anathe-
matization. \phs.'\
We land a lawof Justinian forbidding ana(Aemo(isms to be pro-
nounced against the Jewish Hellenists. Jer. Taylor.
A-nath'e-ma-tl-za'tlon (A-nath'e-mSr-tl-za'shiiu), re.
[LL. anathematisatio.] The act of anathematizing, or
denouncing as accursed ; imprecation. Barrow.
A-natli'e-ma-tize (4-nSth'e-ma-tiz), v. t. [imp. &p. p.
Anathematized (-tizd) ; p.pr. &vb.n. Anathematizing.]
[L. anathematizare, Gr. avaSeixari^eiv to devote, make
accursed ; cf . F. anathematiser.'\ To pronounce an anath-
ema against ; to curse. Hence : To condemn publicly as
something accursed. Milton.
A-nath'e-ma-tl'zer (-tl'zer), re. One who pronounces
an anathema. Hammond.
II A-nat'i-fa (a-nStl-fd), re. ; pi. Anatif.e (-fe). [NL.,
contr. fr. anatifera. See Anatieekous.] (Zo'ol.) An
animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, hav-
ing a fleshy stem or peduncle ; a goose barnacle. See
ClRRIPEDIA.
^W^ The term Anatifx, in the plural, is often used for
the whole group of pedunculated cirripeds.
A-nat'i-fer (-fer), re. (Zool.) Same as Anatifa.
An'a-tif'er-OUS (Sn'a-tTf'er-us), a. [L. anas, anatis,
a duck -f- -/e'"OM-S-] {Zool.) Producing ducks; — applied
to Anatifse, under the absurd notion of their turning
into ducks or geese. See Barnacle.
An'a-tine (an'a-tin), a. [L. anatinus, fr. anas, anatis,
a duck.] (Zool.) Of or pertaining to the ducks; duck-
like.
A-nat'O-cism (a-nSt'o-sTz'm^, re. [L. anatocismus, Gr.
dvaTOKtcr^Los ; ava again -|- TOKt^etv to lend on interest.]
(Law) Compound interest. [iJ.] Bouvie.r.
An'a-tom'ic (Sn'a-tom'Tk), 1 a. [L. anatomicus, Gr.
An'a-tom'iC-al (-T-kal), ( ai/aTOfuKos : cf. F. a7ia-
tomique. See Anatomy.] Of or relating to anatomy or
dissection; as, the anatomic art; anatomical observa-
tions. _ Hume.
An'a-tom'ic-al-ly, adv. In an anatomical manner;
by means of dissection.
A-uat'o-mism (a-nat'6-inTz'm), n. [Cf. F. anato-
misme.l 1. The application of the principles of anat-
omy, as in art.
The stretched and vivid anatomism of their ri. e., the French]
great figure painters. The London Spectator.
2. The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains
all the phenomena of the organism or of animal life.
A-nat'O-mist (-mist), n. [Cf. F. anatomiste.'] One
who is skilled in the art of anatomy, or dissection.
A-nat'O-mi-za'Uon (a-nSt'S-ml-za'shiin), re. The act
of anatomizing.
A-nat'o-mlze (4-nSt'o-miz), v. t. [imp, &p.p. Anat-
omized (-mizd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Anatomizing.] [Cf. F.
anatomiser.'] 1. To dissect ; to cut in pieces, as an ani-
mal or vegetable body, for the purpose of displaying or
examining the structure and use of the several parts.
2. To discriminate minutely or carefully ; to analyze.
If we anatomize all other reasonings of this nature, we shall
find that they are founded on the relation of cause and effect.
JJume.
A-nat'0-ml'zer (a-nSt'o-mi'zer), re. A dissector.
A-nat'o-my (a-nSt'o-mJ?), re. ; pi. Anatomies (-miz).
[F. a7iatomie, L. anatomia, Gr. avaroiJ-ri dissection, fr.
ava-riixvcKv to cut up ; avd -|- rdiivciv to cut.] 1. The art
of dissecting, or artilicially separating the different parts
of any organized body, to discover their situation, struc-
ture, and economy ; dissection.
2. The science which treats of the structure of organic
bodies ; anatomical structure or organization.
Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, accord-
ing to the knowledge of them which is given us by anatomy.
Dryden.
^^^ " Animal anatomy " is sometimes called zootomy :
"vegetable anatomy," 7^/(2/^o(oi/(i/; "human anatomy,"
anllivopotomy.
Comparative anatomy compares the structure of differ-
ent kinds and classes of animals.
3. A treatise or book on anatomy.
4. Tlie act of dividing anytliing, corporeal or intellec-
tual, for the purpose of examining its parts ; analysis ; as,
the anatomy of a discourse.
5. A skeleton; anything anatomized or dissected, or
which has the appearance of being so.
The anatomy of a little child, representing all parts thereofj
is accounted a greater rarity than the skeleton of a man in full
stature. Ftdler.
They brought one Knch, a htmgry, lean-faced villain,
A mere anatomy. Shah.
An'a-trep'tlc (Sn'i-trSp'ttk), a. [Gr. orarpeTrTiKos
overturning, f r. avaTpejreiv to turn up or over ; ava -j-
Tpeneiv to turn.] Overthrowing ; defeating ; — applied to
Plato's refutative dialogues. Enfield.
II An'a-tron (5n'a-tr5n), re. [F. anatron, natron, Sp.
anatron, natron, fr. Ar. al^natrun. See Nateon, NrrEB.]
[Ofts.] 1. Native carbonate of soda ; natron.
2. Glass gall or sandiver.
3. Saltpeter. ' Coxe. Johnson.
A-nat'ro-pal (a-nSt'ro-pal), ) a. [Gr. ava. up -f- rpendv
A-nat'ro-pous (-piis), ) to turn.] (^Bot.) Hav-
ing the ovule inverted at an early period in its develop-
ment, so that the chalaza is at the apparent apex ; — op-
posed to orthotropous. Gray.
A-nat'to (-t6), re. Same as Annotto.
Aii1)ur-y (Sn'ber-^), AmTjur-y (Sm'ber-y), re. [AS.
ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein : cf. Prov. E. am-
per a tumor with inflammation. Cf. the first syllable in
agnail, and berry a fruit.] 1. (Far.) A soft tumor or
bloody wart on horses or oxen.
2. A disease of the roots of turnips, etc. ; — caUed also
fingers and toes.
-ance. [F. -ance, fr. L. -aniia and also fr. -entia.] A
suffix signifying action ; also, quality or state ; as, assist-
ance, resistarece, appearance, elegance. See -aucy.
11^°" All recently adopted words of this class take
either -ance or -ence, according to the Latin spelling.
An'ces-tor (an'sSs-ter), n. [OE. ancestre, auncestre,
also ancessour; the first forms fr. OF. ancestre, F. on-
cetre, fr. the L. nom. antecessor one who goes before ; the
last form fr. OF. ancessor, fr. L. ace. antecessorem, fr.
antecedere to go before ; ante before -f- cedere to go.
See Cede, and cf. Antecessor.] 1. One from whom a
person is descended, whether on the father's or moth-
er's side, at any distance of time ; a progenitor ; a fore-
father.
2. (Biol.) An earlier type ; a progenitor ; as, this fossil
animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse.
3. (Law) One from whom an estate has descended ;
— the correlative of heir.
An'ces-tO'rl-al (an's5s-to'rT-al), a. Ancestral. Grote.
An'ces-tO'rl-al-ly, adv. With regard to ancestors.
An-ces'tral (an-sSs'tral ; 277), a. Of, pertaining to,
derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors ;
as, an ances/raZ estate. " Ancestral trees." Hemans.
An'ces-tress (an'sSs-tres), re. A female ancestor.
An'ces-try (Sn'ses-try), re. [Cf. OF. ancesserie. See
Ancestor.] 1. Condition as to ancestors; ancestral
lineage ; hence, birth or honorable descent.
Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an
ill one more contemptible. Addison.
2. A series of ancestors or progenitors; lineage, or
those who compose the line of natural descent.
An'chor (Sn'ker), re. [OE. anker, AS. ancor, oncer,
L. ancora, sometimes spelt
anchora, fr. Gr. ayKvpa,
akin to E. angle: cf. F.
ancre. See Angle, re.]
1. An iron instrument
which is attached to a ship
by a cable (rope or chain),
and which, being cast over-
board, lays hold of the
earth by a fluke or hook
and thus retains the ship
in a particular station.
0^^ The common anchor consists of a straight bar
called a shank, having at one end a transverse bar called
a slock, above which is a ring for the cable, and at the
other end the crown, from which branch out two or more
arms •vAVa. flukes, forming with the shank a suitable angle
to enter the groimd.
Formerly the largest and strongest anchor was the
sheet anchor (hence. Fig., best hope or last refuge),
called also waist anchor. Now the boirer and the sheet
anchor are usually alike. Then came the best bower and
the small bower (so called from being carried on the
bows). The stream anchor is one fourth the weight of
the bower anchor. Kedges or kedge anchors are light an-
chors used in warping.
Anchor, a a Stock ; h Shank ;
c c Flukes ; d d Arms.
napta Qirardii)-
a b Two of the der-
mal plates to which
the Anchors were
attached. From the
Atlantic coast.
Much magnified.
2. Any instrument or contrivance serving a purpose
like that of a ship's anchor, as an arrangement of timber
to hold a dam fast ; a contrivance to hold the end of a
bridge cable, or other similar part ; a contrivance used
by founders to hold the core of a mold in place.
3. Fig. : That which gives stability or security ; that
on which we place dependence for safety.
Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul. I£eb. vL 19.
4. (Her.) An emblem of hope.
5. (Arch.) (a) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of
a building together, (b) Carved work, somewhat resem-
bling an anchor or arrowhead ; — a part of the orna-
ments of certain moldings. It is seen in the echinus,
or egg-and-auchor (called also egg-and-dart, egg-and'
tongue) ornament.
6. (Zool.) One of the anchor-
shaped spicules of certain sponges ;
also, one of the calcareous spiiuiles
of certaui Holothurians, as in species
of Synapta.
Anchor ice. See under Ice. — An-
chor ring. (Math.) Same as Annulus,
2 (6). — Anchor otock (Naiil.), the c Anchors of a Holo-
crossbar at the top of the shank at thurian (Lentosy-
right angles to the arms. — The an- "' '-"
chor comes home, when it drags over ,
the bottom as the ship drifts. — Foul
anchor, the anchor when it hooks, or
is entangled with, another anchor, or
with a cable or wreck, or w hen the
slack cable is entangled. — The an-
chor is acockbUl, when it is sus-
pended perpendicularly from the cathead, ready to be
let go. — The anchor is apeak, when the cable is drawn in
so tight as to bring the ship directly over it. — The anchor
is atrip, or awelgh, when it is lifted out of the ground. —
The anchor is awash, when it is hove up to the surface of
the water. —At anchor, anchored. —To back an anchor, to
increase the holding power by laying downi a small an-
chor ahead of that by wliich the sliip rides, with the cable
fastened to the crown of the latter to prevent its coming
home. — To cast anchor, to drop or let go an anchor to
keep a ship at rest. — To cat the anchor, to hoist the an-
chor to the cathead and pass the ring-stopper. — To &Bh
the anchor, to hoist the flukes to their resting place (called
the bill-boards), and pass the shank painter. — To weigh
anchor, to heave or raise the anchor so as to sail away.
An'chor (Sn'ker), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anchored
(-kerd); p. pr. & vb. re. Ahchoking.] [Cf. F. ancrer.']
1. To place at anchor ; to secure by an anchor ; as, to
anchor a ship.
2. To fix or fasten ; to fix In a stable condition ; as, to
anchor the cables of a suspension bridge.
Till that my nails were anchored in thine eyes. Shak.
An'chor, v. i. 1. To cast anchor ; to come to anchor ;
as, our ship (or the captain) anchored in the stream.
2. To stop ; to fix or rest.
My invention . . . anchors on Isabel. Shak.
An'chor, n. [OE. anker, ancre, AS. ancra, fr. L. arer
achoreta. See Anchoret.] An anchoret. [Ofts.] Shak.
An'ohor-a-ble (-a-b'l), o. Fit for anchorage.
An'chor-age (Sn'ker-aj), n. 1. The act of anchoring,
or the condition of lying at anchor.
2. A place suitable for anchoring or where ships an-
chor ; a hold for an anchor.
3. The set of anchors belonging to a ship.
4. Something which holds like an anchor ; a hold ; a«,
the anchorages of the Brooklyn Bridge.
6. Something on which one may depend for security;
groimd of trust.
6. A toU for anchoring; anchorage duties. Johnson.
An'cho-rage (an'ko-raj), re. Abode of an anchoret.
An'chor-ate (-ker-at), a. Anchor-shaped.
An'chored (Sn'kerd), a. 1. Held by an anchor ; at an-
chor; held safely; as, an anchored bark; also, shaped
like an anchor ; forked ; as, an anchored tongue.
2. (Her.) Having the extremities turned back, like
the flukes of an anchor ; as, an anchored cross. [Some-
times spelt anered.']
An'cho-ress (Sn'ko-rSs), re. A female anchoret.
And there, a saintly anchoress, she dwelt. Wordsworth.
^An'oho-ret (-rgt), An'cho-rite (-rit), re. [F. anacho-
rete, L. anachoreta, fr. Gr. a.vaxi^pirrri'; , fr. avaxwpeiv
to go back, retue ; dva -f xwpeii' to give place, retire,
X<ip09 place ; perh. akin to Skr. ha to leave. Cf. Anchob
a heiinit.] One wljo renounces the world and secludes
liimself , usually for religious reasons ; a hermit ; a re-
cluse. [Written by some authors anachoret.']
Our Savior himself . . . did not choose an anchorite's or a
monastic life, but a social and affable way of conversing with
mortals. ^oyle.
An'ChO-ret'io (Sn/kS-ret'Ik), ) a. [Cf. Gr. avaxaart-
An'cho-ret'ic-al (-rSt'I-kal), ) tik6s.] Pertainmg to
an anchoret or hermit ; after the manner of an anchoret.
An'cho-ret'lsh (an'ko-rSt'ish), a. Hermitlike.
An'oho-ret-ism (an'k6-ret-iz'm), n. The practice or
mode of life of an anchoret.
An'Chor-hoW (an'ker-hold'), re. 1. The hold or grip
of an anchor, or that to which it holds.
2. Hence : Firm hold ; security.
An'ohO-lite (an'kS-rit), re. Same as Anchoret.
An'chO-ri'tess (an'kS-ri'tes), re. An anchoress. [iJ.]
An'chor-less (Sn'ker-les), a. Without an anchor or
stay. Hence: Drifting; imsettled.
An-cho'vy (an-chp'vj), re. [Sp. ancAoa, anchovt, or
Pg. anchova, prob. of
Iberian origin, and lit.
a dried or pickled fish,
fr. BLsc. antzua dry:
cf. D. anchovis, F. are-
chois.] (Zool.) A-sraaXi. , „, ,^, ,- ,.
fish, about three inches -^"Chovy of the Jieaiterranean. 04)
in length, of the Herring family (Engraulis encratiche-
lus), caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and
pickled for exportation. Thename is also applied to sev
eral allied species.
alOi senate, c&re, &m, arm, ask, final, ^11 ; eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, &bey, drb, &dd ;
ANCHOVY PEAR
55
ANEMOGRAPH
An-Che'vy pear' (Sn-chyvj? pSr'). (Bot.) A West In-
dian fruit like the mango iu taste, sometimes pickled ;
also, the tree {Grias cauliflora) bearing this fruit.
An'chu-Sin (Sn'kfi-sTn), n. [L. unchusa the plant al-
kanet, Gr. ayxpvra-'] (Chem.) A resinoid coloring matter
obtained from alkanet root.
An'chy-lose (5n'kT-los), u. A & «. [imp. &. p. p. A.ti-
CHYLOSED (-lost) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anchylosing.] [Cf. F.
anlijloser.'\ To att'ect or be affected witli anchylosis ; to
unite or consolidate so as to make a stiff joint ; to grow
together into one. [Spelt also ankylose.l Owen.
II An'chy-lo'sis, An'ky-lo'sls (Sn'kl-lo'sTs), m. [^NL.,
fr. Gr. ay/ciJAaxjis, fr. ayKv\ovv to crook, stiffen, fr. ayKV-
Aos crooked: cf. F. ankylose.'] 1. (Med.) Stifl'ness or
fixation of a joint ; formation of a stiff joint. Dunglison.
2. (Aiia(.) The union of two or more separate bones to
form a single bone ; the close union of bones or other
structures in various animals.
An'chy-lot'lc (Sn'kT-lSt'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
anchylosis.
An'cient (an'slient), a. [OE. aimcien, F. imcien, LL.
antlaniis, fr. L. anle before. See Ante-, pre/.} 1. Old ;
that happened or existed in former times, usually at a
great distance of time ; belonging to times long past ;
specifically applied to the times before the fall of the
Koman empire ; — opposed to modei-n ; as, ancient au-
thors, literature, history; ancient days.
Witness those ancient empires of the earth. Mihon.
Gildas Albanius . . . much ancietiter than his namesake sur-
named the Wise. Fuller.
2. Old ; that has been of long duration ; of long stand-
ing ; of great age ; as, an ancient forest ; an ancient cas-
tle. " Our a?icien< bickerings. ■' Shak.
Remove not the ancieitl landmarks, which thy fathers have
let. Pior. xxli. 28.
An ancient man, strangely habited, asked for quarters. Scott.
3. Known for a long time, or from early times; — op-
posed to recent or new; as, the ancient continent.
A friend, perhaps, or an ancient acquaintance. Barrow.
4. Dignified, like an aged man ; magisterial ; venera-
ble. [Archaic']
He wrought but some few hours of the day, and then would
he seem very grave and ancient. Holland.
5. Experienced ; versed. [06s.]
Though [he] was the youngest brother, yet he was the most
ancient in tlie business of the realm. Bemers.
6. Former; sometime. [Obs.'i
They mourned their ancient leader lost. Pope.
Ancient demesne (Eng. Law)^ a tenure by which all man-
ors belonging to the crown, m the reign of William the
Conqueror, were held. Tlie numbers, names, etc., of
these were all entered in a book called Domesday Book. —
Ancient lights (Law)., windows and other openings which
have been enjoyed -nithout molestation for more than
twenty years. In England, and in some of the United
States, tney acquire a prescriptive right.
Syn. — Old ; primitive ; pristine ; antique ; antiqua-
ted ; old-fashioned ; obsolete. — Ancient, ANTiQnATED,
Obsolete, Antique, Antic, Old. ^ Ancient is opposed to
modern, and lias reference to antiq^uity; as, an ancient
family, ancient landmarks, ancient mstitutions, systems
of thought, etc. Antiquated describes that %vhich has
gone out of use or fashion ; as, antiquated furniture, an-
<iV;«afe(/ laws, rules, etc. 06so/e(e is commonly used, in-
stead of antiquated, in reference to language, customs,
etc. ; as, an obsolete word or phrase, an obsolete expres.
sion. Antique is applied. In present usage, either to that
which has comedown from the ancients; as, an antique
cameo, bust, etc. ; or to that which is made to imitate
some ancient work of art ; as, an antique temple. In the
days of Shakespeare, antique was often used for ancient;
as, " an antique song," " an antique Roman ; " and hence,
from the singularity often attached to what is ancient,
it was used in the sense of grotesque ; as, " an oak
whose antique root peeps out ; " and hence came our
OTesent word antic, denoting grotesque or ridiculous.
We usually apply both ancient and old to things subject
to gradual decay. We say, an old man, an ancientrecori ;
but never, tlie old sun, old stars, an old river or mountain.
In general, however, ancient is opposed to modern, and
old to neic, fresh, or recent. When we speak of a thing
that existed formerly, which has ceased to exist, we com-
monly use ancient ; as, ancient republics, ancient heroes ;
and not old republics, old heroes. But when the tiling
which began or existed in former times is still in exist-
ence, we use either ancient oi old ; as, ancient statues or
paintings, or old statues or paintmgs ; ancient authors,
•or old authors, meaning books.
An'cient, n. 1. pi. Those who lived in former ages, as
opposed to the moderns.
2. An aged man; a patriarch. Hence: A governor;
a ruler ; a person of influence.
The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of his
people, and the princes thereof. Jsa. iii. 14.
3. A senior ; an elder ; a predecessor. [O65.]
Junius and Andronicus ... in Christianity . . . were his an-
■cients. Hooker.
4. pi. (Eng. Laio) One of the senior members of the
Inns of Court or of Chancery.
Council of Ancients (French JEUst.).^ one of the two assem-
blies composinj, the legislative bodies in 1795. Brande.
An'cient, n. [Corrupted from ensign.'] X. An en-
eign or flag. [06s.]
More dishonorable ragged than an old-faced ancient. Shak.
2 The bearer of a flag ; an ensign. [06s.]
This is Othello's ancient, as I take it. Shak.
An'cient-ly, adv. 1. In ancient times.
2- In an ancient manner, [i?.]
An'cient-ness, n. The quality of being ancient ; an-
tiquity ; existence from old times.
An'cient-ry (-ri^), n. 1. Antiquity ; what is ancient.
They contain not one word of ancientry. West.
2. Old age ; also, old people. [i2.]
Wronging the ancientry. Shak.
3. Aneient lineage ; ancestry ; dignity of birth.
A gentleman of more ancientry than estate. Fuller.
An'oient-y (an'shent-j^), n. [F. ancienneiS, fr. ancien.
See Ancient.] 1. Age ; antiquity. [06s.] Martin.
2. Seniority. [06s.]
II An-Cl'Ie (an-si'le), n. [L.] (Bom. Antiq.) The sa-
cred shield of the Romans, said to have fallen from heaven
in the reign of Numa. It was the palladium of Rome.
An'oll-la-ry (au'sll-la-rj?), a. [L. ancillaris, fr. an-
cilla a female servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like
a handmaid ; auxiliary.
The Convocation of York seems to have been always con-
sidered as inferior, and even ancillarif, to the greater province.
HuUam.
An-cllle' (Sn-sTl'), n. [OF. ancelle, L. anciJla.'] A
maidservant ; a liandiuaid. [06s.] Chaucer.
An-cip'1-tal (Sn-sip'I-tal), I a. [L. anceps, ancipitis,
An-clp'1-tOUS (-sTp'i-tiis), ) two-headed, double ; an-
for aHi6- on both sides -f-cap«niead.] (Bot.) Two-edged
instead of romid ; — said of certain flattened stems, as
those of blue grass, and rarely also of leaves.
An-cls'tTOid (Sn-sTs'troid), a. [Gr. ayKitrrpoeiS^s ;
ayKitTTpov a hook -|- ctSos shape.] Hook-shaped.
An'cle (Sn'k'l), ?^. See Ankle.
An'come"(2n'kiJni), 71. [AS. ancuman, oncuman, to
come.] A small ulcerous swelling, coming suddenly ;
also, a whitlow. [06s.] Boucher.
II An'con (Sn'kSu), n. ; L. pi. Ancones (Sn-ko'nez).
[L., fr. Gr. ayKiav the bent arm, elbow; any hook or
bend.] (Anat. ) The olecranon, or the elbow.
Ancon sheep (Zo'ol.), a breed of sheep with short crooked
legs and long back. It originated m Massachusetts in
1791 ; — called also the otter breed.
An'con (Sn'kSn), 1 n. [See Ancon, above.] (Arch.)
An'cone (-kon), ) (a) The corner or quoin of a wall,
cross-beam, or rafter. [06s.] Gwill. (6) A bracket
supporting a cornice ; a console.
An'CO-nal (Sn'ko-nal), la. (.4ma?.) Oforpertain-
An-OO'ne-al (5n-ko'ne-al), ( ing to the ancon or el-
bow. "The olecranon or a7!Coneai process." Flower.
II An-CO'ne-US (5n-ko'ne-us), n. [NX., fr. L. ancon
elbow.] (Anat.) A muscle of the elbow and forearm.
An'co-noid (an'kS-noid), a. Elbowlike ; anconal.
An'CO-ny (Sn'kS-ny), n. [Origin unknown.] (Iron
Work) A piece of malleable iron, wrought into the shape
of a bar in the middle, but unwrought at the ends.
-an-cy. [L. -antia.l A suffix expressing more strongly
than -ance the idea of quality or state ; as, constancy,
buoyancy, infancy.
Ajld (and), conj. [AS. atid ; akin to OS. endi, Icel.
enda, OHG. anii, enti, inti, unti, 6. und, D. en, OD.
e7ide. Cf. An if, Ante-.] 1. A particle which expresses
the relation of cormection or addition. It is used to con-
join a word with a word, a clause with a clause, or a sen-
tence with a sentence.
(a) It is sometimes used emphatically ; as, " there are
women and women," that is, two very different sorts of
women.
(6) By a rhetorical figure, notions, one of which is mod-
ificatory of the other, are cormected hy and; as, "the
tediousness and process of my travel," that is, the tedi-
ous process, etc. ; " thy fair and outward character," that
is, thy outwardly fair character. Schmidt^s Shak. Lex.
2. In order to ; — used instead of the infinitival to, es-
pecially after try, come, go.
At least to try and teach the erring soul. Milton.
3. It is sometimes, in old songs, a mere expletive.
When that I was and a little tiny boy. Shak.
4. If ; though. See An, conJ. [06s.] Chaucer.
As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast
their eggs. Bacon.
And so forth, and others ; and the rest ; and similar
things ; and other things or ingredients. The abbrevia-
tion, etc. (et cetera), ord'c, is usually read and so forth.
An'da-ba-tism (Sn'da-ba-tTz'm), n. [L. andabata a
kind of Roman gladiator, who fought hoodwinked.]
Doubt; uncertainty.' [06s.] Shelford.
An'da-lu'site (Sn'da-lu'sit), n. (Min.) A silicate of
aluminium, occurring usually in thick rhombic prisms,
nearly square, of a grajdsh or pale reddish tint. It was
first discovered in Andalusia, Spain.
II An-dan'te (an-dan'tS or an-dan'te), a. [If. andante,
p. pr. of anda7-e to go.] (3Ius.) Moving moderately
slow, but distinct and flowing ; ' quicker than larghetto,
and slower than allegretto — n. A movement or piece
in andante time.
II An'dan-ti'no (an'dan-te'no), a. [It., dim. of a7i-
da7ife.'] (Mus.) Rather quicker than andante ; between
that and allegretto.
^W^ Some, taking andante in its original sense of
"going," and anduntino as its diminutive, or "less go-
ing," define the latter as slower than andante.
An'da-rac (Sn'da-rak), 71. [A corruption of sandarac."]
Red orpiment. Coxe.
An-de'an (an-de'on), a. Pertaining to the Andes.
An'des-ine (an'dez-in), n. (Min.) A kind of triclinic
feldspar found in the Andes.
An'des-ite (au'dez-it), «. (Min.) An eruptive rock
allied to trachyte, consisting essentially of a triclinic
feldspar, with pyroxene, hornblende, or hypersthene.
An'dine (an'dtn), a. Andean ; as, Andine flora.
And'i'ron (andT'iim), n. [OE.
anderne, aunde7-ne, aundyre, OF.
andier, F. la^idier, fr. LL. andena,
andela, anderia, of unknown ori-
gin. The Eng. was prob. confused
with bra7id-iron, AS. brand-iseii.']
A utensil for supporting wood when
burning in a, fireplace, one being
placed on each side ; a iiredog ; as,
a pair of andi7-ons.
An'dra-nat'0-my (au'dra-nSt'o-
mj^), n. [Gr. avrifj, ai'Spos, man -f-
avaroiirl : cf . F. andranat07nie. See
Anatomt, Andeotomt.] The dissection of a human body,
especially of a male ; androtomy. Coxe.
II An-drOB'oi-nm (Sn-dre'shl-Sm), n. [NL. , from Gr.
i.vrip, av&po^, man -j^ ot/co5 house.] (Bot.) The stamens
of a flower taken collectively.
An'dro-gyne (5n'dr6-jin), n. 1. An hermaphrodite.
2. (Bot.) An .androgynous plant. 'Whewell.
An-drog'y-nous (Sn-dr6j'i-niis), ) a. [L. androgynus,
An-drog'y-nal (Sn-dr5j'i-nal), J Gr. avSpoyvvoi ;
avrip, avSpoi, man -{- yvvr) woman: cf. F. atidrogy7ie.]
1. Uuitmg both sexes in one, or having the character-
istics of both ; being in nature both male and female ;
hermaphroditic. Owen.
The truth is, a great mind must be androgynous. Coleridge.
2. (Bot.) Bearing both stamlniferous and pistilliferous
flowers in the same cluster.
An-drog'y-ny (Sn-drSj'i-nj?), Ik. Union of both
An-drog'y-nlsm (Sn-dr5j'i-nlz'm), ) sexes in one
individual ; hermaphroditism.
An'drold (Sn'droid), ) n. [Gr. avSpoeiSifii of
II An-droi'des (Sn-droi'dez), ) man's form ; avT^p , ar-
Sp6^, man -)- elSos form.] A machine or automaton in
the form of a human being.
An'droid, a. Resembling a man.
An-drom'e-da (Sn-drom'e-da), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Av-
Spop-eSa, the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia. \Vlien
bound to a rock and exposed to a sea monster, she was
delivered by Perseus.] 1. (Astr07i..) A northern constel-
lation, supposed to represent the mythical Andromeda.
2. (Bot.) A genus of ericaceous flowering plants of
northern climates, of which the original species was
found growing on a rock surrounded by water.
II An'dron (itn'drSn)^ n. [L. and7-on, Gr. auSpdv, fr.
avrip, avSpoi, man.] (Or. & Bom. Arch.) The apart-
ment appropriated for the males. This was in the lower
part of the house.
An'dro-pet'al-OUS (Sn'dro-pet'al-iis), a. [Gr. avrip,
a.vSpo'i, man -|- rreraKov leaf.] (Bot.) Produced by the
conversion of the stamens into petals, as double flowers,
li je the garden ranunculus. Bra7ide.
II An^iroph'a-gi_ (Sn-drof'a-ji), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
a.vhpoi^a.yo% ; avyjp, ai'Spos, man -f- i^ayelv to eat.] Canni-
bals ; man-eaters; anthropophagi, [i?.]
An-droph'a-gOUS (-giis), a. Anthropophagous.
An'dro-phore (an'drS-for), n. [Gr. avrip, avSpos, man
-\- ^epeiv to bear.] 1. (Bot.) A support or column on
which stamens are raised. Gray.
2. (Zo'ol.) The part wliich in some Slphonophora bears
the male gonophores.
An'dro-sphinx (-sfTnks), n.
-]- <T(^iy^ sphinx.] (Egypt. Art)
A man sphinx ; a sphinx having
the head of a man and the body
of a lion.
^ An'dro-spore(-spor),m. [Gr.
avrip, avBpos, a man -}- aTroprj a
seed.] (Bot.) A spore of some
algse, which has
male functions.
An-drot'o-
mous (Sn-drot'o-
miSs), a. (Bot.)
Having the fila-
ments of the sta-
mens divided into
two parts.
[Gr. avrip, av8p6^, man
Androspliinx.
An-drot'0-my (-my), n. [Gr. avrip, avSp6i, man -f-
Tojijj a cutting. Cf. Anatomy.] Dissection of the human
body, as distinguished from zo'6t07ny ; anthropotomy. [iJ.]
-an'drOUS (-an'drtis). [Gr. aviip, av&po^, a man.]
(Bot.) A terminal combining form : Having a stamen
or stamens ; starainate ; as, iiiona7idrous, with one sta-
men ; poly and7-ous, with many stamens.
A-near' (a-ner'), prep. & adv. [Pref. a- -\- near.}
Near. [i2.] "It did not come anear." Coleridge.
The measure of misery ancar us. I. Taylor.
A-near', v. t. & i. To near ; to approach. [Archaic']
A-neatb' (a-neth'), prep. & adv. [Pref. a- -\- neath
for beneath.'] Beneath. [Scot.]
An'ec-do'tage (au'ek-do'taj), b. Anecdotes collect-
ively ; a collection of anecdotes.
All history, therefore, being built partly, and some of it alto*
gether, upon anecdotage, must be a tissue of lies. De Qnincey.
An'ec-flo'tai (-tal), a. Pertaining to, or abounding
with, anecdotes ; as, anecdotal conversation.
An'ec-dOte (3ii'ek-dot), «. [F. anecdote, iv. Gr. avhi-
SoTos not published ; a.v priv. -i- IkSctos given out, c/c8i-
66vai to give out, to publish ; ex. out -j- Sihovai to give.
See Dose, n.] 1. pi. Unpublished narratives. Burke.
2. A particular or detached incident or fact of an in-
teresting nature ; a biographical incident or fragment ; a
single passage of private' life.
An'ec-dot'ic (an'ek-dot'ik), ) a. Pertaining to, con-
An'ec-dot'ic-al (-T-kol), ) sisting of, or addicted
to, anecdotes. "^nc(?(/o(/eaZ traditions." Bolingbroke.
An'ec-do'tist (an'ek-do'tist), n. One who relates or
collects anecdotes.
Ala'e-lace (an'e-las), n. Same as Anlace.
A-nele' (a-nel'), v. i. [OE. anelien ; an on -{- AS. ele
oil, L. oleum. See Oil, Anoil.] 1. To anoint. SJi ipley.
2. To give extreme unction to. [06s.] iJ. o/Brunn'e.
An'e-lec'tric (Sn'e-lgk'trik), a. [Gr. di' priv. + E.
electric] (Physics) Not becoming electrified by fric-
tion; — opposed to idioeleci7~ic. — 71. A substance in-
capable of being electrified by friction. Fa7-aday.
An'e-lec'trode (-lek'trod), 71. [Gr. ava up 4- E. eleo-
trade.] (Elec.) The positive pole of a voltaic battery.
II An'e-leo-trot'O-nus (au'e-lSk-trSt'S-nus), «. [NL.,
fr. Gr. dra up -f- E. electrotonns.] (Physiol.) The con-
dition of decreased irritability of a nerve in the region
of the positive electrode or anode on the passage of a
current of electricity through it. Foster.
A-nem'O-gram (a-nSm'o-grfim), n. [Gr. dvejuot wind
-j- -g7-a7n,] A record made by an anemograph.
A-nem'O-g^aph (-graf ), «. [Gr. di/e/aos wind -f -graph.']
use. unite, njde, f^U, tip, flm ; pity; food, fot>t; out, oil; chair; go; sing;, ifflk; tben, tuin ; boN; xh:
: z in aziire.
ANEMOGRAPHIC
56
ANGLE
Wood Anemone
(A. nemorosa). iX)
An instrument for measuring and recording the direction
and force of the wind. Knight.
A-nem'O-graph'ic (a-n5m'6-graf'Tk), a. Produced by
an anemograph ; cf or pertaining to auemography.
An'e-mog'ra-phy (Sn'e-mog'ra-fy), n. [Gr. avefios
wind + -g''<^phy-^ 1. A description of the winds.
2. The art of recording the direction and force of the
wind, as by means of an anemograpli.
An'e-mol'o-gy (-mol'o-jy), n. [Gr. ai/ejioi wind +
'logy.'] The science of the wind.
An'e-mom'e-ter (-mom'e-ter), n. [Gr. aveixo'S wind +
-meter.'] An instrument for measm-ing the force or ve-
locity of the wind ; a wind gauge.
An'e-mo-met'ric (-m6-met'rlk), 1 a. Of or pertaining
An'e-mo-met'rlc-al (-rT-kol), ) to anemometry.
An'e-mo-met'ro-graph (-met'ro-graf), n. \_Anemom-
eter -\- -graph.] An anemograph. Knight.
An'e-mom'e-try (-mom'e-try), n. The act or process
of ascertaining tlie force or velocity of the wind.
A-nem'o-ne (a-n5m'o-ne), n. [L. anemone, Gr. dve-
(nuKrj, fr. ai/e|U,os wind.] 1. (Bot.)
A genus of plants of the Ranun-
culus or Crowfoot family ; wind-
flower. Some of the species are
cultivated in gardens.
2. {Zo'dl.) The sea anemone.
See Actinia, and Sea anemone.
111^°° This word Is sometimes
fironounced aii'e-nio^iie, especiaJ-
y by classical scholars.
An'e-mon'lc (Sn'e-mSn'Ik), a.
{Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or ob-
tained from, the anemone, or
from anemonin.
A-nem'O-nin (a-nSm'o-ntn), n.
{Chem.) An acrid, poisonous,
crystallizable substance, obtained
from some species of anemone.
A-nem'0-ny (a-ngm'o-ny), n. See Anemone. Sandys.
An'e-mOph'i-lOUS (5n'e-m5f'I-lus), a. [Gr. ave/xoi
wind + 0#ios lover.] {Bol.) Fertilized by the agency of
the wind ; — said of plants in which the pollen is carried
to the stigma by the wind ; wind-fertihzed. Lubbock.
A-nem'0-SCOpe (4-nem'o-skop), n. [Gr. arejios wind
-|- -scope : cf. P. anemoscope.] An instrument wliich
shows the direction of the wind ; a wind vane ; a weath-
ercock ; — usually applied to a contrivance consisting of
a vane above, connected in the building with a dial or
index with pointers to show the changes of the wind.
An-en'Ce-phal'iC (Sn-Sn'se-fSl'Ik), ) a. [Gr. av, priv.
An'en-Ceph'a-lOUS (5n'en-sSf' a-lus), ) + eyKe'cJ)aAo5
the brain : cf. Encephalon.] (Zo'dl.) Without a brain;
brainless. Todd & B.
A-nenst' (4-nSnst'), Iprep. [OE. anent, anentis,
A-nent' (a-n5nt'), ) anence, anens, anents, AS.
enefen, onemn ; an, on, on + efen even, equal; hence
meaning, on an equaUty with, even with, beside. See
Even, a.] \_Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Over against ; as,
he lives anent the church.
2. About ; concerning ; in respect to ; as, he said noth-
ing anent this particular.
An-en'ter-OUS (Sn-Sn'ter-iis), a. [Gr. av priv. -f ev-
Tepov intestine, ivTo^ \vithin, iv in.] (Zo'dl.) Destitute of
a stomach or an Intestine. Owen.
An'e-rold (Sn'e-roid), a. [Gr. a priv. + i^jpos wet,
moist -)- -oM .• cf. F. anero'ide.] Containing no liquid;
— said of a kind of barometer.
Aneroid barometer, a barometer the action of which de-
pends on the varying pressure of the atmosphere upon
the elastic top of a metalUc box (shaped like a watch)
from wliich the air has been exhausted. An index shows
the variation of pressure.
An'e-rold, n. An aneroid barometer.
Anes (anz), adv. Once. IScot.] Sir IF. Scotl.
II An'es-the'sl-a (Sn'Ss-the'sT-a or -zhT-a), «., An'es-
tbet'lc (-thet'ik), a. Same as Anesthesia, Anesthetic
An'et (an'gt), n. [F. aneth, fr. L. anethum, Gr. avridov.
Bee Anise.] The herb dUl, or dillseed.
An'e-thol (Sn'e-thol), n. [L. anethxaa (see Anise) +
-ol.] (Chem.) A substance obtained from the volatile
oils of anise, fennel, etc., in the form of soft shining
Bcales ; — called also anise camphor. Watts.
A-net'lC (a-nSt'Tk), a. [L. aneiieus, Gr. avtrixos re-
laxing; ara back 4- f'l'ai to send.] (Med.) Soothing.
An'eu-rlsni (Sn'iS-rTz'm), n. XGt. avevpv<7ixa, avev-
putr^os, a widening, an opening ; ava up + evpu; wide.]
(Med. ) A soft, pulsating, hollow tumor, containing blood,
arising from the preternatural dilatation or rupture of
the coats of an artery. [Written also aneurysm.]
An'eu-ris'mal (Sn'iJ-riz'mal), a. (Med.) Of or per-
taining to an anem'ism ; as, an aneurismal tumor ; aneu-
rismal diathesis. [Written also aneurysmal.]
A-new' (a-nu'), adv. [Pref. a- -)- new.] Over again ;
another time ; in a new form ; afresh ; as, to arm anew ;
to create anew. Dryden.
An-frao'tu-ose' (Sn-frSk'tiJ-os' ; 135), a. [See An-
practuous.] Anfractuous ; as, anfrdctuose anthers.
An-frac'tu-os'i-ty (-os'T-ty), n. ; pi. Anfeactuositibs
(-tlz). [Cf. P. anfractuosite.] 1. A state of being an-
fractuous, or full of windings and turnings ; sinuosity.
The anfractuosities of his intellect and temper. Macaulay.
2. (Anat.) A sinuous depression or sulcus like those
Bq)arating the convolutions of the brain.
An-frac'tTt-OUS (an-frSk'tfl-us), a. [L. anfraetuosus,
tr. anfractus a turning, a winding, fr. the unused an-
frrngere to wind, bend ; an-, for amb- -\-fracius, p. p. of
'j'rangere to break : cf. F. anfractueux.] Winding ; full
of windings and turnings ; sinuous ; tortuous ; as, the
anfractuotis spires of a horn. — An-frac'tu-ous-ness, n.
An-frac'ture (an-frSk'tfir), n. A mazy winding.
An-ga'ri-a'tlon (Sn-ga'rT-a'shun), n. [LL. angaria-
tio, fr. L. angaria service to a lord, villenage, fr. anga-
rius, Gr. ayyapos (a Persian word), a courier for carry-
ing royal dispatches.] Exaction of forced service ; com-
pulsion. \_Obs.] Speed.
An'gei-ol'o-gy (an'jT-61'o-jy), n., An'gel-ot'0-my, etc.
Same as Angiology, Angiotomy, etc.
An'gel (an'jel), 7i. [AS. sengel, engel, influenced by
OF. angele, angle, F. ange. Both the AS. and the OF.
words are from L. angelus, Gr. ayyeXo; messenger, a
messenger of God, an angel.] 1. A messenger, [i?.]
The dear good angel of the Spring,
The nightingale. B. Jonson.
2. A spiritual, celestial being, superior to man in
power and intelligence. In the Scriptures the angels
appear as God's messengers.
O. welcome, pure-eyed Faith, -white-handed Hope,
Thou hovering angel, girt with golden winga. Jfiltan.
3. One of a class of " fallen angels ; " an evil spirit ;
as, the devil and liis angels.
4. A minister or pastor of a church, as in the Seven
Asiatic churches. lArchaic]
Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write. Jiev. ii. 1.
5. Attendant spirit ; genius ; demon. Skak.
6. An appellation given to a person supposed to be of
angelic goodness or loveliness ; a darling.
When pain and anguish wring the brow,
A ministering angei 1 hou. Sir IK. Scott.
7. (Numis.) An ancient gold coin of England, bear-
ing the figure of the archangel Michael. It varied in
value from Gs. Std. to 10s. Amer. Cyc.
^ff^ Aiiriel is sometimes used adjectively; as, anrjel
grace; ««£/e/ whiteness.
Angel bed, a bed mthout posts. — Aogsl &ab,. (Zo'dl.) la)
A species of shark (Squa-
tina aiKjelus) from six to
eight feet long, found on the
coasts of Europe and North
America. It takes its name
from its pectoi-al fins, which
are very large and exteni
horizontally like wings when
spread, (b) One of several
species of compressed,
bright colored fishes of warm
seas, belonging to the fam-
ily Chietodoiitidce. — Angel
gold, standard gold. [Obs.]
Fuller. — Angel shark. See
Angel fish. — Angel shot
(Mil.), a kind of chain shot.
iTqtma'yf Zt Ir^lfSl^ ^^e^ Fish (S^tina angelus).
from angelica ; afterwards \^o)
containing rose, myrtle, and orange-flower waters, with
ambergris, etc. [ Obs.]
An'gel-age (-aj), n. Existence or state of angels.
An'gel-et (-St), n. [OF. ongelet.] A small gold coin
formerly current in England ; a half angel. Eng. Cyc.
An'gel fish. See under Angel.
An'gel-hood (-hood), n. The state of being an angel ;
angelic nature. Mrs. Browning.
An-gel'ic (Sn-jgl'ik), \ a. [L. angelicus, Gr. iyyeAi-
An-gel'ic-al (-T-kal), ) wis : cf. F. angelique.] Be-
longing to, or proceeding from, angels ; resembling,
characteristic of, or partaking of the nature of, an angel ;
heavenly ; divine. " Angelic harps." Thomson. "An-
gelical actions." Soaker.
The union of womanly tenderness and angelic patience.
Macaulay.
Angelic Eymn, a very ancient hymn of the Christian
Church ; — so called from its beguming with the song of
the heavenly host recorded in Luke ii. 14. Eadie.
An-gel'ic, a. [From Angelica.] (Chem.) Of or de-
rived from angelica ; as, angelic acid ; angelic ether.
Angelic acid, an acid obtained from angelica and some
other plants.
An-gel'i-ca (-i-k4), n. [Nl,. See Angelic] (Bot.)
1. An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica offi-
cinalis OT Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which
are sometimes candied and used m confectionery, and
the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic.
2. The candied leaf stalks of angelica.
Angelica tree, a thorny North American shrub (Aralia
spinosa), called also Hercules^ club.
An-gel'ic-al-ly (-T-kal-lj^), adv. Like an angel.
An-gel'ic-al-ness, n. The quality of being angelic ;
excellence more than human.
An-gel'i-fy (5n-j511-fi), v. t. To make like an angel ;
to angelize. \_Obs.'\ Farindon (1647).
An'gel-lze (an'jSl-iz), v. t. To raise to the state of
an angel ; to render angelic.
It ought not to be our object to angelize, nor to brutalize, but
to humanize man. W. Taylor.
An'gel-llke' (-lik'), a. & adv. Resembling an angel.
An'gel-Ol'a-try (-51'a-trJ^), n. [Gr. ay)/eAo9 angel -j-
Aarpeia service, worship.] Worship paid to angels.
An'gel-Ol'O-gy (-51'o-iy), n. [L. angelus, Gr. iyyeAo;
-f- -logy.] A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines
in regard to angels.
The same mythology commanded the general consent ; the
same angelology, demonology. Milman.
An'gel-oph'a-ny (-Sf'i-n^), n [Gr. ayyeXo^ angel -\-
^laCvecBai to appear.] The actual appearance of an angel
to man.
An'ge-lot (an'je-lSt), n. [P. angelot, LL. angeloius,
angelottus, dim. oi angelus. See Angel.] 1. A French
gold coin of the reign of Louis XL, bearing the image of
St. Michael ; also, a piece coined at Paris by the English
under Henry VI. [Ofts.]
2. An instrument of music, of the lute kind, now dis-
used. Johnson. H. Browning.
3. A sort of small, rich cheese, made in Normandy.
II An'ge-lU3 (-IvLs), n. [L.] (B. C. Ch.) (a) A form
of devotion in which three Ave Marias are repeated. It is
said at morning, noon, and evening, at the soimd of a
bell, (ft) The Angelus bell. Shipley.
An'ger (Sn'ger), n. [OE. anger, angre, afllictidh.
anger, fr. Icel. angr affliction, sorrow ; akin to Dan. on-
ger regret, Swed. anger regret, AS. ange oppressed, sad,
L. angor a strangling, anguish, angere to strangle, Gr.
dyX^'" to strangle, Skr. aiiihas pain, and to E. anguish,
anxious, quinsy, and perh. awe, ugly. The word seems
to have orig. meant to choke, squeeze. V3.] 1. Trouble ;
vexation; also, physical pain or smart of a sore, etc. [Obs.]
X made the experiment, setting the mosa where . . . the
greatest anger and soreness still continued. Temple.
2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure or an-
tagonism, excited by a real or supposed injury or insult to
one's self or others, or by the intent to do such injury.
Anger is like
A full hot horse, who being allowed his way,
Self-mettle tires him. Sliak.
Syn. —Resentment ; wrath; rage; fury; passion;
ire ; gall ; choler ; indignation ; displeasure ; vexation ;
grudge ; spleen. — Anger, Indignation, Resentment,
Wkath, Ire, Rage, Fury. Anfjev is a feeluig of keen dis-
pleasure (usually with a desire to punish) for what we
regard as wrong toward ourselves or others. It may be
excessive or misplaced, but is not necessarily crimuial.
ludirjnation is a generous outburst of anger in view of
things wliich are indigna, or unworthy to be done, in-
volving what is mean, cruel, flagitious, etc., in character
or conduct. Reseiitwent is often a moody feeling, leading
one to brood over his supposed personal v/rongs with a
deep and lasting anger. See Resentment. Wrath and ire
(the last poetical) express tlie feelings of one who is bit-
terly provoked. Ea(/e is a vehement ebullition of anger ;
and fltrTi is an excess of rage, amounting almost to mad-
ness. Warmth of constitution often gives rise to anger;
a high sense of honor creates iiidigiialioii at crime; a
man of quick sensibilities is apt to cherisli resentment ;
the n-rath and ire of men are often connected with a
haughty and vindictive spirit ; rage and fury are distem-
pers of the soul to be regarded only with abhorrence.
An'ger (Sn'ger), r. t. [imp. & p.p. Angered (-gerd) ;
p.pr. & vb. n. Angering.] [Cf. Icel. angra.'] 1. To
make painful ; to cause to smart ; to inflame. [06«.]
He . . . angercth malign ulcers. Bacon.
2. To excite to anger ; to enrage ; to provoke.
Taxes and impositions . . . which rather angered than grieved
the people. Clarendon.
An'ger-ly, adv. Angrily. [Obs. or Poetic]
Why, how now, Hecate I you look angerbj. Shak.
An'ge-vlne (an'je-vTn), a. [F. Angevin.] Of or per-
taining to Anjou in France. — ra. A native of Anjou.
II An'gl-en'chy-ma (an'jT-gn'kT-ma), n. [Gr. dyyeioi'
receptacle -f- cyx^Ma. Formed like Parenchyma.] (Bot.]
Vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels,
dotted, barred, and pitted ducts, and laticiferous vessels.
II An-gl'na (an-ji'na or 5n'jT-na), n. [L., fr. angere to
strangle, to choke. See Anger, n.] (Sled.) Any inflam-
matory affection of the throat or fauces, as the quinsy,
malignant sore throat, croup, etc., especially such as tends
to produce suffocation, choking, or shortness of breath.
Angina pectoris (pSk'to-rTs), a peculiarly painful dis-
ease, so named from a sense of suffocating contraction or
tightening of the lower part of the chest ; — called also
breast pang, spasm of tlie chest.
An'gi-nous (an'ji-niis), ) a. (Med.) Pertaining to an-
An'gi-nose' (Sn'jT-nos'), ) gina or angina pectoris.
An'gl-0- (Sn'ji-6-). [Gr. dy^eioi' vessel or receptacle.]
A prefix, or combining form, in numerous compounds,
usually relating to seed or blood vessels, or to something
contained in, or covered by, a vessel.
An'gl-0-car'poos (Sn'jl-o-kar'pus), a. [Angio- -f-
Gr. Koprros fruit.] (Bot. ) (a) Having fruit inclosed with-
in a covering that does not form a part of itself ; as, the
filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its
cupule. Brande & C. (ft) Having the seeds or spores
covered, as in certain lichens. Gray,
An'gl-og'ra-phy (-Bg'rA-fjr), n. [Angio- + -graphy :
cf. P. angiographie.] (Anat.) A description of blood
vessels and lymphatics.
An'gl-ol'o-gy (-51'6-jJf), n. [Angio- -f -logy.] (Anat.)
That part of anatomy which treats of blood vessels and
lymphatics.
II An'gl-0'ma (-o'm4), n. [Angio- + -oma.] (Med.)
A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood vessels.
An'gi-0-mon'O-sper'mons (an'jT-o-mSn'o-sper'miSs),
a. [Angio- -\-monospermous.] (.Bo/.) Producing one seed
only in a seed pod.
An'gl-0-scope (Sn'ji-o-skop), n. [Angio- -\- -scope.]
An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of an-
imals and plants. Morin.
An'gl-o-sperm (-sperm), n. [Angio- + Gr. o-jripna.
<77rc'pfiaTos, seed.] (Bot.) A plant which has its seeds in-
closed in a pericarp.
^W^ The term is restricted to exogenous plants, and
apphed to one of the two grand divisions of these species,
the other division mcluding gymnosperms, or those which
have naked seeds. The oak, apple, beech, etc., are anoio-
sperms, while the pmes, spruce, hemlock, and the allied
varieties, are gymnosperms.
An'gl-o-sper'ma-tous (Sn'jT-S-sper'ma-tus), a. (Bot.)
Same as Angiospermobs.
An'gl-o-sper'mous (-mfis), a. (Bot.) Having seeds
inclosed in a pod or other
pericarp.
An'^-os'po-rous (-os'-
po-riis), a. [Angio- +
spore.] (Bot.) Having
spores contained in cells
or thecse, as in the case of t>„j „*„„,• t>, .
some fungi. l^od of an Angiospermous Plant.
An'gl-os'tO-mous (-os't6-miis), a. [Angio- -\- Gr.
(7T0Ma mouth.] (Zo'dl.) With a narrow mouth, as the
shell of certain gastropods.
An'gl-Ot'o-my (-ot'S-mJ), n. [Angio- + Gr. To/oiij a
cutting.] (Anat.) Dissection of the blood vessels and
lymphatics of the body. Dunglison.
An'gle (Sn'g'l), n. [F. angle, L. angulus angle, cor-
ner; akm to vncus hook, Gr. dyKuAo? bent, crooked,
angular, gy/co; a bend or hoUow, AS. angel hook, fish-
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, 3,11 j eve, events end, fern, recent; See, idea, ill; old, obey orb 6dd-
ANGLE
57
ANGUSTATION
Angle.
hook, G. angel, and E. oncAo?-.] 1. The Inclosed space
near the point where two lines meet ; a corner ; a nook.
Into the utmost angle of the world. Spenser.
To search the tenderest angles of the heart. Milton.
2. (Geom.) (a) The figure made by
two lines which meet, (b) The differ-
ence of direction of two lines. If the
lines meet, the pohit of meeting is the
vertex of tlie angle.
3. A projecting or sliarp comer; an
angular fragment.
Though but an angle reached him of the stone. Drijden.
4. (Astrol.) A name given to four of the twelve astro-
logical " houses. " [Ois.] Chaucer,
6. [AS. aiigel.'] A fishhook ; tackle for catcliiug fish,
consisting of a line, hook, and bait, witli or without a rod.
Give mo mine angle; we 'II to the river there. Shak.
A fisher next his trembling angle bears. Fope.
Acute angle, one less than a right angle, or less than 90°.
— Adjacent or Contiguous angles, such as have one leg com-
mon to both angles. — Alternate angles. See Alternate.
— Angle bar. {a)iC<irp.) An upright bar at tlie angle where
two faces of a polygonal or bay window meet. Kiiiyht.
(b) (Mdc/i.) Same as Anqle ieon. — Angle bead (Arch.), a
bead worked on or fixed to the angle of any arcliitectur-
al work, esp. for protectuig an angle of a wall. — Angle
brace, Angle tie (Carp.), a brace across an interior angle
of a wooden frame, forming tlie hypothenuse and secur-
ing the two side pieces together. Kiiiaht. —
— Angle iron (ilach.), a rolled bar or plate
of iron having one or more angles, used
for forming the corners, or connectmg or
sustaining the sides of an iron structure to
which it is riveted. — Angle leaf (Arch.), a
detail in the form of a leaf, more or less
conventionalized, used to decorate and
sometimes to strengthen an angle. — Angle , ^
meter, an instrument for measuring an- Angle iron,
eles, esp. for ascertaining the dip of strata. — Angle shaft
(Arch.), an enriched angle bead, often hariug a capital or
base, or both. — Curvillneal angle, one formed by two
curved lines. — External angles, angles formed by t)ie sides
of any right-lmed figure, when the sides are produced or
lengthened. — Facial angle. See under Facial. — Internal
angles, those which are within any right-lmed figure. —
Mixtlllneal angle, one formed by a right line with a curved
line. — Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, in opposition to
a rifiht anrile. — Obtuse angle, one greater than a right an-
gle, or more than 90'\ — Optic angle. See under Optic. —
Rectilineal or Eight-lined angle, one formed by two right
lines. — Eight angle, one formed by a right line falling on
another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90° (measured by
a quarter circle). — Solid angle, the figure formed by the
meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. —
Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of
great circles, which mutually cut one another on the sur-
face of a globe or sphere. — Visual angle, the angle formed
by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the
extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. —
For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence, reflection,
refraction, p«sition, repose, traction, see Commutation,
Draught, iNCtDENCE, Reflection, Refraction, etc.
An'gle (Sn'g'l), V. i. limp. & p. p. Angled (Sn'g'ld) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Angling (-gling).] 1. To fish with an
angle (fishhook), or with hook and line.
2. To use some bait or artifice ; to intrigue ; to scheme ;
4S, to angle for praise.
The hearts of all that he did angle for. Shdk.
An'gle, V. i. To try to gain by some insinuating arti-
fice ; to allure. [06s.] " He angled the people's hearts."
Sir P. Sidney.
An'gled (Sn'g'ld), a. Having an angle or angles ; —
used in compounds ; as, ■ngiA-angled, many-angled, etc.
The thrice three-angled beechnut shell. Jip. Hall.
An'gle-me'ter (-me'ter), n. [Angle + -meter.'] An
instrument to measure angles, esp. one used by geologists
to measure the dip of strata.
An'gler (an'gler). n. 1. One who angles.
2. {Zool.) A fish (Lophius piscatorius), of Europe and
America, having a large,
broad, and depressed head,
with the mouth very large.
Peculiar appendages on the
head are said to be used to
entice fishes within reach.
Called also fishing frog,
frogfish, load fish, goosefish,
allmoulh, monkfish, etc.
An'gles (an'g'lz), n. pi
[L. Angli. See Anglican.]
(Ethnol.) An ancient Low
German tribe, that settled
in Britain, which came to be
called Engla-land (Angle-
land or England). The An-
gles probably came from the
district of Angeln (now
within the limits of Schles-
wig), and the country now
Lower Hanover, etc.
An'gle-slte (Sn'gle-sit),
n. [From the Isle of Ati- . , ,^, „ _ , ^
glesea.-] (3fin.) A native Angler of the New England
sulphate of lead. It occurs
in white or yellowish transparent, prismatic crystals.
An'gle-Wise' (an'g'l-wiz'), adv. [Angle + wise, OE.
vise manner.] In an angular manner ; angularly.
An'gle-wonn' (-wiJrm'), n. (Zodl.) An earthworm of
the genus Lumbricus, frequently used by anglers for
bait. See Eartitworm.
An'gli-an (an'gli-an), a. Of or pertaining to the
Angles. — n. One of the Angles.
An'glic (Sn'glTk), a. Anglian.
An'gll-can (Sn'glT-kan), a. [L. Angli the Angles, a
Germanic tribe in Lower Germany. Cf. English.]
1. English; of or pertaining to England or the English
nation ; especially, pertaining to, or connected with, the
established church of England ; as, ihe Anglican church,
doctrine, orders, ritual, etc.
2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held by, the high-
church party of the Church of England.
An'gU-can (5n'gli-kaii), n. 1. A member of the
Church of England.
Whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists. Burke.
2. In a restricted sense, a member of the High Church
party, or of the more advanced ritualistic section, in tlie
Church of England.
An'gU-can-lsm (-Tz'm), n. 1. Strong partiality to
the principles and rites of the Church of England.
2. The principles of tlie established church of Eng-
land ; also, in a restricted sense, the doctrines held by
the high-church party.
3. Attachment to England or English institutions.
II An'gU-ce (-se), arfi;. [NL.] In English ; in the Eng-
lish manner ; as, Livomo, Anglice Ijeghorn.
An-gUc'i-fy (Sn-glis'i-fi), V. t. [NL. Anglicus Eng-
lish -f -fy.'] To anglicize. [B.]
An'gU-clsm (Sn'gli-slz'm), n. [Cf. F. anglicisme.']
1. An English idiom ; a jjhi'ase or form of language
peculiar to the English. Dryden.
2. The quality of being English ; an English character-
istic, custom, or method.
An-glic'i-ty (5n-glis'i-ty), n. The state or quality of
beuig English.
An'gli-ci-za'tlon (Sn'glt-si-za'shiln), n. The act of
anglicizing, or makuig English in character.
An'gll-oize (Sn'gll-siz), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Angli-
cized (-slzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] To make
English ; to English ; to anglify ; to render conformable
to the English idiom, or to English analogies.
An'gU-fy (-fi), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Anglified (-fid) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. AjJOLiPYiNG.] [L. Angli -\- -fy.] To con-
vert into English ; to anglicize. Franklin. Darwin.
An'gllng (an'glTng), n. The act of one who angles ;
the art of fishing with rod and line. Walton.
An'glO- (Sn'glo-). [NL. Anglus English. See An-
glican.] A combining form meaning the same as Eng-
lish ; or English and, or English conjoined icith; as,
Anglo-Tnx'k.isii treaty, Anglo-Crexvasm, Anglo-lvish-.
Anglo-American, a. Of or pertaining to the English
and Americans, or to the descendants of Englishmen in
America. — re. A descendant from English ancestors
born in America, or the United States.
Anglo-Danish, a. Of or pertaining to the English and
Danes, or to the Danes who settled m England.
Anglo-Indian, a. Of or pertaining to the English in
India, or to the English and East Indian peoples or lan-
guages. — 71. One of the English race born or resident
in the East Indies.
Anglo-Norman, a. Of or pertaining to the English and
Normans, or to the Normans who settled in England. — «.
One of the English Normans, or the Normans who con-
quered England.
Anglo-Saxon. See Anglo-Saxon in the Vocabulary.
An'glO-Cath'o-lic(-kSth'6-lik), a. Of orpertaming
to a church modeled on the English Reformation ; An-
glican ; — sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High
Church section of the Church of England.
An'glo-Cath'0-lic, n. A member of the Church of
England who contends for its catholic character ; more
specifically, a High Churchman.
An'glo-ma'ni-a (-ma'ni-a), m. [Anglo- -{-mania.] A
mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English cus-
toms, institutions, etc.
An'glo-ma'ni-ac, n. One affected with Anglomania.
An'glo-pho'bi-a (-foOji-a), n. [Anglo- + Gr. (^6^09
fear.] Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the
English. — An'glo-phobe (an'glS-f ob), n.
An'glO-Sax'on (an'glo-saks'iin or -saks"n), n. [L.
Angli^Sazones English Saxons.] 1. A Saxon of Britain,
that is, an English Saxon, or one of the Saxons who set-
tled in England, as distinguished from a continental (or
" Old ") Saxon.
2. pi. The Teutonic people (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) of
England, or the English people, collectively, before the
Norman Conquest.
It is quite correct to call .Sthelstan "King of the Anglo-Sax-
ons," but to call this or that subject of >Ethelstan " an Anglo-
Saxon " is simply nonsense. E. A. Freeman.
3. The language of the English people before the Con-
quest (sometimes cal'ied Old English). See Saxon.
4. One of the race or people who claim descent from
the Saxons, Angles, or other Teutonic tribes who settled
in England ; a person of English descent in its broadest
sense.
An'glo-Sas'on, a. Of or pertaining to the Anglo-
Saxons or their language.
An'glo-Sax'on-dom (-dfim), n. The Anglo-Saxon
domain (i. e.. Great Britain and the United States, etc.) ;
the Anglo-Saxon race.
An'glO-Sax'on-ism (-tz'm), n. 1. A characteris-
tic of the Anglo-Saxon race ; especially, a word or an
idiom of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. M. Arnold.
2. The quality or sentiment of being Anglo-Saxon, or
English in its ethnological sense.
An-gola (3n-go1a), n. [A corruption of Angora.] A
fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat.
An-gOla pea' (pe'). (Bot.) A tropical plant (Cti/a-
nus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse ; — so
called from Angola in Western Africa. Called a\so pigeon
pea and Congo pea.
II An'gor (an'gor), n. [L. See Anger.] {Med.) Great
anxiety accompanied by painful constriction at the upper
part of the belly, often with palpitation and oppression.
An-gO'ra (an-go'ra), n. A city of Asia Minor (or Ana-
tolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc.
Angara cat (Zo'dh), a variety of the domestic cat with
very long and silky hair, generally of a browTiish white
color. Called also Angola cat. See Cat. — Angora goat
(Zool.), a variety of the domestic goat, reared for its
long silky hair, which is highly prized for manufacture.
An'gos-tu'ra bark' (an'gos-too'ra bark'). [From
Angoumoig Moth, twice
natural Bize.
Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark used as a
tonic, obtained from a South American tree of the me
family (Galipea cuspuria, or officinalis). U. S. Disp.
II An'gou'mois' moth' (SN'gob'mwii' moth' ; 115). [So
named from Angoumois in
France.] (Zool.) A small
moth (Gelechia cerealella)
which is very destructive to
wheat and other grain. The
larva eats out the interior of
the grain, leaving only the
shell.
An'grl-ly (Sn'grT-ly), adv.
In an angry manner ; under
the influence of anger.
An'gri-ness, n. The qual-
ity of being angry, or of being inclined to anger.
Such an angriness of humor that we take five at everythinej.
Whole Ihitp of Man.
&.1l'SIY (Sn'grjf), a. [Compar, Angrier (an'grl-er) ;
svperl. Angriest.] [See Anger.] 1. Troublesome ; vex-
atious; rigorous. [Obs.]
Cod had provided a severe and angry education to chastise
the forwardness of a young spirit. Jer. Taylor.
2. Inflamed and painful, as a sore.
3. Touched with anger ; under the emotion of anger ;
feeling resentment ; enraged ; — followed generally by
with before a person, and at before a thing.
Be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves. Gen. xlv. 6.
Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice ? Eccles. v. 6.
4. Showing anger ; proceeding from anger ; acting as
if moved by anger ; wearing the marks of anger ; as, an-
gry words or tones ; an angry sky ; angry waves. " An
angry countenance." Prov. xxv. 23.
5. Red. [E.]
Sweet rose, whose hue, angnj and brave. Herbert,
6. Sharp; keen; stimulated, [i?.]
I never ate with angrier appetite. Tennyson.
.Syn. — Passionate; resentful; irritated ; irascible : in-
dignant ; provoked : enraged ; incensed ; exasperated ;
irate ; hot ; raging ; furious ; wrathful ; wroth ; choleric ;
inflamed ; infuriated.
An'gui-fonn (an'gwT-fSrm), a, [L. unguis snake ■\-
-form.] Snake-shaped.
An-guil'li-Jorm (an-gwTl'li-fSrm), a. [L. anguilla
eel (dim. of anguis snake) -j- -form.] Eel-shaped.
18^^ The " Ang ailleeformes " of Cuvier are fishes re-
lated to the eeL
An'guine (Sn'gwTn), a. [L. anguinus, fr. anguis
snake.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a snake or ser-
pent. "The arejrtH'ne or snakelike reptiles." Owen.
An-gnin'e-al (an-g\vin'e-«l), a, Anguineous.
An-gllin'e-ous (-iis), a. [L. anguineus.] Snakelike.
An'gllish (Sn'gwTsli), n. [OE. anguishe, anguise, an-
goise, F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia narrowness, difficulty,
distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to
press together. See Anger.] Extreme pain, either of
body or mind ; excruciating distress.
But they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and
for cruel bondage. y^a'. vi. 9.
.4);pwisAa3of herthatbringethforthherfirstchild. Jer.iv. 31.
Rarely used in the plural : —
Ye miserable people, you must go to God in anguishes, and
make your prayer to him. Latimer.
Syn. — Agony; pang; torture; torment. See Agony.
An'gulsh, V. t. [Cf. P. angoisser, fr. L. angustiare.]
To distress with extreme pain or grief. [R.] Temple.
An'gU-lar (an'gfi-ler), a. [L. angularis, fr. angiiluh
angle, comer. See Angle.] 1. Relating to an angle or to
angles ; having an angle or angles ; forming an angle or
corner ; sharp-cornered ; pointed ; as, an angular figure.
2. Measured by an angle ; as, angular distance.
3. Fig. : Lean ; lank ; raw-boned ; ungraceful ; sharp
and stiff in character; as, remarkably angular in his
habits and appearance ; an angular female.
Angular apeylure, Angular distance. See Aperture,
Distance. — Angular motion, the motion of a body about
a fixed point or fixed axis, as of a planet or pendulum. It
is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by
a line drawn to the body. — Angular point, the point at
which the sides of the angle meet ; the vertex. — Angular
velocity, the ratio of angular motion to the time employed
in describing it.
An'gU-lar, n. {Anai.) A bone in the base of the
lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, and fishes.
An'gU-lar'i-ty (an'gfi-lSr'i-ty), n. The quality or state
of being angular ; angiilamess.
An'gU-lar-ly (Sn'gii-ler-ly), adv. In an angular man-
ner ; with or at angles or corners. £. Jonson.
An'gU-lar-ness, n. The quality of being angular.
An'gU-late (an'gi5-lat), ) a, [L. angulatus, p. p. of
An'gU-la'ted (-la'tSd), j are^wtore to make angular.]
Having angles or comers ; angled ; as, angulate leaves.
An'gU-late (-lat), v. t. To make angular.
An'gn-la'tion (an'gii-la'shiin), n. A making angular ;
angular formation. Huxley,
An'gU-lO-den'tate (Sn'gij-lo-d5n<'tat), a. [L. a7rgu-
lus angle -|- dens, dentis, tooth.] {Pot.) Angularly
toothed, as certain leaves.
An'gu-lom'e-ter (-lom'e-ter), n, [L. angulus angle -)-
-meter.] An instrument for measuriug external angles.
An'gU-lose' (-los'), a, Angulous, [i?.]
An'gu-Ios'i-ty (Sn'gii-los'i-tJ), n. A state of being an-
gulous or angular. [Obs.]
An'gu-lous (an'gii-liis), a. [L. angnlosns: ef. F.
angulcux.] Angular ; having comers ; hooked. [iJ.]
Held together by hooks and angulous involutions. Glanrilt.
An-gust' (an-giisf), a. [L. angustus. See Anguish.]
Narrow; strait. [Obs.]
An-g«s'tate (an-gus'tat), a. [L. angustalus, p. p. of
angustare to make narrow.] Narrowed.
An'gUS-ta'tion (Sn'gus-ta'shtin), n. Tlie act of mak-
ing narrow ; a straitening or contracting. Wiseman,
B
D
H
K
ase, unite, rijde, f^U, iip, flrn ; pity; food, to^ot; out, oil, chair; go; sing, ink; Hien, thin; boN, zh = z in azure.
M
ANGUSTIFOLIATE
58
ANION
An-gHS'ti-foli-ate (Sn-gus'tt-fo'II-at), ) a. [L. are-
An-gUS'ti-fo'li-OU3 (an-gus'ti-fo'lT-iis), ( gustus nar-
row (see Anguish) +/o^Ji<m leaf.j (£oC.) Having nar-
row leaves. Wright.
An'gus-tu'ra bark' (Sn'gus-too'ra bark'). See An-
gostura BAKK.
II An'gwan-ti1)0 (an'gwan-te'-
bo), n. {Zo'ol.) A small lemuroid
mammal (Arctocebus Calabareii-
sis) of Africa. It has only a ru-
dimentary taiL
An-hang' (an-hang'), v. t.
[AS. ontiangian-l To hang.
,[06«.] Chaucer.
An'har-mon'lc (5n'liar-mon'-
ik), a. [F. anharmonique, fr.
6r. av priv. -\- apfxaviKo^ harmon-
ic.] [Math.) Not harmonic.
The anharmonlc function or ra-
tio of four points abed on a Angwantibo. Gs)
ac be
Straight line is the quantity ^ : j^, where the segments
are to be regarded as plus or minus, according to the
order of the letters.
An'he-la'tlon (Sn'he-la'shiin), n. [L. anhelaiio, fr.
anhelare to pant ; an (perh. akin to E. on) -f- halare to
breathe : of. F. anhelalion.} Short and rapid breathing ;
a panting; asthma. Glanvill.
An-hele' (3u-hel'), v. i. [Cf. OF. aneler, anheler.
See Anhelation.] To pant ; to be breathlessly anxious
or eager (for). [Ofti.]
They anliele . . . for the fruit of our convocation. Latimer.
An'he-lose' fSn'hS-losO, a. Anhelous ; panting. [JJ.]
An-he'lous (Su-he'liis), a. [L. anhelus.^ Short of
breath ; panting.
II An'hl-ma (an'he-ma), ra. [Brazilian name.] A South
American aquatic bird ; the horned screamer or kamiclu
■{Palnmedea cornutu). See Kawtchi.
II An-llin'ga(an-hin'ga), ra. [Pg-l (2'ooZ.) An aquatic
bird of the southern United States (Platus anhinga) ; the
darter, or snakebird.
An-his'tOOS (Sn-hls'tiis), a. [Gr. av priv. + toTo;
web, tissue : cf. F. anhiste."] (Biol.) Without definite
structure ; as, an anhisious membrane.
An-hun'gered (Sn-hiin'gerd), a. Ahungered; long-
ing. \^Archaic]
An-hy'drlde (-hl'drid or -drid), n. [See Anhydeous.]
(Chem.) An oxide of a nonmetallic body or an organic
radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with the
elements of water ; — so called because it may be formed
from an acid by the abstraction of water.
An-hy'drite (Su-hi'drit), ». [See Anhydeous.] {Min.)
A mineral of a white or a slightly bluish color, usually
massive. It is anhydrous sulphate of lime, and differs
from gypsum in not containing water (whence the
name).
An-hy'drons (-hi'drus), a. [Gr. aw&pos wanting wa-
ter : av priv. -|- v&oip water.] Destitute of water ; as, an-
hydrous salts or acids.
II A'ni (a'ne) or || A'no (a'no), n. [Native name.]
(Zo'ol.) A black bird of tropical America, the West In-
dies, and 'F\oriAa(Crolophaga arai), allied to the cuckoos,
and remarkable for communistic nesting.
II An'l-CUt, II An'ni-CUt (Sn'i-ktit), n. [Tamil anai
hattu dam building.] A dam or mole made in the course
of a stream for the purpose of regulating the flow of a
system of irrigation. [^Indid] Brande & C.
An-ld'i-0-mat'io-al (Sn-id'i-o-mStT-kal), a. [Gr. av
^r\v . -{-'E,. idiomntical.'] Not idiomatic, [i?.] Landor.
An'.l-ent (an'i-5nt), ) v. t.^ [OF. anientir, F.
An'i-en'tise (5n'i-en'tTs), ) aneantir.'] To frustrate ;
to bring to naught ; to annihilate. [06s.] Chaucer.
A-ia%W (a^m'), prep. & adv. \Vxei. a- ^ nigh."] Nigh.
^^Archaic]
A-night' (^nif), \adv. [OE. on niht.'i In the
A-nightS' (a-uits'), ) night time; at night. lA7-chaic2
Does he hawk anights still ? Marston.
An'il (Sn'il), ra. [F. anil, Sp. anil, or Pg. anil; all fr.
Ar. an-nil, for al-nll the indigo plant, fr. Skr. nila dark
blue, niU indigo, indigo plant. Cf. Lilac] (Bot.) A
West Indian plant (Indigofera. anil), one of the original
sources of indigo ; also, the indigo dye.
AjQ'ile (an'il), a. [L. attilis, fr. anus an old woman.]
Old-womanish ; imbecile. " Anile Ideas." }Falpcle.
An'lle-ness (au'ri-nes), n. Anility, [ii.]
An-il'ic (an-Tl'Tk), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or ob-
tained from, anil ; indigotic ; — applied to an acid formed
by the action of nitric acid on indigo, [i?.]
An'i-Ude (an'I-lid or -lid), re. (Chem.) One of a class
of compounds nliich may be regarded as amides in wliieh
more or less of the hydrogen has been replaced by phenyl.
An'i-Une (an'l-lln or -leu; 277), re. [See Anii.]
( Chem . ) An organic base belonging to the pheuylamines.
It may be regarded as ammonia in which one hydrogen
atom has been replaced by the radical phenji. It is a
colorless, oily liquid, originally obtained from indigo by
distillation, but now largely manufactured from coal tar
or nitrobenzene as a base from which many biHliant
dyes are made.
An'i-Une, a. Made from, or of the nature of, aniline.
A-nil'i-ty (a-nTl'i-ty), re. [L. anilitas. See Anile.]
The state of being an old woman ; old-womanishness ;
dotage. " Marks of anility." Sterne.
An'i-mad-ver'sal (an'i'-mad-ver'sal), n. The faculty
of perceiving ; a percipient. [06«J Dr. H. Store.
An'i-mad-ver'sion (an'i-mad-ver'shun), re. [L. ani-
madversio, fr. nnimadvertere : cf. F. animadversion.
See Animadveet.] 1. The act or power of perceiving
or taking notice ; direct or simple perception. [06s.]
The soul is the sole percipient which hath animadversion and
eense, properly bo called. Glanvill.
2. Monition ; warning. [06s.] Clarendon.
3. Remarks by way of criticism and usually of cen-
sure ; adverse criticism ; reproof ; blame.
He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp ani-
yytad versions. Clarendon.
4. Judicial cogmizance of an offense ; chastisement ; pun-
ishment. ^Archaic'] "Divine animadversions." Wesley.
Syn. — Stricture ; criticism ; censure ; reproof ; blame ;
comment.
An'1-mad-ver'sive (Sn'T-mSd-ver'sTv), a. Having the
power of perceiving ; percipient. lArchaicI Glanvill.
I do not mean there is a certain number of ideas glf^ring and
shining to the aniniadverslve faculty. Colendge.
An'i-mad-vert' (Sn'i-mSd-vert'), v. i. limp. & p. p.
Animadveeted ; p. pr. & vb. re. Animadveetino.] [L.
animadvertere ; animus mind -J- advertere to turn to ;
ad to -j- vertere to turn.] 1. To take notice ; to ob-
serve ; — commonly followed by that. Dr. H. 3Iore.
2. To consider or remark by way of criticism or cen-
sure ; to express censure ; — with on or upon.
I should not animadvert on him, ... if he had not used ex-
treme severity in his judgment of the incomparable Shake-
speare. JJryden.
3. To take cognizance judicially ; to inflict punish-
ment. lArchaicJ Grew.
Syn. — To remark; comment; criticise; censure.
An'l-mad-vert'er (-er), re. One who animadverts ; a
censurer ; also [06s.], a chastiser.
An'i-mal (Su'I-mal), re. [L., fr. anima breath, soul :
cf. F. animal. See Animate.] 1. An organized living
being endowed with sensation and the power of volun-
tary motion, and also characterized by taking its food
into an internal cavity or stomach for digestion ; by giv-
ing carbonic acid to the air and taking oxygen in the
process of respiration ; and by increasing in motive power
or active aggressive force with the progress to maturity.
2. One of the lower animals ; a brute or beast, as dis-
tinguished from man ; as, men and animals.
An'l-mal, a. [Of. F. animal.^ 1. Of or relating to
animals ; as, animal fimctions.
2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature,
as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, or spirit-
ual part ; as, the animal passions or appetites.
3. Consisting of the flesh of animals ; as, animal food.
Animal magnetism. See Magnetism and Mesmerism. —
Animal electricity, the electricity developed in some ani-
mals, as the electric eel, torpedo, etc. — Animal flower
(.Zodl.),a. name given to certain marine animals resembluig
a flower, as any species of actinia or sea anemone, and
other Anthozoa, hydroids, starfishes, etc. — Animal heat
(Plit/siol.), the heat generated in the body of a living ani-
mal, by means of which the animal is kept at nearly a
uniform temperature. — Animal spirits. See under Spirit.
— Animal kingdom, the whole class of beings endowed with
animal Ufe. It embraces several subkingdoms, and un-
der these there are Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, Spe-
cies, and sometimes intermediate groupings, all in regu-
lar subordination, but variously arranged by different
writers. The follomng are the grand divisions, or sub-
kingdoms, and the principal classes under them, gener-
ally recognized at the present time : —
Vertebrata, including Mammalia or Mammals, Aves or
Bi7'ds, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pi.'!ces or Fishes, Marsipo-
bratichiata {Craviota) ; and Leptocardia (Acrania).
Tunicata, including the Thaliacea, and Ascidioidea or
Ascidians.
Articxtlata or Annulosa, including Insecta, Myriapoda,
Malacapoda, Arachnida, Pticnogonida, Merostomata,
Crustacea {Arthropoda) ; and Annelida, Gephyrea (An-
artliropoda).
Helminthes or Vermes, including Rotifera, Chsetogna-
tlia, Nematoidea, Acanthocephala, Nemertina, Turbtl-
Jaria, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Mesozoa.
Molluscoidea, including Brachiopoda and Bryozoa.
Mollusca, including Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pterop-
oda, Scaphopoda, Lamellihranchiata or Acephala.
EcHiNODEHMATA, including Bolothurioidea, Echinoidea,
Aslerioidea, Ophiuroidea, and Crinoidea.
CtELENTEKATA, mcluding Antliozoa or Polyps, Ctenoph-
ora, and Hydrozoa or Acalephs.
Spongiozoa or Poeipera, including the sponges.
Peotozoa, including hifusoriu and Rhizopoda.
For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary.
An'i-mal'cu-lar (an'T-mal'kii-ler), 1 a. Of, pertain-
An'1-mal'CU-line (au'i-malTiii-lin), j ing to, or re-
sembling, animalcules. "■ Animalcular'iMe.'''' Tyndall.
An'l-mal'COle (Sn'i-mSl'kiil), n. [As if fr. a L. ani-
malculum, dim. of animal.'] 1. A small animal, as a fly,
spider, etc. [06s.] jRay.
2. (Zo'ol.) An animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the
naked eye. See Iheusoria.
(5^°° Many of the so-called animalcules have been
shown to be plants, having locomotive powers something
like those of animals. Among these are VoUox, the
Besmidiaceie, and tbe sUiceous Diatomacese.
Spermatic animalcules. See Spermatozoa.
An'i-mal'CU-lism (-kiS-lTz'm), re. [Cf. F. animalcu-
lisme.] (Biol.) The theory which seeks to explain cer-
tain physiological and pathological phenomena by means
of animalcules.
An'i-mal'cu-list (-Hst), n. [Cf. F. animalcuKste.']
1. One versed in the knowledge of animalcules. Keith.
2 . A believer in the theory of animalculism.
II An'i-mal'cu-lum (-liim), re. / pi. Animalcula (-la).
[NL. See ANnnALCutE.] An animalcule.
(E^^ Animalcule, as if from a Latin singular animal-
cula. Is a barbarism.
An'i-mal-isll (ant-mal-ish), a. Like an animal.
An'i-mal-ism (-T^'m), n. [Cf. P. animalisme.'] The
state, activity, or enjoyment of anhnals; mere animal
life without intellectual or moral qualities ; sensuality.
An'i-mal'i-ty (Sat-raal'i-tf), n. [Cf. F. animalite.']
Animal existence or nature. Locke.
An'i-mal-i-za'tlon (-mal-T-za'shun), re. [Cf. F. ani-
malisation.'] 1. The act of animalizing; the giving of
animal life, or endowing with animal properties.
2. Conversion into animal matter by the process of as-
similation. Owen,
An'i-mal-lze (Sn't-mal-iz), v. t. [imp.&p. p. Ani-
MALizED (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Amimalizing.] [Cf. F
animaliser.1 1. To endow with the properties of an an-
imal ; to represent in animal form. Warburton.
2. To convert into animal matter by the processes of
assimilation.
3. To render animal or sentient ; to reduce to the
state of a lower animal ; to sensualize.
The unconscious irony of the Epicurean poet OB the ani-
malizing tendency of his own philosophy. Coleridge.
An'1-mal-ly, adv. Physically. G. Eliot.
An'i-mal-ness, re. Animality. [J?.]
Au'i-mas'tic (an'T-mSs'tik), a. [L. anima breath,
life.] Pertaining to mind or spirit ; spiritual.
An'1-mas'tic, re. Psychology. [06s.]
An'i-mate (fiu'i-mat), v. t. \imp. &p. p. Animatbu ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Animatihg.] [L. animatus, p. p. of ani-
mare, fr. anima breath, soul ; akin to animus soul, mind,
Gr. avefios wind, Skr. are to breathe, live, Goth, us-anan
to expire (us- out), Icel. ond breath, anda to breathe,
OHG. ando anger. Cf. Animal.] 1. To give natural
life to ; to make alive ; to quicken ; as, the soul animates
the body.
2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or ef-
fect of ; as, to animate a lyre. Drydtn.
3. To give spirit or \igor to ; to stimulate or incit« ;
to inspirit ; to rouse ; to enliven.
The more to animate the people, he stood on high, . . . and
cried unto them with a loud voice. KnoUa.
Syn. — To enliven ; inspirit ; stimulate ; exhilarate ;
inspire ; instigate ; rouse ; urge ; cheer ; prompt ; incite :
quicken; gladden.
An'i-mate (-mat), a. [L. animatus, p. p.] Endowed
with life ; alive ; living ; animated ; lively.
The admirable structure of animate bodies. Bentlei/.
An'i-ma'ted (-ma'tgd), a. Endowed with life ; fidl
of life or spirit ; indicating animation ; lively ; vigorous.
".^reima^ed sounds." Pope. '^ Animated 'buat." Gray.
"Animated descriptions." Lewis.
An'1-ma'ted-ly^ adv. With animation.
An'i-ma'ter (-ter), re. One who animates. De Quincey.
An'i-ma'ting, a. Causing animation ; life-giving ; in-
spiriting; rousing. " Animating cxiea." Pope. — An'-
i-ma'Ung-ly, adv.
An'i-ma'tion (5n'I-ma'shiJn), ra. [L. animatio, fr.
animare.^ 1. The act of animating, or giving life or
spirit ; the state of being animate or alive.
The animation of the same soul quickening the whole frame.
£p. HalL
Perhaps an inanimate thing supplies me, while I am speak-
ing, with whatever I possess of animation. Landor.
2. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit and
vigor ; vivacity ; spiritedness ; as, he recited the story
with great animation.
Suspended animation, temporary suspension of the vital
functions, as in persons nearly drowned.
Syn. — Liveliness ; vivacity ; spirit ; buoyancy ; airi-
ness ; sprightliness ; promptitude ; enthusiasm ; ardor,
eamestjiess ; energy. See Liveliness.
An'i-ma-tive (5n'i-ma-tTv), o. Having the power of
giving life or spirit. Johnson.
An'i-ma'tor (-ma'ter), ra. [L., fr. animare.'] One who,
or that which, animates ; an animator. Sir T. Browne.
II A'ni-ni6' (a'ne-mS'), a. [F., animated.] (Her.) Of
a diflelrent tincture from the animal itself ; — said of the
eyes of a rapacious animal. Brande & C.
II A'ni-ml (a'ne-mS), re. [F. animi animated (from
the insects that are entrapped in it) ; or native name.]
A resin exuding from a tropical American tree (Hyme-
nxa courbaril), and much used by varnish makers. Ure.
An'i-mism (Sn'i-mtz'm), re. [Cf. F. animisme, fr. L.
anima soul. See Animate.] 1. The doctrine, taught by
Stahl, that the soul is the proper principle of life and
development in the body.
2. The behef that inanimate objects and the phenom-
ena of nature are endowed with personal life or a living
soul ; also, in an extended sense, the belief in the exist-
ence of soul or spirit apart from matter. Tylor.
An'i-mist (-mist), re. [Cf. F. animiste.2 One who
maintains the doctrine of animism.
An'i-mis'tiC (-mts'tik), a. Of or pertaining to ani-
mism. ^ Huxley. Tylor.
An'i-mose' (an'T-mos'), 1 a. [L. animosus, fr. animus
An'i-mous (an'i-mus), ( soul, spirit, courage.] Full
of spirit ; hot ; vehement ; resolute. [06s.] Ash.
An'i-mose'ness, re. Vehemence of temper. [06s.]
An'i-mos'i-ty (-mSsl-ti^), re. / pi. Antmosites (-tiz).
[P. animosite, fr. L. animositas. See Akimose, Animate,
V. t.'] 1. Mere spiritedness or courage. [06s.] Skelton.
Such as give some proof of animosity, audacity, and execu-
tion, those she [the crocodile] loreth. Jlolland.
2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition ; active
enmity ; energetic dislike. Maeaulay.
Syn. — Enmity ; hatred ; opposition. — Animosity, En-
mity. Enmity may be dormant or concealed ; animosity
is active enmity, inflamed by collision and mutual injury
between opposing parties. The animosities which were
continually springing up among the clans in Scotland
kept that kingdom in a state of turmoil and bloodshed
for successive ages. The animosities which have been
engendered among Christian sects have always been the
reproach of the church.
Such [writings] as naturally conduce to inflame hatreds and
make enmities irreconcilable. Spectator.
[These] factions . . . never suspended their animosities till
they ruined that unhappy government. Hume.
An'i-mus (an'i-miis), ra. ; pi. Amm (-mi). [L., mind.""
Animating spirit ; intention ; temper. '
II Animus forandi [L.] (Law), intention of stealing.
An'i-on (an't-on), re. [Gr. avLoiv, neut. ai/toj', p. pi.
ot avuvai to go up; ava up + teVai to go.] (Chem.)
ale, senate, c&re, &m, arm, ask, fiual, all; eve, event,^ £ud, fern, recent) ice, idea, ill; old, Obey, drb, &ddj
ANISE
59
ANNOY
<ii eleotro-negative element, or the element which, in
electro-chemical decompoaitious, is evolved at the anode ;
— opposed to cation. Faraday.
An'ise (8u'Is), n. [OE. anys, F. anis, L. anisum,
onethum, fr. Gr. ano-oi/, airnBov.'] 1. (Bol.) An umbel-
liferous plant (Pimpinella anisum) growing naturally in
Egypt, and cultivated iu Spain, Malta, etc., for its car-
minative and aromatic seeds.
2. The fruit or seeds of this plant.
An'i-seed (Su'I-sed), n. The seed of the anise ; also, a
cordial prepared from it. " Oil of aniseed." Branded: C.
II An'i-sette' (-sSf), n. [F.] A French cordial or
liqueur flavored with anise seeds. De Colange.
A-nis'lc (a-nts'Ik), a. Of or derived from anise ; as,
anisic acid ; anisic alcohol.
II An'1-so-dac'ty-la (Su't-so-dSk'tl-U), ) n. pi. [NL.
An'1-so-dac'tyls (Su'i-s6-d5k'tllz}, ) anisodacly-
la, fr. Gr. avicro^ unequal (ai' priv. + laos equal) -j- Soktv-
Aos finger.] (Zo'dl.) (a) A group of herbivorous mammals
chai'acterized by having the hoofs in a single series around
the foot, as the elephant, rhinoceros, etc. (ft) A group
of perching birds which are anisodactylous.
An'l-so-dac'ty-lOUS (-tl-18s), a. (Zo'dl.) Character-
ized by unequal toes, three turned forward and one back-
ward, as in most passerine birds.
An'1-SO-mer'lc (-mSr'Ik), a. [Gr. awo-os unequal +
ftepot part.] (Chem.) Not isomeric ; not made of the
same components in the same proportions.
An'i-som'er-OUS (Sn't-s5m'er-as), a. [See Aniso-
MEBic] (Bol.) Having the number of floral organs une-
qual, as four petals and six stamens.
An'1-SO-met'rlC (5n't-sS-mSt'rIk), a. [Gr. oi' priv. -f
E. isometric.'] Not isometric ; haWng unsynimetrical
parts ; — said of crystals with three unequal axes. Dana.
An'1-SO-pet'al-OUS (Sn't-sS-pSt'al-fis), a. [Gr. ai'«ros
unequal -f- TsVaAoj' leaf.] (Bot.) Having imequal petals.
_ An'l-SOph'yl-lOUB (-sOf'Il-lus or -so-fll'lils), a. [Gr.
ano-ot unequal -j- <j>v\k.ov leaf.] {Bot.) Having unequal
leaves.
_ II An'1-SO-pIeu'ra (-s6-plu'ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
«li'i<70i unequal + TrKevpd side.] {Zo'dl. ) A primary di-
vision of gastropods, including those having spiral shells.
The two sides of the body are unequally developed.
• II An'1-sop'O-da (-s5p'$-d4), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. aw-
<ro9 unequal
+ -poda.]
(Zo'dl.) A
division o f
Crustacea,
which, in _ ^ i,_ . . ^ ,r ■ ■• , ■ , ^
.„_- 'f if. One of the Anisopoda (Leptocheha algicola)
some 01 Its of New England, enlarged twelve diameters,
characteris-
tics, is intermediate between Amphipoda and Isopoda.
__ AJl'i-so-stem'o-nous (an't-sS-stSm'o-nQs), a. [Gr.
ano-os unequal + o-rrj|iiwv warp, thread ; to-rdvai to
stand.] (Bot.) Having unequal stamens; having sta-
mens different in number from the petals.
An'l-so-Sthen'ic (-sthSn'ik), a^ [Gr. ai/io-os unequal
•\- aBtvo's strength.]^ Of unequal strength.
An'i-BO-trope' (Snt-si-trop'), ) a. [Gr. ai/io-os une-
An'1-SO-trop'ic (-trSp'Ik), ) quai -|- Tpojn) a turn-
ing, Tfiiiretv to turn.J (Physics) Not isotropic ; having
different properties in different directions ; thus, crys-
tals of the isometric system are optically isotropic, but
all other crystals are anisotropic.
An'1-sot'ro-pous (-s5t'ro-piis), a. Anisotropic.
Anlcer (Sn'ker), n. [D. anker : c'i. LL. anceria, an-
ckeria.'] A liquid measure in various countries of Eu-
rope. The Dutch anker, formerly also used in England,
contained about 10 of the old wine gallons, or 8J imperial
gallons.
Anlcer-ite (-it), n. [So called from Prof. Anker of
Austria : cf. F. ankirUe, G. ankerit.] (Min.) A mineral
closely related to dolomite, but containing iron.
An'kle (Sn'k'l), n. [OE. ancle, anclow, AS. ancleow;
akin to Icel. okUa, 'dkli, Dan. and Sw. ankel, D. en-
klaauw, enkel, G. enkel, and perh. OHG. encha, ancha
thigh, shin : cf. Skr. anga limb, anguri finger. Cf.
Haunch.] The joint which connects the foot with the
leg ; the tarsus.
Ankle tone, the bone of the ankle ; the astragalus.
An'kled (anHi'ld), a. Having ankles ; — used in com-
position ; as, well-anWe(f. Beau. & Fl.
An'klet (Sn'klSt), n. An ornament or a fetter for the
ankle ; an ankle ring.
Anliy-lose (Sn'kT-los), v. t. & i. Same as Anchylose.
llAn'ky-lo'sis
(-lo'sTs), n. Same
as Anchylosis.
Aniace (an'-
ISs), re. [Origin
unknown.] A
broad dagger
Aniace of time of Edward IV.
formerly worn at the girdle. [Written also anelace."]
Ann (an), ) n. [LL. annata income of a year,
An'nat (Sn'nat), ) also, of half a year, fr. L. annus
year : cf . F. annate annats.] (Scots Law) A half year's
stipend, over and above what is owing for the incum-
bency, due to a minister's heirs after his decease.
II An'na (Sn'na), n. [Hindi ana.'\ An East Indian
money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or about i\
cents.
An'nal (an'nal), n. See Annals.
An'nal-ist, n. [Cf. F. annalisie.'\ A writer of annals.
The monks . . . were the only annalists in those ages. Hume.
An'nal-is'tic (au'nal-is'ttk), a. Pertaining to, or
after the manner of, an annalist ; as, the dry annalistic
style. "A stiff arereoZMKc method." Sir O. C . Lewis.
An'nal-ize (an'nol-iz), V. t. To record in annals.
vObs.-] Sheldon.
An'aals (Xn'nolz), n. pi. [L. annalis (se. liber), and
more frequently in the pi. annates (sc. libri), chronicles,
fr. annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. A relation of events
in ohronologioal order, each event being recorded under
the year in which it happened. " Annals of the revolu-
tion." Macaulay. "The annai* of our religion." iJoperi.
2. Historical records ; chronicles ; history.
The short and simple annals of the poor. Gray.
It was cue of the most critical periods in our annals. Burke.
3. sing. The record of a single event or item. "Iu
deathless ann al." Young.
4. A periodic publication, containing records of dis-
coveries, transactions of societies, etc. ; as, " Annals of
Science."
Syn. — History. See Histoby.
An'nats (Sn'nats), 1 n. pi. [See Ann.] (Feci. Law)
An'nates (-natz), ) The first year'^s profits of a
spiritual preferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the
pope ; first fruits. In England, they now form a fund
for the augmentation of poor livings.
An-neal' (Sn-nel'), v. t. litnp. & p. p. Annealed
(-neld') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annealing.] [OE. anelen to
heat, burn, AS. anselan ; an on -|- Slan to burn ; also
OE. anelen to enamel, prob. influenced by OF. neeler,
nieler, to put a black enamel on gold or silver, F. nieller,
fr. LL. nigellare to blacken, fr. L. nigellus blackish, dim.
of niger black. Cf. Niello, Negbo.] 1. To subject to
great heat, and then cool slowly, as glass, cast iron,
steel, or other metal, for the purpose of rendering it less
brittle ; to temper ; to toughen.
2. To heat, as glass, tiles, or earthenware, in order to
fix the colors laid on them.
An-neal'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, anneals.
An-neal'ing, n. 1. The process used to render glass,
iron, etc., less brittle, performed by allowing them to
cool very gradually from a high heat.
2. The burning of metallic colors into glass, earthen-
ware, etc.
An-neo'tent (5n-nSk'tent), a. [L. anneciere to tie or
bind to. See AnnexJ Connecting ; annexing. Owen.
An'ne-Iid (5n'nS-lId), 1 a. [F. annilide, fr. an-
An-nel'1-dan (Sn-nSl'I-dan), ( neler to aiTange in
rings, OF. ariel a ring, fr. L. anellus a ring, dim. of annu-
lus a ring.] (Zo'dl.) Of or pertaining to the Annelida.
— n. One of the Armelida.
II An-nel'1-da (Sn-ngl1-d&), n. pi. [NL. See Anne-
lid.] (Zo'dl.) A division of the Articulata, having the
body formed of numerous rings or
annular segments, and without
jointed legs. The principal subdi-
visions are the Chsetopoda, includ-
ing the Oligochseta or earthwormfl
and Polychseta or marine worms;
and the Hirudinea or leeches. See
CaETOPODA.
An-nel'i-dons (Sn-nEl'i-diis), a.
(Zo'dl. ) Of the nature of an annelid.
II An'nel-la'ta (Sn'nSl-la'ti), n.
pi. [NL.] (Zo'dl.) See Annelida.
An'ne-lold (5n'n*-loid), n. [F.
anneli ringed -I- -oM.] (Zo'dl.) An
animal resembling an annelid.
An-nex' (an-nSks'), v. t. [imp.
&p. p. Annexed (5n-n5kst'); p.pr.
& vb. n. Annexing.] [F. annexer,
fr. L. annexus, p. p. of aytnectere to
tie or bind to ; ad -\-nectere to tie,
to fasten together, akin to Skr. nah
to bind.] 1. To join or attach ; usu- ___
ally to subjoin ; to affix ; to append ; q^^ ^^ ,^^ Annelida
— followed by to. "He annexed Dorsal riew of an-
a codicil to a vrill. " Johnson, terior and posterior
2. To join or add, as a smaller portions q£ a marine
thing to a greater. E^-^Xf ^eS^^^I-
He annexed a province to his king- land, enlarged five
dom. Johnson, diameters.
3. To attach or connect, as a o Mouth; pr Pro-
consequence, condition, etc.; as, Sl^do.'sal al^d
to annex a penalty to a prohibi- caudal Cirri jpPara-
tion, or punishment to guilt. podia.
Syn.— To add ; append ; affix ; unite ; coalesce. See Add.
An-nes', v. i. To join ; to be united. tooke.
An-nex' (5u-nSks' or Sn'nSks), re. [F. annexe, L. an-
nexus, neut. annexum, p. p. of annectere.'] Something
annexed or appended ; as, an additional stipulation to a
writing, a subsidiary building to a main building ; a wing.
An'nex-a'tion (an'neks-a'shun), n. [Cf. F. annexa-
tion. See Annex, v. <.] 1. The act of annexing ; process
of attaching, adding, or appending ; addition ; the act of
connecting ; union ; as, the annexation of Texas to the
United States, or of chattels to the freehold.
2. (a) (Law) The union of property with a freehold so
as to become a fixture. Bouvier. (b) (Scots Laic) The
appropriation of lands or rents to the crown. Wltarton.
An'nex-a'tion-ist, re. One who favors annexation.
An-nex'er (an-neks'er), n. One who annexes.
An-nex'ion (an-nek'shun), re. [L. annexio a tying to,
connection : cf. F. annexion.] Annexation. [i2.] Shak.
An-nex'ion-ist, re. An annexationist, [i?.]
An-nex'ment (Sn-neks'ment), re. The act of annexing,
or the thing annexed ; appendage. [JR.] Shak.
An-ni'M-Ia-ble (an-ni'hi-la-b'l), a. Capable of being
annihilated.
An-ni'hi-late (-lat), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Annihilated;
p. pr. & vb. re. Annihilating.] [L. anniMlare ; ad -\-
nihilum, nihil, mofhrng, ne hilum,(filum) not a thread,
nothing at all. Cf. Pile, a row.] 1. To reduce to noth-
ing or nonexistence ; to destroy the existence of ; to
cause to cease to be.
It is imposBible for any body to be utterly annihilated. Bacon.
2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive proper-
ties of, BO that the specific thing no longer exists ; as,
to annihilate a forest by cutting down the trees. " To
annihilate the army." Macaulay.
3. To destroy or eradicate, as a property or attribute
of a thing ; to make of no effect ; to destroy the force,
etc., of; as, to annihilate an argument, law, rights, good-
ness.
An-ni'hi-late (an-ni'ht-lat), a. Annihilated. [Ar-
chaic] Swift.
An-ni'hi-la'tion (an-ni'liT-la'shtin), n. [Cf. F. anni-
hilation.] 1. The act of reducing to nothing, or non-
existence ; or the act of destroying the form or combina-
tion of parts under which a thing exists, so that the
name can no longer be applied to it ; as, the annihila-
tion of a corporation.
2. The state of being aimihilated. Hooker.
An-ni'U-la'tlon-ist, re. (Theol.) One who believes
tliat eternal punishment consists in annihilation or ex-
tinction of bemp ; a destructionist.
An-ni'hi-la-Uve (5n-ni'hi-la-tlv), a. Serving to anni-
hilate ; destructive.
An-ni1li-la'tor (-la'ter), re. One who, or that which,
annihilates ; as, a fire annihilalor.
An-ni'hi-la-tO-ry (-li-to-ry)^*!. Annihilative.
An'ni-ver'sa-ri-ly (Sn'm-ver'sa-rV-ly), adv. Annu-
ally. [P.] Bp. Hall.
An'ni-ver'sa-ry (Sn'nt-ver'sa-rJ), a. [L. anniversa-
rius ; annus year + vertere, versum, to turn : cf. F. an-
niversaire.] Keturning with the year, at a stated time ;
annual ; yearly ; as, an anniversao-y feast.
Anniversary day (R. C. Ch.). See Anniveesabt, re., 2. —
Anniversary week, that week in the year in which the an-
nual meetmge of rehgious and benevolent societies are
held in Boston and New York. [Eastern U. S.\
An'nl-ver'sa-ry, re. ; pi. Anniveesabies (-rtz). [Cf. P.
anniversaire^ 1. The annual return of the day on
which any notable event took place, or is wont to be cel-
ebrated ; as, the anniversary of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence.
2. (R. C. Ch.) The day on which Mass is said yearly
for the soul of a deceased person ; the commemoration
of some saored event, as the dedication of a church or
the consecration of a pope
3. The celebration which takes place on an anniver-
sary day. Dryden.
An'nl-verse (Sn'nl-vSrs), re. [L. anni versus the
turning of a year.] Anniversary. [Ohs.] Dryden.
An'no-da'ted (Sn'no-da'tgd), fl. [L. ad to -)- nodus a
knot.] (Her.) Curved somewhat in the form of the let-
ter S. Cussans.
II An'no Dom'l-ni (Sn'nS dSmt-ni). [L. , in the year of
[our] Lord [Jesus Christ] ; usually abhrev. A. D.] In
the year of the Christian era ; as, A. d. 1887.
An-nom'1-nate (Sn-n5m'T-nat), v. t. To name. [E.]
An-nom'i-na'Uon (-na'shiin), re. [L. annominatio.
See Agnomination.] 1. Paronomasia ; punning.
2. Alliteration. [Obs.] Tyrwhitt.
An'no-tate (Sn'no-tat), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Anno-
tated; p. pr. & vb. re. Annotating.] [L. annotatus ;
p. p. of annotare to annotate ; ad -{- notare to mark,
nota mark. See Note, re.] To explain or criticize by
notes ; as, to annotate the works of Bacon.
An'no-tate, v. i. To make notes or comments ; — with
ore or upon.
An'no-ta'tion (Sn'no-ta'shun), re. [L. annotatio : cf .
F. annotation.] A note, added by way of comment, or
explanation ; — usually in the plural ; as, annotations on
ancient authors, or on a word or a passage.
An'no-ta'tion-ist, re. An annotator. [R.]
An'no-ta-tive (2n'no-ta-tIv), a. Characterized by
annotations ; of the nature of annotation.
An'no-ta'tor (Sn'no-ta'ter), re. [L.] A writer of an-
notations ; a commentator.
An-no'ta-tO-ry (Sn-no'ta-to-rJ^), a. Pertaining to an
annotator; containing annotations. [R.]
An'no-tlne (5n'u*-tTn), re. [L. annotinus a year old.]
(Zo'dl.) A bird one year old, or that has once molted.
An-not'i-nons (Sn-n5t'i-ntis), a. [L. annotinus, fr.
annus year.] (Bot.) A year old ; in yearly growths.
An-not'tO (Sn-n5t't6), Ar-not'tO (ar-not't6), n. [Perh.
the native name.] A red or yellowish-red dyeing ma-
terial, prepared from the pulp surrounding the seeds of
a tree (Bixa orellana) belonging to the tropical regions
of America. It is used for coloring cheese, butter, etc.
[Written also Anatto, Anatta, Annatto, Annotta, etc.]
An-nounce' (Sn-nouns'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. An-
nounced (Sn-nounsf) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Announcing (5n-
noun'sTug).] [OF. anoncier, F. annoncer, fr. L. annun-
tiare ; ad -j- nuntiare to report, relate, nuntius messen-
ger, bearer of news. See Nuncio, and cf. Annunciate.]
1. To give public notice, or first notice of ; to make
known ; to publish ; to proclaim.
Her [Q. Elizabeth's] arrival was announced through the coun-
try by a ])eal of cannon from the ramparts. Ciliyin.
2. To pronounce ; to declare by judicial sentence.
Publish laws, announce
Or Uf e or death.
Prior.
SyTi. — To proclaim ; publish ; make known ; her.ald ;
declare ; promulgate. — To Publish, Announce, Peo-
claim, Promulgate. We publish what we give openly
to the world, either by oral communication or by means
of the press ; as, to publish abroad the faults of our neigh-
bors. We amiounce what we declare by anticipation, or
make known for the first time ; as, to announce the
speedy publication of a book ; to announce the approach
or arrival of a distinguished personage. We proclaim
anything to which we give the widest publicity ; .as, to
proclaim the news of victory, '^epromulfiaie whew we
proclaim more widely what has before been known by
some ; as, to promulgate the gospel.
An-nonnce'ment (-ment), n. The act of announcing,
or giving public notice ; that which announces ; procla-
mation ; publication.
An-noun'cer (an-noun'ser), n. One who announces.
An-noy' (Sn-noi'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annoyed (an-
noid') ; p. pr. & vb. re. Annoying.] [OE. anoien, anvien,
OF. anoier, anuier, enuier, F. enniiyer, fr. OF. anoi,
anui, enui, annoyance, vexation, F. emmi. See Annoy,
H
K
fise, unite, njde, f uU, ap, <irn j pity ; food, fo~'ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iok ; tben, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
ANNOY
60
ANONYMOUS
n.] 1. To disturb or irritate, especially by continued or
repeated acts ; to tease ; to rufBe in mind ; to vex ; as, I
was annoyed by liis remarks.
Say, what can more our tortured souls annoy
Than to behold, admire, and lose our joy ? Prior,
2. To molest, incommode, or harm ; as, to annoy an
army by impeding its march, or by a cannonade.
Syn. — To molest; vex; trouble; pester; embarrass;
perplex ; tease.
An-noy' (an-noi'), n. [OE. anoi, anui, OF. anoi, anui,
enuifiT.ii. in od/o in hatred (esse alicui inodio, Gic.)- See
Ennui, Odium, Noisome, Noy.] A feeling of discomfort
or vexation caused by what one dislikes ; also, whatever
causes such a feeling ; as, to work annoy.
Worse than Tantalus' is her annoy. Shak.
An-noy'ance (Sn-noi'aus), n. [OF. anoiance, anui-
ance.] 1. The act of amroying, or the state of being an-
noyed; molestation; vexation; annoy.
A deep clay, giving much annoyance to passengers. Fuller.
For the further annoyance and terror of any besieged place,
they would throw iuto it dead bodies. Wdkins.
2. That which annoys.
A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair,
Any annoyance m that precious sense. Shak.
An-noy'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, annoys.
An-noy'fal (-ful)i c- Annoying. lObs.J Chaucer.
An-noy'ing, «. That annoys ; molesting ; vexatious.
— An-noy'ing-ly, adv.
An-noy'ous (-us), a. [OF. enuius, anoios.l Trou-
blesome; annoying. [06s.] Chaucer,
An'nu-al (Sn'iS-al ; 135), a. [OE. annuel, F. annuel,
h.lj. annualis, ir. annus year. Of. Annals.] 1. Of or
pertainiug to a year ; returning every year ; coming or
happening once in the year ; yearly.
The annual overflowing of the river [Nile]. Ray.
2. Performed or accomplished in a year ; reckoned by
the year ; as, the annual motion of the earth.
A thousand pound a year, annual support. STiak.
3. Lasting or contiuumg only one year or one growing
season; requiring to be renewed every year; as, an an-
nual plant ; annual tickets. Bacon.
An'nu-al, n. 1. A thing happening or returning
yearly ; esp. a literary work published once a yeai-.
2. Anything, especially a plant, that lasts but one year
or season ; an annual plant.
Oaths are ... in some sense almost annuals: . . . and I my-
self can remember about forty different sets. Swij't.
3. (-R. C. Ch.) A ^^^s for a deceased person or for
some special object, said daily for a year or on the an-
niversary day.
An'nu-al-ist, n. One who writes for, or who edits, an
amiual. [iJ.]
An'nu-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by year.
An'nu-a-ry (-a-ry), a. [Cf. F. annuaire."] Annual.
[06s.] —n. A yearbook.
An'nu-el-er (-el-er), n. K priest employed in saying
annuals, or anniversary Masses. [06s.] Chaucer.
An'nu-ent (-ent), a. [L. annuens, p. pr. of annuere ;
ad -\- nuere to nod.] Nodding ; as, annuent muscles (used
in nodding).
An-nu'1-tant (Sn-nuT-tont), n. [See Annuity.] One
who receives, or is e_ntitled to receive, an annuity. Lamb.
An-nu'i-ty (Sn-nu'I-ty), n. ; pi. Annuities (-tiz). [LL.
annuitas, fr. L. annus year : cf. F. annuite.'] A sum of
money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number
of years, for life, or forever ; an annual allowance.
An-nul' (5n-nul'), v. i. {imp. & p. p. Annulled (an-
nOld') ; p. pr, & vb. n. Aiinullino.] [F. annuler, LL.
annullare, annulare, fr. L. ad to + nullus none, nullum,
neut., nothing. See Null, a.] 1. To reduce to noth-
ing ; to obliterate.
Light, the prime work of God, to me 's extinct,
And all her various objects of delight
Annulled. Milton.
2. To make void or of no effect ; to nullity ; to abol-
ish ; to do away with ; — used appropriately of laws, de-
crees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other established
rules, permanent usages, and the like, which are made
void by competent authority.
Do they mean to annul laws of inestimable value to our
liberties ? Burke.
Syn. — To abolish ; abrogate ; repeal ; cancel ; reverse ;
rescind ; revoke ; nullify ; destroy. See Abolish.
An'nu-lar (an'u-ler), a. [L. annularis, fr. annulus
ring : cf. F. annulaire.} 1. Pertaining to, or having the
form of, a ring ; forming a ring ; ringed ; ring-shaped ;
as, annular fibers.
2. Banded or marked with circles.
Annular eclipse (Astron.), an eclipse of the sun in which
the moon at the middle of the eclipse conceals the central
part of the sun's disk, leaving a complete ring of light
around the border.
An'nn-lar'i-ty (Sn'ii-lar'T-ty), n. Annular condition
or form ; as, the annularily of a nebula. J. Rogers.
An'nu-lar-ly, adv. in an annular manner.
An'nu-la-ry (-la-ry), a. [L. annularius. See Annu-
LAK.] Having the form of a ring ; annular. Bay.
II An'nu-la'ta (Sn'ii-la'ta), n. pi. [Neut. pi., fr. L.
annulatus ringed.] (Zo'ol.) A class of articulate animals,
nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine an-
nelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc.
See Annelida.
An'nu-late (Sn'S-lSt), n. {Zo'61.) One of the Annu-
lata.
An'nu-Iate (Sn'iS-lat), ) a. [L. annulatus."] 1. Pur-
An'nu-la'ted (-la'tSd), ( nished with, or composed
of, rings ; ringed ; surrounded by rings of color.
2. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to the Annulata.
An'nu-la'tlOIl (an-S-la'shiin), n. A circular or ring-
like formation ; a ring or belt. Nicholson.
An'nu-let (Sn'fi-lgt), n, [Dim. of annulus.'] 1. A
little ring. Tennyson
2. {Arch.) A small, flat fillet, encircling a column, etc.,
used by itself, or with other moldings. It is used, sev-
eral times repeated, under the Doric capital.
3. (Her.) A little circle borne as a charge.
4. {Zool. ) A narrow circle of some distinct color on a
surface or round an organ.
An-nul1a-ble (an-niU'l A-b'l), «. That may be annulled.
An-nul'ler (-ler), n. One who annuls. [iJ.]
An-nul'ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. annulement.] The
act of annulling ; abolition ; invalidation.
An'nu-loid (Sn'il-loid), a. {Zool.) Of or pertaining
to the Annuloida.
II An'nu-loid'a (Sn'ii-loid'a), n.pl. [NL., fr. L. an-
nulus ring -f- -Old.] {Zool.) A division of the Articu-
lata, including the annelids and allied groups ; sometimes
made to include also the helminths and ecliinoderms.
[Written also Annuloidea.]
II An'nu-lo'sa (-lo'sa), n. pi. [NL.] {Zool.) A divi-
sion of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Ai'ticu-
lata. It includes the Arthropoda and Anarthropoda. By
some zoologists it is applied to the former only.
An'nu-lo'san (-son), n. {Zool.) One of the Annulosa.
An'nu-lose' (3n'ir-los'; 277), a. [L. annulus ring.]
1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings or ringlike
segments ; ringed.
2. {Zool.) Of or pertaining to the Annulosa.
II An'nu-lus (-IQs), n. ; pi. Annuli (-li). [L.] 1. A
ring ; a ringlike part or space.
2. {Geom.) {a) The space contained between the cir-
cumferences of two circles, one within the other. (6) The
solid formed by a circle revolving around a line which is
in the plane of the circle but does not cut it.
3. {Zool.) Eiug-shaped structures or markings, found
in, or upon, various animals.
An-nu'mer-ate (3n-nu'mer-at), V. t. [L. annumera-
lus, -p. x>. oi annume7-are. See Numeeate.] To add on;
to count in. [06s.] Wollaston.
An-nu'mer-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. [L. annumeralio.']
Addition to a former number. [Ofts.l Sir T. Browne.
An-nun'ci-a-ble (5n-niiu'shi-a-b'l), a. That may be
announced or declared ; declarable. [JJ.]
An-nun'cl-ate (an-niin'shT-at), v. t. \imp. & p. p. An-
nunciated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annunciatlnq.] [L. annun-
liare. See Announce.] To announce.
An-nun'ci-ate (-St), p. p. & a. Foretold; prean-
nounced. [06s.] Chaucer,
An-nun'ci-a'tion (-sT-a'shun or -shi-a'shSn ; 277), n.
[L. annunlialio: cf. F. annonciation.] 1. The act of
announcing ; announcement ; proclamation ; as, the an-
nunciation of peace.
2. {Eccl.) (a) The announcement of the incarnation,
made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary. (6) The
festival'celebrated (March 25th) by the Church of Eng-
land, of Rome, etc., in memory of the angel's announce-
ment, on that day ; Lady Day.
An-nun'ci-a-tive (Sn-niin'shT-a-tiv), a. Pertaining
to annunciation ; announcing, [i?.] Dr. H. More.
An-nun'ci-a'tor (an-ntin'shi-a'ter), n. [L. annuntia-
tor. ] 1. One who announces. Specifically : An officer
in the church of Constantinople, whose business it was
to inform the people of the festivals to be celebrated.
2. An indicator (as in a hotel) which designates the
room where attendance is wanted. '
An-nun'ci-a-tO-ry (-shT-a-to-ry), a. Pertaining to, or
containing, aimouncement : making known. [-E.l
II A-no'a (a-no'a), ?i. [Native name.] (.ZooZ.) A small
wild ox of Celebes {Anoa depressicomis), allied to the
buffalo, but having long nearly straight horns.
An'Ode (Sn'od), n. [Gr. ava up + 66ds way.] {Elec.)
The positive pole of an electric battery, or more strictly
the electrode by which the current enters the electrolyte
on its way to the other pole ; — opposed to cathode.
II An'(Hlon (Sn'o-don), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ai/dSous tooth-
less ; av priv. -]- oSovs, oOo'i/tos, a tooth.] {Zool.) A genus
of fresh-water bivalves, having no teeth at the hinge.
[Written also Anodonta."]
An'0-dyne (an'6-din), a. [L. anodynus, Gr. dj'ciJSvi'o!
free from pain, stilling pain; av priv. -|- oSiivr) pain ; cf.
F. anodin.] Serving to assuage pain ; soothing.
The anodyne draught of oblivio";. Burke.
^ff^ " The word [in a medical sense] is chiefly applied
to the different preparations of opium, belladonna, hyos-
cyamus, and lettuce." Am. Cyc.
An'0-dyne, n. [L. anodynon. See Anodyne, a.] Any
medicine which allays pain, as an opiate or narcotic ; any-
thing that soothes disturbed feelings.
An'0-dy'nous (-di'nfis), a. Anodyne.
A-noU' (a-noil'), v. i. [OF. enoilier.'] To anoint with
oil [06s.] Holinshed.
A-nolnt' (a-noinf), "o. t. [imp. & p, p. Anointed ;
p, pr. & vb. n. Anointing.] [OF. enoint, p. p. of enoindre,
It. L. inungere; in -\- ungere, unguere, to smear, anoint.
See Ointment, Unguent.] 1. To smear or rub over with
oil or an vmctuous substance ; also, to spread over, as oil.
And fragrant oils the stiffened limbs anoint. Dryden.
He anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay.
John Ix. 6.
2. To apply oil to or to pour oil upon, etc., as a sacred
rite, especially for consecration.
Then shalt thou take the anointing oU, and pou7 it upon his
[Aaron's] head and anoint him. Exod. xxix. 7.
Anoint Hazael to be king over Syria. 1 Kings xix. IS.
The lord's Anointed, Christ or the Messiah ; also, a Jew-
ish or ot'ier king by " divine right." 1 Sam. xxvi. 9.
A-noint', p. ^. Anointed. [Obs,] Chaucer,
A-noint'er (-er), n. One who anoints.
A-noint'ment (-ment), n. The act of anointing, or
state of being anointed ; also, an ointment. Milton.
II A-no'Us (a-no'lis), n. [In the Antilles, anoli, ano-
alli, a lizard.] {Zool.) A genus of lizards whicli belong
to the family Iguanidse. They take the place in the New
World of the chameleons in the Old, and in America are
often called chameleons.
A-nom'al (a-n5m'ol), n. Anytliing anomalous, [i?.]
A-nom'a-li-ped (a-nom'a-lT-ped), 1 a. [L. anomalus
A-nom'a-U-pede (a^nom'a^ll-ped), ) irregular -f- pes,
pedis, foot.] Having anomalous feet.
A-nom'a-li-ped, n. {Zool.) One of a group of perch-
ing birds, having the middle toe more or less united to
the outer and inner ones.
A-nom'a-lism (a-nom'a-liz'm), n. An anomaly ; a
deviation from rule. Hooker,
A-nom'a-lis'tic (a-nom'a-lts'tTk), 1 a. [Of. F. anoma-
A-n02n'a-Iis'tic-al (-tl-kal), ) Ustigue.'] 1. Ir-
regular ; departing from common or established rules.
2. {Astron.) Pertaining to the anomaly, or angular dis-
tance of a planet from its perihelion.
Anomalistic month. See under Month. — AnomallBtic
revolution, the period in which a planet or satellite goes
through the complete cycles of its changes of anomaly,
or from any pouit in its elliptic orbit to the same again.
— Anomalistic, or Periodical, year. See under Teae.
A-nom'a-lis'tic-al-ly, adv. With irregularity.
A-nom'a-lo-flo'rous (a-n5m'a-16-flo'riis), a. [L. anom-
alus irregular -{- flos, floris, flower.] {Bot.) Having
anomalous flowers.
A-nom'a-lous (a-nSm'i-liis), a. [L. anomalus, Gr.
afuMoAo! uneven, irregular ; av priv. -f- ojaoAos even,
o/iio! same. See Same, and cf. Abnormal.] Deviating
from a general rule, method, or analogy ; abnormal ; ir-
regular; as, an anomalous proceeding.
A-nom'a-lous-ly, adv. In an anomalous manner.
A-nom'a-lous-ness, n. Quality of being anomalous.
A-nom'a-ly (a-n6m'i-lT^),n. ; pi. Anomalies (-liz). [L.
anomaliu, Gr. avoi/j^aKia. See Anomalous.] 1. Devia-
tion from the common rule ; an irregularity ; anything
anomalous.
We are enabled to unite into a consistent whole the various
anomalies and contending principles that are found in the
minds and affairs of men. Burke.
As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater ajiomaly
in nature than a bird that can not fly. Darwm.
2. {A.itron.) (a) The angular distance of a planet from
its perihelion, as seen from the sun. This is the true
anomaly. The eccentric anomaly is a corresponding an-
gle at the center of the elliptic orbit of the planet. The
mean anomaly is what the anomaly would be if the plan-
et's angular motion were uniform. (6) The angle meas-
uring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet.
3. {JVat. Hist.) Any deviation from the essential char-
acteristics of a specific type.
II A-no'mi-a (a-no'ml-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ai/o/noj ir-
regular ; a p r i v. +
ro/iio; law.] {Zool.)
A genus of bivalve
shells, allied to the oys-
ter, so called from
their unequal valves, of
which the lower is per-
forated for attach-
mgjjt Anomia (A. glabra), Atlantic coast ;
An'0-moph'yl-lous " ^''P"' * ^°"" ""''''• ^ ""*■ "^^
(Sn'6-mof'il-liis), a. [Gr. ai'o/u.09 irregular + <J>uAAot
leaf.] {Bot.) Having leaves irregularly placed.
II An'O-mu'ra (an'S-mu'ra), I n.pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ava-
il An'O-mou'ra (-mou'ri), J /xos lawless -^- oiipa tail.]
{Zool.) A group of decapod
Crustacea, of which the
hermit crab is an example.
An'0-mu'ral (-ral), ) a.
An'o-mu'ran (-ran), (
Irregular in the character
of the tail or abdomen ; as,
the anomural crustaceans.
[Written also anomoural,
anomouran.]
An'o-mu'ran, n. {Zool.)
One of the Anomura.
An'O-my (an'o-my% n.
[Gr. (xTOfiio. See Anomia.]
Disregard or violation of
law. [is.] Glanvill.
A -non' (4r-non'), adv.
[OE. anoon, anon, anan,
lit., in one (moment), fr.
AS. on in -{- an one. See
On and One.] 1. Straight-
way ; at once. [Obs.J
The same is he that heareth
the word, and anon with joy
receiveth it. Matt. xhi. 20.
2. Soon ; in a little while.
As it shall better appear anon.
3. At another time ; then ; again.
Sometimes he trots, . . . anon he rears upright.
Anon right, at once ; right off. [Obs.] Chaucer.— Evet
and anon, now and then ; frequently ; often.
A pouncet bos, which ever and anon
He gave his nose. Shak.
II A-no'na (a-no'n4), n. [NL. Cf. Ananas.] {Bot.)
A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural
order Anonacess, including the soursop.
An'0-na'ceOUS (an'6-na'shus), a. Pertaining to the
order of plants including the soursop, custard apple, etc.
An'O-nym (5n'o-nim), n. [F. anonyme. See Anony-
mous.] 1. One who is anonymous ; also sometimes used
for "pseudonym."
2. A notion which has no name, or which can not be
expressed by a single English word. [iJ.] J. R. Seeley,
An'0-nym'i-ty (Sn'o-nimt-ty), n. The quality or
state of being anonymous; anonymousness ; also, that
which is anonymous. [i2.]
He rigorously insisted upon the rights of anonymity. Carlyle.
A-non'y-mous (a-nonT-mus), a. [Gr. aviiwiio? with-
out name ; av priv. -}- on;ju.a, -Eol. for ovotxa name. See
Name.] Nameless ; of unknown name ; also, of unknown
One of the Anomura (Hippa
talpoidea), Atlantic coast.
About nat. size.
Shak.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, nuai, a^i eve, event, end, fem, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb,
5dd:
ANONYMOUSLY
61
ANTALKALINE
or unavowed authorship ; as, an anonymous benefactor ;
an anonymous pamphlet or letter.
A-nOB'y-mous-ly (a-uon't-mus-lj'), adv. In an anony-
mous manner ; without a name. Swift.
A-non'y-mOUS-nesS, n. The state or quality of being
anonymous. Coleridge.
An'O-phyte (au'o-flt), n. [Gr. a.v<t> upward (fr. aca
up) + <I>vt6v a plant, ^veiv to grow.] {Bot.) A moss or
mosslike plant with cellular stems, having usually an up-
ward gi-owth and distinct leaves.
II An'O-pla JSu'o-pla), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. S-vottKoi;
unarmed.] (Zool.) One of the two orders of
Nemerteans. See Nemertina.
An-op'lo-there (Sn-op'io-ther), || An'o-plo-
the'rl-Um (Sn'o-plo-the'rT-um), n. [From Gr.
ai/OTrAo! unarmed {av priv. + oii'Aoi' an im-
plement, weapon) -f- Sripiov beast.] (Paleon.)
A genus of extinct quadrupeds of the order
Ungulata, wliose bones were first found in the
gypsum quarries near Paris ; characterized by
the shortness and feebleness of their canine
teeth (whence the name). Citvier.
II An'0-plu'ra (an'S-plu'ra), n. pi. [NL.,_fr.
Gr. av priv. -j- ottAo;' weapon, sting + oitpa
tail.] {Zool.) A group of insects which in-
cludes the lice.
II A-nop'si-a(a-nop'sT-a), ) n. [Gr. av priv.
An'op'sy (an'op'sy), ) -\- oi|/i9 sight.]
(Med. ) Want or defect of sight ; blindness.
II An'0-rex'l-a (5n'o-reks'i-a), 1 n. [Gr. aro-
An'0-rex'y (3u'6-reks'y), ( pejia ; av
priv. 4- opef IS desire, appetite, ope'yeii' de-
sire.] (3/erf.) Want of appetite, without 0"f o£ the Ano-
a loathuig oi food. Coxe. i,isluridus),ven-
A-nor'mal (a-nSr'mnl), a. [F. anor- tral side.
mal. See Abnormal, Normal.] Not ac- p Proboscis pore ;
cording to rule ; abnormal. [Oto.] c Olfactory or
A-norn' (a^nSrn'), v. t. [OF. aomer, ^|P'^"/'<= PJ'? ' "
adurner,iT.'L. adomare to a,doTn. The tic'raast. Vnat'
form a-ourne was corrupted into an- size. " '
owfTie.] To adorn. [06s.] Bp. Watson.
A-nor'thic (a-u6r'thTk), a. [See Anobthite.] (Min.)
Having unequal oblique axes ; as, anorthic crystals.
A-nbr'thite (-tint), n. [Gr. av priv. -f- opSot straight
(opflij sc. yiavla right angle) ; not in a right angle.] A
mineral of the feldspar family, commonly occurring in
small glassy crystals, also as a constituent of some igne-
ous rocks. It is a lime feldspar. See Feldspar.
A-nor'thO-SCOpe (a-nSr'tho-skop), n. [Gr. av priv.
+ opSos straight -|- -scope.'] (Physics) An optical toy
for producing amusing figures or pictures by means of
two revolving disks, on one of which distorted figures
are painted.
II A-nos'mi-a (a-nSs'mt-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. av priv.
-\- b(Tii.ri smell.] {Med.) Loss of the sense of smell.
An-oth'er (Sn-tith'er), pron. & a. [An a, one + otlier.']
1. One' more, in addition to a former number ; a sec-
ond or additional one, similar in likeness or in effect.
Another yGi\ — a seventh I I '11 see no more. Sltak.
Would serve to scale another Hero's tower. Shak.
2. Not the same ; different.
He winks, and turns his lips another way. Shak.
3. Any or some other ; any different person, indefi-
nitely ; any one else ; some one else.
Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth.
Prov. xyvii. 2.
While I am coming, another steppeth down before me.
John V. 7.
J^^ As a pronoun another may have a possessive an-
other's, pi. others, poss. pi. others'. It is much used in
opposition to one ; as, one went one way, another another.
It is also used with one, in a reciprocal sense ; as, " love
one o«o//ier," thatis, let each love the other or others.
"These two imparadised in o«e another's arms." Milton.
An-Oth'er-gaines' (-ganz'), a. [Corrupted fr. an-
oiher-gates.l Otanother kind. [06s.] Sir P. Sidney.
An-Oth'er-gates' (-gats'), a. [Another -f- gate, or
gait, way. Of. Algates.] Of another sort. [06s.]
" Anoiher-gates adventure." Hudibras.
An-Oth'er-guess' C-gSs'), a. [Corrupted fr. another-
gates."] Of another sort. [Archaic]
It used to go in another-guess manner. Arhuthnot,
A-not'ta (a-not'ta), n. See Annotto.
An-OU'ra (an-ou'ra ; 277), n. See Anttea.
An-OU'rous (-rus), a. See Antjeotts.
0 An'sa (Sn'sa), n. ; pi. ks%M (-se). [L., a handle.]
(^Astron.) A name given to either of the projecting ends
of Saturn's ring.
An'sa-ted (an'sa-tSd), a. [L. ansaius, fr. ansa a han-
dle.] Having a handle. Johnson.
An'ser-a'ted (an'ser-a'ted), a. (Her.) Having the ex-
tremities terminate in the heads of eagles, lions, etc. ; as,
an anseraied cross.
II An'se-res (an'se-rez), n. pi. [L., geese.] (Zool.)
A Linnaean order of aquatic
birds swimming by means
of webbed feet, as the
duck, or of lobed feet, as
the grebe. In this order
were included the geese,
ducks, auks, divers, gulls,
petrels, etc.
II An'se-ri-for'mes (-rl-
for'mez ), n. pi. ( Zool. )
A division of birds includ-
ing the geese, ducks, and
closely allied forms.
An'ser-ine (an'ser-Tn),
a. [L. anserinus, fr. anser a goose.] 1. Pertaining to,
or resembling, a goose, or the skin of a goose.
2. (Zool.) Pertaining to the Anseres.
An'ser-ous (Sn'ser-iSs), a. [L. anser a goose.] Re-
sembling a goose ; silly ; simple. Sydney Smith.
a, Anj^er enjthropns .- h, Anf^er
domesticus, the domestic goose.
An'swer (Sn'ser), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Answered
(-serd) ; p.pr. & vb.n. Answering.] [OB. andswerien,
AS. andswerian, andswarian, to answer, fr. andswara,
n., answer. See Answer, ».] 1. To speak in defense
against ; to reply to in defense ; as, to answer a charge ;
to answer an accusation.
2. To speak or «Tite in return to, as in return to a call
or question, or to a speecli, declaration, argument, or the
like ; to reply to (aquestion, remark, etc.) ; to respond to.
She answers him as if she knew his mind. Shah.
So spake the apostate angel, though in pain; . . .
And him thus answered soon his bold compeer. Mittun.
3. To respond to satisfactorily ; to meet successfully
by way of explanation, argument, or justification, and
the like ; to refute.
No man was able to answer him a word. Mail. xxii. 46.
These shifts refuted, answer thine appellant. Milton.
This reasoning was not and could not be anjuvt^red. Macaulaij.
4. To be or act in return or response to. Hence ; (a) To
be or act in compliance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction
of, as an order, obligation, demand ; as, he answered my
claim upon him ; the servant answered the bell.
This proud king . . . studies duy and night
To answer all the debts he owes unto you. Shak.
(6) To render account to or for.
I will . . . send him to answer thee. Shak.
(c) To atone for ; to be punished for.
And grievously hath Ctesar answered it. Shak.
(d) To be opposite to ; to face.
The windows answering each other, we could just discern
the glowing horizon through them. Gilpin,
(e) To be or act as an equivalent to, or as adequate or
sufficient for ; to serve for ; to repay. [R.]
Money answereth all things. Eccles. x. 19.
(/) To be or act in accommodation, conformity, relation,
or proportion to ; to correspond to ; to suit.
Weapons must needs be dangerous things, if they answered
the bulk of so prodigious a person. Swift.
An'swer, v. i. 1. To speak or write by way of return
(originally, to a charge), or in reply ; to make response.
There was no voice, nor any that answered. 1 Kings xviii. 26.
2. To make a satisfactory response or return. Hence :
To render account, or to be responsible ; to be accounta-
ble ; to make amends ; as, the man must answer to his
employer for the money intrusted to his care.
Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law. Shak.
3. To be or act in return. Hence : (n) To be or act by
way of compliance, fulfillment, reciprocation, or satisfac-
tion ; to serve the purpose ; as, gypsum answers as a
manure on some soils.
Do the strings answer to thy noble hand ? Dryden.
(b) To be opposite, or to act in opposition, (c) To be or
act as an equivalent, or as adequate or sufficient ; as, a
very few will answer, (d) To be or act in conformity,
or by way of accommodation, correspondence, relation,
or proportion; to conform; to correspond; to suit; —
usually with to.
That the time may have all shadow and silence in it, and
the place answer to convenience. Shak.
If this but ansiver to my just beUef,
I 'II well remember you. Shak.
As m water face answereih to face, so the heart of man to
man. Pror. xxvii. 19.
An'swer, re. [OE. andsware, AS. andswaru ; and
against -\- swerian to swear. VITT, 196. See Anti-, and
SwEAE, and cf . 1st ■us-.] 1. A reply to a charge ; a defense.
At my first ansiuer no man stood with me. 2 Tim. iv. 16.
2. Something said or written in reply to a question, a
call, an argument, an address, or the like ; a reply.
A soft ansioer turneth away wrath Prov. xv. 1.
I called him, but he gave me no answer. Cant. v. 6.
3. Something done in retm-n for, or in consequence of,
something else ; a responsive action.
Great the slaughter is
Here made by the Roman ; great the answer be
Britons must take. Shak.
4. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation ;
as, the answer to a problem.
5. (Law) A counter-statement of facts in a course of
pleadings ; a confutation of what the other party has
alleged ; a responsive declaration by a witness in reply
to a question. In Equity, it is the usual form of defense
to the complainant's charges in his bill. Bouvier,
Syn. — Reply; rejoinder; response. See Reply.
An'SWer-a-We (5n'ser-a-b'l), a. 1. Obliged to an-
swer ; liable to be called to account ; liable to pay, indem-
nify, or make good ; accountable ; amenable ; responsi-
ble ; as, an agent is answerable to his principal ; to be
ansiDcrable for a debt, or for damages.
Will any man argue that ... he can not be justly punished,
but is answerable only to God ? Swift.
2. Capable of being answered or refuted ; admitting
a satisfactory answer.
The argument, though subtle, is yet answerable. Johnson.
3. Correspondent ; conformable ; hence, comparable.
What wit and policy of man is answerabJe to their discreet
and orderly course ? Holland.
This revelation . . . was answerable to that of the apostle to
the Thessalonians. Milton.
4. Proportionate ; commensurate ; suitable ; as, an
achievement answerable to the preparation for it.
5. Equal ; equivalent ; adequate. [Archaic]
Hcd the valor of his soldiers been answerable, he had reached
that year, as was thought, the utmost bounds of Britain. Milton.
An'swer-a-l)le-ness, n. The quality of being answer-
able, liable, responsible, or correspondent.
An'swer-a-bly (an'ser-a-bly), adv. In an answerable
manner ; in due proportion or correspondence ; suitably.
An'swer-er (Sn'ser-er), n. One who answers.
An'SWer-less (Sn'ser-lSs), a. Havmg no answer, or
impossible to be answered. Byron.
An 't (Snt). An it, that is, and it or if it. See An,
conj. [06s.]
An't (ant). A contraction for are and am not ; also
used for is not ; — now usually written ain't. [Colloq.
& illiterate speech.]
Ant-. See Anti-, prefix.
-ant. [F. -ant, fr. L. -antem or -enlem, the pr. p. end-
ing ; also sometimes directly from L. -antem.] A suffix
sometimes marking the agent for action ; as, mercharai,
co\enant, sevvant, p]easant, etc. Cf. -ent.
Ant (ant), n. [OE. ante, amete, emete, AS. semeie,
akin to G. ameise. Cf. Em-
met.] (Zool.) A liymenop-
terous insect of the LinuiE-
an genus Formica, which is
now made a family of sev-
eral genera ; an emmet ; a
pismire.
(11^^ Among ants, as
among bees, there are neu-
ter or working ants, besides
the males and females ; the
former are with-
out wings. Ants
live together in
swarms, usually
raising hillocks of
earth, variously
chambered with-
in, where they
maintain a per-
fect system of or- Ant (Formica lierculanea).
der, store their „ Winged female ; b Male ; c Worker or
provisions, and Neuter ; e Pupa;,
nurture their
young. There are many species, with diverse habits, as
the agricultural ants, carpenter ants, honey ants, fora-
ging ants, aniuzon ants, etc. The lohite ants or Termites
belong to the Neuroptera.
Ant bird {Zool.), one of a very extensive group of South
American birds (Form icariidce), which live on ants. The
family includes many species, some of which are called
ant shrikes, ant thrushes, and ant tcrens. — Ant rice (Bot.),
a species of grass (Aristida oUoantha) cultivated by the
agricultural ants of Texas for the sake of its seed.
II An'ta (an'ta), n. ; pi. Ant.e (-te). [L.] (Arch.) A
species of pier produced
by thickening a wall at
its termination, treated
architecturally as a pi-
laster, with capital and
base.
8^°' Porches, when
columns stand between
two antx, are called in
Latin in antis,
Ant-ac'id (ant-5s'-
Td), n. [Pref. anti- -f-
acid.] (Med.) A rem-
edy for acidity of the
stomach, as an alkali or
absorbent. — a. Coun-
teractive of acidity.
Ant-ac'rid (Snt-Sk'rid), a. [Pref. anti- -f- acrid."]
Corrective of acrimony of the humors.
An-tae'an (Sn-te'an), a. [Gr. 'Afratos.] Pertaining to
Antaeus, a giant athlete slain by Hercules.
An-tag'0-nism (Sn-tSg'o-niz'm), n. [Gr. avTaydvi-
trfia, fr. avrayoivi^eaOai, to struggle against ; avrC against
-f- aywf t'fea-flat to contend or struggle, aydv contest : cf.
F. antagonisme. See Agony.] Opposition of action ;
counteraction or contrariety of things or principles.
15^°° "We speak of antagonism between two things, to or
against a thing, and sometimes with a thing.
An-tag'O-nist (an-tag'o-nist), n. [L. antagonista, Gr.
avTa-ywvto'Tr;? ; avri against -\- a-ywi'ttrTiJs combatant,
champion, fr. ayuivi^eadai : cf. F. antagoniste. See An-
tagonism.] 1. One who contends with another, espe-
cially in combat ; an adversary ; an opponent.
A7itagonist of Heaven's Almighty King. Milton.
Our antagonists in these controversies. Hooker.
2. (Anai.) A muscle which acts in opposition to an-
other ; as St flexor, wliich bends a part, is the antagonist
of an extensor, which extends it.
3. (Med.) A medicine which opposes the action of an-
other medicine or of a poison when absorbed into the
blood or tissues.
Syn. — Adversary ; enemy; opponent; foe; competi.
tor. See Adversary.
An-tag'O-nist, a. Antagonistic ; opposing ; counteract-
ing ; as, antagonist schools of philosophy.
An-tag'0-riis'tic (an-tag'S-uTs'tik), I a. Opposing in
An-tag'0-nis'tic-al (-ti-kal), | combat ; com-
bating ; contending or acting against ; as, antagonistic
forces. — An-tag'0-nis'tio-ai-ly, adv.
They were distinct, adverse, even antagonistic. Milman.
An-tag'0-nize (Sn-tSg'o-nIz), v. t. [imp. & p. p.
Antagonized (-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Antagonizing.]
[Gr. avTayo>vC^ea-6ai. See Antagonism.] To contend
with ; to oppose actively ; to counteract.
An-tag'0-nize, v. i. To act in opposition.
An-tag'O-ny (-nj), n. [Gr. avTayoivCa : avri -)- ayco-
vi'a contest: cf. F. (16th century) antagonie. See an-
tagonism.] Contest; opposition; antagonism. [Obs.]
Antagony that is between Christ and Belial. Milton.
An-tal'glO (Sn-tal'jtk), a. [Pref. anti- -\- Gr. aAyot
pain: cf. F. antalgique.] {3fed.) Alleviating pain. — 7^.
A medicine to alleviate pain ; an anodjnie. [B.]
Ant-al'ka-li (ant-al'ka-li or -It ; see Alkali, etc.;277),
Ant-al'ka-line (-lin or -ITn), n. [Pref. anti- -f alkali.]
Anything that neutralizes alkali, or that counter.Tcts an
alkaline tendency in the system. Hooper.
Ant-al'ka-llne, a. Of power to counteract alkalies.
A A Antai.
o
D
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, up, Qrn ; pity; food, fd'ot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tlien, tliin ; boN ; zli :
: z m azure.
M
ANTAMBULACRAL
62
ANTHELION
Ant-am'bu-Ia'cral (Snt-am'bu-la'kral), a. {Zool.)
Away from the ambulacral region.
II Ant'an-a-cla'sls (ant'an-a-kla'sTs), n. [Gr. avravd-
itXatrts ; avTC -f- avaxKaa-i-i a bending back and breaking.
See Anaclastic] (Rhet.) {a) A tigure which consists in
repeating the same word in a diflferent sense ; as, Learn
some craft when young, that when old you may live
without craft. Gibbs. (fi) A repetition of words begin-
ning a sentence, after a long parenthesis ; as, Shall that
heart (which not only feels them, but which has all mo-
tions of life placed in thera), shall that heart, etc.
IIAnt'an-a-gO'ge (-go'je), n. [Pref. anii- -\- anagoge.']
{Hhet.) A figure which consists in answering the charge
of an adversary, bv a counter charge.
Ant'aph-r<HJis'l-ac (Snt'5f-r6-dTz'T-ak), a. [Pref.
anii- -f- aphrodisiac] {3Ied.) Capable of blunting the
venereal appetite. — n. Anything that quells the vene-
real appetite.
Ant'aph-ro-dlt'lc (-dtttk), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr.
'AcfjpoSin; Aplirodite : cf. F. antaphrotiiiique.] {Med.)
1. Antaphrodisiac.
2. Antisyphilitic. [iJ.]
Ant'aph-ro-dit'ic, n. An antaphroditic medicine.
Ant'ap-0-plec'tlc (Snt'Sp-o-plSk'tlk), a. [Pref. anti-
-\- apoplectic] {Med.) Good against apoplexy. — n. A
medicine used against apoplexy.
Ant-ai'chlsm (ant-ar'kiz'm), n. [Pref. anti- -{■ Gr.
opx'i government.] Opposition to government in gen-
eral. \_R.]
Ant-ar'chlst (-kTst), n. One who opposes all govern-
ment, [i?.]
Ant'ar-chls'tlc (-ar-kts'tTk), ) a. Opposed to all hu-
Ant'ar-Chls'tiC-al (-tt-kol), ) man government. \_E.]
Ant-arc'tiC (ant-iirk'tik), a. [OE. antariik, OP. ant-
artiqiie, F. antarclique, L. antarcticus, fr. Gr. avrapxri-
(cds ; ainC -f- op/cTo? bear. See Argtio.] Opposite to the
northern or arctic pole ; relating to the southern pole or
to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle,
distant from the pole 23° 28'. Thus we say the antarctic
pole, circle, ocean, region, current, etc.
II An-ta'res (Sn-ta'rez), n. [Gr. 'AvTap-qis ; avrC simi-
lar to -)- 'Apijs Mars. It was thought to resemble Mars
in color.] The principal star in Scorpio ; — called also
the ScorpionU Heart.
Ant'ar-thrit'lc (Snt'ar-thrTtTk), a. [Pref. anti- -f-
arthrilic] {Med.) Counteracting or alleviating gout.
^ ra. A remedy against gout.
Ant'asth-mat'ic (Snt'Ss-matTk or -5z- ; see Asthma ;
277), a. [Pref. ajiti- -)- asthmatic] {Med.) Opposing,
or fitted to relieve, asthma. — n. A remedy for asthma.
Ant'-bear' (ant'bSr'), n. {Zool.) An edentate animal
of tropical America
(the Tamanoir), liv-
ing on ants. It be-
longs to the genus
Myrmecophaga.
Ant' bird (herd),
{Zool.) See Ant
bird, under Ant, n.
Ant'-cat'tle
(-kSt't'l), re. pi.
(Zool.) Various ... ,„ , ., , ,
kinds of plant lice Ant-bear (Jfvrmecophagajvbaia}.
or aphids tended by ants for the sake of the honeydew
which they secrete. See Aphis.
An'te- (Sn'te-). A Latin preposition and prefix ;
akin to Gr. avn, Skr. anti, Goth, and-, anda- (only in
comp.), AS. and-, ond- (only in comp. : cf. Answeb,
Alomo), G. ant-, ent- (in comp.). The Latin ante is gen-
erally used in the sense of before, in regard to position,
order, or time, and the Gr. avn in that of opposite, or in
the place of.
An'te, n. {Poker Playing) Each player's stake, which
is put into the pool before (ante) the game begins.
An'te, V. t. & i. To put up (an ante).
An'te— act' (-Skf), n. A preceding act.
An'te-al (5n'te-nl), a. [L. antea, ante, before. Cf.
Ahcient.] Being before, or in front, [i?.] J. Fleming.
Ant'-eat'er (Anfefer), n. {Zool.) One of several
species of edentates and monotremes that feed upon
ants. See Ant-beab, Pangolin, Aakd-vakk, and Echidna.
An'te-ce-da'ne-OUS (an'te-se-da'ne-i5s), a. [See An-
TECEDB.] Antecedent ; preceding in time. " Capable of
antecedaneous proof." Barrow.
An'te-cede' (an'te-sed'), V. t. & i. [L. antecedere;
ante -f- cedere to go. See Cede.] To go before in time
or place ; to precede ; to siu-pass. Sir M. Hale.
An'te-ced'ence (-sed'ens), n. 1. The act or state of
going before in time ; precedence. H. Spencer.
2. {Astron.) An apparent motion of a planet toward
the west ; retrogradation.
An'te-ced'en-cy (-en-sj^), n. The state or condition
of being antecedent ; priority. Fotherby.
An'te-ced'ent (-ent), a. [L. antecedens, -entis, p. pr.
of antecedere: cf. P. antecedent.] 1. Going before in
time ; prior ; anterior ; preceding ; as, an event anteced-
ent to the Deluge ; an antecedent cause.
2. Presumptive ; as, an antecedent improbability.
Syn. — Prior; preceding; previous; foregoing.
An'te-ced'ent, ra. [CfP. antecedent.] 1. Thatwliich
goes before in time ; that which precedes. South.
The Homeric mythology, as well as the Homeric lansiiaje,
has sarely its anteceiJents. Hax Hiiller.
2. One who precedes or goes in front. \_Obs.]
My antecedent, or my gentleman usher. Massinger.
3. pi. The earlier events of one's life ; previous princi-
ples, conduct, course, history, J, H. Newman.
If the troops . . . prove worthy of their antecedents, the vic-
tory is surely ours. Gen. G. B. McClellan.
4. {Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers; as,
in the sentence " Solomon was the prince who built the
temple," prince is the antecedent of loho.
5. (Logic) (a) The first or conditional part of a hypo-
thetical proposition ; as, If the earth is fixed, the snn
must move. (6) The first of the two propositions which
constitute an enthymeme or contracted syllogism ; as.
Every man is mortal : therefore the kuig must die.
6. {Math.) The first of the two terms of a ratio ; the
fijTst or third of the four terms of a proportion. In the
ratio a : 6, n is the antecedent, and b the consequent.
An'te-ced'ent-ly (au'te-sed'ent-ly), adv. Previously ;
before in time ; at a time preceding ; as, antecedently to
conversion. BarroxD.
An'te-ces'sor (Sn'te-sgs'ser), n. [L., fr. antecedere,
aniecessum. See Antecede, Ancestoe.] 1. One who
goes before ; a predecessor.
The successor seldom prosecuting his antecessor's devices.
Sir E. Sandys.
2. An ancestor ; a progenitor. \_Obs.]
An'te-cham'ber (Sn'te-cham'ber), H. [Cf. p. anti-
chambrg.] 1. A chamber or apartment before the chief
apartment and leading into it, in which persons wait for
audience ; an outer chamber. See LiObby.
2. A space viewed as the outer chamber or the en-
trance to an interior part.
The mouth, the anti^kamber to the digestive canal.
2^odd Sf Bowman.
An'te-chap'el (-chSp'el), n. The outer part of the
west end of a collegiate or other chapel. Shipley.
An-te'cians (3n-te'sh«nz), n.pl. See Ankecians.
An'te-COm-mun'lon (an'te-kom-miin'yun), n. A name
given to that part of the Anglican liturgy for the com-
mimion, which precedes the consecration of the elements.
An'te-cur'sor (-kfir'ser), n. [L., fr. antecurrere to
run before ; anle -f- currere to run.] A forerimner ; a
precursor. [Ote.]
An'te-date' (Su'te-daf ), re. 1. Prior date ; a date an-
tecedent to another which is the actual date.
2. Anticipation. \_Obs.] Donne.
An'te-date' (-daf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antedated ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Antedating.] 1. To date before the
true time ; to assign to an earlier date ; thus, to antedate
a deed or a bond is to give it a date anterior to the true
time of its execution.
2. To precede in time.
3. To anticipate ; to take before the true time.
And antedate the bliss above. Pope.
Who rather rose the day to antedate. Wordsworth.
An'te-dl-lu'Vl-al (Sn'te-di-lu'vT-al), a. [Pref. ante- -f
diluvial.] Before the flood, or Deluge, in Noah's time.
An'te-dl-lu'vl-an (-an), a. Of or relating to the pe-
riod before the Deluge in Noah's time ; hence, antiquated ;
as, an antediluvian vehicle. ~ n. One w ho lived before
the Deluge.
An'te-Iact' (-fakt'), n. Something done before an-
other act. [Obs.]
An'te-fls' (-flks'), n. ; pi. E. Antefixes (-gz) ; L. An-
tebtxa (-f iks'a). \Jj. ante -{- fixus fixeA.] {Arch.) {a) K-a
ornament fixed upon a frieze. (6) An ornament at the
eaves, concealing the ends of the joint tiles of the roof,
(c) An ornament of the cymatium of a classic cornice,
sometimes pierced for the escape of water.
An'te-Qes'ion (Sn'te-flSk'shiin), n. {3fed.) A dis-
placement forward of an organ, esp. the uterus, in such
manner that its axis is bent upon itself. T. G. Thomas.
Ant' egg' (4nf eg'). One of the small white egg-
shaped pupiB or cocoons of the ant, often seen in or
about ant-hills, and popularly supposed to be eggs.
An'te-lope (5n'te-lop), n. [OP. antelop, P. antilope,
om Gr. a.v66Ka^. -oiroi:. Eustathius. "Hexaem.," p. 36,
the origin of
which is un-
known.] {Zo-
ol.) One of a
group of ru-
minant quad-
rupeds, inter-
mediate between the deer and
the goat. The horns are usually
annulated, or ringed. There
are many species in Africa and
Asia.
The antelope and wolf both fierce
and fell. Spenser.
1 ^KS^^^^^t^^ ^W I'lie common or bezoar
2 0 j^^BB^^^^^^ antelope of India is Antilope
bezoartica. The chamois of the
Alps, the gazelle, the addax,
and the eland are other species.
See Gazelle. The pronghom
antelope (Antilocapra Ameri-
cana') is found in the Rocky
Mountains. See Peonghoen.
An'te-lu'can (Sn'te-lu'kan), a. [L. antelucanus ; ante
•\- lux light.] Held or being before light ; — a word
applied to assemblies of Christians, in ancient times of
persecution, held before light in the morning. " Anle-
lucan worship." De Quincey.
An'te-me-rld'i-an (-me-rtdl-ffln), a. [L. antemeridi-
anus ; ante -j- meridianus belonging to midday or noon.
See Meridian.] Being before noon; in or pertaining
to the forenoon. (Abbrev. a. m.)
Ant'e-met'lc (ant'e-met'Tk), a. [Pref. anti- -f emetic.']
{Med.) Tending to check vomiting. — re. A remedy to
check or allay vomiting.
An'te-mo-sa'lc (an'te-mo-za1k), a. Being before
the time of Moses.
An'te-mun'dane (-mSn'dan), a. Being or occurring
before the creation of the woild. Young.
An'te-mu'ral (-mu'ral), n. [IJ- anfemurale: ante +
murus wall. See Mural.] An outwork, consisting of a
strong, high wall, with turrets, in front of the gateway
(as of an old castle), for defending the entrance.
An'te-na'tal (-na'tal), a. Before birth. Shelley.
An'te-nl'cene (-ni'sen), a. [L.] Of or in the Christian
church or era, anterior to the first council of Nice, held
A. D. 325 ; as, anienicene faith.
from Gr. a.v96Koiii, -oiros, Eustathius,
Sable Antelope [Kobus
ellipsipryianus).
An-ten'na (Sn-t5n'n4), re. ; pi. AntenN/E (-ne). [L.
antenna sail-yard ; NL., a feeler, horn of an insect.]
{Zool. ) A movable, articu-
lated organ of sensation, at-
tached to the heads of in-
sects and Crustacea. There
are two in the former, and
usually four in the latter.
They are used as organs of
touch, and in some species
of Crustacea the cavity of
the ear is situated near the
basal joint. In insects, they
are popularly called horns,
and also feelers. The term
is also applied to similar or-
gans on the heads of other
arthropods and of annelids.
An-ten'nal (-nol), a.
(Zo'ol.) Belonging to the
antennas. Owen.
An'ten-nif'er-ons (5n'-
tSn-nifer-iis), a. [Anlen-
na-^-.ferous.] {Zo'ol.) ^^^i^^^^ ^1 Insects; a Seti-
Bearing or having antennae, form; 6 Filiform ; c Monili-
An-ten'ni-form (Sn-tSn'- form ; d Dentate; e Pectinate;
ni-form), a. [Antenna-^ C^'SS^a^'t ^ u^JiZ''\f U^
^^..™ T oi,„^„j i:i,„ „J Knobbed; t Lamellate tAns-
-form.] Shaped like an- j^te. All enlarged,
tennaj.
An-ten'nule (-iil), re. [Dim. of antenna.] {Zool.) A
small antenna ; — applied to the smaller pair of anteimae
or feelers of Crustacea.
An'te-num'ber (Sn'te-niim'ber), n. A number that
precedes another, [i?.] Bacon,
An'te-nup'tial (-nvip'shol), a. Preceding marriage ;
as, an antennptial agreement. Kent,
An'te-or1)lt-al (-Sr'blt-ol), a. & n. (Anat.) Same as
Antoebital.
An'te-pas'chal (-pSs'kol), a. Pertaining to the time
before the Passover, or before Easter.
An'te-past (Sn'te-past), re. [Pref. ante- -\- L. pastus
pasture, food. Cf. Repast.] A foretaste.
Antepasts of joy and comforts. Jer. Ta'lor,
II An'te-pen'dl-um (-pen'dT-Hm), n. [LL., fr. L. anta
-j-pererfere to hang.] {Eccl.) The hangings or screen in
front of the altar ; an altar cloth ; the frontal. Smollett.
An'te-pe'nult (-pe'uult), Ire. \Tj. antepaenultima
II An'te-pe-nult'1-ma (-i-ma), ) (sc. syllaha) antepe-
nultimate ; ante before -\- paenullimus the last but one;
paene simost -\- idtimus l&st.] {Pros.) The last syUabla
of a word except two, as -syl- in monosyllable.
An'te-pe-nult'i-mate (-mat), a. Of or pertaining to
the last syllable but two. — re. The antepenult.
Ant'eph-1-al'tic (5nt'gf-i-Sl'tTk), a. [Pref. areK- +
Gr. e^toAn)! nightmare.] {Med.) Good against night-
mare. ^ M. A remedy for nightmare. Dunglison.
Ant'ep-1-lep'llc (-5p-T-lgp'tIk), a. [Pref. anti- -f- epi-
leptic] {Med.) Good against epilepsy. — re. A medi-
cine for epilepsy.
An'te-pone (5n'te-pon), v. t. [L. anteponere.] To
put before ; to prefer. \_Obs.] Bailey.
An'te-port (-port), re. [Cf. LL. anteporta.] An outer
port, gate, or door.
An'te-por'tl-CO (Sn'te-por'ti-ko), re. An outer porch
or vestibule.
An'te-po-si'tlon (-po-ztsh'iin), re. [Cf. LL. anteposi-
tio. See Position.] (Gram.) The placing of a word be-
fore another, which , by ordinary rules, ought to follow it.
An'te-pran'dl-al (-prSn'di-«l), a. Preceding dinner.
An'te-pre-dic'a-ment (-pre-dik'4^ment), re. (Logic)
A prerequisite to a clear understanding of the predica-
ments and categories, such as definitions of common
terms. Chambers.
An-te'rl-or (5n-te'rT-er), a. [L. anterior, comp. o£
ante before.] 1. Before in time ; prior ; antecedent.
Antigonus, who was anterior to Polybius. Sir 6. C. Lewis.
2. Before, or toward the front, in place ; as, the ante-
rior part of the mouth ; — opposed to posterior.
11^°" In comparative anatomy, anterior often signifies
at or toward the head, cephalic ; and in human anatomy
it is often used for ventral.
Syn. — Antecedent ; previous ; precedent ; preceding;
former ; foregomg.
An-te'rl-or'i-ty (Sn-tt'rT-iSr'T-tJ?), re. [LL. anteriori-
ias.] The state of being anterior or preceding in time or
in situation ; priority. Pope.
An-te'ri-or-ly (Sn-te'ri-er-ly), adv. In an anterior
manner ; before.
An'te-room (an'te-room), n. A room before, or form-
ing an entrance to, another ; a waiting room.
An'te-rO— (an'te-r6-). A combining form meaning
anterior, front; as, cn/«ro-posterior, front and back;
aniero-lateral, front side, anterior and at the side.
An'tes (an'tez), n. pi. Antae. See Anta.
An'te-Stat'ure (Sn'te-stSt'iJr), re. (Fort.) A small in-
trenchment or work of palisades, or of sacks of earth.
An'te-Btom'ach (Sn'te-sttim'ak), re. A cavity which
leads into the stomach, as in birds. Bay.
An'te-tem'ple (-tem'p'l), n. The portico, ornaithex,
in an ancient temple or church.
An'te-ver'sion (-ver'shiin), re. [Pref. ante- -f- L. ver-
tere, versum, to turn.] (Med.) A displacement of an or-
gan, esp. of the uterus, in such maimer that its whole
axis is directed further forward than usual.
An'te- vert' (an'te-vert'), v. t. [L. anteveriere ; ante
+ rertere to turn.] 1. To prevent. \Ohs.] Bp. Hall.
2. {3fed.) To displace by anteversion.
Ant-hel'ion (ant-hel'yun or -heli-Sn ; 277, 106), re. ;
pi. Anthelia (-ya or -li-a). [Pref. anii. + Gr. ifXios sun.]
(Meteor.) A halo opposite the sun, consisting of a colored
ring or rings around the shadow of the spectator's own
head, as projected on a cloud or on an opposite fog bank.
aie, senate, c^re, am, arm, ask, final, gU ; eve, event, find, fern, recent ; See, idea, ill j old, 3bey, drt), Odd ;
ANTHELIX
63
ANTHROPOPHAGY
Milton.
iPoet.-]
Keats.
fr. Gr.
Anfhe-Ux (Snt'he-lTks), n. (^Anat.) Same aa Anti-
helix.
An'tbel-min'tlc (Sn'thgl-mTn'tTk), a. [Pref. anti- +
Gr. 4'A|iit>'9, -ivflos, worm, esp. a tapeworm, or mawworm.]
(Med.) Good agaiust intestinal worms, ^n. An antliel-
mintic remedy. [Written also anthdminthicl
An'them (in'thgm), n. [OE. aniym, ante/ne, AS.
ante./en, fr. LL. aiitiphona, fr. Gr. avriijiuiva, neut. pi. of
ii/Ti(f>coi'oi' antiplion, or antliem, n. neut., from avTC<j>o>-
voq sounding contrary, returning a sound ; avri over
against + (pojvij sound, voice : the anthem being sung
by the choristers alternately, one lialf-clioir answering
the other : cf. OF. anlhame, anleine^ anlieune, F. a7i-
Henne. See Antiphon.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung in
alternate parts, but, in present usage, a selection from
the Psalms, or other parts of the Scriptures or the lit-
urgy, set to sacred music.
2. A song or hymn of praise.
An'them, v. t. To celebrate with anthems.
Sweet birds antheming the morn.
I' An-the'ml-on ( Sn-the'mT-5n ), n. [NL,
d^fle/niV flower.] K floral ornament. See Paluette.
II An'the-mlS (Sn'thS-mIs), n. [Gr. avSeiii';, equiv. to
dvflos flower ; an herb like our chamomile.] {Bot. ) Cham-
omile ; a genus of composite, herbaceous plants.
An'them-wise' (5n'thSm-wiz'), adv. Alternately.
[Ois.] ' Bacon.
An'ther (an'ther), n. [F. anlhire, L. anthera a med-
icine composed of flowers^, fr. Gr. ai/8r)po5 flowery, fr.
avBelv to bloom, avdo^ flower.] (Bot.)
That part of tlie stamen containing tlie
pollen, or fertilizing dust, wiiich, wlien
mature, is emitted for the impregnation
of the ovary.
An'tlier-al (-al), a. Pertaining to
anthers.
II An'ther-ld'1-um (an'ther-td'I-iim),
n. : 7)Z. Antheridi.*. (-a). {_Anther -\-
-tSioi' (a Gr. diminutive ending).] (Bot.) Apetaloiis Flower,
The organ in mosses, etc., which an- ao'Antiu;rs.
Bwers to the antlier of flowering plants, ft 6 Filaments.
Gray. — An'ther-ld'i-al (-al), a.
An'ther-il'er-ous (-tf'er-us), a. [Anther + -ferous.'\
{Sot.) (a) Producing anthers, as plants, (b) Supporting
anthers, as a part of a flower. Gray.
An-ther'i-form (5n-thgr'i-fSrm), a. [Anther + -form.]
Shaped like an anther ; anther-shaped.
An'ther-og'e-nous (5n'ther-oj'e-nus), a. [Anther +
■genous.'] (Sot.) Transformed from anthers, as the pet-
als of a double flower.
An'ther-oid (Sn'ther-oid), a. [Anther -\- -oid.^ Re-
sembling an anther.
An'ther-0-ZO'ld (-o-zo'id), 1 n. [Gr. avB-qpo^ flowery
An'ther-O-ZO'Oid (-old), ) -f- ^aov animal -f -oid.
See Zoom.] (Bot.) One of the mobile male reproductive
bodies in the antheridia of cryptogams.
II An-tbe'slS (an-the'sts), re. [Gr. i.ve-qm'; bloom, fr.
av0(iv to bloom, avflos flower.] (Bot.) The period or
state of full expansion in a flower. Gray.
Ant'-hill (Ant'hil), re. (Zool.) A mound thrown up
by ants or by termites in forming their nests.
An-tho1)i-an (.'Cn-tho'bi-an), re. [Gr. ai/So; flower +
l8ios life.] (Zool.) A beetle which feeds on flowers.
II An'UlO-bran'chl-a (Sn'thS-brSn'ki-a), re. pi. [NL.,
fr. Gr. av8oi flower + ^pdyxta giUs, n. pi.] (Zool.) A
division of nudibranchiate MoUusca, in which the gills
form a wreath or cluster upon the posterior part of the
back. See NooraRANCHiATA, and Doris.
An'thO-car'pOUS (-kar'piis), a. [Gr. ai/9o5 flower +
KapTTos fruit.] (Bot.) Having some portion of the floral
envelopes attached to the pericarp to form the fruit, as
in the checkerberry, the mulberry, and the pineapple.
An'Ulo-cy'a-nin (-si'a-nln), n. Same as Anthoktan.
II An-tho'di-um (5n-tho'di-um), n. [NL., from Gr.
ivfluSr); like flowers, flowery ; a.v9o<; flower -|- etSos form.]
(Bot.) The inflorescence of a compound flower in which
many florets are gathered into an involucrate head.
An-thOg'ra-phy (an-th(5g'ra-fy), re. [Gr. ai/^os flower
-f- -graphy.'] A description of flowers.
An'tnoid (Sn'thoid), a. [Gr. avSos flower -)- -oid.1
Resembling a flower ; flowerlike.
An'thO-ky'an (an'tho-kl'an), re. [Gr. di/9o5 flower -(-
Kuavo! blue.] (Chem.) The blue coloring matter of cer-
tain flowers. Same as Ctanm.
An'thO-lite (an'tbo-lit), re. [Gr. acflo; flower -|- -lite,']
(Paleon.) A fossil plant, like a petrified flower.
An'thO-log'ic-al (an'tho-lSj'T-kal), a. Pertaining to
anthology ; consisting of beautiful extracts from differ-
ent authors, especially the poets.
He published a geographical and anihological description of
all empires and kingdoms ... in this terrestrial globe. Wood.
An-thol'0-glst (Sn-thol'o-jist), re. One who compiles
an anthology.
An-thol'0-gy (-p), n. [Gr. avBoXoyCa, fr. aveoAdyos
flower gathering ; ai/flos flower + Ae'yciv to gather.] 1. A
discourse on flowers. [iJ.]
2. A collection of flowers ; a garland. [iJ.]
3. A collection of flowers of literature, that is, beau-
tiful passages from authors ; a collection of poems or epi-
grams;— particularly applied to a collection of ancient
Greek epigrams.
4. (Gr. Oh.) A service book containing a selection of
pieces for the festival services.
An'tho-ena'ni-a (an'th6-ma'ni-a), n. [Gr- acflos
flower -)- ixavCa madness.] An extravagant fondness for
flowers. [iJ.]
An'tho-ny's Fire' (5n'tS-nTz fir'). See Saint An-
thony's Fire, under Saint.
An-thoph'a-goas (an-th5f'4-gus), o. [Gr. ixflo! flower
-|- <i)ay(Tv to eat.] (Zool.) Eating flowers ; — said of cer-
tain insects.
An'thO|;phore (Sn'tho-for), re. [Gr. av9o(j>6po'; bearing
flowers ; arflos flower + ^opos bearing, i^epeiv to bear.]
Anthozoa. A One of the Alcyonaria(^I;i-
f/ioniastiis grandijlorus) : c a Its spicula,
much enlarged ; B One of the Madrcpo-
raria ( Dendrop/iyUia nigrescens). Botli are
less than natural size.
(Bot.) The stipe when developed into an intemode be-
tween calyx and corolla, as in the Pink family. Gray.
An-thoph'o-rous (Sn-thSf'o-riis), a. Flower bearing ;
supporting the flower.
An-thoph'yl-Ute (Sn-th5f'il-llt), re. [NL. anthophyl-
lum clove.] A mineral of the hornblende group, of a yel-
lowish gray or clove brown color. — An'tho-phyl-lit'ic
(Sn'thS-fil-lit'ik), a.
An'tho-rism (Sn'tho-rTz'm), re. [Gr. av6opi.(TiJ.6i ; avri
-\-bpC(stvto bound, define.] (Ehet.) A description or defi-
nition contrary to that which is given by the adverse
party. [iJ.]
An'tho-tax'y (Sn'tli6-t5ks'y), re. [Gr. ii/flos flower -f-
Tdfi5 order.] (Bot.) T)ie arrangement of flowers in a
cluster ; tlie science of the relative position of flowers ;
inflorescence.
II An'tho-zo'a (Sn'tho-zo'a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. ai/flot
flower 4- i^MV
animal.] (Zool.)
The class of
the Ccelentera-
ta which in-
cludes the cor-
als and sea
anemones. The
three principal
groups or or-
ders are Alcyo-
naria, Actina-
ria, and Madre-
poraria.
An'tho-zo'an
(-zo'an), a. (Zo-
ol.) Pertaining
to the Antho-
zoa. ^ n. One
of the Antho-
zoa.
An'tho-zo'ic
(-zo'ik), a. Of
or pertaining to
the Anthozoa.
An'thra-cene (5n'thra-sen), re. [Gr. ai/flpaf coal.]
(Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon, C„H4.C2H2.CgH4, which
accompanies naphthalene in the last stages of the distil-
lation of coal tar. Its chief use is in the artificial pro-
duction of alizarin. [Written also anthracin.']
An-thrac'lc (an-thrSs'Ik), a. Of or relatmg to an-
thrax ; as, anthracic blood.
An'thra-cU'er-ous (Sn'thra-sTfer-Hs), a. [Gr. avOpai
coal -\- -ferous.] (Min.) Yielding anthracite; as, anthra-
ciferous strata.
An'tlira-Cite (Sn'thra-sTt), re. [L. anthracites a kind
of bloodstone ; f r. Gr. avOpaKC-ni'; Uke coals, fr. dvOpa^,
-cutos, coal or charcoal. Cf. Anthkax.] A hard, com-
pact variety of mineral coal, of high luster, differing
from bituminous coal in containing little or no bitumen,
in consequence of which it burns with a nearly non-
luminous flame. The purer specimens consist almost
wholly of carbon. Also called glance coal and blind coal.
An'thra-cit'lc (Su'thra-sTt'ik), a. Of, pertaining to,
or like, anthracite ; as, anthracitic formations.
An'thra-coid (Sn'thra-koid), a. [Anthrax -\- -oid.']
(Biol.) Resembling anthrax in action ; of the nature of
anthrax ; as, an anthracoid microbe.
_ An'thra-co-man'cy (an'thra-ko-mSn'sJ), n. [Gr.
a.v0pa(, avSpaKO's, coal -j — money.] Divination by in-
specting a burning coal.
An'tfira-com'e-ter (Sn'thra-kSmt-ter), re. [Gr. dv-
0pa4 coal, carbon -f- -meter.] An instrument for meas-
uring the amount of carbonic acid in a mixture.
An'tbra-CO-met'ric (-ko-mgt'rtk), a. Of or pertaining
to an anthracometer.
An-thrac'O-nite (Sn-thr5k'6-nit), re. [See Anthka-
ciTE.] (Min.) A coal-black marble, usually emitting a
fetid smell when rubbed ; — called also stinkstone and
sivinestone.
An'thra-qui'none (5n'thr4-kwi'n5n), re. [^re^Aracene
-\- quinone.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, Ci-.H^.CjOo.C^Hi,
subliming in shining yellow needles. It is obtained by
oxidation of anthracene.
An'thrax (Sn'thrSks) re. [L., fr. Gr. ofSpal coal,
carbuncle.] 1. (Med.) (a) A carbuncle. (6) A malig-
nant pustule.
2. (Biol.) A microscopic, bacterial organism (Bacillus
anthracis), resembling transparent rods. [See Tllust. un-
der Bacillus.]
3. An infectious disease of cattle and sheep. It is
ascribed to the presence of a rod-shaped bacterium (Ba-
cillus anthracis), the spores of which constitute the con-
tagious matter. It may be transmitted to man by inocu-
lation. The spleen becomes greatly enlarged and filled
with bacteria. Called also splenic fever.
II An-thre'nus (Sn-thre'nus), re. [NL., fr. Gr. arflpiji/rj
a hornet.] (Zo'ol.) A genus
of small beetles, several
of which, in the larval
state, are very destruc-
tive to woolen goods, fur,
etc. The common "mu-
seum pest" is A. varius;
the carpet beetle is A.
scrophularise. The larvae Anthrenua
are commonly confounded
with moths.
An-throp'lo (an-throptk), ) a. [Gr. dvBpiomKo^, fr.
An-throp'io-Jll (-i-kal), ( di'Spwiro! man.] (Zo'ol.)
Like or related to man ; human, [ij.] Owen.
II An-throp'l-dae (-T-de), re. pi. [NX. , f r. Gr. dv0p<oTTOi
man.] (Zo'ol.) The group that includes man only.
An'Uiro-po-cen'tric (Sn'thrS-po-sen'trlk), a. [Gr.
avSpMTTos man -|- Kevrpov center.] Assuming man as the
center or ultimate end ; — applied to theories of the uni-
verse or of any part of it, as the solar system. Draper.
(A. vaHits). en-
larged six times ; a Larva ;
6 Pupa ; c Adult beetle.
An'thro-po-gen'ic (Sn'thro-po-jSn'ik), a. Of or pe^
taining to anthropogeny.
An'thro-pog'e-ny (-poj^-n^), re. [Gr. dv0piono% man
-\- 7ei/0! birth.] The science or study of human genera-
tion, or the origin and development of man.
An-throp'O-glOt (an-thrSp'6-gl5t), re. _ [Gr. dv0ptoTro-
vAtoTTOs ; av0pti>TTO<; man -\- yAwTTa, -yAwaaa, tongue.]
(Zo'ol. ) An animal which has a tongue resembling that
of man, as the parrot.
An'thro-pog'ra-phy (an'thr6-pi5g'ra-f5f), re. [Gr. dv-
epwjTO! man -)- -graphy.] That branch of anthropology
which treats of the actual distribution of the human
race in its different divisions, as distinguished by phys-
ical character, language, institutions, and customs, in con-
tradistinction to ethnography, which treats historically
of the origin and filiation of races and nations. P. Cyc.
An'thro-poid (5n'thr6-poid), a. [Gr. dvBpomo': man
-|- -oid.] Resembling man ; — applied especially to certain
apes, as the ourang or gorilla. ^ re. An anthropoid aps.
An'thro-poid'al (Sn'thrS-poid'nl), o. Anthropoid.
II An'thro-pold'e-a (-t-k\ n. pi. [NL. See Anthho-
POID.] (Zool.) j?he suborder of primates which includes
the monkeys, apes, and man.
An'thro-pol'a-try (-pol'a-try), re. [Gr. dvepumoi man
-|- Aarpeia worship.] Man worship.
An-throp'0-lite (an-throp'o-lit), re. [Gr. di/SpcoTTOE man
-f- -lite.] (Paleon.) A petrifaction of the human body, or
of any portion of it.
An'thro-po-log'lc (an'thro-po-loj'Tk), ) a. Pertaining
An'thro-po-log'ic-al (-ISj'T-kal), ) to anthropol-
ogy; belonging to the nature of man. " Anthropologio
wisdom. " Kingsley. — An'tliro-po-lOg'iC-al-ly, adv.
An'thro-pol'0-glst (-pol'o-jTst), re. One who is versed
in anthropology.
An'tliro-pol'0-gry (-jy)) '"■• [Gr. di/epwiro? mau'-|-
-logy.] 1. The science of the structure and functions of
the human body.
2. The science of man ; — sometimes used in a limited
sense to mean the study of man as an object of natural
history, or as an animal.
3. That manner of expression by which the inspired
writers attribute human parts and passions to God.
An'thro-po-man'cy (Sn'thro-p6-man'sy), re. [Gr. dv.
epa)7ro9 man + -money.] Divination by the entrails of a
human being.
An'thro-po-met'rlc (-mSt'iTk), ) a. Pertaining to an
An'thro-po-met'rlc-al (-rt-knl), ( thropometry.
An'thro-pom'e-try (-p5m'e-try), re. [Gr. di/flpuTros
man -|- -metry.] Measurement of the height and other
dimensions of human beings, especially at different ages,
or in different races, occupations, etc. Dunglison.
II An'thro-po-mor'pha (-p6-mSr'f a), re. pi. [NL. See
ANTHBOPOMOEPinsM.] (Zo'ol.) The manlike, Or anthro-
poid, apes.
An'thro-po-mor'phlc (-ftk), a. Of or pertaining to
anthropomorphism. Hadley. — An'thro-po-mor'phic-
al-ly (-fi-kal-ly), adv.
An'thro-po-mor'phlsm (-fiz'm), re. [Gr. dv9puni6ii.op-
<^os of human form ; ai/flpcoTros man -\- nopcfiij form.]
1. The representation of the Deity, or of a polytheistic
deity, under a human form, or with human attributes
and affections.
2. The ascription of human characteristics to things
not human.
An'tluro-po-mor'phist (-fist), re. One who attributes
the human form or other human attributes to the Deity
or to anything not human.
An'thro-po-mor'phlte (-fit), re. One who ascribes a
human form or human attributes to the Deity or to a
polytheistic deity. Tylor. Specifically, one of a sect of
ancient heretics who believed that God has a human
form, etc. Tillotson.
An'thro-po-mor-phlt'ic (-mdr-fitlfk), a. Pertaining
to anthropomorphism, or antliropomorphitism. Kitie.
An'thro-po-mor'plli-tisill (-mSr'fl-tlz'm), n. An-
thropomorphism. Wordsworth.
An'thro-po-mor'phlze (-mSr'fiz), v. t. & i. To at-
tribute a human form or personality to.
You may see imaginative children every day anihrovomor-
phizing. Lowell.
An'thro-po-mor-phol'o-gy (-mSr-f5l'o-j3^), re. [Gr.
avOpuiiTOiJ.opipo'; -f- -logy. See Anthkopomorphism.] The
application to God of terms descriptive of human beings.
An'thro-po-mor'pho-sls (-m6r'fo-sfs or -mSr-fS'sts),
re. Transformation into the form of a human being.
An'thro-po-mor'phous (-m6r'f us), a. Having the fig-
ure of, or resemblance to, a man ; as, an anthropomor-
phous })\a.nt. " Anihropomorjihous a.pes." Darwin.
An'thro-po-path'ic (pSth'ik), 1 a. Of or pertaining
An'thro-po-path'ic-al (-T-kol), ( to anthropopathy.
[iJ.]— An'Uiro-po-path'ic-al-ly, adv.
The daring anthropopathic imagery by which the prophets
often represent God as chiding, upbraiding, threatening.
H. Rogers.
An'thrO-pop'a-thism (-pCp'a-thtz'm), ) re. [Gr. dv6poi-
An'thro-pop'a-Uiy (-pSp'a-thj^), j iroTrdeda ;
dv0pu>-Ko<; man -|- 7ra8o9 suffering, affection, passion, ira-
0elv, ■n-d(Txei.v, to suffer.] The ascription of human feel-
ings or passions to God, or to a polytheistic deity.
In its recoil from the gross anthropopatlnj of the vulgar no-
tions, it falls into the vacuum of absolute apathy. Hare.
II An'thro-poph'a-gl (-p8f'a-jT), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. dv-
0p(o-Ko^dyoi eating men ; ai/flpiuiros man -f- ifiayeZv to eat.]
Man-eaters ; cannibals. Skak.
An'thro-po-phag'lc (-po-faj'Ik), ) a. Relating to
An'thro-po-phag'iC-al (-faj't-kctl), j cannibalism or
anthropophagy.
An'tliro-poph'a-gin'1-an (-p5f'a-jin1-an), n. One
who eats human flesh . [Lndicrous] Shak.
An'thro-poph'a-glte (-jit), re. A cannibal. W.Taylor.
An'thro-poph'a-gous (-gus), a. Feeding on human
flesh ; cannibal.
An'thro-poph'a-gnC' (-jy), re. [Gr. av0pa>-n-o<l>ayCa.] The
eating of human flesh ; cannibalism.
B
D
C
H
K
M
vBe, unite, rffde, full, Up, am ; pity ; food, fo"bt ; out, oil j chair ; go ; sing, i|jk ; tlien, ttur\ ; bON ; zh = z in azure.
ANTHROPOPHUISM
64
ANTILOGY
An'thrO-poph'U-ism (an'thro-pof'fi-Tz'm), n. [Gr. av-
0p(jjTro(j>vrj^ of man's nature ; ai'flpuTTos a man + 4'^V n^"
ture.] Human nature, [i?.] Glittlslone.
An'thro-pos'co-py (-pos'ko-py), n. [Gr. av9pojiro^
man + -scopy.J The art of discovering or judging of a
man's character, passions, and inclinations from a study
of his visible features. [J?.]
An'thro-pos'0-phy (-pos'o-fy), n. [Gr. afflpwiros man
+ (TO(j>Ca. wisdom, knowledge.] Knowledge of the nature
of man ; hence, liuman wisdom.
An'thro-po-tom'ic-al (-po-tom'T-kol), a. Pertaining
to anthropotomy, or tlie dissection of human bodies.
An'thro-pot'o-mist (-pot'o-mTst), n. One who is versed
in anthropotomy, or luiman anatomy.
An'thrO-pOt'O-my (-my), n. [Gr. ai-flpiuiro? man +
Tonij a cutting.] The anatomy or dissection of the
hum.in body ; androtomy. Given.
Ant'hyp-not'lc (ant'hlp-not'Ik). See Antihypnotio.
Ant'hyp-o-chon'drl-ac(ant'hTp-o-kbn'dri-ak),u.&jt.
See Antihypochondriao.
Ant'hys-ter'iC (Snt'hls-tSr'ik), a. & n. See Anti-
hysteric.
An'ti- (Su'tT-). [Gr. avTi against. See Ante.] A pre-
fix meaning aga inst, opposite or opposed to, contrary, or in
place of ; — used in composition in many English words.
It is often shortened to ant- ; as, o«<acid, antarctic.
II An'ti-ae (5n'tT-e), n. pi. [L., forelock.] {Zool.)
The two projecting featliered angles of the forehead of
some birds ; the frontal points^
An'ti-al-bu'mid (an'tt-Sl-bu'mid), n. [Pref. nnti- +
albtimin.] (Pki/siol. C/tem.) A body formed from albu-
min by pancreatic and gastric digestion. It is converti-
ble into antipeptone.
An'ti-al'bu-mose' (-Sl'bfi-mos'), n. (Pliysiol.) See
AlBUMOSE.
An'ti-A-mer'1-can (-a-merT-kon), a. Opposed to
the Americans, tlieir aims, or interests, or to the genius
of American institutions. Mars/inll.
An'ti-aph'ro-dls'i-ac (-Sf'ro-dTz'T-ak), a. & n. Same
as Antaphhodisiac.
An'ti-ap'0-plec'tlc (-Sp'o-pl5k'tTk), a. & n. (Med.)
Same as Antapoplectic.
An'tl-ar (an'tT-ar), n. [Jav. antjar.'] A virulent poi-
son prepared in Java from the gum resin of one species
of the upas tree {Anfiaris /oxicaria).
An'ti-a-rin (Sn'tt-a^rTn), re. {Chem.) A poisonous
principle obtained from antiar. Watts.
An'ti-asth-mat'lc (Sn'tT-its-mSt'Ik or -3z-m5t'ik), a.
& n. Same as Antasthmatic.
An'ti-at-tri'tlon (-at-trlsh'un), n. Anything to pre-
vent tlie effects of friction, esp. a compound lubricant
for machinery, etc. , often consisting of plumbago, with
some greasy material ; .antifriction grease.
II An'ti-bac-chi'US (-bak-kl'iis), n. [L., fr. Gr. avrC
+ PaK;(6ro5. See Bacchitjs.] {Pros.) A foot of three syl-
lables, the first two long, and the last short ( — ,j).
An'ti-bil'ious (-bTl'yiis), a. Counteractive of bilious
complaints ; tending to relieve biliousness.
An'ti-brach'i-al (-brSk'T-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertain-
ing to the antibrachium, or forearm.
II An'ti-brach'i-um (-brak'T-um), n. [NL.] {Anat.)
That part of the fore limb between the brachium and
the carpus ; the forearm.
An'ti-bro'mic (-bio'mik), n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. PpiufiO!
a stink.] An agent that destroys offensive smells ; a
deodorizer.
An'tl-burgh'er (-bflrg'er), n. {Eccl. Hist.) One who
seceded from the Scottish Burghers (1747), deeming it
improper to take the Burgess oatli.
An'tic (Sn'tik), a. [The same word as antique : cf .
It. antico ancient. See Antique.] 1. Old ; antique.
[06s.] " Lords of antic fame." Phaer.
2. Odd ; fantastic ; fanciful ; grotesque ; ludicrous.
The antic postures of a merry-andrew. Addison.
The Saxons . . . worshiped many idols, barbarous in name,
some monstrous, all antic for shape. Fuller.
An'tic, re. 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew ; one that
practices odd gesticulations ; the Fool of the old play.
2. An odd imagery, device, or tracery ; a fantastic figure.
Woven with antics and wild ima,2:ery. Spe7js€y.
3. A grotesque trick ; a piece of buffoonery ; a caper.
And fraught with antics as the Indian bird
That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage. Wordsworth.
4. (Arch.) A grotesque representation. [06j(.]
6. An antimask. [06i. & i2.]
Performed by knights and ladies of his court
In nature of an anfic. Ford.
An'tic, V. t. [imp. Sip.p. Anticked (-tikt), Antickt.]
To make appear like a buffoon. [06s.] Shak.
An'tic, V. i. To perform antics.
An'ti-ca-tarrh'al(an'tT-ka-t"ar'al), a. (ilferf.) Effica-
cious against catarrh. — re. An anticatarrbal remedy.
An'ti-cath'Ode (-kath'od), re. (Phys.) The part of a
Tacuum tube opposite the cathode. Upon it the cathode
rays impinge.
An'ti-cau-sod'lc (-ka-sod'ik), a. & re. {Med.) Same
as Anticausotic.
An'tl-cau-SOt'IC (-ka-sot'Tk), a. [Pref. anti- -f Gr.
KaOcros fever, Kaieii/ to burn.] {Sled.) Good against an
inflammatory fever. — ;;. A remedy for such a fever.
An'tl-Cham'ber, n. [Ofts.] See Antechamber.
An'ti-Ohlor (an'tT-klor), re. [Pref. anti- -\- chlorine.']
{Chem.) Any substance (but especially sodium hypo-
sulphite) used in removing the excess of chlorine left in
paper pulp or stuffs after bleaching.
An'U-christ^ (an'ti-krlst), n. [L. Antichristus, Gr.
' KvTLXpi-cno^ ; avri against -f- XpcaTo?.] A denier or op-
ponent of Christ. Specif. : A great antagonist, person or
power, expected to precede Christ's second coming.
An'ti-chrls'tian (an'ti-krTs'chon ; 106), a. Opposed
to the Christian religion.
An'ti-chris'tian-ism (-chan-Tz'm), i
Aa'ti-chris-tian'i-ty (-cban'i-ty or -chT-an'T-tJ), J "•
Opposition or contrariety to the Christian religion.
An'tl-ohris'tian-ly (Sn'ti-kris'chan-lJ^), adv. In an
anticiiristian manner.
An'U-chron'ic-al (-kron'T-kal), a. Deviating from the
proper order of time. — An'ti-chion'lc-al-ly, adv.
An-tich'ro-nism (an-tlk'ro-niz'm), re. [Gr. avrixpo-
Kto-^os ; a.vTi against -j- xpoi'os time.] Deviation from the
true order of t;ime ; anachronism. [J?.] Selden.
II An^tiCh'thon (an-tTk'th5n), re. ; pi. Antichthones
(-tho-nez). [Gr. ai/TCxSav ; avri against -|- x^'"" the
earth.] 1. A hypothetical earth counter to ours, or on
tlie opposite side of the sun. Grote.
2. pi. Inliabitants of opposite hemispheres. Whewell.
An-tic'1-pant (5n-tTs'i-pant), a. [L. anticipans, p. pr.
ot anticipare.'] Anticipating; expectant; — with o/.
Wakening guilt, aniicipant of hell. Southey.
An-tic'i-pate (Sn-tts'i-pat), v. t. [imp. & p.p. An-
ticipated (-pa'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anticipating (-pa'-
ting).] [L. anlicipalus, p. p. of anticipare to antici-
pate; ante -\-cnpere to tsike. See Capable.] 1. To be
before in doing ; to do or take before another ; to pre-
clude or prevent by prior action.
To anticipate and prevent the duke's purpose. £. Hall.
He would probably have died by the hand of the execu-
tioner, if indeed the executioner had not been anticipated by
the populace. Macaulaij.
2. To take up or introduce beforehand, or before the
proper or normal time ; to cause to occur earlier or pre-
maturely ; as, the advocate has anticipated a part of his
argument.
3. To foresee (a wish, command, etc.) and do before-
hand tliat which will be desired.
4. To foretaste or foresee ; to have a previous view
or impression of ; as, to anticipate the pleasures of a
visit ; to anticipate the evils of life.
Syn. — To prevent; obviate; preclude; forestall; ex-
pect. — To Anticipate, Expect. Tliese words, as here
compared, agree in regarding some future event as about
to take place. E.rjiect is the stronger. It supposes some
ground or reason in the mind for considermg the event
as likely to happen. Anticipate is, literally, to take be-
foreliaiid, and iiere denotes simply to take into the mind
as a conception of tlie future. Hence, to say, " I did not
anticipate a refusal," expresses sometliing less definite
and strong than to say, " I did not crpect it." Still, an-
tic i}>ate is a convenient word to be interchanged with
expect in cases where the thought will allow.
Good with bad
Expect to hear ; supernal grace contending
With sinfulness of men. Milton.
I would not anticipate the relish of any happiness, nor feel
the weight of any misery, before it actually arrives. Spectator.
Timid men were anticipating another civil war. Macaiday.
An-tlc'1-pa'tion (5n-tis'T-pa'shun), re. [L. anticipa-
tio : cf. F. anticipation.l 1. The act of anticipating,
taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand,
or before the proper time in natural order.
So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery. Shak.
2. Previous view or impression of what is to happen ;
instinctive prevision ; foretaste ; antepast ; as, the an-
ticipation of the joys of heaven.
The happy anticipation of a renewed existence in company
with the spirits of the just. Thodey.
3. Hasty notion ; intuitive preconception.
Many men give themselves up to the first antidiyations of
their minds. Locke.
4. {Mus.) The commencing of one or more tones of a
chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a
momentary discorrl.
Syn.— Preoccupation ; preclusion; foretaste ; preliba-
tion ; antepast ; pregustation ; preconception ; expecta-
tion ; foresight ; forethought.
An-tic'i-pa-tive (Sn-tis'T-pS-tTv), o. Anticipating, or
containing anticipation. '■^ Anticipative of the feast to
come." Cary. — An-tic'1-pa-tive-ly, adv.
An-tic'i-pa'tor (-pa'ter), n. One who anticipates.
An-tiO'i-pa-tO-ry (-pa-t6-ry), a. Forecasting ; of the
nature of anticipation. Oicen.
Here is an anticipatory glance of what was to be. J. C. Shcdrp.
An'tl-civ'ic (an'ti-sTr'ik), re. Opposed to citizenship.
An'ti-Civ'ism (-tz'm), re. Opposition to the body pol-
itic of citizens. [S.] Carlyle.
An'ti-clas'tlc (-klSs'tTk), a. [Pref. anti- -f Gr. K\a.v
to break.] Having opposite curvatures, that is, curved
longitudinally in one direction and transversely in the
opposite direction, as the surface of a saddle.
An'ti-cli'maz (-klT'maks), re. {Rhet.) A sentence in
which the ideas fall, or become less important and strik-
ing, at the close ; — the opposite of climax. It pro-
duces a ridiculous effect. Example :
Next comes Dalhousie, the great god of war,
Lieutenant-colonel to the Earl of Mar.
An'tl-cli'nal (-kir'nal), a. [Pref. anti- -f- Gr. xKiveiv
to incline.] Inclining or dipping in opposite directions.
See Synclinal.
Anticlinal line, Anticlinal axis (GeoL), a line from which
strata dip in opposite directions, as from the ridge of a
roof. —Anticlinal vertebra (Anat.), one of the dorsal ver-
tebrie, which in many animals has an upright spine to-
ward which the spines of the neighboring vertebrae are
inclined.
An'tl-cli'nal, re. {Geol.) The crest or line in which
strata slope or dip in opposite directions.
II An'ti-cli-no'ri-um (-kli-no'ri-iim), n. ; pi. Anticli-
NORIA (-a). [NL. , f r. Gr. avrl against -{- kKIvciv to in-
cline -j- opos mountain.] (Geol.) The upward elevation
of the crust of the earth, resulting from a geanticlinal.
An'tic-ly (an'tlk-ly), adv. Oddly ; grotesquely.
An'tic-mask' (-mask'), re. An antimask. B. Jonson.
An'tic-ness, re. The quality of being an_tic. Pord.
An'ti-COn'Stl-tU'tion-ai (an'tT-kon'sti-tu'shiin-al), a.
Opposed to the constitution ; unconstitutional.
An'ti-con-ta'giOUS (-kon-ta'jus), a. (Med.) Oppos-
ing or destroying contagion.
An'tl-con-vul'slve (Sn'tl-kon-viil'sTv), a. {Med.)
Good against convulsions. J. Floyer.
An'ti-COr (an'tT-k8r), re. [Pref. anti- + L. cor heart:
cf. F. anticceur.'] {Far.) A dangerous inflammatory
swelling of a horse's breast, just opposite the heart.
An-ti'COUS (an-ti'kus), a. [L. anticus in front, fore-
most, fr. ante before.] {Bot.) Facing toward the axis of
the flower, as in tlie introrse anthers of the water lily.
An'ti-cy'clone (Sn'tT-si'klon), n. {Meteorol.) A move-
ment of the atmosphere opposite in character, as regards
direction of the wind and distribution of barometric
pressure, to th,at of a cyclone. — An'ti-cy-clon'ic (-st-
klon'tk), a. — An'ti-cy-Cloa'ic-al-ly (-I-kol-ly), adv.
An'ti-dO'tal (an'ti-do'tnl), a. Having the quality of
an antidote ; fitted to counteract the effects of poison.
Sir T. Browne. — An'ti-dO'tal-ly, adv.
An'tl-do'ta-ry (-do'ta-ry), a. Antidotal. — re. An an-
tidote ; also, a book of antidotes.
An'tl-dOte (an'tl-dot), «. [t. antidolum, Gr. ovti'So-
70V (sc. (pdpixaKov), fr. ai/TtSoTOs given against ; avrl
against -f- SiSovai to give : cf. F. antidote. See Dose, re.]
1. A remedy to counteract the effects of poison, or of
anything noxious taken into the stomach ; — used with
against, for, or (o ; as, an antidote against, for, or to,
poison.
2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous effects, or to
counteract evil which something else might produce,
An'tl-dOte, v. t. 1. To counteract or prevent the ef-
fects of, by giving or taking an antidote.
Nor could Alexander himself . . . antidote . . . the poisonous
draught, when it had once got into his veins. South.
2 . To fortify or preserve by an antidote.
An'ti-dot'ic-al (an'tl-dSt'I-kal), a. Serving as an an-
tidote. — An'ti-dot'lc-al-ly, adv.
An-tid'ro-mOUS (Sn-tTd'ro-miis), a. [Pref. anti- +
Gr. Spofio'; a running.] {Bot.) Changing the direction in
the spiral sequence of leaves on a stem.
An'ti-dys'en-ter'ic (Sn'ti-dis'Sn-tgr'Tk), a. {Med.)
Good against dysentery. ^ re. A medicine for dysentery.
An'ti-e-met'lc (-e-mSt'ik), a. & re. {3Ted.) Same as
Antemetic.
An'U-eph'i-al'tic (5n'tT-gf'i-31'tTk), a. & n. {Med.)
Same as Antephialtic.
An'ti-ep'i-lep'tic(-ep'T-lep'tTk), a. & re. {Med.) Same
as Antepileptic.
An'ti-fe'brile (-ie'bril), a. & re. {Med.) Febrifuge.
An'ti-Ieb'rlne (-fSb'rin or -fe'brln), re. {Med.) Acet-
anilide.
An'ti-Ied'er-al-ist (-fSd'er-al-Tst), re. One of a party
opposed to a federative government : — applied particu-
larly to the party wliich opposed the adoption of the con-
stitution of the United States. Pickering.
An'ti-fric'tlon (-frik'.shan), n. Something to lessen
friction; antiattrition. — a. Tending to lessen friction.
An'ti-ga-lac'tic (-ga-lak'tTk), a. [Pref. anti- -\- Gr.
yaka, -AaxTo;, milk.] Causing a diminution or a suppres-
sion of the secretion of milk.
An'tl-Galli-can (-gSllI-kan), a. Opposed to what is
Gallic or French.
An'ti-graph (Sn'tt-grAf), re. [Gr. avnypai^iri a tran-
scribing : cf. F. antigraphe/] A copy or transcript.
An'ti-gng'gler (-gug'gler), re. [Pref. anti- -f- guggle
or gurgle."] A crooked tube of metal, to be introduced
into the neck of a bottle for drawing out the liquid with-
out disturbing the sediment or causing a gurgling noise.
An'tl-helix (-he'llks), re. {Anat.) The curved ele-
vation of the cartilage of the ear, within or in front of
the helix. See Ear.
An'ti-hem'or-rhag'ic (-hSm'or-rSj'Tk), a. {Med.')
Tending to stop hemorrhage. ^ re. A remedy for hemor-
rhage.
An'ti-hy'dro-phob'lc (an'tT-hi'dro-fob'ik), a. {Med.)
Counteracting or preventing hydrophobia. — re. A rem-
edy for hydrophobia.
An'tl-hy-drop'lc (Sn'tT-ht-drop'Tk), a. {Med.) Good
against dropsy. — re. A remedy for dropsy.
An'tl-hyp-not'ic (-hTp-not'Tk), a. {3Ted.) Tending to
prevent sleep. ^ re. An antihypnotic agent.
An'tl-hyp'o-chon'dri-ac (an'tT-hTp'6-kon'drT-Sk), a.
(il/ef/.) Counteractive of hypochondria. ^ re. A remedy
for hypochondria.
An'ti-hys-ter'lc (-his-tertk), a. {Med.) Counteract-
ing hysteria. — re. A remedy for hysteria.
An'ti-ic-ter'lc (-Tk-ter'ik), a. {Med.) Good against
jaundice. ^ re. A remedy for jaundice.
II An'tl-le-gom'e-na (-le-gom'e-n4), re. pi. [NL., fr.
Gr. avrC against -f-Aeyeii/ to speak ; part. pass. Aeyd/^evos.]
(Eccl.) Certain books of the New Testament wliich were
for a time not universally received, but which are now
considered canonical. These are the Epistle to the He-
brews, the Epistles of James and Jude, the second Epis-
tle of Peter, the second and third Epistles of John, and
the Revelation. The undisputed books are caUed the
Homologoiimena.
An'ti-li-bra'tion (-It-bra'shun), re. A balancing ; equi-
poise. [JR.] De Quincey.
An'ti-lith'ic (-ITth'Tk), a. {Med.) Tending to prevent
the formation of urinary calculi, or to destroy them when
formed. — re. An antilithic medicine.
An'ti-lOg'a-ritlun (-log'a-rith'm), re. {Math.) The
number corresponding to a logarithm. The word has
been sometimes, though rarely, used to denote the com-
plement of a given logarithm ; also the logarithmic co-
sine corresponding to a given logarithmic sine. — All'ti-
log'a-rith'mic (-rtth'mTk), a.
An-til'0-gOUS (an-til'o-gils), a. Of the contrary name
or character ; — opposed to analogous.
Antilogous pole (Blec), that pole of a crystal which be-
comes negatively electrified when heated.
An-til'0-gy (an-tTl^S-jy), re. ; pi. Antilogies (-jTz).
[Gr. ai/TiAoyia, fr. avriKoyo'; contradictory ; avri against
+ kdyeiu to speak.] A contradiction between any words
or passages in an author. Sir W. Hamilton.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all ; eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, orb, odd ;
ANTILOIMIC
65
ANTIQUE
An'tl-loi'mlc (Sn'tt-loi'mlk), n. (Med.) A remedy
against tlie lUague. JSrande <& C.
An-til'0-pine (5n-tll'6-pm), a. Of or relating to the
antelope.
An-tll'0-quist(-tTl'o-kwi[st),7i. A contradicter. [Ofe.]
An-tll'0-quy (an-til'o-kwy), 71. [Pref. anti- + L. lo-
qui to speak.] Contradiction. [O65.]
An'tl-lys'Sic (Sn'tT-lis'sIk), a. & n. [Pref. anti- + Gr.
AiJo-o-a rage, madness.] {Med.) Antihydrophobic.
An'ti-ma-cas'sar (-ma-kSs'ser), n. A cover for the
back or arms of a chair or sofa, etc., to prevent them
from being soiled by macassai- or other oil from the hair.
An'ti-ma-gls'tric-al (-ma-jTs'tri-kol), a. [Pref. anti-
-f magistrical for magistratical.l Opposed to the office
■or authority of magistrates. [06s.] South.
An'ti-ma-la'ri-al (-la'ri-al), a. Good against malaria.
An'ti-mask' (-mask'), «• A secondary mask, or gro-
tesque interlude, between the parts of a serious mask.
fWritten also antiniasgue.} Bacon.
An'U-ma'Son (-ma's'n), re. One opposed to Freema-
sonry. — An'ti-ma-son'ic (-ma-son'ik), a.
An'ti-ma'son-ry (-ma's'n-ry), n. Opposition to Free-
masonry.
An'ti-me-pliit'lC (-me-flt'ik), a. {Med.) Good against
mephitic or deleterious gases. — re. A remedy against
mephitic gases. Dunglison.
An'ti-mere (Sn'ti-mer), re. [Pref. anti- + -mere.']
■{Biol.) One of the two halves of bilaterally symmetrical
animals ; one of any opposite symmetrical or homotypic
parts m animals and plants.
II An'ti-me-tal3'0-le (-me-tSb'o-le), n. [L., fr. Gr. i.v-
Tiju.€Taj3oA7J.] (iJAe^) A figure in which the same words
or ideas are repeated in transposed order.
II An'ti-me-tath'e-SiS (-me-t5th'e-sTs), n. [NL., fr.
Gr. ai'TifieTdSeo-is.] (Rhet. ) An antithesis in which the
members are repeated in inverse order.
An-tlm'e-ter (5n-tTm'e-ter), n. [Gr. avrt like -\- /j-e-
-rpov measure.] A modification of the quadrant, for
measuring small angles. \_Obs.'\
An'ti-mo-nar'chic (Sn'ti-mo-nar'kTk), 1 a. Opposed
An'ti-mo-nar'chic-al (-mo-nar'kt-kal), ) to monar-
chical government. Bp. Benson. Addison.
An'U-mon'arch-Ist (-m3n'ark-ist), re. An enemy to
monarchical government.
An'ti-mo'nate (au'tt-mo'nat), n. {Chem.) A com-
pound of antimonic acid with a base or basic radical.
[Written also antimoniate.l
An'tl-mo'ni-al (-mo'ni-al), a. Of or pertaining to an-
timony ; containing antimony. — n. {Med.) A prepara-
tion or medicine containing antimony.
Antimonial powder, a powder consisting of one part ox-
ide of antimony and two parts phosphate of calcium ; —
also called Jajiies^s powder.
An'ti-mo'ni-a'ted (-mo'ni-a'ted), a. Combined or
prepared with antimony ; as, antimoniaied tartar.
An'ti-mon'ic (-mSn'ik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or
■ derived from, antimony ; — said of those compounds of
antimony in which this element has its highest equiva-
lence ; as, antimonic acid.
An'U-mo'nl-OUS (-mo'nt-us), a. {Chem.) Pertaining
to, or derived from, antimony ; — said of those com-
pounds of antimony in which this element has an equiva-
lence next lower than the highest ; as, antimonious acid.
An'ti-mo-nlte' (-m6-nit'), n. 1. {Chem.) A com-
pound of antimonious acid and a base or basic radicaL
2. {Min.) Stibnite.
An'ti-mo'ni-u-ret'ed (-mo'nT-ii-rgt'gd), a. {Chem.)
Combined with or containing antimony ; as, antimoniw-
reied hydrogen. [Written also antimoniuretied.']
An'ti-mo-ny (an'ti-mo-ny ; 112), n. [LL. antimo-
nram, of unknown origin.] {Chem.) An elementary sub-
stance, resembling a metal in its appearance and physical
properties, but in its chemical relations belonging to the
class of nonmetaUic substances. Atomic weight, 120.
Symbol, Sb.
5^°" It is of tin-white color, brittle, laminated or crys-
tallme, fusible, and vaporizable at a rather low tempera-
ture. It is used in some metallic alloys, as type metal
and bell metal, and also for medical preparations, which
are in general emetics or cathartics. By ancient writers,
and some modems, the term is applied to native grai/ ore
of antimony, or stibnite (tb.& stibiam of the Romans, and
the a-Ti/u.)xi of the Greeks), a sulphide of antimony, from
which most of the antimony of commerce Is obtained.
Cervantite, senarmontite, and valentinite are native ox-
ides of antimony.
An'ti-na'tion-al (-n5sh'un-al), a. Antagonistic to
one's country or nation, or to a national government.
An'ti-ne-phrit'io (-ne-frif ik), a. {3fed.) Counteract-
ing, or deemed of use in, diseases of the kidneys. — re.
An antinephritic remedy.
An'ti-no'mi-an (au'tT-no'mi-an), a. [See ANrraoMT.]
Of or pertaining to the Antinomians; opposed to the
doctrine that the moral law is obligatory.
An'ti-no'ini-an, re. {Eccl. Hist.) One who maintains
that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of
no use or obligation, but that faith alone is necessary to
salvation. Tlie sect of Antinomians originated with John
Agricola, in Germany, about the year 1535. Mosheim.
An'ti-no'mi-an-lsm (-Iz'm), n. The tenets or prac-
tice of Antinomians. South.
An-tin'0-miSt (an-tm'o-mist), re. An Antinomiam
[.K.] Bp. Sanderson.
Ajl-till'0-my (-my ; 277), re. ; pi. Antinomies (-miz).
[L. aniinomia, Gr. avnvofj.ia ; avrl against -\- i/dfios law.]
1. Opposition of one law or rule to another law or rule.
Different oommentators have deduced from it the very oppo-
site doctrines. In some instances this apparent antinomif is
doubtful. Be Quincey.
2. An opposing law or rule of any kind.
As it were by his own anti-nomy. or counterstatute. MUtcm.
3. {Metap'ii.) A contradiction or incompatibility of
thought or language ; — in the Kantian philosophy, such
. a contradiction as arises from the attempt to apply to
the ideas of the reason, relations or attributes which are
appropriate only to the facts or the concepts of expe-
rience.
An'tl-O'chl-an (Sn'tt-o'kT-an), a. 1. Pertaining to
Antiochus, a contemporary with Cicero, and the founder
of a sect of philosophers.
2. Of or pertaining to the city of Antioch, in Syria.
Antlochlan epoch (Cliron.), a method of computing time,
from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of
Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia, E. c. 48.
An'tl-O'don-tal'giC (-o'don-tSl'jTk), a. {3Ied.) Effica-
cious in curing toothache. — re. A remedy for toothache.
An'ti-or-gas'tic (an'ti-6r-gas'tTk), a. [Pref. anti- -f
6r. opyai' to swell, as with lust.] (Med.) Tending to
allay venereal excitement or desire ; sedative.
An'tl-pa'pal (-pa'pal), a. Opposed to the pope or to
popery. Milton.
An'ti-par'al-lel (-pSr'al-lel), a. Running in a con-
trary direction. Hammond.
An'ti-par'al-lels (-ISlz), re. pi. {Geom.) Straight lines
or planes which make angles in some respect opposite in
character to those made by parallel lines or planes.
An'ti-par'a-lyt'ic (-par'a-lTfik), a. {Med.) Good
against paralysis. — re. A medicine for paralysis.
An'ti-par'a-lyt'lc-al (-lit'i-kal), a. Antiparalytic.
An'ti-pa-Uiet'iC (-pa-thet'ik), I a. Having a natural
An'ti-pa-thet'ic-al (-I-kol), ) contrariety, or con-
stitutional aversion, to a thing ; characterized by antip-
athy ; — often followed by to. Fuller.
An'tl-path'ic (-path'Tk), a. [NL. antipathicus, Gr.
ai/TiTraflijs of opposite feelings.] {Med.) Belonging to
antipathy ; opposite ; contrary ; allopathic.
An-tip'a-ttaist (Sn-tip'a-thTst), n. One who has an
antipathy. [jB.] '■'• Antipathist ot Mght.''^ Coleridge.
An-tip'a-thOUS (-thiSs), a. Having a natural contra-
riety; adverse; antipathetic. [06s.] Beau. & Fl.
An-tlp'a-tllize (-thiz), v. i. To feel or show antipa-
thy. [A]
An-tip'a-thy (an-tip'a-thy), n. ; pi. Antipathies
(-thiz). [L. antipathia, Gr. a.vTnra9(t.a ; avrC against
-f- TraBeiv to suffer. Cf. F. antipalhie. See Pathos.]
1. Contrariety or opposition in feeling; settled aver-
sion or dislike ; repugnance ; distaste.
Inveterate antipatliies against particular nations, and passion-
ate attachments to others, are to be avoided. Washington.
2. Natural contrariety ; incompatibility ; repugnancy
of qualities ; as, oil and water have an antipathy.
A habit is generated of thinking that a natural aniipatJi!/ ex-
ists between hope and reason. /. Tayior.
(1^°" Antipathy is opposed to sympathy. It is followed
by to, against, or between ; also sometimes by for.
Syn. — Hatred ; aversion ; dislike ; disgust ; distaste;
enmity ; ill will ; repugnance ; contrariety ; opposition.
See Dislike.
An'tl-pep'tone (an'ti-pep'tBn), re. {Physiol. Chem.)
A product of gastric and pancreatic digestion, differing
from hemipeptone in not being decomposed by the con-
tinued action of pancreatic juice.
An'tl-pe'ri-Ofl'ic (-pe'ri-od'ik), n. {Med.) A remedy
possessing the property of preventing the return of pe-
riodic paroxysms, or exacerbations, of disease, as in inter-
mittent fevers.
An'tl-per'i-stal'tlc(-p5r'T-sta'tik),a. {Med.) Opposed
to, or checking, peristaltic motion ; acting upward ; —
applied to an inverted action of the intestinal tube.
II An'ti-pe-rls'ta-siS (-pe-ris'ta^sis), re. [Gr. avTiTte-
ptoTacrt5 ; avrl against -j- TreptcTTacrt? a standing around,
fr, Trepttcrrai'at to stand around ; Trept around -f- tcrrai/at
to stand.] Opposition by which the quality opposed ac-
quires strength ; resistance or reaction roused by oppo-
sition or by the action of an opposite principle or quality.
An'tl-per'i-Stat'iO (-per'i-stat'Ik), a. Pertaining to
antiperistasis.
An'ti-pet'al-ous (-pet'cfl-us), a. [Pref. anti- •{- petal.]
{Bot. ) Standing before a petal, as a stamen.
An'ti-phar'mic (-far'mik), a. [Pref. anti — \- Gr.
<|)ap|iiaKoi' poison.] {Med.) Antidotal; alexipharmic.
An'U-phlo-gis'tian (-flo-jis'chan), re. An opposer of
the theory of phlogiston.
An'tl-phlo-gis'tic (-tik), a. 1. (Chem.) Opposed to
the doctrine of phlogiston.
2. (Med.) Counteracting inflammation.
An'ti-phlo-gls'tic, re. (Med.) Any medicine or diet
which tends to check inflammation. Coxe.
An'ti-phon (an'ti-fon), re. [LL. antiphona, fr. Gr.
avTC<f)(ova.. See Anthem.] 1. A musical response ; alter-
nate singing or chanting. See Antiphont, and Antiphone.
2. A Terse said before and after the psalms. Shipley.
An-tlph'0-nal (an-tif'o-nal), a. Of or pertaining to
antiphony, or alternate singing ; sung alternately by a
divided choir or opposite choirs. Wheatly. — An-tiph'O-
nal-ly, adv.
An-tiph'O-nal, re. A book of antiphons or anthems.
An-tiph'0-na-ry (-na-ry), re. [LL. antiphonarinm.
See Antiphoner.] A book containing a collection of an-
tiphons ; the book in which the antiphons of the brevi-
ary, with their musical notes, are contained.
An'ti-phone (Sn'tT-fon), re. (Mus.) The response
which one side of the choir makes to the other in a
chant ; alternate chanting or singing.
An-tiph'O-ner (an-tif'S-ner), re. [F. antiphonaire.
See Anttphon.] A book of antiphons. Chaucer.
An'ti-phon'lO (an'ti-fon'ik), a. Antiphonal.
An-tiph'0-ny (-o-ny), n. ;pl. Antiphonies (-niz). [See
Antiphon.] 1. A musical response ; also, antiphonal
chanting or singing.
2. An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or
congregation divided into two parts. Also figuratively.
O ! never more for me shall winds intone.
With all your tops, a vast antijihony. R. Browning.
11 An-tlph'ra-SlS (Sn-tif'ra-sis), re. [L., fr. Gr. avrtcjipa-
cri^, fr. avTitfipaieiv to express by antithesis or negation.]
(Rhet. ) The use of words in a sense opposite to their
use, unite, rude, full, iip, &m ; pity ; food, foot ; out, oil ; cbaii ; go ; sing, ink ;
'6 ■
proper meaning ; as when a court of justice is called a
court of vengeance.
An'tl-phras'tic (Sn'ti-frSs'tTk), ) o. [Gr. dfTicfipatm-
An'ti-phras'tic-al (-ti-kal), ( kos.] Pertaining
to antiphrasis. — An'ti-phras'tlc-al-lv, adv.
An'ti-phtlUs'ic (an'ti-tiz'Tk), a. (Med.) Relieving or
curing phthisis, or consumption. ^ re. A medicine for
phthisis.
An'ti-phys'ic-al (-fiz'T-kol), a. [Pref. anti- -\- phys-
ical.] Contrary to nature ; unnatural.
An'ti-phys'ic-al, a. [Pref. anti- -\- Gr. (^vcrav to in-
flate.] {3Ied.) Relieving flatulence ; carminative.
An'ti-plas'tic(-plas'tik),(r. 1. Diminishing plasticity.
2. (Med.) Preventing or checking the process of heal-
ing, or granulation.
An'ti-pO-dag'ric(-po-dag'iTk),o. (3Ied.) Goodagainst
gout. — re. A medicine for gout.
An-tip'O-dal (Sn-tip'o-dol), a. 1. Pertaining to the
antipodes ; situated on the opposite side of the globe.
2. Diametrically opposite. "His oreiZ/jorfoZ shadow."
LoxoelU
An'tl-pode (an'ti-pod), re. One of the antipodes ; any-
thing exactly opposite.
In tale or history your beggar Is ever the just antipoite to
your king. Lamb.
15^^ The singular, antipode, is exceptional in forma-
tion, but has been used by good writers. Its regular Eng-
lish plural would be an'tl-podes, the last syllfujle rhym-
ing with abodes, and this pronunciation is sometimes
heard. The plural form (originally a Latin word without
a singular) is in common use, and is pronounced, after the
Enghsh method of Latin, an-tip'o-dez.
An'ti-po'de-an (Sn'tT-po'de-an or 5n-tip'6-de'an), a.
Pertaining to the antipodes, or the opposite side of the
world ; antipodal.
An-tip'O-des (Sn-tip'o-dez), re. [L. pi., fr. Gr. avri-
ffous with the feet opposite, pi. ot airiVoSes ; avrt against
-)- TTOus, TToSos, foot.] 1. Those who live on the side of
the globe diametrically opposite.
2. The country of those who live on the opposite sido
of the globe. Latham.
3. Anything exactly opposite or contrary.
Can there be a greater contrariety unto Christ's judgment, a
more perfect cntijiodes to all that hath hitherto been gospel ?
Jtiammond.
An'ti-pole(Sn'ti-pol),re. The opposite pole ; anything
diametrically opposed. Geo. Eliot.
An'ti-pope (-pop), re. One who is elected, or claims to
be, pope in opposition to the pope canonically chosen ;
esp. applied to those popes who resided at Avignon dur-
ing the Great Schism.
An'tip-sor'ic (Sn'tTp-sor'ik), a. (Med.) Of use in
curing the itch. — re. An antipsoric remedy.
II An'tip-tO'sis (-to'sis), re. [L., fr. Gr. di/TiVTwaK ;
avTL against + 7rTMa-ts a falling, a case, TrtTrxetv to fall.]
(Gram.) The putting of one case_for another.
An'ti-pU'tre-lac'Uve (an'ti-pu'tre-f ak'tiv), ) a. Coun-
An'ti-pu-tres'cent (an'ti-piS-trgs'sent), j teract-
ing, or preserving from, putrefaction ; antiseptic.
An'ti-py'ic (-pi'ik), a. [Pref. anti- -f Gr. miov, in;o9,
pus.] (Med.) Checking or preventing suppuration. ^ re.
An antip3dc medicine.
II An'tl-py-re'sis (-pt-re'sTs), re. [NL., fr. Gr. avri
against -|- ■mipicrcrei.v to be feverish, fr. TrCp fire.] (Med.)
The condition or state of bemg free from fever.
An'ti-py-ret'lc (-pt-ret'ik), a. (Med.) Efficacious in
preventing or allaying fever. — re. A febrifuge.
An'ti-py'rine (-pi'rTn), n. (3Ied.) An artificial alka-
loid, believed to be efficient in abating fever.
An'ti-py-rot'ic (an'tl-pt-rot'ik), a. (3fed.) Good
against bums or pyrosis. — re. Anything of use in pre-
venting or healing bums or pyrosis.
An'ti-qua'ri-an (-kwa'ri-an), a. [See Antiquabt.]
Pertaining to antiquaries, or to antiquity ; as, antiqua-
rian literature.
An'ti-qua'ri-an, re. 1. An antiquary.
2. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, re.
An'ti-qua'ri-an-ism (-iz'm), re. Character of an anti-
quary ; study or love of antiquities. Warburton.
An'ti-qua'ri-an-lze (-iz), v. i. To act the part of an
antiquary. l_Colloq.]
An'ti-qiia-ry (an'ti-kwa-ry), a. [L. aniiquarius, fr.
aniiquus ancient. See Antique.] Pertaining to antiqui-
ty. [jB.] "Instructed by the arettgjjarj/ times." Shak.
An'ti-qna-ry, re. ,• pi. Antiquaries (-riz). One de-
voted to the study of ancient times through their relics,
as inscriptions, monuments, remains of ancient habita-
tions, statues, coins, manuscripts, etc. ; one who searches
for and studies the relics of antiquity.
An'ti-quate (an'ti-kwat), v. t. [L. antiquatus, p. p.
of antiquare, fr. aniiquus ancient.] To make old, or ob-
solete ; to make antique ; to make old in such a degree
as to put out of use ; hence, to make void, or abrogate.
Christianity might reasonably introduce new laws, and anti-
quate or abrogate old ones. Sir M. Hale,
An'ti-qua'ted (3n'tT-kwa't5d), a. Grown old. Hence :
Bygone ; obsolete ; out of use ; old-fashioned ; as, an nn-
tiquated lavf. " Antiquated words." Dryden.
Old Janet, for 60 he understood his antiquated attendant was
denominated. Sir IT. Scott.
Syn. — Ancient ; old ; antique ; obsolete. See Ancient.
An'tl-qna'ted-ness, re. Quality of being antiquated.
An'U-qnate-ness (-kwat-), ». Autiquateduess. [06s.]
An'ti-qua'tlon (an'ti-kwa'shun), n. [L. nntiqiiatie,
fr. antiquare.] The act of making antiquated, or tlM
state of being antiquated. Beaumont.
An-tique' (Sn-tek'), a. [F., fr. L. aniiquus old, an-
cient, equiv. to anticus, from ante before. Cf. Antic]
1. Old ; ancient ; of genuine antiquity ; as, an antique
statue. In this sense it usually refers to the flourishing
ages of Greece and Rome.
For the antique world excess and pride did hate. Spenser.
2. Old, as respects the present age, or a modern pe-
B
D
H
K
then, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure-
iVI
ANTIQUE
66
ANXIETY
riod of time ; of old fashion ; antiquated ; as, an antique
robe. "Antique words." Spenser.
3. Made in imitation of antiquity ; as, the antique style
of Thomson's " Castle of Indolence."
4. Odd ; fantastic. [In this sense, written antic.']
Sy n. — Ancient ; antiquated ; obsolete ; antic ; old-
fashioned ; old. See Ancient.
An-tique'(au-tek'), n. [F. See Antique, a.] In general,
auytliiug very old ; but in a more limited sense, a relic or
object of ancient art ; collectively, the antique, the remains
of ancient art, as busts, statues, paintings, and vases.
Misshapen monuments and maimed antiques. Byron.
An-tiquely, adv. In an antique manner.
An-tique'ness, n. The quality of being antique ; an
appearance of ancient origin and workmansliip.
We may discover something venerable in the antiqueness of
the work. Addison.
An'ti-quist (an'tt-kwTst), n. An antiquary ; a collect-
or of antiques. [iJ.] Pinkerton.
An-tlq'ui-ta'ri-an (Sn-tik'wT-ta'rT-on), re. An ad-
mirer of antiquity. [Used by Milton in a disparaging
sense.] [06*.]
An-tiq'Ui-ty (Sn-tTk'wT-ty), re. ; pi. Antiquities (-ttz).
[L. nntiquitas, fr. antiqnus: cf. F. antiquite. See An-
tique.] 1. The quality of being ancient ; ancientness ;
great age ; as, a statue of remarkable antiquity ; a family
of great antiquiti/.
2. Old age. [Ofo.]
Is not your voice broken ? . . . and every part about you
blasted with antifjtUty t Shak.
3. Ancient times ; former ages ; times long since past ;
as, Cicero was an eloquent orator of antiquity.
4. The ancients ; the people of ancient times.
That such pillars were raised by Seth all antiquity has
avowed. Sir W. Raleigii.
5. An old gentleman. [06i.]
You are a shrewd antiquity, neighbor Clench. £. Jonson.
6. A relic or monument of ancient times ; as, a coin,
a statue, etc. ; an ancient institution. [In this sense,
usually in the plural.] "Heathen antiquities." Bacon.
An'tl-ra-chit'lc (5n'tT-ra-kit'Tk), a. {Med.) Good
against the rickets.
An'ti-rent'er (-renfer), re. One opposed to the pay-
ment of rent ; esp. one of those who in 1840-47 resisted
the collection of rents claimed by the patroons from the
settlers on certain manorial lands in the State of New
York. — An'ti-rent'ism (-Tz'm), re.
An'ti-sab'ba-ta'ri-an (-s5b'ba-ta'ri-an), re. (Eccl.)
One of a sect whicli opposes the observance of the Chris-
tian Sabbath.
An'ti-sac'er-do'tal (-sSs'er-do'tal), a. Hostile to
priests or the priesthood. Waterland.
An-tls'cians (Su-ttsh'anz), ) re. pi. [L. antiscii, Gr.
II An-tlS'Ci-i (an-tish'i-I), ( avTCa-KiOi., pi. ; avn
against + (riciii shadow.] The inhabitants of the earth,
living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows
at noon are cast in opposite directions.
The inliabitants of the north and south temperate zones are
always Anli<ciam. Brande Sc C.
An'ti-SCO-let'lc (Sn'tT-sko-lSt'ik), I a. [Pref. anti- +
An'ti-SOOl'ic (au'tt-skol'ik), ) Gr. <r<ui\.i]^ a
worm.] {Med.) Anthelmintic.
An'U-SCor-bU'tic (-sk8r-bu'tTk), a. (Med.) Counter-
acting scurvy. — n. A remedy for scurvy.
An'ti-scor-bu'tic-al (-ti-kal), a. {Med.) Antiscorbutic.
An'ti-scrip'tur-al (-skrlp'ttir-ol), a. Opposed to, or
not in accordance with, the Holy Scriptures.
An'U-sep'al-OUS (-sep'al-iis), a. [Pref. anti- -\- sepal.'\
(Bot.) Standing before a sepal, or calyx leaf.
An'ti-sep'tic (-sep'ttk), 1 o. Counteracting or pre-
An'ti-sep'tic-al (-tt-kal), ( venting putrefaction, or
a putrescent tendency in the system ; antiputrefactive.
Antiseptic surgery, that system of surgical practice
wliich insists upon a systematic use of antiseptics in the
performance of operations and the dressing of wounds.
An'ti-sep'tic, re. A substance which prevents or re-
tards putrefaction, or destroys, or protects from, putrefac-
tive organisms ; as, salt, carbolic acid, alcohol, cinchona.
An'ti-sep'tic-al-ly (-ti-kal'lj), adv. By means of
antiseptics.
An'tl-slav'er-y (-slav'er-y), a. Opposed to slavery.
^ re. Opposition to slavery.
An'ti-so'cial (-so'shal), a. Tending to interrupt or
destroy social intercourse ; averse to society, or hostile
to its existence ; as, antisocial principles.
An'ti-so'cial-ist, re. One opposed to the doctrines
and practices of socialists or socialism.
An'ti-SO'Iar (-so'ler), a. Opposite to the sun ; — said
of the point in the heavens 180° distant from the sun.
An'U-spas-mod'ic (-spaz-m5d'ik), a. {Med.) Good
against spasms. — n. A medicine which prevents or
allays spasms or convulsions.
AJl'ti-spast (an'ti-spast), re. [L. antispasius, Gr. av-
Tt(r7rao"To?, fr. ai'TtcTTrai' to draw the contrary way; avTu
against + <nra.v to draw.] {Pros.) A foot of four sylla-
bles, the first and fourth "short, and the second and third
long ( • ).
An'ti-spas'tic (-spSs'tTk), a. [Gr. avTia-iraa-nKo:;. See
Antispast.] {Med.) (a) Believed to cause a revulsion of
fluids or of humors from one part to another. [OJs.]
(b) Counteracting spasms; antispasmodic. — re. An anti-
spastic agent.
An'tl-splen'e-tic (-splent-ttk or -sple-net'ik ; see
Splenetic ; 277), a. Good as a remedy against disease of
the spleen. — re. An antisplenetic medicine.
II An-tis'tro-phe (Sn-tls'tro-fe), re. [L., fr. Gr. i.vTi-
(TTpo(pTJ, fr. avTiaTpe(j>€Lv to turn to the opposite side ;
avri against + orpe'cjieii/ to turn. See Stkophe.] 1. In
Greek choruses and dances, the returning of the chorus,
exactly answering to a previous strophe or movement
from right to left. Hence : The lines of this part of the
choral song.
It was customary, on some occasions, to dance round the
altars whilst they sang the sacred hynms, which consisted of
three stanzas or parts ; the first of which, called strophe, was
sung in turning from east to west ; tlie other, named antistro-
plie. in returning from west to east ; then they stood before the
altar, and sang the epode, which was the last part of the song.
Abp- Bolter.
2. {Rhet.) {a) The repetition of words in an inverse
order ; as, the master of the servant and the servant of
the master. (6) The retort or turning of an adversary's
plea against him.
An'ti-Stroph'ic (Sn'tT-strof'ik), a. [Gr. i.vri.(nfio(i>i-
Kot.] Of or pertaining to an antistrophe.
II An-tiS'trO-phon (an-tls'tro-fon), re. [Gr. ai'xio-Tpo-
<t>oi turned opposite ways.] {Ehet.) An argument re-
torted on an opponent. Milton.
An'ti-stru-mat'ic (-stru-mSt'Ik), a. {Med.) Anti-
strumous. ^ re. A medicine for scrofula.
An'ti-Stru'mous (-stru'miis),a. {Med.) Good against
scrofulous disorders. Johnson. Wiseman.
An'ti-syph'i-lit'ic (-slf'T-lifik), a. {Med.) Effica-
cious against syphilis. — re. A medicine for syphilis.
An'ti-the'ism (-the'iz'm), re. The doctrine of anti-
theists. — An'ti-the-is'tic (-the-Ts'tlk), a.
An'tl-the'ist, re. A disbeliever in the existence of God.
An-tlth'e-sis (5n-tith'e-sTs), re. / pi. Antitheses (-sez).
[L., fr. Gr. acTieeo-is, fr. avTirMvai. to set against, to
oppose ; avri against -\- nflevai to set. See Thesis.]
1. {Rhet.) An opposition or contrast of words or senti-
ments occurring in the same sentence ; as, " The prodigal
robs his heir ; the miser robs himself." " He had covertly
shot at Cromwell ; he now openly aimed at the Queen."
2. The second of two clauses forming an antithesis.
3. Opposition ; contrast.
An'tl-thet (Sn'tT-thSt), re. [L. antitheton, fr. Gr. dv-
Ti'fffTos, avTlBerov, antithetic] An antithetic or con-
trasted statement. Bacon.
An'tl-thet'io (-thgt'Ik), ) a. [Gr. ivTiSeTiKoi.] Per-
An'ti-thet'lc-al (-T-kal), ) taining to antithesis, or
opposition of words and sentiments ; containing, or of
the n.iture of, antithesis ; contrasted.
An'ti-thet'lC-al-ly, adv. By way of antithesis.
An'ti-tOX'ic (Su'tT-toks'ik), a. Counteracting poison.
An'ti-tOX'in l(Sn'tT-t5ks'in), re. IPrei. anti-+ toxin.]
An'ti-tOX'ine ) A substance (sometimes the product
of a specific micro-organism and sometimes naturally
present in the blood or tissues of an animal), capable of
producing immunity from certain diseases, or of counter-
acting the poisonous effects of pathogenic bacteria.
An'tl-trade' (-trad'), n. A tropical wind blowing
steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind.
II An-tit'ra-g^S (Sn-tlt'ra-gus), re. [NL., fr. Gr. av-
TtVpayos.] {Anat.) A prominence on the lower posterior
portion of tlie concha of the external ear, opposite the
tragus. See Eak.
II An'tl-tro-chan'ter (5n'tT-tro-kSn'ter), re. {Anat.)kii
articular surface on the ilium of birds against which the
great trochanter of the femur plays.
An-tit'ro-pal (Sn-tTt'ro-pal), ) a. [Pref. anti- -\- Gr.
An-tlt'ro-poUS (-pus), ( rpoiros turn, rpcireiv
to turn.] {Bot.) At the extremity most remote from the
hilum, as the embryo, or inverted with respect to the
seed, as the radicle. lAndley.
An'ti-ty'pal (Sn'tT-ti'pal), a. Antitypical. [i?.]
An'tl-type (-tip), re. [Gr. ii'TiTUTro? of corresponding
form ; avn against + tuttos type, figure. See Type.]
That of which the type is the pattern or representation ;
that which is represented by the type or symbol.
An'ti-typ'iO-al (-ttp'T-kal), a. Of or pertaining to an
antitype ; explaining the type. — An'ti-typ'ic-al-ly, adv.
An-tlt'y-pous (Sn-ttt'I-piis), a. [Gr. av-TiTuTro!-] Re-
sisting blows ; hard. [Ofts.] Cudworth.
An-tit'y-py (-py),re. [Gr. ifTiTuiri'o.] Opposition or
resistance of matter to force. [iJ.J Sir W. Hamilton.
An'tl-vac'Ci-na'tlon (Sn'tT-v5k'sI-na'shiin),re. Oppo-
sition to vaccination. London Times.
An'ti-vac'ci-na'tlon-lst, n. An antivaccinist.
An'ti-vac'cl-nist, re. One opposed to vaccination.
An'tl-va-rl'0-lOUS (-va-ri'6-liis), a. Preventing the
contagion of smallpox.
An'tl-Ve-ne're-Sll (-vt-ne're-al), a. Good against ve-
nereal poison ; antisyplulitic.
An'tl-viv'i-sec'tion (-vi v'T-sSk'shun), re. Opposition
to vivisection.
An'tl-vlv'i-sec'tlon-lst, re. One opposed to vivisection.
An'ti-zym'ic (-zTm'Tk), a. Preventing fermentation.
An'ti-zy-mot'lC (-zt-mSttk), a. {Med.) Preventing
fermentation or decomposition. — re. An agent so used.
Antler (antler), n. [OE. auntelere, OF. antoillier,
andoiller, endmiiller,
fr. F. andouiller, fr.
an assumed LL. ant-
ocularis, fr. L. ante
before -{- oculus eye.
See Ocular.] {Zool.)
The entire horn, or
any branch of the
horn, of a cervine an-
imal, as of a stag.
Huge stags with . six-
teenan«ere. Macaulay. Antlers of Fossil Irish Elk (Ce)n?Ma
II^f=The branch giganteus).
next to the head is called the brow antler, and the branch
next above, the bez antler, or baij antler. The main stem
is the beam, and the branches are often called tjines.
Antlers are deciduous bony (not homy) growths, and are
covered with a periosteum while growing. See Velvet.
Antler moth iZool.), a destructive European moth {Cer-
apteryr graminis), which devastates grass lands.
Antlered (Snt'lerd), a. Furnished with antlers.
The antlered stag. Cowper.
II Ant1i-a (ant1i-a), n. ; pi. Antli.*: (-e). [L., a
pump, Gr. a.vT\ia hold of a ship.] {Zool.) The spiral
tubular proboscis of lepidopterous insects. See Lepidop-
TERA. ,
Ant-lion ( Miirmelenn obsotetvs) of Amer-
ica, a Imago i b Larva ; c Pitfall in
sand with the Larva concealed in the
bottom.
Ant'-U'on (ant'-li'iin), re. {Zool.) A neuropterous
insect, the larva
of which makes in .
the sand a pitfall
to capture ants,
etc. The common
American species
is Myrmeleon ob-
solelus, the Eu-
ropean is 31. for-
micarius.
II An-toB'ci (Sn-
t e's i), A n-t oe'-
cians (-shanz),
re. pi. [NL. an-
toeci, fr. Gr. pi.
ai'TotKot ; avTi.
opposite -|~ OLKcXv
to live.] Those
who live under
the same merid-
ian, but on oppo-
site parallels of latitude, north and south of the equator.
II An'tO-no-ma'sl-a (3n'to-no-ma'zhT-a ; 277), re. [L.,
f r. Gr. avTovofiatjia, fr. avTovoiia^eiv to name instead ;
ivTi instead -\- bvo/xd^eiv to name, o>/0|aa name.] {Rhet.)
The use of some epithet or the name of some office, dig-
nity, or the like, instead of the proper name of the per-
son; as when his majesty is used for a king, or when,
instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher ; or, con-
versely, the use of a proper name mstead of an appella-
tive, as when a wise man is called a Solomon, or an emi-
nent orator a Cicero.
An'tO-no-mas'tiC (-mSs'tTk), a. Pertaining to, or
characterized by, antonomasia. — An'tO-no-mas'tlc-al-
ly (-ti-kal-ly), adv.
An-ton'O-ina-sy (Sn-tSn'o-ma-zJ), re. Antonomasia.
An'to-nym (Sn't6-nim), re. [Gr. o.vri»w\i.io. a word
used in substitution for another ; avti -\- ovoixa, on;fta, a
word.] A word of opposite meaning ; a countertenn ;
— used as a correlative of synonym, [i?.] C. J. Smith.
Ant-or'bit-al(Snt-8r'bTt-al), a. [Pref. anti- -f- orbital.}
{Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated in, the region of the
front of the orbit. — n. The antorbital bone.
Ant'or-gas'tlc (Snt'Sr-gSs'tlk), a. See Antioegastic.
Ant-O'zone (5nt-o'zon), n. [Pref. anti- + ozone.]
(Chem.) A compound formerly supposed to be a modifi-
cation of oxygen, but now known to be hydrogen dioxide ;
— so called because apparently antagonistic to ozone,
converting it into ordinary oxygen.
An'tral (Sn'tral), a. {Anat.) Relating to an antrum.
An'tre (an'ter), re. [F. antre, L. antrum, fr. Gr.
a^'Tpoi'.] A cavern. [05«.] Shak.
An-trorse' (an-trSrs'), a. [From L. ante -)- versum
turned : apparently formed in imitation of retrorse.]
{Bot. ) Forward or upward in direction. Gray.
An'tro-vert' (Sn'trS-verf), V. t. To bend forward.
[J?.] Owen.
II An'trum (Sn'trum), n. ; pi. Antka (-tra). [L., fr.
Gr. avrpov.] A cavern or cavity, esp. an anatomical
cavity or sinus. Huxley.
II An-trus'tion (Sn-trils'chun), re. [F., fr. LL. antrus-
tio.~} A vassal or voluntary follower of Frankish princes
in their enterprises.
Ant' thrush' (ant' thriish'). {Zool.) (a) One of sev-
eral species of tropical birds, of the Old World, of the
genus Pitta, somewhat resembling the thrushes, and
feeding chiefly on ants, (ft) See Ant bird, under Ant.
IIA-nuOlls (a-nu'bis), re. [L.] {Myth.) An Egyptian
deity, the conductor of departed spir-
its, represented by a human figure with
the head of a dog or fox.
II A-nu'ra (a-nii'ra), re. pi. [NL.,
f r. Gr. av priv. + oupa a tail.] {Zool. )
One of the orders of amphibians char-
acterized by the absence of a tail, as
the frogs and toads. [Written also
areo«7'a.]
A-nu'rous (a-nii'rus), a. {Zool.)
Destitute of a tail, as the frogs and
toads. [Also written anourous.]
An'U-ry (3n'\i-ry^, re. [Gr. dc priv.
-f ovpov urine.] (Med.) Nonsecre-
tion or defective secretion of urine ;
ischury.
II A'nus (a'niis), re. [L., prob. for
asnus ; cf. Gr. ^crflai to sit, Skr. as.] Anubis (from an
{Anat.) The posterior opening of the Egyptian painting),
alimentary canal, through which the excrements are ex-
pelled.
An'vU (Sn'vil), n. [OE. onvelt, an/elt, anefelt, AS.
anfilt, onfilt ; of uncer-
tain origin ; cf. OHG.
anafalz, D. aanbeld.]
1. An iron block, usu-
ally with a steel face,
upon which metals are
hammered and shaped.
2. Anything resem-
bling an anvil in shape or
use. Specifically {Anat.),
the incus. See Incus.
To be on the anvil, to be
in a state of discussion,
formation, or preparation, as when a scheme or measure
is forming, but not matured. Swift.
An'Vil, V. i. To form or shape on an anvil ; to hammer
out ; as, anviled armor. Beau. & Fl.
Anx-i'e-tude (Sn-zl'e-tud), re. [L. anxietudo.] The
state of being anxious ; anxiety, [i?,]
Anx-i'e-ty (Sn-zi'e-ty), re. / pi. Anxieties (-tiz). [L.
anxietas, fr. anxiut: cf. . F. anxiete. See Anxious.}
1. Concern or solicitude respecting some thing or
Anvil.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, odd;
ANXIOUS
67
APERY
dvent, future or uncertain, which disturbs the mind, and
keeps it in a state of painful uneasiness.
2. Eager desire. J. D. Forbes.
3. (Med.) A state of restlessness and agitation, often
with general indisposition and a distressing sense of op-
pression at the epigastrium. Dunglison.
Syn. — Care ; solicitude ; foreboding ; vmeasiness ; per-
plexity ; disquietude ; disquiet ; trouble ; apprehension ;
restlessness. See Cake.
Anx'lous (Snk'shiis), a. [L. anxius, fr. angere to
cause pain, choke ; akin to Gr. aweii' to choke. See
Anqeb.] 1. Full of anxiety or disquietude ; greatly
concerned or solicitous, esp. respecting something future
or unknown; being in painful suspense; — applied to
persons ; as, anxious for the issue of a battle.
2. Accompanied with, or causing, anxiety ; worrying ;
-^applied to tilings ; as, anxious labor.
The sweet of life, from which
God hath bid dwell far off all ofuvioits cares. Milton.
3. Earnestly desirous ; as, anxious to please.
He sneers alike at those who are anxious to preserve and at
those who are eager for reform. Macaulatj.
Anxieus is followed by for, about, concerning, etc., be-
fore the object of solicitude.
Syn. — Solicitous ; careful ; uneasy ; unquiet ; rest-
less ; concerned ; disturbed ; watchful.
Ans'lous-Iy, adv. in an anxious manner ; with painful
uncertainty ; solicitously.
Anx'ious-ness, n. The quality of being anxious ; great
solicitude ; anxiety.
A'ny (Sn'J), a. & pron. [OE. ajnij, xni, eni, ant, oni,
AS. senig, fr. an one. It is akin to OS. enig, OHG. einic,
G. einig, D. eenig. See One.] 1. One indifferently, out
of an indefinite number ; one indefinitely, whosoever or
whatsoever it may be.
(15^ Any is often used in denying or asserting without
limitation: as, this thing ought not to be done at any
time ; I ask any one to answer my question.
No man knoweth the Son, but the Father ; neither knoweth
any man the Father, save the Son. Matt. xi. 27.
2. Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number ; as,
are there any witnesses present? are there any other
houses like it ■? " Who will show us ff»!/ good?" P«. iv. 6.
It is often used, either in the singular or the plural, as
a pronoun, the person or thing being understood ; any-
body ; anyone ; (pi.) any persons.
If anil of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, . . . and it shall
be given him. Jas. i. 5.
That if he found any of this way, whether thev were men or
women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusafem. Acts ix. 2.
At any rate, In any case, whatever may be the state of
affairs; anyhow.
A'ny, adv. To any extent ; in any degree ; at all.
You are not to go loose any longer. Sftak.
Before you go any farther. Steele.
A'ny-bod-y (-b5d-y), n. l. Any one out of an indefi-
nite number of persons ; anyone ; any person.
His Majesty could not keep any secret from anybody.
Macaulay.
2. A person of consideration or standing. \_Colloq.'\
All the men belonged exclusively to the mechanical and
ehopkeeping classes, and there was not a single banker or any-
iody in the list. Land. .Sat. Rev.
A'ny-hoW (-hou'), adv. In any way or manner what-
ever ; at any rate ; in any event.
Anyhow, it must be acknowledged to be not a simple self-
originated error. J. H. Seioman.
Anyhow, the languages of the two nations were closely allied.
E. A. Freeman.
A'ny-one (-wQn), n. One taken at random rather
than by selection ; anybody. [Commonly written as two
words.]
A'ny-tMng (-thing), n. 1. Any object, act, state,
event, or fact whatever ; thing of any kind ; something
er other ; aught ; as, I would not do it for anything.
Did you ever know of anything so unlucky ? A. TroUope.
They do not know that anything is amiss with them.
(r. G. Sumner.
2. Expressing an indefinite comparison ; — with as or
like. [Colloq. or Low']
I fear your girl will grow as proud as anything. Richardson.
^ff^ Any thing.vnittenaatvfo words, is now common-
ly used in contradistinction to any person or anybody.
Formerly it was also separated when used in the wider
sense. Necessity drove them to undertake any thing
and venture any thing." Be Foe.
Anything but, not at all or in any respect. " The battle
was a rare one, and the victory anything but secure."
Bawthornc—Aaytidng like, in any respect ; at all; as, I
can not give anything like a fair sketch of his trials.
A'ny-thlng, adv. In any measure ; anywise ; at all.
Mine old good will and hearty affection towards you is not
. . . anything at all quailed. Robynson (Mare's Utopia).
A'ny-thing-a'rl-an (-a'rl-an), n. One who holds to
no particular creed or dogma,
A'ny-way (-wa), 1 adv. Anywise ; at all.
A'ny-ways (-waz), ) Tennyson. Soutkey.
A'ny-where (-hwSr), adv. In any place. Udall.
A'ny-whitll'er (-hwith'er), adv. To or towards any
place. \_Archaic'] De Foe.
A'ny-wlse (-wiz), adv. In any wise or way ; at all.
"^nywwe essential." Burke.
A-o'nl-an (a-o'ni-au), a. [From Aonia, a part of
Bceotia, in Greece.] Pertaining to Aonia, in Boeotia, or
to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there.
Aonian fount, the fountain of Aganippe, at the foot of
Mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to the
Muses.
A'o-llst (a'o-rTst), n. [Gr. aopto-ro! indefinite ; a priv.
+ opifetK to define, iipos boundary, limit.] (Gram.) A
tense in the Greek language, which expresses an action
as completed in past time, but leaves it, in other respects,
wholly indeterminate.
A'0-rls'tlC (a'o-rTs'tTk), a. [Gr. aopitrrtuds.] Indefi-
nite ; pertaining to the aorist tense.
A-or'ta (a-Sr'ta),n. [NL., fr. Gr. aopri), fr. aeCptiv to
lift, heave.J (Anat.) The great
artery which carries the blood
from the heart to all parts of
the body except the lungs ; the
main trunk of the arterial sys-
tem.
^^ In fishes and the early
stipes of all higher vertebrates
the aorta divides near its origin
into several branches (the aurlic
arches) wliich pass in pairs round
the oesophagus and unite to form
the systemic aorta. Oi>e or more
pairs of these arches persist in
ampliibia and reptUes, but only
one arch in birds and mammals,
this being on the right side in the
former, and ou the left in the
latter.
Description of the Illustration:
a Right \'eiitricle of heart, with 6
Stump of Pulmonary Artery, c Left
Ventricle, connecting with" Aorta id
d Arch of Aorta, e Descending Tho-
racic Aorta, f Abdominal Aorta),
which shows the Coronary Arteries
branching from it over tbe surface
of the heart, and the stumps of the
following arteries: c; Innominate, r
Kight Carotid, s .« Right and Left
Subclavian, t Left Carotid, g Gas-
tric, h Hepatic, i Splenic, k k Right
and Left Renal, 1 1 Right and Left
Common Iliac, m m Superior and
Inferior Mesenteric, n n Right and
Left Spermatic, o Middle Sacral, p
p Some of the Intercostal and Lum-
bar arteries.
XL Left Auricular Appendix, v
Right Auricle and Appendix, re-
ceiving 10 Superior Vena Cava de-
scending from Right and Left In-
nominate Veins, and .r Inferior Vena ^0^,4 ^^ g^^rt of Man,
Cava ascending from below, with front view
stumps of Hepatic Veins. °
A-or'tal (-tan, (I. Aortic; resembling the aorta. [J?.]
A-or'tlc (-tik), a. Of or pertaining to the aorta.
II A'or-tl'tis (a'Sr-tl'tis), n. [Aorta + -itis.'} (Med.)
Inflammation of the aorta.
II A'ou-dad (ii'68-d3d), n. [The Moorish name.] (Zoiil.)
An African sheeplike quadruped
(the Ammotragus tragelaphus) ^
having a long mane on the breast
and fore legs. It is, perhaps, the
chamois of the Old Testament.
A-pace' (a-pas'), adv. [Pref.
a- -\- pace.
OE. a pas at
a walk, in
which a is the
article. See
Pace.] With
a quick pace ;
quick ; fast ;
speedily.
His dewy locks
did drop with
brine apace.
Spenser.
A visible tri-
umph of the
gospel draws on ,jj/. , ^ ,t^
apace. I. Taylor. Aoudad (Ammotragus tragelaphus).
A-pa'ches (4-pa'chaz), n. pi. ; sing. Apache (-cha).
(Ethnol.) A group of nomadic North American Indians in-
cluding several tribes native of Arizona, New Mexico, etc.
Ap'a-gO'ge (5p'a-go'je), n. [Gr. i.Tra.y(ayfi a leading
away, f r. airayew to lead away ; avo from -\- aycii/ to lead.]
(Logic) An indirect argument which proves a thing by
showing the impossibility or absurdity of the contrary.
Ap'a-gOg'lc (-gSj'ik), 1 a. Proving indirectly, by
Ap'a-gOg'ic-al (-i-kal), J showing the absurdity or
impossibility of the contrary. Bp. Berkeley.
A-paid' (a-pad'), a. Paid ; pleased. \_Obs.'] Chaucer.
A-pair' (a^pSr'), v. t. & i. To impair or become im-
paired ; to injure. [O65.] Chaucer.
Ap'a-la'cM-'an (Sp'a-la'cM-an), a. See Appalachian.
Ap'an-age (Sp'a-naj), «. Same as Appanage.
A-pan'tlirOjpy (a-pSn'thro-pJ), n. [Gr. an-avSpama ;
OTTO from -(- avOputrroi man.] An aversion to the com-
pany of men ; a love of solitude.
II A'par (a'par), A'pa-ra (a'pa-ra), n. [Native name
apara.'] (Zool.) See Mataco.
II A'pa-re'jO (a'pa-ra'ho), n. [Sp.] A kind of pack
saddle used in the American military service and among
the Spanish Americans. It is made of leather stuffed
with hay, moss, or the like.
II Ap'a-rith'me-Sis (Sp'a-rTth'me-sTs ; 277), n. [Gr.
aTrapie^nrjo-ts, from a.napi.6fi.eiv to count off or over.]
(Rhet.) Enumeration of parts or particulars.
A-part' (a-part'), adv. [F. a part ; a (L. ad) -\- part
part. See Part.] 1. Separately, in regard to space or
company ; in a state of separation as to place ; aside.
Others apart sat on a hill retired. Milton.
The Lord hath set apart him that is godly for himself. Ps. iv. 3.
2. In a state of separation, of exclusion, or of distinc-
tion, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of
thought ; separately ; independently ; as, consider the
two propositions apart.
3. Aside ; away. " Wherefore lay apart all filthiness
and superfluity of naughtiness." Ja^. i. 21.
Let Pleasure go, put Care apart. Keble.
4. In two or more parts ; asunder ; to pieces ; as, to
take a piece of machinery apart.
A-pa^'ment (i-part'mcnt), n. [F. appartement ; cf.
It. appartamento, fr. appartare to separate, set apart ;
all fr. Ii. ad + pars, partis, part. See Apart.] 1. A
room in a building ; a division in a house, separated from
others by partitions. Fielding.
2. A set or suite of rooms. De Quincey.
3. A compartment. [Ofc.] Pope.
A-part'ness (4-part'nSs), n. The quality of standing
apart.
II Ap-as'tron (Sp-Ss'tr5n), n. [Gr. aTro from + acrrpov
star.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a double star
where the smaller star is farthest from its primary.
Ap'a-thet'lc (5p'a-tligt'ik), 1 a. [See Apathy.] Void of
Ap'a-thet'ic-al (-T-k«l), ) feeling ; not susceptible
of deep emotion; passionless; indifl'erent.
Ap'a-thet'lc-al-ly, adv. In an apathetic manner.
Ap'a-thist (Sp'a-thist), n. [Cf. F. apathiste.~\ Onn
who is destitute of feeling.
Ap'a-this'tic-al (ap'a-this'ti-kal), a. Apathetic ; une-
motional. \_R.']
Ap'a-tiiy (Sp'a-thJ), re. ; pi. Apathies (-thiz]. [L.
apathia, Gr. airaSeia ; a priv. + wdflos, fr. jrafleiv, ird-
o-xeii', to suffer : cf. F. apathie. See Pathos.] Want of
feeling ; privation of passion, emotion, or excitement ; dis-
passion ; — applied either to the body or the mind, ^s
applied to the mind, it is a calmness, indolence, or state
of indifference, incapable of being ruffled or roused to
active interest or exertion by pleasure, pain, or passion.
" The apathy of despair." Macaulay.
A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him
... to leave events to take their own course. Prescott.
According to the Stoics, apathy meant the extinction of the
passions by the ascendency of reason. Fleiuiiig.
^W^ In the first ages of the church, the Christians
adopted the term to express a contempt of earthly con-
cerns.
Syn.— Insensibility; unf eelingness ; indifference; un-
concern; stoicism; supineness; sluggishness.
Ap'a-Ute (Sp'a-tit), re. [Gr. aTran; deceit, fr. airaxav
to deceive ; it having been often mistaken for other min-
erals.] (Min.) Native phosphate of lime, occurring usu-
ally in six-sided prisms, color often pale green, trans-
parent or translucent.
A'pau'm6' (S/po/ma'), n. See Appaitme.
Ape (ap), n. [AS. apa ,.• akin to D. aap, OHG. affo.^
G. affe, Icel. api, Sw. apa, Dan. abe,'W. epa.'\ 1. (Zool.)
A quadrumanous mammal, esp. of the family Simiadas,
having teeth of the same number and form as in man,
and possessing neither a tail nor cheek pouches. The
name is applied esp. to species of the genus Hylobaies,
and is sometimes used as a general term for all Quadru-
mana. The higher fonns, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and
ourang, are often called anthropoid apes or man apes.
'^ff^ The ape of the Old Testament was probably the
rhesus monkey of India, and allied forms.
2. One who imitates servilely (in allusion to the man-
ners; of the ape) ; a mimic. Byron,
3. A dupe. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ape, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Aped (apt) ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Aprao.] To mimic, as an ape imitates human actions ; to
imitate or follow servilely or irrationally. " How he
apes his sire." Addison.
The people of England will not ape the fashions they hove
never tried. Burke.
A-peak' (a-pek'), adt). & a. [Pref . a- +peaJ. Cf . F. n
pic vertically.] (Naut.) In a vertical line. The anchor
is apeak, when the cable has been sufficiently hove in to
bring the ship over it, and the ship is then said to be
hove apeak. [Spelt also apeek.]
Ape'hood (ap'hSSd), re. The state of being an ape.
A-pellOUS (a-pSWiis), a. [Pref. a- not + L. pellis
skin.] Destitute of skin. Brande & C.
Ap'en-nlne (Sp'Sn-nin), a. [L. Apenninus, fr. Celtic
pen, or ben, peak, mountain.] Of, pertaining to, or des-
ignating, the Apennines, a chain of mountains extending
through Italy.
A-pep'sy (A^pSp's^), re. [NL. apepsia, fr. Gr. a.ve\liia,
fr. aTTciTTOS uncooked, undigested ; <i priv. + TeTrrds
cooked, TTe-jTTiiv to cook, digest.] (Med.) Defective
digestion; indigestion. Coxe.
Ap'er (ap'er), re. One who apes.
II A-pe're-a (a-pa'ra-S), V. [Native name.] {Zool.)
The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea).
A-pe'rl-ent (4-pe'ri-ent), a. [L. aperiens, p. pr. of
aperire to uncover, open ; ab -)- parire, parere, to bring
forth, produce. Cf. Cover, Overt.] (Med.) Gently
opening the bowels ; laxative. — re. An aperient medi-
cine or food. Arbuthnot.
A-per'1-tive (a-pgr'T-tTv), a. [Cf. F. aperitif, fr. L.
aperire.'] Serving to open ; aperient. Harvey.
A-pert' (a-perf), a. [OF. apert, L. aperius, p. p. of
aperire. See Aperient, and cf. Pert, a.] Open ; evi-
dent ; undisguised. [Archaic] Fotherby.
A-pert', adv. Openly. [Obs.] Chaucer.
A-per'tion (a-per'shiin), re. [L. apertio.'] The act of
opening ; an opening ; an aperture. [Archaic] 'Wiseman.
A-pertly, adv. tDpenly ; clearly. [Archaic]
A-pert'nes3, re. Openness ; frankness. [Archaic]
Ap'er-ture (Sp'er-tiSr ; 135), re. [L. apertura, it. ape-
rire. See Aperient.] 1. The act of opening. [Obs.]
2. An opening ; an open space ; a gap, cleft, or chasm ;
a passage perforated ; a hole ; as, an aperture in a wall.
An aperture between the mountains. Gilpin.
The back aperture of the nostrils. Owen.
3. (Opt.) The diameter of the exposed part of the ob-
ject glass of a telescope or other optical instrument ; as,
a telescope of four-inch aperture.
(1^°' The aperture of microscopes is often expressed in
degrees, called also the anqular aperture, whicu signifies
the angular breadth of the pencil of light which the in-
strument transmits from the object or point viewed ; as,
a microscope of 100° aperture.
Ap'er-y (ap'er-J^), n. ; pi. Aperies (-Iz). 1. A place
where apes are kept. [.R.] SPingsley.
2. The practice of aping ; an apish action. Coleridge.
B
H
K
use, unite, ryde, full, ttp, <irn ; pity ; food, fo"ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; ging, ink ; tben, thin ; boN ; zli = a In azure
M
APETALOUS
68
APOCALYPTIC
^
A-pet'al-oas (a-pgt'al-us), a. [Pref. a- not -f-peioZ.]
{Bot.) Having no petals, or flower leaves. ISee Illust.
under Anthek.]
A-pet'al-OUS-ness, n. He state of being apetalous.
A^ex (a'peks), n. ; pi. E. Apexes (-ez) ; L. Apices
(5p'i-sez). [L.] 1. The tip, top, point, or angular sum-
mit of anything ; as, the apex of a mountain, spire, or
cone ; the apex, or tip, of a leaf.
2. {Mining) The end or edge of a vein nearest the
surface. [i7. S.'\
Apex of the earth's motion (Astron.), that point of the
heavens toward which the earth is moving in its orbit.
II A-phaer'e-sis (a-fSr'e-sTs ; 277), n. [L.] Same as
Aphehesis.
II A-phald-a (a-f atT-a), n. [NL. ; Gr. o priv. -\- tpaxoi
seed of a lentil.] (Med.) An anomalous state of refrac-
tion caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as
after operations for cataract. The remedy is the use of
powerful convex lenses. Dunglison.
A-pha'kl-al (-al), o. (Med.) Pertaining to aphakia ;
as, aphakial glasses ; aphakial eyes.
II Aph'a-nip'te-ra (Sf'a^nTp'te-ra), n. pi. [NL., fr.
6r. .a(j>an)5 invisible (a priv.
+ (j>aiv6cr9ai. to appear^ -|-
TTTepoV a wing.] (Zo'dl.) A
group of wingless insects, of
which the flea is the type.
See Flea.
Aph'a-nlp'ter-ous (-ter-us),
a. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to
the Aphaniptera.
.' Aph'a-nite (5f'a-nit), n.
[Gr. difiavrii invisible ; a priv.
+ (^aivmBai to appear.] {Min.)
A very compact, dark-colored ^^^^t,^ g^^^ ^^ p
rock, consistmg of hornblende, J'lea (^Pulex canis), mucR
or pyroxene, and feldspar, but enlarged, a Mandibles ; b
neither of them in perceptible ^?i^Vloe ; cc ^laxillary pal-
grains. pi;aLabialpalpi;iLmgua.
Aph'a-nlt'lc (Sf'i-nTtTk), a. (3Iin.) ResembUng
aphanite ; having a very fine-grained structure.
II A-pha'sl-a (a-fa'zhl-a), I n. [NL. aphasia, Gr. a<f>a-
Aph'a-sy (Sf'a-sy), ) a-Ca, fr. aAarot not spo-
ken ; a priv. -f- <^ai/ai to speak : cf. F. apkasie.l (Med.)
Loss of the power of speech, or cf the appropriate use of
words, the vocal organs remaining intact, and the intel-
ligence being preserved. It is dependent on injury or
disease of the brain.
. A-pjha'slc (a^fa'sik), a. Pertaining to, or affected by,
aphasia ; speechless.
A-phel'lon (a-f el'yun or -felT-on ; 277), n. ; pi. Aphel-
lA (-ya or -li-a). [Gr. iird + rjAios sun.] {Aslvon.) That
point of a planet's or comet's orbit which is most distant
from the sun, the opposite point being the perihelion.
A-phe'11-O-trop'lC (a-fe'li-o-tr5p'ik), a. [Gr. aTro +
rjAios Sim + TporrtKos belonging to a turning.] Turning
away from the sun ; — said of leaves, etc. Darwin.
A-phe'li-Ot'rO-plsm (-iSt'ro-piz'm), n. The habit of
bending from the sunlight ;— said of certain plants.
II A-phe'ml-a (a-fe'mT-a), n, [NI,., fr. Gr. i. priv. -f-
<()^/u.T) voice.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speaking,
while retaining the power of writing ; — a disorder of
cerebral origin.
_ A-pber'e-sls (4-fSr'e-sTs ; 277), n. [L. aphaeresis, Gr.
a<^atpeo-t?. flf. oi^atpeti' to take away ; ano -f- atpeti' to
take.] 1, i^Gram.) The dropping of a letter or syllable
from the beginning of a word ; e. g., cute for acute.
2. (Surg. ) An operation by which any part is separated
from the rest. [06s.J Dunglison.
llAph'e-SlS (afe-sis), n. [Gr. a<^eo-is a letting go;
airo -f- ieVai to let go.] The loss of a short unaccented
vowel at the beginning of a word ; — the result of a pho-
netic process ; as, squire for esquire. New Eng. Diet.
_ A-phet'lC (a-fgtlk), a. [Gr. a(^eTiKo's letting go, fr.
a4>i.evai to let go.] Shortened by dropping a letter or
a syllable from the beginning of a word ; as, an apheiic
word or form. — A-phet'lc-al-ly, adv. New Eng. Diet.
Aph'e-tlsm (Sf'e-tlz'm), n. An aphetized form of a
word. New Eng. Diet.
Aph'e-Uze (-tiz), v. t. To shorten by aphesis.
These words ... have been aphetized. Seic Eng. Diet.
A'phld (a'fid), n. (Zo'dl.) One of the genus Aphis ;
an aphidian.
Aph'i-des (afi-dez), n.pl. (Zool.) See Apms.
A-phld'1-an (a-fTd'i-an), a. (Zo'dl.) Of or pertaining
to the family Aphidx. — n. One of the aphides ; an aphid.
Aph'i-div'o-rous (5f'I-dtv'o-riis), a. lAphis + L.
vorare to devour.] (Zo'dl.) Devouring aphides; aphi-
doDhagous.
Agh'i-doph'a-gons (-dSfa-giis), a. [Aphis + Gr.
<t>aynv to eat.] {Zo'dl.) Feeding upon aphides, or plant
lice, as do beetles of the family Coccinellidse.
Aph'i-lan'thro-py (-ISn'thro-py), re. [Gr. a(^tAoi'9pu-
iros not loving man ; a. priv. -{- i^iAetii to love -f- avepa-
iros man.] Want of love to mankind ; — the opposite of
philanthropy. Coze.
II A'pMs (a'f is), re. / pi. Aphides (af'i-dez). [NL.]
(Zo'dl.) A ge-
nus of insects
belonging to ^^^s^^^^Zig^l^^^ *, ^^^^^fr
the order He-
miptera and
family Apki-
4se, including
numerous spe-
cies known as Aphis of Apple Tree (.Aphis mali), much en-
plant lice and larged. a Winged adult male ; 6 Wingless
ereen flies viviparous individual ; ( ( Tubes for the
" discharge of honeydew.
Aphis 'LioniChrjisopa perla) of Europe, a
Larva; 6 Adult; c Eggs att:iched by pedi-
cels to a leaf. Somewhat enlarged.
the true males and females, there is a race of wingless
asexual individuals which have the power of producing
living young in rapid succession, and these in turn may
produce others of the same kind for several generations,
before sexual Individuals appear. They suck the sap
of plants by means of a tubular proboscis, and owing to
the wondertul rapidity of their reproduction become very
destructive to vegetation. Many of fhe Aphidie excrete
honeydew from two tubes near the end of the body.
A'phis U'on(a'tIs U'tin). (Zooi.) The larva of the lace-
winged flies
(C hrysopa),
which feeds
voraciously
upon aphids.
The name is
also applied to
the larvse of
tlie ladybugs
{Cocnnella).
Aph'lo-gis'-
tlo (Sflo-jis'-
ttk), a. [Gr. _
a(|>Adyi(rTOs not inflammable ; d priv. -f- <^\oyi(rr6'; set on
fire. See Phlogiston.] Flameless; as, an aphlogistic
lamp, in which a coil of wire is kept in a state of con-
tinued ignition by alcohol, without flame.
Il A-pho'nl-a (a-fo'ni-a), ) re. [NL. aphonia, Gr. d(|)(o-
Aph'O-ny (Sf 'o-ny), ) via, fr. di^iufo; voiceless ;
d priv. + ^lavri voice: cf. F. aphonie.'\ (Med.) Loss of
voice or vocal utterance. Coxe.
A-phon'lc (a-fon'ik), 1 a. Without voice ; voiceless ;
Aph'O-nous (5f'o-nus), ( nonvocal.
_ Aph'0;l1sm (Sf'S-rTz'm), re. [F. aphorisme, fr. Gr.
d<|)opi<r/io's definition, a short, pithy sentence, fr. a<j>opC-
(eiv to mark otf by boundaries, to define ; aird from -j-
opi^uv to separate, part. See Horizon.] A comprehen-
sive maxim or principle expressed in a few words; a
sharply defined sentence relating to abstract truth rather
than to practical matters.
The first aphorism of Hippocrates is, " Life is ehort, and the
art is long." Fleming.
Syn. — Axiom ; maxim ; adage ; proverb ; apothegm ;
saymg ; saw ; truism ; dictum. See Axiom.
Aph'O-rls-mat'lc (Sfo-rTz-mSt'Ik), l a. Pertaining to
Aph'O-rls'mlc (Sf'6-rTz'mik), ) aphorisms, or
having the form of an aphorism.
Aph'O-rls'mer (-mer), re. A dealer in aphorisms.
[Used in derogation or contempt.] Milton.
Aph'0-rlst, re. A wTiter or utterer of aphorisms,
Aph'O-rls'tlC (-ris'tik), 1 a. [Gr. dcfiopio-TiKos.] In
Aph'0-rls'tlc-al (-ti-kal), J the form of, or of the na-
ture of, an aphorism ; in the form of short, unconnected
sentences ; as, an aphoristic style.
The method of the book is aphoristic. De Quincey.
Aph'0-rls'tIc-al-ly, adv. In the form or manner of
aphorisms; pithily.
Aph'0-rize (5f'6-riz), v. i. To make aphorisms.
Aph'rite (Sf'rit), re. (Min.) See under Calcitb.
Aph'ro-dls'l-ac (Sf'ro-dTz'I-Sk), 1 a. [Gr. i^poSicria-
Aph'ro-di-si'a-cal (-di-zl'a-kal), ( k6<; pertaining to
sensual love, fr. 'A<j>poSiTrj. See Aphrodite.] Exciting
venereal desire ; provocative to venery.
Aph'ro-dls'i-ac, re. That which (as a drug, or some
kinds of food) excites to venery.
Aph'ro-dls'i-an (-an), a. [Gr. dcJipoSiVio!.] Pertain-
ing to Aphrodite or Venus. " Aphrodisian dames " [that
is, courtesans]. C. Reade.
II Aph'ro-dl'te (Sf'ro-di'te), re. [Gr. 'Ac^poSir.).]
1. (Classic Myth.) The Greek goddess of love, cor-
responding to
the Venus of
the Romans.
2. (Zo'dl.) A
large marine
annelid, cov-
ered with
long, lustrous,
gjolden, hair-
like setae ; the
sea mouse.
3. (Zo'dl.) A
beautiful but-
terfly (Argyn-
nis Aphro-
dite) of the
United States.
Aph'ro-dit'lc (-dttlk), a. Venereal. [iJ.] Dunglison.
II Aph'tha (Sf'tha), n. [Sing, of Aphtha.] (Med.)
(a) One of the whitish specks called aphthae, (b) The
disease, also called thrush.
II Aph'th2B (-the), re. pi. [L., fr. Gr. a<^ea (mostly in
pi. at^Bai, Hipp.) an eruption, thrush, fr. anreiv to set on
fire, inflame.] (Med.) Roundish pearl-colored specks or
flakes in the mouth, on the lips, etc., terminating in white
sloughs. They are commonly characteristic of thrush.
Aph'thoid (Sf'thoid), a. [Aphtha + -oid.} Of the na-
ture of aphtha ; resembling thrush.
Aph'thong (Sf 'thong; 277), re. [Gr. dc^eoyyos silent;
d priv. + ifi66yyoi voice, sound, fr. ^6dyyea-6a.L to sound.]
A letter, or a combination of letters, employed in spelling
a word, but in the pronunciation having no sound. —
Aph-thon'gal (af-thon'gal), a.
Aph'thous (af'thiis), a. [Cf. F. ophtheux.'] Pertain-
ing to, or caused by, aphthae ; characterized by aphthas ;
as, aphthous ulcers; a'phihous fever.
_ Aph'yl-lous (Sf'il-lus or a-fil'liis), a. [Gr. a^vhXoi; ;
d priv. + ^vKKov leaf.] (Bot.) Destitute of leaves, as the
broom rape, certain euphorbiaceous plants, etc.
A'pi-a'ceOUS (a'pi-a'shus), a. (Bot.) Umbelliferous.
A'pi-an (-an), a. [L. apianus."] Belonging to bees.
A'pi-a'ri-an (-a'ri-an), a. Of or relating to bees.
A'pi-a-rist (a'pT-a-rist), re. One who keeps an apiary.
A'pi-a-ry (-a-ry), re. [L. apiarium, fr. apis bee.] A
place where bees are kept ; a stand or shed for bees ; a
beehouse.
Ap'lc-al (5p'i-kal), a. [L. apex, apicis, tip or sum-
mit.] At or belonging to an apex, tip, or summit. Gray.
Aphrodite Butterfly, % nat. size. On the
right side the wing:s are reversed to show
the color pattern of the under surface.
II Ap'l-ces (Sp'i-sez), 71. pi. See Apex.
A-pVclan (a-pTsh'au), a. [L. Apieianus."] Belonging
to Apicius, a notorious Roman epicure; hence applied
to whatever is peculiarly refined or dainty and expensive
in cookery. H. Rogers.
A-pic'U-lar (a-pTk'li-ler), a. [NL. apiculus, dim. of
L. apex, apicis.'] Situated at, or near, the apex ; apical.
A-plc'U-late (-lat), la. [See Apicular.] (Bot.)
A-plc'U-la'ted (-la'ted), ) Terminated abruptly by a
small, distinct point, as a leaf.
Ap'1-CUl'ture (ap'I-kul'ttir ; 135), re. [L. apis bee -j-
E. culture.'] Rearing of bees for their honey and wax.
A-plece' (a-pes'), adv. [Pref. a- + piece.] Each by
itself ; by the single one ; to each ; as the sliare of each ;
as, these melons cost a shilling apiece, " Fined ... a
thousand pounds apiece.'" Hume.
A-ple'ces (a^pe'sSz), adv. In pieces or to pieces.
[Obs.] " Being torn apieces." " Shak.
A-plk'ed (a-pek'ed), a. Trminjjd. [06s.]
Full fresh and new here gear apiked was. Chaucer,
A'pl-Ol (a'pi-ol), re. [L. apium parsley -j- -ol.] (Med.)
An oily liquid derived from parsley.
A'pi-ol'O-glst (a'pT-ol'6-jist), 71. [L. apis bee -j- -lo-
gist (see -logy).] A student of bees. [iJ.] Emerson.
II A'pls (a'pis), re. [L., bee.] (Zo'dl.) A genus of in-
sects of the order Hymenoptera, including the common
honeybee (Apis mellifica) and other related species. Sea
Honeybee.
Ap'lsh (ap'ish), a. Having the qualities of an ape ;
prone to imitate in a servile manner. Hence : Apelike ;
fantastically silly ; foppish ; affected ; trifling.
The aiiish gallantry of a fantastic boy. Sir W. Scott*
Ap'lsh-ly, adv. In an apish manner; with servile
imitation ; foppishly.
Ap'lsh-ness, re. The quality of being apish; mim-
icry; foppery.
A-plt'pat (a-pit'pSt), adv. [Pref. ffl- ■\-pitpat.'\ With
quick beating or palpitation ; pitapat. Congreve.
Ap'la-cen'tal (Sp'la-sSn'tal), a. [Pref. a- not -f pZa-
cental.] Belonging to the Aplacentata ; without placenta.
II Ap'la-cen-ta'ta (-sSn-ta'ta), re. pi. [Pref. a- riot +
placenta.'] (Zo'dl.) Mammals which have no placenta.
II Ap'la-copb'0-ra (-koph'o-ra), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
d priv. -j- irAaKoCs a flat cake + ijiepeiv to bear.] (Zo'dl.)
A division of Aiuphineura in which the body is naked or
covered with slender spines or setae, but is without shelly
plates.
Ap'la-nat'lc (apla-nSt'ik), a. [Gr. d priv. -f- irXavari-
KO! disposed to wander, wandering, irkavaaSai. to wan-
der.] (Opt.) Having two or more parts of different cur-
vatures, so combined as to remove spherical aberration ;
— said of a lens.
A-planatic focus of a lens (Opt.), the point or focus from
which rays diverging pass the lens without spherical ab-
erration. In certain forms of lenses there are two such
foci ; and it is by taking advantage of this fact that the
best aplanatic object glasses of microscopes are con-
structed.
A-plan'a-tlsm (a-pl5u'a-ttz'm), n. Freedom from
spherical aberration.
A-plas'tic (a-pl5s'tTk), a. [Fiet. a- not + plastic.']
Not plastic or easily molded.
^ llA'pIomb' (a'pl6N'), re. [P., lit. perpendicularity;
a to -f-plomb lead. See Plumb.] Assurance of manner
or of action ; self-possession.
A-plot'0-my (a-pl5t'6-my), re. [Gr. dn-Ados simple -|-
Toij.ri a cutting.] (Surg.) Simple incision. Dunglison.
IIA-plus'tre (a-pliis'tre), re. [L., fr. Gr. dcJiAaoroi/.]
(Rom. Antiq.) An ornamental appendage of wood at the
ship's stern, usually spreading like a fan and curved like
a bird's feather. Audsley.
IIA-plys'i-a (a-plis'T-a), re. [Gr. dirAvcrias a dirty
sponge, fr. dirAuros unwashed ;
d priv. + ■T\vveiv to wash.]
(Zo'dl.) A genus of marine mol-
lusks of tlie order Teciibranchi-
ata ; the sea hare. Some of the
species when disturbed throw
out a deep purple liquor, which
colors the water to some dis-
tance. See Illust. in Appendix.
, II Ap-neu'mo-na (ap-nii'mo-na), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
a priv. -|- TTVevijiQiv,
-fiovos, a lung.]
(Zo'dl.) An order of
holothurians in
which the internal
respiratory organs One of the Apneumona (CMrodota
are wanting; — leve). Coast of Maine. (X)
called also Apoda or Apodes.
II Ap-noe'a (Sp-ne'a), re. [NL., fr. Gr. d priv. -f- ttvotJ,
TTvoiri, breath, -milv to breathe, blow.]- (Med.) Partial
privation or suspension of breath ; suffocation.
Ap'O- (ap'o-). [Gr. dTTo. See As-.] A prefix from a
Greek preposition. It usually signifies /ram, away from,
off, or asunder, separate ; as, in o^ocope (a cutting off),
apostate, ffjoostle (one sent away), ojiocarpous.
_ A-poc'a-lypse _(a-pok'a-lTps), re. [L. apocalypsis, Gr.
a7roKdAvi|<i9, fr. aTTOKakviniiv to uncover, to disclose;
dird from -f- KakvTrr^i.v to cover, conceal : cf. F. apoca-
lypse.] 1. The revelation delivered to St. John, in the
isle of Patmos, near the close of the first century, fom.
ing the last book of the New Testament
2. Anything viewed as a revelation ; a disclosure.
The new apocalypse of Nature. Carlyle ■
A-poc'a-lyp'Uc (a-pok'a-lTp'tTk), ) a. [Gr. diroicaAv-
A-poc'a-lyp'tiC-al (-llp'tt-kal), ( tttikos.] Of or
pertaining to a revelation, or, specifically, to the Reve-
lation of St. John ; containing, or of the nature of, a
prophetic revelation.
Apocalyptic number, the number 666, mentioned in Bev,
im. 18. It has been variously interpreted.
Sea Hare
(Aplijsia depilam).
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask. final, ^U; eve. event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, 6bey, orb, 6dd;
APOCALYPTIC
69
APOPLEXY
A-poc'a-lyp'Uc (i-p5k'4-llp'tTk), A-poc'a-lyp'tlst, n.
The writer of the Apocalypse.
A-poo'a-lyp'tlc-al-ly (-tl-kal-iy), adv. By revelation ;
in an apocalyptic maimer.
Ap'0-car'pous (5p'o-kar'piSs), a. [Pref. apo- + Gr.
KopTTo's fruit.] (Bot.) Either entirely or partially sepa-
rate, as the carpels of a compound pistU ; — opposed to
syncarpous. 'Lindley.
A-poc'0-pate (a-p5k'o-pat), v. t. [LL. apocopatus,
p. p. of apocopare to cut off, fr. L. apocope. See Apoc-
ope.] {&ram.) To cut off or drop ; as, to apocopate a,
word, or the last letter, syllable, or part of a word.
A-poc'0-pate (-pat), ) a. Shortened by apocope ;
A-poc'o-pa'ted (-pa'tSd), ) as, an apocopate form.
A-poc'o-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. Shortening by apoc-
ope ; the state of being apocopated.
II A-poc'O-pe (a-pok'o-pe), ». [L., fr. Gr. airoKOTn) a.
cutting oft', fr. 'airoKonTe^v to cut oft ; otto from + (co-
jrreii' to cut.] 1. The cutting off, or omission, ot the last
letter, syllable, or pait of a word.
2. (Med.) A cutting off; abscission.
AtKO-cris'l-a-ry ($p'o-kris'i-ii-ry), ( n. [L. apocriH-
II Ap'0-cris'l-a'li-US (-krts'I-a'rl-us), ) uriu.i, apocri-
sarhis, fr. Gr. a7roKpia-i9 answer, fr. arroKpiVeo-flai to an-
swer ; aTTo from + KptVeif to separate.] {Eccl.) A dele-
gate or deputy ; especially, the pope's nuncio or legate
at Constantinople.
Ap'0-crus'tic (-krus'tTk), a. [Gr. aTro/cpouo-TiKo's able
to drive off, fr. aTro/cpoveii' to drive off'.] (Med.) Astrin-
gent and repellent. — n. An apocrustic medicine.
A-poo'ry-pha (a-p5k'ri-fil), ji. pi., but often used as
sing, with pi. Apockyphas (-faz). [L. apocryjyhiis apoc-
ryphal, Gr. aTTOKpuc/jo; hidden, spurious, fr. airoKpvTTTeiv
to hide ; awo from -f- Kpv-n-Teiv to hide.] 1. Something,
as a writing, that is of doubtful autliorship or authority ;
— formerly used also adjectively. [06*.] Locke.
2. Specif.: Certain writings which are received by
some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scrip-
tures, but are rejected by otliers.
11^'^ Fourteen such writings, or books, formed part of
the Septuagint, but not ot the Hebrew canon recognized
by the Jews of Palestine. Tlie Council of Trent included
aU but three of these in the canon of inspired books
having equal authority. The German and English Re-
formers grouped them in their Bibles under the title
Apocrypha, as not having dogmatic authority, but being
profitable for instruction. Tlie Apocrypha is now com-
monly omitted from the King James's Bible.
A-poc'ry-phal (a-p5k'rT-f«l), a. 1. Pertaining to the
Apocrypha.
2. Not canonical. Hence : Of doubtful authority ;
equivocal ; mythic ; fictitious ; spurious ; false.
The passages . . . are, however, in part fi'om apocryphal or
fictitious works. Sir G. C. Lewis.
A-poc'ry-phal-lst, n. One who believes in, or defends,
the Apocrj'pha. [iJ.]
A-poc'ry-phal-ly, adv. In an apocryphal manner;
mythically ; not indisputably.
A-poc'ry-phal-ness, n. The quality or state of being
apocryphal ; doubtfulness of credit or genuineness.
A-pop'^-na'ceous (a^^os'T-na'shiis), Ap'o-cvn'e-ous
(ap'o-sin'e-iis), a. [Gr. aTro'/cuj'oy dog'bane ; djro from +
Kviav dog.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family
of plants, of which the dogbane (Ajpocynum) is the type.
A-pOC'y-nin (a-p5s'i-nTn), n. [From Apocynum, the
generic name of dogbane.] (Chem.) A bitter principle
obtained from the dogbane {Apocynum. cannabimim).
Ap'Od (Sp'od), ) a. [See Apod, m.] 1. Without
Ap'0-ttal (Sp'o-dal), ) feet ; footless.
2. (Zo'dl.) Destitute of the ventral'fln, as the eels.
Ap'Qd (ap'Bd), ) n. ;pl. Apods (-odz) or Apodes (-odz).
Ap'Ode (ap'od), ) [Gr. airous, clttoSo!, footless ; a. priv.
-J-jrous, jToSo's, foot.] (Zo'dl.) One of certain animals
tiiat have no feet or footlike organs ; esp. one of certain
fabulous birds which were said to have no feet.
^ff^ The bird of paradise formerly had the name Par-
adisea apoda, being supposed to have no feet, as these
were wanting in the specimens first obtained from the
East Indies.
II Ap'O-da (Sp'o-da), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. ajrous, airoSos.
See Apod, ra.] (Zool.S (a) A group of cirripeds, destitute
of footlike organs, (b) An order of Amphibia without
feet. See Ophiomoepha. (c) A group of worms without
appendages, as the leech.
Ap'O-dan (-dan), a. (Zool.) Apodal.'
Ap'0-deic'tic (ap'6-dik'tTk), Ap'o-dic'Uc (-dTk'tik),!
Ap'0-delc^Uc-al (-ti-kal), Ap'o-dic'tlc-al (-ti-kal), r'
[L. apodicficus, Gr. i.TroSsiKTi.KO';, fr. anoScLKvvvaL to
point out, to show by argument ; airo' from + Seixmuai,
to show.] Self-evident ; intuitively true ; evident be-
yond contradiction. Brougham. Sir Wm. Hamilton.
Ap'o-delo'tlc-al-ly, Ap'o-dic'tlc-al-ly, adv. So as to
be evident beyond contradiction.
Ap'0-deme (Sp'o-dem), n. [Pref. apo- -\- Gr. Se'/nag
body.] (Zool.) One of the processes of the shell which
project inwards and unite with one another, in the thorax
of many Crustacea.
II Ap'o-des (ap'o-dez), ra. pi. [NL., masc. pi. Sbc
Apoda.] (Zool.) (a) An order of fishes without ventral
fins, including the eels. (J) A group of holothurians
destitute of suckers. See Apneomona.
Ap'0-dic'tlo (-dik'tik), a. Same as Apodeictic.
_.,ll Ap'0-diX'ls (-diks'is), n. [L., fr. Gr. aTrdSeifis, fr.
OTToSetKtTjj'ai.] FuU demonstration.
IIA-pod'0-as (a-p6d'6-sTs), B. [L., fr. Gr. airdSocris,
fr. aTToSiSdrai to give back ; otird from, back again + 6t-
Sdvai to give.] (Gram.) The consequent clause or con-
clusion in a conditional sentence, expressing the result,
and thus distinguished from the protasis or clause which
expresses a condition. Thus, in the sentence, " Though
he slay me, yet will I trust in him," the former clause is
fbs protasis, and the latter the apodosis.
^W^ Some grammarians extend the termi protasis and
apodosis to the introductory clause and the concluding
clause, even when the sentence is not conditional.
Ap'0-dOUS (Sp'o-dus), a. (Zool.) Apodal; apod.
II A-pod'y-te'rl-um (a-pod'T-te'ri-iim), n. [L., fr. Gr.
ajro6i;T))pio>', fr. iiroSuecrflai to strip one's self.] (Anc.
Arch.) The apartment at the entraice of the baths, or in
the palestra, where one stripped ; a dressing room.
Ap'0-ga'ic (Sp'6-ga'Tk), a. [Gr. airdyaios far from
tlie earth.] Apogean.
Ap'O-gam'lc (5p'o-gSm'ik), a. Relating to apogamy.
A-pog'a-my (a-p5g'a-my), n. [Pref. apo- -f- Gr. ■ydjio;
marriage.] (Bot.) Tlie formation of a bud in place of a
fertilized ovule or oospore. De Bary.
Ap'0-ge'al (5p'o-je'al), a. {Asiron.) Apogean.
Ap'0-ge'an (-«n), «. Coimected with the apogee ; as,
apogean (neap) tides, wliich occur when the moon has
passed her apogee.
Ap'O-gee (5p'o-je), n. [Gr. an-dyaio; from the earth ;
oltto from -f- yaia, yi'j, earth : cf. F. apogee.'^ 1. (Astron.)
That point in the orbit of the moon which is at the great-
est distance from the earth.
I^^" Formerly, on the hypothesis that the earth is in
the center of the system, this name was given to tliat point
in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, which was sup-
posed to be at the greatest distance from the earth.
2. Fig. : The farthest or highest point ; cuhnination.
Ap'0-ge'O-trop'lC (ap'o-je'o-trSp'ik), a. [Pref. apo-
-\- Gr. yij earth + Tpoiri/cds turning.] (Bot.) Bending
away from the ground ; — said of leaves, etc. Darwin.
Ap'O-ge-Ot'ro-plsm (-je-5t'r6-pTz'ni), n. The apogeo-
tropic tendency of some leaves, and other parts.
Ap'O-graph (-grAf ), n. [Gr. d.Trdypai^oi' ; an-d from ■\-
ypa<J)eii/ to mite : cf. P. apograpjke.~\ A copy or tran-
script. Blount.
Ap'0-hy'al (Sp'o-hi'al), a. [Pref. apo- + the Gr. let-
ter Y.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a portion of the horn
of the hyoid bone.
A-poise' (a-poiz;^, atft;. [Pref. a- -f-;50(se.] Balanced.
A-po'lar (a-po'ler), a. [Pref. a- not -\- polar.'\ (Biol.)
Ha\'iug no radiating processes ; — applied particularly to
certain nerve cells.
Ap'0-laus'tlc (Sp'o-las'tik), a. [Gr. aTroAauem/cdg, fr.
aTToKaveiv to enjoy.] Devoted to enjoyment.
A-pol'11-na'ri-an (a-pSl'li-na'rl-an), a. [L. Apollina-
ris, fr. Apollo.'\ (Rom. Antiq.) In honor of Apollo; as,
the Apoliinarian games.
A-pol'U-na'ri-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Apol-
linaris, Bishop of Laodicea in the fourth century, who
denied the proper humanity of Christ.
A-pol'li-na'ris wa'ter (-rts wa'ter). An effervescing
alkaline mineral water used as a' table beverage. It is
obtained from a spring in ApoUinarisburg, near Bonn.
A-pollO (a-pol16), n. [L. Apollo, -linis, Gr. 'AttoA-
Aoji'.] (Classic Myth.) A deity among the Greeks and
Romans. He was the god of light and day (the "sun
god "), of archery, prophecy, medicine, poetry, and
music, etc. , and was represented as the model of manly
grace and beauty ; — called also Phoebus.
The Apollo Belvedere, a celebrated statue of Apollo in
the Belvedere gallery of the Vatican palace at Rome, es-
teemed one of the noblest representations of the human
frame.
Ap'ol-lynl-an (ap'ol-lo'nT-an), Ap'Ol-lon'io (-lon'ik),
a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Apollo.
A-polly-On (a-pol'lT-on or a-pol'yun), n. [Gr. ciTroX-
Kvuiv destroying, fr. a-n-oWvciv, aTroAAvi'ai, to destroy ut-
terly; aTTo from, entirely -f oAAv'fai to destroy.] The
Destroyer; — a name used (Pev. ix. 11) for the angel of
the bottomless pit, answering to the Hebrew Abaddon,
A-pol'o-ger (-o-jer), n. A teller of apologues. [06«.]
A-pol'0-get'iC (a-pol'6-jSt'ik), 1 a. [Gr. aTroAo^Ti/cds,
A-pol'0-get'lC-al (-T-kal), ) fr. aTro\oyeia6ai. to
speak in defense of ; oltto from -f- Adyos speech, Aeyeij/ to
say, to speak. See Logic] Defending by words or ar-
guments ; said or written in defense, or by way of apol-
ogy ; regretfully excusing ; as, an apologetic essay. " To
speak in a subdued and apologetic tone." Macaulay.
A-pol'0-get'lc-aI-ly, adv. By way of apology.
A-pol'0-get'ics (-iks), n. That branch of theology
which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the
evidence of their divine authority.
A-pol'0-gist (a-pol'o-jist), n. [Cf. P. apologisle.'] One
who makes an apology ; one who speaks or writes in de-
fense of a faith, a cause, or an institution ; especially,
one who argues in defense of Christianity.
A-pol'0-glze (-jiz), V. i. limp. &p. p. Apologized
(-jizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apologizing.] [Cf . F. apologiser.']
1. To make an apology or defense. Pr. H. More.
2. To make an apology or excuse ; to make acknowl-
edgment of some fault or offense, with expression of re-
gret for it, by way of amends; — with for; as, my cor-
respondent apologized for not answering my letter.
To apologize especially for his insolent language. Froude.
A-pol'0-glze, V. t. To defend \_Obs.']
The Christians . . . were apologized by Plinie. Dr. G. Benson.
A-pol'0-gi'zer (-ji'zer), n. One who makes an apol-
ogy ; an apologist.
Ap'0-logue (Sp'o-log), n. [L. apologus, Gr. aTrdAoyo; ;
awo from -j- Adyos speech, Xcysiv to speak ; cf. F. apo-
logue."] A story or relation of fictitious events, intended
to convey some moral truth ; a moral fable.
|J^=' An apologue differs from a parable in this : the
parable is dra^vn from events which take place among
mankind, and therefore requires probability in tlie nar-
rative ; the apologue is founded on supposed actions of
brutes or inanimate things, and therefore is not limited
by strict rules of probability. JSsop's fables are good ex-
amples of apologues.
A-pol'0-gy (a-p51'o-jJ), n. ; pi. Apologies (-jtz). [L.
apologia, Gr. dTroAoyt'a ; and from -|- Adyo? : cf. F. apolo-
gie. See Apologetic] 1. Something said or written in
defense or justification of what appears to others wrong,
or of what may be liable to disapprobation ; justification ;
as, Tertullian'a Apology for Christianity.
It is not my intention to make an apology for my poem ; gome
will think it needs no excuse, and others will receive none.
Dryden.
2. An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for
some improper or injurious remark or act ; an admission
to another of a wrong or discourtesy done him, accompa-
nied by an expression of regret.
3. Anything provided as a substitute ; a maJieshift.
He goes to work devising apologies for window curtains.
Dickens.
Syn.— Excuse. An apology, in the original sense ot
the word, was a pleading o/fixom. some charge or impu-
tation, by explaining and defending one's principles or
conduct. It therefore amounted to a vindication. One
who now otters an apology, admits himself to have been,
at least apparently, in "the wrong, but brings forvi'ard
some palliating circumstance, or tenders a frank ac-
knowledgment, by way of reparation. We make an
ajiulogy for some breach of propriety or decorum (like
rude expressions, unbecoming conduct, etc.), or some de-
ficiency in what might be reasonably expected. We offer
anejcitse when we have been guilty of some breach or
neglect of duty ; and we do it by way of extenuating our
fault, and vrith a view to be forgiven. When an ejciise
has been accepted, an apology may still, in some cases,
be necessary or appropriate. " An excuse is not grounded
on the claim of innocence, but is rather an appeal for
favor resting on some collateral circumstance. An apol-
ogy mostly respects the conduct of individuals toward
each other as equals ; it is a voluntary act produced by
feelings of decorum, or a desire for the good opinion of
others." Crahb,
A-pol'0-gy (a-pol'6-jy), v. i. To offer an apology.
[06«.]
For which he can not well apology. J, Webster,
Ap'0-me-COm'e-ter (Sp'o-me-kom'e-ter), M. An in-
strument for measuring the height of objects. Knight.
Ap'0-me-COm'e-try (-try), m. [Pref. apo- + Gr. /nrj/co;
length -)- -metry.J The art of measuring the distance of
objects afar off. [_Obs. or R.J
II Ap'0-mor'phl-a (-mSr'f I-a) , ) n. [Pref. apo- -f- mor-
Ap'O-mor'phlne (-mSr'f In), ) phia, morphine."]
(Chem.) A crystalline alkaloid obtained from morphia,
it is a powerful emetic.
II Ap'0-neu-ro'sis (Sp'o-niS-ro'sTs), n. ; pi. Aponeu-
roses (-sez). [Gr. aTTOfeupwo-ts, fr. ai^ovevpovu to pass
into a tendon ; oird from -\- vcvpovv to strain the sin-
ews, vevpov sinew, tendon, nerve.] (Anat.) Any one of
the thicker and denser of the deep fasciae which cover,
invest, and form the terminations and attachments of,
many muscles. They often differ from tendons only in
being flat and thin. See Fascia.
Ap'0-neu-rot'ic (-rot'ik), a. (Anat.) Of or pertain-
ing to an aponeurosis.
Ap'0-neu-rot'o-my (-rot'6-mj), n. [Aponeurosis +
Gr. TOfi^ a cutting.] Dissection of aponeuroses.
Ap'0-pemp'tiC (-pemp'tTk), a. [Gr. aTroTrefiirTiKos, fr.
aTTOirefxireiv to send off or away ; aTrd from -j- 7r4fX7reLv to
send.] Sung or addressed to one departing ; valedictory ;
as, apopemptic songs or hymns.
II A-poph'a-SiS (a-pof'a-sis), n. [Gr. dird<()aiTts denial,
fr. ano^avai to speak out, to deny.] (Rhet.) A figure by
which a speaker formally declines to take notice of a fa-
vorable point, but in such a manner as to produce the ef-
fect desired. [For example, see Mark Antony's oration,
Shak., Julius Caesar, iii. 2.]
Ap'O-phleg-mat'iC (ap'o-fleg-m3t'ik), a. [Gr. ciTro-
(^AeyfittTiKos ; aTrd from -\- <^Aey|iiaTiKds full of phlegm.
See Phlegmatic] (Med.) Designed to facilitate dis-
charges of phlegm or mucus from the mouth or nostrils.
^ n. An apophlegmatic medicine.
Ap'0-plUeg'ma-tism (-flgg'ma-tiz'm), n. [Gr. aTro-
(#)Aeyp,aTio-|ads, Galen.] 1. (3fed.) The action of apo-
phlegmatics.
2. An apophlegmatic. [06«.] Bacon.
Ap'o-phleg-mat'i-zant (-fleg-mSVi-zant), n. (Med.)
An apophlegmatic. {_Obs.'\
Ap'oph-tbegm (ap'6-them), n. See Apothegm.
Ap'oph-theg-mat'lc (Sp'o-thgg-mSt'ik), Ap'oph-
theg-mat'ic-al (-i-kal), a. Same as Apothegmatic.
II A-poph'y-ge (a-p6f'i-je), n. [Gr. d7ro(/)vy^ escape,
in arch, the curve with which the shaft escapes into its
base or capital, fr. d7ro(|>euycii' to flee away ; diro from -J-
^evyciv to flee: cf. F. apophyge."] (Arch.) The small
hollow curvature given to the top or bottom of the shaft
of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the
fillet ; — called also the scape. Parker.
A-poph'yl-lite (a-pof'il-lit or 5p'o-fT11It), n. [Pref.
apo- -)- Gr. ^uAAov leaf ; so called from its foliated struc-
ture or easy cleavage.] (Min.) A mineral related to the
zeolites, usually occurring in square prisms or ootalie-
drons with pearly luster on the cleavage surface. It is a
hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium.
II A-poph'y-sis (4^pof'i-sis), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [NL.,
fr. Gr. dird(|)vcris offshoot, process of a bone, fr. diro<j)v-
eafloi to grow from ; dird from + ^iieiv, 0vecr9ai, to grow.]
1. (Anat>) A marked prominence or process on any
part of a bone.
2. (Bot.) An enlargement at the top of a pedicel or
stem, as seen in certain mosses. Gray.
Ap'0-plec'tic (ap'o-plek'tik), \ a. [L. apopleclicus,
Ap'0-plec'tio-al (-tT-kal), ) Gr. dn-oTrAijxTiKds,
fr. d7ro7rAr)o'<rcn' : cf. F. apoplectiqtie. See Apoplexy.]
Relating to apoplexy ; affected with, inclined to, or symp-
tomatic of, apoplexy ; as, an apoplectic person, medicine,
habit or temperament, symptom, fit, or stroke.
Ap'0-plec'tiO, n. One liable to, or affected with, apo-
plexy.
Ap'0-plec'U-lonn (-tT-f8rm), Ap'o-plec'told (-toid),
a. [Apoplectic -\- -form, -0('rf.] Resembling apoplexy.
Ap'0-ples (Sp'6-plSks), n. Apoplexy. [0?w.] Prt/den.
Ap'0-plesed (-plSkst), a. Affected with apoplexy.
lObs.-i Sha%.
Ap'o-ples'y (Sp'o-plSks'j?), n. [OE. poplexj/e, LL.
B
D
0
H
K
use, unite, rude, fyll, fip, flrn ; pity; food, fo^t; out, oil; cfcair; go; sing, ink; tlien, tUin ; box- zli = z in
IVI
APORETICAL
70
APPANAGE
poptexia, apoplexia, fr. Gr. airoTrArj^ta, fr. a-KoirK-ffrTueiv
to cripple by a stroke ; airi from -|- TrATJo-o-eii' to strike :
cf. F. apoplexie. See Plagoe.] {Med.) Sudden diminu-
tion or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary
motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain.
1^°" The term is now usually limited to cerebral apo-
pUxy, or loss of consciousness due to effusion of blood or
other lesion within the substance of the bram ; but it is
sometimes extended to denote an effusion of blood into
the substance of any organ ; as, apoplexu of the lung.
Ap'0-ret'ic-al (Sp'o-retl-kal), a. [Gr. aTroprjTiKd;. See
Aporia.] Doubting-; skeptical. \Ohs.'\ Cudworth.
II A-po'ri-a (a-po'ri-a), n. ; pi. Aporias (-a;;). [L.,
doubt, Gr. an-opCa, fr. aTropo; without passage, at a loss ;
a priv. -\- jTopos passage.] (Ehet.) A figure in which the
speaker professes to be at a loss what course to pursue,
where to begin, where to end, what to say, etc.
II Ap'0-rO'sa (ap'o-ro'sa), n.pl. [NL., fr. Gr. airopos.
See Apokia.] (Zool.) A group of corals in which the
coral is not porous ; — opposed to Perforata.
Ap'0-rose' (-ros'), a. (Zo'dl.) Without pores.
A-port' (a-porf), rtrft). \Vtei. a- -\- port.'] (Naut.) Ou
or towards the port or left side ; — said of the helm.
II Ap'0-Si'O-pe'sls (ap'o-si'o-pe'sTs ; 277), n. [L., fr.
Gr. ctTTOCTtoiTT^crt?, from dTrocrttuTrav *:o be quite silent.]
(Shei.) A figure of speech in which the speaker breaks
off suddenly, as if unwilling or unable to state what was
in liis mind ; as, " I declare to you that his conduct —
but I can not speak of that, here."
Ap'0-slt'lc (ap'6-sTt'Tk), a. [Gr. airomTiKo? ; airo from
+ o-iTos food.] (Med.) Destroymg the appetite, or sus-
pending hunger.
A-pos'ta-sy (a-p5s'ta-sy), n. ; pi. Apostasies (-sTz).
[OE. apostasie, F. apostasie, L. upostnsia, fr. Gr. airo-
crraaia a standing off from, a defection, fr. anocrrfivai to
stand off, revolt ; am from + (x-rqvai to stand. See Off
and Stand.] An abandonment of what one has volunta-
rily professed ; a total desertion or departure from one's
faith, principles, or party ; esp., the renunciation of a re-
ligious faith ; as, Julian's apostasy from Christianity.
A-pOS'tate (a-pos'tat), n. [L. apostata, Gr. aTroa-raTr);,
fr. aTrotrriji'ai. See APOSTASY.] 1. One who has forsaken
the faith, principles, or party, to which he before ad-
hered ; esp., one who has forsaken his religion for an-
other ; a pervert ; a renegade.
2. (-K. C. Ch.) One who, after having received sacred
orders, renounces his clerical profession.
A-pOS'tate, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by,
apostasy j faithless to moral allegiance ; renegade.
So spake the apostate angeL Mition.
A wretched and aiiostaie state. Sfecte.
A-pos'tate, v. i. [li. apostatare."] To apostatize. [06«.]
"We are not of them which apostate from Christ. Bp. Hall.
Ap'0-Stat'io (5p'6-stSt'Tk), a. [L. apostaiicus, Gr.
aTTOcTTaTtKO?.] ApostaticaL [i?.]
Ap'0-Stat'lC-al (-T-kal), a. Apostate.
An heretical and apo^iutical church. Bp. Hall.
A-pos'ta-tize (a-pos'ta-tlz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apos-
tatized (-tizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostatizing.] [LL.
apostatizare.'] To renounce totally a religious belief
once professed ; to forsake one's church, the faith or
principles once held, or the party to which one has pre-
viously adhered.
He apostatized from his old faith in facts, took to believin" in
semblances. Carlyle.
A-pos'te-mate (-te-mat), v. i. [See Aposteme.] To
form an abscess ; to swell and fill with pus. Wiseman.
A-pOS'te-ina'tion (a-pos'te-ma'shiin), n. [LL. apos-
tmnatio: cf. F. aposlemaiion.'] (Med.) The formation of
an aposteme ; the process of suppuration. [Written cor-
ruptly imposthumation.'] Wiseman.
Ap'OS-tem'a-tous (ap'os-tem'a-tiis), a. Pertaining to,
or partaking of the nature of, an aposteme.
Ap'OS-tems (ap'5s-tem), n. [L. apostema, Gr. otto'-
a-rrifj-a the separation of corrupt matter into an ulcer, fr.
airoo-nji'ac to stand off : cf. F. aposteme. See Apostasy.]
(Med.) An abscess ; a swelling fiUed mth purulent mat-
ter. [Written corruptly imposthume.']
II A' pos-te'ri-0'ri (a' pos-te'rl-o'rt). \Jj. a (aV) +
posterior latter.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind
of reasoning which derives propositions from the obser-
vation of facts, or by generalizations from facts arrives
at principles and definitions, or infers causes from effects.
This is the reverse of a priori reasoning.
2. (Phil OS.) Applied to knowledge which is based upon
or derived from facts through induction or experiment ;
inductive or empirical.
A-pos'til (a-pos'til), ) n. [F. apostille. See Postil.]
A-pOS'tille (-pSs'til), I A marginal note on a letter
or other paper ; an annotation. Motley.
A-p03'tle (a-pos's'l), n. [OE. apostle, aposiel, postle,
AS. apostol, L. apostolus, fr. Gr. ajroVroA-os messenger,
one sent forth or away, fr. aTroo-Te'AAeti' to send off or
away ; am from + o-riXXeLv to send ; akin to G. stellen to
Bet, E. stall : cf. F. apotre, OF. apostre, apostle, apostele,
apostole.'] 1. Literally : One sent forth ; a messenger.
^ecificaUy : One of the twelve disciples of Christ, spe-
cially chosen as his companions and witnesses, and sent
forth to preach the gospel.
He called unto him his disciples, and of them he chose
twelve, whom also he named apostles. Luke vi. 13.
^^ The title of apostle is also applied to others, who,
though not of the number of the Twelve, vet were equal
with theni in office and dignity ; as, " Paul, caDed to be
an apostle of Jesus Christ." 1 Cor. i. 1. In Jleb. iii. 1,
the name is given to Christ liimaelt, as having been sent
from heaven to publish the gospel. In the primitive
church, other ministers were called apostles (Rom. xvi. 7).
2. The missionary who first plants the Christian faith
in any part of the world; also, one who initiates any
great moral reform, or first advocates any important be-
lief ; one who has extraordinary success as a missionary
or retarmer ; as, Dionysius of Corinth is called the apos-
tle of France, John Eliot the apostle to the Indians, llieo-
bald Mathew the apostle of temperance.
3. ( Civ. & Admiralty Law) A brief letter dimissory
sent by a court appealed from to the superior court,
stating the case, etc. ; a paper sent up on appeals in the
admiralty courts. Wharton. Burrill.
Apoetles' creed, a creed of unknown origin, which was
formerly ascribed to the apostles. It certainly dates
back to the beginning of the sixth century, and some as-
sert that it can be found in the writings of Ambrose in
the fourth century. — Apostle i'paan (Aiitiq.),^ a spoon of
silver, with the handle terminating in the figure of an
apostle. One or more were ottered by sponsors at bap-
tism as a present to the godchild. B. Jonsoii.
A-pos'tle-ship (a-pos's'1-ship), n. The office or dig-
nity of an apostle.
A-pos'tO-late (-tS-lat), n. [L. apostolatus, fr. aposto-
lus. See Apostle.] 1. The dignity, office, or mission, of
an apostle ; apostleship.
Judas had miscarried and lost his aposiolate. Jer. Taylor.
2. The dignity or office of the pope, as the holder of
the apostoUc see.
Ap'os-tol'ic (Sp'Ss-tol'ik), ) a. [L. apostolicus, Gr.
Ap'os-tol'ic-al (-i-kal), ) aTTooTToAiKo's ; cf. F.
opostolique.'] 1. Pertaining to an apostle, or to the apos-
tles, their times, or their peculiar spirit; as, an apos-
tolical mission; the apostolic age.
2. According to the doctrines of the apostles ; delivered
or taught by the apostles ; as, apostolic faith or practice.
3. Of or pertaining to the pope or the papacy ; papal.
Apostolical brief. See under Brief. — Apostolic canons, a
collection of rides and precepts relating to the duty of
Christians, and particularly to the ceremonies and disci-
pline of the church in the second and third centuries. —
Apostolic church, the Christian cliurch ; — so called on ac-
count of its apostolic foundation, doctrine, and order.
The churches of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusa-
lem were called apostolic churches.— A^ostoMc constitu-
tions, directions of a nature similar to the apostolic canons,
and perhaps compiled by the same authors or author. —
Apostolic fathers, early Christian \vriters, who were bom
in the first century, and thus touched on the age of the
apostles. Tliey were Polycarp, Clement, Ignatius, and
Hernias ; to these Barnabas has sometimes been added.—
ApostoUc king (or majesty), a title granted by the pope to
the kmgs of Hungary on account of the extensive propa^
gation of Christianity by St. Stephen, the foimder of the
royal line. It is now a title of the emperor of Austria in
right of the throne of Hungary. — ApostoUc see, a see
founded and governed by an apostle ; specifically, the
Church of Rome ; — so called because, in the Roman Cath-
olic belief, the pope is the successor of St. Peter, the
prince of the apostles, and the only apostle who has suc-
cessors in the apostolic office. — ApostoUcal Buccession, the
regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial
authority by a succession of bishops from the apostles to
any subsequent period. Hook.
Ap'os-tol'ic, n. [L. apostolicus.'] (Eccl. Hist.) A
member of one of certain ascetic sects which at various
times professed to imitate the practice of the apostles.
Ap'OS-tol'ic-al-iy, adv. In an apostolic manner.
Ap'OS-tOl'io-al-ness, n. Apostolicity. Dr. H. More.
Ap'OS-tOl'i-oism (Sp'Ss-toI'i-sIz'm), I ra. The state or
A-pos'tO-Uc'i-ty (a-pos'to-lis'T-ty), J quality of be-
ing apostolical.
A-pOS'trO-phe (a-p5s'tro-fe), n. [(1) L., fr. Gr. ivro-
arpo^Tn a turning away, f r. aTroo-Tpeifieii/ to turn away ; am
from -f- (rrpe4>ei.v to turn. (2) j.'. , f r. L. apostrophus apos-
trophe, the turning away or omitting of a letter, Gr.
aTToorpoc^fios.] 1. (Ithet.) A figure of speech by which
the orator or writer suddenly breaks off from the previ-
ous method of his discourse, and addresses, in the second
person, some person or thing, absent or present ; as, Mil-
ton's apostrophe to Light at the beginning of the third
book of " Paradise Lost."
2. (Grara.) The contraction of a word by the omis-
sion of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by
the character ['] placed where the letter or letters would
have been ; as, calVd for called.
3. The mark ['] used to denote that a word is contracted
(as in we'er for never, canH for can not), and as a sign of
the possessive, singular and plural ; as, a boy's hat, boys'
hats. In the latter use it originally marked the omission
of the letter e.
The apostrophe is used to mark the plural of figures
and letters ; as, two lO's and three a's. It is also employed
to mark the close of a quotation.
Ap'OS-troph'iC (Sp'os-troftk), a. Pertaining to an
apostrophe, grammatical or rhetorical.
A-pos'tro-phize (a-pbs'tr6-fiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p.
Apostrophized (-fizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Apostrophizing.]
1. To address by apostrophe.
2. To contract by omitting a letter or letters ; also, to
mark with an apostrophe (') or apostrophes.
A-pOS'tlO-pluze, V. i. To use the rhetorical figure
called apostrophe. _
Ap'os-tume (ap'os-tum), n. See Aposteme. [Obs.]
Ap'o-tac'tite (Sp'o-tak'tit), n. [LL. pi. opotactitae,
Gr. dTTOToKTtTat, fr. a-rroTaKToq set apart ; a-rro from -|-
rda-aeiv to arrange, ordain.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect
of ancient Christians, who, in supposed imitation of the
first believers, renounced all their possessions.
A-pot'e-lesM (a^pot'e-lez'm), n. [See Apotelesmatic]
1. The result or issue. lObs.]
2. (Astrol.) The calculation and explanation of a na-
tivity. [06.5.] Bailey.
Ap'o-tel'es-mat'ic (3p'o-tel'ez-mSt'Tk), a. [Gr. dTro-
TeAeo-|LLaTtK65,fr. ajrorckeap-a effect, the effect of the stars
on human destiny, fr. dTroreAeti/ to complete ; am from
-\- TeKelv to end, Te'Ao5 end.] 1. Relating to the casting
of horoscopes. [Archaic] Whewell.
2. Relating to an issue or fulfillment.
In this way a passage in the Old Testament may have, or
rather may comprise, an apotelesmatic sense, i. e., one of after
or final accomplishment. 31. Stuart.
A-potll'e-ca-ry (A-pStht-ka-rJ^), n. ; pi. Apothecaries
(-riz). [OE. apotecarie, fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L.
apotkeca storehouse, Gr. anodrjicri, fr. aTrorifleVat to put
away ; dn-o from 4- TiSevai to put : cf . F. apothicuire, OP.
apotecaire. See Thesis.] One who prepares and sells
drugs or compounds for medicinal purposes.
^W In England an apothecary is one of a privileged
class of practitioners — a kind of sub-physician. The sur-
geon apothecary is the ordinary family medical attend-
ant. One who sells drugs and makes up prescriptions is
now commonly called in England a druggist or a pharma-
ceutical chemist.
Apothecaries' weight, the system of weights by which
medical prescriptions were formerly compounded. The
pound and ounce are the same as ui Troy weight ; they
differ only in tlie manner of subdivision. The ounce is
divided into 8 drams, 24 scruples, 480 grains. See Troy
WEIGHT.
II Ap'O-the'ci-um (ap'o-the'sht-iim), n. ; pi. Apothe-
CIA (-a). [NL.] (Bat.) The ascigerous fructification of
lichens, forming masses of various sliapes.
Ap'O-thegm 1 (ap'o-thSm), m. [Gr. d7rd(J)9ey(ia thing
Ap'oph-thegm ) uttered, apothegm, from a7ro(()9e'y-
yea-dai to speak out ; am from -|- (jiBeyyeadai to speak.] A
short, pithy, and instructive saying ; a terse remark, con-
veying some important truth ; a sententious precept or
maxim. [Apothegm is now the prevalent spelling in the
United States.]
• Ap'0-theg-mat'lc (-th6g-mSt'ik), ) a. Gr. aiT0<l>9e-
Ap'O-theg-mat'iC-al (-i-kal), j y^iariKos.] Per-
taining to, or in tlie manner of, an apothegm ; senten-
tious ; pithy.
Ap'0-theg'ma-Ust (-thSg'ma-tist), n. A collector or
maker of apothegms. Pope.
Ap'o-theg'ma-tize (-tiz), v. i. To utter apothegms,
or short and sententious sayings.
Ap'O-them (Sp'o-them), ra. [Gr. am + fle'/aa that
which is placed, riSerac to place.]
1. (Math.) The perpendicular from
the center to one of the sides of a reg-
ular polygon.
2. A deposit formed in a liquid ex-
tract of a vegetable substance by ex-
posure to the air.
Ap'0-tlie'O-sls (5p'o-the'o-sTs ; 277),
n. ; pi. Apotheoses (-sez). [L., fr. Gr.
dTToflewCTt?, fr. aTro^eoOi' to deify ; aTro ,^ .
from + eeoOf to deify, Sms a god.] ^ -" Apothem.
1. The act of elevating a mortal to the rank of, and
placing hinv among, " the gods ; " deification.
2. Glorification ; exaltation. " The ajiotheosis of chiv-
alry." Prescott. " The noisy apotheosis of liberty and
machinery." F. Harrison,.
Ap'0-tlie'O-slze (-siz), v. t. To exalt to the dignity of
a deity ; to declare to be a god ; to deify ; to glorify.
II A-pOth'e-sis (a-poth'e-sTs), n. [Gr. diroeeo-is a put-
ting back or away, fr. diroTifleVat. See Apothecary.]
(Arch.) (a) A place on the south side of the chancel in
the primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for books,
vestments, etc. Weale (b) A dressing room connected
with a public bath.
II A-pot'Orine (a-p5t'o-me), n. [Gr. airoroiirj a cutting
off, fr. aiTOTepveiv to cut off ; am from -j- T€f/.vet.v to cut.]
1. (Math.)The difference between two quantities com-
mensurable only in power, as between V 2 and 1, or be-
tween the diagonal and side of a square.
2. (Mus.) The remaining part of a whole tone after a
smaller semitone has been deducted from it ; a major
semitone. [Obs.]
Ap'o-zem (Sp'o-zgm), n. [L. apozema, Gr. air6iep.a,
fr. dTTofeix to extract by boiUng ; dTro from + (dv to boil.]
(Med.) A decoction or infusion. [Obs.] Wiseman,
Ap'O-zem'iC-al (-i-kal), a. Pertaining to, or resem-
bling, a decoction. [Obs.] J. Whitaker.
Ap-palr' (ap-pSr'), V. t. & i. [OF. empeirier, F. em-
pirer. See Impair.] To impair ; to grow worse. [Obs.]
Ap'pa-la'chi-an (3p'pa-la'chi-an), a. Of or pertain-
ing to a chain of mountains in the United States, com-
monly called the Alleghany mountains.
(J^P° The name Appalachian was given to the moun-
tams by the Spaniards under De Soto, who derived it
from the neighboring Indians. Am. Cyc.
Ap-pall' (ap-pal'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Appalled
(-paid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appalling.] [OF. appalir to
grow pale, make pale ; a (L. ad) -\- palir to grow pale,
to make pale, pale pale. See Pale, a., and cf. Pall.]
1. To make pale ; to blanch. [Obs.]
The answer that ye made to me, my dear, . , .
Hath so appalled my countenance. Wyait.
2. To weaken ; to enfeeble ; to reduce ; as, an old ap-
palled wight. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Wine, of its own nature, will not congeal and freeze, only it
will lose the strength, and become appalled in extremity of
cold. Holland.
3. To depress or discourage with fear ; to impress with
fear in such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its
firmness ; to overcome with sudden terror or horror ; to
dismay ; as, the sight appalled the stoutest heart.
The house of peers was somewhat appalled at this alarum.
Clarendon.
Syn. — To dismay ; terrify ; daunt ; frighten ; affright ;
scare , depress. See Dismay.
Ap-pall', V. i. 1. To grow faint ; to become weak ; to
become dismayed or discouraged. [Obs.] Gower.
2. To lose flavor or become stale. [Obs."]
Ap-pall', m. Terror; dismay. [Poet.] Cowper.
Ap-pall'ing, a. Such as to appall ; as, an appalling
accident. — Ap-pall'ihg-ly, adv.
Ap-pall'ment (-ment), n. Depression occasioned bv
terror ; dismay. [Obs.] Bacon.
Ap'pa-nage (ap'pa^naj), n. [F. apanage, fr. OF. apa-
ner to nourish, support, fr. LL. apanare to furnish vrith
bread, to provision ; L. ad -j- panis bread.] 1. The por-
tion of land assigned by a sovereign prince for the sub-
sistence of his younger sons:
2. A dependency ; a dependent territory.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^ll ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; Ice, idea, ill ; old. obey, 6rb, 6dd •,
APPANAGIST
3. That which belongs to one by custom or right ; a
natural adjunct or accompaniment. " Wealth . . . the
appanagt of wit." Swift.
Ap-pan'a-glst (ap-pSn'i-j^st), n. [F. apanagiste.^
A prince to whom an appanage has been granted.
Ap-par'all-lyng (Sp-pSr'al-ing), n. [See Apparel, n.
&t).] Preparation. iObs.'] Chaucer.
Ap'pa-ra'tUS ($p'pa-ra'tus), n. ; pi. Apparatus, also
rarely Apparatuses (-tas-Sz). [L., from apparare, ap-
paratum, to prepare ; ad + parare to maite ready.]
1 Things provided as means to some end.
2. Hence : A fuU collection or set of implements, or
utensUs, for a given duty, experimental or operative ;
any complex instrument or appliance, mechanical or
chemical, for a specific action or operation ; machmery ;
meclianism. „ r i • , -^
3 (Physiol.) A collection of organs all of winch unite
in a common function ; as, the respiratory apparatus.
Ap-par'el (Sp-pSr'Sl), n. [OE. apparel, apareil, OF.
apareil, appareil, F. appareil, preparation, provision,
furniture, OF. apareiller to match, prepare, F. appa-
reiller; OF. a (L. ad) +pareil like, similar, fr. LL. pa-
riculus, dim. otU par eq^dol. See Pair.] X. E.xternal
clothing ; vesture ; garments ; dress ; garb ; external
habiliments or array.
Fresh in his new apparel, proud and young. Denham.
At public devotion his resigned carriage made religion appear
in the natural apparel of simplicity. ^ atler.
2. A small ornamental piece of embroidery worn on
albs and some other ecclesiastical vestments. [Obs.']
3. {Naut.) The furniture of a sliip, as masts, sails,
rigging, anchors, guns, etc.
Sy n. — Dress ; clothing ; vesture ; garments ; raiment ;
garb ; costume ; attire ; habiliments.
Ap-par'el, v. t. \imp. & p. p. Appareled, or Appar-
elled (-Sid) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Appareling, or Apparel-
lins.] [OF. apareiller.'] 1. To malse or get (some-
tliing) ready ; to prepare. [06^.] Chaucer.
2. To furnish with apparatus ; to equip ; to fit out.
Sliips . . . appareled to flght. Hayward.
3. To dress or clothe ; to attire.
Thev which are gorgeously appareled, and Uve delicately,
are in lungs' courts. Luke vu. 25.
4. To dress with external ornaments ; to cover with
something ornamental ; to decli ; to embellish ; as, trees
appareled with flowers, or a garden with verdure.
Appareled in celestial light. Wordsworth.
Ap-par'ence (ap-pSr'ens), n. [OF. aparence.'] Ap-
pearance. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ap-par'en-cy (-en-sy), re. 1. Appearance. [Oto.]
2. Apparentness ; state of being apparent. Coleridge.
3. The position of being heir apparent.
Ap-par'ent (Sp-pSr'ent), a. [F. apparent, L. apparens,
-entis, p. pr. of apparere. See Appear.] X. Capable of
being seen, or easily seen ; open to view ; visible to the
eye ; within sight or view.
The moon . . . apparent queen. Milton.
2. Clear or manifest to the understanding ; plain ; evi-
dent ; obvious ; known ; palpable ; indubitable.
It is apparent foul play. Shale.
3. Appearing to the eye or mind (distinguished from,
but not necessarily opposed to, true or real) ; seeming ;
as the apparent motion or diameter of the sun.
To live on terms of civility, and even of apparent friend-
Bhip. Macaulay.
What Berkeley calls visible magnitude was by astronomers
called apparent magnitude. Reid.
Apparent horizon, the circle which in a level plain bounds
our view, and is formed by the apparent meeting of the
eartli and lieavens, as distinguished from the rational
horizon. — Apparent time. See TimE. — Heir apparent
(Law), one whose right to an estate is indefeasit>le if he
survives tlie ancestor ; — in distinction from presumptive
heir. See Presumptive.
Syn. — Visible ; distinct ; plain ; obvious ; clear ; cer-
tain ; evident ; manifest ; indubitable ; notorious.
Ap-par'ent, n. An heir apparent. [Ofc.]
I '11 draw it [the sword] as apparent to the crown. Shak.
Ap-par'ent-ly, adv. X. Visibly. [Ofc.] Hobbes.
2. Plainly ; clearly ; manifestly ; evidently.
If he should scorn me so apparently. Shak.
3. Seemingly ; in appearance ; as, a man may be ap-
parently friendly, yet malicious in heart.
Ap-par'ent-ness, re. Plainness to the eye or the
mind ; visibleness ; obviousness. [-K.] Sherwood.
Ap'pa-ri'tion (ap'pa-rish'tin), re. [F. apparition, L.
apparitio, fr. apparere. See Appear.] X. The act of
becoming visible ; appearance ; visibility. Milton.
The sudden apparition of the Spaniards. Prescott.
The apparition of Lawyer Clippurse occasioned much sneco-
lation in that portion of the world. Sir W. Scott.
2. The thing appearing ; a visible object ; a form.
Which apparition, it seems, was you. Tatler.
3. An unexpected, wonderful, or preternatural appear-
ance ; a ghost ; a specter ; a phantom. " The heavenly
bands . . . a glorious appar?7iore." Milton.
I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous appaHtion. Shak.
4. (Astron.) The first appearance of a star or other
luminary after having been invisible or obscured ; — op-
posed to occuUation.
'circle of perpetual apparition. See under Cikcle.
Ap'pa-rl'tlon-al {-a\), a. Pertaining to an apparition or
to apparitions ; spectral. " An apparitional soul." Tylor.
Ap-par'1-tor (Sp-par'i-ter), n. [L., fr. apparere. See
Appear.] X. Formerly, an officer who attended magis-
trates and judges to execute their orders.
Before any of his apparitors could execute the sentence, he
was himself summoned away by a sterner apparitor to the
71
other world.
De Quincey.
2. {Law) A messenger or officer who serves the proc-
ess of an ecclesiastical court. Bouvier.
II Ap'pau'md' (a'po'ma'), re. [F. appaumi ; h (L. ad)
-\- paume the palm, fr. L. palma.'] {Her.) A hand open
and extended so as to show the palm.
Ap-pay' (Sp-pa'), V. t. [01'. appayer, apaier, LL.
appacare, appagare, fr. L. ad -{-pacare to pacify, pax,
pads, peace. See Pay, Appease.] To pay; to satisfy
or appease. \_Obs.'] Sir P. Sidney.
Ap-peach' (5p-pecli'), v. t. [OE. apechen, for em-
pechen, OF. einpeechier, F. empecher, to liinder. See
Impeach.] To impeach ; to accuse ; to asperse ; to inform
against ; to reproach. [_Obs.']
And oft of error did liimsclf appeach. Spenser.
Ap-peach'er (-er), n. An accuser. lObs.'j Raleigh.
Ap-peach'ment (-ment), re. Accusation. \_Obs.']
Ap-peal' (itp-pel'), V. t. [^imp. &p.p. Appealed (-peld') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Appealing.] [OE. appelen, upeleit, to
appeal, accuse, OF. apeler, F. appeler, fr. L. uppellare
to approach, address, invoke, summon, call, name ; akin
to appellere to drive to ; ad -^ pellere to drive. See
Pulse, and cf. Peal.] X. {Law) (a) To make applica-
tion for the removal of (a cause) from an inferior to a
superior judge or court for a rehearing or review on ac-
count of alleged injustice or illegality in tlie trial below.
We say, the cause was appealed from an inferior court,
(i) To charge with a crime ; to accuse ; to institute a
private criminal prosecution against for some heinous
crime ; as, to appeal a person of felony.
2. To summon ; to challenge. [Archaic']
Man to man will I appeal the Norman to the Usts. Sir W. Scott.
3. To invoke. [Obs.'] Milton.
Ap-peal', V. i. X. {Law) To apply for the removal of
a cause from an inferior to a superior judge or court for
the purpose of reexammation or for decision. Tomlitis.
I appeal unto Caesar. Acts xxv. 11.
2. To call upon another to decide a question contro-
verted, to corroborate a statement, to vindicate one's
rights, etc. ; as, I appeal to all mankind for the truth
of what is alleged. Hence ; To call on one for aid ; to
make earnest request.
I appeal to the Scriptures In the original. Uarsley.
They appealed to the sword. Macaulay.
Ap-peal', re. [OE. appel, apel, OF. apel, F. appel, fr.
appeler. See Appeal, v. t.] X. {Law) {a) An applica-
tion for the removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to
a superior judge or court for reexamination or review.
(6) The mode of proceeding by which such removal is
effected, (c) The right of appeal, {d) An accusation ;
a process which formerly might be instituted by one pri-
vate person against another for some heinous crime de-
manding punishment for the particular injury suffered,
rather than for the offense against tlie public._ («) An
accusation of a felon at common law by one of his accom-
plices, which accomplice was then caUed an approver.
See Approvement. Tomlins. Bouvier.
2. A summons to answer to a charge. Dryden.
3. A call upon a person or an authority for proof or
decision, in one's favor ; reference to another as witness ;
a call for help or a favor ; entreaty.
A kind of appeal to the Deity, the author of wonders. Bacon.
4. Resort to physical means ; recourse.
Every milder method is to be tried, before a nation makes an
appeal to arms. Kent.
Ap-peal'a-ble (-&-b1), a. X. Capable of being ap-
pealed against ; that may be removed to a higher tribu-
nal for decision ; as, the cause is appealable.
2. That maybe accused or called to answer by appeal ;
as, a criminal is appealable for manslaughter. \_Obs.']
Ap-peal'ant (-ant), re. An appellant. \_Obs.] Shak.
Ap-peal'er (-er), re. One who makes an appeal.
Ap-peal'ing, «. That appeals ; imploring. — Ap-peal'-
ing-ly, ffrfv.— Ap-peal 'ing-ness, re.
Ap-pear' (Sp-per'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appeared
(-perd') ; JO. ^r. & vb. re. Appearing.] [OE. apperen,
aperen, OF. aparoir, apparoir, F. apparoir, fr. L. ap-
parere to appear ; ad -\- parere to come forth, to be vis-
ible ; prob. from the same root as parere to produce. Cf .
Apparent, Parent, Peer, v. i.] X. To come or be in
sight ; to be in view ; to become visible.
And God said, Let ... the dry land appear. Gen. i. 9.
2. To come before the public ; as, a great writer ap-
peared at that time.
3. To stand in presence of some authority, tribunal, or
superior person, to answer a charge, plead a cause, or the
like ; to present one's self as a party or advocate before
a court, or as a person to be tried.
We must all appear before the judgment seat. 2 Cor. v. 10.
One ruiiian escaped because no prosecutor dared to appear.
Macaulay.
4. To become visible to the apprehension of the mind ;
to be known as a subject of observation or comprehen-
sion, or as a thing proved ; to be obvious or manifest.
It doth not yet appear what we shall be. 1 John iii. 2.
Of their vain contest appeared no end. Milton,
5. To seem ; to have a certain semblance ; to look.
They disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to
fast. Matt. vi. 16.
Syn.— To seem; look. See Seem.
Ap-pear', re. Appearance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.
Ap-pear'ance (-ans), re. [F. apparence, L. apparentia,
fr. apparere. See Appear.] X. The act of appearing or
coming into sight ; the act of becoming visible to the eye ;
as, his sudden appearance surprised me.
2. A thing seen ; a phenomenon ; a phase ; an appari-
tion ; as, an appearance in the sky.
3. Personal presence ; exhibition of the person ; look ;
aspect ; mien.
And now am come to see . . .
If thy appearance answer loud report. Milton.
4. Semblance, or apparent likeness; external show.
APPELLOR
pi. Outward signs, or circumstances, fitted to make a
particular impression or to determine the judgment as to
the character of a person or a thing, an act or a state j
as, appearances are against him.
There was upon the tabernacle, as it were, the appearance of
fire. A'wm. ix. 15.
For man looketh on the outward appearance. 1 Sam. xvi. 7.
Judge not according to the appearance. John vii. 24.
5. The act of appearing in a particular place, or in so^
ciety, a company, or any proceedings ; a coming before
the public in a particular character ; as, a person makes
his appearance as an historian, an artist, or an orator.
Will he now retire,
After appearance, aud again prolong
Our expectation ? Milton.
6. Probability; likelihood. [Obs.]
There is that which hath no appearance. Bacon.
7. {Law) The coming into court of either of the par-
ties ; the being present in court ; the coming into court
of a party summoned in an action, either by himself or
by his attorney, expressed by a formal entry by the
proper officer to that effect ; the act or proceeding by
which a party proceeded against places himself before
the court, and submits to its jurisdiction.
Burrill. Bouvier. Daniell.
To put in an appearance, to be present : to appear in per-
son. — To save appearances, to preserve a fair outward show.
Syn. — Coming; arrival; ijresence; semblance; pre-
tense ; air ; look ; manner ; mien ; figure ; aspect.
AjHpear'er (ap-per'er), re. One who appears.
Sir T. Browne.
Ap-pear'lng-ly, atZ^. Apparently. [Obs.] Bp.Hall.
Ap-peas'a-ble (Sp-pez'a-b'l), a. Capable of being ap-
peased or pacified; placable. — Ap-peas'a-ble-ness, n.
Ap-pease' (Sp-pez'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appeased
(-pezd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Appeasing.] [OE. apesen,
apaisen, OF. apaisier, apaissier, F. apaiser, fr. a (L. ad)
-f- OF. pais peace, F. paix, fr. L. pax, pads. See
Peace.] To make quiet ; to calm ; to reduce to a state
of peace ; to still ; to pacify ; to dispel (anger or hatred) ;
as, to appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the pas-
sions ; to appease hunger or thirst.
Syn. — To pacify; quiet; conciliate; propitiate; as.
suage ; compose ; calm ; allay ; hush ; soothe ; tranquilize.
Ap-pease'ment (-ment), re. The act of appeasing, or
the state of being appeased ; pacification. Hayward.
Ap-peas'er (-er), re. One who appeases ; a pacifier.
Ap-pea'sive (ap-pe'sTv), a. Tendhig to appease.
Ap-pella-ble (Sp-pgl'la-b'l), a. AppealalSle.
Ap-pel'lan-cy (-lan-sy), re. Capability of appeal.
Ap-pellant (-lant), a. [L. appellans, p. pr. of appel-
lors : cf. F. appelant. See Appeal.] Relating to an ap-
peal; appellate. "An oyipeWarei: jurisdiction." Hallam.
Party appellant (Law), the party who appeals ; appel-
lant ; — opposed to respondent, or appellee. Tomlins,
Ap-pel'lant, n. X. {Law) {a) One who accuses an*
other of felony or treason. [Obs.] {b) One who appeals,
or asks for a rehearing or review of a cause by a higher
tribunal.
2. A challenger. [Obs.] Milton.
3. {Eccl. Hist.) One who appealed to a general conn,
cil against the bull Unigenitus.
4. One who appeals or entreats.
All-pellate (kp-pellat), a. [L. appellatus, p. p. of
appellare] Pertaining to, or taking cognizance of, ap-
peals. 'M^^eHaie jurisdiction." Blackstone. ^'■Appel-
late judges." Burke.
Appellate conrt, a court having cognizance of appeals.
Ap-pellate, re. A person appealed or prosecuted for
a crime. [Obs.] See Appellee.
Ap'pel-la'tion (ap'pel-la'shun), re. [L. appellatio, fr.
appellare : cf . F. appellation. See Appeal.] X. The act
of appealing ; appeal. [Obs.] Spenser.
2. The act of calling by a name.
3. The word by which a particular person or thing is
called and known ; name ; title ; designation.
They must institute some persons under the appellation of
magistrates. liume.
Syn.— See Name.
Ap-pella-tive (ap-pgl1a-tiv), a. [L. appellativus, fr.
appellare: ci.'S.apjpellatiS. See Appeal.] X. Pertain-
ing to a common name ; serving as a distinctive denomi-
nation; denominative; naming. CudivortJi.
2. {Gram.) Coinmon, as opposed to proper / denomi-
native of a class
Ap-pel'la-tive, re. [L. appellativum, sc. nomen.]
X. A common name, in distinction from a proper name.
A common name, or appellative, stands for a wliole class,
genus, or species of beings, or for universal ideas. Thus,
tree is the name of aU plants of a particular class ; plant
and vegetable are names of things that grow out of the
earth. A proper name, on the other hand, stands for a
single thing; as, Borne, 'Washington, Lake Erie.
2. An appellation or title ; a descriptive name.
God has chosen it for one of his appellatives to be the De-
fender of tlicm. Jer. Taylor.
Ap-pel1a-tive-ly, adv. After the manner of nouns
appellative; in a manner to express whole classes or
species; as, Hercules is sometimes used appellatively,
that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man.
Ap-pel'la-tive-ness, re. The quality of being appel-
lative. Fuller.
Ap-pel1a-tO-ry (-to-rj), a, [L. appellatoHus, fr. ap-
pellare.] Containing an appeal.
An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the party
appellant. -lyliffe-
Ap'pel-lee' (ap'pgl-le'), re. [F. appeU, p. p. of ap-
peler, fr. L. appellare.] (Law) (a) The defendant in an
appeal ; — opposed to appellant, {b) The person who is
appealed against, or accused of crime ; — opposed to ap-
pellor, Blackstone.
Ap'pel-lor' (5p'p51-lSr'), n. [OF. apeleur, fr. L. ap-
E
K
M
use, unite, rude, full, &p, flm ■ pity ; food, tiiiat ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
APPENAGE
72
APPLICATION
pettaior, fr. appellare.} (Law) (a) The person who in-
stitutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime.
Blackslone. (b) One who confesses a felony committed
and accuses his accomplices. Blount. Burrill.
d^"" This word is rarely or never used for the plaintilf
in appeal from a lower court, who is called the ajipullant.
Appellee is opposed both to appellant and u/jpeltor.
Ap'pen-age (ap'pen-aj), n. See Appanage.
Ap-pend' (5p-pend'), "• t. [imp. & p. p. Appended ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Appending.] [L. appendere or F. ap-
pendre: cf. OE. appenden., apenden, to belong, OF. apen-
dre, P. appendre, fr. L. appendere, v. i., to hang to, ap-
pendere, V. t., to hang to ; ad -\- pendere, v. i., to hang,
pendere,y.t.,to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang or
attach to, as by a string, so that the tiling is suspended ;
as, a seal appended to a record ; the inscription was ap-
pended to the column.
2. To add, as an accessory to the principal thing ; to
annex ; as, notes appended to this chapter.
A further purpose appendrd to the primary one. I. Taylor.
Ap-pend'age (ap-pSnd'aj), n. 1. Sometliing appended
to, or accompanying, a principal or greater thing, though
not necessary to it, as a portico to a house.
Modesty is the appem/ar/e of sobriety. Jer. Taylor.
2. (Biol.) A subordinate or subsidiary part or organ;
an external organ or limb, esp. of the articulates.
Antennce and other appendages used for feeling. Carpenter.
Syn. — Addition ; adjunct; concomitant.
Ap-pend'aged (-ajd), a. Furnished with, or eupple-
mented by, an appendage.
Ap-pend'ance (-ans), n. [F.] Something appendant.
Ap-pend'ant (-ant), a. [F. appendant, p. pr. of ap-
pendre. See Append, v. i.] 1. Hanging ; annexed ; ad-
junct ; concomitant ; as, a seal appendant to a paper.
As they have transmitted the benefit to us, it is but reason-
able we should suffer tlic apjimdant calamity. Jer. Tai/lor.
2. {Law) Appended by prescription, that is, a personal
usage for a considerable time ; — said of a thing of inher-
itance belonging to another inheritance which is superior
or more worthy ; as, an advowson, common, etc., which
may be appendant to a manor, common of fishing to a
freeliold, a seat in church to a house. Wharton. Coke.
Ap-pend'ant, n. 1. Anything attached to another as
incidental or subordinate to it.
2. [Laxc) An inheritance annexed by prescription to a
superior uilieritance.
Ap-pend'ence (-ens), 1 n. State of being append-
Ap-pend'en-cy (-en-sy), f ant ; appendance. [Oii.]
Ap-pend'i-cal (-T-kal), a. Of or like an appendix.
Ap-pend'i-cate (-T-kat), v. t. To append. [06sJ
Ap-pend'i-ca'tion(-ka'shun),»). An appendage. [0?w.]
Ap-pend'i-ci'tiS (Sp-pend'i-si'tis), n. {Med.) Inflam-
mation of the vermiform appendix.
Ap-pend'i-cle (-k'l), n. [L. appendicula, dim. of ap-
pendix.'] A small appendage.
Ap'pen-dlc'U-lar (ap'pen-dik'u-Ier), a. Relating to
an appendicle ; appendiculate. [i?.]
II Ap'pen-dic'U-la'ri-a (Sp'pen-dik'u-la'rT-a), n. [NL.]
{Zo'dl.) A genus of small free-swimming Tunicata, shaped
somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances
to the larviE of other Tunicata. It is the type of the
order Copelata or Larvalia. See ///((s^rortOTC in Appendix.
IIAp'pen-dic'u-la'ta(-la'ta), j!.^?. [NL.] {Zool.) A.n
order of annelids ; the Polychseta.
Ap'pen-dic'u-late (-ISt), a. [See Appendicle.] Hav-
ing small appendages ; forming an appendage.
Appendiculate leaf, a small appended leaf. Withering.
Ap-pen'dix (ap-pen'diks), n. ; pi. E. Appendixes (-ez),
L. Appendices (-di-sez). [L. appendix, -dicis, fr. appen-
dere. See Append.] 1. Something appended or added ;
an appendage, adjunct, or concomitant.
Normandy became an appendix to England. Sir Jf. Hale.
2. Any literary matter added to a book, but not neces-
sarily essential to its completeness, and thus distinguished
from supplement, which is intended to supply deficien-
cies and correct inaccuracies.
Syn. — See Supplement.
Ap-pen'sion (-shiin), n. Tlie act of appending. [06s.]
Ap'per-oeive' (ap'per-sev'), v. t. [F. apercevoir, fr.
L. ad -\- percipere, perceptuin, to perceive. See Per-
ceive.] To perceive ; to comprehend. [OJs.] Chaucer.
Ap'per-cep'tion (-sSp'shiin), n. [Pref. ad- + percep-
tion: cf. F. apperception.'] {Metaph.) The mind's percep-
tion of itself as the subject or actor in its own states ; per-
ception that reflects upon itself ; sometimes, intensified
or energetic perception. Leibnitz. Eeid.
This feeling has been called by philosophers the appercep-
tion or consciousness of our own existence. Sir W. Hamilton.
Ap-per'il (ap-pgr'Tl), n. Peril. [Obs.] Shak.
Ap'per-tain' (ap'per-tan'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apper-
tained (-tand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appertaining.] [OE.
cmperteinen, apertenen, OF. npartenir,F. appartenir,iT.
C appertinere ; ad -\- pertinere to reach to, belong. See
Pertain.] To belong or pertain, whether by right, na-
ture, appointment, or custom ; to relate.
Things appertaining to this life. Hooker.
Give it unto him to whom it appertainefh. Lev. vi. S.
Ap'per-tain'ment (-ment), n. That which appertains
to a person ; an ax^purtenance. [Obs. & E.] Shah.
Ap-per'ti-nanoe (ap-per'tl-naus), i n. See Appurte-
Ap-per'ti-nence (ap-per'tt-nens), I NANCE.
Ap-per'ti-nent (-tl-nent), a. Belonging ; appertain-
ing. [Now usually written appurtenant.'] Coleridqe.
Ap-per'ti-nent, n. That which belongs to something
else ; an appurtenant. [Obs.] Shak.
Ap-pete' (ap-pef), V. t. [L. appetere: cf. F. appeter.
See Appetite.] To seek for ; to desire. [_Obs.] Chaucer.
Ap'pe-tence (ap'pe-tens), n. [Cf. F. appetence. See
Appetency.] A longing for ; a desire ; especially an ar-
dent desire ; appetite ; appetency.
Ap'pe-ten-cy (-ten-sy), n. ; pi. Appetencies (-sTz). [L.
appetentia, fr. appetere to strive after, long for. See Ap-
petite.] 1. Fixed and strong desire ; esp. natural desire ;
a craving ; an eager appetite.
They had a strong appetency for reading. Merivale.
2. Specifically: An instinctive inclination or propen-
sity in animals to perform certain actions, as in the
young to suck, in aquatic fowls to enter into water and
to swim ; the tendency of an organized body to seek
what satisfies the wants of its organism.
These lacteals have mouths, and by animal selection or appe-
tency they absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable to their
palate. E. Darwin.
3. Natural tendency ; affinity ; attraction ; — used of
inanimate objects.
Ap'pe-tent (Sp'pe-tent), a. [L. appetens, p. pr. of
appetere.'] Desiring ; eagerly desirous. [JB.]
Appeteni after glory and renown. Sir G. Buck.
Ap'pe-tl-bil'i-ty (-tt-bTl'i-ty), n. [Cf. F. appelibi-
lite.] The quality of being desirable. Bramhall.
Ap'pe-tl-ble (-b'l), a. [L. appetibilis, fr. appetere :
cf. F. appetible.] Desirable ; capable or worthy of being
the object of desire. Bramhall.
Ap'pe-tite (5p'pe-tlt), n. [OE. appelit, F. appelit, fr.
L. appeiitus, fr. appetere to strive after, long for ; ad.
-\- petere to seek. See Petition, and cf. Appetence.]
1. The desire for some personal gratification, either of
the body or of the mind.
The object of appetite is whatsoever sensible good may be
wished for ; the object of will is that good which reason does
lead us to seek. Hooker.
2. Desire for, or relish of, food or drink ; htinger.
Men must have apptetite before they will eat. Buckle.
3. Any strong desire ; an eagerness or longing.
If God had given to eagles an appetite to swim. Jer. Taylor.
To gratify the vulgar appetite for the marvelous. Macaulay.
4. Tendency ; appetency. [Obs.]
In all bodies there is an appetite of union. Bacon.
5. The thing desired. [Obs.]
Power being the natural appetite of princes. Swift.
IS^T' In old authors, ajmetite is followed by to or of,
but regularly it should be followed hy for before the ob-
ject ; as, an appetite for pleasure.
Syn. — Craving ; longing ; desire ; appetency ; passion.
Ap'pe-ti'tion (Sp'pe-tlsh'un), n. [L. appetilio : cf.
F. appetition.] Desire; a longing for, or seeking after,
sometliing. Holland.
Ap'pe-ti'tive (Sp'pe-ti'tTv), a. [Cf. F. appHitif.] Hav-
ing the quality of desiring gratification ; as, appetitive
power or faculty. Sir M. Hale.
Ap'pe-tize (Sp'pe-tiz), v. t. To make hungry ; to whet
the appetite of. Sir W. Scott.
Ap'pe-tl'zer (-ti'zer), n. Something which creates or
whets an appetite.
Ap'pe-ti'Zing (-zTng), a. [Cf. F. appitissant] Ex-
citing appetite ; as, appetizing food.
The appearance of the wild ducks is very appetizing.
Sir W. Scott.
Ap'pe-ti'2ing-ly, adv. So as to excite appetite.
Ap'pl-an (Sp'pT-ffn), 0. [L. Appius, Appianus.] Of or
pertaining to Appius.
Applan Way, the great paved highway from ancient
Rome through Capua to Brundisium, now Brindisi, con-
structed partly by Appius Claudius, about 312 b. c.
Ap-plaud' (Sp-plad'), t'. t. [imp. &p. p. Applauded;
p. pr. & vb. n. Applauding.] [L. opplaudere ; ad -J-
plaudere to clash, to clap the hands : cf. F. applaudir.
Cf. Explode.] 1. To show approval of by clapping the
hands, acclamation, or other significant sign.
I would applaud thee to the very echo,
That should applaud again. Shak.
2. To praise by words ; to express approbation of ; to
commend ; to approve.
By the gods, I do applaud his courage. Sliak.
Syn.— To praise ; extol ; commend ; cry up; magnify ;
approve. See Pkaise.
Ap-plaud', V. i. To express approbation loudly or
significantly.
Ap-plaud'er (-er), n. One who applauds.
Ap-plaus'a-ble (ap-plaz'a-b'l), a. Worthy of applause ;
praiseworthy. [Obs.]
Ap-plause' (ap-plaz'), n. [L. applaudere, applausum.
See Applaud.] The act of applauding; approbation and
praise publicly expressed by clapping the hands, stamp-
ing or tapping with the feet, acclamation, huzzas, or
other means ; marked commendation.
The brave man seeks not popular applause. Dryden.
Syn. — Acclaim ; acclamation ; plaudit ; commenda-
tion ; approval.
Ap-plau'sive (ap-pla'sTv), a. [LL. applausivus.] Ex-
pressing applause ; approbative. — Ap-plau'slve-ly, adv.
Ap'ple (ap'p'l), n. [OE. appel, eppel, AS.seppel, sepl ;
akin to Fries. & D. appel, OHG. aphul, aphol, G. apfel,
Icel. epli, Sw. 'dple, Dan. seble, Gael, ubhall, W. cifal.
Arm. aval, Lith. ob&lys, Russ. iabloko ; cA unknown ori-
gin.] 1. The fleshy pome or fruit of a rosaceous tree
{Pyrus malus) cultivated in numberless varieties in the
temperate zones.
51^°' The European crab apple is supposed to be the
origmal kind, from which all others have sprung.
2. {Bot.) Any tree of the genus Pyrus which has the
stalk sunken into the base of the fruit ; an apple tree.
3. Any fruit or other vegetable production resembling,
or supposed to resemble, the apple ; as, apple of love, or
love apple (a tomato), balsam apple, egg apple, oak
apple.
4. Anything round like an apple ; as, an apple of gold.
Apple is used either adjectively or in combination ; as,
apple parer or npp/c-parer, apple-shaiied, apple blossom,
apple dumpling, apple pudding.
Apple blight, an aphid which injures apple trees. See
Apple Borer, b Larva.
Natural size.
Apple Fly (.Drosophila).
a Larva or Maggot, h Adult fiy-
l\Iuch enlarged.
Blight, n.— Apple borer {Zool.), a coleopterous insect
(Suptrda Candida ox bivittata),
the larva of which bores into
the trunk of the apple tree and
pear tree. — Apple brandy, bran-
dy made from apples. — Apple
butter, a sauce made of apples
stewed down in cider. BarlUtt.
— Apple corer, an instrument
for removing the cores from
apples. — Apple fly (Zo'dl.), any
dipterous insect, the larva of
which burrows in apples. Ap-
ple flies belong to the gen-
era Drosophiht and Tri/peta.
— Apple midge iZo'ol.), a small
dipterous bisect (Sriara nndi),
the larva of which bores in ap-
ples. — Apple of the eye, the pu-
pil. — Apple of discord, a sub-
ject of contention and envv, so called from the mytholog-
ical golden apple, inscribed "For the fairest," which was
thrown into an assem-
bly of the gods by Eris,
the goddess of discord.
It was contended for
by Jimo, Minerva, and
Venus, and was ad-
judged to the latter.—
Apple of love, or Love
apple, the tomato (Ly-
copersicum esculen-
tum). — Apple of Peru, a
large coarse herb (Ni-
candra physaloides)
bearing pale blue flow-
ers, and a bladderlike fruit inclosing a dry berry. — Ap-
ples of Sodom, a fruit described by ancient writers as exter-
nally of fair appearance, but dissolving into smoke and
ashes when plucked ; Dead Sea apples. The name is often
given to the fruit of Solaiium Sodomxiim, a prickly shrub
with fruit not unlike a small yellow tomato. — Apple sauce,
stewed apples. [U. S.l —Apple snail or Apple shell (Zo'dl.),
a fresh-water, operculated, spiral shell of the genus A in-
piillaria. — Ap^\e tart, a tart containing apple.— Apple
tree, a tree which naturally bears apples, see Apple, 2.
— Apple wine, cider. — Apple worm (Zo'dl.), the larva of a
smaU moth (Carpucapsapomoiiella) which burrows in the
interior of apples. See Codling moth. — Dead Sea apple.
(a) pi. Apples of Sodom. Also Firi. "To seek the Bead
Sea apples of politics." S. B. Griffin, (b) A kind of
gaUnut coming from Arabia. See Gallnut.
Ap'ple (Sp'p'l), V. i. To grow like an apple ; to bear
apples. Holland.
Ap'ple-faced' (-fast'), "• Having a round, broad face,
like an apple. "■ Apple-faced cixWAren.'''' Dickens.
Ap'ple-jack' (-jak'), n. Applebrandy. [U.S.']
Ap'ple— John' (-jon'), n. A kind of apple which by
keeping becomes much withered ; — called also John-
apple. Shak.
Ap'ple pie' (pi')- A pie made of apples (usually sliced
or stewed) with spice and sugar.
Apple-pie bed, a bed in which, as a joke, the sheets are
so doubled (like the cover of an apple turnover) as to pre-
vent any one from getting at his length between them.
Halliu-ell. t'onj/^/ertrf. —Apple-pie order, perfect order or
arrangement. [Colloq.] Malhicell.
Ap'ple-squlre' (-skwir'), n. A pimp ; a kept gallant.
iObs.] Beau. & Fl.
Ap-pli'a-ble (5p-pli'a-b'l), a. [See Apply.] Applica-
ble ; also, compliant. [Obs.] Howell.
Ap-pli'ance (-ans), n. 1. The act of applying ; ap-
plication ; (Obs.) subservience. Shak.
2. The thing applied or used as a means to an end ;
an apparatus or device ; as, to use various appliances ;
a mechanical appliance ; a machine with its appliances.
Ap'pli-ca-bil'i-ty (Sp'plT-ka-bil'i-ty), ». The quality
of being applicable or fit to be applied.
Ap'pli-ca-ble (5p'plT-ka-b'l), o. [Cf. F. applicable,
fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied ;
fit or suitable to be applied ; having relevance ; as, this
observation is applicable to the case under consideration,
— Ap'pli-ca-ble-ness, n. — Ap'pli-ca-bly, adv.
Ap'pli-can-cy (-kan-sy), n. The quality or state of
being applicable, [i?.]
Ap'pU-cant (Sp'pli-kont), n. [L. applieans, p. pr. of
applicare. See Apply.] One who applies for something }
one who makes request ; a petitioner.
The applicant for a cup of water. Plumtre.
The court require the applicant to appear in person. Z. Swi/l.
Ap'pU-cate (-kit), a. [L. applicatus, p. p. of appli-
care. See Apply.] Applied or put to some use.
Those applicate sciences which extend the power of man
over the elements. /. Taylor.
Applicate number (Math.), one which is applied to some
concrete case. — Applicate ordinate, a right line applied at
right angles to the axis of any conic section, and bounded
by the curve.
Ap'pli-cate, n. [L. applicata (sc. linea).'] (Math.) An.
ordinate.
Ap'pli-cate (-kat), V. i. To apply. [Obs.]
The act of faith is applicated to the object. £p. Pearson.
Ap'pli-ca'tion (ap'plT-ka'shun), n. [L. applicatio, fi.
applicare : cf . F. application. See Apply.] 1. The act
of applying or laying on, in a literal sense ; as, the ap-
plication of emollients to a diseased limb.
2. The thing applied.
He invented a new application by which blood might b&
stanched. Johnson.
3. The act of applying as a means ; the employment of
means to accomplish an end ; specific use.
If a right course ... he taken with children, there will not be
much need of the application of the common rewards and
punishments. Locke.
4. The act of directing or referring something to a par-
ticular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or disa-
greement, fitness, or correspondence ; as, I make the re-
mark, and leave you to make the application ; the appli-
cation of a theory.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, odd;
APPLICATIVE
73
APPRECIATORILY
B. Hence, in specific uses : (a) That part of a sermon
or discourse in which the principles before laid dowii and
illustrated are applied to practical uses ; the " morcd " of
a fable. (6) The use of the principles of one science for
the purpose of enlarging or perfecting another ; as, the
application of algebra to geometry.
6. The capacity of being practically applied or used ;
relevancy ; as, a rule of general application.
7. The act of fixing the mind or closely applying one"s
self ; assiduous effort ; close attention ; as, to injure the
health by application to study.
Had his application been equal to his talents, Mb progress
might have been greater. X Jay.
8. The act of making request or soliciting ; as, an appli-
cation for an office ; he made application to a court of
chancery.
9. A request ; a document containing a request ; as,
his application was placed on file.
Ap'pll-ca-tive (ap'plT-ka-tTv), a. [Cf. F. applicatif,
fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied
or used ; applying ; applicatory ; practical. Bramhall. —
Ap'pll-ca-tive-ly, adv.
Ap'pli-ca-tO-ri-ly (-ka-tS-ri-li^), adv. By way of ap-
plication.
Ap'pll-ca-tO-ry, a. Having the property of applying ;
applicative ; practical. — n. That which applies.
Ap-pll'ed-ly (ap-pli'5d-ly), adv. By application. \_R.']
Ap-pll'er (-er), 11. He who, or that which, applies.
Ap-pli'ment (-ment), ?i. Application. [06«.] Marslon.
II Ap'pll'qu6' (a/ple'ka'; 277), a. [F., fr. appliquer
to put on.] Ornamented with a pattern (which has been
cut out of another color or stuff) applied or transferred
to a foundation ; as, applique lace ; applique work.
Ap-plot' (Sp-pl5t'), V. t. [^imp. & p. p. Applotted ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Applottins.] [Pi-ef . ad- -f- plot.} To di-
vide into plots or parts ; to apportion. Milton.
Ap-plot'ment (-ment), n. Apportionment.
Ap-ply' (ap-pli'), ''■ t. limp. &p. p. Applied (-pUd') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Applying.] [OF. aplier, F. appliquer, fr.
ij. applicare to join, fix, or attach to ; ad ^ plicare to
fold, to twist together. See Applicant, Ply.] 1. To
lay or place ; to put or adjust (one thing to another) ; —
with to ; as, to apply the hand to the Ijreast ; to apply
medicaments to a diseased part of the body.
He said, and to the sword his throat applied. Dryden.
2. To put to use ; to use or employ for a particular
purpose, or in a particular case ; to appropriate ; to de-
vote ; as, to apply money to the payment of a debt.
3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, as suitable,
fitting, or relative ; as, to apply the testimony to the
case ; to apply an epithet to a person.
Yet God at last
To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied. Milton.
4. To fix closely ; to engage and employ diligently, or
with attention ; to attach ; to incline.
Apply thine heart unto instruction. Prov. xxili. 12.
6. To direct or address. [iJ.]
Sacred vows . . . applied to grisly Pluto. Pope.
6. To betake ; to address ; to refer ; — used reflexively.
I applied myself to him lor help. Johnson.
7. To busy ; to keep at work ; to ply. [06.?.]
She was skillful in applying his " humors." Sir P. Sidney.
8. To visit. [Obs."]
And he applied each place so fast. Cliapman.
Applied ohemlstry. See under Chemistby. — Applied
mathematics. See under Mathematics.
Ap-ply', V. i. 1. To suit ; to agree ; to have some con-
nection, agreement, or analogy ; as, this argument ap-
plies well to the case.
2. To make request ; to have recourse with a view to
gain something ; to make application {to) ; to solicit ; as,
to apply to a friend for informatioH.
3. To ply ; to move. [J?.]
I heard the sound of an oar applying swiftly through the
water. T. Moore.
4. To apply or address one's self ; to give application ;
to attend closely (to) .
II Ap-pog'g;ia-tU'Ta (A-p5d'ja-too'ra), ra,
poggiare to lean, to rest ; ap- (L. ad) +
poggiare to mount, ascend, poggio hill, fr.
L. podium an elevated place.] {3fus.) A
passing tone preceding an essential tone,
and borrowing the time it occupies from
that ; a short auxiliary or grace note one degree above
or below the principal note unless it be of the same har-
mony ; — generally indicated by a note of smaller size,
as in the illustration above. It forms no essential part
of the harmony.
Ap-point' (Sp-poinf), V. t. limp. &p. p. Appointed ;
S. pr. & vb. n. Appointing.] [OE. appointen, apoinien,
F. apoiniier to prepare, arrange, lean, place, F. ap-
■ pointer to give a salary, refer a cause, fr. LL. appunetare
to bring back to the point, restore, to fix the point in a
controversy, or the points in an agreement; L. ad +
punctum a point. See Point.] 1. To fix with power or
firmness ; to establish ; to mark out.
When he appointed the foundations of the earth. Proo. viii. 29.
2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, de-
cision, or mutual agreement ; to constitute ; to ordain ;
to prescribe ; to fix the time and place of.
Thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king
shall appoint. 2 Sam. xv. 15.
He hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world
m righteousness. Acts xvii. 31.
[It., fr. ap-
Say that the emperor requests a parley .
meeting.
and appoint the
Shak.
3. To assign, designate, or set apart, by authority.
Aaron and his sons shall go in, and appoint them every one to
his service. Num. iv. 19.
These were the cities appointed for all the children of Israel,
and for the stranger that sojourneth among them. Josh. xx. 9.
4. To furnish in all points ; to provide with everything
necessary by way of equipment ; to equip ; to fit out.
The English, being well appointed, did so entertain them that
their ships departed terribly torn. Hayward.
5. To point at by way, or for the purpose, of censure
or condemnation ; to arraign. [06«.]
. Appoint not heavenly disposition, father. Milton.
6. {Law) To direct, designate, or limit ; to make or
direct a new disposition of, by virtue of a power con-
tained in a conveyance ; — said of an estate already con-
veyed. Burrill. Kent.
To appoint one's self, to resolve. [Obs.] Crowley.
Ap-point' (Sp-poinf), V. i. To ordain ; to determine ;
to arrange.
For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good counsel of
Ahithophel. 2 Sam. xvii. 14.
Ap-point'a-ble (Sp-point'a-b'l), a. Capable of being
appointed or constituted.
Ap-point-ee' (Sp-point-e'), 7i. [F. appoints, p. p. of
appointer. See Appoint, v. t.'\ 1. A person appointed.
The commission authorizes them to make appointments, and
pay the apptointees. Circular of Mass. Representatives (17(18).
2. {Law) A person in whose favor a power of appoint-
ment is executed. KeM. Wkarton.
Ap-point'er (ap-poinfer), n. One who appoints, or ex-
ecutes a power of appointment. Kent.
Ap-potot'ive (-iv), a. Subject to appointment ; as, an
appointive office. [iJ.]
Ap-point'ment (-ment), re. [Cf. F. appointement.']
1. The act of appointing ; designation of a person to
hold au office or discharge a trust ; as, he erred by the
appointmenl of unsuitable men.
2. The state of being appomted to some service or
office ; an office to which one is appointed ; station ; posi-
tion ; as, he received the appointment of treasurer.
3. Stipulation ; agreement ; the act of fixing by mutual
agreement. Hence : Arrangement for a meeting ; engage-
ment; as, they made an appointment to meet at six.
4. Decree; direction; established order or constitu-
tion ; as, to submit to the divine appointments.
According to the appointment of the priests. Ezra vi. 9.
6. {Law) The exercise of the power of designating
(under a " power of appointment ") a person to enjoy an
estate or other specific property ; also, the instrument
by which the designation is made.
6. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship or an army ;
whatever is appointed for use and management ; outfit ;
{pi.) the accouterments of military officers or soldiers,
as belts, sashes, swords.
The cavaliers emulated their chief in the richness of their
appointments. Prescoti.
I '11 prove it in my shackles, with these hands
Void of appointment, that thou liest. Beau, fy Fl.
7. An allowance to a person, esp. to a public officer ;
a perquisite ; — properly only in the plural. [06s.]
An expense proportioned to his appointments and fortune is
necessary. Chesterfield.
8. An honorary part or exercise, as an oration, etc., at
a public exhibition of a college ; as, to have an appoint-
ment, lu.s.-]
Syn. — Designation ; command ; order ; direction ; es-
tablishment; equipment.
Ap-point-or' (-Sr'), n. {Law) The person who selects
the appointee. See Appointee, 2.
Ap-por'ter (ap-por'ter), n. [Cf. F. apporier to bring
in, fr. L. apportare; ad-\-portare to bear.] A bringer
in ; an importer. [06s.] Sir M. Hale.
Ap-por'tion (ap-por'shiin), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ap-
poetioned (-shuud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apportioning.] [OF.
apportionner, LL. apportionare, ii. L. ad -j- portio. See
Portion.] To divide and assign in just proportion ; to
divide and distribute proportionally ; to portion out ; to
allot ; as, to apportion undivided rights ; to apportion
time among various employments.
Ap-por'Uon-ate-ness (-at-nes), n. The quality of
being apportioned or in proportion. lObs. & iJ.]
Ap-por'tion-er (-er), n. One who apportions.
Ap-por'tion-ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. apportionne-
ment, LL. apportionamentum.'] The act of apportion-
ing ; a dividing into just proportions or shares ; a division
and assignment, to each proprietor, of his just portion of
an undivided right or property. A . Hamilton.
Ap-pose' (ap-poz'), V. i. [F. apposer to set to ; a (L.
ad) -{- poser to jtut, -place. See Pose.] 1. To place oppo-
site or before ; to put or apply (one tiling to another).
The nymph herself did then appose,
For food and beverage, to him all best meat. Chapman.
Z. To place in juxtaposition ot proximity.
Ap-pose', V. t. [For oppose. See Oppose.] To put
questions to ; to examine ; to try. [06s.] See Pose.
"To appose him without any accuser, and that secretly. Tyndale.
Ap-posed' (ap-pozd'), a. Placed in apposition ; mutu-
ally fitting, as the mandibles of a bird's beak.
Ap-pos'er (-er), re. An examiner; one whose business
is to put questions. Formerly, in the English Court of
Exchequer, an officer who audited the sheriffs' accounts.
Ap'po-site (Sp'p6-zit), a. [L. apposiius, p. p of ap-
ponere to set or put to; ad -{- ponere to put, place.]
Very applicable ; well adapted ; suitable or fit ; relevant ;
pat ; — followed by to ; as, this argiunent is very apposite
to the case. — Ap'po-site-ly, adv. — Ap'po-site-ness, n.
Ap'po-si'tion (Sp'po-ztsh'un), re. [L. appositio, fr.
apponere : cf . F. apposition. See Apfosfte.] 1. The act
of adding ; application ; accretion.
It grows ... by the apposition of new matter. Arbuthnot.
2. The putting of things in juxtaposition, or side by
side ; also, the condition of being so placed.
3. {Gram.) The state of two nouns or pronouns, put in
the same case, without a connecting word between them ;
as, I admire Cicero, the orator. Here, the second noun
explains or characterizes the first.
Growth by apposition (Physiol.), a mode of growth char-
acteristic of nonvascular tissues, in which nutritive mat-
ter from the blood is transformed on the surface of an
organ into solid imorganized substance.
Ap'po-si'tion-al (Sp'po-zish'iin-al), a. Pertaining to
apposition ; put in apposition syntactically. Ellicoit.
Ap-pos'1-tive (ap-poz'i-tiv), a. Of or relating to ap-
position ; in apposition, — n. A noun in apposition. —
Ap-pos'i-tlve-ly, adv.
Appositivp to the words going immediately before. KnatchbuU.
Ap-prais'a-ble (Sp-prSz'a-b'l), a. Capable of being
appraised.
Ap-prais'al (-al), re. [See Appraise. Cf. Appeizal.]
A valuation by au authorized person ; an appraisement.
Ap-praise' (ap-praz'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Appraised
(-prazd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appraising.] XPi'et'. od- -\-
praise. See Praise, Price, Apprize, Appreciate.] 1. To
set a value on ; to estimate the wort'a of, particularly
by persons appointed for the purpose ; as, to appraise
goods and chattels.
2. To estimate ; to conjecture.
Enoch . , . appraised his weight. Tennyson.
3. To praise ; to commend. [J?.] R. Browning
Appraised the Lycian custom. Tennyson.
i^^ In the United States, this word is often pro-
nounced, and sometimes written, apprize.
Ap-pralse'ment (-ment), n. [See Appraise. Cf. Ap-
prizement.] The act of setting the value ; valuation by
an appraiser ; estimation of worth.
Ap-prais'er (-er), re. [See Appraise, Apprizer.] One
who appraises ; esp., a person appointed and sworn to es-
timate and fix the value of goods or estates.
Ap'pre-ca'tion (Sp'pre-ka'shiiu), n. [L. apprecari to
pray to; ad -\- precari to pray, prex, precis, prayer.]
Earnest prayer ; devout wish. [06s.]
A solemn apprecaiion of good success. Up. Hall
Ap'pre-ca-tO-ry (5p'pre-ka-to-ry), a. Praying or wish-
ing good. [06s.] ^^Apprecaioryhenedictions." Bp. Hall.
Ap-pre'ci-a-blo (ap-pre'shT-a-b'l), a. [Cf. F. appre-
ciable.'] Capable of being appreciated or estimated ;
large enough to be estimated ; perceptible ; as, an ap-
preciable quantity. — Ap-pre'ci-a-bly, adv.
Ap-pre'ci-ant (-sht-nnt), a_. Appreciative. [iJ.]
Ap-pre'cl-ate (Sp-pre'shT-at), V. t. limp. & p. p. Ap-
preciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Appreciating.] [L. appretia-
tus, p. p. of appretiare to value at a price, appraise ; ad
-\- pretiare to ^rize, prelium price. Cf. Appraise.] 1. To
set a price or value on ; to estimate justly ; to value.
To appreciate the motives of their enemies. Gibbon.
2. To recognize the worth of ; to esteem highly ; as, I
am afraid you do not appreciate my friend.
3. To raise the value of ; to increase the market price
of ; — opposed to depreciate. lU. S.]
Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the money. Ramsay.
4. To be sensible of ; to distinguish.
To test the power of bees to apin-eciate color. Lubbock.
Syn.— To Appreciate, Estimate, Esteem. Estimate
is an act of judgment ; esteem is an act of valuing or priz-
ing, and when applied to individuals, denotes a sentiment
of moral approbation. See Estimate. Appreciate lies
between the two. As compared with estimate, it ^upposes
a union of sensibility witli judgment, producing a nice
and delicate perception. As compared with esteem, it de-
notes a valuation of things according to their appropriate
and distinctive excellence, . and not simply their moral
worth. Thus, with reference to the former of these (del-
icate perception), an able writer says, " Women have a
truer appreciation of character than men ; " and another
remarks, " It is difficult to aj}preciate the true force and
distinctive sense of terms which we are every day using. ' '
So, also, we speak of the difference between two things,
as sometimes hardly appreciable. With reference to the
latter of these senses (that of valuation as the result of a
nice perception), we say, "It requires a peculiar cast of
character to appreciate the poetry of Wordsworth ; " " He
who has no dehcacy himself, can not appireciate it in oth-
ers ; " " The thought of death is salutary, because it leads
us to appreciate worldly things aright." Appreciate is
much used in cases where something is in danger of being
overloolid or undervalued ; as when we speak of appre-
ciating tne difficulties of a subject, or the risk of an un-
dertaking. So Lord Plunket, referrmg to an "ominous
silence " which prevailed among the Irish peasantry, says,
" If you knew how to appreciate that silence, it is more
formidable than the most clamorous opposition. " In like
manner, a person who asks some favor of another is ai)t
to say, " I trust you vrill appreciate my motives in tliis
request." Here we have the key to a very frequent use
of the word. It is hardly necessary to say that appre-
ciate looks on the favorable side of things. We never
speak of appreciating a man's faults, but his merits.
This idea of regarding things favorably appears more
fully in the word appreciative ; as when we speak of an
appreciative audience, or an appreciative review, mean-
ing one that manifests a quick perception and a ready val-
uation of excellence.
Ap-pre'ci-ate, v. i. To rise in value. [See note under
Rise, v. ».] J. Morse.
Ap-pre'ci-a'ting-ly (-a'ttng-ly), adv. In an appre-
ciating manner ; with appreciation.
Ap-pre'oi-a'tlon (3p-pre'shT-a'shun), n. [Cf. F. ap-
preciation.'] 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit,
worth, weight, etc. ; recognition of excellence.
2. Accurate perception ; true estimation ; as, an ap-
preciation of the difficulties before us ; an appreciation
of colors.
His foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry's character.
J.R.Green.
3. A rise in value ; — opposed to depreciation.
Ap-pre'Ci-a-tive(ap-pre'slii-a-tTv), fl. Having or show-
ing a just or ready appreciation or perception ; as, an ap-
preciative audience. — Ap-pre'ci-a-tive-ly, adr.
Ap-pre'ci-a-tlve-ness, n. The quality of being appre^
ciative ; quick recognition of excellence.
Ap-pre'cl-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who appreciates.
Ap-pre'Ci-a-tO-ry (-a-to-ry), a. Showing appreciation ;
appreciative ; as, appreciatory convmewAation. — Ap-pre'-
Ci-a-tO-ri-ly (-shT-a-to-rl-Iy), adv.
iise, unite, rude, full, fip, fim ; pity: food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sine, iQk ; then, tliin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
APPREHEND
74
APPROVE
Ap/pre-hend' (Sp'pre-hSnd'), V. t. \im,p. & p. p. Ap-
PEBEBNDBD ; p. pT. & vb. n. APPEBHENDING.] [L. appre-
hendere ; ad + prehendere to lay hold of, seize ; prae
before + -fiendere (used only in comp.) ; akin to Gr.
XOLviaveiv to hold, contain, and E. get : of. F. apprehen-
der. See Pkehensile, Get.] 1. To take or seize ; to
take hold of. ^Archaic]
We have two hands to apprehend it. Jer. Taylor.
2. Hence : To take or seize (a person) by legal process ;
to arrest ; as, to apprehend a criminal.
3. To take hold of with the understanding, that is, to
conceive in the mind ; to become cognizant of ; to under-
stand ; to recognize ; to consider.
This suspicion of Earl Reimund, thoush at first but a buzz,
soon got a sting in tbe king's head, and he violently appre-
hended it. o . ^_/^^^^^.
The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them.
Gladstone.
4. To know or learn with certainty. \_Obs.']
O. You are too much distrustful of my truth.
E. Then you must give me leave to apprehend
The means and manner how. Beau. &• Fl.
5. To anticipate ; esp., to anticipate with anxiety,
dread, or fear ; to fear.
The opposition had more reason than the king to apprehetid
violence. Macaulay.
Syn. — To catch ; seize ; arrest ; detain ; capture ; con-
ceive ; understand ; imagine ; believe ; fear ; dread. — To
Apprehend, Comprehend. These words come into compar-
ison as describing acts of the mind. Appreliend denotes
the layiiirj hold of a thing mentally, so as to understand
it clearly, at least in part. Comprehend denotes the em-
bracing or imderstanding it in all its compass and extent.
We may apprehend many truths wliich we do not coiri-
preliend. The very idea of God supposes that he may be
apprehended, though not cotnpreliended, by rational be-
ings. "We may apprehend much of Shakespeare's aim
and intention in the character of Hamlet or King Lear ;
but few mil claim that they have comprehended all that
is embraced in these characters." Trench.
Ap'pre-hend', v. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of
opinion ; to understand ; to suppose.
2. To be apprehensive ; to fear.
It is worse to apprehend than to suffer. Rowe.
Ap'pre-hend'er (-er), n. One who apprehends.
Ap'pre-hen'si-bU'1-ty (-hSn'sI-btl'T-ty),™. The qual-
ity of being apprehensible. [i2.] De Quincey.
Ap'pre-nen'si-We (-b'l), a. [L. apprehensibilis. See
Appkehend.] Capable of being apprehended or con-
ceived. ^^Apprehensible by faith." Bp. Hall. — Ap'-
pre-hen'si-bly, adv.
Ap'pre-hen'sion (ap'pre-hSn'shiin), n. [L. appre-
hensio: ct.^. apprehension. See Apprehend.] 1. Tlie
act of seizing or taking hold of ; seizure ; as, tlie hand is
an organ of apprehension. Sir T. Browne.
2. The act of seizing or taking by legal process ; ar-
rest; as, the felon, after h\s apprehension, escaped.
3. The act of grasping with the intellect ; the contem-
plation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing
any judgment ; intellection ; perception.
Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul's naked
intellection of an object. Glanvill.
4. Opinion ; conception ; sentiment ; idea.
1^°° In this sense, the word often denotes a belief,
founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to
the mind, but insuificient to induce certainty ; as, in our
apprehension, the facts prove the issue.
To be false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of
men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension. South.
5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived ; under-
standing ; as, a man of dull apprehension.
6. Anticipation, mostly of things unfavorable ; distrust
or fear at the prospect of future evil.
After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no
small apprehension for his own life. Addison.
Syn. — Apprehension, Alarm. Apprehension springs
from a sense of danger when somewhat remote, but ap-
proaching; alarm arises from danger when announced
as near at hand. Apprehension is calmer and more per-
manent ; alarm is more agitating and transient*
Ap'pre-hen'sive (-siv), a. [Cf. F. apprehensif. See
Apprehend.] 1. Capable of apprehending, or quick to
do so ; apt ; discerning.
It may be pardonable to imagine that a friend, a kind and
apprehensive . . . friend, is listening to our talk. Hawthorne.
2. Knowing ; conscious ; cognizant. [iJ.]
A man that has spent his younger years in vanity and folly,
and is, by the grace of God, apprehensive of it. Jer. Taylor.
3. Relating to the faculty of apprehension.
Judgment ... is implied m every apprehensive act.
Sir W. Hamilton.
4. Anticipative Of something unfavorable; fearful of
what may be coming ; in dread of possible harm ; in ex-
pectation of evil.
Not at all apprehensive of evils at a distance. Tillotson.
Reformers . . . apprehensive for their lives. Gladstone.
6. Sensible; feeling; perceptive. [JS.]
Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings.
Mangle my apprehensive, tenderest parts. Milton.
Ap'pre-hen'sive-ly, adv. In an apprehensive man-
ner ; with apprehension of danger.
Ap'pre-hen'sive-ness, n. The quality or state of
being apprehensive.
Ap-pren'tice (ap-pren'tTs), n. [OE. apprentice, pren-
tice, OF. aprentis, nom. of nprentif, F. apprenti, fr. ap-
prendre to learn, L. apprendere, equiv. to apprehendere,
to take hold of fby the mind), to comprehend. See Ap-
prehend, Prentice.] 1. One who is bound by indentures
or by legal agreement to serve a mechanic, or other per-
son, for a certain time, with a view to learn the art, or
trade, in which his master is bound to instruct him.
2. One not well versed in a subject ; a tyro.
3. (^OldLaw) A barrister, considered a learner of law
till of sixteen years' standing, when he might be called to
the rank of Serjeant. [OJs.] Blaeksione.
Al^pren'tloe (Sp-prgn'tis), v. t. [imp. & p. 2- As-
P8BNTicBD(-tIit);p. pr. ifctift. n. AppBjutTion<o(-tT-sing).]
To bind to, or put under the care of, a master, for the
purpose of instruction in a trade or business.
Ap-pren'tice-age (-tts-Sj), n. [F. apprentissage.']
Apprenticeship. XObs."]
Ap-pren'tice-hood (-hdSd), re. Apprenticeship. \_Obs.']
Ap-pren'tice-ship, re. 1. The service or condition of
an apprentice ; the state in which a person is gaining in-
struction in a trade or art, under legal agreement.
2. The time an apprentice is serving (sometimes seven
years, as from the age of fourteen to twenty-one).
Ap-pressed' I (Sp-prSsf), a. [p. p. of oppress, which
Ap-prest' J is not in use. See Adpress.] (Bot.)
Pressed close to, or lying against, something for its whole
length, as against a stem. Gray.
Ap-prise' (Sp-priz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprised
(-prizd'); p. pr. & vb. re. Apprising.] [F. appris,iem.
apprise, p. p. of apprendre to learn, to teach, to inform.
Cf. Apprehend, Apprentice.] To give notice, verbal or
written ; to inform ; — followed by of ; as, we will ap-
prise the general of an intended attack ; he apprised the
commander of what he had done.
Ap-prise', re. Notice ; information. [Obs.'\ Gower.
Ap-priz'al (ap-priz'al), re. See Appraisal.
Ap-prize' (5p-priz'), V. i. [The same as Appraise,
only more accommodated to the English fotm of the L.
pretiare.'] To appraise ; to value ; to appreciate.
Ap-prize'ment (-ment), re. Appraisement.
Ap-prlz'er (Sp-prlz'er), n. 1. An appraiser.
2. {Scots Latv) A creditor for whom an appraisal is
made. Sir W. Scott.
Ap-proach' (5p-proch'), v. i. [imp. ^ p. p. Ap-
proached (-procht/) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Appjroaching.] [OE.
approchen, aprochen, OF. aprochier, F. approcher, LL.
appropiure, fr. L. ad + propiare to draw near, props
near.] 1. To come or go near, in place or time ; to draw
nigh ; to advance nearer.
Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city ? 2 Sam. xi. 20.
But exhorting one another : and so much the more, as ye see
the day approaching. Heb. x. 25.
2. To draw near, in a figurative sense ; to make ad-
vances ; to approximate ; as, he approaches to the char-
acter of the ablest statesman.
Ap-proacb', v. t. 1. To bring near ; to cause to draw
near ; to advance. [Archaicl Boyle.
Even as a resolved gen,iral approaches his camp ... as
nearly as he can to the besieged city. Sir IV. Scott.
2. To come near to in place, time, or character ; to
draw nearer to ; as, to approach the city ; to approach
my cabin ; he approached the age of manhood.
He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have ap-
proached Homer. Temple.
3. (Mil.) To make approaches to.
Ap-proach', re. [Cf. P. approche. See Approach, v. i.]
1. The act of drawing near ; a coming or advancing
near. " The approach of summer." Horsley.
A nearer approach to the human type. Owen.
2. Access, or opportunity of drawing near.
The approach to kings and principal persons. Bacon.
3. pi. Movements to gain favor ; advances.
4. A way, passage, or avenue by which a place or
buildings can be approached ; an access. Macaulay,
5. pi. (Fort.) The advanced works, trenches, or cov-
ered roads made by besiegers in their advances toward
a fortress or military post.
6. (Hort.) See Approachihg.
Ap-proach'a-bil'i-ty (Sp-proch'^-bilt-tJ), re. The
quality of being approachable ; approachableness.
Ap-proach'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being ap-
proached ; accessible ; as, approachable virtue.
Ap-proach'a-ble-ness, n. The quality or state of
being approachable ; accessibility.
Ap-proach'er (-er), m. One who approaches.
Ap-proach'ing, n. (Hort.) The act of ingrafting a
sprig or shoot of one tree into another, without cutting
it from the parent stock ; — called, also, inarching and
grafting by approach.
Ap-proach'less, a. Impossible to be approached.
Ap-proach'ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. approchement.']
Approach. [Archaic'] Holland.
Ap'pro-bate (Sp'pro-bat), a. [L. approbatus, p. p. of
approbare to approve.] Approved. [Obs.'\ Elyot.
Ap'pro-bate (-bat), v. t. To express approbation of ;
to approve ; to sanction officially.
I approbate the one, I reprobate the other. Sir W. Hamilton.
^^^ This word is obsolete in England, but is occasion-
ally heard in the United States, chiefly in a technical
sense for license ; as, a person is approbated to preach ;
approbated to keep a public house. Pickering (1816).
Ap'pro-ba'tion (Sp'pro-ba'shun), re. [L. approbatio :
cf . F. approbation. See Approve to prove.] 1. Proof ;
attestation. [Obs.] Shale.
2. The act of approving ; an assenting to the propriety
of a thing with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction ;
approval ; sanction ; commendation.
Many . . . joined in a loud hum of approbation. Macaulay.
The silent approbation of one's own breast. Melmoth.
Animals . . . love approbation or praise. Darwin.
3. Probation or novitiate. [Obs.]
This day my sister should the cloister enter.
And there receive her approbation. Shah.
Syn. —Approval ; liking; sanction; consent; concur-
rence. — Approbation, Approval. Approbation and ap-
proval have the same general meaning, assenting to or
declaring as good, sanction, commendation ; but appro-
bation is stronger and more positive. " We may be anx-
ious for the approbation, of our friends ; but we should be
still more anxious for the approval of our own con-
sciences." "He who is desirous to obtain universal
approbation will' learn a good lesson from the fable of
the old man and his ass. '^ " The work has been exam-
ined by several excellent judges, who have expressed
their unqualified approval of its plan and execution."
Ap'pro-ba-Uve (Sp'pro-bS-tTv), a. [Cf. F. approbatifl
Approving, or implying approbation. Mihier.
Ap'pro-ba-tive-ness, re. 1. The quality of being ap-
probative.
2. (Phren.) Love of approbation.
Ap'pro-ba'tor(-ter),re. [L.] One who approves. [iJ.]
Ap'pro-ba'tO-ry (-to-ry), «. Containing or expressing
approbation ; commendatory. Sheldtn.
Ap-ptompt' (Sp-promf ; 215), v. t. [Pref. ad- -|-
prompt.'] To quicken ; to prompt. [06s.]
To apprompt our invention. Bacon. '
Ap-proof (ap-proof), re. [See Approve, and rPnoop.]
1. Trial ; proof. [Archaic] Shah.
2. Approval ; commendation. Shak.
Ap'pro-pin'quate (ap'pro-pTn'kwat), V. i. [L. ap-
propinquatus, p. p. of appropinquare ; ad + prope
near.] To approach. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.
Ap'pro-pill-qua'tion (-pTn-kwa'shun), re. [L. appro-
pinquatio.] A drawing nigh ; approach. [P.] Bp. Hall.
Ap'pro-pin'qui-ty (-pln'kwl-ty), re. [Pref. ad- -f
propinquity.] Nearness ; propinquity. [P.] J. Gregory.
Ap-pro'pre (ap-pro'per), v. t. [OE. appropren, apro-
pren, OF. aproprier, F. approprier, fr. L. appropriiire.
See Appropriate.] To appropriate. [Obs.] Fuller.
Ap-^O'pri-a-ble (-pn-a-b'l), a. [See Appropriate.]
Capable of being appropriated, set apart, sequestered, or
assigned exclusively to a particular use. Sir T, Browne.
Ap-pro'pri-a-ment (-ment), re. What is peculiarly
one's own; peculiar qualification. [Obs.]
If you can neglect
Your own appropriaments. Ford.
Ap-pro'pri-ate (5p-pro'prT-tt), a. [L. appropriaius, p.
p. of appropriare ; ad -j- propriare to appropriate, fr.
proprius one's own, proper. See Proper.] Set apart for
a particular use or person. Hence : Belonging peculiarly ;
peculiar ; suitable ; fit ; proper.
In its strict and appropriate meaning. Porteua.
Appropriate acts of divine worship. Stillingfieet.
It is not at all times easy to find words appropriate to express
our ideas. Locke,
Ap-pro'pri-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appropri-
ated f-a'tfd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appropriating (-a'tlngJ.J
1. To take to one's self in exclusion of others ; to claim
or use as by an exclusive right ; as, let no man appropri-
ate the use of a common benefit.
2. To set apart for, or assign to, a particular person or
use, in exclusion of all others ; — with to or for ; aa, a
spot of ground is appropriated for a garden ; to appro-
priate money for the increase of the navy.
3. To make suitable ; to suit. [Archaic] Paley.
4. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To annex, as a benefice, to a spur-
itual corporation, as its property. Blaeksione.
Ap-pro'pri-ate (-at), n. A property ; attribute. [06*.]
Ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, adv. In an appropriate or proper
manner ; fitly ; properly.
Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, re. The state or quality of being
appropriate ; peculiar fitness. Froude.
Ap-pro'pri-a'tlon (Sp-pro'prt-a'shun), n. [L. appro-
priatio: cf. F. appropriation] 1. The act of setting
apart or assigning to a particular use or person, or of tak-
ing to one's self, in exclusion of all others ; application
to a special use or purpose, as of a piece of ground for a
park, or of money to carry out some object.
2. Anything, especially money, thus set apart.
The Commons watched carefully over the appropriation.
Macaulay.
3. (Law) (a) The severing or sequestering of a bene-
fice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation.
Blaeksione. (b) The application of payment of money,
by a debtor to his creditor, to one of several debts which
are due from the former to the latter. Chitty.
Ap-pro'pri-a-tive (Sp-pro'pri-a-ttv), a. Appropria-
ting ; making, or tending to, appropriation ; as, an ap-
propriative act. — Ap-pro'pri-a-tlve-ness, re.
Ap-pro'prl-a'tor (^a'ter), n. 1. One who appropriates.
2. (Law) A spiritual corporation possessed of an ap-
propriated benefice ; also, an impropriator. Blaeksione.
Ap-prov'a-ble (Sp-probv'a-b'I), a. Worthy of being
approved ; meritorious. — Ap-prov'a-ble-ness, re.
Ap-prov'al (-al), re. Approbation ; sanction.
A censor . . . without whose approval no capital sentencee
are to be executed. Temple.
Syn. — See Approbation.
Ap-prov'ance (-ans), re. Approval. [Archate]
As parents . . . deign approvance. Thomson.
Ap-prove' (Sp-prciov'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Approved
(-proovd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approving.] [OE. aproven,
apvreven, to prove, OF. aprover, F. approuver, to ap-
prove, fr. L. approbare ; ad -j-probare to esteem as good,
approve, prove. See Prove, and cf. Approbate.] 1. To
show to be real or true ; to prove. [06s.]
Woxildst thou ajjprove thy constancy ? Approve
First thy obedience. Milton,
2. To make proof of ; to demonstrate ; to prove or show
practically.
Opportunities to approve his . . . worth. Emerson.
He had approved himself a great warrior. Macaulay.
'T is an old lesson ; Time approves it true. Byron.
His account . . . approves him a man of thought. Parknian.
3. To sanction officially ; to ratify ; to confirm ; as,
to approve the decision of a court-martial.
4. To regard as good ; to commend ; to be pleased
with ; to think well of ; as, we approve the measures of
the administration.
5. To make or show to be worthy of approbation or
aceeptance.
The first care and concern must be to approve himself to
God^ Rogers.
^ff° This word, when it signifies to be pleased wUh, to
think favorably (of), is often followed by »f.
They had not approved of tbe deposition of James. Macaulay.
They approved o/the political institutjons. W. Black.
ale, senate, care, &m, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, end, fern, recent, ice, idea, ill; old, obey, drb, 5dd;
APPROVE
75
APTNESS
Ap-prove' (Sp-proov'), v. t. [OF. aprouer; a (L.
a»i) + a form apparently derived Ir. the pro, prod, iu
L. prodest it is useful or profitable, properly the preposi-
tiou pro for. Cf. Improte.] (Eny. Law) To make profit
of ; to convert to one's own profit ; — said esp. of waste
or common land appropriated by the lord of the manor.
Ap-prov'ed-ly (jp-proov'ed-iy), adv. So as to secure
approbation ; in an approved manner.
Ap-prave'ment (-ment), n. [Obs.'] 1. Approbation.
1 did nothing without your a2>proveiuent. Haijward.
2. (Eng. Law) A confession of guUt by a prisoner
charged with treason or felony, together with an accu-
sation of his accomplices and a giving evidence against
them in order to obtain his own pardon. The term is no
longer in use ; it corresponded to what is now known as
turning king's (or queen's) ei'idence in England, and
state's evidence iu the United States. Bun'ill. Bouvier.
Ap-prove'ment, n. (Old Eng. Law) Improvement of
common lands, by inclosing ajid converting them to the
uses of husbandry for the advantage of the lord of the
manor. Blackstone.
Ap-prcv'er (-er), n. 1. One who approves. Former-
ly, one who made proof or trial.
2. An informer ; an accuser. [06ot.] Chaucer.
3. I^Eng. Law) One who confesses a crime and accuses
another. See 1st Appkovement, 2.
Ap-prov'er, re. [See 2d Approve, v. I.'] {Eng. Laio)
A bailiff or steward ; an agent. I0bs.~\ Jacobs.
Ap-prov'lng, a. Expressing approbation ; commend-
ing; as, an approving smile. — Ap-prov'ing-ly, adv.
Ap-prox'i-mate (Sp-prSks'T-mSt), a. [L. approxima-
tus, p. p. of approximare to approach ; ad + proxi-
mare to come near. See Proximate.] 1. Approaching ;
proximate ; nearly resembling.
2. Near to correctness ; nearly exact ; not perfectly
accurate ; as, approximate results or values.
Approximate quantities (Math.), those which are nearly,
but not absolutely, equal.
Ap-prox'i-mate (-mat), v. t. ^imp. &■ p. p. Approxi-
mated (-mii'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approximating.] 1. To
carry or advance near ; to cause to approach.
To approximate the inequality of riches to the level of na-
tiire. Burke.
2. To come near to ; to approach.
The telescope approximates perfection. X Morse, j
Ap-prox'i-mate, v. i. To draw near ; to approach.
Ap-prox'i-mate-ly (-mat-ly), adv. With approxima-
tion ; so as to approximate ; nearly.
Ap-prox'i-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. [Cf. F. approxi-
mation, LL. approximatio.'] 1. The act of approxima-
ting ; a drawing, advancing, or being near ; approach ;
also, the result of approximating.
The largest capacity and the most noble dispositions are but
an approximation to the proper standard and true symmetry of
human nature. /. Taylor.
2. An approach to a correct estimate, calculation, or
conception, or to a given quantity, quality, etc.
3. (Math.) (a) A continual approach or coming nearer
to a result ; as, to solve an equation by approximation.
(6) A value that is nearly but not exactly correct.
Ap-prox'i-ma-tive (-ma-tTv), a. [Cf. F. approxima-
tif.'\ Approaching ; approximate. — Ap-prox'i-ma-
tlve-ly, ad?).~Ap-prox'i-ma-tive-ness, re.
Ap-prox'i-ma'tor (-ma'ter), n. One who, or that
which, approximates.
II Ap'pui' (ap.'pwe'), re. [F., fr. L. ad -\- podium foot-
hold, Gr. TTotiov, dim. of irov?, jroSdg, foot.] A support or
supporter; a stay; a prop. [06i.]
If a vine be to climb trees that are of any great height, there
would be stays and appuies set to it. Holland.
Point d'appul (pwaN' dap'pwe'). [F., a point of support.]
(Mil.) (a) A given point or body, upon which troops are
formed, or by which they are marched in line or column.
(6) An advantageous defensive support, as a castle, mo-
rass, wood, stream, declivity, etc.
Ap'pulse (ap'piils or 5p-puls' ; 277), n. [L. appulsus,
fr. appellere, appulsum, to drive to ; ad -}- pellere to
drive : cf . F. appulse.'] 1. A driving or running towards ;
approach ; impulse ; also, the act of striking against.
In all consonants there is an appulse of the organs. Holder.
2. (Asiron.) The near approach of one heavenly body
to another, or to the meridian ; a coming into conjunc-
tion ; as, the appulse of the moon to a star, or of a star
to the meridian.
Ap-pul'sion (Sp-piil'shun), n. A driving or striking
against ; an appulse.
Ap-pul'sive (-siv), a. Striking against ; impinging ;
as, the appulsive influence of the planets. P. Cyc.
Ap-pnl'sive-ly, adv. By appulsion.
Ap-pur'te-nance (ap-pflr'te-nans), re. [OF. apurte-
naunse, apartenance, P. appartenance, LL. appartenen-
tia, from L. apperiinere. See Appertain.] That which
belongs to something else ; an adjunct ; an appendage ;
an accessory ; something annexed to another thing more
worthy; in common parlance and legal acceptation,
something belonging to another thing as principal, and
which passes as incident to it, as a right of way, or other
easement to land ; a right of common to pasture, an out-
house, bam, garden, or orchard, to a house or messuage.
In a strict legal sense, land can never pass as an appurte-
nance to land. Tomlins. Bouvier. Burrill.
Globes . . . provided as appurtenances to astronomy. Bacon.
The structure of the eye, and of its appurtenances. Reid.
Ap-pur'te-nant (-nant), a. [F. appartenant, p. pr.
of appartenir. See Appurtenance.] Annexed or per-
taining to some more important thing ; accessory ; inci-
dent ; as, a right of way appurtenant to land or build-
ings. Blackstone.
Common apptu-tenant. (Law) See under Common, re.
Ap-pur'te-nant, re. Something which belongs or ap-
pertains to another thing ; an appurtenance.
Mysterious appurtenants and symbols of redemption. Coleridge.
One of the Aprocta (JHonocelis),
much enlarged. The saclike stom-
ach is in the middle. New Eng-
land coast.
Ap'rl-cate (5p'rT-kat), V. t. & i. [L. apricatus, p. p.
of upricare, fr. apricus expo»ed to the sun, fr. aperire to
uncover, open.] To bask in the sun. [iJ.] Boyle.
Ap'ri-ca'tlon (-ka'slmn), 71. Basking in the sun. [iJ.]
A'prl-COt (a'pri-kSt), re. [OE. apricock, abricot, P.
abricot, fr. Sp. albaricoque or Pg. albricoque, fr. Ar. al-
birqUq, al-burgUq. Though tlie E. and P. form abricot
is derived from the Arabic through the Spanish, yet the
Arabic word itself was formed from the Gr. irpaiKaKia,
pi. (Diosc. c 100) fr. L. praecoguus, praecox, early ripe.
The older E. form apricock was prob. taken direct from
Pg. See PRECOClons, Cook.] (Bot.) A fruit alMed to the
plum, of an orange color, oval shape, and delicious taste ;
also, the tree (Primus Armeniaca of Linuteus) which
bears this fruit. By cultivation it has been introduced
throughout the temperate zone.
A'iMll (a'prtl), re. [L. Aprilis. OE. also Averil, F.
Avril, fr. L. Aprilis.'] 1. The fourth month of the year.
2. Fig. : With reference to April being the month in
which vegetation begins to put forth, the variableness of
its weather, etc.
The April 's in her eyes ; it is love's spring. Shah.
April fool, one who is sportively imposed upon by others
on the first day of April .
II A' prl-O'ri (a' prl-o'ri). [L. a (ab) -j- prior former.]
1. (Logic) Chai'acterizing that kind of reasoning which
deduces consequeilces from definijtious formed, or prin-
ciples assumed, or winch infers effects from causes pre-
viously known ; deductive or deductively. The reverse
of a posteriori.
2. Presumptive ; presumptively ; without examination.
3. (Philos.) Applied to knowledge and conceptions as-
sumed, or presupposed, as prior to experience, in order
to make experience rational or possible.
A priori, that is, from these necessities of the mind or forms
of thinking, which, though first revealed to us by experience,
must yet have preexisted in order to make experience possible.
Coleridge.
A'pri-O'rlsm (-riz'm), n. [Cf. F. apriorisme.} An a
priori principle.
A'pri-or'i-ty (-Srt-ty), n. The quality of being innate
in the mind, or prior to experience ; a priori reasoning.
II A-proc'ta (a^prSk'ta), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. d priv. -f
irptoKTosanus.] (Zo'ol.)
A group of Turbellaria
iu which there is no
anal aperture.
A-proc'tous (-tus),
a. (Zo'61.) Without an
anal orifice.
A'pron (a'pum or
a'prun;277),re. [OE.
napron, OF. naperon, F. napperon, dim. of OF. nape, F.
nappe, cloth, tablecloth, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa, nap-
kin, table napkin. See Map.] J^ An article of dress, of
cloth, leather, or other stuff, worn on the fore part of
the body, to keep the clothes clean, to defend them from
injury, or as a covering. It is commonly tied at the
waist by strings.
2. Something which by its shape or use suggests an
apron; as, (a) The fat skin covering the belly of a
goose or duck. \_Prov. Eng.2 Halliwell. (b) A piece
of leather, or other material, to be spread before a per-
son riding on an outside seat of a vehicle, to defend
bim from the rain, snow, or dust ; a boot. " The
weather being too hot for the apron." Hughes, (c)
(G?m.) A leaden plate that covers the vent of a can-
non, (d) (Shipbuilding) A piece of carved timber, just
above the foremost end of the keel. Totten. (e) A plat-
form, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock,
against wliich the dock gates are shut. (/) A flooring of
plank before a dam to cause the water to make a gradual
descent, (g) (Mech.) Tlie piece that holds the cutting
tool of a planer, (h) (Plumbing) A strip of lead which
leads the drip of a wall into a gutter ; a flashing, (i) (Zo-
ol.) The infolded abdomen of a crab.
A'proned (a'pUrnd or a'prund), a. Wearing an apron.
A cobbler aproned, and a parson gowned. Pope.
A'pron-ful (a'piim-ful or a'priin-), n.; pi. Apeonfuls
(-fulz). The quantity an apron can hold.
A'pron-less, a. Without an apron.
A'pron man' (man'). A man who wears an apron ; a
laboring man ; a mechanic. \^Ohs.'] Shak.
A'pron string' (string'). The string of an apron.
To bs tied to a wife's or mother's apron strings, to be
imduly controlled by a vrife or mother.
He was so made that he could not submit to he tied to the apron
strings even of the best of wives. Macaula;i.
Ap'ro-pos' (ap'ro-po'), a. & adv. [F. h propos ; a
(L. ad) -Apropos purpose, L. propositum plan, purpose,
fr. proponere to propose. See Pkopound.] 1. Oppor-
timely or opportune ; seasonably or seasonable.
A tale extremely apropos. Pope.
2. By the way , to the purpose ; suitably to the place
or subject ; — a word used to introduce an incidental ob-
servation, suited to the occasion, though not strictly be-
longing to the narration.
Apse(aps), re. /p^. Apses (-sez). [See Apsis.] \.(Arch.)
(a) A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, hav-
ing in the plan a polygonal or semicircular termination,
and, most often, projecting from the east end. In early
churches the Eastern apse was occupied by seats for the
bishop and clergy. Hence : (b) The bishop's seat or
throne, in ancient churches.
2. A reliquary, or case in which the relics of saints
were kept.
^W° This word is also written apsis and absis.
Ap'sl-dal (ap'sT-dal), a. 1. (Astron.) Of or pertain-
ing to the apsides of an orbit.
2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the apse of a church ; as,
the apsidal termination of the chancel.
Ap'si-des (Sp'si-dez), re. pi See Apsis.
II Ap'sls (Sp'sis), re. / pi. Apsides (-sT-dez). See Apsk.
[L. apsis, absis, Gr. ii/iis, ii^iSos, a tying, fattening, the
hoop of a wheel, the
wheel, a bow, arch,
vault, fr. oiirreiv to fas-
ten.] 1. (Astron.)
One of the two points
of an orbit, as of a
planet or satellite,
which are at the great-
est and least distance
from the central body,
corresponding to the
a a Apsides.
aphelion and perihelion of a planet, or to the apogee ana
perigee of the moon. The more distant is called the higher
apsis; the other, the louver apsis; and the line joining
them, the line of apsides.
2. (Math.) In a curve referred to polar coordinates,
any point for which the radius vector is a maximum or
minimum.
3. (Arch.) Same as Apse.
Apt (apt), a. [P. aple, L. aptus, fr. obsolete apere to
fasten, to joui, to fit, akin to apisci to reach, attain : cf.
Gr. aTTTeii/ to fasten, Skr. dpto. fit, fr. ap to reach, attain.]
1. Pit or fitted ; suited ; suitable ; appropriate.
They have not always apt instruments. Burke.
A river . . . apt to be forded by a lamb. Jer. Taylor.
2. Having an habitual tendency ; habitually liable or
likely ; — used of things.
My vines and peaches . . . were apt to have a soot or smuttl-
ness upon their leaves and fruit. Temple.
This tree, if unprotected, is apt to be stripped of the leaves by
a leaf-cutting ant. Lubbock,
3. Inclined ; disposed customarily ; given ; ready ; —
used of persons.
Apter to give than thou wilt be to ask. Beau, If Ft.
That lofty pity with which prosperous folk are apt to remem-
ber their grandfathers. F. Harrison.
4. Ready ; especially fitted or qualified (to do some-
thing) ; quick to learn ; prompt ; expert ; as, a pupil apt
to learn ; an G^i scholar. "Anoyiwit." Johnson.
Live a thousand years,
I shall not find myself so apt to die. Shak.
I find thee apt. . . . Now, Hamlet, hear. Shak.
Syn. — Fit ; meet ; suitable ; qualified ; inclined ; dis-
posed ; liable ; ready ; quick ; prompt.
Apt, V. t. [L. aptare. See Aptate.] To fit ; to suit;
to adapt. [Obs.} " To a^< their places. " B. Jonson.
'That our speech be apted to edification. Jer. Taylor,
Apt'a-ble (-a^b'l), a. [LL. aptabilis, fr. L. aptare.'\
Capable of being adapted. [06*.] Sherwood.
Ap'tate (Sp'tat), V. t. [L. aptatus, p. p. of aptare.
See Apt.] To make fit. [Oto.l Bailey.
II Ap'te-ra (Sp'te-ra), n.pl. [NL. aptera, fr. Gr. a-nre-
po5 without wings ; d priv. -|- impov wing, mdoBai, to fly.}
(Zool.) Insects without wings, constituting the seventh
Linnsean order of insects, an artificial group, which in-
cluded Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms.
These animals are now placed in several distinct classes
and orders.
Ap'ter-al (Sp'ter-al), a. 1. (Zool.) Apterous.
2. (Arch.) Without lateral columns ; ^ applied tc
buildings which have no series of columns along their
sides, but are either prostyle or amphiprostyle, and op-
posed to peripteral. P. Cyc.
Ap'ter-an (-an), n. (Zool.) One of the Aptera.
II Ap-te'ri-a (ap-te'rl-a), re. pi. [NL. See Aptera.]
(Zool.) Naked spaces between the feathered areas of
birds. See Ptekyli^.
Ap'ter-OUS (ap'ter-us), a. 1. (Zool.) Destitute of
wings ; apteral ; as, apterous insects.
2. (Bot.) Destitute of winglike membranous expan-
sions, as a stem or petiole ; — opposed to alate.
II Ap-ter'y-ges (5p-ter'i-jez), re. pi. [NL. See Ap-
TEEYX.] (Zool.) An order of birds, including the genus
Apteryx. ,
II Ap'te-rys (ap'te-rlks), n. [Gr. a priv. -j- Trrcpvf wing.
Cf. Apteea.] (Zo-
ol.) A genus of
New Zealand birds
about the size of a
hen, with only
short rudiments of
vrings, armed with
a claw, and with-
out a tail ; the ki-
wi. It is allied to
the gigantic ex-
tinct moas of the
same country.
Five species are
known.
Apt'i-tude (ap'-
ti-tud), re. \J. ap-
titude, LL. aptitu-
do, ir. L. aptus.
See Apt, and cf.
Attitdde.] 1. A natural or acquired disposition or ca-
pacity for a particular purpose, or tendency to a particu-
lar action or effect ; as, oil has an aptitude to burn.
He seems to have had a peouUar aptitude for the manage-
ment of irregular troops. Jfacaulaj/.
2. A general fitness or suitableness ; adaptation.
That sociable and helpful aptitude which God implanted be-
tween man and woman. Milton.
3. Readiness in learning ; docility ; aptness.
He was a boy of remarkable aptitude. Macauiay.
Apt'i-tU'di-nal (-tu'dT-n«l), a. Suitable ; fit. [Ofo.]
Aptly (Spt'iy), adz). In an apt or suitable manner ,
fitly ; properly ; pertinently ; appropriiitely ; readily.
Apt'ness, re. 1. Fitness ; suitableness ; appropriate-
ness ; as, the aptness of things to their end.
The aptness of his quotations. J. Ji. Green.
Apteryx (^I. aust7-alis).
B
D
F
H
K
fise, unite, rude, full, Gp, ftrn ; pity; food, frfbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tben, thin; boN; zh = zin axure.
IVI
APTOTE
76
ARANGO
2. Disposition of the mind ; propensity ; as, the apt-
ness of men to follow example.
3. Quickness of apprehension ; readiness in learning ;
docility ; as, an aptness to learn is more observable in
some children than in others.
4. Proneness ; tendency ; as, the aptness of iron to rust.
Ap'tOte (ap'tot), n. [L. aptoium, Gr. an-Twro! inde-
clinable ; a priv. -|- tttwtos fallen, declined, iriTnew to
fall.] {Gram.) A noun which has no distinction of cases ;
an indeclinable noun.
Ap-tOt'lc (ap-tot'Ik), a. Pertaining to, or character-
ized by, aptotes ; uninllected ; as, aptotic languages.
II Ap'ty-chus (Sp'tT-kus), re. [NL., fr. Gr. d priv. +
TTTvf , iTTuxos, fold.] (Zo'61.) A shelly plate found in the
terminal chambers of ammonite shells. Some authors
consider them to be jaws ; others, opercula.
II A'pus (a'pus), re. [NL.,fr. Gr. dn-ous. SeeApoDE, re.]
(Zool.) A genus of fresh-water phyllopod crustaceans.
Bee Phyllopod.
Ap'y-ret'iC (ap'T-retlk), a. [Pref. a- not -\- pyretic.']
{Med.) Without fever ; — applied to days when there is
an intermission of fever. Dunglison.
II Ap'y-rex'i-a (-reks'i-a), ) re. [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr.
Ap'y-rex'y (ap'T-rSks'y), ) ttTTUpef I'a ; d priv. -j- Tw-
peVo-etj' to be feverish, fr. TrCp fire : cf. F. apyrexie.']
{Med. ) The absence or intermission of fever.
Ap'y-rex'i-al (ap'I-rSks'i-al), a. {Med.) Relating to
apyrexy. "yfni/jyjvrt? period." Brande £ C.
Ap'y-rOUS (Sp'I-riis or a-pl'riis), a. [Gr. dm/pos ; d
priv. -f- Tvp fire.] Incombustible ; capable of sustaining
a strong heat without alteration of form or properties.
II A'qua- (a'kwa), re. [L. See Ewer.] Water ; — a
word mucli used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in
various significations, determined by the word or words
annexed.
Aqaa ammoniie, the aqueous solution of ammouia ; liquid
ammonia; often called aqua ammonia. — Aqua marine (nia-
ren'), or Aqua marina (ma-ri'ua). Same as Aqhamarine.
— Aqua regia (re'ji-a) PL.., royal water] (C'liei/i.), a very
corrosive fuming yellow liquid conaistmg of nitric and
hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold,
the " royal " metal. — Aqua Tofana (to-fa'ni), a fluid con-
taming arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by
an It.Tlian woman named Tofana, in tlie middle of the
17th century, who is said to liave poisoned more than 600
persons. Francis. — Aqua vitae (vi'te) [L. , water of life.
Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy
and some other ardent spirits. SItak.
II A'qua for'tls (a'kwa fSr'tis). [L., strong water.]
(Chem.) Nitric Acid. iArdiaic^
A'qua-ma-rlne' (-ma-ren'), n. {3Iin.) A transparent,
pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Bekyl.
A'qua-punc'ture (-piink'tiir), re. [L. aqua water,
-{- punciura puncture, pungere, punctum, to prick.]
{3ied.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for the
relief of pain.
II Aq'ua-relle' (Sk'wa-rel'), re. [P-, fr. Ital. acque-
rello, fr. acqua water, L. aqua.'] A design or painting
in thin transparent water colors ; also, the mode of paint-
ing ill such colors.
Aq'ua-rel'list (-rSllist), re. A painter in thin trans-
parent water colors.
A-qua'ri-al (a-kwa'ri-al), \a. Of or pertaining to an
A-qua'rl-an (a-kwa'rl-an), | aquarium.
A-qua'rl-an, re. [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua:
cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqda.] {Eccl. Hist.) One of a
sect of Christians in the primitive church who used water
instead of wine in the Lord's Supper.
A-qua'rl-um (-um), n. ; pi. E." Aquabiums (-ilmz), L.
Aquakla (-a). [L. See Aquakfus, Ewer.] An artificial
pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which
living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept.
II A-qua'ri-US (-us), re. [L. aquarius, adj., relating to
water, and n., a water-carrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.]
{Astron.) (a) The Water-bearer; the eleventh sign in
the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of Jan-
uary ; ^ so called from the rains which prevail at that
season in Italy and the East. (6) A constellation south
of Pegasus.
A-quat'lc (a-kwStTk), a. [L, aquatieus : cf. F. aqxm-
tique. See Aqua.] Pertaining to water ; growing in wa-
ter ; Uving in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of
waters ; as, aquatic plants and fowls.
A-quat'lC, re. 1. An aquatic animal or plant.
2. pi. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water.
A-quat'ic-al (-t-kal), a. Aquatic. [iJ.]
Aq'ua-tile (ak'wa^til), a. [L. aquatilis : cf. F. aqua-
tile.] Inhabiting the water. [iJ.] Sir T. Browne.
A'qua-tint (a'kwa-tlnt or ak'wa-), ) re. [It. acqua
A'qua-tin'ta (a'kwa-tTn'ta), ) iinta dyed wa-
ter ; acqua (L. aqua) water -|- tinto, fern, iinta, dyed. See
Tint.] A kind of etclung in which spaces are bitten by
the use of aqua f ortis, by which an efiect is produced re-
sembling a drawing in water colors or India ink ; also,
the engraving produced by this method.
Aq'ue-duct (ak'we-diikt), re. [F. aqueduc, OF. aque-
duct (Cotgr.), fr. L.
aquaeductus ; aquae,
gen. of aqua water +
ductus a leading, du-
cere to lead. See Aqua,
Duke.] 1. A conduct-
or, conduit, or artifi-
cial channel for convey-
ing water, especially
one for supplying large
cities with water.
5I^°" The term is also
applied to a structure Aqueduct,
(similar to the ancient
aqueducts), for conveyii»i? a canal over a river or hoUow ;
Biore properly called an aqueduct bridge.
2. {Anat.) A canal or passage ; as, the aqueduct of
Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ven-
tricles of the brain.
A-qne'I-ty (a-kweT-tj?), n. Waterineas. lObs."]
A'que-OUS (a'kwe-iis), a. [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus,
fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aqoose.] 1. Partaking of the na-
ture of water, or abounding with it ; watery.
The aqueous vapor of the air. Tijndall.
2. Made from, or by means of, water.
An aqneoiLS deposit. Dana.
Aqueous extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable
substance by steeping it in water.— Aqueous humor (Anat.),
one of the humors of the eye ; a hmpid fluid, occupying
the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea.
(See Eye.) -Aqueous rocks (Geo/.), those wliich are depos-
ited from water and he in strata, as opposed to volcanic
rocks, wliich are of igneous origin ; — called also sedimen-
tary rocks.
A'que-ous-ness, re. Wateriness.
A-quil'er-ous (a-kwifer-iis), a. [L. aqua water +
-fetyus.'] Containing or conveying water or a watery
fluid ; as, aquiferous vessels ; the aquiferous system.
A'qm-iorm (a'kwT-fSrm), a. [L. aqua water -j- -form.']
Having the form of water.
II Aq'ui-la (ak'wl-la), re. ; pi. Aquil^ (-le). [L., an
eagle.] 1. {Zool.) A genus of eagles.
2. (Astron. ) A northern constellation southerly from
Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin ; the Eagle.
Aqulla alba [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of cal-
omel. Branded C.
Aq'ui-la'ted (-la'tSd),a. {Her.) Adorned with eagles'
heads.
Aq'ai-Une (-lin or -lin ; 277), a. [L. aquilinus, it.
aquila eagle : cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle.] 1. Belong-
ing to or like an eagle.
2. Curving ; hooked ; prominent, like the beak of an
eagle ; — applied particularly to the nose.
Terribly arched and aquiline his nose. Coivper.
Aq'ul-Ion (-15n), re. [L. aquilo,-lonis: cf. F. aquilon.]
The north wind. [Ote.] Shak.
A-qulp'a-rous (a-kwTp'a-rtis), a. [L. aqua water -j-
parere to bring forth.] {3Ied.) Secreting water ; — ap-
plied to certain glands. Dunglison.
Aq'ui-ta'nl-an (ak'wi-ta'nl-an), a. Of or pertaining
to Aquitania, now called Gascony.
A-quose' (a-kwos'), a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. agua.
See Aqua, Aqueous.] Watery ; aqueous, [i?.] Bailey.
A-quos'i-ty (a-kwSst-ty), re. [LL. aquositas.] The
condition of being wet or watery ; wateriness. Huxley.
Very little water or aquosity is found in their belly. HoUaml.
Ar (Sr), conj. Ere ; before. [06s.] Chaucer.
II A'ra (a'ra), re. [L.] (^rfrore.) The Altar; a south-
ern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion.
II A'ra (a'ra), re. [Native Indian name.] {Zool.) A
name of the great blue and yellow macaw {Ara ara-
rauna), native of South America.
Ar'ab (Sr'Sb ; 277), n. [Prob. ultimately fr. Heb. ar-
aiah a desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament,
to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar.
Arab, Heb. arabi, arbi, arlim: cf. F. Arabe, L. Arabs,
Gr. "Apatfi.'] One of a swarthy race occupying Arabia,
and numerous in Syria, Northern Africa, etc.
Street Arab, a homeless vagabond in the streets of a
city, particularly an outcast boy or girl. Tylor.
The ragged outcasts and street Arabs who are shivering in
damp doorways. Loud. Sat. liev.
Ar'a-besque' (5r'a-bgsk'), re. [F. arabesque, fr. It.
arabesco, fr. Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation
either painted, inlaid, or carved in low reUef. It con-
sists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as
well as figiu-es of men and animals, real or imaginary,
are fantastically interlaced or put together.
^W It was employed in Roman imperial ornamenta-
tion, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moor-
ish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque.) The
arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on Greco-
Roman work.
Ar'a-besque', a. 1. Arabian. [06s.]
2. Relating to, or exhibiting, the style of ornament
called arabesque ; as, arabesque frescoes.
Ar'a-besqued' (-bSskf), a. Ornamented in the style
of arabesques.
A-ra'bi-an (a-ra'bT-an), a. Of or pertaining to Ara-
bia or its inhabitants.
Arabian bird, the phenix. Shak.
A-ra'bi-an, n. A native of Arabia ; an Arab.
Ar'a-blc (Sr'a-btk), a. [L. Arabicus, fr. Arabia.']
Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians.
Arabic numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc.,
and the cipher 0. — Gum arable. See under (Sum.
Ar'a-bic, re. The language of the Arabians.
m^^The Arabic is a Semitic language, allied to the
Hebrew. It is very widely diffused, being the language
in which all Mohammedans must read the Koran, and is
spoken as a vernacular tongue in Arabia, Syria, and
Northern Africa.
A-rab'ic-al (a-rSb'i-kal), a. Relating to Arabia ; Ara-
bic. — A-rab'ic-al-ly, adv.
Ar'a-bin (Sr'a-bTn), re. 1. {Chem.) A carbohydrate,
isomeric with cane sugar, contained in gum arabic, from
which it is extracted as a white, amorphous substance.
2. Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic.
Ar'a-bin-ose' (ar'a-bln-ose'), re. {Chem.) An unfer-
mentable, dextro-rotatory sugar, isomeric with grape
sugar, and obtained from arabin.
Ar'a-bism (-bTz'm), re. [Cf. F. Arabisme.] An Ara^
bic idiom or peculiarity of language. Stuart.
Ar'a-bist (-btst), re. [Cf. F. Arabiste.'] One well
versed in the Arabic language or literature ; also, for-
merly, one who followed the Arabic system of surgery.
Ar'a-ble (5r'a-b'l), a. [F. arable, L. arabilis, fr. ara-
re to plow, akin to Gr. dpoOi', E. ear, to plow. See Eaea-
BLE.] Fit for plowing or tillage ; — hence, often applied
to land which has been plowed or tilled.
Ar'a-ble, re. Arable land ; plow land.
Ar'a-by(Sr'4-bJ), re. The country of Arabia. [Archaic
& Poetic]
II Ar'a-ca-nese' (Sr'a-ka^nez'), a. Of or pertaiumg to-
Aracan, a province of British Burmah. — re. sing. & pi.
A native or natives of Aracan.
II A'ra-ga'rl (a'ra-sa're), re. {Zool.) A South Amer-
ican bird, of the genus Pteroglossus, allied to the tou-
cans. There are several species.
A-race' (a-ras'), V. t. [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. ara-
chier, esracier, F. arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare.
The prefix a- is perh. due to L. ab. See Eradicate.]
To tear up by the roots ; to draw away. lObs.] Wyatt.
A-ra'ceous (a-ra'shiis), a. [L. arum a genus of plants,
fr. Gr. dpoi'.] {Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of
plants, of which the genus Aru7n is the type.
A-rach'nid (a-rSk'nTd), re. An arachnidan. Huxley.
II A-rach'nl-da (a-rSk'nt-da), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
apaxtrr) spider.] {Zool.) One of the classes of Arthrop-
oda. See Hlusiration in Appendix.
JII^°° They have four pairs of legs, no antennae nor
wiiigs, a pair of mandibles, and one pai.- of maxillae or
palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax.
The respiration is either by tracheae or by pulmonary
sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal or-
ders: Araneina, or spiders; Arthrorjasira, iucluding
scorpions, etc. ; and Acarina, or mites and ticks.
A-rach'ni-dan (-dan), re. [Gr. dpdx") spider.] {Zool.)
One of the Arachnida.
Ar'ach-nid'i-al (ar'Sk-nidT-al), a. {Zool.) {a) Of or
pertaining to the Arachnida. {b) Pertaining to the ar-
achnidium.
II Ar'ach-nld'i-um (-i-um), re. [NL. See Arachuida.]
{Zool.) The glandular organ in which the material for
the web of spiders is secretied.
II Ar'ach-ni'tis (ar'Sk-ni'tis), re. [Gr. dpax^l + -itis.]
{Med.) Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane.
A-rach'noid (a-rak'noid), a. [Gr. dpoxi'oeiSis like
a cobweb ; apaxvr) spider, spider's web + ei6os form.]
1. Resembhug a spider's web ; cobweblike.
2. {Anat.) Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain
and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater.
3. (Bot.) Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose-
hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb ; cobwebby.
A-racb'noid, re. 1. {Anat.) Tlie araclmoid membrane.
2. (^oS?.) One of the Arachnoidea.
Ar'ach-noid'al (Sr'Sk-noid'ol), a. {Anat.) Pertain-
ing to the arachnoid membrane ; arachnoid.
I! Ar'ach-noid'e-a (-e-a), re. pi. [NL.] {Zool.) Same as
Arachnida.
A-rach'no-log'ic-al (a-r5k'no-loj'i-kal), a. Of or per-
taining to arachnology.
Ar'ach-nol'0-gist (ar'Sk-nol'o-jTst), re. One who is
versed in, or studies, arachnology.
Ar'ach-nol'0-gy (-jy), re. [Gr. apax^ri spider + -logy.']
The department of zoology which treats of spiders and
other Arachnida.
A'raB-om'e-ter (a're-6m'e-ter ; 277). See Areometer.
A-rae'O-Style (a-re'6-stil), a. & re. [L. araeoslylos, Gr.
dpai6(7TuAos ; dpaios at intervals -|- o-TiiAos piUar, col-
umn.] {Arch.) See Inteecolumniation.
A-rae'O-sys'tyle (-sTs'tn), a.&n. [Gr. dpaios at inter-
vals + (tvcttoAo;. See Ststtle.] {Arch.) See ItaxER-
COLUIINIATION.
Ar'a-go-nese' (Sr'a-go-nez'), a. Of or •pertaining to
Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants. ■^ re. sing. & pi.
A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain.
A-rag'O-nite (a-rag'6-nit), re. [From Aragon, in
Spain.] {Min.) A mineral identical in composition with
calcite or carbonate of lime, but difiering from it in its
crystalline form and some of its physical characters.
II A'ra-gua'tO (a'ra-gwa'to), re. [Native name.]
{Zool.) A South American monkey, the ursine howler
{Mycetes ursinus). See Howler, re., 2.
A-ralse' (a-»az'), v. t. To raise. [06s.] Shah.
Ar'ak (ar'Sk), re. Same as Arrack.
Ar'a-mse'an I (Sr'iUme'an), a. [L. Aramaeus, 6r.
Ar'a-me'an J 'Apafiaiot, fr. Heb. Aram, i. e. High-
land, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or
pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their lan-
guage; Aramaic— re. A native of Aram.
Ar'a-ma'ic (ar'a-ma'ik), a. [See Abam^an, a.] Per-
taining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language,
or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia ; Arama?an ; — spe-
cifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic
family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. ^ n.
The Aramaic language.
Ar'a-ma'ism (-Tz'm), n. An idiom of the Aramaic.
II Ar'a-ne'i-da (5r'a-ne'T-da), \n.pl. [NL.] {ZoU.)
II Ar'a-ne-Oid'e-a (-ne-oid'e-a), J See Araneina.
Ar'a-ne'i-dan (ar'arnet-dan), a. {Zool.) Of or per-
taining to the Araneina or spiders. — re. One of the
Araneina ; a spider.
Ar'a-ne'i-fonn (-fSrm), a. [L. aranea spider -)- -form."]
{Zool. ) Having the form of a spider. Kirby,
II A-ra'ne-i'na (a^ra'ne-i'na), re.
pi. [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.]
{Zool.) The order of Arachnida that
includes the spiders.
^W° They have mandibles, modi-
fied as poison fangs, leglike palpi,
simple eyes, abdomen without seg-
ments, and spinnerets for spinning a
web. They breathe by pulmonary
sacs and tracheae in the abdomen.
See Illustration in Appendix.
A-ra'ne-OSe' (a^ra'ne-os'), a. [L.
araneosus.] Of the aspect of a spi-
der's web ; arachnoid.
A-ra'ne-OUS (-us), a. [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spi-
der, spider's web.] Cobweblike ; extremely thin and
delicate, like a cobweb ; as, the araneous membrane of
the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham.
II A-ran'gO (a-r5n'go), re. ; pi. Arangoes (-goz). [The
native name.] A bead of rough camelian. Arangoes
Araneidan (MygaU
fodiens). a A poison
fang enlarged.
ale, senate, cS,re, am, arm, ask, finol, 3,11 ; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd;
ARAPAIMA
•were formerly imported from Bombay for use in the
African slave trade. M'Cnlloch.
II A'ra-pal'ma (a'rii-pi'ma), n. [Prob. native name.]
{ZoSl.) A large fresh- water food fish of South America.
77
Arapaima (,A. gigas).
II A-raTa (S-ra'ra), n. [Native name.] {Zoo!.) The
palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglos-
sus ateiTimus).
A-ia'tlon (a-ra'shSn), n. [L. araiio, fr. arare to
plow.] Plowing; tillage. [£.]
Lands are said to be in a state of afoxion when they are under
tillage. Brande.
Ar'a-tO-ry (Sr'4-to-ry), a. [LL. aratorius : cf. F.
aratoire.'] Contributing to tillage.
II Ar'au-ca'ri-a (Sr'a-ka'rT-a), n, \Araucania, a terri-
tory south of Chili.] '\Bot.) A genus of tall conifers of
the Pine family. The species are confined mostly to
South America and Australia. The wood ceUs differ
from those of other conifers in having the dots in their
lateral surfaces in two or thiee rows, and the dots of
•contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible.
Ar'au-ca'rl-an (-<Jn), a. Relating to, or of the nature
of, the Aiaucaria. The earliest conifers in geological
history were mostly Araucarian. Dana.
AlOia-Iest (iir'ba-lSst), 1 n. [OF. arbaleste, LL. ar-
Ar'ba-Ust (ar'ba^list), ) lalista, for L. arcubalUsla ;
arcus bow -|- bal-
lista a military
engine. See Bal- '^.j^^ggjg:/ i-
USTA.] {Antiq.) ^■^"^ ' "'^^
A crossbow, con- , i, i„ t
. , . r 1. 1 Arbalest,
sisting of a steel
bow set in a sliaft of wood, furnished with a string and
a trigger, and a mech.anical device for bending the bow.
It served to tlirow arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written
also arbalet and arblast.'] Fosbroke.
AlTja-lest'er (-er), ) n. [OE. arblaslere, OF. arbales-
Ar1)a-llst'er (-er), ( tier. See Arbat.f.st.] A cross-
oowmau. [06*.] Speed.
Ar'bl-ter (ar'bl-ter), re. [L. arbiter; ar- (for ad) -f- the
root of betere to go ; hence properly,onewho comes up to
look on.] 1. A pei'son appointed, or chosen, by parties
to determine a controversy between them.
t^"" In modem usage, arbitrator is the technical word.
2. Any person who has the power of judging and de-
termining, or ordaining, without control ; one whose
power of deciding and governing is not limited.
For Jove is arbiter of both to man. Cowper.
Syn.— Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; con-
troller ; ruler ; governor.
Ar'bi-ter, v. t. To act as arbiter between. \_Obs.']
Ar'bi-tra-blO (-tra-bl), a. [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L.
arbitrari. See Abbitrate, v. t."] Capable of being decided
by arbittatiou ; determinable. [Archaic'] Bp. Sail.
Ar'bl-trage (ar'bX-traj ; in 2d sense, usually ar'bi-
trazh'), re. -[F., fr. arbitrer to give judgment, L. arbi-
drari.T^ 1. Judgment by an arbiter ; authoritative deter-
mination. {Archaic']
2. {Com.) A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitra-
iion of Exchange) ; also, a traffic in stocks which bear
differing values at the same time in different markets.
Ar'bl-tral (-tral), a. [L. arbitralis.'] Of or relating
to an arbiter or an arbitration. [iJ.]
Ar-bitta-ment (ar-bit'r4-ment), n. [LL. arbitra-
■mentum.] 1. Determination; decision; arbitration.
The arbitrament of time. Everett.
Gladly at this moment would Maclvor have put their quar-
rel to personal arbitrament. Sir W. Scott.
2. The a^ard of arbitrators. Cowell.
Arlji-tra-ri-ly (ar'bT-tra-ri-ly), adv. In an arbitrary
manner ; by will only ; despotically ; absolutely.
Ar'bl-tra-rl-ness, n. The quality of being arbitrary ;
despoticalness ; tyranny. Bp. Hall.
Ar'bi-tra'ri-OUS (-tra'rT-iis), a. [L. arbitrarius. See
Akbiteabt.] Arbitrary; despotic. [06i.] — Ar'bi-tra'-
rl-OUS-ly, adv. \_Obs.]
Ar'bi-tra-ry (arlu-tra-ry), a. [L. arbitrarius, ir. ar-
biter: cf. F. arMtraire. See Aebitee.] 1. Depending
on wUl or discretion ; not governed by any fixed rules ;
as, an arbitrary decision ; an arbitrary punishment.
It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so. Jer. Taylor.
Rank pretends to flx the value of every one, and is the most
arbitrary of all things. Lander.
2. Exercised according to one's own will or caprice,
and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse
the possession of power.
Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of
liberty abused to licentiousness. Washington.
3. Despotic ; absolute in power ; bound by no law ;
harsh and unf orbearing ; tyrannical ; as, an arbitrary
prince or government. Dryden.
Arbitrary constaat, Arbitrary function {Math.), a quan-
tity or function that is introduced into the solution of a
problem, and to which any value or form may at will be
given, so that the solution may be made to meet special
requirements. — Arbitrary quantity {Math.), one to which
any value can be assigned at pleasure.
Ar'bi-trate (ar'bT-trat), V. t. limp. & p. p. Akbitea-
TED (-tra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. ARBrrKATiNG (-tra'ting).]
[L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or behold-
er of something, to make a decision, to give judgment,
fr. arbiter. See Aebitek.] 1. To hear and decide, as ar-
bitrators ; as, to choose men to arbitrate a disputed case.
2. To decide, or determine generally. South.
There shall your swords and lances arhitrate
The swelling difference of your settled hate. Shak.
Ar'bi-trate (iir'bT-trat), V. i. 1. To decide ; to deter-
mine. Shak.
2. To act as arbitrator or judge ; as, to arbitrate upon
several reports ; to arbitrate in disputes among neigh-
bors ; to arbitrate between parties to a suit.
Ar'bl-tra'Uon (ar'bl-tra'shiin), re. [F. arbitration, L.
arbitratio, fr. arbitrari.] The hearing and determina-
tion of a cause between parties in controversy, by a per-
son or persons chosen by the parties.
i^^ This may be done by one person ; but it is usual
to choose two or three called arbitrators ; or for each
party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is
called the umpire. Their determination is called the
award. Boiivier.
Arbitration bond, a bond wliich obliges one to abide by
the award of an arbitration. — Arbitration of Exchange, the
operation of converting the currency of one country into
that of another, or determining the rate of exchange
between sucli countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate
is one determined l)y such arbitration through the me-
dium of one or more intervening currencies.
Ar'bl-tra'tor (iir'bT-tra'ter), re. Ih., iv. arbitrari : cf.
F. arbitrateur.] 1. A person, or one of two or more
persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to
determine their differences. See Aebiteation.
2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing
without control ; a ruler ; a governor.
Though Heaven be shut.
And Heaven's high Arbitralors sit secure. Milton.
Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace. Addison.
Syn. — Judge ; umpire ; referee ; arbiter. See Judge.
Ar'bl-tra'trlx (-triks), re. [L., fem. of arbitrator.] A
female who arbitrates or judges.
Ar'bi-tress (ar'bt-ties), re. [From Aebiter.] A fe-
male arbiter ; an arbitratrix. Milton.
Ar'blast (iir'blast), re. A crossbow. See Arbalest.
ArTjor (ar'ber), re. [OE. herber, herbere, properly a
garden of herbs, P. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Hekb,
and cf. Heebakhjm.] A kind of latticework formed of,
or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants,
for shade ; a bower. Sir P. Sidney.
Ar'bor, re. [Written also arJoMn] [L., a tree, abeam.]
1. {Bot.) A tree, as distinguished from a shrub.
2. [Cf. F. arbre.] {Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle of a
wheel or pinion. (6) A mandrel in lathe turning. Knight.
Arbor Day, a day appointed for planting trees and
shrubs. {.(/. S.)
Ar'bO-ra-ry (ar'bo-ra-ry), a. [L. arborarius, fr. ar-
bo)- tree.] Of or pertaining to trees ; arboreal.
Ar'bO-ra'tor (-ra'ter), re. [L., fr. arbor tree.] One
who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn.
II Ar'bor Dl-a'nSB (ar'bor dt-a'ne). [L., the tree of
Diana, or silver.] {Chem.) A precipitation of silver, in
a beautiful arborescent form.
Ar-bO're-al (ar-bo're-al), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a
tree, or to trees ; of the nature of trues. Cowley.
2. Attached to, found in or upon, or frequenting,
woods or trees ; as, arboreal animals.
Woodpeckers are eminently arboreal. Darwin.
Ar'bored (ar'berd), a. Furnished with an arbor ; lined
with trees. " An arfiored walk." Polloh.
^-bO're-OUS (ar-bo're-tis), a. [L. arboreus, fr. arbor
tree.] 1. Having the form, constitution, or habits, of a
proper tree, in distinction from a shrub. Loudon.
2. Pertaining to, or growing on, trees ; as, arboreous
moss. Quincy.
Ar'bO-res'cence (ar'bo-rgs'sens), n. The state of being
arborescent ; the resemblance to a tree in minerals, or
crystallizations, or groups of crystals in that form ; as,
the arborescence produced by precipitating silver.
Ar'bO-res'CCnt (-sent), a. [L. arborescens, p. pr. of
arborescere to become a tree, fr. arbor tree.] Resem-
bling a tree ; becoming woody in stalk ; dendritic ; hav-
ing crystallizations disposed like the branches and twigs
of a tree. " Arborescent hollyhoclis." Evelyn.
Ar'bO-ret (-ret), re. [OF. arboret, dim. of arbre tree,
L. arbor.] A small tree or shrub. {_Obs.] Spenser.
Among thick-woven arborets, and flowers
Imbordered on each bank. Milton.
II Ar'bo-re'ttun (-re'tiim), re. ; pi. Aeboeeta (-ta). [L.,
a place grown with trees.] A place in which a collection
of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or ed-
ucational purposes.
Ar-bor'ic-al (ar-borT-kal), a. Relating to trees. \Obs.]
Ar-bor'i-cole (-T-kol), a. [L. arbor + colere to in-
habit.] {Zo'ol.) Tree-inhabiting ; — said of certain birds.
Ar'bor-i-cnl'tur-al (ar'bor-I-kul'tiir-al), a. Pertain-
ing to arboriculture. Loudon.
^'bor-i-CxU'ture (-kul'tfir ; 135), re. [L. arbor tree +
cultura. See Citltobe.] The cultivation of trees and
shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes.
Ar'bor-i-ClU'tur-ist, re. One who cultivates trees.
Ar-bor'i-form (ar-bor'i-fSrm), a. Treelike in shape.
Ar'bor-ist (ar'ber-Tst), re. [F. arboriste, fr. L. arbor
tree.] One who makes trees his study, or who is versed
in the imowledge of trees. Howell.
Ar'bor-i-za'Uon (ar'bor-T-za'shun), re. [Cf. F. arbo-
risation, fr. L. arbor tree.] The appearance or figure
of a tree or plant, as in minerals or fossils ; a dendrite.
Ar'bor-ized (-ber-Izd), a. Having a treelike appear-
ance. "An arjorfeed or moss agate." Wright.
Ar'bor-OUS (-iis), a. Formed by trees. {_Obs.]
From under shady, arboroiL. roof. Milton.
Ar'bor vine' (ar'ber vTn'). A species of bindweed.
II Ar'bor vi'tse (iir'ber vi'te). [L., tree of life.]
1. {Bot.) An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus
Thuja. The American species is the T. occidentalis.
2. {Anat.) The treelike disposition of the gray and
white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a ver-
tical section.
Ar'bus-ole (ar'bils-s'l), re. [L. arbuscula small tree,
shrub, dim. of arbor tree.] A dwarf tree, one in size
between a shrub and a tree ; a treelike shrub. Bradley.
AECH
Ar-bns'cn-lar (ar-bus'kii-ler), a. Of or pertaining to
a dwarf tree ; shrublike. Da Costa,
Ar-bUS'tlve (-tiv), a. [L. arbustivus, fr. arbusturi
place where trees are planted.] Containing copies < f
trees or shrubs ; covered with shrubs. Bartrav..
Ar'bu-tus (-bu-tiSs), 1 re. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor
Ar'bute (ar'but), j tree]
The strawberry tree, a genus of
evergreen shrubs, of the Heath
family. It has a berry externally
resembling the strawberry ; the ar-
bute tree.
Trailing arbutus (5o<.), a creeping
or trailing plant of the Heath tam-
ily (Bpif/xa repeii.i), having white
or usually rose-colored flowers with
a delicate fragrance, gi'owing m
small axillary clusters, and appear-
ing early in the spring ; in New
England known as muyflower ; — ,
called also ground laurel. Gray, i
Arc (iirk) re. [F. are, L. arcus v.u„^j-^
bow, arc. SeeAECH,re.] 1. {Geom )
A portion of a curved line ; as, the
arc of a circle or of an ellipse. Trailmg Arbutus.
2. A curvature in tlie sliape of a circular arc or an
arch ; as, the colored arc (the rainbow) ; the arc of Had-
ley's quadrant.
3. Anarch. [Obs.]
Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs. MiJton.
4. The apparent arc described, above or below the ho-
rizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal
arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc
during the night.
See under Voltaic.
[F. aicade, Sp. arcada. IJj.
Electric arc. Voltaic arc.
Ar-cade' (ar-kad'), re.
areata, fr. L. arcus bow,
arch.] 1. {Arch.) {a) A
series of arches with the
columns or piers which
support them, the span-
drels above, and other
necessary appurte-
nances ; sometimes open,
serving as an entrance
or to give light ; some-
times closed at the back
(as in the cut) and form-
ing a decorative feature.
(6) A long, arched building or gallery.
2. An arched or covered passageway or avenue.
Ar-cad'ed (ar-kad'Sd), a. Furnished with an arcade.
Ar-ca'di-a (ar-ka'dt-a), n. [L. Arcadia, Gr. 'ApKoSio.]
1. A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece,
in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were dis-
tinguished for contentment and rural happiness.
2. Fig. : Any region or scene of simple pleasure and
untroubled quiet.
Where the cow is, there is Arcadia. J. Burrcnxghs.
Ar-ca'di-an (-an), ) a. [L. Arcadius, Arcadicus, fr.
Ar-ca'dic (-dik), ) Arcadia : cf . F. Arcadien, Ar-
cadigue.] Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideal-
ly rural ; as, Arcadian simplicity or scenery.
Ar-cane' (ar-kan'), a. [L. arcanus.] Hidden ; secret.
[Ofo.] "The OT'coree part of divine wisdom." Berkeley.
II Ar-ca'niUll (ar-ka'niim), re. ; pi. Akcaba (-na). [L.,
fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. area chest, box, fr. arcere
to inclose. See Aek.] 1. A secret ; a mystery ; — gen-
erally used in the plural.
Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead. TVarbitrtoju
2. {Med.) A secret remedy ; an elixir. Dunglison.
II Arc'-bOU'tant' (ar'boo'taN'), re. [F.] {Arch.) A
flying buttress. Gwiit.
Arch (arch), re. [F. arche, fr. LL. area, for arcus. See
Aec] 1. {Geom.) Any part of a curved line.
2. {Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of
separate wedge-
shaped solids, with
the joints between
them disposed in the
direction of the ra-
dii of the curve;
used to support the
wall or other weight
above an opening.
In this sense arches
are segmental, round
{i. e. , semicircular),
or pointed, {b) A
flat arch is a mem-
ber constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes
so as to support each other
without rising into a curve.
m^"" ScientiflcaUy consid-
ered, the arch is a means -,-
of spanning an opening by
resolving vertical pressure
into horizontal or diagonal
thrust.
3. Any place covered by J-
an arch ; an archway ; as,
to pass into the arch of a
bridge.
4. Any curvature in the form of an arch ; as, the arch
of the aorta. "Colors of the showery 0)-c/(." Mil/on.
Triumphal arch, a monumental structure resembling an
arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to
commemorate a triumph.
Arch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Aechei> (archt) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Aeching.] i. To cover with an arch or arches.
2. To form or bend into the shape of an arch.
The horse arched his neck. Ctiarlesvxrtb.
Arch, V. i. To form into an arch ; to curve.
Flat Arch.
B
H
K
use, unite, njde, full, fip, flrn ; pity ; food, fo"bt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iuk ; tben, tiiin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
ARCH-
78
ARCHIPELAGO
Ar^- (arch-, except in arcTiangel and one or two other
words). [L. arch', Gr. apx- = opx'-- See Aacin-.] A
prefix sigmfying chief, as in arcAbuilder, arcAfiend.
Aich (arch), a. [See AECH-,^re/.] 1. Chief ; eminent ;
greatest ; principal.
The most arch act of piteous massacre. Skak.
2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish;
•a, an arch loolc, word, lad.
[He] spoke his request with so arch a leer. Tatler.
Arch, 7i> [See AKCH-,pre/.] A chief . lObs.']
My worthy arch and patron comes to-night. Shak.
arch (-ark). [Gr. ap^os chief, commander, apxeif to
rule. See Arch, a.] A sufiix meaning a ruler, as in mon-
arch (a sole ruler).
Ar-chse'an (ar-ke'an), a. [Gr. apxaios ancient, fr.
opx>) beginning.] Ancient; pertaining to the earUest
period in geological history.
Ar-chaB'an, n. {Geol.) The earliest period in geolog-
ical history, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It in-
cludes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life,
and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life.
I^" This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term
Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson.
Ar'Chae-Og'ra-phy (ar'ke-Sg'ra-fJ?), n. [Gr. opxaios
ancient + -gropliy.'] A description of, or a treatise on,
antiquity or antiquities.
Ar'chSB-O-litli'ic (-o-lTthTk), a. [Gr. apxatot ancient
-f- XiSiKos pertaining to a stone.] (Archseol.) Of or per-
taining to tlie earliest Stone age ; — applied to a prehis-
toric period preceding the Paleolithic age.
Ar'chae-O-lO'gi-an (-lo'jT-«n), n. An archaeologist.
Ar'Chae-O-lOg'iC (-loj'Tk), l a. [Gr. apxaioAoviicos.]
Ar'chae-0-lOg'ic-al (-T-kal), ) Relating to arcliiPol-
ogj'. or antiquities ; as, archaeological researches. — Al'-
O&a-o-log'ic-al-ly, adv.
Ar'chaB-ol'o-gist (-Ql'o-jTst), n. One versed in archse-
oU'gy ; an antiquary. Wright.
Ar'ChSB-Ol'O-gy (ar'ke-ol'o-jy), n. [Gr. apxaioAoyi'a ;
apxaios ancient (fr. apxri begiunuig) -\- A670S discourse,
>.4yciv to speak.] The science or study of antiquities,
esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of build-
inira or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, im-
plements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc.
II Ar'chSB-op'te-ryx (-5p'te-riks), n. [Gr. dpxaios an-
cient + TTTe'puf wing.]
(Paleon.) A fosaU bird, of
the Jurassic period, re-
markable for having a long
tapering tail of many ver-
tebrae with featliers along
each side, and jaws armed
with teeth, with other
reptilian characteristics.
Ar'chsB-o-stom'a-tous
(-6-st6m'a-tus), a. [Gr.
opxa^og ancient -f- orojita
mouth.] (Biol.) Applied
to a gastrula when the
blastopore does not en-
tirely close up.
Ar'chaB-0-zo'Ic (-*-
loTk), a. [Gr. apxaio;
ancient + ^mov animal.]
[Zool. ) Lilie br belonging ^^^^^^ ^^ Archsopteryx, from
to the earhest forms of t^e lithographic limestone of
animal life. Solenhofen. Reduced.
Ar-cha'ic (ar-katk), a.
[Gr. ipxai/cds old-fashioned, fr. apxaios ancient.] Of or
characterized by antiquity or archaism ; antiquated ; ob-
solescent.
Ai-oha'lc-al (-i-kal), a. Archaic. [iJ.] — Ar-cha'lo-
al-ly, adv.
Ar'Cha-lsm (ar'ka-iz'm), n. [Gr. apxaiaiuds, fr. ap-
Xaios ancient, f r. apxij beginning : cf. F. archa'isme. See
Arch, a.] 1. An ancient, antiquated, or old-fashioned,
word, expression, or idiom ; a word or form of speech no
longer in common use.
2. Antiquity of style or use ; obsoleteness.
A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and
remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary.
J)e Quincey.
Ar'cha-ist, n. 1. An antiquary.
2. One who uses archaisms.
Ar'cha-is'tlc (-Is'tik), a. Like, or imitative of, any-
thing archaic ; pertaining to an archaism.
Ar'cha-ize (-iz), v. t. \imp. &p.p. Archaized (-izd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] [Gr. apxaifeif .] To make
appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy.
Arch'an'gel (ark'an'jgl), re. [L. archangelus, Gr. apx-
ayyeXo! : cf . OF. archangel, P. archange. See Arch-,
pref., and Angel.] 1. A chief angel; one high in the
celestial hierarchy. Milton.
2. (Boi.) A term applied to several different species
of plants {Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.).
Arch'an-gel'lc (ark'Sn-jglTk), a. [Cf. P. archan-
gSlique.^ Of or pertaining to archangels ; of the nature
of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton.
Aich'blsh'op (arch'bish'iip), n. [AS. arceUsceop,
arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. apxteiriaKOTros. See
Bishop.] A chief bishop ; a church dignitary of the first
class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who super-
intends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his prov-
ince, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own
diocese.
Arch'blsh'op-ric (-rTk), n. [AS. arcebiscoprtce. See
-Eic] The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the
see or province over which an archbishop exercises archi-
episcopal authority.
Areh' brick' (brik'). A wedge-shaped brick used in
the building of an arch.
Arch'bntler (-biitler), n. [Pref. arch- -f- butler.']
A chief butler ; — sin officer of the old German empire.
Arch'cham'ber-lain (arch'cham'ber-ltn), n. [Cf. G.
erzk'dmmerer. See Arch-, ^re/.] A chief chamberlain ;
— an officer of the old German empire, whose office was
similar to that of the great chamberlain in England.
Arch'chan'cel-lor (-chan'sSl-ler), n. [Cf. Ger. erz-
kanzler. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chancellor; — an
officer in the old German empire, who presided over
the secretaries of the court.
Arch'chem'lc (-kSm'ik), a. Of supreme chemical
powers. [iJ.] "The arcAcAemzc sun." Milton.
Arch'dea'COn (-de'k'n), n. [AS. arcediacon, archidi-
acon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. apxiSiatoros. See Arch-,
pref., and Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical digni-
tary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and
by whom he is appointed, though with independent au-
thority. Blaclcstone.
Arcn'dea'con-ry, n. The district, office, or residence
of an archdeacon. See Benefice.
Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries. Blackstone.
Arch'dea'COn-ship, n. The office of an archdeacon.
Arch'di'0-cese (-di'6-ses), re. [Pref. arch- -\- diocese.]
The diocese of an archbishop.
Arch'du'cal (-du'kal), a. Of or pertaining to an arch-
duke or archduchy.
Arch'dUCh'ess (-dfich'Ss), re. [Pref. arch- -^duchess.]
The consort of an archduke ; also, a daughter of the em-
peror of Austria. See Archduke.
Arch'duch'y, re. The territory of an archduke or
archduchess. Ash.
Arch'duke' (-duk'), re. [Pref. arch- -f duke.] A
prince of the imperial family of Austria.
m^^ Pormerly this title was assumed by the rulers of
Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. It is now, however, es-
pecially appropriated to the children of the imperial fam-
ily of Austria, all the sons of the emperor being called
archdukes, and all the daughters archduchesses.
Arcb'dUke'dom (-diim), n. An archduchy.
II Ar'che-bl-0'sis (ar'ke-bt-o'sts), n. [Pref. arche- =
archi- -{■ Gr. Pi'uxris, /3io5, life.] The origination of liv-
ing matter from non-living, ^ee Aeiosenesis. Bastion.
Arched (archt), a. Made with an arch or curve ;
covered with an arch ; as, an arched door.
Ar'che-go'nl-al (ar'ke-go'nl-al), a. Eelating to the
archegonium.
II Ar'che-gO'nl-um (Sr'ke-go'nT-um), re. [NL., fr. Gr.
apxeyoi/os the first of a race.] (Bot.) The pistillidium or
female organ in the higher cryptogamic plants, corre-
sponding to the pistil in flowering plants.
Ar-cheg'0-ny (ar-kSg'6-nj?), re. [See Aecheoontom.]
(Biol.) Spontaneous generation ; abiogenesis.
Ar-chel'0-gy (ar-k51'6-jy), re. [Gr. apx>) an element
or first principle + -logy.] The science of, or a treatise
on, first principles. Fleming.
II Ar'chen-ceph'a-la (ar'kSn-sSf'a-la), re. pi. [NL., fr.
Gr. pref. dpxi- + ey/ce'c^aAos the brain.] (Zool.) The
division that includes man alone. B. Owen.
Arch'en'e-my (arch'gn'e-mj), re. [Pref. arch- -\- en-
emy.] A principal enemy. Specifically, Satan, the grand
adversary of mankind. Milton.
Arch'en-ter'ic (ark'Sn-tSrlk), a. (Biol.) Relating
to the archenteron ; as, archenteric invagination.
II Arch'en'ter-on (ark'Sn'ter-5n), re. [Pref. arch- -f
Gr. evTepov intestine.] (Biol.) The cavity of the blasto-
sphere, or the primitive alimentary sac in the embryo of
some invertebrates. Balfour.
Ar'che-ol'o-gy (ar'ke-8i'6-ji^), re., Ar'che-0-log'ic-al
(-o-15j'i-kal), a. Same as Arck.eology, etc.
Arch'er (arch'er), re. [OF. archier, P. archer, LL.
arcaniw, fr. L. arcai bow. See Aec, Akch, re.] A bow-
man ; one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow.
Arch'er-ess (-5s), re. A female archer. Marfcham.
Arch'er fish' (ftsh'). (,Zo6l.) A smaU fish (Toxo-
ies jaculaior), of the East
Indies ; — so called from
its ejecting drops of water
from its mouth at its
prey. The name is also
applied to ChteiOdon rOS- -^itaynnrninmiri—-
iratus. ^"«^^8HHggjj|g|^ ■J"
Arch'er-shlp, re. The
art or sldll of an archer. Archer Fish (Toxotes jaculator).
Arch'er-y (-er-f), re.
[OP. archerie.] 1. The use of the bow and arrows in
battle, hunting, etc. ; the art, practice, or skill of shoot-
ing vrith a bow and arrows.
2. Archers, or bowmen, collectively.
Let all our archery fall off
In wings of shot a-both sides of the van. Webster (1607).
Arch'es (-5z), pi. of Aech, re.
Court of Arches, or Arches Court (Eng. Lam), the court of
appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the
judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the
Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court
in the church of St. Mary-^e-jBow (de arcutus). It is now
held in Westminster. Mozley & W.
Ar'che-ty'pal (ar'kS-ti'pal), a. Of or pertaining to
an archetj^pe ; constituting a model (real or ideal) or pat-
tern ; original. " One archetypal mindi." Cudworth.
(IlSr=" Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the
world as it existed as an idea of God before the creation.
Ar'che-ty'pal-ly, adv. With reference to the arche-
type ; originally. "Parts are AeiyjoaHt/ distinct." Dana.
Ar'che-type (ar'ke-tip), re. [L. archetypum, Gr.
apXcTv-TTOv, fr. apxeTviros stamped first and as a model ;
apxe ^ i^'X'' "i" rvKO^ stamp, figure, pattern, rvTrreiv to
strike : cf. P. architype. See kB.cn-,pref.] 1. The orig-
inal pattern or model of a work ; or the model from
which a thing is made or formed.
The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representa-
tive assemblies which now meet. Macaulay.
Types and shadows of that glorious arcAe<j(pe that was to
j come into the world. South.
2. (Coinage) The standard weight or coin by which
others are adjusted.
3. (Biol.) The plan or fundamental structure on which
a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of
organs are assumed to have been constructed ; as, the
vertebrate archetype.
Ar'che-typ'ic-al (iir'ke-tip'i-kal), a. Relating to an
archetype ; archetypal.
II Ar-che'US (ar-ke'us), re. [LL. archeus, Gr. opxaioj
ancient, pruneval, fr. apxrj beginning. See Akchi-, pref.]
The vital principle or force whicli (according to the Para-
celsians) presides over the growth and continuation of
living beings ; the anima mundi or plastic power of the
old plnlosophers. \Obs.] Johnson.
Ar'chl- (iirnii-). [L. archi-, Gr. opx'-, a prefix which
is from the same root as apxe'v to lie first, to begin ;
opx^ the first place, beginning; apxds chief. Cf. AS.
arce-, erce-, OHG. erzi^, G. erz-.] A prefix signifying
chief, arch ; as, architect, orcAtepiscopal. In Biol, and
Anat. it usually vaeans primitive, original, ancestral ; as,
arcAipterygium, the primitive fin or wing.
II Aj:'cm-an-nel'l-da (ar'kT-Sn-ngl'T-da), re. pi. [NL. ;
pref. archi' ■{- annelida.] (Zoi'il.) A group of Annelida
remarkable for having no external segments or distinct
ventral nerve ganglions.
Ar'chl-a'ter (arOii-a'ter), n. [L. archiatrus, Gr. a^
Xi'oTpo! ; pref. apxi^- -f- lorpos physician, iaaBai to heal.]
Cbiet physician; — a term applied, on the continent of
Europe, to the first or body physician of princes and to
the fbrst physician of some cities. P. Cye.
II Ar'chl-blas'tu-la (ar'ki-bl5s'tu-la), re. [Pref. archi-
-\- blastula.] (Biol.) Tlie morula formed by the segmen-
tation of the ovum of Physemaria.
Ar'cU-cal (ar'ki-kol), a. [Gr. opxiKos able to gov-
ern, fr. opx^ beginning, government. See Arch-, prefl
Chief; primary; primordial. [^Obs.] Cudworth.
Ar'cU-dl-ao'O-nal (iir'kT-dt-Sk'o-nal), a. [L. archU
diaconus, Gr. opx'SioKoi'os, equiv. to E. archdeacon.] Of
or pertaining to an archdeacon.
This offense is liable to be censured in an archidiacoiial vis-
itation. Johnson.
Ar'chl-e-pis'co-pa-cy (-t-pTsTio-pa-sy), re. [Pre*.
archi- ■{■ episcopacy.] 1. That form of episcopacy in
which the chief power is in the hands of archbishops.
2. The state or dignity of an archbishop.
Ar'chl-e-pls'co-pal (-pal), a. [Pref. archi- -\- episco-
pal.] Of or pertaining to an archbishop ; as, Canterbury
IS an archiepiscopal see.
Ar'chi-e-pls'co-pal'l-ty (-pSl'I-tJ), re. The station 01
dignity of an archbishop ; archiepiscopacy. Fuller.
Ar'chl-e-pis'co-pate (-pat), re. [Pref. archi- -{- epis-
copate.] Tlie office of an archbishop ; an arehbisliopric.
II Ar-Chi'e-rey (-ki'e-rj), re. [Russ. archierei, fr. Gr.
opXiepeus ; pref. ipxi- (E. arch^ •\- iepevg priest.] Th»
higher order of clergy in Russia, including metropolitans,
archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton.
Ar'chll (ar'kil ; 277), re. [OF. orchel, orcheil. It. or-
cella, oricello, or OSp. orchillo. Cf . Orchil.] 1. A violet
dye obtained from several species of lichen (Boccella
tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the
Canary and CapeVerd Islands, etc. Tomlinson.
2. The plant from which the dye is obtained.
[Written also on-chal and orchil.]
Ar'chi-lo'chi-an (ar'kt-lo'kT-an), a. [L. Archilo-
chius.] Of or pertaining to the satiric Greek poet Ar-
chilochus ; as, Archilochian meter.
Ar'chi-mage (arTsI-maj), I re. [NL. ; pref. archi-
II Ar'Chi-ma'gUS (-ma'giis), ) -f L. magus, Gr. p.a.yo^y
aMagian.] 1. The high priest of the Persian Magi, or
worshipers of fire.
2. A great magician, wizard, or enchanter. Spenser.
Ar'cM-man'drite (-mSn'drit), re. [L. archimandrita,
LGr. apxifiavSpin)! ; pref. dpxi- (E. arch-) -\- /adi'Spa an
inclosed space, esp. for cattle, a fold, a monastery.] (Gr.
Church) (a) A chief of a monastery, corresponding to
abbot in the Roman Catholic church, (b) A superintend-
ent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior ab-
bot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic church.
Ar'Cbl-me^e'an (-me-de'an), a. [L. Archimedeus.]
Of or pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek phi-
losopher ; constructed on the principle of Archimedes'
screw; as, Archimedean drill, propeller, etc.
Archimedean screw, or Archimedes' screw, an instrument^
said to have been invented by
Archimedes, for raising wa-
ter, formed by winding a flex-
ible tube round a cylinder in
the form of a screw. When
the screw is placed in an in-
clined position, and the lower
end immersed in water, by
causing the screw to revolve,
the water is raised to the up-
per end. Francis,
II Ar'chl-me'des (-me'dez), re. (Paleon.) An extinct
genus of Bryozoa characteristic of the sub-
carboniferous rocks. Its form is that of a
screw.
Arch'ing (arching), re. 1. The arched
part of a structure.
2. (Naut.) Hogging ; — opposed to sag-
ging.
Ar'chl-pe-lag'ic (ar/ki-pe-lSjIk), a. Of
or pertaining to an archipelago.
Ar'chi-pei'a-go (-p5l'a-go), re. ; pi. -gobs
or -Gos (-goz). [It. arcipelago, properly,
chief sea ; Gr. pref. apxi- — h Tre'Aayos sea,
perh. akin to irAijy^ blow, Mad expressing
the beating of the waves. See Plague.]
1. The Grecian Archipelago, or .fflgean A''^^™1^%
Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor, (-^■"'ortiiem).
It is studded with a vast number of small islands.
2. Hence : Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed
with many islands or with a group of islands.
Archimedes' Screw.
ale, senate, c&re, am, arm, ask, final, jjU ; eve, eventj 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, drb, 5dd 5
ARCHIPTERYGIUM
79
ARENARIOUS
Archipterypium. One of the fins of
Ceratoaus. Much reduced.
II Ar-Chlp'te-ryg'i-um (ar-kTp'tt-rTjT-iim), re. [NL.,
fr. Gr. pref. apx<--(E- '" '"""
arch-) + n-TepuyioK
wing, fin.] (Anat.)
The primitive form
of fin, like that of
Ceratodus.
Ar'chl-tect (ar'ki-
tSkt), 71. [L. archi-
tectus, architecton, Gr. ApxiTeVTwf chief ai'tificer, master
builder ; pref. ap\i.- (E. archi-) -f- tckti^v workman, akin
to Te'x'^ art, skill, tCkthv to produce : cf. F. arcliitecte.
It. archileito. See Technical.] 1. A person skilled in
the art of building ; one who understands architecture,
or makes it Iris occupation to form plans and designs of
buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed.
2. A contriver, designer, or maker.
The architects of their own happiness. Milton.
A French woman is a perfect architect in dress. Goldsmith,
Ar'Chi-tec'tlve (-tSk'ti v), a. Used in building ; proper
for building. Derham.
Ar'chi-tec-ton'ic (-t5n1k), ) a. pL. architectonicus,
Ar'cM-tec-ton'iC-al (-t-kal), ( Gr. opxire/tTOi'iKds.
See Architect.] 1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to
architecture ; evincing skUl in designing or construction ;
constructive. " Archilectonic wisdom." Boyle.
These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought
belonged to religion. J. C. Shairp.
2. Relating to the systematizing of knowledge.
Ar'Chi-tec-ton'lc, n. [Cf. F. architectonique.'] 1. The
science of architecture.
2. The art of arranging knowledge into a system.
Ar'cM-tec-ton'ics, n. The science of architecture.
Ar'chl-tec'tor (-ter), re. An architect. [Obs.'} North.
Ar'Chl-tec'tress (-trSs), «. A female architect.
Ar'cU-tec'tur-al (-tSk'tiir-al), a. Of or pertaining
to the art of building ; conformed to the rules of archi-
tecture. — Ar'chl-teo'tur-al-ly, adv.
Ar'chi-tec'ture (ar^kT-tSk'tiSr ; 135), n. [L. architec-
tura, fr. architscius : cf . F. architecture. See Architect.]
1. The art or science of building ; especially, the art
of building houses, churches, bridges, and other struc-
tures, for the purposes of civil lite ; — often called civil
architecture.
2. A method or style of building, characterized by
certain peculiarities of structure, ornamentation, etc.
Many other architectures besides Gothic. JRvsk'in.
3. Construction, in a more general stnse; frame or
structure ; workmanship.
The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees. Tyndall.
The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine archi-
tecture. Burnet.
Military architecture, the art of fortification. — Naval
architecture, the art of building ships.
II Ar'Ohi-teu'thls (ar'ki-tu'thls), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref.
apxi- + TEvSt's, -t'Sos, a kind of squid.] (Zool.) A genus
of gigantic cephalopods, allied to the squids, found esp. in
the North Atlantic and about New Zealand.
Ar'chl-trave (ar'kT-trav), n. [F. architrave, fr. It.
architrave ; pref. archi- -\- trave beam, L. trabs."] {Arch.)
(a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part
which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical
architecture. See Colusin. (6) The group of moldings,
or other architectural member, above and on both sides
of a door or other opening, especially if square in form.
Ar'Chi-traved (-travd), a. Furnished with an archi-
trave. Cowper.
Ar'chi-val (Sr'kT-val), a. Pertaining to, or contained
in, archives or records. Tooke.
Ar'cUve (ar'kiv), n. ; pi. AscHiVBS (-Mvz). [F. ar-
chives, pi., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. apxetoi' gov-
ernment house, Td apxeia archives, fr. a.(>xn the first
place, government. See Akchi-, pref."] 1. pi. The place
in which public records or historic documents are kept.
Our words . . . become records in God's court, and are
laid up in his archives as witnesses. Gov. of Tongue.
2. pi. Public records or documents preserved as evi-
dence of facts ; as, the archives of a country or family.
[Rarely used in sing.'l
Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored
press. Xamb.
Syn. — Registers; records; chronicles.
AT'obi-vlst (-kt-vist), re. [F. archiviste.'] A keeper of
archives or records. [iJ.]
Ar'cbl-volt (ar'ki-volt), re. [F. archivolte, fr. It. ar-
chivolto ; pref. archi- + volto vault, arch. See Vault.]
(Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the
curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the archi-
trave in the case of a square opening. (6) More com-
monly, the molding or other ornaments with which the
wall face of the vou^oirs of an arch is charged.
Arohlute (arch^ut), ) re. [Cf. F. archiluth, It. areili-
Arch'i-lute (-T-lut), ) uto.'] (Mies.) A large theorbo,
or double-necked lute, formerly in use, having the bass
strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings
with a unison.
Archly (archly), adv. In an arch manner ; with at-
tractive slyness or roguishness ; slyly ; waggishly.
Archly the maiden smiled. Longfellow.
Arch'mai'shal (-mar'shol), re. [G. erzmarschall.
See Akch-, pref.'\ The grand marshal of the old German
empire, a dignity that belonged to the Elector of Saxony.
Aroh'ness, re. The quality of being arch ; cleverness ;
sly humor free from malice ; waggishness. Goldsmith.
Ar'clion (ar'kSn), re. [L. archon, Gr. apx<uv, apxovro^,
ruler, chief magistrate, p. pr. of apx^iv to be first, to
rule.] {Antiq.) One of the chief magistrates in ancient
Athens, especially, by preeminence, the first of the nine
<!hief magistrates. — Ar-chon'tic (ar-k5n'tTk), a.
Ar'chon-shlp, re. The office of an archon. Mitford.
Ar'chon-tBte (-tSt), re. [Cf. F. archontai.'] An ar-
chon'8 term of ofiice. Gibbon.
Ar'chonts (arTcSnts), re. pi. [Gr. ap^wv, p. pr. See
Archon.] (Zool ) The group including man alone.
Arch'prel'ate (iirch'prSl'at), re. [Pref. arch- -[- prel-
ate.'] An archbishop or other chief prelate.
Arch'pres'by-ter (arch'prSz'by-ter), re. Same as
Akchpriest.
Arch'pres'by-ter-y (-t6r-y), re. [Pref. arch- -\- pres-
bytery.'] The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton.
Arch'priest' (-presf), re. A chief priest ; also, a kind
of vicar, or a rural dean.
Arch'prl'mate (-pri'mfit), n. [Pref. arch- + primate.']
The chief primate. 3Iilton.
Arch' stone' (ston'). A wedge-shaped stone used in
an arch ; a voussoir.
Arch'tral'tor (-tra'ter), re. [Pref. arch- + traitor.] A
chief or transcendent traitor. /. Watts.
Arch'treas'UT-er (-trgzh'ur-er ; 135), n. [Pref. arch-
-\- treasurer.] A chief treasurer. Specifically, the great
treasurer of the German empire.
Arch'way (-wa), re. A way or passage vmder an arch.
Arch'wlfe' (-wfiE'), re. [Pref. arcli- + wife.] A big,
masculine wife. \_Obs.] Chaucer.
Arch'wise (-wiz), adv. Arch-shaped.
Arch'y (-y), a. Arched ; as, archy brows.
-ar'chy(ar'ky). [Gr. -apx'a, fr. dpxos chief . See Arch-,
pref.] A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in
moaarchy, the rule of one only. Cf. -arch.
Ar'ci-iorm (ar'si-f6rm), a. [L. arcus bow + -form.]
Having the form of an arch ; curved.
Arc'O-graph (ark'o-gr4f), re. [L. arcus (E. arc) -\-
-graph.] An instrument for drawing a
circular arc without the use of a central
point ; a cyclograph.
Arc-ta'tion (ark-ta'shun), re. [L. arc-
ius shut in, narrow, p. p. of urcere to shut
in: cf. F. arctation.] {3fed.) Constric-
tion or contraction of some natural pas- Arcoffraph
sage, as in constipation from inflammation.
Arc'tlc(-tik), a. [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique,
L. arcticus, fr. Gr. apxriKo?, fr. ap/cTos a bear, also a
northern constellation so called ; akin to L. urs^is bear,
Skr. fksha.] Pertaining to, or situated under, the nor-
thern constellation called the Bear ; northern ; frigid ;
as, the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean ; an arctic expedi-
tion, night, temperature.
^S" The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the
equator, 23'' 28' from the north pole. This and the ant-
arctic crrcle are called the polar circles, and between
these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone.
Arc'tic, re. 1. The arctic circle.
2. A warm waterproof overshoe. {U. S.]
II Arc-tis'ca (-tls'ka), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. apxTOs bear.]
(Zo'ol.) A group of Arachnida. See Illiist. in Appendix.
Arc'tO-ge'al (ark'to-je'al), a. [Gr. dpKTos the north
+ yrj, yata, country.] {Zo'ol. ) Of or pertaining to arctic
lands ; as, the arctogeal fauna.
II Arc-toid'e-a (-toid'e-a), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. apKxos
bear -f- -Old.] {Zo'ol.) A group of the Camivora, that
includes the bears, weasels, etc.
Arc-tU'TUS (-tu'riis), re. [L. Arcturus, Gr. 'Ap/crovpo?
"jearward, equiv. to *ApK70^vka^ ; dpKTo? bear -f- ovpos
ward, guard. See Abctic] {Astro7i.) A fixed star of
the first magnitude in the constellation Bootes.
(1^°° Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as
the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major.
Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver. : " the
Beai with her train "]. Job xxxviii. 32.
Arc'U-al (ark'ti-al), a. Of or pertaining to an arc.
Arcual meaanre of an angle (Math.), that in which the
unit angle has its measurmg arc equal to the radius of
the circle.
Aic'u-ate (ark'ii-at), ) a. [L. arcuaius, p. p. of arcua-
Arc'u-a'ted (-a'tSd), j re to shape like a bow, fr. ar-
cus. See Ajtc] Bent or curved in the form of a bow.
" Arcuate stalks." Gray.
Arc'U-ate-ly (-at>-ly), adv. In the form of a bow.
Arc'U-a'Uon (ark'ii-a'shun), re. [L. arcuatio.] 1. The
act of bending or curving ; incurvation ; the state of
being bent ; crookedness. Coxe.
2. {Sort.) A mode of propagating trees by bending
branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots
with earth ; layering. Chambers.
Ar'cu-ba-Ust (ar'kfi-ba-list), re. [See Aeealist.] A
crossbow. Fosbroke.
Ar'CU-bal'ist-er (-bS11st-er or -ba^lisfer), re. [L. ar-
cuballistarius. Cf. Abbalisteb.] A crossbowman ; one
who used the arcubalist. Camden.
Ar'cu-bUS (-biis), re. See Arquebus. [_Obs.]
-ard, -art. The termination of many English words ; as,
coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in
which language this ending is of German origin, being
orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has
the sense of one whb has to a high or excessive degree
the quality expressed'by the root; as, braggart, sluggorrf.
II Al-das'Sine (ar-das'sin), re. [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina),
fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan
a kind of raw silk.] A very fine sort of Persian silk.
Ar'den-cy (ar'den-sy), re. 1. Heat. [J?.] Sir T. Herbert.
2. Warmth of passion or affection ; ardor ; vehe-
mence ; eagerness ; as, the ardency of love or zeal.
Ar'dent (ar'dent), a. [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr.
of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning ;
causing a sensation of burning ; fiery ; as, ardent spirits,
that is, distilled liquors ; an ardent fever.
2. Having the appearance or quality of fire ; fierce ;
glowing ; shining ; as, ardent eyes. Dryden.
3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections ; pas-
sionate ; fervent ; zealous ; vehement ; as, ardent love,
feelings, zeal, hope, temper.
An ardent and impetuous race. Macaulay.
Syn. — Burning ; hot ; fiery ; glowing ; intense ; fierce j
vehfiment: eager ; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent ; pas-
sionate ; affectionate.
Ar'dent-ly (ar'dent-lj^), adv. In an ardent manner;
eagerly ; with warmth ; affectionately ; passionately.
Ar'dent-ness, re. Ardency. [iS.]
Ar'dor (ar'der), re. [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn : cf.
OF. ardor, ardur, P. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardoii?:]
1. Heat, in a literal sense ; as, the ordor of the sun's rays.
2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection ; eagerness ;
zeal ; as, he pursues study with ardor ; they fought with
ardor; martial ardor.
3. pi. Bright and effulgent spirits ; seraphim. [Thus
used by Milton.]
Syn. —Fervor ; warmth ; eagerness. See Feevoe.
Ar'dU-OUS (ar'dii-us ; 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high ;
akin to Ir. ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a
literal sense ; hard to climb.
Those arduous paths they trod. Pope.
2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of
acclivities ; difficult ; laborious ; as, an arduous employ-
ment, task, or enterprise.
Syn. — Difficult : trying; laborious ; painful ; exhaust-
ing. — AsDUons, Hard, Difficult, llard is simpler,
blunter, and more general in sense than diflicult ; as, a
hard duty to perform, hard work, a liard task, one which
requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Uif-
JicuH commonly implies more skill and sagacity than
hard, as wlien there is disproportion between the means
and the end. A workmay be /(arc/ but notd)77ie«/^ We
call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and per-
severing exertion, like that of one who is climbing a
precipice; as, an ar(/«o«.s task, an ar(/«o«s duty. "It is
often difflcult to control our feelings ; it is still harder
to subdue our will ; but it is an arduous undertaking to
control the unruly and contending will of others."
Ar'du-OUS-ly, adv. In an arduous manner; with
difficulty or laboriousness.
Ar'du-ous-ness, re. The quality of being arduous;
difficulty of execution.
Ar'du-rous (-riis), a. Burning ; ardent. [B..]
Lo I further on,
Where flames the ardurous Spirit of Isidore. Cart/.
Are (ar). [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the i.5t
pers. pi. forms, Icel. erum, Goth, sijurri, L. sumus, Gr.
eo'/xev, Skr. smas; all from a root as: V9- See Am and
Is, and cf. Be.] The present indicative plural of the
substantive verb to be; but etyraologically a differtiij
word from be, or luas. Am, art, are, and is, all cotne
from the root as.
Are (Sr), re. [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric
system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square
of which each side is ten meters in length ; 100 square
meters, or about 119.6 square yards.
A're-a (a're-a ; 277), re. ; pi. Areas (-az). [L. area a
broad piece of level groimd. Cf. Are, re.] 1. Any plane
surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the
ground v/ithin an inclosure ; an open space in a building.
The Alban lake . . . looks like the area of some vast amphi
theater. Addison,
2. The inclosed space on which a building stands.
3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and af-
fording light to the basement of a building.
4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's sur^
face ; a region ; as, vast uncultivated areas.
5. (Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure ;
the surface included within any given lines ; superficial
extent ; as, the area of a square or a triangle.
6. (Biol.) A spot or small marked space ; as, the gei^
minative area.
7. Extent ; scope ; range ; as, a wide area of thought.
The largest area of human history and man's common na-
ture. -F. Harrisoru
Dry area. See under Dry.
A-read' 1 (a-red'), V. t. [OE. areden, AS. arsedan to
A-reed' I interpret. See Read.] 1. To tell, declare,
explain, or interpret ; to divine ; to guess ; as, to aread
a riddle or a dream. lObs.]
Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case. Spenser.
2. To read. lObs.] Drayton.
3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct.
But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt I Milton.
4. To decree ; to adjudge. [_Archaic'] Ld. Lytton.
A're-al (a're-al), a. [Cf. L. arealis, fr. area.] Of or
pertaining to an area ; as, areal interstices (the areas or
spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves).
A-rear' (a-rer'), V. t. & i. [AS. arasran. See Reae.]
To raise ; to set up; to stir up. \_Obs.]
A-rear', adv. [See Aerear, adv.] Backward ; in or
to the rear ; behindhand. Spenser,
II A-re'ca (4-re'ka), re. [Canarese adiM: cf. Pg. & Sp.
areca.] (Bot.) A genus of palms, one species of which
produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in
India vrith the leaf of the Piper Belle and lime.
A-reek' (a-rek'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + reek.] In a
reeking condition. Swift.
Ar'e-fac'tlon (Sr'e-fak'shun), re. [L. arefacere to
dry.] The act of drying, or the state of growing dry.
The avefaction of the earth. Sir M. Hale.
Ar'e-fy (ar'e-fi), V. t. [L. arere to be dry -f- -fy.] To
dry, or make dry. Bacon.
A-re'na (a^re'na), re. / pi. E. Aeenas (-n&z) ; L. Aeen.e
(-ne). [L. arena, harena, sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Bom.
Antiq.) The area in the central part of an amphitheater,
in which the gladiators fought and other shows were ex-
hibited ; — so called because it was covered with sand.
2. Any place of public contest or exertion ; any sphere
of action ; as, the arena of debate ; the arena of life.
3. (Med.) " Sand " or " gravel " in the kidneys.
Ar'e-na'ceOUS (Sr'e-na'shiis), a. [L. arenaceus, fr.
arena sand.] Sandy or consisting largely of sand ; of the
nature of sand ; easily disintegrating mto sand ; friable ;
as, arenaceous limestone.
Ar'e-na'ri-OUS (-na'ri-Qs), a. [L. arenarivs, it. arena
sand.] Sandy ; as, arenarious soil.
B
n
G
H
K
fise, unite, r^de, full, Hjs, fim; pity; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; eo; sing, ink; then, thin-, boN; zh = z in azure.
M
ARENATION
80
ARGUMENT
Ar'e-na'tlon (5r'e-na'shun), n. [L. arenatio, fr. arena
sand.] (Med.) A sand bath ; application of hot sand to
the body. Dunglison.
II Ar'en-da'tor (ar'en-da'tor), n. [LL. arendator, ar-
rendator, fr. arendare, arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda
yearly rent ; ad + renda, F. rente, E. rent. Cf. Arken-
TATION and Rent.] In some provinces of Russia, one
who farms the rents oi* revenues.
(1^°' A person who rents an estate belonging to the
crown is called crown arendator. Tooke.
II A-reng' (a^reng'), II A-ren'ga (a-ren'ga), re. [Ma-
layan.] A palm tree {Saguerus saccharij'er) which fur-
nishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes ; the gomuti palm.
Ar'e-nic'0-iite (Sr'e-ntk'o-llt), n. [L. arena sand -f-
coiere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.) An ancient worm-
hole iu sand, preserved in the rocks. Dana.
A-ren'i-lit'ic (a-ren'I-ltt'Ik), a. [L. arena sand -|-
Gr. Aiflos stone.] Of or pertaining to sandstone ; as,
arenilitic mountains. Kirwan.
Ar'e-nose' (Sv'e-nos'), a. [L. arenosus, f r. arena sand. ]
Sandy ; full of sand. Johnson.
A-ren'u-lous (a-reu'S-lus), a. [L. arenula fine sand,
dim. of arena.'] Full of fine sand ; like sand. [OJ.S.]
A-re'0-la (a-re'6-la), n. ; pi. Areol.e (-le). [L. are-
ola, dim. otarea: cf. F. areole. See Area.] 1. An in-
terstice or small space, as between the cracks of the sur-
face in certain crustaceous lichens ; or as between the
fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace ; or as
between the nervures of an insect's wing.
2. {Anat. & Med.) The colored ring around the nip-
ple, or around a vesicle or pustule.
A-re'0-lar (-ler), a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola ;
:filled with interstices or areolae.
Areolar tissue (Anat.), a form of fibrous connective tissue
in wliich the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous
spaces, or areolae, between tliem.
A-re'0-late (-ISt), ) a. [L. areola: cf. F. arSole.'i Di-
A-re'0-la-ted, l vided into small spaces or areo-
lations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or
the receptacle of compound flowers.
A're-0-la'tlon (a're-o-la'shun), n. 1. Division into
areolae. Sana.
2. Any small space, bounded by some part differing
in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nerv-
ures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of
leaves ; an areola.
A're-ole (-ol), n. Same as Areola.
A-re'O-let (a-re'6-lSt), n. [Dim. of L. areola."] (Zool.)
A small inclosed area ; esp. one of the small spaces on
the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins.
A're-Om'e-ter (a're-Sm'e-ter ; 277), re. [Gr. apoios
thin, rare + -meter : cf. F. areometre.] (Physics) An
instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids ;
a form of hydrometer.
A're-o-met'rlc(-o-mgt'rTk), ) a. Pertaining to, or meas-
A're-0-met'riC-al (-ri-kal), ) ured by, an areometer.
A're-Om'e-try (-om'e-try), n. [Gr. apaios thin, rare +
-metry.] The art or process of measuring the specific
^avity of fluids.
Ar'e-op'a-glst (5r'e-op'a-jist), re. See Akeopagite.
Ar'e-Op'a-gite (-jit), n. [L. Areopagites, Gr. 'ApeiOTra-
•7171)9.] A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34.
Ar'e-op'a-glt'lc (-jTt'Ik), a. [L. Areopagiticus, Gr.
'ApeioTrayiTiKos.] Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford.
Ar'e-Op'a-gUS (-giis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'ApeiOTrayos, and
'Apeios Tra-yos, hill of Ares (Mars' HiU).] The highest ju-
dicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars'
Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal.
A-re'0-styie (a-re'o-stH), a. & n. See Intbecolumota-
TION, and AK.E0STYLE.
A-re'o-sys'tyle (-sTs'til), a. & n. See Intercolumnia-
TION, and AR.E0SYSTTLE.
A-rere' (a-rer'), V. t. & i. See Areas. [OJs.] Ellis.
A-rest' (a-rSsf), re. A support for the spear when
couched for the attack. [OJs.] Chaucer.
A-ret' (a-ref), v. t. [OE. aretten, OF. areter ; a (L.
ad)-\-0'W. reter,'ij.rep'utare. SeeREPCTE.] To reckon;
to ascribe; to impute. \Ohs.] Chaucer.
Ar'e-ta'ics (Sr'e-tatks), n. [Gr. open) virtue.] The
ethical theory which excludes all relations between vir-
tue and happiness ; the science of virtue ; — contrasted
with eudemonics. J. Grote.
Ar'e-tOl'0-gy (-tol'o-jy), re. [Gr. apeToAoyia ; aper^
virtue -j- Aoyos discourse, Aeyeii/ to speak : cf. F. areto-
logie,] Tliat part of moral philosophy which treats of
virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it.
A-rew' (a-ru'), adv. [See Abow, Row.] In a row.
[06s.] " All lier teeth oreu'." Spenser.
Ar'gal (ar'gal), n. Crude tartar. See Aegol.
Ar'gal, adv. A ludicrous corruption of the Latin
word ergo, therefore. Shak.
II Ar'gal (ar'gal), )n. [Mongolian.] {Zool.) A spe-
ll Ar'ga-li (-ga-lT), ( cies of wild sheep {Ovis amnion,
or O. argali), remarkable
for its large horns. It in-
habits the mountains of
Siberia and central Asia.
(H^^ The bearded argali
is the aoudad. See Aou-
DAD. The name is also ap-
plied to the bighorn sheep
of the Rocky Mountains.
See Bighorn.
II Ar'ga-la (ar'ga-la), re.
[Native name.] {Zoo I.)
The adjutant bird.
Ar'gand lamp' (ar'-
gand lamp'). [Named ArgaU of Siberia,
from the inventor, Aim6 Argand of Geneva.] A lamp
with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which al-
low a current of air both inside and outside of the flame.
Argand burner, a burner for an Argand lamp, or a gas
burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied.
Argas(^. Talaje^.
Enlarged.
II Ar'gas (ar'gSs), re. A geiius of venomous ticks which
attack men and animals. The fa-
mous Persian Argas, also called
Miana bug, is A. Persicus ; that of
Central America, called talaje by
the natives, is A. Talaje.
Ar-ge'an (Sr-je'an), a. Pertain-
ing to the ship Argo. See Aego.
Ar'gent (ar'jent), re. [F. argent,
fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr.
apyupos silver, ap-yos, apy^s, white,
bright, Skr. rajata white, silver,
7riJ to shine, Ir. arg white, milk,
airgiod silver, money, and L. ar-
guere to make clear. See Aegwe.]
1. Silver, or money. {^Archaic]
2. {Fig. & Poet. ) Whiteness ; anything that is white.
The poUshed argent of her breast. Tennyson.
3. {Her.) The white color in coats of arms, intended
to represent silver, or, figuratively, pu- ^ ,
rity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness :
— represented in engraving by a plain
wliite surface. Weale.
Ar'gent, a. Made of silver ; of a sil-
very color ; white ; shining.
Yonder argent fields above. Pope.
Ar-gen'tal (ar-jln'tal), a. Of or per-
taining to silver ; resembling, containing,
or combined with, silver. Argent. (.Her.)
Ar'gen-tan (ar'jSn-tan), re. An alloy of nickel with
copper and zinc ; German silver.
Ar'gen-tate (-tSt), a. [L. argentatus silvered.] {Bot.)
Silvery white. Gray.
Ar'gen-ta'tion (ar'jgn-ta'shun), re. [L. argentare to
silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.] A coating or
overlaying with silver, [i?.] Johnson.
Ar-gen'Uc (iir-jgn'tik), a. (Chem.) Pertaming to,
derived from, or containing, silver ; — said of certain
compounds of silver in which this metal has its lowest
proportion ; as, argentic chloride.
Ar'gen-tlf'er-ous (ar'jen-tifer-iis), a. [L. argentum
sHveT -\- -ferous : cf. F. argentifere.] Producing or con-
taining silver; as, argentiferous lead ore or veins.
Ar'gen-tlne (ar'jgu-tin ; in the 2d sense, commonly
-ten), a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver ; made
of, or sounding like, silver ; silvery.
Celestial Dian, goddess argentine. Shak.
2. Of or pertaining to the Argentine Republic in South
America.
Ar'gen-tlne, re. [Cf. F. argentin, fr. L. argentum sQ-
ver.] 1. {Min.) A siliceous variety of calcite, or carbon-
ate of lime, having a silvery-white, pearly luster, and a
waving or curved lamellar structure.
2. White metal coated with silver. Simmonds.
3. {Zool.) A fish of Europe {MauroUcus Pennantii)
with silvery scales. The name is also applied to various
fishes of the genus Argentina.
4. A citizen of the Argentine Republic.
Ar'gen-tite (-tit), re. [L. argentum. silver.] {Min.)
Sulphide of silver ; — also called vitreous silver, or silver
glance. It has a metallic luster, a lead-gray color, and is
sectile like lead.
Ar-gen'tOUS (ar-jSn'tus), a. {Chem.) Of, pertaining
to, or containing, silver ; — said of certain silver com-
pounds in which silver has a higher proportion than in
argentic compounds ; as, argentous chloride.
Ar'gent-ry (ar'jSnt-ry), re. [F. argenterie, fr. argent
silver, L. argentum.] Silver plate or vessels. [06s.]
Bowls of frosted argentry. Howell.
Ar'gll (ar'jTl), re. [F. argile, L. argilla white clay,
akin to Gr. apyiMos or apyiAos argil, apyds white. See
Argent.] {3Iin.) Clay, or potter's earth; sometimes
piure clay, or alumina. See Clay.
Ar'gil-la'ceons (ar'jTl-la'shiJs), a. [L. argillaceus, fr.
argilla.'] Of the nature of clay ; consisting of, or con-
taining, argU or clay ; clayey.
Argillaceoos sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing
much clay. — Argillaceous iron ore, the clay ironstone. —
Argillaceons schist or slate. See Argillite.
Ar'gU-lil'er-OUS (-ITfer-us), a. [L. argilla white clay
-\- -ferous.] Producing clay; — applied to such earths
as abound with argil. Kirwan.
Ar'gll-lite (-lit), re. [Gr. apyiAos clay -f- -Zae.] {Min.)
Argillaceous schist or slate ; clay slate . Its color is bluish
or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red,
etc. — Ar'gU-lit'ic (-lit'ik), a.
Ar-gil'lO— ar'e-na'ceOUS (ar-jil'lo-ar'e-na'shus), a.
Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil.
Ar-gil'lO-oal-ca're-OUS (-kal-ka're-us), a. Consist-
ing of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth.
Ar-gU'lo-fer-ru'gl-nous (-fer-ru'jT-niis), a. Contain-
ing clay and iron.
Ar-gUlons (ar-jTllils), a. [L. argillosus, fr. argilla.
See Argil.] Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne.
Ar'give (ar'jiv), a. [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi."]
Of or pertaining to Argos, the capital of ArgoUs in
Greece. — re. A native of Argos. Often used as a ge-
neric term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek.
II Ar'gO (ar'go), re. [L. Argo, Gr. 'Apyia.] 1. {Myth.)
The name of the ship which carried Jason and liis fifty-
four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece.
2. {Astron.) A large constellation in the southern
hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astron-
omy it is replaced by its three divisions. Carina, Puppis,
and Vela.
Ar-gO'an (ar-go'an), a. Pertaining to the ship Argo.
Ar'gOile (ar'goil), re. Potter's clay. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ar'gOl (ar'gol), re. [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown
origin.] Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which
cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of
grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the
casks. Ure.
Ar-gOl'ic(ar-g51'ik), a. [L. Argolicus, Gr.'ApyoAtKos.]
Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus.
Ar'gon (ar'gon), re. [Gr. apyoi' inactive.] {Chem.)
A substance regarded as an element, contained in the
atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inert-
ness. Rayleigh and Ramsay.
Ar'gO-naut (ar'gS-nat), re. [L. Argonauta, Gr. 'Ap-
yoi/avT7)j ; 'Apyio -j- vavTq^ sailor, i/aO? ship. See Argo.]
1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed
with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece.
2. {Zool.) A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta.
II Ar'gO-nau'ta (ar'go-na'ta), re. {Zo'ol.) A genus of
Cephalopoda. Tlie shell is called
paper nautilus or paper sailor.
A female Argonaut {Argonauta
Argo). in its shell with eggs, in po-
sition for swimming. About ^ nat.
size.
„^ The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus.
It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end
and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for
sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims be-
neath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other
oephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller
than the female. See Hectocotylus.
Ar'go-naat'lc (-na'tik), a. [L. Argonauticus.J Of
or pertaining to the Argonauts.
Ar'gO-sy (ar'go-sy), re. ; pi. Argosies (-sTz). [Earlier
ragusy, it. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.]
A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size.
Where your argosies with portly sail . . •
Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shak.
II Ar'gOt' (ar'go' or ar'got), re. [P. Of unknown origin.]
A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to
thieves, tramps, and vagabonds ; flash.
Ar'gU-a-ble (ar'gli-a-b'l), a. Capable of being ar-
gued ; admitting of debate.
Ar'gue (ar'gu), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued (-gud) ; p.
pr. & vb.n. Arguing.] [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. ar-
gutare, freq. of arguere to make clear ; from the same
root as E. argent.] 1. To invent and offer reajBons to
support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure ;
to use arguments ; to reason.
I arffue not
Against Heaven's hand or will. Milton.
2. To contend in argument ; to dispute ; to reason ; —
followed by with; as, you may argue with your friend
without convincing him.
Ar'gue, V. t. 1. To debate or discuss; to treat by
reasoning ; as, the counsel argued the cause before a full
court ; the cause was well argued.
2. To prove or evince ; to manifest or exhibit by in-
ference, deduction, or reasoning.
So many laws argue so many sins. Milton.
3. To persuade by reasons ; as, to argue a man into a
different opinion.
4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [06s.]
Thoughts and expressions . . . which can be truly arfrued of
obscenity, profaneness, or immorality. Bryden,
Syn. — To reason ; evince ; discuss ; debate ; expostu.
late ; remonstrate ; controvert. — To Argue,"Dispute, De-
bate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest
between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To
argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of
one's cause or position. To dispute is to call in question
or deny the statements or arguments of the opposmg par-
ty. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat
formal manner by arguments.
Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking;
men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of vic-
tory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing
the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love 01
truth. Crabb.
Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud.
Bold without caution, without honors proud. Falconer.
Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate. Dryden.
Ar'gTl-er (ar'gfi-er), re. One who argues ; a reasoner ;
a disputant.
Ar'gu-fy (ar'gii-fi), v. t. & i. [Argue -f- -fy.] 1. To
argue pertinaciously. [Collog.'] Halliwell.
2. To signify. [Collog.l
II Ar'gu-lus (-liis), re. [NL., dim of ^r^MS.] {Zo'ol.)
A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic on fishes ; a fish
louse. See Branchtoea.
Ar'gU-ment (-ment), re. [F. argument, L. argumen-
ium, fr. arguere to argue.] 1. Proof ; evidence. [06s.]
There is ... no more palpable and convincing argument of
the existence of a Deity. Jiay.
Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts
for a man to cummenee atheist, and to cast off all behef of prov-
idence, all awe and reverence for religion ? South,
2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce be-
lief, or convince the mind ;■ reasoning expressed in words ;
as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a propo-
sition, for or in favor of it, or against it.
3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of
rational proofs ; argumentation ; discussion ; disputation.
The argument is not about things, but names. Locke.
4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artis-
tic representation ; theme or topic ; also, an abstract or
summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem.
You and love are still my argument. Sliak.
The abstract or argument of the piece. Jeffrey.
[Shields] with boastful argument portrayed. Milton.
B. Matter for question ; business in hand. [06s.]
Sheathed their swords for lack of argument. Shak.
6. {Astron.) The quantity on which another quantity
in a table depends ; as, the altitude is the argument of
the refraction.
7. {Math.) The independent variable upon whose value
that of a fimction depends. Brande & C.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^11 ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent | ice, idea, ill v old, obey, 5rb, odd ;
. ._. i_.
ARGUMENT
81
ARMADA
Ar'gn-ment (Sr'gfi-ment), V. i. [L. argzimentari.'] To
make an argument ; to argue. [OJs.] Gower.
Ar'gU-men'ta-ble (-mSn'tS^b'l), a. [L. argiimentabi-
lis.'] Admitting of argument. [iJ.] Chabners.
Ar'gU-men'tal (-tol), a. [L. argumetitalis.] Of, per-
taining to, or containing, argument ; argumentative.
Ar'gU-men-ta'tlon (ar'gii-men-ta'sliiin), n. [L. argu-
mentatio, from arguiiientari: cf. F. argamentatwn.']
1. The act of forming reasons, malcing inductions,
drawing conclusions, and applying tliem to the case in
discussion ; the operation of inferring propositions, not
knomi or admitted as true, from facts or principles
kno^vn, admitted, or proved to be true.
Which manner of arquineiitntion, how false and nau^lit it is,
- . . every man that hath wit perceiveth. J'lniUale.
2. Debate ; discussion.
Syn. — Eeasoniug ; discussion ; controversy. See Rea-
soning.
Ar'gU-men'ta-tlve (-mSn'tS,-tTv), a. 1. Consisting of,
or characterized by, argument ; containing a process of
reasoning ; as, an argumentative discourse.
2. Adductive as proof ; indicative ; as, the adaptation
of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wis-
dom in the Creator. [Ote.]
3. Given to argument ; characterized by argument ;
disputatious ; as, an argumentative writer.
— Ar'gu-men'ta-tlve-iy, adv. — Ar'gu-men'ta-tive-
Dess, n.
Ar'gu-men-tlze (ar'giS-mgn-tlz), v. i. To argue or
discuss. [Ofo.] Wood.
II Ar'gUS (ar'giis), ii. [L. Argus, Gr. 'Apyos.]
1. (Myth.) A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have
had a hundred eyes, who was placed by Juno to guard lo.
His eyes were transplanted to the peacock's tail.
2. One very vigilant ; a guardian always watchful.
3. {Zool.) A genus of East Indian pheasants. Tlie
common species {A. giganteus) is remarkable for the
great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of
the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo.
Ar'gus-eyed' (-id')i i- Extremely observant ; watch-
ful ; sharp-sighted.
Ar'gUS shell' (shel'). (Zool.) A species of shell (Cy-
prwa argils), beautifully variegated with spots resem-
bling those in a peacock's tail.
Ar'gu-ta'tion (ar'gii-ta'shun), n. [L. argutatio. See
Aegue.] Caviling ; subtle disputation. \_Obs.']
Ar-gute' (ar-guf), a. [L. argiitus, p. p. of arguere.
See Argue.] 1. Sharp ; shrill. [OSs.] Johnson.
2. Sagacious ; acute ; subtle ; shrewd.
The active preacher, . . . the argute schoolman. MUman.
Ar-gute'ly, adv. In a subtle maimer ; shrewdly.
Ar-gute'ness, «. Acuteness. Dryden.
A-rhi'zal (a-ri'zal), A-rhi'zous (a-rl'zus), A-rhyth'-
mio (a-rith'mik), A-rhyth'mous (-mtls), a. SeeAiiKHi-
ZAL, Akrhizous, Arrhythmio, Arrhythmous.
II A'll-a (a'ri-a or a'ri-a), n. [It., fr. L. aer. See Am.]
■{Mus. ) An air or song ; a melody ; a tune.
m^^ The Italian term is now mostly used for the more
elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice,
in operas, oratorios, cantatas, anthems, etc., and not so
much for simple airs or tunes.
Ar'ian (ar'yan or ar'i-an), a. &n. (Ethnol.) See Aryan.
A'ri-an (a'ri-an), a. [L. Arianus.] Pertaining to
Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the
fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held
Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and
dignity, though the first and noblest of all created be-
ings. — n. One who adheres to or believes the doctrines
of Arius. Mosheim.
A'ri-an-lsm (-iz'm), n. The doctrines of the Arians.
A'n-an-ize (-iz), v. i. To admit or accept the tenets
of .tlie Arians ; to become an Arian.
A'ri-an-ize, v. t. To convert to Arianism.
Ar'i-cine (ar'I-sin), n. {FT:om.Arica, in Peru.](CA«wi.)
An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark.
Ar'id (ar'id), a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry : cf. F.
aride.] Exhausted of moisture ; parched with heat ;
dry; barren. " An ariii waste. " Thomson.
A-rid'l-ty (a-rid'T-ty), re. ; pi. Aridities (-tiz). [L.
ariditas, fr. aridus.] 1. The state or quality of being
arid or without moisture ; dryness.
2. Fig. : "Want of interest or feeling ; insensibility ;
dryness of style or feeling ; spiritual di-ought. Norris.
Ar'ld-ness (ar'id-nes), n. Aridity ; dryness.
A'ri-el (■a'rT-Si), re., or A'ri-el ga-zelle' (ga-z5i').
[Ar. aryil, ayyil, stag.] {Zool.) (a) A variety of the
gazelle (Antilope, or Guzella, dorcns), foimd in Arabia
and adjacent countries. (6) A squirrel-like Australian
marsupial, a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Bra-
zilian toucan {Ramphastos ariel).
II A'ri-es (a'ri-ez), re. [L.] 1. {Asiron.) {a) The Ram ;
the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun
enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March.
(6) A constellation west of Taurus, draivn on the celestial
globe in the figure of a ram.
2. {Rom. Antiq.) A battering-ram.
Ar'i-e-tate (ar'I-e-tat), v. i. pli. arietatus, p. p. of
arietare, fr. aries ram.] To butt, as a ram. [06.?.]
Ar'i-e-ta'tion (ar'i-e-ta'shiiu), n. [L. aiietntio.]
1. The act of butting like a ram ; act of using a batter-
ing-ram. [06s.] Bacon.
2. Act of striking or conflicting. [iJ.] Glanvill.
II A'ri-et'ta (a'ri-et'ta), 1 n. [It. arietta, dim. of
Ar'i-ette' (ar'i-5t'), ) aria; F. ariette.] {Mus.)
A short aria, or air. " A military ariette." Sir W. Scott.
A-ligllV (a^TlV), adv. IFrei. a- -{- right.] Rightly;
correctly ; in a right way or form ; without mistake or
crime ; as, to ■worship God aright.
Ar'il (ar'il), IIA-ril'lUS (a-rillus), re. [From LL.
arilli dry grapes, perh. fr. L. aridus dry : cf. F. arille;]
(Rot.) An exterior covering, forming a false coat or ap-
pendage to a seed, as the loose, transparent bag inclosing
the seed of the white water lily. The mace of the nutmeg
is also an fl!?i7. Gray.
Ar'U-late (Sr'Tl-lat), Ar'U-la'ted (-la'tgd), Ar'lled
(-Tld), a. [Cf. NL. arillatus, F. arille.] Having an aril.
A'ri-nian (ii'rT-man), re. See Ahriman.
Ar'i-0-la'tion (iSr'i-o-la'shun), n. [L. ariolatio, hario-
latio, fr. hariolari to prophesy, fr. hariolus soothsayer.]
A soothsaying ; a foretelling. [06.S.] Sir T. Browne.
Ar'l-ose (Sr'i-os), a. [It. arioso, fr. aria.] Charac-
terized by melody, as distinguished from harmony.
Jlendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel : vocal mel-
ody is not hia forte ; the interest of his airs is harmonic.
Foreign Quart. 2icv.
II A'rl-0'SO (ii're-o'so), adv. & a. [It.] {3fus.) In the
smooth and melodious style of an air ; ariose.
A-rlse' (a-riz'), V. i. \imp. Arose (-roz') ; p. pr. &
rb. re. Arising; p. p. Arisen (-riz''n).] [AS. arisan; a
(equiv. to Goth, us-, ur-, G. rr-, orig. meaning out) -f- ri-
san to rise ; cf. Goth, urreisan to arise. See Rise.] 1. To
come up from a lower to a higlier position ; to come
above the horizon ; to come up from one's bed or place
of repose ; to mount ; to ascend ; to rise ; as, to arise
from a kneeling posture ; a cloud arose ; the sun ariseth ;
he arose early in the morning.
2. To spring up ; to come into action, being, or notice ;
to become operative, sensible, or visible ; to begin to act
a part ; to present itself ; as, the waves of tlie sea arose ;
a persecution arose; the WTath of the king shall arise.
There arose up a new king . . . which knew not Joseph. Ex. i. 8.
The doubts that in his heart arose. Milton.
3. To proceed ; to issue ; to spring.
Whence haply mention may ai^sn
Of sometliiug not unseasonable to ask. UTilton.
A-rise', re. Rising. \_Obs.] Drayton.
A-rist' (a-risf), Zd sing. pres. of Akise, for ariseth.
[06*.] Chaucer.
II A-ris'ta (a-ris'ta), n. [L.] {Rot.) An awn. Gray.
Ar'is-tarch (Sr'Is-tark), n. [From Aristarchus, a
Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200
B. c] A severe critic. Knowles.
Ar'Is-tar'clli-an (-tar'kT-an), a. Severely critical.
Ar'is-tar'cUy (ar'is-tar'ky), B. Severe criticism.
[06.S.] Sir J. Harrington.
A-ns'tate (a^rts'tat), a. [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See
Arista.] 1. (Bot.) Having a pointed, beardlike process,
as the glumes of wheat ; awned. Gray.
2. {Zool.) Havmg a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip.
Ar'is-tOO'ra-cy (ar'Ts-tok'ra^sy), re. ; pi. Aristocra-
cies (-sTz). [Gr. apiOTOKpaTia ; apio-ros best-|- Kpareivto
be strong, to rule, Kparo! strength ; apiarog is perh. from
the same root as E. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F.
aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to
Gr. Kpdro!.] 1. Government by the best citizens.
2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. \Obs.]
If the Senate
Right not our quest in this, I will protest them
To all the world, no aristocracy, B. Jonson.
3. A form of government, in which the supreme power
is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privi-
leged order ; an oligarchy.
The ari.^tocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses,
through the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its
duration seems to approach. Swift.
4. The nobles or chief persons in a state ; a privileged
class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who
are regarded as superior to the rest of the community,
as in rank, fortune, or intellect.
A-Xis'tO-crat (a-rls'to-krat or SrT's-to-krat ; 277), re.
[F. aristocrate. See Aeistoceact.] 1. One of the aris-
tocracy or people of rank in a community ; one of a rul-
ing class ; a noble.
2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits ; a
proud or haughty person.
A bom aristocrat, bred radical. Mrs. Browning.
5. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of govern-
ment, or believes that the aristocracy should govern.
His whole family are accused of being aristocrats. Piomilly.
Ar'is-tO-crat'ic (ar'Ts-t6-krat'Tk), ) a. - [Gr. dpio-To-
Ar'is-tO-crat'iC-al (-krat'i-kal), f /cpaxtKo! : cf. F.
aristocratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy ;
consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or
principal men ; as, an aristocratic constitution.
2. Partaking of aristocracy ; befitting aristocracy ; char-
acteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy ; as, an
aristocratic measure ; aristocratic pride or manners. —
Ar'is-to-crat'ic-al-ly, of??;.— Ar'is-to-crat'ic-al-ness, re.
Ar'is-tO-crat'ism (ar'Ts-to-krat'Tz'm or ar'is-tok'ra-
tiz'm), n. 1. The principles of aristocrats. Romilly.
2. Aristocrats, collectively, [i?.]
Ar'iS-tOl'0-gy (ar'is-tol'o-jy), n. [Gr. dpio-TOf din-
ner + -logy.] The science of dining. Quart. Rev.
Ar'lS-tO-phan'lc (-t6-fan'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet.
Ar'is-tO-te1i-an (-te'lT-an or -tel'yan ; 277), a. Of or
pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher
(384-322 B. c). — re. A follower of Aristotle ; a Peripa-
tetic. See Peripatetic.
Ar'is-tO-te'li-an-ism (-tz'm), n. The philosophy of
Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy.
Ar'is-tO-tel'ic (-tgl'Tk), a. Pertaining to Aristotle or to
his philosophy. " Aristotelic usage." Sir W. Hamilton.
Ar'is-tO'tle'S lan'tem (ar'is-tSt'l'z ISn'tem). {Zool.)
The five united jaws and ac-
cessory ossicles of certain sea
A-ris''tU-late(a-ris'tu-lat; ^^tj^pQi Wmjl'l'li
135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.] ^^WSgS WSwIi
(Rot.) Having a short beard ^jjH^^ % x^| ®'
or awn. Gray.
Ar'lth-man'cy (Sr'itii-
mSn'sy or a-rith'raan-sy), re. Aristotle's Lantern.
[Gr. dpiSfids number -|- -mancy.] Divination by means
of numbers.
A-rlth'me-tiC (a-rith'me-ttk), re. [OE. arsmetike,
OP. arismetique, F. arithmetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr.
api6|ar|TiK)) (sc. Tex'''?), f'"- ap'ffiaijTiKo? arithmetical, fr.
apiOp-elv to number, fr. api9/aos number, prob. fr. same
root as E. arm, the idea of counting coming from that
of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eiig. and
French forms are accommodated to the Greek.] 1. The
science of numbers ; the art of computation by figures.
2. A book containing the principles of tiiis science.
Arithmetic of sines, trigonometry. — Political arithmetic,
the application of the science of numbers to problems in
civil government, political economy, and social science.
— Universal arithmetic, the name given by Sir Isaac New-
ton to algebra.
Ar'ith-met'ic-al (Sr'Tth-met'I-kal), a. Of or pertain-
ing to arithmetic ; according to the rules or method of
arithmetic.
Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm.
— Arithmetical mean. See Mean. — Arithmetical progrea-
Bion. See Progression. — Arithmetical proportion. See
Proportion.
Ar'ith-met'ic-al-ly, adv. Conformably to the princi-
ples or methods of arithmetic.
A-rith'me-ti'clan (iS-rith'me-tTsh'ffn), n. [Cf. F.
arithmeticien.] One skilled in arithmetic.
A-rith'mo-man'cy (-mo-mSn'sy), n. Arithmancy.
Ar'lth-mom'e-ter (ar'itli-mom'e-ter),^ re. [Gr. dpi-
flp-os number -)--me/er.' cf. Y . arithmometre.] A calcu-
lating macliine.
Ark (ark), re. [OE. arh, arhe, arche, AS. arc, earc,
earce, f r. L. area, f r. arcere co inclose, keep off ; akin to
Gr. apKelv to keep off.] 1. A chest, or coffer. [06s.]
Bearing that precious relic in an arle. Spenser.
2. (Jewish Hist.) The oblong chest of acacia wood,
overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat
with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred
place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two
tables of stone containing the ten commandments.
Called also the Ark of the Covenant.
3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and his
family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi.
Hence : Any place of refuge.
4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivera
to transport produce to market.
Ark'ite (iirkit), a. Belonging to the ark. [i?.] Faber.
Ark' shell' (shel'). (Zool., A marine bivalve shell be-
longing to the genus Area and
its (IIII6S
Aries' (arlz), re. pi. [Cf. F.
arrhes, Scot, airles. Cf. Eaeles
PENinr.] An earnest ; earnest
money; money paid to bind a
bargain. \_Scot.]
Arlea penny, earnest money
given \o servants. Kersey.
Arm (arm), n. [AS. arm,
earm; akin to OBGc. aram, G.,
D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth, arms, L. armus
arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. dpjids joining, joint,
shoulder, fr. the root ap to join, to fit together; cf. Slav.
ranie. V211. See Art, Article.] 1. The limb of the
human body which extends from the shoulder to the
hand ; also, the corresponding limb of a monkey.
2. Anything resembling an arm ; as, (a) The fore limb
of an animal, as of a bear. (6) A limb, or locomotive or
prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal, (c) A
branch of a tree, (d) A slender part of an instrument
or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum ;
as, the arm of a steelyard, (e) (Kaut.) The end of a
yard ; also, the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke.
(/) An inlet of water from the sea. (<;) A support for the
elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc.
3. Fig. : Power ; might ; strength ; support ; as, the
secular arm ; the arm of the law.
To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed ? Isa. liii. 1,
Arm's end, the end of the arm; a good distance off.
Dryden.— Aim's, length, the length of the arm. — Arm's
reach, reach of the arm ; the distance the arm can reach.
— To go (or walk) arm in arm, to go with tlie arm or hand
of one linked in the arm of another. " When arm in arm
we went along." Tennyson. — '£0 keep at arm's length, to
keep at a distance (literally or figuratively) ; not to al-
low to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. —
To work at arm's length, to work disadvantageously.
Arm, re. [See Arms.] (3Iil.) (a) A branch of the mil-
itary service ; as, the cavalry (rrm was made efficient.
(6) A weapon of offense or defense ; an instrument of
warfare ; — commonly in the pi.
Arm, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Abmed (armd) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Aehing.] [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare,
fr. o,rma, pi., arms. See Arms.] 1. To take by the
arm ; to take up in one's arms. [06s.]
And make him with our pikes and partisans
A grave : come, arm him. Shak.
.^rm your prize ;
I know you will not lose him. Two JS^. Kins.
2. To furnish with arms or limbs. \_R.]
His shoulders broad and strong,
.^rmec/ long and round. Beatt. S,- ^l.
3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or de-
fense ; as, to arm soldiers ; to arm the country.
Abram . . . armed his trained servants. Gen. xiv. 14.
4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever
will add strength, force, security, or eflSciency ; as, to
arm the hilt of a sword ; to arm a hook in angling.
5. Fig. : To furnish with means of defense ; to pre-
pare for resistance ; to fortify, in a moral sense.
Ai^i yourselves . . . with tlie same mind. 1 Pet. iv. I,
To arm a magnet, to fit it with an armature.
Arm, V. i. To provide one's self with arms, weapons,
or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. '"Tis
time to arm." Shak.
Ar-ma'da (ar-ma'di or ar-ma'd4), n. [Sp. armada,
Ark Shell (Scapliarca
transversa), about nat.
size. Atlantic coast.
D
H
K
M
use, unite, r^de, tul\ iipj iirn ; pity ;
6
food, f obt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; slug, ink ; tlien, tUin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
AEMADILLO
82
AEOMATIC
L. as if armata (sc. classis fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of
armare. See Abm, v. t., Akmy.] A fleet of armed ships ;
a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was
sent to assail England, A. d. 1588.
Ar'ma-dillo(ar'ma-dillo), n. ; pi. Aemadhlos (-loz).
[Sp. armadillo, dim. of arniado armed, p. p. of armar to
arm. So called from being armed with a bony shell.]
(Zool.) (a) Any edentate animal of the family Dasypi-
dx, peculiar to
America. The
Dody and head
are incased in an
irmor composed
of small bony
plates. The ar-
madillos burrow
in the earth, sel-
dom going abroad jjyj^ Armadillo ( Tatasia hubrida).
except at mght.
When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the
armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are
several species, one of wliich (the peba) is found as far
north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouat. (6) A genus
of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into
a ball.
Ar-ma'do (ar-ma'dS), n. Armada. [06s.]
Ar'ma-ment (iir'nia-ment), n. [Ii. armamenia, pi.,
utensils, esp. the tackle of a ship, fr. armare to arm :
of. LL. armavienlum, F. armement.'] 1. A body of
forces equipped for war ; — used of a land or naval force.
" The whole united armament of Greece." Glover.
2. (,3Iil. & Nav.) All the cannon and small arms col-
(ectively, with their equipments, belonging to a ship or
a fortification.
3. Any equipment for resistance.
Ar'ma-men'ta-ry (-mSn'ta^ry), n. [L. armamenta-
rium, fr. armamentum: cf. V. armamentaire.'\ An ar-
mory ; a magazine or arsenal. [J?.]
Ar'ma-ture (-tiSr), n. [L. annaiura, fr. armare to
arm : cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. L, Akmok.] 1. Ar-
mor ; whatever is worn or used for the protection and
defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some
animals and plants.
2. (Magnetism) A piece of soft iron used to connect
the two poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order
to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the mag-
netic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves
to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force.
3. (Arch.) Iron bars or framing employed for the con-
solidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns,
holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss.
Ami'chair' (■arm'ch&'), n. A chair with arms to sup-
port the elbows or forearms. Tennyson.
Armed (armd), a. 1. Furnished with weapons of of-
fense or defense ; furnished with the means of security
or protection. " An an«e(Z host. " Dryden.
2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength,
force, or efficiency.
A distemper eminently armed from heaven. De Foe.
3. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons, etc. ; — said of
beasts and birds of prey.
Armed at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in
armor, sometimes described as armed cap-a-pie. Cus-
sans. — Armed en flute. (Naid.) See imder Flute. —Armed
magnet, a magnet provided mth an armature. — Armed
neutrality. See under Neutrality.
Ar-me'ni-an (ar-me'm-an), a. [Cf. F. Armenien, L.
Armenius, fr. Armenia.'] Of or pertaining to Armenia.
Armenian bole, a soft clayey earth of a bright red color
found in Armenia, Tuscany, etc. — Armenian stone, (a)
The commercial name of lapis lazuli. (6) Emery.
Ar-me'ni-an, n. 1. A native or one of the people of
Armenia ; also, the language of the Armenians.
2. (Ecsl. Mist.) An adherent of the Armenian Church,
an organization similar in some doctrines and practices
to the Greek Church, in others to the Roman Catholic.
Arm'et (arm'5t), n. [F., dim, of arme arm, or cor-
rupted for healmet helmet.] A kind of helmet worn in
the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.
Arm'ful (arm'ful), n. ; pi. Aemfuls (-fulz). As much
as ttie arm ean hold.
Arm'gaunt' (-ganf ), a. With gaimt or slender legs (?)
" An ar7» gaunt steed." ' Shak.
tS^^ This word is peculiar to Shakespeare. Its mean-
ing has not yet been satisfactorily explained.
Arm'-gret' (-gref), a. Great as a man's arm. [06s.]
A "Wreath of gold, armrgret. Chaucer.
Arm'hole' (-hoi'), m. lArm,-\-hole.1 L The cavity
under the shoulder ; the armpit. Bacon,
2. A hole for the arm in a garment.
Ar-mlf'er-ous (ar-mlfer-iis), a. [L. armifer ; arma
arms -{- ferre to bear.^ Bearing arms or weapons. [JJ.]
Ar'mi-ger (ar'mi-jer), n. [L. armiger armor bearer ;
arma arms + gerere to bear.] Formerly, an armor-
bearer, as of a knight, an esquire who bore his shield
and rendered other services. In later use, one next in
degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings.
The term is now superseded by esquire. Jacob.
Ar-mig'er-ons (ar-mlj'er-us), a. Bearing arms. [.E.]
They belonged to the armigerous part of the population, and
were entitled to write themselves Esquire. De Quhicey.
Ar'mll (ar'mil), n. [L. armilla a bracelet, fr. armus
»m : cf . OF. armille.'] 1. A bracelet. [06s.]
2. An ancient astronomical instrument.
^^^ When composed of one ring placed in the plane of
the equator for determuiing the time of the equinoxes,
it is called an equinoctial armil ; when of two or more
rings, one in the plane of the meridian, for observing the
solstices, it is called a solstitial armil. Whewell.
II Ar-mll1a (ar-milla), re. ; pi. E. Aemillas (-laz), L.
Abmills (-le). [L., a bracelet.] 1. An armil.
2. (Zool.) A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.
Ar'mil-la-ry (ar'mYl-lfi-r^), a. [LL. armillarius, fr.
L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. ar-
mus arm : cf. F. armillaire. See Ami,
».] Pertaining to, or resembling, a
bracelet or ling ; consisting of rings or
circles.
ArmlUary sphere, an ancient astro-
nomical macliine composed of an as-
semblage of rings, all circles of the
same sphere, designed to represent the
positions of the important circles of
the celestial sphere. Nichol.
Arm'mg (arm'Tng), n. 1. The act . .,,
of furnishmg with, or taking, arms. Armillary Sphere.
The arming was now universal. Macaiday.
2. (Naut.) A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the
lower end of a sounding lead, to bring up the sand, shells,
etc., of the sea bottom. Totten.
3. pi. (Naut.) Red dress cloths formerly hung fore
and aft outside of a ship's upper works on holidays.
Arming press {Boolcbinding), a press for stamping titles
and designs on the covers of books.
Ar-min'i-an (ar-mTu'T-(m or -ynn ; 277), a. Of or per-
taining to Arniinius or his followers, or to their doc-
trines. See note under Arminian, re.
Ar-min'i-an, re. (Ecd. Hist.) One who holds the
tenets of Ai'minius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609).
Tlie Arminian doctrines are : 1. Conditional election and
reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination.
2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made
by Christ for all mankind, thougli none but believers can
be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to ex-
ercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by
the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God.
4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may
relapse from a state of grace.
Ar-min'i-an-ism (-Tz'm), re. The religious doctrines
or tenets of the Arminians.
Ar-mlp'0-tence (ar-mip'o-tens), re. [L. armipotentia,
fr. armipotens.'] Power in arms. [J?.] Johnson.
Ar-mip'O-tent (-tent), a. [L. armipotcns ; arma arms
+ potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Power-
ful in arms ; mighty in battle.
The temple stood of Mars artnipotent. Dn/dcn.
Ar-mis'O-nant (ar-mTs'o-uffnt), la. [L. armisonus ;
Ar-mis'O-nous (ar-mis'o-uQs), I arma arms -\- so-
nare (p. pr. S07ia7is) to sound.] Rustling in arms ; re-
sounding witli arms. [06s.]
Ar'mis-tice (ar'mis-tis), re. [F. armistice, fr. (an as-
smned word) L. armistitium ; arma arms -\- stare, statum
(combining form, -stitum), to stand still.] A cessation
of arms for a short time, by convention ; a temporary
suspension of hostilities by agreement ; a truce.
Arm'less (armies), a. 1. Without any arm or branch.
2. Destitute of arms or weapons.
Armlet (-let), re. \_Arm -)- -let.'] 1. A small arm ; as,
an armlet of the sea. Johnson.
2. An arm ring ; a bracelet for the upper arm.
3. Armor for the arm.
Ar-mo'ni-ac (ar-mo'ni-5k), a. Ammoniac. [06s.]
Ax-mor (ar'mer),re. [OE. armwe, fr. F. ormjo-c, OF.
armeure, fr. Xi. armatura. See Aematuke.] [Spelt also
armour.] 1. Defensive arms for the body ; any clothing
or covering worn to protect one's person in battle.
(11^^ In English statutes, armor is used for the whole
apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive
arms. The statutes of armor directed what arms every
man should provide.
2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts,
protecting them from the fire of artillery.
Coat armor, the escutcheon of a person or family, with
its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest,
supporters, motto, etc. — Submarine armor, a water-tight
dress or covering for a diver. See under Submaeine.
Ar'mor-bear'er (-bSr'er), re. One who carries the ar-
mor or arms of another ; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54.
Ar'mored (ar'merd^, a. Clad with armor.
Ar'mor-er (ar'mer-er), n. [OE. armurer, armerer, fr.
F. armurier, fr. armure armor.] 1. One who makes or
repairs armor or arms.
2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor
of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak.
3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans
or repairs them, etc.
Ar-mo'rl-al (ar-mo'ri-«l), a. [F. armorial, fr. ar-
moiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. ar-
moier to paint arms, coats of arms, f r. armes, fr. L. arma.
See Arms, Aemoet.] Belonging to armor, or to the he-
raldic arms or escutcheon of a family.
Figures with amtariol signs of race and birth. T^ordsworth.
Armorial bearings. See Arms, 4.
Ar-mor'ic (iir-mbrtk), ) a. [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic
Ar-mor'i-can (-i-kon), ( ar on, at -j- mar sea.] Of
or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (for-
merly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or
to its people. ^ re. The language of the Armoricans, a
Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times.
Ar-mor'i-can, re. A native of Armorica.
Ar'mor-ist (ar'mer-Tst), n. [F. armoi-isie.] One
skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans.
Ar'mor-plat'ed (-plat'ed), a. Covered with defen-
sive plates of metal, as a ship of war ; steel-clad.
This day "will be launched . . . the first armor-plated steam
frigate in the possession of Great Britain. Times (.Dec. 29, ISti't).
Ar'mo-ry (ar'm6-ry), re. / pi. Armories (-riz). [OF.
armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place
for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See
Armorial, Ambky.] 1. A place where arms and instru-
ments of war are deposited for safe keeping.
2. Armor ; defensive and offensive arms.
Celestial armonj, shields, helms, and spears. 3filtcm.
3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols,
bayonets, swords. [Z7. S.]
4. Ensigns armorial ; armorial bearings. Spenser^
5. That branch of heraldry which treats of coat armor.
The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory,
■which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very
ancient origin. Cussans.
Ar'mo-zeen' ) (ar'm6-zen'), n. [F. armosin, armoi-
Al'mo-zine' ( sin.] A thick plain sUk, generally
black, and used for clerical robes. Simmonds.
Arm'pit' (arm'plt'), re. \_Arm -\- pit-] The hollow
beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder ; the axilla.
Arm'rack' (-rak'), re. A frame, generally vertical, for
holding small arms.
Arms (armz), re. j}l. [OE. armes, F. arme, pi. armes,
fr. L. arma, pi., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoul-
der, and E. arm. See Arm, re.] 1. Instruments or
weapons of offense or defense.
He lays down his arms, but not his wiles. Ulillon.
Three horses and three goodly suits of amis. Tmnyson.
2. The deeds or exploits of war ; military service or
science. ".47'ms and the man I sing." Dryden.
3. (Law) Anything which a man takes in his hand in
anger, to strike or assault another with ; an aggressive
weapon. Cowell. Blackstone.
4. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting
of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as
marks of dignity and distinctiou, and descending from
father to son.
5. (Falconry) The legs of a hawk from the thigh to
the foot. Halliwell.
Bred to arms, educated to the profession of a soldier. —
In arms, armed for war ; in a state of hostility. — Small
arms, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines,
pistols, etc. — A stand of arms, a complete set for one sol-
dier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt ; f r,e-
quently, the musket and bayonet nione. — To arms I a sum-
mons to war or battle. — Under arms, armed and equipped
and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade.
Arm's end, Ann's length. Arm's reach. See under
Arm.
Ar'mure (ar'mtSr), re. [F. See Armor.] 1. Ai-mor.
[06s.] Chaucer.
2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface.
Ar'my (iir'my), re. [F. armee, fr. L. armata, fem. of
armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.] 1. A
collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one or-
ganized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and
divisions, under proper oflScers.
2. A body of persons organized for the advancement
of a cause ; as, the Blue Ribbon A rmy.
3. A great number ; a vast multitude ; a host.
An army of good words. Shak,
Standing army, a permanent army of professional sol-
diers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers.
Ar'my worm' (wQi-m'). (Zo'dl.) {a) A lepidopter-
ous insect, which
in the larval state of-
ten travels in great
multitudes from field
to field, destroying
grass, grain, and other
crops. The common
army worm of the
northern United
States is Leucania
unipuncta. The
name Is often applied
to other related spe-
cies, as the cotton
worm. (6) The larva
of a small two-winged
fly (Sciara), which marches in large companies, in Teg-
ular order. See Cotton worm , under Cotton.
II Ar'na (iir'na), ( re. (Zo'dl.) The wild buffalo of India
II Ar'nee (-ne), j (5os, or .BM6ffZ«s,arn7'), larger than
the domestic buffalo and having enormous horns.
Ar-nat'to (ar-nat'to), re. See Annotto.
Ar'ni-ca (ar'nl-ka), re. [Prob. a corruption of ptar-
mica.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; also, the most impor-
tant species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains
of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant.
11^°° The tincture of arnica is applied externally as a
remedy for bruises, sprains, etc.
Ar'ni-cin (-sin'), n. [See Arnica.] (Chem.) An ac-
tive principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin.
Ar'ni-clne (-sin), re. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained
from the arnica plant.
Ar'not (iir'not), ( re. [Cf. D. aardnoot, E. earthnui.]
Ar'nut (iir'nut), ) Theearthnut. [06s.]
Ar-not'tO (ar-not'to), re. Same as Akkotto.
A'roid (a'roid), A-roid'e-OUS (a-roid'e-iis), a. \_Arura
■\--oid.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Arum
family of plants.
A-roint' (a-roinf), iiiterj. [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt
thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow
that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to-
make room for others ; AS. ryman to make room or way,
fr. rum room. The final i is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf.
Room space.] Stand off, or begone. [06s.]
Aroint thee, witch, the rump-fed roiiyon cries. Shak.
A-roint', V. i. To drive or scare off by some exclamation.
[jR.] " Whiskered cats arointed flee." Mrs. Browning.
A-rO'ma (a-ro'ma), re. [L. aroma, Gr. apoifia : cf. OE.
aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.] 1. The quality or
principle of plants or other substances which constitutea
their fragrance ; agreeable odor ; as, the aroma of coffee.
2. Fig. : The fine diffusive quality of intellectual
power ; flavor ; as, the subtile aroma of genius.
Ar'o-mat'ic {^t'o-w&X/Ve.), ) a. [L. aromatieus, Gr.
Ar'0-mat'ic-al (-T-kol), J i.piofi.a.nK6z : cf. F. aro-
matique. See Aroma.] Pertaining to, or containing,
aroma ; fragrant ; spicy ; strong-scented ; odoriferous ;
as, aromatic balsam.
Aromatic compound (CAem.>, one of a large class of or-
ganic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, winter-
Army Worm (.Leucania unipuncta),
about % nat. size, a Imago ; o
Pupa ; c Larva.
ale. senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^W \ eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; tee, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd :
AROMATIC
83
ARRESTER
^reen, and turpeatine, the balsams, cami)hors, etc., many
of which have an aromatic odor. Tliey include many of
the most important of the carbon compounds and may all
be derived from the benzene group, CoHe. The term is
^tended also to many of their derivatives. — Aromatic
vinegar. See under Vinegar.
Ar'O-mat'iC (itr'o-mSt'ik), n. A plant, drug, or med-
icine, characterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a
warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon, spices.
Ar'0-mat'l-za'tion (-I-za'shiiu), n. [Cf. F. aromatisa-
/ioM.] The act of impregnating or scenting with aroma.
A-ro'ma-tize (a-ro'ma-tiz or Sr'6-ma-tiz ; 277), v. t.
[imp. &p. p. Aromatized (-tlzd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aroma-
TIZINQ.] [L. aromalizare, Gr. apM/aarifeii' : cf. F. aroiiia-
tiser.'] To impregnate with aroma ; to render aromatic ;
to give a spicy scent or taste to ; to perfume. Bacon.
A-ro'ma-ti'zer (-ti'zer), n. One who, or that which,
aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn.
A-ro'ma-tOUS (-tiis), a. Aromatic. [Ofo.] Cuxton.
Ar'oph (itr'of ), n. [A contraction of a?-omap/iilosopho-
rum.] A barbarous word used by the old chemists to
designate various medical remedies. [Ois.]
A-rose' (A-roz')- Tlie past or preterit tense of AiasE.
A-round' (a-round'), adv. [Pref. a- + round-l 1. In
a circle ; circularly ; on every side ; romid.
2. In a circuit ; here and there within the surrounding
space ; all about ; as, to travel around from town to town.
3. Near ; in the neighborhood ; as, this man was stand-
ing around when the fight took place. \_Colloq. U. S.]
5^°* See KouND, the shorter form, adi-. & prep., which,
in some of the meanings, is more commonly used.
A-round', prep. 1. On all sides of ; encircling ; en-
compassing ; so as tp make the circuit of ; about.
A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows. Dryclen.
2. From one part to another of ; at random through ;
about ; on another side of ; as, to travel around the coun-
try ; a house standing around the corner. \_Colloq. U. <S.]
A-rous'al (a-rouz'ol), n. The act of arousing, or the
state of being aroused.
Whatever has associated itself with the armtsal and activity
of our better nature. Hare,
A-rouse' (a-rouz'), V. t. ' [imp. & p. p. Aroused (a-
rouzd') ; p. pr. & rb. n. Arousing.] [Pref. a- -f- rouse.'\
To excite to action from a state of rest ; to stu', or put
in motion or exertion ; to rouse ; to excite ; as, to arouse
one from sleep ; to arouse the dormant faculties.
Graspinir his spear, forth issued to arouse
His brother, mighty sovereign of the host. Cowper.
No suspicion was aroused. Merivale.
A-row' (a-ro'), adv. [Pref. a- -\- row.'\ In a row, line,
or rank ; successively ; in order. Shak.
And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow. Dryden.
A-roynt' (a-roinf), inter j. See Aroint.
II Ar-peg'gio (ar-ped'j6), n. [It., fr. arpeggiare to play
on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] (Mus.) The production of
the tones of a chord in rapid succession, as in playing the
harp, and not simultaneously ; a strain thus played.
Ar'pent (ar'pent), ) n. [F. arpeni, fr. L. arepennis,
Al'pen (ar'pen), ) arapennis. According to Col-
umella, a Gallic word for a measure equiv. to half a
Roman jugerum.'] Formerly, a measure of land in
France, varying in different parts of the country. The
arpeni of Paris was 4,088 sq. yards, or nearly five sixths of
an English acre. The woodland arpeni was about 1 acre,
1 rood, 1 perch, English.
Ar'pen-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. [See Arpent.] The Angli-
cized form of the French arpenleur, a land surveyor. [R.']
Ar'plne (ar'pTn), m. An arpent. [06«.] Webster {\&2Z).
Ar'qua-ted (ar'kwS-tgd), a. Shaped like a bow ; arcu-
ate ; curved. [J?.]
Aj'que-bns 1 (ar'kwe-bus ; 277), n. [F. arguebuse,
Ar'que-buse ) OF. harquebuse, f r. D. haak-bus: cf . G.
hakenbiickse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.] A sort
of hand gun or firearm having a contrivance answering to
a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The
musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.']
Ar'que-bUS-ade' (ar'kwe-biis-ad'), n. [P. arquebu-
sade shot of an arquebus ; eau d^arquebusade a vulnerary
for gunshot wounds.] 1. The shot of an arquebus. Ash.
2. A distilled water from a variety of aromatic plants,
as rosemary, mUlef oU, etc. ; — originally used as a vulner-
ary in gunshot woimds. Parr.
Ar'que-bUS-ier' (-er'), n. [F. arquebusier.'] A sol-
dier armed with an arquebus.
Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination,
appear to have been called arguebusiers. E. Lodge.
Ar'qui-fOUX (ar'ki-foo), n. Same as Alquipou.
Ar'rach (ar'rach), n. See Orach.
Al'rack (ar'rSk; 277), n. [Ar. araq sweat, juice,
spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.]
A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for
all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fer-
mented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the
cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc.
Ar-rag'O-nite (ar-rag'o-nit), n. See Aragonite.
Ar-ralgn' (Sr-ran'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned
(-rand') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] [OE. arainen,
arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner,
fr. LL. arrationare to address, to call before court ; L.
ad -f- ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See
Reason.] 1. (Law) To call or set as a prisoner at the
bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an
indictment or complaint. Blacksione.
2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of rea-
son, taste, or any other tribunal.
They will not arraicpi you for want of knowledge. Dniden.
It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body
diould now be arraigned by the world. /. Taylor.
Syn. — To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; crimi-
nate ; indict ; denounce. See Accuse.
Ar-ralgn', n. Arraignment ; as, the clerk of the
arraigns. Blacksione. Macaulay.
Ar-ralgn^ ($r-ran'), V. t. [From OP. aramier, fr. LL.
adhram ire.] (Old Eng. Law) To appeal to ; to demand ;
as, to arraign an assize of novel disseizin.
Ar-raign'er (-er), n. One who arraigns. Coleridge.
Ar-raign'ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. arraynement,
aresnemcnt.] 1. (Law) The act of arraigning, or the
state of being arraigned ; the act of calling and setting a
prisoner before a court to answer to an indictment or
complaint.
2. A calling to an account for faults ; accusation.
In the sixth satire, whicli seems only an arraignmerJ of the
wliolc sex, there is a Intent admonition. Dryden.
Ar-rai'ment, Ar-ray'ment (Sr-ra'ment), re. [From
Array,)'./.] Clothes ; raiment. [Obs.]
Ar-range' (5r-ranj'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged
(-ranjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging (-jing).] [OE. ar-
ayjigen, OF. arengicr, F. arranger, fr. a (L. ad) + OF.
rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.] 1. To put
in proper order ; to dispose (persons, things, or parts)
iu the manner mtended, or best suited for the purpose ;
as, troops arranged for battle.
So [they] came to the market place, and there he arrartged
his men iii the streets. Benwrs.
[They] were beginning to arrange their hampers. Boswell.
A mecbanisin previously arranged. FaUy.
2. To adjust or settle ; to prepare ; to determine ; as,
to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking.
Syn. — Adjust ; adapt ; range ; dispose ; classify.
Ar-range'ment (Sr-ranj'ment), n. [Cf. F. arrange-
ment.] 1. The act of arranging or putting iu an orderly
condition ; the state of being arranged or put in order ;
disposition in suitable form.
2. The manner or result of arranging ; system of parts
disposed in due order ; regular and systematic classifica-
tion ; as, arrangemetit of one's dress ; the Linnaean ar-
rangemenl of plants.
3! Preparatory proceeding or measure ; preparation ;
as, we have made arrangements for receiving company.
4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement; as, the
parties have made an arrangement between themselves
concerning their disputes ; a satisfactory arrangement.
5. (Mus.) (a) The adaptation of a composition to
voices or instruments for which it was not originally
written, (b) A piece so adapted ; a transcription ; as, a
pianoforte arrangement oi Beethoven's symphonies; an
orchestral arrangement of a song, an opera, or the like.
Ar-ran'ger (5r-ran'jer), n. One who arranges. Burke.
Ar'rant (ar'ront), a. [OE. erruunt, errant, errand,
equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to
vagabonds, as an ei-rant rogue, an errant tJiief, and hence
passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See
Errant.] 1. Notoriously or preeminently bad ; thor-
ough or downright, in a bad sense ; shameless ; unmiti-
gated ; as, an arrant rogue or coward.
I discover an arrant laziness in my soul. Fuller.
2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.]
An arrant honest woman. Burton.
Ar'rant-ly, adv. Notoriously, in an ill sense ; infa^
mously ; impudently ; shamefully. VEstrange.
Al'ras (Sr'ras), n. [From Arras the capital of Ar-
tois, in the French Netherlands.] Tapestry ; a rich fig-
ured fabric ; especially, a screen or hangings of heavy
cloth with interwoven figures.
Stateliest couches, with rich arras spread. Cowper.
Behind the arras I 'U convey myself. Skak.
Al'ras, V. t. To furnish with an arras. Chapman.
Ar'ras-ene' (Sr'ras-en'), n. [From Arras.] A mate-
rial of wool or silk used for working the figures in em-
broidery.
II Ar-ras'tre ( ar-ras'tra), ra. [Sp.] A rude apparatus
for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold.
Aj'ras-wise' (ar'ras-wiz'), Ar'ras-ways' (-waz'), adv.
[Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.] Placed
in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides,
the comer being in front ; — said of a rectangular form.
Encyc. Brit. Cussans.
Ar-raught' (Sr-raf). [The past tense of an old v.
areach or arreach. ' Cf. Reach, obs. pret. raughi.] Ob-
tained ; seized. Spenser.
Ar-ray' (ar-ra'), n. [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei,
arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. ad) +
OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand. ; cf.
Goth, raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten,
Icel. reiSi rigging, harness ; akin to E. ready. Cf . Ready,
Grbith, Curry.] 1. Order ; a regular and imposing
arrangement ; disposition in regular lines ; hence, order
of battle ; as, drawn up in battle array.
"Wedged together in the closest array. Gibbon.
2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order ;
an orderly collection ; hence, a body of soldiers.
A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers. Prescott.
3. An imposing series of things.
Their long array of sapphire and of gold. Byron.
4. Dress ; garments disposed in order upon the person ;
rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden.
5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by
the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause, (b)
The panel itself, (c) The whole body of jurors sum-
moned to attend the court.
To challenge the array (Law), to except to the whole
panel. Cowell. Tonilins. ^/own/. — Commission of array
(Ena. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers
in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants,
or see them in a condition for war. Blacks/one.
Ar-ray', v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrayed (-rad') ; p. pr. &
vb, n. Arraying.] [OE. araien, arrnien, fr. OF. arraier,
arreier, arreer, arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n.] 1. To
place or dispose in order, as troops for battle ; to marshal.
By torch and trumpet fast arrayed.
Each horseman drew his battle blade. Campbell.
These doubts will be arrayed before tbeir minds. Farrar.
2, To deck or dress ; to adorn with dress ; to clothe ;
to envelop ; — applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind.
Pharaoh . . . arrayed him in vestures of fine linen. Gen. xli. 42.
In gelid caves with horrid gloom arrayed, Trumbull.
3. (Law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a
cause ; that is, to call them man by man. Blacksione.
To array a panel, to set forth in order the men that are
impaneled. Coiiell, Tomlins.
Syn, — To draw up ; arrange ; dispose ; set in order.
Ar-ray'er (Sr-ra'er), n. One who arrays. In some early
English statutes, applied to an officer who had care of
the soldiers' armor, and who saw them duly accoutered.
• Ar-rear' (Sr-rer'), adv. [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere,
F. arriere, fr. L. ad -\- retro backward. See Rear.] To
or in the rear ; behind ; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser.
Ar-rear', n. That which is behind in payment, or
which remains unpaid, though due ; esp. a remainder, or
balance which remains due when some part has been
paid ; arrearage ; — commonly used in the plm'al, as, ar-
rears of rent, wages, or taxes. Locke.
For much I dread due payment by the Greeks
Of yesterday's arrear. Cowper.
I have a large arrear of letters to write. J. D. Foi'bes.
In arrear or In arrears, behind ; backward ; behindhand ;
in debt.
Ar-rear'age (Sr-rer'aj), n. [F. arrerage, fr. arriere,
OF. arere. See Arrear.] That which remains unpaid
and overdue, after previous payment of a part ; arrears.
Tlie old arrearages . . . being defrayed. Howell.
Ar-rect' (Sr-rgkf), ) a. [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere
Ar-rect'ed, ) to raise, erect ; ad -\- regere to
lead straight, to direct.] 1. Lifted up ; raised ; erect.
2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.]
God speaks not to the idle and unconcerned hearer, hut to
the vigilant and arrect. Smalridge.
Ar-rect', v. t. 1. To direct. [Obs."]
My supplication t« you I arrect. Skelton.
2 [See Aret.] To impute. [Obs,] Sir T. More.
Ar-rect'a-ry (-a-ry), n, [L. arreciarius, fr. arrigere
to set up.] An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp, Hall.
Ar're-not'0-kOUS (Sr're-n5t'6-kus), a. [Gr. appevoro-
Ko<; bearing males , app-qv a male -j- tokos a bringing
forth.] (Zool.) Producing males from unfertilized eggs,
as certain wasps and bees.
Ar'ren-ta'tion (ar'rgn-ta'shCn), n. [Cf. F. arrenter
to give or take as rent. See Arendator.] (0. Eng. Law)
A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land iu a
forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent.
Ar-rep'tlon (ar-rSp'shiin), n. [L. arripere, arreptum,
to seize, snatch ; ad -\- rapere to snatch. See Rapa-
cious.] The act of taking away. [Obs.] " This arrep-
lion was sudden." Bp. Hall.
Ar'rep-ti'tious (Sr'rep-tish'iis), a. [L. arreptitius.]
Snatched away ; seized or possessed, as a demoniac ; ray-
ing; mad; crack-brained. [Obs.]
Odd,' arreptitious, frantic extravagances. Howell.
Ar-rest' (ar-rSsf), V. t. [imp. & p, p. Arrested ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.] [OE. aresten, OF. arester,
F. arreier, fr. LL. arresiare ; L. ad -\- resiare to remain,
stop ; re -j- *tore to stand. See Rest remainder.] 1. To
stop ; to check or hinder the motion or action of ; as,
to arrest the current of a river ; to arrest the senses.
Nor could her virtues the relentless hand
Of Death arrest. Philips.
2. (Law) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of
law ; as, to arrest one for debt, or for a crime.
H^"" After this word Shakespeare uses of ("I arrest
thee of high treason ") or on ; the modem usage is for.
3. To seize on and fix ; to hold ; to catch ; as, to ar-
rest the eyes or attention. Buckminster.
4. To rest or fasten ; to fix ; to concentrate. [Obs.]
We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies.
Jer. Taylor.
Syn.— To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder;
stop ; apprehend ; seize ; lay hold of.
Ar-rest', v. i. To tarry ; to rest. [Obs.'} Spenser.
Ar-rest', n. [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arret, fr.
arester. See Arrest, v.t., Arret.] 1. The act of stop-
ping, or restraining from further motion, etc. ; stoppage ;
hindrance ; restraint ; as, an arrest of development.
As the arrest of the air ehoweth. Bacon.
2. (Law) The taking or apprehending of a person by
authority of law ; legal restraint ; custody. Also, a de-
cree, mandate, or warrant.
William . . . ordered him to be put under arrest. Macaulay.
[Our brother Norway] sends out arrests
On Fortinbras ; which he, in brief, obeys. Sl/ak.
1^°° An arrest may be made by seizing or touchmg the
body ; but it is sufficient if the party be within the power
of the officer and submit to the arrest. In Admiralty
law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to
the seizure of property.
3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral.
The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep,
etc were sad arrests to his troubled spirit. Jer. Taylor.
4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg
of a horse ; — also named rat-tails. White.
Arrest of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a
judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for
this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment.
Ar'res-ta'tion (ar'res-ta'shun), n. [F. arrestalion,
LL. arrestatio.] Arrest. [R.]
The an-estation of the English resident in France was decreea
by the National Convention. H, M, n'illianis,
Ar'res-tee' (Sr'rSs-te'), n. [See Arrest, v,] (Scots
Law) The person in whose hands is the property attached
by arrestment.
Ar-rest'er (Sr-rSsfer), n. 1. One who arrests.
2. (Scots Laio) The person at whose suit an arrest-
ment is made. [Also written arrester.]
H
K
Use, unite, rude, full, fip, iirn ; pity ; food, ftfbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh = z In azure.
M
ARRESTING
84
ART
Ar-resting (Sr-r5st'Tng), a. striking ; attracting at-
tention; impressive.
This most solemn and arresting occurrence. J. H. Newman.
Ar-rest'ive (-it), a. Tending to arrest. McCosh.
Ar-rest'ment (-rgst'ment), n. [OF. arrestement.']
1. {Scots Law) The arrest of a person, or the seizure of
his effects; esp., a process by which money or mova-
bles in the possession of a third party are attached.
2. A stoppage or check. Darwin.
II Ar-ret' (ar-ref or ar-ra'), n. [F. See Akeest, n.~\
(F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court
or high tribunal ; also, a decree of a sovereign. (6) An
arrest ; a legal seizure.
Ar-ret' (ar-ref), v. t. Same as Abet. [Obs.'] Spenser.
Ar'rha-phos'tic (Sr'ra-fos'tik), a. [Gr. appaiio^ ;
d priv. -j- paTTreij' to sew together.] Seamless, [if.]
Ar-rhl'zal (a-ri'zal), 1 a. [Gr. appifos not rooted ;
Ar-rhl'ZOUS (a-ri'ziis), ) a priv. -f pi'fa a root.]
{Bol.) Destitute of a true root, as a parasitical plant.
Ar-rhyth'miC (A^rTth'mik), ) a. [Gr. appv0fio? ; a.
Ar-rhyth'mous (-mils), ) priv. -f puS^os
rhythm.] {Med.) Being without rhythm or regularity,
as the pulse.
Ar'rhyth-my (ar'ritli-my), n. [Gr. appvBiiCa ; d priv.
-f pvOp-dg rhythm.] Want of rhythm. [i2.]
Ar-ride' (5r-rid'), v. t. [L. arridere ; adAr ridere to
laugh.] To please ; to gratify. \_Arcfiaic] B. Jonson.
Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most an-t(?e and
Bolace me are thy repositories of moldering learning. Lamb.
Ar-riere' (Sr-rer'), n. [F. arriere. See Aeeeab.]
" That which is behmd " ; the rear ; — chiefly used as an
adjective iu the sense of behind, rear, subordinate.
Arriere fee, Arriere fief, a fee or fief dependent on a su-
perior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. — Arriere vassal,
the vassal of a vassal.
Ar-rlere'-ban' (-bSn'), n. [F., fr. OF. urban, heriban,
it. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling to-
gether of an army ; OHG. heri an army -f- ban a public
call or order. The French have misunderstood their
old word, and have changed it into arriere-ban, though
arriire has no connection with its proper meaning. See
Ban, Abandon.] A proclamation, as of the French kings,
calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vas-
sals of these feudatories, to take the field for war ; also,
the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms,
as in ancient France.
Ar'ris (Sr'rls), n. [OF. areste, F. arete, fr. L. arista
the top or beard of an ear of grain, the bone of a fish.]
(Arch.) The sharp edge or salient angle formed by two
surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved ;
— applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to
the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric
column. P. Cyc.
Arris fillet, a triangular piece of wood used to raise the
slates of a roof against a chimney or wall, to throw off
the rain. Gwilt, — Arris gutter, a gutter of a V form
fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt.
Ar'rlsh (Sr'rtsh), n. [See Eddish.] The stubble of
wheat or grass ; a stubble field ; eddish. [Srajr.] [Writ-
ten also arish, ersh, etc.]
The moment we entered the stubble or arrish. Blackw, Mag.
Ar'rls-wise' (Sr'ris-wiz'), adv. Diagonally laid, aa
tiles; ridgewise.
Ar-riv'al (ar-riv'al), n. [From AEErvE.J 1. The act
of arriving, or coming ; the act of reaching a place
from a distance, whether by water (as in its original
sense) or by land.
Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes.
Expect his swift arrival. Dryden.
Z. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort,
or in natural course ; as, our arrival at tiiis conclusion
was wholly unexpected.
3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived ;
as, news brought by the last arrival.
Another arrival still more important was speedily an-
nounced. Macaulay.
4. An approach. [06s.]
The house has a corner arrival. H, Walpole.
Ar-riV'ance (-ans), n. Arrival. [06s.] Shak.
Ar-rive' (Sr-rli,''), v. i. [imp. & p. p. AEKrvED (-rivd') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Aerivins.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land,
OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to
come to shore ; .L. ad -\- ripa the shore or sloping bank
of a river. Of. Repakian.] 1. To come to the shore or
bank. In present usage : To come in progress by water,
or by traveling on land ; to reach by water or by land ;
— followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in
anifrom. ''■ Arrived in Pa&ua,." Shale.
[>Eneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived . . . and
landed in the country of Laurentum. Holland.
There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich.
Macaulay.
2. To reach a point by progressive motion ; to gain or
compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, rea-
soning, or experiment.
To arrive at, to reach, or attain to.
When he arrived at manhood. Sogers.
We arrive at a knowledge of a law of nature by the generali-
eation of facts. •■ "McCosh.
If at great things thou wouldst arrive. Milton.
3. To come ; — said of time ; as, the time arrived.
4. To happen or occur. lArchaic']
Happy I to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller.
Ar-rive', v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [06s.]
And made the sea-trod ship arrive them. C/iapman.
2. To reach ; to come to. [Archaic']
Ere he arrive the happy isle. Milton.
Ere we could arrive the point proposed. Shak.
Arrive at last the blessed goal. Tennyson.
Al-rlVO', »J. Arrival. [06s.] Chaucer.
How should I joy ol thy arrive to hear I Drayton.
Ar-rlv'er (5r-riv'er), n. One who arrives.
II Ar-ro'ba (8r-ro'bS), n. [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub,
ar-rubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in
Mexico and South America ^ 25.36 lbs. avoir. ; also, an
old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil ^ 32.38 lbs. avoir.
2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine ^ 3.54 imp.
gallons, and for oil ^ 2.78 imp. gallons.
Ar'ro-gance (ar'ro-gans), 11. [F., fr. L. arroganiia,
fr. arrogans. See Aebogant.] The act or habit of arro-
gating, or making undue claims in an overbearing man-
ner ; that species of pride wliich consists in exorbitant
claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which
exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue
degree ; proud contempt of others ; lordliness ; haughti-
ness ; self-assiunption ; presumption.
I hate not you for her proud arrogance. Shak.
Syn. — Haughtiness ; hauteur ; assumption ; lordli-
ness ; presumption ; pride ; disdain ; insolence ; conceit ;
conceitedness. See Haughtiness.
Ar'ro-gan-cy (-gan-sy), n. Arrogance. Shak.
Ar'ro-gant (5r'ro-gant), a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans,
p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or hav-
ing the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or
estimation ; giving one's self an imdue degree of impor-
tance ; assuming ; haughty ; — applied to persons.
Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate. Shak.
2. Containing arrogance ; marked with arrogance ;
proceeding from undue claims or self-importance ; — ap-
plied to things ; as, arrogant pretensions or behavior.
Syn. — Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; over-
bearing ; presumptuous ; haughty. See MagisteriaX.
Ar'ro-gant-ly, adv. In an arrogant manner ; with
undue pride or self-importance.
Ar'ro-gant-ness, n. Arrogance, [i?.]
Ar'ro-gate (Sr'ro-gat), V. t. [imp. & p. p: Arrogated'
(-ga'tSd); p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating (-ga'ting).] [L.
arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropri-
ate to one's self; ad -\- rogare to ask. See Eooation.]
To assume, or claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or
presumptuously ; to n^ke undue claims to, from vanity
or baseless pretensions to right or merit ; as, the pope
arrogated dominion over kings.
He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically
what was orthodox doctrine. Macaulay.
Ar'ro-ga'tlon (Sr'ro-ga'shiin), n. [L. arrogatio, fr.
arrogare. Of. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating,
or making exorbitant claims ; the act of taking more than
one is justly entitled to. Mall.
2. {Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age.
Ar'ro-ga-tive (-gS-tTv), a. Making undue claims and
pretension ; prone to arrogance. [JR.] Dr. H. More.
II Ar'ron'dlsse'ment' (a'r8N'des'maN')i n. [F., fr.
arrondir to make round ; ad -\- rond round, L. roiundus.]
A subdivision of a department. [France']
t^^ The territory of France, since the revolution, has
been divided into departments, those into arrondisse-
ments, those into cantons, and the latter into communes.
Ar-rose' (5r-roz'), v. t. [F. arroser.] To drench j to
besprinkle ; to moisten. [06s.]
The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you. Two N. Kins.
Ar-ro'sion (ar-ro'zhun), n. [L. arrodere, arrosnm , to
gnaw : cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [06s.] Bailey.
Ar'row (ar'ro), n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin
to Icel. 'or, orvar, Goth, arhwaz-
na, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. *C^ ^^^S
Arc] a missile weapon of of-
fense, straight, slender, pointed. Arrow.
and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow.
Broad arrow, (a) An arrow with a broad head. (6) A mark
placed upon British ordnance and gcemment stores,
which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead.
Ar'row grass' (gras'), n. {Bot.) An herbaceous
grasslike plant {Triglochiii pahistre, and other species)
with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads.
Ar'row-head' (-hgd'), n. 1. The head of an arrow.
2. {Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria, esp.
S. sagittifolia, — named from the shape of the leaves.
Ar'row-head'ed, a. Shaped like the head of an ar-
row; cuneiform.
Arrowheaded characters, characters the elements of
which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nail-
heads, or wedges ; — hence called also nail-headed, wedge-
formed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters ; the oldest
written characters used in the country about the Tigris
and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abound-
ing among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon.
See Coneipokm.
Ar'row-root' (-roof), n. 1. {Bot.) A West Indian
plant of the genus Maranta, esp. M. arurtdinacea, now
cultivated in many hot countries. It is said that the
Indians used the roots to neutralize the venom in wounds
made by poisoned arrows.
2. A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of
Maranta arundinacea, and used as food, esp. for cliildren
and invalids ; also, a similar starch obtained from other
plants, as various species of Maranta and Curcuma.
Ar'row-WOOd' (-wood'), n. A shrub ( Viburnum den-
tatum) growing in damp woods and thickets ; — so called
from the long, straight, slender shoots.
Ar'row-worm' (-wfirm'), n. {Zo'dl.) A peculiar trans-
parent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface
of the sea. See Sagitta.
Ar'row-y (ar'ro-y), a. 1. Consisting of arrows.
How quick they wheeled, and, flying, behind them shot
Sharp sleet of arrowy showers. Milton.
2. Formed or moving like, or in any respect resem-
bling, an !irrow ; swift ; darting ; piercing. " His ar-
row?/tongue." Cowper.
By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone. Byron.
With arrowy vitalities, vivacities, and ingenuities. Carlyle.
II Ar-roy'O (a-roi'o), n. ; pi. Aeeotos (-oz). [Sp., fr.
LL. arrogium, rogium ; cf . Gr. pojj river, stream, f r. pelv
to flow.] 1. A water course ; a rivulet.
2. The dry bed of a small stream. [Western U. S."]
II Ar'SChln (ar'shTn), ra. See Aeshjue.
Arse (ars), n. [AS. ears, sers; akin to OHG. ars, G.
arsch, D. aars, Sw. ars, Dan. arts, Gr. oppo; (cf. oipd
tail).] The buttocks, or hind part of an animal ; the pos-
teriors ; the fundament ; the bottom.
Ar'se-nal (ar'se-nal), re. [Sp. & F arsenal arsenal,
dockyard, or It. arzanale, arsenate (cf. It & Sp. darsena
dock) ; all fr. Ar. dargina'a house of industry or fabrica-
tion ; dar house -f- find'a art, industry.] A public estab-
lishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and
storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether
for land or naval service.
Ar'se-nate (-uat), n. [Cf. F. arseniate.] {Chem.) .4
salt formed by arsenic acid combined with a base.
Ar-se'ni-ate (iir-se'ni-at), n. See Arsenate. [-R.]
Ar'se-nic (ar'se-nlk; 277), n. [L. arsenicum^ Gr. ip-
a-evLKov, appeviKov, yellow orpiment, arsenic, fr. appevi.K6t
masculine, o.pfrr\v male, on account of its strength : cf. ?.
arsenic] 1. {Chem.) One of the elements, a solid sub-
stance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but
in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals.
It is of a steel-gray color and brilliant luster, though
usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sub-
limes at 356° Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found native,
but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron,
antimony, or sulphur, Orpiment and realgar are two
of its sulphur compounds, the first of which is the true
arsenicum of the ancients. The element and its com-
pounds are active poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to
5.9. Atomic weight 75. Symbol As.
2. {Com.) Arsenious oxide or arsenious anhydride; —
called also arsenious acid, white arsenic, and ratsbane.
Ar-sen'ic (ar-sen'ik), a. {Chem.) Pertaining to, or
derived from, arsenic ; — said of those compounds of
arsenic in which this element has its highest equivalence ;
as, arsenic acid.
Ar-sen'ic-al (-i-kal), a. Of or pertaining to, or con-
taining, arsenic ; arsenic ; as, arsenical vapor ; arsenical
wall papers.
Arsenical silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic.
Ar-sen'i-cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absenicated ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Aesenicating.] To combine with arsenic ;
to treat or impregnate witli arsenic.
Ar-sen'1-cistn (ar-sSn'i-sIz'm), n. {Med.) A diseased
condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic.
Ar'sen-ide (ar's6n-Td or -id), re. {Chem.) A compound
of arsenic with a metal, or positive element or radical ;
— formerly called arseniuret.
Ar'sen-lf'er-ous (ar'sSn-Tfer-us), a. [Arsenic +
-ferous.] Containing or producing arsenic.
Ar-se'nl-OUS (ar-se'uT-as), a. [Cf. F. arsenieux."]
1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, arsenic ;
as, arsenious powder or glass.
2. {Cliem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic,
when having an equivalence next lower than the highest ;
as, arsenious acid.
Ar'sen-ite (ar'sgn-it), n. [Cf. F. arsenite.] (Chem.)
A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base.
Ar'se-ni'U-ret (ar'se-ni'u-ret or ar-sen'u-rSt), n,
{Chem.) See Arsenide.
Ar'se-ni'U-ret'ed, a. {Chem.) Combined with arse-
nic;— said of some elementary substances or radicals;
as, arseniureted hydrogen. [Also spelt arseniuretted.]
Ar'sen-0-pyr'ite (ar'sSn-o-pyrlt), re. [Arsenic -\-
pyrite.] {Min.) A mineral of a tin-white color and me-
tallic luster, containing areenic, sulphur, and iron ; — also
called arsenical pyrites and mispickel.
Arse'smart (ars'smart), re. Smartweed; water pep-
per. Dr. Prior.
l: Ar'shine (ar'shen), n. [Rus_s. arshin, of Turkish-
Tartar origin ; Turk, arshin, arshun, ell, yard.] A Rus-
sian measure of length := 2 ft. 4.246 inches.
Ar'sine (iir'sTn o>--sen),re. [From Arsenic] {Chem.)
A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsHs, a colorless
and exceedingly poisonous gas, having an odor like garlic ;
arseniureted hj'drogen.
_ II Ar'sis (ar'sis), re. [L. arsis, Gr. ap<ris a raising or
lifting, an elevation of the voice, fr otpeiv to raise or
lift up. Its ordinary use is the result of an early mis-
apprehension ; originally and properly it denotes the
lifting of the hand in beating time, and hence the unac-
cented part of the rhythm.] 1. {Pros.) {a) That part
of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distin-
guished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot
by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (6) That eleva-
tion of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the
rhythmic accent.
,111^^ It is uncertain whether the arsis originally con-
sisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer
duration of sound, or in all combined.
2. {Mus.) The elevation of the hand, or that part of the
bar at which it is raised, in beating time ; the weak or un-
accented part of the bar ; — opposed to thesis. Moore.
Ars'met'rike (arz'mefrik), re. [An erroneous form
of arithmetic, as if from L. ars metrica the measuring
art.] Arithmetic. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ar'SOn (ar's'n; 277), re. [OF. arson, arsun, fr. L,
ardere, arsum, to bum.] {Laiu) The malicious tiurning
of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which
by the common law is felony ; the malicious and volun-
tary firing of a building or ship. Wharton.
(iy° The defruition of this crime is varied by statutes
m different countries and states. The English law of ar-
son has been considerably modified in the United States ;
m some of the States it has been materially enlarged,
while in others, various degrees of arson have been estab-
lished, with corresponding punishment. Burrill.
Art (art). The second person singular, indicative
mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be ; but
formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the end-
ing -t, as in thou shaXt, wili, orjg. an ending of the second
person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn
or poetical style.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, gvent, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; oli obey, 6rb, Sdd;
ART
85
ARTICULAR
Art (art), n. [F. art, Xj. ars, arlis, orig., skill in join-
ing or fitting ; prob. akin to E. arm, arutoeral, article.}
1. The employment of means to accomplish some de-
sired end ; the adaptation of things in the natural world
to the uses of life ; the application of knowledge or power
to practical purposes.
Blest with each grace of nature and of at-t. Pope.
2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the perform-
ance of certain actions ; a system of principles and rules
for attaining a desired end ; method of doing well some
special work ; — often contradistinguished from science
or speculative principles ; as, the art of building or en-
graving ; the art of war ; the art of navigation.
Science is systematized knowledge. . . . Art is knowledfje
made efficient'by skill. J. F. GeuKtig.
3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in
effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or busi-
ness requiring such knowledge or skill.
The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success
in so troubled a sea. Addison.
4. The application of skill to the production of the
beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in
which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture ;
one of the fine arts ; as, he prefers art to literature.
5. pi. Those branches of learning which are taught in
the academical course of colleges ; as, master of arts.
In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts. Pope.
Four years spent in the arfs (as they arc called in colleges)
is, perha'ps, laying too laborious a foundation. Goldsmith.
6. Learning ; study ; applied knowledge, science, or
letters. lArc/iaic']
So vast is art, so narrow human wit. Pope.
7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain
actions, acquired by experience, study, or observation ;
knack ; as, a man has the art of managing his business
to advantage.
8. Skillful plan ; device.
They employed every art to soothe . . . the discontented
warriors. Macaulay.
9. Cunning; artifice; craft.
jMadam, I swear I use no art at all. Sfiak.
Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in-
strength. Crahb.
10. The black art ; magic. [Ofc.] Shak.
Art and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding
and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime,
whether by advice or by assistance in the execution ;
complicity.
(5^°" The arts are divided into various classes. The
tueful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which
the hands and body are more concerned than the mind ;
as in making clothes and utensils. These are called
trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to
do with imagination and taste, and are applied to the pro-
duction of what is beautiful. They include poetry, mu-
sic, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture ; but
the term is often conflued to painting, sculpture, and ar-
chitecture. The liberal arts (artes liberates, the higher
arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were per-
mitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven
branches of learning, — grammar, logic, rhetoric, arith-
metic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern
times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy,
history, etc., which compose the course of academical or
collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master
and bachelor of arts.
In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up
side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irvtng.
Syn. — Science ; literature ; aptitude ; readiness ; skill ;
dexterity ; adroitness ; contrivance ; profession ; busmess ;
trade ; calling ; cunning ; artifice ; duplicity. See Science.
II Ar-te'ml-a (ar-te'mt-a), n. [NI^., fr. 6r. 'Aprenti!, a
Greek goddess.] {Zool.) A genus of
phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes
and brines; the brine shrimp. See
Beine sheimp.
Ar'te-mi'si-a (ar'te-mtzh'i-a or ar'-
te-mlsh'i-a), ». [L. Artemisia, dr.' kp-
T£|oit(ria.] {Bot.) A genus of plants
including the plants called mugwort,
southernwood, and wormwood. Of
these the A. absinthium, or common
wormwood, is well known, and A. tri-
dentata is the sage brush of the Rocky
Mountain region.
Ar-te'rl-ac (ar-te'ri-Sk), a. [L. ar-
teriacus, Gr. apnjpiaKos. See Abtebt.]
Of or pertaining to the windpipe.
Ar-te'rl-al (ar-te'ri-al), a. [Cf. F.
arteriel.'] 1. Of or pertaining to an
artery, or the arteries ; as, arterial ac-
tion; the arterial system.
2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an
artery), as a river, canal, or railroad.
Arterial blood, blood which has been changed and vital-
ized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs.
Ar-te'ri-al-i-za'Uon (ar-te'rl-al-t-za'shiin), n. [Physe
iol.) The process of converting venous blood into arte-
rial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen
being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved ; — called also
aeration and hematosis.
Ar-te'rl-al-ize (ar-te'ri-al-Iz), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Ar-
TEBiALizED (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aeteriauzing.] To
transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by
exposure to oxygen in the lungs ; to make arterial.
Ar-te'ri-Og'ra-phy (ar-te'rt-og'ra-fy), n. [Gr. ap-n/pia
•-|- -graphy.'] A systematic description of the arteries.
Ar-te'rl-Ole (ar-te'ri-ol), n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of
L. arteria : cf . P. arteriole J A small artery.
Ar-te'rl-Ol'O-gy (ar-te'ri-ol'S-jy), n. [Gr. aprqpia +
-^Offl/-] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries.
_ Ar-te'rl-Ot'O-my (-ot'6-my), n. [L. arteriotomia, Gr.
apriripioTOixia ; aprqpia. -f- to/xi} a cutting.] 1. (Med.)
The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting.
2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection
of the arteries.
Female Artemia
(^A. gracilis),
X 4. a' a^-' 1st
and 2d Anten-
n£e ; e Eye ; o
Egg sac.
II Ar'te-rl'ds (ar'te-rl'tts), n. [Artery + -His.'] In-
flammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison.
Ar'ter-y (ar'ter-y), n.; pi. Arteries (-iz). [L. ar-
teria windpipe, artery, Gr. aprripia.] 1. The trachea or
windpipe. \_Obs.'] " Under the artery, or windpipe, is
the mouth of the stomach." Holland.
2. {ArMt.) One of the vessels or tubes which carry
either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They
have thicker and more muscular walls than veins, and
are connected with them by capillaries.
IS^^ In man and other mammals, the arteries which
contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ven-
tricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The
piilnwnary urlvrij conveys the venous blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized
blood is returned through tlie pulmonary veins.
3. Hence ; Any continuous or ramified channel of com-
munication ; as, arteries of trade or commerce.
Ar-te'sian (ar-te'zhan), a. [F. artesien, fr. Ariois in
France, where many such wells have been made since
the middle of the last century.] Of or pertainingto Ar-
tois (anciently called Artesium), in France.
Artesian wells, wells made by boring into the earth till
the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pres-
sure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usu-
ally of small diameter and often of great depth.
Art'ful (art'ful), a. [From Art.] 1. Performed
with, or characterized by, art or skill. lArchaic] " Art-
ful stiaiiis." '^ Artful teima." Milton.
2. Artificial; imitative. Addison.
3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance ;
dexterous; skillful.
He [was] too artfid a writer to set down events in exact his-
torical order. Dnjden.
4. Cunning ; disposed to cunning indirectness of deal-
ing; crafty; as, an orC/ui boy. [The usual sense.]
Artful in speech, in action, and in mind. Pope.
The artful revenge of various animals. Darwin.
Syn. — Cunning; skillful; adroit ; dexterous ; crafty ;
tricky ; deceitful ; designing. See Cunning.
Art'Iul-ly, adv. In an artful manner ; with art or
cunning ; skillfully ; dexterously ; craftily.
Art'tul-ness, n. The quality of being artful ; art ;
cimning ; craft.
Ar'then (ar'th'n), a. Same as Earthen. [Obs.'\ " An
arthen pot." Holland.
Ar-thrlt'lc (ar-thrTttk), 1 a. [L. arthriticus, Gr. ap-
Al-thrlt'lc-al (-i-kol), ) epin/cds. See Arthritis.]
1. Pertaining to the joints. [Ofts.] Sir I. Browne.
2. Of or pertaining to arthritis ; gouty. Cowper,
II Ar-Uiri'tls (iir-thri'tis), n. [L.,fr. Gr. ap9pZTi^ (as
if fern, of ap6piT-i]<; belonging to the joints, Bc. i/oo-os dis-
ease) gout, fr. apepov a joint.] (Med.) Any inflammation
of the joints, particularly the gout.
Ar'thro-denn (ar'thrS-derm), n. [Gr. apepov joint +
-rferm.] (Zool.) The external covering of an Arthropod.
II Ar-tliro'di-a (ar-thro'dl-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. apOpoi-
Si'a, fr. ap9pu)6i)s well articulated ; apBpov a joint + ei6os
shape.] (Anat.) A form of diarthrodial articulation in
which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they
form only an imperfect ball and socket.
Ar-thro'dl-al (-al), 1 a. Of or pertaining to
Ar-Uuod'ic (iir-thrSd'ik), ) arthrodia.
_ II Ar'tliro-ayn'1-a (ar'thro-din'i-a), n. [Nl., fr. Gr.
apBpov joint + b&virq pain.] (Med.) An affection charac-
terized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon
structural disease.
Ar'thro-dyn'ic (-ik), a. Pertaining to arthrodynia,
or pain in the joints ; rheu-
matic.
II Ar'Uiro-gas'tra (ar'thro-
eSs'tra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
apOpov joint -|- yaarriQp stom-
ach.] (Zool.) A division of
the Arachnida, having the ab-
domen annulated, including
the scorpions, harvestmen,
etc. ; pedipalpi.
Ar-throg'ra-phy (ar-
thrbg'ra-fy), n. [Gr. apBpov
joint -)- -graphy.'] The de-
scription of joints.
Ai-Uirol'O-gy (ar-thr51'6-
jy), "• [Gt. apBpov joint +
-logy.'i That part of anatomy
which treats of joints.
Ar'thro-mere (a r't h r o-
mer), n._ [Gr. ipOpov joint o^g^j^he Arthrogastra( Ga-
(Zoot.) Une 01 the leodesaraneoides), reduced,
d Mandibles ; p Falpi.
[NL., fr. Gr. apOpov
-mere.']
body segments of ArthroiKjds.
See Akthkostraoa. Packard.
II Ar'thro-pleu'ra (-piu'ra), re.
joint + 7rA6upii the side.] (Zo'ol.)
The side or limb-bearing por-
tion of an arthromere.
Ar'thro-pod (-pod), re. (Zo'ol.)
One of the Arthropoda.
II Ar-throp'o-da (ar-throp'S-
da), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. apBpov
joint + -porfa.] (ZooZ.) A large
division of Articulata, embracing
all those that have jointed legs.
It includes Insects, Arachnida,
Pycnogonida, and Crustacea. —
Ar-throp'o-dal (-dai), a.
II Ar'thro-pom'a-ta (ar'thrS-
pom'a-ta), »i. pi. [NL-, fr- Gr- o„e of the Arthropomata
apOpov joint + w<ap.a lid.] (Zoot) (Rhynclionella) about
One of the orders of Brachiopo- nat. size, opened to show
da. See Brachiopoda. the long arms, one of
II Ar-thrO'slS (ar-thro'sTs), re. ^hich is partly uncoiled.
[NL., fr. Gr. apdpucns, fr. apBpov joint.] (Anat.) Articu-
lation.
One of the Arthrostraca (Ampelisca
macroccpltata). o Head ; t^ t"
Thoracic somites (arthromeres) ;
ab Abdominal somites ; e4th Epi-
meron ; ,s Abdominal legs ; w Uro-
pods.
Artichoke ( Cynara scolymvs).
Much reduced.
IIAr-thros'tra-ca(ar-thr5s'tri-ka),re.pZ. [NL.,fr. Gr.
apBpov joint -|- ouTpa-
Kov a shell.] (Zo'ol.)
One of the larger divi-
sions of Crustacea, so
called because the tho-
rax and abdomen are
both segmented ; Tetrar
decapoda. It includes
the Amphipoda and
Isopoda.
Ar'ttiro-zo'ic (ar'-
thro-zo'ik), a. [Gr.
ap^poi' joint -{- ^wtKo?
animal, fr. fuoi' an ani-
mal.] (.ZooZ.') Of or per-
taining to the Articu-
lata; articulate.
Ar'ti-ad (ar'sliT-5d or ar'ti-Sd), a. [Gr. aprios even,
fr. dpn exactly.] (Chem.) Even; not odd; — said of
elementary substances and of radicals the valence of
which is divisible by two without a remainder.
Ar'tl-choke (ar'tl-chok), re. [It. articiocco, perh.
corrupted f r. the same word as cardofo ; cf . the older
spellings archiciocco,
archicioffo, carciocco,
and Sp. alcachofa, Pg.
alcachofra ; prob. fr. Ar.
al-harshaf, al-kharshuf."]
(Bot.) 1. The Cynara
scolymus, a plant some-
what resembling a this-
tle, with a dilated, imbri-
cated, and prickly invo-
lucre. The head (to
which the name is also
applied) is composed of
numerous oval scales,
inclosing the florets, sit-
ting on a broad recep-
tacle, which, with the
fleshy base of the scales,
is much esteemed as an
article of food.
2. See Jerusalem artichoke.
Ar'tl-Cle (ar'ti-k'l), n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of
artus joint, akin to Gr. apBpov, fr. a root ar to join, fit.
See Art, re.] 1. A distinct portion of an instrument, dis-
course, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of
two <Jr more particulars, or treating of various topics ;
as, an article in the Constitution. Hence : A clause in a
contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like ; a
term, condition, or stipulation in a contract , a concise
statement ; as, articles of agreement.
2. A literary composition, forming an independent por-
tion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia.
3. Subject ; matter ; concern ; distinct item. [Obs.]
A very great revolution that has happened in this article of
good breeding. Addison.
This last article will hardly be believed. Be Foe.
4. A distinct part. " Upon each article of human
duty." Paley. " Each artj'eZe of time." Habington.
The articles which compose the blood. £. Darwin.
5. A particular one of various things ; as, an article of
merchandise ; salt is a necessary article.
They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles ol
food. Landor.
6. Precise point of time ; moment. \_Obs. or Archaic]
This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the article of my
Lord Kussell's trial, was said to have had no little influence
on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice. Evelyn.
7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used
before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or
an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article.
8. (Zo'ol.) One of the segments of an articulated ap-
pendage.
Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first
made by the original thirteen States of the United States.
They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the su-
preme law until March, 1789- — Articles of impeachment,
an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs
the same office which an indictment does in a common
criminal case. — Articles of war, rules and regulations,
fixed by law, for the better government of the army. —
In the article of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the mo-
ment of death ; in the dying struggle. — lords of the ar-
ticles ( <Sco<. .ffwM, a standing committee of the Scottish
Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and prep-
aration of the acts, or bills for laws. — The Thirty -nine Ar-
ticles, statements (thirty-nine in number) of the tenets
held by the Church of England.
Ar'tl-cle, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Articled (-k'ld) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Articling (-kling).] [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. ar-
iiculare. See Article, «., Articulate.] 1. To formu-
late in articles ; to set forth in distinct particulars.
If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man
would seem vicious and miserable. Jer. lYiylor.
2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles.
He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty.
Stat. 33 Geo. III.
3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation ; as,
to article an apprentice to a mechanic.
Ar'tl-cle, V. i. To agree by articles; to stipulate; to
bargain ; to covenant. [J2.]
Then he articled with her that he should go away when he
pleased. Selden.
Ar'tl-Cled (-k'ld), a. Bound by articles ; apprenticed ;
as, an articled clerk.
Ar-tic'U-lar (ar-tlk'ij-ler), rt. [L. ariiciilaris: cf. P.
articulaire. See Article, ?(.] Of or pertaining to the
joints ; as, an articular disease ; an articular process.
Ar-tlc'u-lar (ar-ttk'ij-ler), I re. (Anat.) A bone in the
Ar-tic'U-la-ry (-ii-lS-ry), ( base of the lower jaw
of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.
B
D
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, iip, lirn ; pity ; food, fdbt ; out, oil ; cliair ; go ; sins, ink ; tben, thin | boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
ARTICULAELY
86
ARYAN
Ar-tlc'n-lar-ly (ar-tik'fi-ler-Ijf), adv. In an articular
or an articulate miviiner.
II Ar-tlc'U-la'ta (iii-tlk'ii-la'ta), n. pi. [Neut. pi. from
L. arliculatus furniuhed with joints, distinct, p. p. of ar-
ticulare. See Auticle, f.] (Zo'dl.) 1. One of the four
subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been
much modified by later writers.
<S^° It includes those Invertebrata having the body-
composed of a series of ringlike segments (arthromeres).
By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helmintlis)
have also been Included ; by others it is restricted to the
Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa
of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda
(Insects, Myriapoda, Malacopoda, Arachnida, Pycnogon-
ida, Crustacea) ; and Anarthropoda, including the Annel-
ida and allied forms.
2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, includ-
ing those that have the shells united by a hinge.
3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea.
Ar-tiC'U-late (iir-tTk'iS-lit), a. [L. arliculatus. See
Aeticulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate
items or particulars. [Arcfiaic'] Bacon.
2. Jointed ; formed with joints ; consisting of segments
united by joints; as, articulate animals or plants.
3. Distinctly uttered ; spoken so as to be intelligible ;
characterized by division into words and syllables ; as,
articulate speech, sounds, words.
Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle.
Ar-tlC'U-late, n. (Zodl.) An animal of the subking-
dom Articulata.
Ar-tlc'u-late (-lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. AETicTn.ATED
(-la'tgd) ; p. pr. & t'b. n. Articdi,atino (-la'tTug).] 1. To
utter articulate sounds ; to utter the elementary sounds
of a language ; to enunciate ; to speak distinctly.
2. To treat or make terms. [Oft«.] Shak.
3. To join or be connected by articulation.
Ar-tlc'u-late, v. t. 1. To joint ; to unite by means of
a joint ; to put together with joints or at the joints.
2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to par-
ticularize ; to specify. [OJ.s.]
3. To form, as the elementary sounds ; to utter in dis-
tinct syllables or words ; to enunciate ; as, to articulate
letters or language. " To articulate a, word." Bay.
4. To express distinctly ; to give utterance to.
Luther articutatefi himself upon a process that had already
begun in the Christian church. Bibliotheca Sacra.
To . . . articulate the dumb, deep want of the people. Carlyle.
Ar-tlC'U-la'ted (-la'tSd), a. 1. United by, or provided
with, articulations ; jointed ; as, an articulated skeleton.
2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the or-
gans of speech ; pronounced.
Ar-tlc'U-late-ly (-lat-lj^), adv. 1. After the manner,
or in the form, of a joint.
2. Article by article ; in distinct particulars ; in de-
tail; definitely. Paley.
I had articulately set down in writing our points. Puller.
3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds.
Ar-tlc'U-late-ness, re. Quality of being articulate.
Ar-tic'n-la'Uon (ar-tik'iS-la'shun), n. [Cf. F. articu-
lation, fr. L. ariiculatio.'] 1. (Anat.) A joint or junc-
ture between bones in the skeleton.
ffi^^" Articulations may be immovable, when the bones
are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable,
. when they are united by an intervening substance (am-
phlarthrosis or symphysis), or they may be more or less
freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered
with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthro-
sis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admit-
ting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket
joints (euarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc.
2. {Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant
by joints, as in pods. (J) One of the nodes or joints, as
in cane and maize, (c) One of the parts intercepted be-
tween the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regu-
lar or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermis-
sion in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley.
3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints ;
any meeting of parts in a joint.
4. Thestateof being jointed ; coimection of parts. [iJ.]
That definiteness and articulation of imagery. Coleridge.
5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a lan-
guage by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in
pronunciation ; as, a distinct articulation.
6. A sound made by the vocal organs ; an articulate
utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant.
Ar-tlc'u-la-tlve (ar-tik'\S-la-tiv), a. Of or pertaining
to articulation. Rush.
Ar-tlc'U-la'tor (-la'ter), n. One who, or that which,
articulates; as: {a) One who enunciates distinctly. (6)
One who prepares and moimts skeletons, (c) An instru-
ment to cure stammering.
II Ar-tic'U-lUS (-liis), n. ; pi. Abticdm (-li). [L. See
Article.] (^Zo'iil.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea ;
a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage.
Ar'ti-Hce (ar'ti-f is), n. [L. nrtificium, fr. artifex ar-
tificer; ars, artis, art -\-/acere to make : cf. F. artifice.']
1. A handicraft ; a trade ; art of making. [06s.]
2. Workmanship ; a skillfully contrived work.
The material universe ... is the artifice of God, the artifice
of the best Mechanist. Cudworth.
3. Artful or skillful contrivance.
His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much arti-
fice. Craik.
4. Crafty device ; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate
trick. [Now the usual meaning.]
Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous ar^
tifices for the purpose of averting inquiry. Macaulay.
Ax-tlf'1-cer (ar-tTft-ser), n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL.
artificiarius.'] 1. An artistic worker ; a mechanic or
manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or
knowledge of a particular kind, as a sUversmitlu
2. One who makes or contrives ; a deviser, inventor,
■orframer. "^rti^cer of fraud." Milton.
The great Artificer of aU that moves. Cowper.
3. A cunning or artful fellow. [06*.] B. Jonson.
4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, car-
penter, etc. ; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses,
grenades, etc., in a military laboratory.
Syn. — Artisan ; artist. See Aetisan.
Ar'tl-fi'cial (iir'ti-f ish'al), a. [L. artificialis, fr. ar-
tificium: cf. ¥. artificiel. See Aetifice.] 1. Made or
contrived by art ; produced or modified by human skill
and labor, in opposition to natural ; as, artificial heat or
light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier tlian life. Shak.
2. Feigned ; fictitious ; assumed ; affected ; not genu-
ine. " Artificial tears." Shak.
3. Artful ; cunning ; crafty. [OJj.] Shak.
4. Cultivated ; not indigenous ; not of spontaneous
growth ; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon.
Artificial arguments (Rliet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, wliich are called iuurtificial arguments or proofs.
Johnson. — Artificial classification {Science), an arrange-
ment based on superficial characters, and not expressmg
the true natural relations of the species ; as, " the arti-
ficial system " in botany, which is the same as the Lin-
naean system. — Artificial horizon. See under Hoeizon. —
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies. — Artificial lines, lines on a
sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarith-
mic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of
numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in
trigonometry, navigation, etc. — Artificial nombers, loga-
rithms. — Artificial person. (Line) See under Pekson. — Ar-
tificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the
natural sines, tangents, etc. Uuttoii.
Ar'tl-fl'Ci-al'i-ty (-fish'i-ai'I-ty), n. The quality or
appearance of being artificial ; that which is artificial.
Ar'ti-fi'cial-lze (-f ish'al-5z), v. t. To render artificial.
Ar'tl-fl'clal-ly, adv. 1. in an artificial manner; by
art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature.
2. Ingeniously ; skillfully. [06s.]
The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought. Tillotson.
3. CraftUy; artfuUy. [Ois.]
Sharp dissembled so artificially. Bp. Burnet.
Ar'tl-tl'clal-ness, «. The quality of being artificial.
Ar'tl-H'cious (-flsh'tis), a. [L. artificiosus.l Arti-
ficial. [06s.] Johnson.
Art'i-llze (art'i-liz), t!. <. To make resemble art. [06s.]
If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize
art instead of artUiziug nature. Bolingbroke.
Ar-tU1er-lst (ar-ttller-Tst), n. A person skilled in
artillery or gunnery ; a gunner ; an artilleryman.
Ar-tUler-y (iir-tiller-y), n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artil-
lerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines
and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with
arms of any kind which follow camps ; F. artillerie great
guns, ordnance ; OF. artillier to work with artifice, to
fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skUl in joining
something, art. See Aet.] 1. Munitions of war ; im-
plements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [06s.]
And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad. 1 Sam. xx. 40.
2. Cannon ; great guns ; ordnance, including guns,
mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of car-
riages, balls, bombs, and shot of aU kinds.
ffi^p" The word is sometimes used in a more extended
sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, uten-
sils, machines of aU kmds, and horses, that belong to a
train of artillery.
3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to
which the care and management of artillery are confided.
4. The science of artillery or gunnery. Campbell.
Artillery park, or Park of artillery, (a) A collective body
of siege or field artUlery, iiicludhig the guns, and the car-
riages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and per-
sons necessary for working them. (0) The place where
the artillery is encamped or collected. — Artillery train, or
Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted
on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching.
Ar-til1er-y-man (-man), n. A man who manages, or
assists in managing, a large gun in firing.
II Ar'tl-O-dac'ty-la (ar'slii-o-dSk'tI-14 or ar'tt-o-), n.
pi. [NL., fr. Gr. aprios even -(-
SaxrvKoi finger or toe.] {Zo'dl. ) One
of the divisions of the ungulate ani-
mals. The functional toes of the
hind foot are even in number, and
the third digit of each foot (corre-
sponding to the middle finger in
man) is asymmetrical and paired f
with the fourth digit, as in the hog,
the sheep, and the ox ; — opposed to
Perissodactj/la.
Ar'tl-o-dao'tyle (-til), re. (Zodl.)
One of the Artiodactyla.
Ar'tl-0-dac'ty-lous (-tl-lus), a.
(Zodl.) Even-toed.
Ar'ti-san (ar'tT-z3n ; 277), n. [F.
artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in
arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. or- ^
tigiano. See Art, «.] 1. One who A Fore foot (manus)
professes and practices some liberal _of^ pi;
art ; an artist. [06s.]
2. One trained to manual dexter-
ity in some mechanic art or trade ;
a handicraftsman ; a mechanic.
This is vrillingly submitted to by the
artisan, who can . - - compensate his
additional toil and fatigue. Hume.
Syn. — Artificer ; artist. — Aetj-
SAN, Aetist, Aetificee. An artist is
one who is skilled in some one of the
fine arts ; an artisan is one who ex-
ercises any mechanical employment
is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he
may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation
of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipula-
Artiodactyla.
£ Fore foot of ox.
r Radius ; u THna ; a
Scaphoid ; b Semi-
lunar ; c Trique-
trum (cuneiform) ;
e Trapezoid ; / Ca-
pitulum (magnum) ;
h Hamatum (unci-
form) ; p Pisiform ;
m Metacarpus ; 2, .3,
4, 5, second to fifth
toes.
A portrait painter
tion ; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree
of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one
who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the
exercise of liis profession. The word suggests neither the
idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to
the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of pe-
culiar skill wliich belong to the term aitisl.
Art'ist (art'ist), re. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars.
See Aet, re., and cf. Aetiste.] 1. One who practices
some mechanic art or craft ; an artisan. [06s.]
How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
Instruct the artists and reward their haste. Waller,
2. One who professes and practices an art in which
science and taste preside over the manual execution.
S^^ The term is particularly applied to painters, sculp-
tors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes.
3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any
manual art or occupation. Pope.
4. An artful person ; a schemer. [06s.]
Syn. — Artisan. See Aetisan.
II Ar-tiste' (ar-test'), re. [F. See Aetist.] One pe-
culiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment,
as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook.
'SW This term should not be confounded with the Eng-
lish word artist.
Ar-tls'tlc (ar-tls'tik), ) a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. ar-
Ar-tis'Uc-al (-ti-kal), ( tiste.'] Of or pertaining to
art or to artists ; made in the manner of an artist ; con-
formable to art ; characterized by art ; showing taste or
skill.— Ar-tis'tlc-al-ly, adv.
Art'lst-ry (artTst-rJ), re. 1. Works of art collectively.
2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey.
3. Artistic pursuits ; artistic ability. The Academy.
Artless (art'lSs), a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or
skill ; ignorant ; unskillful.
Artless of stars and of the moving sand. Dryden,
2. Contrived without skill or art ; inartistic. [i2.]
Artless and massy pillars. T. Warton.
3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem ; charac-
terized by simplicity and sincerity ; sincere ; guileless ;
ingenuous ; honest ; as, an artless mind ; an artless tale.
They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance
of enthusiasm or credulity about them. Forteus.
O, how unlike the complex works of man,
Heaven's easy, artless, unencumbered plan 1 Cowper.
Syn. — Simple ; unaffected ; sincere ; undesigning ;
guileless ; unsophisticated ; open ; frank ; candid.
Art1ess-ly, adv. In an artless maimer ; without art,
skill, or guile ; unaffectedly. Pope.
Artless-ness, n. The ciuality of being artless, or
void of art or guile ; simplicity ; sincerity.
Artay, adv. With art or skill. [06s.]
Ar'tO-car'pe-OUS (ar'to-kar'pe-Qs), ( a. [Gr. aproi
Ar'tO-car'pous (ar'to-kar'ptis), ) bread + (capTros
fruit.] {Bot.) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to
the genus Artocarpus.
Af'tO-type(-tip),re. [Art -\- type.'] A kind of autotype.
Ar'tO-ty'rlte (-ti'rit), n. [LL. Artotyritae, pi., fr. Gr.
apTos bread -|- Tupis cheese.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a
sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord's
Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first
oblations of men were not only of the fruit of the eartl<,
but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.]
Ar'tOW (ar'tou). A contraction of art thou. [06s.]
Chaucer,
Arts'man (arts'man), n. A man skilled in an art or
in arts. [06s.] _ Bacon.
Art' un'ion (art' im'yun). An association for promot-
ing art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encourage-
ment to artists.
II A'nun (a'riim), re. [L. arum, aros, Gr. apof.] A
genus of plants found in central Europe and about the
Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a
spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example.
Our common ainxms — the lords and ladies of village chil-
dren. Lubbock.
1^°° The American " Jack in the pulpit " is now sepa-
rated from the genup Arum.
Ar'nn-del'ian (Sr'iin-del'yan), a. Pertaining to an
Earl of Arundel ; as, Arundel or Arundelian marbles,
marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arun-
del in 1624.
Ar'un-dif'er-ons (-difer-us), a. [L. arundifer; arv/n-
do reed ■\- ferre to bear.] Producing reeds or canes.
A-run'di-na'ceous (a-riin'dl-na'shus), a. [L. arun-
dinaceus, f r. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed ;
resembling the reed or cane.
Ar'un-din'e-OUS (Sr'iin-din'e-us), a. [L. arundineui,
fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds ; reedy.
II A-rus'pes (a-riis'pSks), n. ; pi. Asuspices (-pi-sez).
[L. aruspex or haruspex.] One of the class of diviners
among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events
by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on
the altars of the gods.
A-ms'pice (-pis), re. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice.
Cf. Aruspex, HAEnspicE.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome.
Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.']
A-TOS'pi-cy (-pi-ST?), n. [L. aruspicium, Tiaruspi-
cium.'] Prognostication by inspection of the entrails o£
victims slain in sacrifice.
Ar'val (ar'val), re. [W. arwyl funeral ; ar over -j-
wylo to weep, or cf. OSw. ar/ol; Icel. arfr inheritance
+ Sw. dl ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North
of Eng.'] Grose,
Ar'vl-cole (ar'vl-kol), n. [L. arvum field -(- colere to
inhabit.] {Zodl.) A mouse of the gemia Arvicola ; the
meadow mouse. There are many species.
Ar'yan (ar'yan or Sr'i-an), n. [Skr. arya excellent,
honorable ; akin to the name of the country Iran, and
perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this peo-
ple, at least in Asia.J 1. One of a primitive people sup-
posed to have lived in prehistoric tunes, in Central Asia,
east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo Koosh
ale, senate, c&re, &ai, arm, ask, final, gU ; eve, event, £nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, dbey, orb, 5dd ;
ARYAN
87
ASCIDIOIDEA
and Paropamisan Mountains, and to have been the stock
from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin,
Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races ; one of that
ethnological division of mankind called also ludo-Euro-
pean or Indo-Germanic.
2. The language of the original Aryans.
[Written also An'aii.'}
Ar'yan (ar'yan or Sr'i-an), a. Of or pertaining to the
V<iople called Aryans ; Indo-European ; ludo-Germanic ;
as, the Aiijan stock, the Aryan languages.
Ax'yan-ize (-iz), v. i. To make Aryan (a language, or
in language). Jf- Johnston.
A-ryt'e-nold (i^rife-noid), a. [Gr. opuTairaeiSTJs
shaped like a ladle ; apvTaiva a ladle -f- etSos form.]
(Anal.) Ladle-shaped ; — applied to two small cartilages
of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., con-
nected with them. The cartilages are attached to the
cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords.
As (S2), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, al sioa,
AS. eal swa, lit. all so ; hence, quite so, quite as : cf. G.
<ils as, than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denotmg
equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner ; like ;
similar to ; in the same manner with or in which ; in ac-
•cordance with ; in proportion to ; to the extent or degree
in which or to which ; equally ; no less than ; as, ye shall
be as gods, knowing good and evil ; you will reap as you
sew ; do as you are bidden.
His spiritual iittendants regularly adjured him, a.'! he loved
his soul, to emancipate his brethren. MacauLatj.
^ff" As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or
correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an
equality or comparison ; as, give us iuch tilings as you
please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please ;
ne is not so brave as Cato ; she is as amiable as slie is
handsome ; come as quickly as possible. " Bees appear
fortunately to prefer tlie same colors as we do." Lubbock.
As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or .so to
answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with
the priest.
2. In the idea, character, or condition of, — limiting
the view to certain attributes or relations ; as, virtue
<;onsidered as virtue ; this actor will appear as Hamlet.
The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as
a king. Dewey.
3. While ; during or at the same time that ; when ;
as, he trembled as he spoke.
As I retiurn I will fetch ofE these justices. Shale.
4. Because ; since ; it being the case that.
As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to
arms . . . they were not indiiferently prepared. Sir W. Scott.
[See Synonym ujider Because.]
5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though
in meaning.)
We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, tran-
-sient as it may be, which this work has excited. Macaulay.
6. That, introducing or expressing a result or conse-
quence, after the correlatives so and such. [Ofo.]
I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find
thee. Rowe.
So as, so that. [Obs.1
The relations are so uncertain as they reqmre a great deal of
.examination. Bacon.
7. As if ; as though. [06*. or Poetic'\
He Ues, as he his bliss did know. Walter.
8. For instance ; by way of example ; thus ; —used to
introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations,
9. Than. [06s. & JJ.]
The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as
they free to deal affronts to others their superiors. Fuller.
10. Expressing a wish. \Olis.'\ ".4s have," i. e., may
he have. Chaucer.
As . . as. See So . . as, under So. — As fer as, to the extent
or degree. " .4s /ar 03 cam be ascertained." Macaulay.
— As far forth as, as far as. [06s.] Chaucer. — As for, or
As to, in regard to ; with respect to. — As good as, not less
than; notfalliugshortof. — As good as one's word, faithful
to a promise. — As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in
the same condition or manner, that it would be if . — As it
were (as if it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize
for or to relieve some expression which might be re-
garded as inappropriate or incongruous ; in a manner. —
Ab now, just now. r06s.] Chaucer. — As swythe, as quickly
as possible. [06s.] Chaucer.— As well, also; too; be-
sides. Addison. — As well as, equally with, no less than.
"I have understanding as well as you." /06 xii. 3. —As
yet, imtU now ; up to or at the present time ; still ; now.
As (as), n. [See Ace.] An ace. [06s.] Cliaucer.
Ambes-as, double aces.
II As (as), n. ; pi. Asses (as'ez). [L. as. See Ace.]
1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound,
equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was di-
vided into twelve ounces.
2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight
(12 oz.) ; but reduced, after the fiist Punic war, to two
ounces ; in the second Punic war, to one ounce ; and aft-
erwards to half am ounce.
l[As'a (as'a), re._[NL. asa, of oriental origin ; cf. Per.
aza mastic, Ar. asa healing, isa remedy.] An ancient
name of a gum.
As'a-fet'i-da H-fetT-da), n. lAsa + 'L.foetidusietii.']
As'a-f(Bt'l-da ) The fetid gum resin or inspissated
juice of a large umbelliferous plant {Ferula asafceiida) of
Persia and the East Indies. It is used in medicine as an
antispasmodic. [Written also assafcetida.}
II As'a-phus (as'a-fiis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ap-a^-qs indis-
tinct, uncertain.] (Paleon.) A genus oftrilobites found
in the Lower Silurian formation. See Ulust. in Append.
II As'a-ra-bac'ca (Ss'a-ra-bSk'ka), n. [L. asarum -f-
■bacca a berry. See Asaeone.] {Boi.) Ap. acrid herba-
ceous plant (Asarum Europxum), the leaves and roots of
•which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in
-cephalic snuffs.
As'a-rone (5s'4-ron), n. [L. asarum hazelwort, wild
spikenard, Gr. daapov.] (Chem.) A crystallized sub-
stance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum
JSuropseum ; — called also camphor of asarum. '
As-bes'tic (Ss-bes'tik or 3z-), a. Of, pertaining to, or
resembling asbestus ; inconsumable ; asbestine.
As-bes'tl-Jonn (-ti-£6rm), a. [L. asbestus + -form.']
Having tlie form or structure of asbestus.
As-bes'tlne (-tin), a. Of or pertaining to asbestus, or
partaking of its nature ; incombustible ; asbestic.
As-bes'tOUS (-tiSs), a. Asbestic.
As-bes'tUS (-bSs'tus), ) n. [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus)
As-bes'tOS (-tSs ; 277), ( a kind of mineral unaffected
by fire, Gr. dir/Seoros (prop, an adj.) inextinguishable ; a
priv. -j- o'/Sei'i'iii'ai to extinguisli.] (Min.) A variety of
amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate
fibers, or in flbroua masses or seams, usually oi a white,
gray, or green-gray color. The name is also given to a
similar variety of serpentine.
(!Ep°" The finer varieties have been wrought into gloves
ana cloth which ai'e incombustible. The cloth was for-
merly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been
recommeuded for firemen's clothes. Asbestus is also em-
ployed in the manufacture of iron safes, for fireproof
roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called
amianthus. Dana.
AsTjO-lln (Ss'bo-lTn or Sz'bo-lTn), n. [Gr. dffjSoAos
soot.] (Chem.) A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained
from wood soot.
As'ca-lld (5s'ka-rid), n. ; pi. Ascakides (Ss-kSr'i-dez)
or AsOAKiDS. [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr. ao'Kapc's.] (Zool.) A
parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris
lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestuie,
and allied species found in domestic animals ; also com-
monly applied to the pinworm ( Oxyuris), often trouble-
some to children and aged persons.
As-cend' (Ss-sSnd'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Ascending.] [L. ascendere ; ad -f- scandere
to climb, mount. See Scan.] 1. To move upward ; to
mount ; to go up ; to rise ; — opposed to descend.
BQgher yet that star ascends. Bowring.
I ascend unto my father and your father. John xx. 17.
Formerly used with up.
The smoke of it ascended up to heaven. Addison.
2. To rise, in a figurative sense ; to proceed from an
inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects,
from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient
times, from one note to another more acute, etc. ; as,
our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity ; to ascend
to our first progenitor.
Syn. — To rise ; mount ; climb ; scale ; soar ; tower.
As-cend', v. t. To go or move upward upon or along ;
to climb ; to mount ; to go up to the top of ; as, to ascend
a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne.
As-cend'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being ascended.
tiS'^c'eV-)-:^^' } - Same as Asce^encv.
As-cend'ant (Ss-sSnd'ant), n. [F. ascendant, L. ascen-
dens, p. pr. of ascendere.J 1. Ascent; height; eleva-
tion. IS.]
Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant. Temple.
2. (Astral.) The horoscope, or that degree of the eclip-
tic which rises above the horizon at the moment of one's
birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a
person's life and fortune.
^^^ Hence the phrases To be in the ascendant, to have
commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ascend-
ant, one who has possession of such power or influence ;
as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke.
3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascenden-
cy ; as, one man has the ascendant over another.
Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch
the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent. Robertson.
4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or
degrees of kindred ; a relative in the ascending line ; a
progenitor ; — opposed to descendant. Ayliffe.
As-cend'ant (-ant), \ a. 1. Rising toward the zenith ;
As-cend'ent (-ent), ) above the horizon.
The constellation . . . about that time ascendant. Brovme.
2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin.
3. Superior-; predominant; surpassing; ruling.
An ascendant spirit over him. South.
The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth.
J. S. Mill.
Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defend-
ing himself against accusations, ... no man could possibly hold
an ascendent position. Grote.
As-cend'en-cy (as-s§nd'en-sy), n. Governing or con-
trolling influence ; domination ; power.
An undisputed ascendency. Macaulay.
Custom has an ascendency over the understanding. Watts.
Syn. — Control ; authority ; influence ; sway ; domin-
ion ; prevalence ; domination.
As-cend'1-ble (as-sendt-b'l), a. [L. ascendibilis,]
Capable of being ascended ; climbable.
As-cend'ing, a. Rising ; moving upward ; as, an as-
cending kite. — As-cend'ing-ly, adv.
Ascending latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a
planet. Ferguson. —Ascending line (Geneal.), the line of
relationship traced backward or through one's ancestors.
One's father and mother, grandfather and grandmother,
etc., are in the line direct asceiiding, — Ascending node
(Astron.), that node of the moon or a planet wherein it
passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called
th& northern node. Herschel. — Ascending series. (Math.)
(a) A series arranged according to the ascending powers
of a quantity. (6) A series in which each term is greater
than the preceding. — Ascending signs, signs east of the
meridian.
As-cen'slon (5s-sSn'shun), n. [F. ascension, L. as-
censio, fr. ascendere. See Ascend.] 1. The act of as-
cending ; a rising ; ascent.
2. Specifically : The visible ascent of our Savior on the
fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) Also,
Ascension Day.
3. An ascendmg or arising, as in distillation ; also,
that which arises, as from distillation.
Vaporous ascensions from the stomach. Sir T. Browne.
Ascension Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsun-
tide, the day on wluch is couuuemorated our Savior's as-
cension into heaven after his resurrection ; — called also
Holu Thursday. — Right ascension (Aslron.), that degree
of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries,
wliich rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a riglit
sphere ; or the arc of the equator mtercepted between
the first point of Aries and that point of the equator tliat
comes to the meridian with the star ; — expressed either
in degrees or in time. — Oblique ascension (Aslron.), an arc
of the equator, intercepted between tlie first point of
Aries and that point of the equator which rises together
with a star, in an oblique sphere ; or the arc of the equa-
tor intercepted between the first point of Aries and that
point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a
star. It is little used In modern astronomy.
As-cen'sion-al (Ss-sSn'shiin-al), a. Relating to as-
cension ; connected with a.scent ; asceiisive ; tending up-
ward ; as, the ascensional power of a balloon.
Ascensional difference (Astron.), the difference between
oblique and right ascension ; — used chiefly as expressing
the difference between the time of the rising or setting of
a body and six o'clock, or six hours from its meridian
passage.
As-cen'sive (5s-sen'siv), a. [See Ascend.] 1. Ris-
ing ; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen.
2- (Gram..) Augmentative ; intensive. Ellicott.
As-cent' (Ss-senf), n. [Formed like descent, as if from
a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See
Ascend, Descent.] 1. The act of rising ; motion upward ;
rise ; a mounting upward ; as, he made a tedious ascent ;
the ascent of vapors from the earth.
To him with swift ascent he up returned. Jlilton.
2. The way or means by which one ascends.
3. An eminence, hiU, or high place. Addison.
4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it
makes with a horizontal line ; inclination ; slope ; rising
grade ; as, a road has an ascent of five degrees.
As'cer-taln' (as'ser-tan'), v. t. limp. &p. p. Ascee-
TAiKED (-tand'); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascektaining.] [OF.
acertener; a (L. ad) -\- certain. See Cektain.] 1. To
render (a person) certain ; to cause to feel certain ; to
make confident ; to assure ; to apprise. [06s.]
When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained. Jer. Taylor.
Muncer assured thejn that the design was approved of by
Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him
of its effects. Robertson.
2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free
from obscurity, doubt, or change ; to make sure of ; to
fix ; to determine. [_Archaic]
The divine law . . . ascertaitieth the truth. Hooker.
The very deferring fof his execution] shall increase and as-
certain the condemnation. Jer. Taylor.
The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority . . . persuaded
the queen to create twelve new peers. Sniollett.
The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule
and measure of '.axation. Gibbon.
3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, exami-
nation, or experiment ; to get to know ; as, to ascertain
the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal.
He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a
descent on England was practicable. Macaulay.
As'cer-taln'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be ascer-
tamed. — As'cer-tain'a-ble-ness, n. — As'cer-tain'a-
bly, adv.
As'cer-taln'er (-er), n. One who ascertains.
As'cer-tain'ment (-ment), n. The act of ascertain-
ing ; a reducing to certainty ; a finding out by investiga-
tion ; discovery.
The positive ascertainment of its limits. Burke.
As-ces'san-cy (as-sSs'san-sy), n., As-ces'sant (Ss-
ses'sant), a. See Acescency, Acescent. [06s.]
As-Cet'iC (5s-set'ik), a. [Gr. acr(O)TiK0s, fr. aaxelv to
exercise, to practice gymnastics.] Extremely rigid in
self-denial and devotions ; austere ; severe.
The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipUne. Sir W. Scott.
As-cet'ic, n. In the early church, one who devoted
himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized
by devotion, extreme self-denial, and self-mortification ;
a hermit ; a recluse ; hence, one who practices extreme
rigor and self-denial in religious things.
I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their
quarters in deserts. j\^orris.
Ascetic theology, the science which treats of the practice
of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of
perfection. Am. Cyc.
As-cet'i-cism (-i-siz'm), n. The condition oractice,
or mode of life, of ascetics.
As'cham (asfkam), n. [From Roger .<isc/iff7)!,, who
was a great lover of archery.] A sort of cupboard, or
case, to contain bows and other implements of archery.
II As'ci (Ss'si), n. pi. See AscDS.
As'clan (Ssh'yan), n. One of the Ascii.
As-cid'i-an (Ss-sid'i-an), n. [Gr. ao-fcds bladder,
pouch.] (Zool.) One of the Ascidioidea, or
in a more general sense, one of the Tuni-
cata. Also as an Adj.
II As-cid'i-a'ri-um (-T-a'rT-iim), n. [NL.
See Ascidium.] (Zool.) The structure which
unites together the ascidiozooids in a com-
pound ascidian.
As-Cld'1-form (Ss-sidl-fSrm), a. [Gr. ^!|JSM;;
ao-Kos a pouch -|- -form.] (Zool.) Shaped WM-'ife-i;?
like an ascidian.
IIAs-cld'I-Old'e-a(a3-sTdT-oid'e-a),M.pZ. One form of
[TSIj., fr. ascidium-\- -aid. See AsciDinM.] Asoidian
(Zool.) A group of Tunicata, often shaped (.E v g y r a
like a two-necked bottle. The group in- mlulmis).
eludes simple, social, and compound ape- '"''
cies. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aper-
ture. The integument is usually leathery in texture.
See Illustration in Appendix.
B
D
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, up, am ; pity ; food, fo"ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink j then, thin ; bON ; zh = z in azure.
M
ASCIDIOZOOID
88
ASKING
As-Cld'l-O-ZO'Oid (5s-sTd'i-o-zo'oid), n. lAscidium +
sooid.l (Zodl.) One oi the individual members of a com-
pound ascidian. See Ascidioidea.
I As-cid'l-um (5s-sid'i-iim), n. ; pi. AsciDU (-4). [NL.,
fr. ascus. See Ascns.] 1. (Bot.)
A pitcher-shaped, or flask-shaped,
organ or appendage of a plant, as
the leaves of the pitcher plant, or
the little bladderlike traps of the
bladderwort (Utricularia).
2. pi. {Zodl.) A genus of simple
ascidians, which formerly included
most of the known species. It is
sometimes used as a name for the
Ascidioidea, or for all the Tuni-
cata.
As-cig'er-OUS (as-sTj'er-iis), a.
[Ascus -\- -gerous.'} {Bot.) Hav-
"*? ''.^"- . . ,^ .- Z-''""^'";- Ascidiumof Crtricularia.
II As'Ci-1 (Ssli'i-i), I ". pi. Much enlarged.
As'cians (Ssh'yauz), ) [L. as-
di, pi. of ascius, Gr. atr/tios without shadow ; a priv. +
iTKia. shadow.] Persons who, at certain times of the year,
have no shadow at noon ; — applied to the inhabitants of
the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun.
II As-ci'tes (Ss-si'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. acntiTTjs (sc.
foo-o; disease), fr. ao-xos bladder, belly.] {Med.) A col-
lection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen ;
dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison.
As-cit'lc (Ss-sl t'lk), I a. Of, pertainmg to, or affected
As-oit'lc-al (-i-kol), I by, ascites ; dropsical.
As'cl-ti'Uous (Ss'sT-tish'us), a. [See Adscititious.]
Supplemental ; not inherent or original ; adscititious ;
additional ; assumed.
Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name. Pope.
As-Cle'pl-ad (5s-kle'pT-Sd), n. {Gr. & L. Pros.) A
choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias,
consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi,
and an iambus.
As-cle'pi-a-da'ce0U3 (Ss-kle'pI-a-da'shiSs), a. [See
Asclepias.] {Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling,
plants of the Milkweed family.
II As-Cle'pi-aS (as-kle'pi-as), n. [L., fr. Gr. ao-icA7)7rca?,
named from Asclepias or Aesculapius.l {Bot.) A genus
of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some
other species having medicinal properties.
Asclepias butterfly (Zodl.), a large, handsome, red and
black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemi-
spheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias.
II As'co-COC'CUS (as'ko-kSk'kiis), n. ; pi. Ascococci
^-kSk'st). [NL., fr. Gr.
aaKo; bladder, bag -}- kok/co?
kernel.] {Biol.) A form of —
micrococcus, found in putrid
meat infusions, occurring in '
peculiar masses, each of
which is inclosed in a hyr.- , --
line capsule and contains a
large number of spherical '
micrococci.
As'co-spore (Ss'ko-spor),
n. \_Ascus -\- spore.'] {Bot.) \
One of the spores contained |:{j!;i||l|j];,; "
in tlie asci of lichens and lllli:,
fungi. [See /ZZ«s<. of Ascus.]
As-crib'a-ble (Ss-krlb'a-
b'l), a. Capable of being ascribed ; attributable.
As-crlbe' (Ss-krib'), V. I. limp. & p. p. Asckibed
(-kribd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] [L. ascribere, ad-
scribere, to ascribe ; ad + scribere to write : cf . OF. as-
crire. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, impute, or refer,
as to a cause ; as, his death was ascribed to a poison ; to
ascribe an effect to the right cause ; to ascribe such a
book to such an author.
The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole
poem. Addison,
2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance ; to
consider or allege to belong.
Syn. — To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute de-
notes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being ;
as, to aHri6«(e power to God. 2. To refer something to
its cause or source ; as, to attribute a backward spring to
icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both
these senses, but involves a different image. To impute
usually denotes to ascribe something doubtful or wrong,
and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad
sense ; as, to impute unworthy motives. The theological
sense of impute is not here taken into view.
More than good-will to me attribute naught. Spenser.
Ascribes his settings to his parts and merit. Pope.
And fairly quit him of the imputed blame. Spenser.
As'cript (Ss'kript), a. See Adscript. [Obs."]
As-crlp'Uon (as-krip'shiin), n. [L. ascriptio, fr. a.s-
cribere. See Ascribe.] The act of ascribing, imputing,
or affirming to belong ; also, that which is ascribed.
As'crip-ti'tioas (Ss'krtp-tish'iis), a. [L. ascriptitius,
ti. ascribere.] 1. Ascribed.
2. Added ; additional. [06s.]
An ascriptilious and supernumerary God.
Farindon,
As'GUS (as'kus), re./ pi. Asci (as'si).
[NL., fr. Gr. ao-xo! a bladder.] {Bot.) A
small membranous bladder or tube in which
are inclosed the seedlike reproductive parti-
Eles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi.
A— sea'(a-se'),arfJ'. [Pref. a — \-sea.^ On
the sea ; at sea ; toward the sea.
A-sep'tic (a-sep'tik), a. [Pref. a- not
-|- septic.'] Not liable to putrefaction ; non-
putresoent. — re. An aseptic substance.
A-sex'U-al (a-sSks'ii-al ; 135), a. [Pref.
Or not -|- sexual.] {Biol.) Having no dis-
tinct sex ; without sexual action ; as, asexual reproduc-
tion. See Fission and Gemmation.
Ascococcus.
Asci, showing
the Abco-
spores.
A-ses'U-al-ly (4-s5ks'\i-al-iy), adv. In an asexual
manner ; without sexual agency.
Ash (38h), n. [OE. asch, eseh, AS. sesc ; akin to OHG.
asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.]
1. {Bot.) A genus of trees of tlie Olive family, hav-
ing opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnish-
ing valuable timber, as the European ash {Fraxinus ex-
c :lsior) and the white ash {F. Americana).
Prickly ash (Zantlioxylum Amez-iconum) and Poison ash
(Rlius cenenata) are shrubs of different families, some-
what resembling the true ashes in their foliage. — Moun-
tain ash. See Rowan tree, and under Mountain.
2. The tough, elastic wood of the ash tree.
Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a com-
pound term ; as, ash bud., ash. wood, ash tree, etc.
Ash, n., sing, of Ashes.
11^°° Asli is rarely used in the singular except in con-
nection with chemical or geological products ; as, soda
ash, coal which yields a rea ash, etc., or as a qualifying
or combining word ; as, ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash
pan, ash pit, as/i-grey, asA-colored, pearlasA, potas/i.
Bone ash, burnt bone powdered ; bone earth. — Volcanic
ash. See under Ashes.
Ash, V. t. To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell.
A-shame' (a-sham'), V. t._ [Pref. a- + shame : cf. AS.
dscamian to shame (where a- is the same as Goth, us-, G.
er-, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to
shame.] To shame. [iJ.] Barrow.
A-shamed' (a-shamd'), a. [Orig. a p. p. of ashame,
w, t.] Affected by shame ; abashed or confused by guilt,
or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or
impropriety. " I am asAamecJ to beg. " Wyclif.
All that forsake thee shall be ashamed. Jer. xvii. 13.
I began to be ashamed of sitting idle. Jofmson.
Enough to make us ctshamcd of our species. Macaalay.
An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of
those present. Darwin.
d^^ Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it
qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the
Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated.
A-sham'ed-ly (a-sham'ed-ly), adv. BashfuUy. \_R.]
Ash'an-tee' (Ssh'Sn-te'), re. / pi. Ashantees (-tez'). A
native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa.
Ash'an-tee', a. Of or pertaining to Ashantee.
Ash'-col'ored (-kiU'erd), a. Of the color of ashes ; a
whitish gray or a brownish gray.
Ash'en (ash'en), a. [See Ash, the tree.] Of or per-
taining to the ash tree. "^sAere poles." Dryden.
Ash'en, a. Consisting of, or resembling, ashes ; of a
color between brown and gray, or white and gray. ,
The ashen hue of age. Sir W. Scott.
Ash'en (Ssh'en), re., obs. pi. for Ashes. Chaucer.
Ash'er-y (Ssh'er-y), re. 1. A depository for aslies.
2. A place where potash is made.
Ash'es (5sh'5z), re. pi. [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce,
lesce, axe; akin to OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel.
& Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth, azgo.] 1. The earthy or
mineral particles of combustible substances remaining
after combustion, as of wood or coal.
2. Specifically : The remains of the human body when
burnt, or when " returned to dust " by natural decay.
Their martyred blood and aske^ sow. Milton.
The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to
the winds. Macaulay.
3. The color of ashes ; deathlike paleness.
The lip of a.^hes. and the cheek of flame. Bijron.
In dust and ashes, In sackcloth and ashes, with humble ex-
pression of grief or repentance ; — from the method of
mourning in Eastern lands. — Volcanic ashes, or Volcanic
ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone
or lava, ejected by volcanoes.
Ash'-fire' (5sh'-fir'), re. A low fire used in chemical
operations.
Ash'-Iur'nace (-ffir'nas), Ash'-ov'en (-av"n), re. A
furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making.
A-shlne' (a-shin'), a. Shining ; radiant.
Ashlar 1 (Ssh'ler), n. [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF.
Ashler ) aiseler, fr. aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L.
axis, assis, plank, axle. See Axle.] 1. {3Iasonry) {a)
Hewn or squared stone ; also, masonry made of squared
or hewn stone.
Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the qyarry .
When hammer-dressed it is known as common asfilar. Anight.
{b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of
squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick.
2. {Carp.) One of the short upright pieces or studs be-
tween the floor beams and the rafters of a garret. Ashlar
pieces cut off the sharp angles between the floor and ceil-
ing. Knight.
Ashlar-ing, ) n. 1. The act of bedding ashlar in
Ashler-ing, ) mortar.
2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely
as a case to the body of the wall. Brande <& C.
3. {Carp.) The short upright pieces between the floor
beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2.
A-shore' (a-shor'), adv. [Pref. a- -\- shore.] On shore
or on land ; on the land adjacent to water ; to the shore ;
to the land ; aground (when applied to a ship) ; — some-
times opposed to aboard or afloat.
Here shall I die ashore. Shak.
I must fetch his necessaries ashore. Shak.
Ash'tO-reth (Ssh'tS-reth), re. ; pi. Ashtaboth (Ssh'ta^
rSth). The principal female divinity of the Phoenicians,
as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith.
Ash' Wednes'day (3sh' wenz'da). The first day of
Lent ; — so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic
church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads
of penitents.
Ash'weed' (-wed'), re. {Bot.) [A corruption of ache-
weed ; P. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves
to those of ache (celery).] Goutweed.
Ash'y (Ssh'J), a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of,
ashes ; filled, or strewed with, ashes.
2. Ash-colored ; whitish gray ; deadly pale. Shak,
Ashy pale, pale as ashes. Shak,
A'sian (a'shan), a. [L. Asianus, Gr. 'Ao-ioi'ds, fr.
'Ao-i'a, L. Asia.] Of or pertaining to Asia ; Asiatic.
" Asian 'piinces," Jer. Taylor. — n. An Asiatic.
A'si-arch ^a'shi-ark), re. [L. Asiarcha, Gr. 'Aaidpxrj! ;
'Ao-i'a -f- apx"! ruler.] One of the chiefs or pontilis of
the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintend-
ence of the public games and religious rites. 3Iilner.
A'si-at'ic (a'shi-St'ik), a. [L. Asiaticus, Gr. Ajt-
ariKos.] Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants.
^ re. A native, or one of the people, of Asia.
A'sl-at'i-cism (-i-slz'm), n. Something peculiar to
Asia or the Asiatics.
A-slde' (a^sid'), adv. [Pref. a- -f- side.] 1. On, or
to, one side ; out of a straiglit line, course, or direction ;
at a little distance from tlie rest ; out of tlie way ; apart.
Thou Shalt set aside that which is full. 2 Kings iv. 4.
But soft 1 but soft I aside : here comes the king. Shak.
The flames were blown aside. Dryden.
2. Out of one's thoughts ; off ; away ; as, to put aside
gloomy thoughts. " Lay asiV/e every weight. " Jieb.sii.l.
3. So as not to be heard by others ; privately.
Then lords and ladies spake aside. Sir W. Scott.
To set aside (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or opera-
tion of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a supe-
rior tribunal ; to declare of no authority ; as, to set aside
a verdict or a judgment.
A-side', re. Somethmg spoken aside ; as, a remark
made by a stageplayer which the other players are not
supposed to hear.
II A-sllus (a-siaus), re. [L., a gadfly.] (Zo'dl.) A
genus of large and voracious two-winged flies, including
the bee killer and robber fly.
As'1-ne'gO, As'si-ne'gO (as't-ne'go), re. [Sp. asnico,
dim. of asno an ass.] A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak,
As'1-nlne (Ss'i-nin), a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass.
See Ass.] Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of,
the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. "■Asinine nature."
B. Jonson. ".4«re2ree feast." Milton.
As'i-nln'i-ty (Ss'i-nTn'i-ty), re. The quality of being
asinine ; stupidity combined with obstinacy.
A-sl'phon-ate (4^si'f5n-at), a. (Zo'dl.) Destitute of a
siphon or breathing tube ; — said of many bivalve shells.
— re. An asipbonate mollusk.
II As'i-pho'ne-a (Ss'i-fo'ne-a), ) n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
II A-si'phO-na'ta (a-sl'f o-na'ta), > a priv. -|- ai^tav a
II As'i-phon'i-da (as'T-f on'T-da), ) tube.] (Zo'dl.) K
group of bivalve moUusks destitute of siphons, as the
oyster ; the asiphonate mollusks.
II A-sl'ti-a (a-sTsh'i-a), re. [Gr. amria ; a priv. + o-iTOj
food.] {3fed.) Want of appetite ; loathing of food.
Ask (ask), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Asked (askt) ; p.pr. &
vb. re. Asking.] [OE. asken, aschen, axien, AS. ascian,
acsian ; akin to OS. escon, OHG. eiscon, Sw. Sska, Dan.
^ske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. Jeskdti, OSlav. iskati
to seek, Skr. ish to desire. VS.] 1. To request; to
seek to obtain by words ; to petition ; to solicit ; — often
with of, in the sense of from, before the person ad-
dressed.
Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God. Judg. xviii. 5.
If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask
what ye will, and it shall be done unto you. John xv. 7.
2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by
way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of neces-
sity ; as, what price do you ask f
Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. 12.
To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask
the more. Luke xii. 48.
An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a
design to maturity. Addison.
3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning \ to put a
question to or about ; to question.
He is of age ; ask him : he shall speak for himself. John ix. 21.
He asked the way to Chester. Shak~
4. To invite ; as, to ask one to an entertainment.
5. To publish in church for marriage ; — said of both
the banns and the persons. Fuller.
Syn.— To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; en-
treat ; beseeeh ; implore ; crave ; require ; demand ; claim ;
exhibit ; inquire ; mterrogate. See Beg.
Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition; — usually fol-
lowed by for; as, to ask for bread.
Ask, and it shall be given you. 3fatt. vii. 7.
2. To make inquiry, or seek by request ; — sometimes
followed by after.
Wherefore . . . dost ask after my name ? Gen. xxxii. 29.
Ask (ask), re. [See 2d Asker.] (Zoo?.) A water newt.
[Scot. & Worth of Eng.]
A-skance' (i-skSns'), ) adv. [Cf. D. schuin, schuins,
A-skant' (a-skSnf), ) sideways, schuiven to shove,
sehuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.] Sideways ; obliquely ; with
a side glance ; with disdain, envy, or suspicion.
They dart away ; they wheel askance. Beattie,
My palfrey eyed them askance. Landor.
Both . . . were viewed askance by authority. Gladstone.
A-Slsance' (a-skSns'), V. t. To turn aside. [Poet.]
O, how are they wrapped in with infamies
That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes I Shak.
Ask'er (ask'er), re. One who asks ; a petitioner ; an
inquirer. Shak.
Ask'er, re. [A corruption of AS. a^exe lizard, newt.]
(Zo'dl.) An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.]
A-skew' (a-sku'), adv. & a. [Pref. a--j-skew.] Awry;
askance ; asquint ; oblique or obliquely ; — sometimes in-
dicating scorn, or contempt, or envy. Spenser.
Ask'ing (ask'ing), re. 1. Tlie act of inquiring or re-
questing ; a petition ; solicitation. Longfellow.
2. The publishing of banns.
ale, senate, care, &m, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, 6bey, orb, ddd ;
__J_
ASLAKE
A-slake' (i-slak'), v. t. & i. [AS. aslacian, slacian,
to slacken. Cf. Slake.] To mitigate ; to moderate ; to
appease ; to abate ; to diminish. \Archaic'\ Chaucer.
A-Slant' (i-slanf), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + slant.'] To-
ward one side ; in a slanting direction ; obliquely.
[The shaft] drove through his neck aslant. Di-f/den.
A-Slant', prep. In a slanting direction over ; athwart.
There is a willow grows aslant a brook. S/tak.
A-Sleep' (a-slep')i a- «& adv. [Pref. a- + sleep.} 1. In
a state of sleep ; in sleep ; dormant.
Fast asleep the giant lay supine. Bnjclen.
By whispering winds soon lulled asleep, Milton.
2. In the sleep of the grave ; dead.
Concerning them which are asleep . . . sorrow not, even as
others which have no hope. 1 Thess. iv. 13.
3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall.
Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call
it, asleep. Baeon.
A-slope' (a-slop'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + slope.] Slop-
ingly ; aslant ; declining from an upright direction ; slop-
ing. " Set them not upright, but aslope." Bacon.
A-Slag' (a-slug'), adv. [Pref. a- -j- slug to move slow-
ly.] Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby.
A-amear' {4-smer'), a. [Pref. a- + imear.] Smeared
over. Dickens.
As'mo-ne'an (Ss'mo-ne'an or 5z'-), a. Of or pertain-
ing to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Macca-
bees belonged ; Maccabean ; as, the Asmonean dynasty.
[Written also Asmonsean.']
As'mo-ne'an, n. One of the Asmonean family. The
Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168
to 35 B. c.
A-SOak' (a-sok'), a. [Pref. a- -\- soak.] Soaking.
A-so'ma-tous (a-so'ma-ttis), a. [L. asomatus, Gr.
atruf/iaTos ; a priv. -|- crujua body.] Without a material
body ; incorporeal. Todd.
^'0-nant (Ss'o-uant), a. [Pref. a- not -j- sonanlj Not
Bounding or sounded, [if.] C. C. Felton.
Asp (asp), n. {Bot.) Same as Aspen. "-Trembling
poplar or asp." Martyn.
Asp (asp), n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. io-iri's : cf. OF. aspe,
F. aspic] {Zo'ol.) A small, hooded, poison-
ous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries,
whose bite is often fatal. It is the i^'^aja
haje. The name is also applied to other
poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of
southern Europe. See Haje.
I As-pal'a-tbUS (Ss-pal'a-thus), n. [L.
aspalathus, Gr. atrn-dAaflos.]
(Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub
yieldiiig a fragrant oil. £c-
clus. xxiv. 15. (J) A genus
of plants of the natural or-
der Legum inosse. The spe-
cies are chiefly natives of
the Cape of Good Hope.
As-par'a-glne (5s-par'a-
jln), n. [Cf. F. asparagine.]
(Chem.) A white, nitrog-
EuropeanAsp(Fipera<Mp!s). enous, crystallizable sub-
stance, C4H8N2O3 + H2O,
found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus.
It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous mat-
ter throughout the plant ; — called also allheine.
As'pa-rag'l-nous (Ss'pa-rSj'I-nus), a. Pertaining or
allied to, or resembling, asparagus ; having shoots which
are eaten like asparagus ; as, asparaginous vegetables.
As-par'a-gVS (Ss-pSr'a-gus), n. [L., fr. Gr. a<nrdpa-
y09, ao'c^dpayos ; cf. (TTrapyav to swell with sap or juice,
and Zend fparegha prong, sprout, Pers. asparag, Lith.
spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek
borrowed from the Persian. Cf. Spakkowgrass.] X.(,Bot.)
A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural or-
der lAliaceas, and having erect much branched stems, and
very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken
for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing
plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically : Ih^Asparagjis
officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens.
2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which
form a valuable and well-known article of food.
^^^ This word was formerly pronounced sparrow^
grass ; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively
to imeducated people.
AsparagQB beetle (Zoo!.), a small beetle (Crioceris aspar-
agi) mjurious to asparagus.
As-par'tlc (5s-par'tik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or
derived from, asparagine ; as, aspartic acid.
As'pect (Ss'pekt), n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspieere,
aspectum, to look a,t; ad -\- spicere, specere, to look, aJdn
to E. spy.] 1. The act of looking ; vision ; gaze ; glance.
[iJ.] "The basilisk Mlleth by a«pec<." Bacon.
His aspect was bent on the ground. Sir W. Scott.
2. Look, or particular appearance of the face ; coun-
tenance; mien ; air. "Serious in a.spec<." Dry den.
[Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head. Pope.
3. Appearance to the eye or the mind ; look ; view.
" The aspect oi aMairs." Macaulay.
The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish. T. Burnet.
4. Position or situation with regard to seeing ; that
position which enables one to look in a particular direc-
tion ; position in relation to the points of the compass ;
as, a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position
which faces the south.
5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.]
This town affords a good aspect toward the hUl from whence
we descended. Evelyn.
6. (Astrol.) The situation of planets or stars with re-
spect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of
light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye ; the
joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon
the earth. Milton.
89
11^= The aspects which two planets can assume are
five : sextile, ;t=, when the planets are 60° apart ; quartile,
or quadrate, [j, when their distance is 90°, or the quarter
of a circle ; trine. A, when the distance is 120° ; opposi-
tion, §, when the distance is 180°, or half a circle ; and
conjunction, (5, when they are hi the same degree. As-
trology taught that the aspects of the planets exerted an
influence on human affairs, in some situations for good
and in others for evil.
7. (Astrol.) The influence of the stars for good or evil ;
as, an ill aspect. ■ Shak.
The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil as-
pects. Bacon.
Aspect of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane.
As-pect' (5s-pgkt'), V. t. [L. aspectare, v. intens. of
aspieere. See Aspect, n.] To behold ; to look at. [06s.]
As-pect'a-ble (Ss-p6kt'4-b'l), a. [L. aspectabilis.]
Capable of being seen ; visible. " Tliis aspectable world."
Bay. "Aspectable stars." Mrs. Browning.
As-pect'ant (-ant), a. (Her.) Facing each other.
As-pect'ed, a. Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
As-pec'tion (Ss-pSk'shiin), n. [L. aspeciio, fr. as-
pieere to look at.] The act of viewing ; a look. \_Obs.]
Asp'en (Ss'pSn), 1 n. [AS. sesp, seps ; akin to OHG.
Asp (asp), ) aspa, Icel. osp, Dan. sssp, Sw. a^p,
D. esp, G. espe, aspe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa, Lith.
apuszis.] (Bot.) One of several species of poplar bear-
ing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called
from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the
slightest impulse of the air.
Asp'en (Ss'pgn), a. Of or pertaining to the aspen, or
resembling it ; made of aspen wood.
Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay.
As'per (Ss'per), a. [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. apre,
fr. L. asper rough.] Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter;
stern ; fierce. [Archaic] " An asper soimd." Bacon.
II As'per (Ss'per), n. [L. spiritus asper rough breath-
ing.] (Greek Gram.) The rough breathmg; a mark (')
placed over an initial vowel sound or over p to show that
it is aspirated, that is, pronounced with li before it;
thus tus, pronounced hos, pjJTwp, pronounced hra'lor.
II As'per, n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. do-Trpov,
doTrpos, white (prob. from the wliiteness of new silver
coins).] A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin),
of little value ; the 120th part of a piaster.
As'per-ate (as'per-at), V. t. limp. & p. p. Aspeeated ;
p.pr. & vb. n. Asperating.] [L. asperatus, p. p. of as-
perare, fr. asper rough.] To make rough or vmeven.
The asperated part of its surface. Boyle.
As'per-a'tion (Ss'per-a'shiin), n. The act of aspera-
ting ; a making or becoming rough. Bailey.
llAs-per'ges (Ss-per'jez), n. [L., Thou shalt sprm-
kle.] (E. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprm-
kling with holy water. (6) The brush or instrmnent used
in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill.
As'per-gfll (5s'per-jTl), ) n. [LL. aspergillum, fr.
II As'per-gillum (-jil'lum), ) L. aspergere. See As-
perse, v. t.] 1. The brush used
in the Roman Catholic church
for sprinkling holy water on
the people. [Also written as-
pergillus.]
2. (.^05?.) See Watering- Asoertrill
POT SHELL. Aspergm.
As'per-gllll-form (-jil'lt-ffirm), a. [Aspergillum -j-
-Jorm.] (Bot.) Resembling the aspergillum in form ; as,
an aspergilliform stigma. Gray.
As'per-i-f oli-ate (-i-f o1i-at), ) a. [L. asper rough +
As'per-1-io'li-ous (-i-foll-us), | folium leaf.] (Bot.)
Having rough leaves.
1^^ By some applied to the natural order now called
Boraginaceas or borageworts.
As-per'1-ty (Ss-per'T-ty), n. ; pi. AsPEEmEs (-tiz). [L.
asperitas, fr. asper rough : cf. F. asperite.] 1. Rough-
ness of surface ; unevenness ; — opposed to smoothness.
"■Ihe asperities ot dry bodies." Boyle.
2. Roughness or harshness of sound ; that quality
which grates upon the ear ; raucity.
3. Roughness to the taste ; sourness ; tartness.
4. Moral roughness ; roughness of manner ; severity ;
crabbedness; harshness; — opposed to mildness. "As-
perity of character. " Landor,
It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where
no benefit has been received. Johnson.
6. Sharpness ; disagreeableness ; difficulty.
The acclivities and asperities of duty, Barrow.
Syn. — Acrimony ; moroseness ; crabbedness ; harsh-
ness ; sourness ; tartness. See Aceimont.
A-sper'ma-tOUS (a-sper'ma-tus), a. [Gr. a priv. -|-
o-Trepfia, <nre'p|iiaTOS, seed.] (Bot.) Aspermous.
A-sper'mons (-miSs), a. [Gr. do-TTepfios ; a priv. -)-
airep^ta seed.] (JSoi.) Destitute of seeds; aspermatous.
A-speme' (a-spem'), V. t. [L. aspernari; a (ab)-\-
spernari.] To spurn ; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More.
As'per-OUS (5s'per-us), a. [See Aspek, a.] Rough;
uneven. [Obs.] Boyle.
As-perse' (5s-pers'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed
(-persf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] [L. asper sus, p. p.
of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle ; ad -f spargere to
strew. See Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle, as water or dust,
upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with
a liquid or with dust. Heywood.
2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and inju-
rious charges ; to tarnish in point of reputation or good
name; to slander or calumniate; as, to asperse a poet
or his writings ; to asperse a man's character.
With blackest crimes aspersed. Cowper.
Syn. — To slander ; defame ; detract from : calumniate ;
vilify. — To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate.
These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing
the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to
cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation
of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loath-
ASPIRATE
some. To defame is to detract from a man's honor and
reputation by charges calculated to load him with in-
famy. iilanJer (etymologically the same as scandal) and
calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of
circulating reports to a man's injury from unworthy or
malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by ma-
lignant insinuations ; they defame by advancing charges
to blacken or sully their fair fame ; they slander or calum-
niate by spreadmg injurious reports which are false, or
by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes.
As-persed' (Ss-pSrsf), a. 1. (Her.) Having an in-
definite number of small charges scattered or strewed
over the surface. Cussans.
2, Bespattered ; slandered ; calumniated. Motley.
As-pers'er (Ss-pers'er), n. One who asperses ; espe-
cially, one who vilifies another.
As-per'Slon (Ss-per'shiin), n. [L. aspersio, fr. asper-
gere : cf. F. aspersion.] 1. A sprinkling, as with water
or dust, in a literal sense.
Behold an immersion, not an aspersion- Jer. Taylor,
2. The spreading of calumnious reports or charges
which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body
with foul water ; calumny.
Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale as-
persions on the entire body of professional teachers. Grote.
Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue. Dryden.
As-pers'lve (Ss-pers'iv), a. Tending to asperse ; de-
famatory ; slanderous. — As-pers'ive-ly, adv.
II As'per'SOlr' (is'pSr'swar'), n. [F.] An afepergill.
II As'per-SO'rl-lun (Ss'per-so'rT-um), n. ; pi. Asperso-
ela. (-a). [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The stoup, basin, or
other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches.
2. A brush for sprinkling holy water ; an aspergill.
As'phalt (as'falt or Ss-fSlt'), 1 n. [Gr. do-c^aP^xo?, of
As-phal'tum (Ss-fai'tiim), ) eastern origin : cf.
F. asphalte.] 1. Mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, or compact
native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color
and high luster on a surface of fracture ; it melts and
bums when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the
surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore
called Asphaliites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found
also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See
Bitumen.
2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel,
used for forming pavements, and as a water-proof cement
for bridges, roofs, etc. ; asphaltic cement. Artificial as-
phalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc.
Asphalt stone. Asphalt rock, a hmestone found impreg-
nated with asphalt.
As'phalt, V. t. To cover with asphalt ; as, to asphalt
a roof ; asphalted streets.
II As'phalte' (as'falt'), n, [F. See Asphalt.] As-
phaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2.
As-phal'tic (as-fSl'tik), a. Pertaining to, of the na-
ture of , or containing, asphalt ; bituminous. "Asphaltic
pool." " Asphaltic BUme." Milton.
As-phal'tlte (-tit), a. Asphaltic. Bryant.
II As-phal'tUS (-tus), n. See Asphalt.
As'phO-del (5s'fo-d61), n. [L. asphodelus, Gr. do-i^d-
4eAos. See Daffodil.] (Bot.) A general name for a
plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy
perennial plants, several species of wMch are cultivated
for the beauty of their flowers.
(1^°° The name is also popularly given to species of
other genera. The asphodel of the early English and
French poets was the dafiodil. The asphodel of the Greek
poets is supposed to be the Narcissus poeticus. Br. Prior.
Pansies, and violets, and asphodel, Milton,
As-phyc'tlc (as-fik'tik), a. Pertaining to asphyxia.
II As-phyx'i-a (Ss-f iks'jf-S,), ) n, \WL, asphyxia, fr.
As-phyx'y (as-f Iks'^), ) Gr. a<T<l>v^Ca ; a priv.
-j- a-(pv^ei.v to throb, beat.] (Med.) Apparent death, or
suspended animation ; the condition which results from
interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drown-
ing, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases.
As-phyx'i-al (-i-al), a. Of or relating to asphyxia ;
as, asphyxial phenomena.
As-phys'i-ate (-i-at), v. t. To bring to a state of as-
phyxia ; to suffocate. [Used commonly in the past pple.]
As-phyx'i-a'ted (-i-a'tgd), As-phyx'ied (-id), p. p.
In a state of asphyxia ; suffocated.
As-phys'i-a'tion (-i-a'shiin), n. The act of causing
asphyxia ; a state of asphyxia.
As'pic (as'pik), n, [F. See Asp.] 1. The venomous
asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson,
2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.]
As'pui, n, [F., a corrupt, of spic (OF. espi, F. epi),
L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.] A
European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which
produces a volatile oil. See Spike.
As'pic, n. [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.] A savory
meat jeUy containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard
boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray,
II As'pi-do-bran'ohl-a (Ss'pi-do-brSn'kt-a), n. pi.
[NL., fr. Gr. atrirt's, do-7rt6os, shield -f- jSpdyxia gUls.]
(Zool.) A group of Gastropoda, with limpetllke shells,
including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets.
As-plr'ant (as-pir'ant ; 277), a. [Cf. F. aspirant, p.
pr. of aspirer. See Aspire.] Aspiring.
As-pir'ant, n, [Cf . F. aspirant.] One who aspires ;
one who eagerly seeks some high position or object of
attainment.
In consequence of the resignations . . . the way to greatness
was left clear to a new set of aspirants, Macaulay.
As'pi-rate (as'pT-rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated
(-ra'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating (-ra'ting).] [L.
aspiraius, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward or upon,
to add the breathing h ; ad -\- spirare to breathe, blow.
Cf. Aspire.] To pronounce with a breathing, an aspirate,
or an h sound ; as, we aspirate the words horse and house ;
to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant.
As'pi-rate (Ss'pT-rat), re. 1. A sound consisting of,
or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the
breathing A or a character representing such a sound ; an
aspirated sound.
B
D
use, unite, rude, full, tip, flrn ; pity; food, f<^t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN; 2h = z in azure.
ASPIRATE
90
ASSEMBLY
&. A mark of aspiration ( ' ) used in Greek ; the asper,
br rough breathing. Bentley.
3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone ;
a surd, or nonvocal consonant ; as, /, th in thin, etc.
As'pi-rate (Ss'pT-rat), ) a. [L. aspiralus, p. p.] Pro-
As'pi-ra'ted (-ra'ted), J nounced with the h sound
or with audible breath.
But yet they are not cwpirate, i. e., with such an aspiration
as h. Holder,
As'pi-ra'tion (-ra'slmn), n. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspi-
rare: cf. F. aspiration.'] 1. The act of aspirating; the
pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of
breath ; an aspirated sound.
If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing. Wilkins.
2. The act of breatliing ; a breath ; an inspiration.
3. The act of aspiring or of ardently desiring ; strong
Wish; high desire. ^-Aspirations alter yittue." Johnson.
Vague aspiration alter military renown. Preacott.
As'pl-ra'tor (Ss'pt-ra'ter), n. 1. {Ckem.) An appara-
tus for passing air or gases through or over certain liq-
uids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means
of suction.
2. (Med.) An instrument for the evacuation of the
fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood.
As-pir'a-to-ry (as-plr'a-to-r^), a. Of or pertaining
to breathing ; suited to the inhaling of air.
As-plre' (5s-pir'), V. i. limp. & p. p. Aspired (-pird') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. AspmiNO.] [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See
Aspirate, v. /.] 1. To desire with eagerness; to seek
to attain sometliing high or great ; to pant ; to long ; —
followed by io or after, and rarely by at; as, to aspire to
a crown ; to aspire after immortality.
Aiqnring to be gods, if angels fell ;
Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope,
2. To rise ; to ascend ; to tower ; to soar.
My own breath still foments the fire,
Which flames as high as fancy can oj^pire. Waller.
As-pire', v. t. To aspire to ; to long for ; to try to
reach ; to mount to. [06«.]
That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds. STiak.
As-pIre', n. Aspiration. [_0bs.2 Chapman.
As-plre'ment (-ment), n. Aspiration. [06*.]
As-plr'er (Ss-pir'er), n. One who aspires.
As-pll'lng, a. That aspires ; as, an aspiying miaa. —
As-plr'ing-ly, adv. — As-pir'ing-ness, n.
Asp'ish (asp'Tsh), a. Pertaining to, or like, an asp.
As'por-ta'Uon (Ss'por-ta'shun), n. [L. asportatio,
■fr. asporiare to carry away ; abs = ab -\-portare to bear,
carry.] {Law) The felonious removal of goods from the
place where they were deposited.
I^^ It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are
not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone.
A-sprawl' (a-spral'), adv. & a. Sprawling.
A-squat' (a-skwot'), adv. & a. Squatting.
A-squint' (a-skwTnf), adv. [Cf. Askant, Squint.]
With the eye directed to one side ; not in the straight
line of vision ; obliquely ; awry, so as to see distortedJy ;
as, to look asquint.
Ass (as), n. [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni,
W. asen, asyn, L. asiyius, dim. asellus, Gr. otos; also
to AS. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth, asilus, Dan. sesel,
Litli. asilas, Bohem. osfl, Pol. osiel. The word is prob.
of Semitic origin ; cf. Heb. athon she ass. Cf. Easel.]
1. (Zoo!. ) A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. usi-
nus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly
harsh bray and long ears. "Bie tame or domestic ass is
patient, slow, and sure-footed, and has become the type
of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of
wild asses which are svrift-footed.
2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow ; a dolt. Shah.
AsseB' Bridge. [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposi-
tion of the first book of Euclid, " The angles at the base
of an isosceles triangle are equal to one
another." [Sportive] " A schoolboy, stam-
mering out his Asses' Bridge." F. Har-
rison. — To make an ass of one's self, to do
or say something very fooUsh or absurd.
As'sa-foet'i-da (5s'sa-fSf I-da), n. Same
as AsAFEXiDA.
As'sa-gai (Ss'sa-ga), As'se-gal (Ss'se-
ga), re. [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a
Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.] A spear
used by tribes in South Africa as a missile
and for stabbing ; a kind of light javelin, ^s^es' Bridge.
II As-sa'i (as-sa'e). [It., fr. L. ad +
jafe enough. See Assets.] (Jifas.) A direction equiva-
lent to very ; as, adagio nssai, very slow.
As-sall' (as-sal'), v.t. limp. & p. p. Assayed (-said') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] [OE. assailen, asailen, OF.
asailHr, assailler, F. assaillir; a (L. ad) -f- saillir to
burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap, spring ; cf. L.
assiUre to leap or spring upon. See Sally.] 1. To at-
-tack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile man-
ner; to assault; to molest; as, to assail a man with
T>lows ; to assail a city with artillery.
No rude noise mine ears assailing. Cowper.
No storm can now assail
The charm he wears within. Keble.
2. To encounter or meet purposely with the view of
mastering, as an obstacle, dilBculty, or the like.
The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail. Pope.
3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce
changes in the feelings, character, conduct, existing
usages, institutions ; to attack by words, hostile influ-
ence, etc. ; as, to assail one with appeals, arguments,
abuse, ridicule, and the Uke.
The papal authority was steadily . . . assailed. HaXlam.
They assailed him with keen invective ! they assailed him
with still keener irony. Macaulap,
Syn. — To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall
. upon. See Attack.
As-sall'a-ble (Ss-sal'a^b'l), a. Capable of being as-
sailed.
As-sall'ant (-ant), a. [F. assaUlant, p. pr. of assail-
lir.] Assailing; attacking. Milton.
As-sail'aot, n. [F. assaUlant.} One who, or that
which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an assaUer.
An assailant of the church. Macaulay.
As-sall'er (-erV n. One who assails.
As-sall'ment (-ment), n. The act or power of assail-
ing ; attack ; assault. [i2.]
Ilis most frequent assailment was the headache. Johnson.
As'sa-mar (5s'sa-mar), n. [L. assare to roast -|-
ajnarus, bitter.] (Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance,
soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat,
bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till
they turn brovni.
As'sam-ese' (Ss's5m-ez'), a. Of or pertaining to As-
sam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. —
re. sing. &pl. A native or natives of Assam.
II As'sa-pan' (Ss'sa-pan'), II As'sa-pan'lc (-Ik), re.
[Prob. Indian name.] (Zool.) The American flying
squirrel (Pteromys volucella).
As-sart' (5s-sart'), n. [OF. essart the grubbing up of
trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes,
shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsar-
itare; L. ex-\-sarire, sarrire, sarilum, to hoe, weed.]
1. (Old Law) The act or offense of grubbing up trees
and bushes, and thus destroying the thickets or coverts
of a forest. Spelman. Cowell.
2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and
fitted for cultivation ; a clearing. Ash.
Assart land, forest land cleared of woods and brush.
As-sart', v. t. To grub up, as trees ; to commit an as-
sart upon ; as, to aisarHand or trees. Ashmole.
As-sas'sin (Ss-sSs'sIn), n. [P. (cf. It. assassino), fr.
Ar. 'kashishin one who has dnmk of the hashish. Un-
der its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of
the Shaikh al-Jabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were
said to commit the murders required by their chief.]
One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret
assault ; one who treacherously murders any one unpre-
pared for defense.
As-sas'sin, v. t. To assassinate. [OJs.] Stillingfleet.
As-sas'siu-ate (Ss-sSs'sI-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. As-
sassinated (-na'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assassinating {-na'-
ting).] [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] 1. To
kill by surprise or secret assault ; to murder by treach-
erous violence.
Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I anj
ravished, and like to "be assassinated. Dryden.
2. To assail with murderous intent ; hence, by extended
meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. lArchaicJ
Your rhymes assassinate our fame. Dryden.
Such usage as your honorable lords
Afford me, assassinated and betrayed. Milton.
Syn. — To kUl; murder; slay. See Kill.
As-sas'sln-ate (-nat), n. [F. assassinat.] 1. An as-
sassination, murder, or murderous assault. XObs.}
If I had made an assassinate upon your father. B. Jonson.
2. An assassin. [Ofe.] Dryden.
As-sas'si-na'tlon (Ss-sSs'sT-na'shiin), re. The act of
assassinating ; a killing by treacherous violence.
As-sas'sl-na'tor (Ss-sas'si-na'ter), re. An assassin.
As-sas'Sln-OUS (-us), a. Murderous. Milton.
As-sa'tlon (Ss-sa'shun), n. [F., fr. UL. assaiio, fr.
L. assare to roast.] Roasting. lObs.] Sir T. Browne.
As-sault' (Ss-salf), n. [OE. asaui, assaut, OF. as-
saut, asalt, F. assaut, LL. assaltus; L. ad -j- saltus a
leaping, a springing, salire to leap. See Assail.] 1. A
violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows,
weapons, etc. ; an onslaught ; the rush or charge of an
attacking force ; onset ; as, to make an assault upon a
man, a house, or a town.
The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault Prescott.
Unshaken bears the assault
Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest.
Wordsworth.
2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as
words, arguments, appeals, and the like ; as, to make an
assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the consti-
tution of a government. Clarendon.
3. (Law) An apparently violent attempt, or willful
offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another ; an
attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a de-
gree of violence, but without touching his person, as by
lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or
by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed
takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton.
Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the
battery. Mozlen «■ W.
Syn. — Attack ; invasion ; incursion ; descent ; onset ;
onslaught ; charge ; storm.
As-sault', V. t. {imp. & p. p. Assaulted ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Assaulting.] [From Assault, n. : cf. OF. as-
saulter, LL. assaltare.'] 1. To make an assault upon, as
by a sudden rush of armed men ; to attack with unlaw-
ful or insulting physical violence or menaces.
Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound. Milton.
2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of pro-
ducing moral effects ; to attack by words, arguments, or
unfriendly measures ; to assail ; as, to assault a reputa-
tion or an administration.
Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn, . . .
Assault his ears. Dryden.
^W^ In the latter sense, assail is more common.
Syn. — To attack ; assail ; invade ; encoimter ; storm ;
charge. See Attack.
As-saolt'a-ble (-^b'l), o. Capable of being assaulted.
As-sault'er (-er), n. One who assaults, or violently
attacks ; an assailant. E. Sail.
As-say' (5s-sS'), re. [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essai.
See Essay, re.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Ofts.] Chaucer.
I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy
in the assay than it now seems at distance. Milton.
2. Examination and determination ; test ; as, an assay
of bread or wine. [06«.]
This can not be, by no assay of reason. Sliak.
3. Trial by danger or by affliction ; adventure ; risk ,
hardship ; state of being tried. [Oii.]
Through many hard assays which did betide. Spenser.
4. Tested purity or value. [0J«.]
With gold and pearl of rich assay. Spenser.
5. (Metallurgy) The act or process of ascertaining the
proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy ; espe-
cially, the determination of the proportion of gold or
silver in bullion or coin.
6. The aUoy or metal to be assayed. Ure.
[Assay and essay are radically the same word ; but
modem usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experi-
ments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily
efforts. See Essay".]
(11^^ Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a
compound ; as, a.^say balance, assay furnace.
Assay master, an officer who assays or tests gold or sil-
ver coin or bullion.— Assay ton, a weight of 29. K6H grams,
As-say', V. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed (-sad') ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Assaying.] [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr.
essai. See Assay, n., Essay, v.] 1. To try ; to at-
tempt; to apply. [Obs. 01 Archaic]
To-night let us assay our plot. Shak.
Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed. Milton.
2. To affect. [Ofo.]
When the heart is ill assayed. Spenser,
3. To try by tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.]
4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic com-
pound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in or-
der to determine the amount of a particular metal con-
tained in it, or to ascertain its composition.
As-say', v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Arehaid
In this sense essay is now commonly used.]
She thrice assaz/erf to speak. r --den*
As-say'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That may be assayed
As-say'er (-er), re. One who assays. SpecLi lly;
One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for tha
purpose of determining the amount of any particular
metal in the same, especially of gold or silver.
As-Say'lng, re. The act or process of testing, esp.
of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine
the proportion of pure metal.
II Asse (as), «. (Zool.) A small foxijke animal (Vulpes
cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur.
As'se-CU-ra'tion (Ss'se-kii-ra'shun), re. [LL. assecu-
ratio, ir. assecurare.] Assurance; certamty. [Obs.]
As'se-CUre' (as'se-kur'), V. t. [LL. assecurare.] To
make sure or safe ; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker,
As'se-CU'tion (-ku'shiin), re. [F. assecution, fr. L.
assegui to obtain ; ad -)- sequi to follow.] An obtain-
ing or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe.
As'se-gal (as'se-ga), n. Same as AssAOAi.
As-semlJlage (Ss-sSm'blaj), re. [Cf. F. assemblage.
See Assemble.] 1. The act of assembling, or the state o<
being assembled ; association.
In sweet assemhlage every blooming grace. Fentoit
2, A collection of individuals, or of particular things ;
as, a political assemblage ; an assemblage of ideas.
Syn. — Company ; group ; collection ; concourse; gath-
ering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly.
An assembly consists only of persons ; an assemblage may
be composed of things as well as ;persons, as, an assem-
blage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of
persons an assembly ; since the latter term denotes a
body who have met, and are actine, in concert for some
common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in
music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake,
or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly,
but might be turned into one by collecting into a body
with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of
common interest.
As-semt>lance (-blans), n. [Cf. OF. assemblance.']
1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.]
Care I for the . . . stature, bulk, and big assemblance of ?
man 1 Give me the spirit. Shdk, ■
2. An assembling ; assemblage. [Obs,']
To weete [know] the cause of their assemblance. Spejiser,
As-sem'ble (Ss-sem'b'l), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Assem-
bled (-b'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling (-bling).] [F.
assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together, to col-
lect ; L. ad -f- simul together ; akin to similis like, Gr. oi/xo
at the same time, and E. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.]
To collect into one place or body ; to bring or call to-
gether ; to convene ; to congregate.
Thither he assembled all his train. Milton,
All the men of Israel assembled themselves. 1 Kings viii. 2.
As-sem'ble, v. i. To meet or come together, as a num-
ber of individuals ; to convene ; to congregate. Dryden,
The Parliament assembled in November. W. Massey,
As-sem'ble, v. t. To liken ; to compare. [06i.]
Bribes may be asseriMed to pitch. Latimer.
As-sem'bler (-bier), n. One who assembles a num-
ber of individuals ; also, one of a number assembled.
As-sem'bly (Ss-sSm'blJ^), re. / pi. Assemblies (-blTz),
[F. assemblee, fr. assembler. See Assemble.] 1. A com-
pany of persons collected together in one place, and usu-
ally for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and
legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment.
2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell.
3. (Mil.) A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as
a signal to troops to assemble.
111^" In some of the United States, the legislature, or
the popular branch of it, is Called the Assembly, or the
General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the
ale, senate, c^e, am, arm, ask, final, ^U; eve, event, end, fern, recent; Ice, idea, HI; old, Sbey, drb, Oddi
ASSEMBLYMAN
91
ASSIGNEE
General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal,
composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from
each presbytery; as, the Ge/ierul Assembly ot the Pres-
byterian Cnurch m the United States, or of Scotland.
Assembly room, a room in which persons assemble, espe-
cially for dancing. — Unlawful assembly {Line), a meeting
of three or more persons on a common plan, in such a
way as to cause a reasonable apprehension that they will
disturb the peace tumultuously. — Westminster Assembly,
a convocation, cousistmg chieUy of divmes, which, by act
of Parliament, assembled July 1, 1643, and remained m
session some years. It framed the " Confession of Faith,
the "Larger Catechism," and the "Shorter Catechism,"
which are still received as authority by Presbyterians,
and are substantially accepted by CongregationaLsts.
Syn. — See Assemblage.
As-sein1)ly-nian (Ss-sem'blj^-man), re.; pi. Assem-
blymen (-men). A member of an assembly, especially of
the lower branch of a State legislature.
As-sent', v. i. [imp. &p. p. Assented; p.pr. & vb.
n. Assenting.] IF. assentii; L. assenlire, assentiri ; ad
-\- sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] To admit a thing
as true ; to express one's agreement, acquiescence, con-
currence, or concession.
Who informed the governor. . . . And the Jews also assented,
saying that these things were so. Acts xxiv. 9.
The princess assented to all that was suggested. JIacaulay.
Syn. — To yield ; agree ; acquiesce ; concede ; concur.
As-sent' (as-sSuf), n. [OF. assent, fr. assenlir. See
Assent, «.] The act of assenting ; the act of the mind
in admitting or agreeing to anything ; concurrence with
approval ; consent ; agreement ; acquiescence.
Faith is the assent to any proposition, on the credit of the
proposer. Locke.
The assent, if not the approbation, of the prince. Prescott.
Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and admi-
Tation. ilacaulay.
Eoyal assent, in England, the assent of the sovereign
to a bill which has passed both houses of Parliament,
after which it becomes law.
Syn. — Concurrence ; acquiescence ; approval ; accord.
— Assent, Consent. Assent is an act of the understanding,
consent of the vvUl or feelings. We assent to the yiewsof
otheiv^hen our minds come to the same conclusion with
thei 'to what is true, right, or admissible. ^& consent
wheu pxQ is such a concurrence of our will with their
desirej' and wishes that we decide to comply with their
requests. The kin^ of England gives his assent, not his
consent, to acts ot Parliament, because, in theory at
least, he is not governed by personal feelings or choice,
but by a deUberate judgment as to the common good.
We also use assent in cases where a proposal is made
which involves but little interest or feeling. A lady may
assent to a gentleman's opening the window ; but if he
offers himself in marriage, he must wait for her consent.
As'sen-ta'tion (Ss'sSn-ta'shtln), n. [L. assentalio.
See Assent, v.'] Insincere, flattering, or obsequious as-
sent ; hypocritical or pretended concurrence.
Abject flattery and indiscriminate cuysentation degrade as
much as indiscriminate contradiction and noisy debate disgust.
Ld. Chesterfield.
As'sen-ta'tor (-ter), n. [L., fr. assentari to assent
constantly.] An obsequious person ; a flatterer, [i?.]
As-sent'a-tO-ry (as-sgnt'a-t6-ry), a. Flattering ; ob-
sequious. lObs.} — As-sent'a-to-rl-ly, adt;. [06s.]
As-sent'er (-er^, n. One who assents.
As-sen'tient (as-sSn'shent), a. Assenting.
As-sent'lng (5s-sent'ing), a. Giving or implying as-
sent. — As-sent'ing-ly, adv.
As-sent'ive (as-seut'Iv), a. Giving assent ; of the na-
ture of assent ; complying. — As-sent'ive-ness, n.
As-sent'ment (-ment), re. Assent; agreement. [06.S.]
As-sert' (as-serf), v. t. limp. & p. p. Asseeted ; p.pr.
& vb. n. Assekting.] [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to
join or fasten to one s self, claim, maintain ; ad + serere
to join or bind together. See Seeies.] 1. To affirm ; to
declare with assurance, or plainly and strongly ; to state
positively ; to aver ; to asseverate.
Nothing is more shameful . . . than to assert anything to be
done without a cause. Say,
2. To maintain ; to defend. [_Obs. or Archaic']
That ... I may assert Eternal Providence,
And justify the ways of God to men. Milton.
I will assert it from the scandal. Jer. Taylor.
3. To maintain or defend, as a cause or a claim, by
words or measures ; to vindicate a claim or title to ; as,
to assert our rights and liberties.
To assert one's self, to claim or vindicate one's rights or
position ; to demand recognition.
Syn. — To affirm ; aver ; asseverate ; maintain ; pro-
test ; pronounce : declare ; vindicate. — To Assert, Ap-
piEM, Maintain, VrnmcATE. To assert is to fasten to
one's self, and hence to claim. It is, therefore, adversa-
tive in its nature. We assert our rights and privileges, or
the cause of free institutions, as against opposition or de-
nial. To ajirm is to declare as true. We assert boldly ;
we a/^rm positively. To maintain is to uphold, and in-
sist upon with earnestness, whatever we have once as-
serted ; as, to maintain one's cause, to maintain an argu-
ment, to maintain the ground we have taken. To vindi-
cate IS to use language and measures of the strongest
kind, m defense of ourselves and those for whom we act.
We maintain our assertions by adducing proofs, facts, or
arguments ; we are ready to vindicate our rights or inter-
ests by the utmost exertion of our powers.
As-sert'er (Ss-serfer), re. One who asserts ; one who
avers or maintains ; an assertor.
The inflexible asserter of the rights of the church. Milman.
As-ser'tlon (Ss-ser'shun), n. [L. assertio, fr. assere-
re.] 1. The act of asserting, or that which is asserted ;
positive declaration or averment ; affirmation ; statement
asserted ; position advanced.
There is a difference between assertion and demonstration.
^ Macaulay.
2. Miuntenance ; vindication ; as, the assertion of one's
Tights or prerogatives.
As-sert'ive (Ss-sert'Tv), a. Positive; affirming con-
fidently ; affirmative ; peremptory.
In a confident and assertive form. Glanvill.
— As-sert'ive-ly, adv. — As-sert'ive-ness, n.
As-sert'or (Ss-sert'er), n. [L., fr. asserere.] One
who asserts or avers ; one who maintains or vindicates a
claim or a right ; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator ;
a defender ; an asserter.
The assertors of liberty said not a word. Macaulay.
Faithful assertor of thy country's cause. Prior.
As'ser-to'rl-al (Ss'ser-to'rl-al), a. Asserting that a
thing is ; — opposed to problematical and apodeiclical.
As-sert'0-ry (-o-rj), a. [L. assertorius, fr. asserere.]
Affirming ; maintaining.
Arguments . . . assertory, not probatory. Jer. Taylor.
An assertory, not a promissory, declaration. Bentham.
A proposition is assertory, when it enounces what is known
as actual. Sir IV. Hamilton.
As-seSS' (5s-s8s'), V. i. [imp. & p.p. Assessed (-sSsf) ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Assessing.] [OF. assesser to regulate,
settle, LL. assessare to value for taxation, fr. L. assidere,
supine as if assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges in a court,
in LL. to assess, tax. Cf. Assize, «., Cess.] 1. To value ;
to make a valuation or official estimate of for the pur-
pose of taxation.
2. To apportion a sum to be paid by (a person, a com-
munity, or an estate), in the nature of a tax, fine, etc. ;
to impose a tax upon (a person, an estate, or an income)
according to a rate or apportionment.
3. To determine and impose a tax or fine upon (a
person, community, estate, or income) ; to tax ; as, the
club assessed each member twenty-five cents.
4. To fix or determine the rate or amount of.
This sum is assessed and raised upon individuals by commis-
sioners appointed In the act. Blackstone.
As-sess'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Liable to be assessed or
taxed ; as, assessable property.
As'sess-ee' (5s's5s-e'), n. One who is assessed.
As-ses'slon (Ss-s5sh'un), n. [L. assessio, fr. asside-
re to sit by or near ; ad -\- sedere to sit. See Srr.] A
sitting beside or near.
As-sess'ment (Ss-s6s'ment), re. [LL. assessamentum.]
1. The act of assessing ; the act of determining an
amount to be paid ; as, an assessment of damages, or of
taxes ; an assessment of the members of a club.
2. A valuation of property or profits of business, for
the purpose of taxation ; such valuation and an adjudg-
ing of the proper sum to be levied on the property ; as,
an assessment of property or an assessment on property.
SI^^ An assessment is a valuation made by authorized
persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum
certain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the
property of those who are to pay the tax, for the purpose
of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay.
Blackstone. Burrill.
3. The specific sum levied or assessed.
4. An apportionment of a subscription for stock into
successive installments ; also, one of these installments
(in England termed a " call "). [U. S.]
As-seS3'0r (ser), n. [L., one who sits beside, the as-
sistant of a judge, fr. assidere. See Assession. LL.,
one who arranges or determines the taxes, fr. assidere.
See Assess, v., and cf. Cessok.] 1. One appointed or
elected to assist a judge or magistrate with his special
knowledge of the subject to be decided ; as legal asses-
sors, nautical assessors. Mozley & W.
2. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as
an assistant and adviser ; an associate in office.
Whence to his Son,
The assessor of his throne, he thus began. Milton.
With his ignorance, his inclinations, and his fancy, as his as-
sessors in judgment. /. Taylor.
3. One appointed to assess persons or property for the
purpose of taxation. Bouvier.
As'ses-so'ri-al (Ss'sgs-so'ri-al), a. [Cf. F. assessorial,
fr. L. assessor.] Of or pertaining to an assessor, or to a
court of assessors. Coxe.
As-sess'or-ship (as-ses'er-ship), re. The office or
function of an assessor.
As'set (5s'set), n. Any article or separable part of
one's assets.
As'sets (as'sets), re. pi. [OF. asez enough, F. assez,
fr. L. ad -\- satis, akin to Gr. aS-qv enough, Goth, saps
full. Cf. AssAi, Satisfy.] 1. (Law) (a) Property of a
deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his
debts and legacies ; — called assets because sufficient to
render the executor or administrator liable to the cred-
itors and legatees, so far as such goods or estate may ex-
tend. Story. Blackstone. (J) Effects of an insolvent
debtor or bankrupt, applicable to the payment of debts.
2. The entire property of all sorts, belonging to a per-
son, a corporation, or an estate ; as, the assets of a mer-
chant or a trading association ; — opposed to liabilities.
^W^ In balancing accounts the assets are put on the
Or. side and the debts on the Dr. side.
As-sev'er (Ss-sev'er), V. t. [Cf. OF. asseverer, fr. L.
asseverare.] See Assevbeate. [Archaic]
As-sev'er-ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asseveeated
(-a'ted) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Asseveeating (-a'ting).] [L.
asseveraius, p. p. of asseverare to assert seriously or ear-
nestly; ad ^ severus. See Seteee.] To affirm or aver
positively, or with solemnity.
Syn. —To affirm ; aver ; protest ; declare. See Affibm.
As-sev'er-a'tlon (-a'shiin), n. [L. asseveraiio.] The
act of asseverating, or that which is asseverated ; posi-
tive affirmation or assertion ; solemn declaration.
Another abuse of the tongue I might add, — vehement assev-
erations upon slight and trivial occasions. Bay.
As-sev'er-a-tlve (-fi-ti v), a. Characterized by assev-
eration ; asserting positively.
As-sev'er-a-to-ry (-&-to-Tf), a. Asseverative.
As-sib'1-Iate (Ss-sTb't-lat), v. t. [L. assibilatus, p. p.
of assibilare to hiss out ; ad -\- sibilare to hiss.] To
make sibilant ; to change to a sibilant. J. Peile.
As-sib'i-la'tlon (-la'shiiii), re. Change of a non-sibi-
lant letter to a sibilant, as of -tio7i to -shun, dike to ditch.
As'^-de'an (as'sl-de'an), n. [Heb. khUsud to be pi-
ous.] One of a body of devoted Jews who opposed the
Hellenistic Jews, and supported the Asmoneans.
As'si-dent (5s'si-dent), a. [L. assidens, p. pr. of as-
sidere to sit by : cf. F. assident. See Assession.] {3Ied.)
Usually attending a disease, but not always ; as, assident
signs, or symptoms.
As-sid'U-ate (as-sid'ii-at), a. [L. assiduaius, p. p. of
assiduare to use assiduously.] Unremitting ; assiduous.
[Obs.] '■'■Assiduatela.hoT.''' Fabyan.
As'si-du'i-ty (Ss'si-du'i-ty), re. ; pi. Assiduities (-tiz).
[li. assiduitas; cf. F.assidtiite. See Assiouons.] 1. Con-
stant or close application or attention, particularly to
some business or enterprise ; diligence.
I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself tor
a nomenclator. Addison.
2. Studied and persevering attention to a person ; —
usually in the plural.
As-sid'u-ous (as-sTd'\5-iis), a. [L. assiduus, fr. as- •
sidere to sit near or close ; ad -\- sedere to sit. See Sit.]
1. Constant in application or attention ; devoted ; at-
tentive ; unremitting.
She grows more assiduous in her attendance. Addison.
2. Performed with constant diligence or attention; im-
remitting ; persistent ; as, assiduous labor.
To weary him with my assiduous cries. Milton.
Syn. — Diligent ; attentive; sedulous ; unwearied ; un-
intermitted ; persevering ; laborious ; indefatigable.
— As-sld'u-ous-ly, adv. — As-sld'u-ous-ness, n.
As-siege' (Ss-sej'), v. t. [OE. asegen, OF. asegier,
F. assieger, fr. LL. assediare, assidiare, to besiege. See
Siege.] To besiege. [Obs.] "Assieged castles." Spenser.
As-siege', re. A siege. [Obs.] Chaucer.
As'si-en'tist (Ss'sT-Sn'tlst), re. [Cf. F. assientiste, Sp.
asentista.] A shareholder of the Assiento company ; one
of the parties to the Assiento contract. Bancroft.
II As'si-en'tO (-to), re. [Sp. asiento seat, contract or
agreement, fr. asentar to place on a chair, to adjust, to
make an agreement ; a (L. ad) -\- sentar, a participial
verb ; as if there were a L. sedentare to cause to sit, fr.
sedens, sedentis, p. pr. of sedere to sit.] A contract or
convention between Spain and other powers for furnish-
ing negro slaves for the Spanish dominions in America,
esp. the contract made with Great Britain in 1713.
As-slgn' (Ss-sin'), V. t. [imp. & p.p. Assigned (-sind') ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Assigning.] [OE. assignen, asignen, F.
assigner, fr. L. assignare ; ad -f- signare to mark, mark
out, designate, signum mark, sign. See Sign.] 1. To
appoint ; to allot ; to apportion ; to make over.
In the order I assign to them. Loudcfn.
The man who could feel thus was worthy of a better station
than that in which his lot had been assiynea. Soutliey.
He assigned to his men their several posts. Prescott.
2. To fij£, specify, select, or designate ; to point out au-
thoritatively or exactly ; as, to assign a limit ; to assign
counsel for a prisoner ; to assign a day for trial.
All as the dwarf the way to her assigned. Spenser.
It is not easy to assign a period more eventful. De Quincey.
3. (Law) To transfer, or make over to another, esp. to
transfer to, and vest in, certain persons, called assignees,
for the benefit of creditors.
To assign dower, to set out by metes and bounds the
widow's share or portion in an estate. Kent.
As-slgn', re. [From Assign, v.] A thing pertaining
or belonging to something else ; an appurtenance. [Ofe]
Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as gir-
dles, hangers, and so. Sltak.
As-sign', n. [See Assignee.] (Law) A person to
whom property or an interest is transferred ; as, a deed
to a man and his heirs audassigns.
As-sign'a-'bil'l-ty (Ss-sin'a-bll'i-ty), re. The quality
of being assignable.
As-Sign'a-ble (Ss-sin'a-b'l), a. Capable of being as-
signed, allotted, specified, or designated ; as, an assign-
able note or bill ; an assignable reason ; an assignable
quantity.
II As'sl'gnat' (a'se'nya/ or SsTg-nSt ; 277), re. [F.
assignat, fr. L. assignatus, p. p. of assignare.] One of
the notes, bills, or bonds, issued as currency by the rev-
olutionary government of France (1790-1796), and based
on the security of the lands of the church and of nobles
which had been appropriated by the state.
As'slg-na'tlon (as'sig-na'shiin), re. [L. assignatio,
fr. assignare : cf. F. assignation.] 1. The act of assign-
ing or allotting ; apportionment.
This order being taken in the senate, as touching the ap-
pointment and assignatioji of those provinces. Holland.
2. An appointment of time and place for meeting or
interview ; — used chiefiy of love interviews, and now
commonly in a bad sense.
While nymphs take treats, or assignations give. Pope.
3. A making over by transfer of title ; assignment.
House of assignation, a house in wliich appointments for
sexual intercourse are fulfilled.
As'slgn-ee' (5s'si-ne'), re. [F. assignS, p. p. of as-
signer. See Assign, v., and cf. Assign an assignee.]
(Law) (a) A person to whom an assignment is made ;
a person appointed or deputed by another to do some
act, perform some business, or enjoy some right, privi-
lege, or property ; as, an assignee of a bankrupt. See
Assignment (c). An assignee may be by special appoint-
ment or deed, or be created by law ; as an executor.
Cowell. Blount, (b) pi. In England, the persons ap-
pointed, under a commission of bankruptcy, to manage
the estate of a bankrupt for the benefit of his creditors.
B
H
Sse, unite, rude, full, ap, am; pity; food, fo^t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; ttien, thin; boN; zh=z in azure.
M
ASSIGNEE
92
ASSORT
As-Slgn'er (Ss-sin'er), n. One who assigns, appoints,
allots, or apportions.
As-sign'ment (Ss-sln'ment), n. [LL. assignamentum :
cf. OF. assenement.^ 1. An allotting or an appointment
to a particular person or use ; or for a particular time, as
of a cause or causes in court.
2. {Law) (a) A transfer of title or interest by writing,
as of a lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange ; a transfer
of the whole of some particular estate or interest in
lands. (6) The writing by which an interest is trans-
ferred, (c) The transfer of the property of a bankrupt
to certain persons called assignees, in whom It is Tested
for the benefit of creditors.
Assignment of dower, the setting out by metes and
bounds of the widow's thirds or portion in the deceased
husband's estate, and allotting it to her.
^W^ Assignment is also used In law as convertible with
specification ; assignment of error in proceedings for re-
view being specification of error ; and assignment of per-
jury or fraud in indictment being specifications of perjury
or fraud.
As'sign-or' (as'sT-n8r'), n. [L. assignator. Cf. As-
SIGNEK.] {Law) An assignor ; a person who assigns or
transfers an interest ; as, the assignor of a debt or other
chose in action.
As-sim'i-la-bll'l-ty (as-sTm'i-ia-bil'i-ty), n. The
quality of being assimilable. [-R.] Coleridge.
As-slm'i-la-ble (-la-b'l), a. That may be assimilated ;
that may be likened, or appropriated and incorporated.
As-sim'1-late (Ss-slm'i-lat), v, t. [imp. & p. p. Sis-
BiMiLATED (-la'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assimilating (-la'-
ttng).] [L. assimilalus, p. p. of assimilare ; ad-\-simi-
lare to make like, similis like. See Similak, Assemble,
AssiMULATE.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to conform-
ity ; to cause a resemblance between. Sir M. Hale.
To assimilate our law to the law of Scotland. John Bright.
Fast falls a fleecy shower ; the downy flakes
Assimilate all objects. Cowper.
2. To liken ; to compare. [12.]
3. To appropriate and transform or incorporate into
the substance of the assimilating body ; to absorb or ap-
propriate, as nourishment ; as, food is assimilated and
converted into organic tissue.
Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate their nour-
ishment. Sir I, Newton.
His mind had no power to assimilate the lessons. Merivale.
As-slm'1-late, v. i. 1. To become similar or like
something else. [JJ.]
2. To change and appropriate nourishment so as to
make it a part of the substance of the assimilating body.
Aliment easily assimilated or turned into blood. Arbuthnot.
3. To be converted into the substance of the assimi-
lating body ; to become incorporated ; as, some kinds of
food assimilate more readily than others.
I am a foreign material, and cannot assimilate with the church
of England. J. H. Newman.
As-Slm'i-la'tion (Ss-sTm't-la'sh&n), n. [L. assimi-
latio : cf. F. assimilation.'] 1. The act or process of
assimilating or bringing to a resemblance, likeness, or
identity ; also, the state of being so assimilated ; as, the
assimilation of one sound to another.
To aspire to an assimilation with God. Dr. H. More.
The assimilation of gases and vapors. Sir J. HerscheU
2. {Physiol.) The conversion of nutriment into the
fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of
digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals.
Not conserving the body, not repairing it by assimilation,
but preserving it by ventilation. ^ir T. Browne.
5^°" The term assimilation has been limited by some
to the final process by which the nutritive matter of the
blood is converted into the substance of the tissues and
organs.
As-sim'i-la-tlve (5s-sTmT-la-tTv), a. [Cf. LL. assim-
ilaiivus, F. assimilatif.] Tending to, or characterized
by, assimilation ; that assimilates or causes assimilation ;
as, an assimilative process or substance.
As-Slm'1-la-tO-ry (-la-to-rj^), a. Tending to assimi-
late, or produce assimilation ; as, assimilatory organs.
As-Slm'U-late (as-slm'ii-lat), V. t. [L. assimulatus,
p. p. of assimulare, equiv. to assimilare. See Assimi-
late, V. <.] 1. To feign ; to counterfeit ; to simulate ;
to resemble. [06.$.] Blount.
2. To assimUate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.
As-sim'U-la'tlon (-la'shun), n. [L. assimulaiio, equiv.
to assimilalio.} Assimilation. [6*6.5.] Bacon.
As'si-ne'go (Ss'T-ne'go), n. See Asinego.
Ass'ish (as'ish), a. Resembling an ass ; asinine ;
stupid or obstinate.
Such . . . appear to be of the assish kind. UdaXl,
As-SiSt'(Ss-si3t'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Assisted ; p. pr.
& vb. n. AssiSTiNQ.] [L. assistere; ad -\- sistere to cause
to stand, to stand, from stare to stand : cf. F. assister.
See Stand.] To give support to in some undertaking or
effort, or in time of distress ; to help ; to aid ; to succor.
Assist me, knight. I am undone I Shak.
Syn. — To help ; aid ; second ; back ; support ; re-
lieve ; succor ; befriend ; sustain ; favor. See Help.
As-Sist', V. i. 1. To lend aid ; to help.
With God not parted from him, as was feared,
But favoring and assisting to the end. MUtmu
2. To be present as a spectator ; as, to assist at a pub-
lic meeting. [A Gallicism] Gibbon. Prescott.
As-sist'ance (-ans), n. [Cf. F. assistance.] 1. The
octof assisting ; help ; aid ; furthe ranee ; succor ; support.
Without the assistance of a mortal hand. Shak.
2. An assistant or helper ; a body of helpers. [06s.]
Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth, the lord mayor
of London, and his assistance. . . . John Cavendish. Fuller.
3. Persons present. [06.5. or a Gallicism]
As-slst'ant (-ant), a. [Cf. F. assistant, p. pr. of as-
jw<er.] 1. Helping ; lending aid or support ; auxiliary.
Genius and learning . . . are mutually and greatly assistant to
each other. Beattie.
2. {Mil.) Of the second grade in the staff of the army ;
as, an assistant surgeon. [J7. S.]
m^"" In the English army it designates the third grade
in any particular branch of the staff. Farrow.
As-sist'ant (Ss-sTst'ant), n. 1. One who. or that
which, assists ; a helper ; an auxthary ; a means of help.
Four assistants who his labor share. Fope.
Rhymes merely as assistants to memory. Mrs. Chapone.
2. An attendant ; one who is present. Dryden.
As-slst'ant-ly, adv. In a manner to give aid. [jB.]
As-sist'er (-er), n. An assistant ; a helper.
As-sist'ful (-ful), a. Helpful.
As-sist'ive (-Iv), a. Lending aid ; helping.
As-sist'less, a. Without aid or help. [R.] Pope.
As-Sist'or (Ss-sTsfer), re. {Law) An assister.
As-sith'ment (Ss-sith'ment), n. See Asstthment.
[Obs.]
As-size' (Ss-siz'), re. [OE. assise, asise, OF. assise, F.
assises, assembly of judges, the decree pronounced by
them, tax, impost, fr. assis, assise, p. p. of asseoir, fr. L.
assidere to sit hy; ad-}- sedere to sit. See Sit, Size, and
cf. Excise, Assess.] 1. An assembly of knights and
other substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain
place and at a certain time, for public business. [06s.]
2. {Law) {a) A special kind of jury or inquest. (6) A
kind of writ or real action, (c) A verdict or finding of
a jury upon such writ, {d) A statute or ordinance in
general. Specifically: (1) A statute regulating the weight,
measure, and proportions of ingredients and the price of
articles sold in the market ; as, the assize of bread and
other provisions ; (2) A statute fixing the standard of
weights and measures, (e) Anything fixed or reduced
to a certainty in point of time, number, quantity, qual-
ity, weight, measure, etc. ; as, rent of assize. Glanvill.
Spelman. Cowell. Blackstone. Tomlins. Burrill.
[This term is not now used in England in the sense of a
writ or real action, and seldom of a jury of any kind, but
in Scotch practice it is still technically applied to the
jury in criminal cases. Stephen. Burrill. Erskine.]
(/) A court, the sitting or session of a court, for the trial
of processes, whether civil or criminal, by a judge and
jury. Blackstone. Wharton. Encyc. Brit, (g) The
periodical sessions of the judges of tlie superior courts in
every county of England for the purpose of administer-
ing justice in the trial and determination of civil and
criminal cases ; — usually in the plural. Brande. Whar-
ton. Craig. Burrill. {h) The time or place of holding
the court of assize ; — generally in the plural, assizes.
3. Measure ; dimension ; size. [In this sense now cor-
rupted into size.]
An hundred cubits high hy^'ust assize. Spenser.
[Formerly written, as in French, assise.]
As-size', V. t. [imp. & p. p. AssizED (-sizd') ; p. pr. &
vb. re. AssiziNQ.] [From Assize, re. ; cf. LL. assisare to
decree in assize. Cf. Assess, v.] 1. To assess ; to
value ; to rate. [06s.] Gower.
2. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordi-
nance or regulation of authority. [06s.]
As-slz'er (-er), n. An officer who has the care or
inspection of weights and measures, etc.
As-Slz'or (-er), re. {Scots Law) A juror.
As-SOl)er (5s-so'ber), v. t. [Pref . ad- -f so6er. Cf.
Ensobee.] To make or keep sober. [06s.] Gower.
As-SO'cla-bll'l-ty (Ss-so'sha-bTl'I-ty), re. The quality
of being associable, or capable of association ; associable-
ness. "The assocta6t?)7j/ of feelings." H.Spencer.
As-SO'cla-ble (Ss-so'sha-b'l), a. [See Associate.]
1. Capable of being associated or joined.
We knowteeUngs to be associable only by the proved ability
of one to revive another. H. Spencer.
2. Sociable ; companionable. [06s.]
3. {Med.) Liable to be affected by sjrmpathy with
other parts ; — said of organs, nerves, muscles, etc.
The stomach, the most associable of all the organs of the ani-
mal body. Med. Rep.
As-SO'cla-ble-ness, n. Associability.
As-SO'ci-ate (5s-so'shi-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asso-
ciated (-a'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Associating (-a'ting).]
[L. associalus, p. p. of associare; ad -{- sociare to join or
unite, socius companion. See Social.] 1. To join with
one, as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate ; as,
to associate others with us in business, or in an enterprise.
2. To join or connect ; to combine in acting ; as, par-
ticles of gold associated with other substances.
3. To connect or place together in thought.
He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with some
names which will last as long as our language. Macaulay.
4. To accompany; to keep company with. [05s.]
Friends should associate friends in grief and woe. iShak.
As-SO'ci-ate, v. i. 1. To unite in company ; to keep
company, implying intimacy; as, congenial minds are
disposed to associate.
2. To unite in action, or to be affected by the action of
a different part of the body. E. Darwin.
A.S-SO'ci-ate (Ss-so'shT-at), a. [L. associatus, p. p.]
1. Closely connected or joined with some other, as in
interest, purpose, employment, or office ; sharing respon-
sibility or authority ; as, an associate judge.
While I descend ... to my associate powers. Milton.
2. Admitted to some, but not to all, rights and privi-
leges ; as, an associate member.
3. {Physiol.) Connected by habit or sympathy ; as,
associate motions, such as occur sympathetically, in con-
sequence of preceding motions. E. Darwin.
As-SO'cl-ate, re. 1. A companion ; one frequently in
company with another, implying intimacy or equality ; a
mate ; a feUow.
2. A partner in interest, as in business ; or a confed-
erate in a league.
3. One connected with an association or institution
without the full rights or privileges of a regular member ;
as, an associate of the Royal Academy.
4. Anything closely or usually connected with another ;
a concomitant.
The one [idea] no sooner comes into the understanding than
its associate appears with it. Locke.
Syn. — Companion ; mate ; fellow ; friend ; ally ; part-
ner; coadjutor; comrade; accomplice.
As-SO'ci-a'ted (as-so'shT-a'ted), a. Joined as a compan-
ion ; brought into association ; accompanying ; combined.
Associated movements (Pliysiol.),^ consensual movements
which accompany voluntary efforts without our con-
sciousness. Dunfjlison.
As-SO'ci-ate-sIlip (Ss-so'sht-at-shTp), re. The state of
an associate, as in an Academy or an office.
As-SO'Ci-a'tiOn (Ss-so'sl-a'slmn or -shi-a'shiin ; 277),
n. [Cf. F. association, LL. associaiio, fr. L. associare.]
1. The act of associating, or state of being associated ;
union ; connection, whether of persons or things. " Some
... bond of association.'" Hooker,
Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God. Boyle.
2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally linked
or associated with a thing.
Words . . • must owe their powers to association. Johnson.
Why should . . . the holiest words, with all their venerable
associations, be profaned ? Coleridge.
3. Union of persons in a company or society for some
particular purpose ; as, the American Association for the
Advancement of Science ; a benevolent association. Spe-
cifically, as among the Congregationalists, a society, con-
sisting of a niunber of ministers, generally the pastors
of neighboring churches, miited for promoting the in-
terests of religion and the harmony of the churches.
Aasoclation of ideas (Psychol.), the combination or con-
nection of states of mind or their objects with one another,
as the result of which one is said to be revived or repre-
sented by means of the other. The relations according
to which they are thus coimected or revived are called
the laws of association. Prominent among them are reck-
oned the relations of time and place, and of cause and
effect. Porter,
As-so'ci-a'tlon-al (-nl), a. 1. Of or pertaining to as-
sociation, or to an association.
2. Pertaining to the theory lield by the associationists.
As-SO'Cl-a'tion-ism (-iz'm), ?*. {Philos.) The doctrine
or theory held by associationists.
As-so'cl-a'tion-ist,.re. {Philos.) One who explains the
higher functions and relations of tlie soul by the asso-
ciation of ideas ; e. g.. Hartley, J. S. MiU.
As-SO'Cl-a-tlve (5s-so'shi-a-tTv), a. Having the qual-
ity of associating ; tending or leading to association ; as,
the associative faculty. Hugh Miller.
As-so'cl-a'tor (-shT-a'ter), re. An associate ; a confed-
erate or partner in any scheme.
How Pennsylvania's air agrees with Quakers,
And Carolina's with associators. Dryden.
As-SOil' (Ss-soil'), V. t. [OF. assoiler, absoile.r, as-
soldre, F. absoudre, L. absohere. See Absolve.] 1. To
set free ; to release. [Archaic]
Till from her bands the spright assoiled is. Spenser.
2. To solve ; to clear up. [O65.}
Any child might soon be able to assoil this riddle. Bp. Jewel,
3. To set free from guilt ; to absolve. [Archaic"]
Acquitted and assoiled from the guilt. Dr. H. More,
Many persons think themselves fairly assoiled, because they
are . . . not of scandalous lives. Jer. Taylor,
4. To expiate ; to atone for. [Archaic] Spenser.
Let each act assoil a fault. .B, Arnold.
B. To remove ; to put off. [06s.]
She soundly slept, and careful thoughts did quite assoil.
Spenser.
As-soll', V. t. [Pref. ad- -{■ soU.] To soil ; to stain.
[06s. or Poet.] Beau. & Ft,
Ne'er assoil my cobwebbed shield. Wordsworth.
As-soil'ment (-ment), re. Act of assoUing, or state of
being assoiled ; absolution ; acquittal.
As-soil'ment, re. A soiling ; defilement.
As-soil'zie (5s-soil'yT or -1), As-soil'yle, v. t. [Old
form assoil^e. See Asson..] {Scots Law) To absolve ;
to acquit by sentence of court.
God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed. Sir W. Scott.
As'SO-nance (Ss's6-nans), re. [Cf. F. assonance. See
Assonant.] 1. Resemblance of sound. " The disagree-
able assonance of ' sheath ' and ' sheathed.' " Steevens.
2. {Pros.) A peculiar species of rhyme, in which the
last accented vowel and those which follow it in one
word correspond in sound with the vowels of another
word, while the consonants of the two words are unlike
in sound ; as, calamo and platano, baby and chary.
The assotiance is peculiar to tSe Spaniard. HaUam.
3. Incomplete correspondence.
Assonance between facts seemingly remote. Lowell.
As'SO-nant (-nant), a. [L. assonans, p. pr. of asso-
nare to sound to, to correspond to in sound ; ad -\- sonare
to sound, sonus sound : cf. F. assonant. See Sound.]
1. Having a resemblance of sounds.
2. {Pros.) Pertaining to the peculiar species of rhyme
called assonance ; not consonant.
As'SO-nan'tal (Ss'so-nSn'tal), a. Assonant.
As'SO-nat (as'so-nat), v. i. [L. assonare, assonatum,
to respond to.] To correspond in sound.
As-sort' (5s-s6rt'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Assorted ; p.
pr. & vb. re. Assorting.] [F. assortir ; a (L. ad) -f- sor-
tir to cast or draw lots, to obtain by lot, L. sortiri, fr.
sors, soriis, lot. See Sokt.] 1. To separate and dis-
tribute into classes, as things of a like kind, nature, or
quality, or which are suited to a like purpose ; to classify ;
as, to assort goods. [Rarely applied to persons.]
They appear ... no ways assorted to those with whom they
must associate. Burke.
2. To furnish with, or make up of, various sorts or a
variety of goods ; as, to assort a cargo.
As-sort', V. i. To agree ; to be in accordance ; to be
adapted ; to suit ; to fall into a class or place. Mitford,
ale, senate, c&re, am, arm, ask, final, 3,11; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, iU; old, obey, 6rb, odd;
ASSORTED
93
ASTEROLEPIS
Afl-SOrt'ed (S8-sSrt'Sd), a. Selected; culled.
As-SOrt'ment(-ineut),n. ICi. ¥. assorti7nent.'] 1. Act
of assorting, or distributiug into sorts, kinds, or classes.
2. A collection or quantity of things distributed into
kinds or sorts ; a number of things assorted.
3. A collection containing a variety of sorts or kinds
adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes ; as, an
assortment of goods.
As-sot' (as-sSf), V. (. [OF. asoler, F. assoter; h{ti.
ad) -j- sot stupid. See Sot.] To besot ; to befool ; to
beguile ; to infatuate. [Ois.]
Some ecstasy assolted had his sense. Sjienser.
Aa-SOt', a. Dazed ; foolish ; infatuated. [Obs.']
Willie, I ween tliou be ussut. :Spe!isei:
As-BUage' (5s-swaj'). v. t. linip. & p. p. Assuaged
(-swajd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assoaging (-svva'jTng).] [OE.
asuagen, aswagen, OF. asoagiei; astiagicr, fr. asoouagier,
fr. L. ad + suavis sweet. See Sweet.] To soften, in a
figurative sense ; to allay, mitigate, ease, or lessen, as
heat, pain, or grief ; to appease or pacify, as passion or
tumult ; to satisfy, as appetite or desire.
Refreshing winds the summer's heat assuage. Addison.
To assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man. Burke.
The fount at which the panting mind assuages
Her thirst of knowledge. Bijron.
Syn. — To alleviate ; mitigate ; appease ; soothe ; calm ;
tranquilize ; pacify ; relieve. See Allevlate.
As-suage', v. i. To abate or subside. lArchaic']
"The wateis assuaged." Gen. viii. 1.
The plague being come to a crisis, its fury began to as-
suage. De Foe.
As-suage'ment (-ment), n. [OF. assmiagement,
asuagement.'] llitigation ; abatement.
As-sua'ger (Ss-swa'jer), n. One who, or that wliich,
assuages.
As-sua'sive (-slv), a. [From assuage, as if this were
fr. a supposed L. assuadei'e to persuade to ; or from B.
pref. ad- + -suasive as in persuasive,'] Mitigating ; tran-
quilizing; soothing, [i?.]
Music her soft assuasive voice applies. Pope.
As-SUb'jU-gate (Ss-stib'ju-gat), V. t. [Pref. ad- +
tubjugate-i To bring into subjection. [06i.] Shak.
As'SUe-iac'tlon (as'swe-f5k'sh5n), n. [L. assue/ucerc
to accustom to ; assuetus (p. p. of assuescere to accus-
tom to) +/acere to make : cf. OF. assuefaction.'] The act
of accustoming, or the state of being accustomed ; habit-
uation. \Obs.i
Custom and studies efform the soul like wax, and by a55»e-
/ac?/on introduce a nature. Jer.'Taylor.
As'sue-tude (-tud), n. [L. assueludo, fr. assuetus
accustomed.] Accustomedness ; habit habitual use.
Assuet<tde of things hurtful doth make them lose their force
to hurt. Bacon.
As-sum'a-ble (Ss-sum'a-b'l), a. That may be assumed.
As-SUm'a-bly, adv. By way of assumption.
As-sume' (Ss-sum'), v. t. [;i>np. & p. p. Assumed
f-sumd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.] [L. assumere ; ad
-\- sumere to take ; sub + emere to take, buy : cf . F. as-
sumer. See Redeem.] 1. To take to or upon one's
self ; to take formally and demonstratively ; sometimes,
to appropriate or take unjustly.
Trembling they stand while Jove assumes the throne. Fo2ie.
The god assuTned his native form again. Pope.
2. To take for granted, or without proof ; to suppose
as a fact ; to suppose or take arbitrarily or tentatively.
The consequences of assumed principleSt JV/tewell.
3. To pretend to possess ; to take in appearance.
Ambition assuming the mask of religion. Forteus.
Assume a virtue, if you have it not. Shak.
4. To receive or adopt.
The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and lower
rank, assumed into that honorable company. Sir W. Scott.
Syn. —To arrogate; usurp; appropriate.
As-sume', v. i. 1. To be arrogant or pretentious;
to claim more than is due. Bp, Burnet.
2. {Law) To undertake, as by a promise. Burrill.
As-sumed' (as-sumd'), a. 1. Supposed.
2. Pretended; hypocritical; make-believe; as, an as-
sumed chaiacter.
As-sum'ed-ly (as-sum'ed-ly), adv. By assumption.
As-sum'ent (as-siim'ent), n. [L. assumentum, fr. ad
-)- suere to sew.] A patch; an addition ; a piece put on.
[06s.] __ John Lewis (1731).
As-sum'er (-er), re. One who assumes, arrogates, pre-
tends, or supposes. W. D. Whitney.
As-sum'ing, a. Pretentious ; taking much upon one's
telf ; presumptuous. Burke.
II As-sump'sit (as-sump'sit ; 215), re. [L., he under-
took, pret. of L. assumere. See Assume.] {Law) {a) A
promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration.
This promise may be oral or in writing not under seal.
It may be express or implied, {b) An action to recover
damages for a breach or nonperformance of a contract
or promise, express or implied, oral or in writing not un-
der seal. Common or indebitatus assumpsit is brought
for the most part on an implied promise. Special as-
sumpsit is founded on an express promise or vmdertak-
ing. Wharton.
As-smnpt' (-siimt' ; 215), v. t. [L. assumptus, p. p.
of assumere. See Assume.! To take up ; to elevate ; to
assume. [06s.] " Sheldon.
As-sumpt', re. [L. assumptum., p. p. neut. of assu-
mere.} That which is assumed ; an assumption. [06^.]
The sum of all your assumpts is this. Chillingworth.
As-SUmp'tion (as-siimp'shun ; 215), n. [OE. assump-
Cioun a taking up into heaven, L. assumptio a taking, fr.
assumere: ci.F. assomption. See Assume.] 1. The act
of assuming, or taking to or upon one's self ; the act of
taking Tip or adopting.
The assumption of authority. Wfiewell.
2. Th3 act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing
without proof ; supposition ; unwarrantable claim.
This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that
the soul sleeps from the period of death to the resurrection of
the body. Tliodeij.
That calm assumption of the virtues. W. Black.
3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition
assumed ; a supposition.
Hold 1 says the Stoic ; your assumption 's wrong. Dri/den.
4. {Logic) The minor or second proposition in a cat-
egorical syllogism.
5. The taking of a person up into heaven. Hence :
{Earn. Cath. & Greek Churches) A festival in honor of
the ascent oi the Virgin Mary into heaven.
As-sump'tive (Ss-siimp'tlv), a. [L. assmnptivus, fr.
assumptus, fr. assumere.} Assumed, or capable of be-
ing assumed ; characterized by assumption ; making un-
warranted claims. — As-sump'tlve-ly, adv.
Assumptive arms {Her.), originally, arms which a per-
son had a right to assume, in consequence of an exploit ;
now, those assumed without sanction of the Heralds' Col-
lege. Percy HmUh.
As-SUI'ance (a-shur'uns), re. [OE. assuraimce, F. as-
surance, fr. assurer. See Assure.] 1. The act of assur-
ing; a declaration tending to inspire full confidence;
that which is designed to give confidence.
Whereof he hath given assui-ance unto all men, in that he
hath raised him from the dead. Acts xvii. 31.
Assurances of support came pouring in daily. Mucaulay.
2. The state of being assured ; firm persuasion ; full
confidence or trust ; freedom from doubt ; certainty.
Let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith,
having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience. Eeb. x. 22.
3. Firmness of mind ; imdoubting steadiness ; intre-
pidity ; courage ; confidence ; self-reliance.
Brave men meet danger with assurance. Knolles.
Conversation with the world will give them knowledge and
assurance. Locke.
4. Excess of boldness ; impudence ; audacity ; as, liis
assurance is intolerable.
5. Betrothal ; affiance. [06s.] Sir P. Sidney.
6. Insm-ance ; a contract for the payment of a sum on
occasion of a certain event, as loss or death.
1!^°" Recently, assurance has been used, in England,
in relation to life contingencies, and insurance in relation
to other contingencies. It is called temporary assurance,
if the time within which the contingent event must hap-
pen is limited. See Insurance.
7. {Late) Any written or other legal evidence of the
conveyance of property ; a conveyance ; a deed.
11^°" In England, the legal evidences of the convey-
ance of property are called the common assurances of the
kingdom. Blackstone.
As-sure (a-shur'), v. t. {imp. & p. p. Assueed
(a-shurd') ; p. pr. & vb. re. Assuring.] [OF. aseurer,
F. assurer, LL. assecurare ; L. ad + securus secure,
sure, certain. See Secure, Sure, and cf. Insure.] 1. To
make sure or certain ; to render confident by a promise,
declaration, or other evidence.
His promise that thy seed shall bruise our foe ...
Assures me that the "bitterness of death
Is past, and we shall live. Milton.
2. To declare to, solemnly ; to assert to (any one) with
the design of inspiring belief or confidence.
I dare assure thee that no enemy
Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus. Shak.
3. To confirm ; to make certain or secure.
And it shall be assured to him. Lev. xxvii. 19.
And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall
assure our hearts before him. 1 John iii. 19.
4. To affiance ; to betroth. [06s.] Shak.
5. {Law) To insure ; to covenant to indemnify for
loss, or to pay a specified sum at death. See Insure.
Syn. — To declare; aver; avouch; vouch; assert; as-
severate ; protest ; persuade ; convince.
As-sured' (a-shurd'), a. Made sure; safe; insured;
certain ; indubitable ; not doubting ; bold to excess.
As-sured', re. One whose life or property is insured.
As-sur'ed-ly (a-shur'Sd-ly), adv. Certainly ; indubi-
tably. " The siege assMrerfZy I '11 raise. " Shak.
As-sur'ed-ness, re. The state of being assured ; cer-
tainty ; fuU confidence.
As-sur'er (-er), re. 1. One who assures. Specifically :
One who insures against loss ; an insurer or underwTiter.
2. One who takes out a life assurance policy.
As-SUr'gen-cy (as-siir'jen-sy), re. Act of rising.
The . . . assurgency of the spirit through the body. Coleridge.
As-SUr'gent (-j«nt), a. [L. assurgens, p. pr. of assur-
gere; ad -\- surgere to rise.] Ascending; (£o<.) rising
obliquely ; curving upward. Gray.
As-SUr'ing (a-shur'Ing), a. That assures ; tending to
assure ; giving confidence. — As-SUr'ing-ly, adv.
As-swage' (as-swaj'), V. See Assuage.
As-syr'i-an (as-sir'i-an), a. [L. Assyrius.} Of or per-
taining to Assjrria, or to its inhabitants. — re. A native
or an inhabitant of Assyria ; the language of Assyria.
As-syr'i-0-lOg'ic-al (as-sTr'i-S-loj'i-kal), a. Of or
pertaining to Assyriology ; as, Assyriological studies.
As-syr'i-Ol'O-gist (-ol'6-jTst), re. One versed in As-
syriology ; a student of AssjTian archaeology.
As-syr'i-ol'O-gy (-jy), re. \_Assyria -f -logy.} The
science or study of the antiquities, language, etc. , of an-
cient Assyria.
As-syUl'ment (as-sith'ment), n. [From OF. aset,
asez, orig. meaning enough. See Assets.] Indemnifica-
tion for injury ; satisfaction. \_Chiefly in Scots law}
II As'ta-CUS ias'ta-kus), re. [L. astacus a crab, 6r.
ao-TttKos.] {Zool.) A genus of crustaceans, containing
the crawfish or fresh-water lobster of Europe, and aUied
species of western North America. See Crawvish,
A-star1)0ard (a-sfar'bord), adv. {Jfaut.) Over to the
etarboard side ; — said of the tiller.
A-Btart' (4-start'), v. t. & i. Same as Astert. {Obs."]
II As-tar'te (Ss-tar'te), re. [Gr. 'Aaraprri a Phoenician
goddess.] {Zool.) A genus of bivalve
moUusks, common on the coasts of
America and Europe.
A-Btate' (a-staf), re. Estate ; state.
[06s.] Chaucer.
A-Stat'lc (a-stSt'ik), a. [Pref. a-
not -{- static.} {Magnetism) Having
little or no tendency to take a fixed
or definite position or direction: thus, ^^,^^1^ (^_ umtata)
a suspended magnetic needle, when of New England
rendered astatic, loses its polarity, or coast. About nat.
tendency to point in a given direction. ^'2^-
Astatic pair (Magnetism), a pair of magnetic needles so
mounted as to be nearly or quite astatic, as in some gal-
vanometers.
A-stat'lc-al-ly (-i-kal-ly), adv. In an astatic manner.
A-Stat'l-cism (-i-siz'm),re. The state of being astatic.
A-stay' (a-sta'), adv. {JVaut.) An anchor is said to
be asluy, when, in heaving it, an acute angle is formed
between the cable and the surface of the water.
As'te-ism (5s'te-iz'm), re. [6r. icrTetcrfids refinedand
witty talk, fr. ao-Tetos of the town, polite, witty, fr. acrrv
city: cf. F. asteisme.} (Rhet.) Genteel irony ; a polite
and ingenious manner of deriding another.
As'tel (Ss'tSl), re. [OE. ustelle piece of wood, OF. as-
tele splinter, shaving, F. attelle, astelle; cf. L. astula,
dim. of assis board.] {Mining) An arch, or ceiling, of
boards, placed over the men's heads in a mine.
As'ter (Ss'ter)j re. [L. aster aster, star, Gr. aor^p star.
See Star.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbs with compound
white or bluish flowers ; starwort ; Michaelmas daisy.
2. {Floriculture) A plant of the genus Callistephus.
Many varieties (called China asters, German asters, etc.)
are cultivated for their handsome compound flowers.
II As-te'ri-as (5s-te'rT-Ss), re. [NL., fr. Gr. ao-reptaj
starred, fr. acrTijp star.] {Zool.) A genus of echinoderms.
^^^ Formerly the group of this name included nearly
all starfishes and ophiurans. Now it is restricted to a
genus including the commonest shore starfishes.
As-te'rl-a'ted (-a'tSd), a. [See Asterias.] Radiated;
with diverging rays ; as, asteriated sapphire.
AB'ter-id'i-an (as'ter-id'i-an), a. {Zool.) Of or per-
taining to the Asterioidea. — re. A starfish ; one of the
Asterioidea.
II As-te'rl-Old'e-a (Ss-te'ri-oid'e-&), 1 re. pi. _ [NL., fr.
II As'ter-id'e-a (Ss'ter-id'e-ft), ) Gr. acTepCas -j-
-oid. See Asterias.]
{Zo'ol.) A class of Ech-
inodermata including
the true starfishes. The
rays vary in number and
always have ambulacral
g roo ves
below.
The body
is s t a r -
shaped or
pentagonal.
II As-te'ri-on
te'ri-6n), re. [Gr.
ao-Te'pioi' starry.]
{Anat.) The point
on the side of the
skull where the
lambdoid, parieto-
mastoid and oc-
cipito-mastoid su-
tures meet.
II As'ter-is'cus
(Ss'ter-is'kus), re.
[l., an asterisk.
See Asterisk.]
{Anat.) The smaller of the two otoliths found in the
inner ear of many fishes.
As'ter-isk (as'ter-isk), re. [L. asteriscus, Gr. olo-t«-
piriKos, dim. of aarfip star. See Aster.] The figure of a
star, thus, *, used in printing and writing as a reference
to a passage or note in the margin, to supply the omis-
sion of letters or words, or to mark a word or phrase as
having a special character.
As'ter-iSIIl(-Tz'm),re. [Gr. aarepiaixo';, fr. a<Trfip star :
cf.F. asterisme.} 1. (.4sft'ore.) (a) A constellation. [06s.]
(6) A small cluster of stars.
2. (Printing) (a) An asterisk, or mark of reference,
[i?.] (6) Three asterisks placed in this maimer, *#*, to
direct attention to a particular passage.
3. (Crystallog.) An optical property oi some crystals
which exhibit a star-shaped figure by reflected light, as
star sapphire, or by transmitted light, as some mica. .
A-stern' (a-stem'), adv. [Pref. a- -j- stern.} (Naut.)
1. In or at the hinder part of a ship ; toward the
hinder part, or stern ; backward ; as, to go astern.
2. Behind a ship ; in the rear. "A gale of wind right
astern." De Foe. "Left this strait asierre." Brake.
To back astern, to go stem foremost. — To be astern of
the reckoning, to be behind the position given by the
reckoning. — To drop astern, to fall or . be left behind. —
To go astern, to go backward, as from the action of cur-
rents or winds.
A-ster'nal (S^ster'nal), a. [Pref. a- not + sternal.}
(Anat.) Not sternal ; — said of ribs which do not join the
sternum.
As'ter-Oid (as'ter-oid), n. [Gr. derrepoeiSijs starlike,
starry ; ao-njp star -|- etSos form : cf . F. astero'ide. See
Aster.] A starlike body ; esp. one of the numerous
small planets whose orbits lie between those of Mars and
Jupiter; — called, also ^/a?(etoi6?s and miiior planets.
As'ter-Oid'al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to au asteroid,
or to the asteroids.
II As'te-rol'e-pis (-te-r51'4-pts), n. [NL., fr. Gr. aonjp
star -j- AcTri? scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of fishes, some
One of the Asterioidea (Echinaster sen
tus) of Florida, ventral or actinal side.
A Ambulacral feet, or suckers ; 0
Mouth ; G One of the Genital pores.
B
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, iip, firn ; pity; food, /o'bt; out. uil; chair; go; sing, ink-, then, thia; boN; zli = z In azure.
iVI
ASTEROPHYLLITE
94
ASTRONOMICAL
of which were eighteen or twenty feet long, found in a
fossil state in the Old Red Sandstone. Hugh Miller.
As'ter-oph'yl-lite (as'ter-of il-lit), n. [Gr. aurrip star
-(- ^uAAoF leaf.] (Paleon.) A fos-
sil plant from the coal format
tions of Europe and America, now
regarded as the branchlets and
foliage of calamites.
A-Stert' (a-sterf), v. i. [Pref . a-
+ start ; OE. asterien, aslurten.']
To start up ; to befall ; to escape ;
to shun. XObs.'] Spenser.
A-stert', V. i. To escape. [Ofe.]
II As'Uie-ni'a (Ss'the-ui'a), ) '
As'the-ny (as'the-ny), ) _■
[NL. asthenia, Gr. arrBiveia ; a
priy. + o-eeVot strength.] (Med.) An Asterophyllite
Want or loss of strengtli ; debil- (Annularia injtata).
ity ; diminution of the vital forces.
As-then'ic (Ss-thgn'Tk), a. [Gr. ao-flei'ticds ; a priv.
-\- o-fleVo; strength.] (Med.) Characterized by, or per-
taining to, debility ; weali ; debilitating.
II As'the-no'pi-a (as'the-no'pT-a), n. [Gr. a priv. +
o-eevos strength + !o\fi eye.] "Wealiness of sight. Quain.
— As'the-nop'ic (-nop'ik), a.
Asth'ma (as'ma, az'ina, or Sst'mi ; 277), n. _ [Gr.
acrOfia sliort-drawn breath, fr. asiv to blow, for a^eii':
cf. Sltr. va, Goth, waian, to blow, E. wind.'] (Med.) A
disease, characterized by difficulty of breatliing (due to
a spasmodic contraction of the bronchi), recurring at in-
tervals, accompanied with a wheezing sound, a sense of
constriction in the chest, a cough, and expectoration.
Asth-mat'ic (-mSt'Ils), 1 a. [L. asthmaticus, Gr.
Asth-mat'lC-al (-i-kal), ) ao-ejaaTiKos.] Of or per-
taining to asthma ; as, an asthmatic cough ; liable to, or
Buffering from, asthma ; as, an asthmatic patient. — Astb-
mat'ic-al-ly, adv.
Asth-mat'ic, n. A person affected with asthma.
As'Ug;mat'ic (Ss'tTg-mSt'ik), a. (Med. & Opt.) Af-
fected witli, or pertaining to, astigmatism ; as, astigmatic
eyes ; also, remedying astigmatism ; as, astigmatic lenses.
A-Stlg'ma-tlsm (a-sttg'ma-tiz'm), n. [Gr. a priv. -|-
<rriyiJ.a, oTiyfiaTos, a prick of a pointed instrument, a
spot, fr. o-ri'feii' to prick : cf. P. astigmalisme.'] (Med.
& Opt.) A defect of tlie eye or of a lens, in consequence
of which the rays derived from one point are not brought
to a smgle focal point, thus causing imperfect images or
indistinctness of vision.
J^p" Tlie term is applied especially to the defect caus-
ing images of lines having a certain direction to be indis-
tinct, or imperfectly seen, wliile those of lines transverse
to the former are distinct, or clearly seen.
As-tip'u-late (Ss-tTp'iS-lat),
[L. astipulari; ad
■\- stipulari to st\^\i\At&.'] To assent. [Qbs.y Bp. Hall.
As-tip'U-la'tlon (Ss-tip'fi-la'shtin), n. [L. astipula-
lio.] Stipulation ; agreement. [06s.] Bp. Hall.
A-atlr' (a^ster'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -\- stir.} Stir-
ring ; in a state of activity or motion ; out of bed.
A-Stom'a-tOUS (a-st5m'a-tus), I a. [Gr. d priv. -)-
As'tO-mOUS (Ss'to-mtis), J oTO/ia, o-TOjiiaTos,
mouth.] Not possessing a mouth,
As-ton' (as-t5n'), I v. i. limp. & p. p. Astoned, As-
As-tone' (-tou'), ) tond, or Astound.] [See Aston-
ish.] To stun ; to astonish ; to stupefy. [06i.] Chaucer.
As-ton'led (Ss-tSn'id), p. p. Stunned; astonished.
See AsTONY. lArchaic']
And I astonied fell and could not pray. Mrs. Browning.
As-ton'ish (3s-ton'ish), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Aston-
ished (-Islit) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonishing.] XO'E. asto-
nien, astunian, astotien, OF. estoner, F. etonner, fr. L.
ex out -|- tonare to thunder, but perhaps influenced by
E. stun. See Thunder, Stun, Astound, Astont.] 1. To
stun ; to render senseless, as by a blow. [06s.]
Enough, captain ; you have astonished him. [Fluellen had
etruck Pistol.] Shak.
The very cramp-fish [i. e., torpedo] . . . being herself not be-
numbed, IS able to asfonish others. Holland.
2. To strike with sudden fear, terror, or wonder ; to
amaze ; to surprise greatly, as with something unaccount-
able ; to confound with some sudden emotion or passion.
Musidorus . . . had his wits astonished with sorrow. Sidney.
I, Daniel . . . was astonished at the vision. Dan. viii. 27,
Syn. — To amaze; astound; overwhelm; surprise. —
Astonished, Sukprised. We are surprised at what is un-
expected. We are astonished at what is above or beyond
our comprehension. We are taien by surprise. We are
ttruck with astonishment. C /. Smith. See Amaze.
As-ton'ish-ed-ly (-ed-lj^), adv. In an astonished man-
ner, [i?.] Bp. Hall.
As-ton'ish-ing, a. Very wonderful ; of a nature to
excite astonishment ; as, an astonishing event.
Syn. — Amazing ; surprising; wonderful; marvelous.
— As-ton'ish-ing-ly, «rf!'. — As-ton'ish-lng-ness, n.
As-ton'isU-ment (as-ton'Tsh-ment), n. [Cf. OF. es-
tonnement, F. etonnement.'] 1. The condition of one
who is stunned. Hence : Numbness ; loss of sensation ;
Btupor ; loss of sense. [06s.]
A coldness and astonishment in his loins, as folk say. Holland.
2. Dismay; consternation. [Archaic'] Spenser.
3. The overpowering emotion excited when something
unaccountable, wonderful, or dreadful is presented to the
mind ; an intense degree of surprise ; amazement.
Lest the place
And my quaint habits breed astonishment. MUton.
4. The object causing such an emotion.
Thou Shalt become an astonishment. Devi, xsviii. 37.
Syn.— Amazement ; wonder; surprise.
As-ton'y (as-tSn'y), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonied
(-Yd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonying. See Astone.] To
Stan ; to bewilder ; to astonish ; to dismay. [Archaic']
The captain of the Helots . . . strake Palladius upon the side
of his head, that he reeled astonied. Sir P. Sidney.
This sodeyn cas this man astonied so,
That reed he wex, abayst, and al quaking. Chaucer.
A-stoop' (a-stoop'), adv. [Pref. a- + stoop.] In a
stooping or inclined position. Gay.
As-tound' (as-tound'), a. [OE. astouned, astound,
astoned, p. p. of astone. See Astone.] Stunned ; as-
tounded ; astonished. [Archaic] Spenser.
Thus Ellen, dizzy and astound.
As sudden ruin yawned around. Sir W. Scott.
As-tound', V. t. [imp. & p. p. Astounded, Obt.
Astound ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astounding.] [See Astound,
a.] 1. To stun ; to stupefy.
No puissant stroke his senses once astound. Fairfax.
2. To astonish ; to strike with amazement ,' to confound
with wonder, surprise, or fear.
These thoughts may startle well, but not astound
The virtuous mind. Milton.
As-tound'ing, a. Of a nature to astound ; astonisli-
ing ; amazing ; as, an astounding force, statement, or
fact. — As-tound'ing-ly, adv.
As-tound'ment (-ment), n. Amazement. Coleridge.
As'tra-chan' (as'tra-kau'), a. & n. See Astrakhan,
A-strad'dle (a-strad'd'l), adv. [Pref. a- + straddle.]
In a straddling position ; astride ; bestriding ; as, to sit
astraddle a horse.
As-traB'an (its-tre'an), a. [Gr. ao-xpaio; starry.] (Zo-
ol.) Pertaining to tlie genus Astrsea or the family Astrse-
idse. — 71. A coral of the family Astrseidx ; a star coral.
As'tra-gal (as'tra^gSl), n. [L. astragabis, Gr. ia-rpd-
yoAo! the ankle bone, a molding in the capital of the
Ionic column.] 1. (Arch.) A convex molding of rounded
surface, generally from lialf to three quarters of a circle.
2. (Gun.) A round molding encircling a cannon near
the mouth.
As-trag'a-lar (Ss-tr5g'a-ler), a. (Anal.) Of or per-
taining to the astragalus.
As-trag'a-Ioid (-loid),a. [Astragalus -\- -oid.] (Anat.)
Resembling the astragalus in form.
As-trag'a-lO-man'Cy (-16-mSn'sy), re. [Gr. acrrpdya-
Ao9 ankle bone, die + -mancy.] Divination by means
of small bones or dice.
II As-trag'a-lUS (-Itis), n. [L. See Astragal.]
1. (Anat.) The ankle bone, or hock bone; the bone of
the tarsus which articulates with the tibia at the ankle.
2. (Bot.) A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the
tribe Galegeie, containing numerous species, two of
which are called, in English, milk vetch and licorice
vetch. Gum tragacanth is obtained from different orien-
tal species, particularly the A. gummifer and A. verus.
3. (Arch.) See Astragal, 1.
As'tra-khan' (Ss'tra-kSn'), a. Of or pertaining to
Astrakhan in Russia or its products; made of an As-
trakhan skin. — n. The skin of stillborn or young lambs
of that region, the curled wool of which resembles fur.
As'tral (Ss'tral), a. [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr.
aarpov : cf. F. astral. See Stab.] Pertaining to, coming
from, or resembling, the stars ; starry ; starlike.
Shines only with an astral luster. /. Taylor.
Some astral forms I must invoke by prayer. Dryden.
Astral lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no
shadow is cast upon the table by the flattened ring-shaped
reservoir in which the oil is contained. — Astral spirits,
spirits formerly supposed to live in the heavenly bodies
or the aerial regions, and represented in the Middle Ages
as fallen angels, spirits of the dead, or spirits originatmg
in fire.
A-Strand' (4-strSnd'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- -f strand.]
Stranded. Sir IV. Scott.
A-stray' (a-stra'), adv. & a. [See Estkay, Stray.]
Out of the right way, either in a literal or in a figirrative
sense ; wandering; as, to lead one astray.'
Ye were as sheep going astray. 1 Pet. ii. 25.
As-triCt' (as-trikf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astricted ;
p. pr. & vb. re. AsTRiCPTiNG.] [L. astrictus, p. p. of as-
tringere. See Astringe.] 1. To bind up ; to confine ;
to constrict ; to contract.
The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted. Arhuthnot.
2. To bind ; to constrain ; to restrict ; to limit. [iJ.]
The mind is astricted to certain necessary modes or forms of
thought. Sir TV. Hamilton.
3. (Scots Law) To restrict the tenure of ; as, to astrict
lands. See Asteiction, 4. Burrill.
As-trict', a. Concise ; contracted. [06s.] Weever.
As-tric'tion (as-trik'shiin), re. [\i. astrictio.] 1. The
act of binding ; restriction ; also, obligation. Milton.
2. (Med. ) (a) A contraction of parts by applications ;
the action of an astringent substance on the animal econ-
omy. Dunglison. (b) Constipation. Arbuthnot.
3. Astringency. [06s.] Bacon.
4. (Scots Law) An obligation to have the grain grow-
ing on certain lands ground at a certain mill, the owner
paying a toll. Bell.
^ff° The lands were said to be astricted to the mill.
As-tric'tive (-tiv), a. Binding ; astringent. — re. An
astringent. — As-tric'tlve-ly, adv.
As-trio'to-ry (-to-ry), a. Astrictive. [iJ.]
A-stride' (a-strld'), adv. [Pref. a- + stride.] With
one leg on each side, as a man when on horseback ; with
the legs stretched wide apart ; astraddle.
Placed astride upon the bars of the palisade. Sir TF. Scott.
Glasses with horn bows sat astride on his nose. Longfellow.
As-trif'er-OUS (Ss-trifer-us), a. [L. astrifer ; os-
Zrwreistar +/erre to bear.] Bearing stars. [E.] Blount.
As-tringe' (Ss-trinj'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. AsTRiNGED
(-trinjd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Asteinging (-jing).] [L. as-
tringere; ad -|- siringere to draw tight. Cf. Astrict,
and see Strain, v. t.] 1. To bind fast ; to constrict ; to
contract ; to cause parts to draw together ; to compress.
Which contraction . . . astringeth the moisture of the brain,.
and thereby sendeth tears into the eyes. Bacon.--
2. To bind by moral or legal obligation. JVolsey.
As-trln'gen-cy (Ss-trin'jen-sy), n. The quality of
being astringent ; the power of contracting the parts of
the body ; that quality in medicines or other substances
which causes contraction of the organic textures ; as, the
astringency of tannin.
As-trin'gent (-jent), a. [L. astringens, p. pr. of as-
tringere: cf. F, astringent. See Astringe.] 1. Draw-
ing together the tissues ; binding ; contracting ; — op-
posed to laxative ; as, astringent medicines ; a bitter and
astringent taste ; astringent fruit.
2. Stern ; austere ; as, an a.stringent type of virtue.
As-trin'gent, re. A medicine or other substance that-
produces contraction in the soft organic textures, and
checks discharges of blood, mucus, etc.
External astringents are called stj'ptics. Dunglison.
As-trin'gent-ly, adv. In an astringent manner.
As-trln'ger (-jer), re. [OE. ostreger, OP. ostrucier,
F. auloursier, fr. OF. austour, ostor, hawk, F. autour ;
cf. L. acceptor, for accipiter, hawk.] A falconer who
keeps a goshawk. [Obs.] Shak. Cowell. [Written also-
austringer.']
As'tro- (Ss'tro-). The combining form of the Greek
word aorpor, meaning star.
As'tro-fel I (-f§l), re. A bitter herb, probably the
As'tro-fell ) same as aster, or starwort. Spenser,
As-trog'e-ny (Ss-troj'e-ny), re. [Astro- -\- Gr. yeVos
birth.] Tlie creation or evolution of the stars or the
heavens. H. Spencer.
As-trog'no-sy (Ss-tr8g'no-sy),re. [Astro- -\-Gt. yvwtni
knowledge.] The science or knowledge of the stars, esp.
the fixed stars. Bouvier,
As-trog'O-ny (-o-ny), re. Same as Astroqeny. — As'-
tro-gon'lo (Ss'tro-gon'tk), a.
As-trog'ra-phy (-ra^fy), n. [Astro- + -graphy.] The
art of describing or delineating the stars ; a description
or mapping of tlie heavens.
As'tro-ite (as'tro-it), re. [L. astroites: cf. P. astro-
ite.] A radiated stone or fossil ; star-stone. [06s.]
[Written also astrile and aslrion.]
As'tro-labe (5s'tio-lab), re. [OE. astrolabie, astrilabe^
OF. astrelube, F. astrolabe, LL. a.flrolabium, fr. Gr.
d(T7po\d^ov ; d<TTpov star -j- AajUjSoivetv, Aa^eti', to take.].
1. (Astron.) An instrument for observing or showing
the positions of the stars. It is now disused.
(5^^ Among the ancients, it was essentially the armil-
lary sphere. A graduated circle witli sights, for taking
altitudes at sea, was called an astrolabe in the 18th cen-
tury. It is now superseded by the quadrant and sextant.
2. A stereographic projection of the sphere on the
plane of a great circle, as the equator, or a meridian ; a
planisphere. Whewell,
As-trol'a-ter (Ss-tr51'a-ter), re. A worshiper of the
stars. Morley.
As-trol'a-try (-tr^), re. [Astro- + Gr. Karpeia service,
worship : cf. P. astrolatrie.] The worship of the stars.
As'tro-li-thol'0-gy (Ss'trS-lT-thSI'o-jy), re. [Astro-
-j- lithology.] The science of aerolites.
As-troi'0-ger (Ss-trol'S-jer), re. [See Astrology.]
1. One who studies the stars; an astronomer. [06«.]
2. One who practices astrology ; one who professes to
foretell events by the aspects and situation of the stars.
As'tro-lo'gi-an (5s'tro-lo'ji-an), re. [OP. astrologien.]
An astrologer. [06s.]
As'tro-lOg'lC (-loj'ik), la. [Gr. ao-rpoAoyiKos.] Of
As'tro-log'lc-al (-I-kal), ) or pertaining to astrol-
ogy ; profSssing or practicing astrology. " Astrologic
learning." Hudibras. " .i4s<™to(/!'co/ prognostication."
CzirfwortA. — As'tro-log'ic-al-Iy, adv.
As-trol'o-gize (as-trol'o-jiz), v. t. & i. To apply as-
trology to ; to study or practice astrology,
As-trol'o-gy (Ss-trol'S-jy), n. [P. astrologie, L. os-
trologia, fr. Gr. acrTpoXoyi'a, fr. ao-TpoAdyo! astronomer,
astrologer ; darpov star -|- Adyos discourse, Ae'yeii/ to speak.
See Star.] In its etymological signification, the science
of the stars ; among the ancients, synonymous with as-
tronomy ; subsequently, the art of judging of the influ-
ences of the stars upon human affairs, and of foretelling
events by their position and aspects,
81^°° Astrology was much in vogue during the Middle
Ages, and became the parent of modern astronomy, aa
alchemy did of chemistry. It was divided into two kinds :
judicial astrology, which assumed to foretell the fate
and acts of nations and individuals, and natural astroU
ogy, which undertook to predict events of inanimate na-
ture, such as changes of the weather, etc,
As'tro-man'tiC (Ss'tro-man'tlk), a. [Gr, aarpop-avTiKVi
astrology.] Of or pertaining to divination by means of
the stars ; astrologic. [J?.] Dr. H. More.
As'tro-me'te-or-Ol'O-gy (-me'te-er-51'6-jy), re. [Astro-
-\- meteorology.] The investigation of the relation be-
tween the sun, moon, and stars, and the weather. — As'-
tro-me'te-or'o-log'ic-al (-Sr'o-lSj'l-kai), a. — As'tro*
me'te-or-ol'o-gist (-er-Si'o-jist), re,
As-trom'e-ter (Ss-tr5m'e-ter), re. [Astro- -f -meter^l
An instrument for comparing the relative amount of the
light of stars.
As-trom'e-try (-try), re. [Astro- + -metry.] The art
of making measurements among the stars, or of deter-
mining their relative magnitudes.
As-tron'o-mer (5s-tron'o-mer), n. [See Astronomy.]
1. An astrologer. [06s.] Shak.
2. One who is versed in astronomy; one who has a
knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the prin-
ciples by which their motions are regulated, with their
various phenomena.
An undevout astronomer is mad. Young.
As'tro-no'mi-an (5s'tro-no'mT-an), re. [OE. & OP. as-
tronomien. See Astronomy.] An astrologer. [06s.]
As'tro-nom'ic (-nom'Tk), a. Astronomical.
As'tro-nom'ic-al (-T-k«l), a. [L. astronomicus, Gr,
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^ ; eve; event, gnd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, orb, odd (
4STR0N0MIZE
95
ATHELING
Astrophyton (A. AgnssiziO of New
England. ^ nat. diameter.
dorpofo^iiKos : cf. F. astronomique.'] Of or pertaining to
astronomy ; in accordance with the methods or princi-
ples of astronomy. — As'tro-nom'lc-al-ly, adv.
Astronomical clock. See under Clock. — Astronomical
day. See under Day. — Astronomical fractions, Astronom-
ical numbers. See under Sexagesimal.
As-tron'O-mlze (as-tr6n'6-miz), v. i. [Gr. oo-rpoi/o-
/ai'feii'.] To study or to tallt astronomy, [i^.]
They astronomized in caves. Sir T. Browne,
As-tron'0-my (Ss-trou'6-my), n. [OE. astronomie, F.
astronomie, L. asironomia, fr. Gr. acrrpovoixia, £r. aarpo-
I'df.Lo; astronomer ; aa-Tpov star-)- I'e^i.eii' to distribute, reg-
ulate. See Star, and Nomad.] 1. Astrology. [06s.]
Not from tlie stars do I my judj,'ment pluck ;
And yet niethinks I have astronomy. Shak.
2. The science which treats of the celestial bodies, of
their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolu-
tion, eclipses, order, constitutiou, physical condition, and
of the causes of their various plienomena.
3. A treatise on, or text-book of, tlie science.
Physical astronomy. See imder Physical.
As'tro-phel (5s'tro-fel), 71. See Astrofel. [OJs.]
As'tro-pho-tog'ra-phy (-fo-tSg'ra-fy), n. lAstro- -\-
pholography.'] The application of photography to the
delineation of the sun, moon, and stars.
As'tro-phys'lc-al (-fiz'i-kal), a. Pertaining to the
physics of astronomical science.
II As-troph'y-ton (5s-tr5f'i-tSn), n. lAstro- -J- Gr.
AuToi/ a plant.]
(Zo'dl.) A genus
of o ffh i u r a n s
having the arms
much branched.
As 'tro- scope
(Ss'tro-skop), n.
[Astro- -\- scope.']
An old astro-
nomical in-
strument, formed
of two cones, on
whose surface the
constellations
were delineated.
As-tros'co-py
(Ss-tros'ko-py),
n. Observation of
the stars. [Ois.]
As'tro-Oie-ol'-
O-gy (as'^ro-the-Sl'o-jy), n. {_Asiro- -|- theology.'] Tlie-
ology fovmded on observation or knowledge of the celes-
tial bodies. Derhara.
A-struc'tlve (a-striik'tTv), a. [L. astrucius, p. p. of
astruere to build up ; ad -\- struere to build.] Building
up; constructive; — opposed to derfniriitie. [06s.]
A-Stnit' (a-striit'), a. & adv. 1. Sticking out, or
puffed out; swelling; in a swelling manner. [Archaic]
Inflated and astrut with self-conceit. Cowper.
2. In a strutting manner ; with a strutting gait.
As-tU'cious (Ss-tu'shiis), a. [F. astucieux. See As-
tute.] Subtle ; cunning ; astute, [i?.] Sir W. Scott.
— As-tu'clous-ly, adv. [i?.]
As-tu'ci-ty (-sT-ty),». [See AsTUCiocs.] Craftiness;
astuteness. [iJ.] Carlyle.
A-Stun' (a-stun'), V. t. [See Astony, Stun.] To stun.
\_Obs.] " Breathless and astenned. " Somerville.
As-tU'rl-an (as-tu'rT-an), a. Of or pertaining to As-
turias in Spain, — n. A native of Asturias.
As-tute' (Ss-tuf), a. [L. astutus, fr. astus craft, cun-
ning; perh. cognate with E. acute.] Critically discern-
ing ; sagacious ; shrewd ; subtle ; crafty.
Syn. — Keen ; eagle-eyed ; penetrating ; skilled ; dis-
criminating; cunning; sagacious; subtle; wily; crafty.
— As-tutely, adv. — As-tnte'ness, n.
A-Stylar (4-sti1er), a. [Gr. a priv. -)- orOAos pillar.]
{Arch. ) Without columns or pilasters. Weale.
A-Styl'len (a-stll'len), n. (3Iining) A small dam to
prevent free passage of water in an adit or level.
A-sun'der (JUsiin'der), adv. [Pref. a- + sunder.]
Apart ; separate from each other ; into parts ; in two ;
separately ; into or in different pieces or places.
I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder. Zech. xi. 10.
As wide asunder as pole and pole. Froude.
II A-SU'ra (a-soo'ra), n. {Hind. 3Iyth.) An enemy of
the gods, esp. one of a race of demons and giants.
IIAs'wall (Ss'wal), n. [Native name.] {Zo'dl.) The
sloth bear {Melursus labiatus) of India.
A-SWeve' (a-swev'), V. t, [AS. aswebban ; a- -|- sweb-
ban. See Sweten.J To stupefy. lObs.] Chaucer.
A-swlng' (a-swing'), adv. In a state of swinging.
A-SWOOn' (a-swoon^), adv. In a swoon. Chaucer.
A-SWOOned' (a-swoond'), adv. In a swoon.
A-sylum (a-si1ilm), n. ; pi. E. Asylums (-IQniz), L.
Asyla (-la). [L. asylum, Gr. ao-uAov, fr. acrvKog exempt
from spoliation, inviolable ; a priv. -|- itvKov right of seiz-
ure.] L A sanctuary or place of refuge and protection,
where criminals and debtors found shelter, and from
which they could not be forcibly taJken without sacrilege.
So sacred was the church to some, that it had the right of an
asylum or sanctuary. Ayliffe.
^ff" The name was anciently given to temples, altars,
statues of the gods, and the like. In later times Christian
churches were regarded as asylums in the same sense.
2. Any place of retreat and security.
Earth has no other asylum for them than its own cold bosom.
S(mthey.
3. An institution for the protection or relief of some
class of destitute, unfortunate, or afflicted persons ; as,
an asylum for the aged, for the blind, or for the insane j
a lunat-ie asylum ; an orphan asylum.
A-sym'me-tral (£UsTm'me-tral), a. Incommensura-
ble ; also, unsymmetrical. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
As'ym-met'rlc (Ss'tm-mgt'rtk), ) :
" " )J
[See AsYMMB-
TROUS.] 1. In-
As'ym-met'rl-cal (-mSt'ri-kal)
commensurable. \_Obs.]
2. Not symmetrical ; wanting proportion ; esp. , not
bilaterally symmetrical. Huxley.
A-sym'me-trous fa-sTrn'me-triJis), a. [Gr. atruVne-
Tpos.] Asymmetrical. [_Obs.] Barrow.
A-sym'me-try (a-stm'me-try), n. [Gr. aoTiit-ixerpia ;
d priv. + crvp-fiLeTpCa symmetry.] ]i. Want of symmetry,
or proportion between Jhe parts of a tiling, esp. want of
bilateral symmetry.
2. {Math.) Incommensurability. [06i.] Barrow.
As'ymp-tote (Ss'im-tot, sometimes pron. a-sTmp'tot ;
215), n. [Gr, atrw^ATTTtoTos not falling together ; d priv.
-\- crv/aTTcjrTeti' to fall togetlier ; avv with -\- iriVTeic to
fall. Cf. Symptom.] {Math.) A line which approaches
nearer to some curve tlian any assignable distance, but,
tliough infinitely extended, would never meet it. Asymp-
totes may be straight lines or curves. A rectilinear
asymptote may be conceived as a tangent to the curve at
an infinite distance.
As'ymp-tot'lc (Ss'Tm-tot'Tk), 1 a. Pertaining to, or
As'ymp-tot'lc-al (-T-k«l), ( partaking of the na-
ture of, an asymptote ; as, asymptotical lines, surfaces, or
planes. — As'ymp-tot'lc-al-ly, adv.
A-syn'ar-tete' (a-sTn'ar-tef), a. [Gr. dtroi'aprrjTos
not united, disconnected ; d priv. -\- <ruv with -|- aprav to
fasten to.] Disconnected ; not fitted or adjusted. —
A-syn'ar-tet'ic (-tgt'Ik), a.
Asynartete verse (Pros.), averse of two members, hav-
ing ditferent rhythms; as when the first consists of
iambuses and the second of trochees.
As'yn-det'ic (as'in-det'ik), a. [See Asyndeton.]
Characterized by the use of asyndeton ; not connected
by conjunctions. — As'yn-det'ic-al-ly, adv.
A-syn'de-ton (a-slu'de-ton), n. [L., fr. Gr. doTicSeroi',
fr. doT/V^eros unconnected ; d priv. -j- o-uj/SeTos bound to-
gether, fr. a-uv&iiv ; cniv with -\- &elv to bind.] {Ehei. )
A figure which omits the connective ; as, I came, I saw,
I conquered. It stands opposed to polysyndeton.
A-sys'tO-le (a-sis't6-le), n. [Pref. a- not + systole.]
{Physiol.) A weakening or cessation of the contractile
power of the heart.
A-sys'tO-lism (-ITz'm), n. The state or symptoms
characteristic of asystole.
At (at), prep. [AS. set ; akin to OHG. az, Goth., OS.,
& Icel. at, Sw. at, Dan. & L. ad.] Primarily, tliis word
expresses the I'elatious of presence, nearness in place or
time, or direction toward ; as, at the ninth hour ; at the
house ; to aim at a mark. It is less definite than in or
on ; at the house may be in or near the house. From
this original import are derived all the various uses of at.
It expresses : —
1. A relation of proximity to, or of presence in or on,
sometliing ; as, at the door ; at your shop ; at home ; at
school ; at hand ; at sea and on land.
2. The relation of some state or condition ; as, at war ;
at peace ; at ease ; at your service ; at fault ; at liberty ;
at risk ; at disadvantage.
3. The relation of some employment or action ; occu-
pied with ; as, at engraving ; at husbandry ; at play ; at
work ; at meat (eating) ; expert at puns.
4. The relation of a point or position in a series, or of
degree, rate, or value ; as, with the thermometer at 80° ;
goods sold at a cheap price ; a country estim-ated at 10,000
square miles ; life is short at the longest.
5. The relations of time, age, or order; as, at ten
o'clock ; at twenty-one ; at once ; at first.
6. The relations of source, occasion, reason, conse-
quence, or effect ; as, at the sight ; at this news ; merry
at anything; at this declaration; at Ms command; to
demand, require, receive, deserve, endure at your hands.
7. Relation of direction toward an object or end ; as,
look at it ; to point at one ; to aim at a mark ; to throw,
strike, shoot, shout, wink, mock, laugh at any one.
At all, At home, At large, At last. At length. At once, etc.
See under All, Home, Large, Last (phrase and syn.),
Length, Oncb, etc. — At it, busUy or actively engaged. —
At least. See Least and However. —Atone. See At one,
in the Vocabulary.
Syn. — In, at. When reference to the interior of any
place is made prominent in is used. It is used before the
names of countries and cities (esp. large cities) ; as, we
live in America, in New York, in the South. At is com-
monly employed before names of houses, institutions,
villages, and small places ; as, MUton was educated at
Christ's College ; money taken in at the Customhouse ;
I saw him at the jeweler's : we live at BeachviUe. At may
be used before the name of a city when it is regarded as a
mere point of locality. " An Englisli king was crowned
ni Paris." Macaulay. "Jean Jacques Kousseau was bom
a< Geneva, June 28, 1712." J. Morley. In regard to time,
we say at the hour, ore the day, in the year; as, at 9
o'clock, on the morning of July 5th, in the year 1775.
At'a-l)al (at'a,-ba), n. [Sp. atabal, fr. Ar. at-tabl
the drum, tabala to beat the drum. Cf. Tymeal.] A
kettledrum ; a kind of tabor, used by the Moors. Croly.
A-tao'a-mite (a-t5k'a-mit), n. [From the desert of
Atacama, where found.] {Min.) An oxychloride of cop-
per, usually in emerald-green prismatic crystals.
At'af t'er (at'af'ter), ^rep. After [Obs.] Chaucer.
At'a-ghan (St'a^gSn), n. See Yataghan.
A-take' (a-tak'), V. t. To overtake. [06*.] Chaucer.
At'a-man (St'a-man), n. [Russ. ataman': cf. Pol.
hetman, 6. hauptmann headman, chieftain. Cf. Het-
man.] a hetman, or chief of the Cossacks.
II At'a-ras'i-a (-raks'I-a), ) n. [NL. ataraxia, Gr. dra-
At'a-rax'y (-raks'y), ) paf I'a ; d priv. -f- rapa-
KToj disturbed, rapda-creiv to disturb.] Perfect peace of
mind, or calmness.
A-taunt' (a-tanf), ) arfi). [F. a^^tore^a^much(aspos-
A-taunt'0 (a-tant'o), ) sible).] (A'fl'M/.) Fully rigged,
as a vessel ; with all sails set ; set on end or set right.
A-tav'lc (a-tSv'Ik), a. [Cf. P. atavique.'] Pertaining
to a remote ancestor, or to atavism.
At'a-Vlsm (St'4-vlz'm), n. [L. atavus an ancestor, fr.
avus a grandfather.] {a) The recurrence, or a tendency
to a recurrence, of the original type of a species in the
progeny of its varieties ; resemblance to remote rather
than to near ancestors ; reversion to the original form.
(6) {Biol.) The recurrence of any peculiarity or disease
of an ancestor in a subsequent generation, after an inter-
mission for a generation or two.
Now and then there occur cases of what physiologists call.
aiax^isni, or reversion to an ancestral type of character. J. Fiske.
II A-tax'1-a (a-tSks'i-a), ) re. [NL. ataxia, Gr. draf I'a, fr.
At'ax-y (at'Sks-^), ) draKTos out of order ; d priv.
■{• TaKTos ordered, arranged, ratrcreiv to put in order : cf.
'P. ataxic.] 1. Disorder ; irregularity. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
2. {Med.) {a) Irregularity in disease, or in the func-
tions. (6) The state of disorder that characterizes nerv-
ous fevers and the nervous condition.
Locomotor atasia. See Locomotor.
A-tax'ic (a-taks'Tk), a. [Cf . F. ataxique. See Ataxia.]
{Med.) Characterized by ataxy, that is, (a) by great irreg-
ularity of functions or symptoms, or (6) by a want of co-
ordinating power in movements.
Ataxic fever, malignant typhus fever. Pinel,
At'a-zir' (St'a-zer'), n. [OF., fr. Ar. al-tastr iataence.]
(Astrol.) The influence of a star upon other stars or upon
men. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ate (at ; 277), the preterit of Eat.
A'te (a'te), re. [Gr. 'An).] {Greeh Myth.) The god-
dess of mischievous folly ; also, in later poets, the god-
dess of vengeance.
-ate (-at or -at). [From the L. suffix -atus, the past
participle ending of verbs of the 1st conj.] 1. As an
ending of participles or participial adjectives it is equiva-
lent to -ed ; as, situate or situated ; animate or animated.
2. As the ending of a verb, it means to make, to
cause, to act, etc. ; as, to propitiate (to make propitious) ;
to animote (to give lite to).
3. As a noun suflix, it marks the agent ; as, curate,
delegate. It also sometimes marks the office or dignity ;
as, tribunate.
4. In chemistry it is used to denote the salts formed
from those acids whose names end in -ic (excepting binary
or halogen acids) ; as, sulphate from sulphuric acid, nitrate
from nitric acid, etc. It is also used in the case of cer-
tain basic salts.
A-tech'nic (a-tSk'nTk), a. [Pref. a- not + teehnie.]
Without technical or artistic knowledge.
Difficult to convey to the atcchnic reader. Etching Sf Engr.
II At'e-les (at'e-lez), re. [Gr. areX-qq incomplete ; d.
priv. -j-TeAo5 completion.] {Zo'dl.) A genus of American
monkeys with prehensile tails, and having the thumb
wanting or rudimentary. See Spider monkey, and CoaitA.
IIA'te-Uer' (a'te-lya'), re. [F.] A workshop ; a studio.
A-tel'lan (a-tellan), a. [L. Atellanus, fr. Atella, an
ancient town of the Osci, in Campania.] Of or pertain-
ing to AteUa, in ancient Italy ; as, Atellan plays ; farci-
cal ; ribald, — n. A farcical drama performed at Atella.
A-thal'a-mons (a^thal'a-miis), a. [Gr. d priv. -\-
Oikaij.o'; nuptial bed.] {Bot.) Not furnished with shields
or beds for the spores, as the thallus of certain lichens.
Ath'a-mannt (Sth'a-mant), n. Adamant. \_Obs.]
Written in the table of atkamaunt. Chaucer.
Ath'a-na'sian (-na'zhan ; 277), a. Of or pertaining to
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria in the 4th century.
Athanaslan creed, a formulary, confession, or exposition
of faith, formerly supposed to have been drawn up by
Athanasius ; but this opinion is now rejected, and the
composition is ascribed by some to Hilary, bishop of
Aries (5th century). It is a summary of what was called
the orthodox faith.
Ath'a-nor (Sth'a-n6r), n. [F., fr. Ar. at-iannUr, fr.
Heb. tannUr an oven or furnace.] A digesting furnace,
formerly used by alchemists. It was so constructed as to
maintain uniform and durable heat. Chambers.
II Ath'e-ca'ta (ath'e-ka'ta), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. d
priv. -|- e-qKri chest, box.] {Zo'dl.) A
division of Hydroidea in which the
zooids are naked, or not inclosed in a
capsule. See Tubularian.
A'the-lsm (a'the-Iz'm), re. [Cf. F.
atheisme. See Atheist.] 1. The dis-
belief or denial of the existence of a
God, or supreme intelligent Being.
Atheism is a ferocious system, that leaves
nothing above us to excite awe, nor around
us to awaken tenderness. R. Halt.
Atheism and pantheism are often wrongly
confounded. Shipley.
2. Godlessness.
A'the-lst, re. [Gr. d^eo; without
god ; d priv. -\- fleo's god : cf . F. athi-
iste.] 1. One who disbelieves or
denies the existence of a God, or p^j „f ^ ^^^^ ^^-^ ^j
supreme intelligent Bemg. Athecata {Hiidractinia
2. A godless person. [06i.] "' "
Syn.— Infidel; unbeliever.
See Infidel.
A'the-is'tic (a'the-Ts'tik), ) „
A'Uie-ls'tic-al(-tit-kai), / "•
1. Pertaining to, implying, or
containing, atheism ; — applied
to things ; as, atheistic doctrines, opinions, or books.
Atheistical explications of natural effects. Baivow.
2. Disbelieving the existence of a God ; impious ; god-
less;— applied to persons; as, an atheistic writer. —
A'the-ls'tic-al-ly, adv. — A'the-Is'tic-al-ness, ji.
A'the-ize (-iz), ?;. <. To render atheistic or godless. [J?.]
They endeavored to atlieize one another. Berkeley.
A'the-ize, v. i. To discourse, argue, or act as an
atheist. [iJ.] — A'the-l'zer (-i'zer), re. Ciidworth.
Ath'el-lng (5th'gl-Tng), n. [AS. ssSeling noble, fr.
seSSele noble, akin to G. adel nobility, edel "noble. The
€chinata)of the Atlantic
coasts. Much enlarged.
a a Two forms of feed-
ing zooids, with Mouth
(o) and Tentacles (0 ; 6
Blastostyle. bearing the
Medusa buds or Gono-
phores (rf).
B
H
K
use, finite, rude, full, up, am ; pity ; food, ftfbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; then thin •
boN ; zh = z in axure.
M
ATHENEUM
96
ATOMIZE
word xSel, E. eihel, is in many AS. proper names, as
EthelvioM, noble wolf ; EthelhaM, ncible bold ; Elhel-
bert, noble bright.] A title of honor, given by the An-
glo-Saxons to children of princes, and to young nobles.
[Written also Adeling and JEtheling.^
Ath'e-ne'um I (ath'e-ne'um), n. ; pi. E. Athenedms
Atll'e-iue'um J (-umz), L. Athen.ea (-a), [L. Athe-
naeum, Gr. 'k6riva.Lov a temple of Minerva at Athens, fr.
'Aflijfa, contr. fr. 'hSrivaa, 'hOrivaia, in Homer 'Aeijn),
'AflTji/airj, Athene (called Minerva by the Romans), the
tutelary goddess of Athens.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A temple
of Athene, at Athens, in which scholars and poets were
accustomed to read their worlis and instruct students.
2. A school founded at Rome by Hadrian.
3. A literary or scientific association or club.
4. A building or an apartment where a library, period-
icals, and newspapers are kept for use.
A-tbe'ni-an (a-the'nl-an), a. [Cf . F. AiUnien.l Of
or pertaining to Athens, the metropolis of Greece. — n.
A native or citizen of Atliens.
A'the-0-log'lc-al (a'the-o-lojt-kal), a. Opposed to
theology; atheistic. Bp. Montagu.
A'the-ol'o-gy (-51'6-jy), n. [Pref. a- not -|- theology.']
Antagonism to theology. Swift.
A'the-OUS (a'the-us), a. [Gr. afleos without God. See
Atheist.] 1. Atheistic ; impious. [06s.] Milton.
2. Without God, neither accepting nor denying him.
I should say science was atheous, and therefore could not be
atheistic. £l'- of Carlisle.
AOl'er-lne (Sthfr-tn or -in), n. [NL. atherina, fr.
Gr. aOepCvr) a kind of smelt.] (Zool.) A smaU marine
fish of the family Atherinidse, having a silvery stripe along
the sides. The European gpeoies {Atherina presbyter) is
used as food. The American species {Menidia notata) is
called silversides and sand smell. See Silversides.
A-Uier'man-cy (a-ther'mSn-sy), n. [See Atherma-
Kons.] Inability to transmit radiant heat ; impermea-
bility to heat. Tyndall.
A-ther'ma-ttOUS (-ma-nUs), a. [Gr. a priv. -f- OepiicU-
veiv to heat, eep^iaheat: cf. F. aihermane.] {Cnem.)
Not transmitting heat ; — opposed to diathermanous,
A-ther'mOUS (-mus), a. (Chem.) Athermanous.
Ath'er-Old (Sth'er-oid), a. [Gr. ad-qp, a.9epos, a beard,
or an ear, of grain -|- -oid.] Shaped like an ear of grain.
II Ath'e-rO'ma ($th'e-ro'ma), re. [L., fr. Gr. a9eptop.a,
aSripoip-a, fr. afl^pr; groats, meal.] {3Ied.^ (a) An en-
cysted tumor containing curdy matter. (6) A disease
characterized by thickening and fatty degeneration of
the inner coat of the arteries.
Ath'e-rom'a-tOUS (-rBm'a-ttis), a. {Med.) Of, per-
taining to, or having tlie nature of, atheroma. Wiseman.
II AUl'e-tO'siS (-to'sTs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. afleros not
fixed ; a. priv. -f TifleVat to set.] {Med.) A variety of cho-
rea, marked by peculiar tremors of the fingers and toes.
A-think' (a-thtnk'), v. t. To repent ; to displease ; to
disgust. [06s.] Chaucer.
A-thlrst' (a-thersf), a. [OE. ofthurst, AS. ofpyrsted, ,
p. p. of ofpyrstan ; pref. of-, intensive -\-pyrstan to thirst. '
See Thirst.] 1. Wanting drink ; thirsty. |
2. Having a keen appetite or desire ; eager ; longing. ;
"^ttiVrf for battle." Cowper. j
Ath'lete (Sth'let), n. [L. athleia, Gr. aeArjr^s prize-
fighter, fr. adKelv to contend for a prize, aSAos, Horn.
aeSAos, contest, aBKov prize ; f r. the same root as E. wed :
cf. F. athlete-l 1. {Antiq.) One who contended for a
prize in the public games of ancient Greece or Rome.
2. Any one trained to contend in exercises requiring
great physical agility and strength ; one who has great
activity and strength ; a champion.
3. One fitted for, or skilled in, intellectual contests ;
as, athletes of debate.
Ath-let'ic (ath-lgt'Tk), a. [L. athleiicus, Gr. aBXrrnKo^.
See Athlete.] 1. Of or pertaining to athletes or to the
exercises practiced by them ; as, athletic games or sports.
2. Befitting an atlilete ; strong ; muscular ; robust ; vig-
orous; as, o^Weii'c Celts. "^^Ateft'e soundness." South.
— Ath-let'ic-al-ly (-t-kol-iy), adv.
Ath-Iet'i-cism (-T-stz'm), re. The practice of engaging
in athletic games ; athletism.
Ath-let'ics (ath-let'iks), re. The art of training by
atliletic exercises ; the games and sports of athletes.
Ath'le-tism (ath'le-tTz'm), re. The state or practice
of an athlete ; the characteristics of an athlete.
A-thwart' (a^thwarf), prep. [Pref. a- -\- thwart.']
1. Across ; from side to side of.
Athwart the thicket lone. Tennyson.
2. {Naut.) Across the direction or course of; as, a
fleet standing athwart our course.
Athwart hawse, across the stem of another vessel,
whether in contact or at a small distance. — Athwart
ships, across tlie ship from side to side, or in that direc-
tion ; —opposed to fore and aft.
A-thwart', adv. 1. Across, especially in an oblique
direction ; sidewise ; obliquely.
Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him straight. Spenser.
2. Across the course ; so as to thwart ; perversely.
All athwart there came
A post from Wales leaden with heavy news. Shdk.
A-tUt' (a^tilf), adv. [Pref. a- -f tilt.'] 1. In the
manner of a tUter ; in the position, or with the action, of
one making a thrust. " To run atilt at men." Hudibras.
2. In the position of a cask tilted, or with one end
raised. [In this sense sometimes used as an adjective.]
Abroach, atilt, and run
Even to the lees of honor. Bea«. fy Fl.
At'l-my (Stt-my), re. [Gr. drijuia ; a priv. + n/it^
honor.] ' {Gr. Antiq.) Public disgrace or stigma; infa-
my ; loss of civil rights. Mitford.
-a'tion (-a'shiJn). [L. -aiionem. See -tion.] A suffix
fonning nouns of action, and often equivalent to the ver-
bal substantive in -ing. It sometimes has the further
meanings of state, and that which results from the action.
]
M^A-'X^y'y^
^v^^:^A!^;a^
MJ
1^^^;
TH
\"
Ra
B
\
w
ill
f
111
1
-■'
Many of these nouns have verbs in -ate; as, alliterate
-ation, narrate -ation; many are derived through the
French ; as, alteration, visitaHore / and many are formed
on verbs ending in the Greek formative -ize (Fr. -ise) ;
as, civiliza^toK, demoralization.
A-tip'toe (a^tip'to), adv. On tiptoe ; eagerly expecting.
We all feel a-tiptoe with hope and confidence. F. Jiarrison.
II At-lan'ta (at-lSn'ta), re. [NL., fr. Gr. "AtAo;.] (Zo'ol. )
A genus of small glassy heteropod mollusks found swim-
ming at the surface in mid ocean* See Heteeopod.
At-lan'tal (-tal), a. {Anal.) {a) Relating to the atlas.
(6) Anterior ; cephalic. Barclay.
At'lan-te'an (St'lSu-te'an), a. [L. Atlanleus.] 1. Of
or pertaining to the isle Atlantis, which the ancients
allege was sunk, and overwhelmed by the ocean.
2. Pertaining to, or resembling. Atlas ; strong.
With Atlaniean shoulders, fit to boar
The weight of mightiest mouarchies. JfiUon.
II At-lan'tes (St-lSn'tez), n.pl. [L. , f r. Gr. 'ArAai/Te!, pi.
of 'AtAos. See Atlas.]
{Arch.) Figures or half
figures of men, used as
colunms to support an
entablature ; — called
also telamones. See
Cartatides. Oxf. Gloss.
At-lan'tlc (-tik), a.
[L. Atlanticus, fr. At-
las. See Atlas and At-
LANTES.] 1. Of or per-
taining to Mt. Atlas in
Libya, and hence ap-
plied to the ocean wliich
lies between Europe
and Africa on the east
and America on the
west; as, the Atlantic .,, ,
Ocean (called also the Atlantes.
Atlantic) ; the Atlantic basin ; the Atlantic telegraph.
2. Of or pertaiuuig to the isle of Atlantis.
3. Descended from Atlas.
The seveu Atlantic sisters. Milton.
II At-lan'tl-des (-ti-dez), re. pi. [L. See Atlantes.]
The Pleiades or seven stars, fabled to have been the
daugliters of Atlas.
At'las (St'las),TC. ;pl. Atlases (-5z). [L. Atlas, -antis,
Gr. "ArAas, -avTos, one of
the older family of gods,
who bears up the pillars of
heaven; also Mt. Atlas, in
W. Africa, regarded as the
pillar of heaven. It is from
the root of tA^^koi to bear.
See Tolerate.] 1. One who
sustains a great burden.
2. {Anal.) The first ver-
tebra of the neck, articula-
ting immediately with the
skiill, thus sustaining the
globe of the head, whence
the name.
3. A collection of maps in
a volume ; — supposed to be
so called from a picture of
Atlas supporting the worl(\
prefixed to some collec-
tions. This name is said to have been first used by Mer-
cator, the celebrated geographer, in the 16th century.
4. A volume of elates illustrating any subject.
5. A work in wrabh subjects are exhibited in a tabular
form or arrangement ; as, an historical atlas.
6. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of maps ;
— called also atlas folio.
7. A drawing papej of large size. See under Paper, re.
Atlas powder, a nitroglycerm blasting compound of
pasty consistency and great explosive power.
Atlas, re. [Ar., smooth.] A rich kind of satin manu-
factured in India. Brande & C.
At'mi-dom'e-ter (St'mT-d5m'e-ter), re. [Gr. arjui's,
ctT^itSos, smoke, vapor -)- ■m.eier; cf. F. atmidometre.']
An instrument for measuring the evaporatioi^ from wa-
ter, ice, or snow. Brande <Sc C.
At'mo (at'mo), re. [Contr. fr. atmosphere.] {Physics)
The standard atmospheric pressure used in certain phys-
ical measurements and calculations ; conventionally, that
pressure under which the barometer stands at 760 milli-
meters, at a temperature of 0° Centigrade, at the level of
the sea, and in the latitude of Paris. Sir W. Thomson.
At'mo-log'lc (St'mo-loj'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to
At'mo-log'ic-al (-i-kal), ) atmology. " Atmolog-
ical laws of heat." Whewell.
At-mol'0-giSt (St-mol'o-jTst), re. One who is versed in
atmology.
At-mol'0-gy (St-m51'6-jy), re. [Gr. arnos vapor -1-
-logy.] (Physics) That branch of science which treats
of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapor. Whewell.
At-mol'y-sis (-T-sIs), n. [Gr. drjuds vapor -f- Aiiais a
loosing, Aueii' to loose.] (Chem.) The act or process of
separating mingled gases of unequal diffusibility by
transmission through porous substances.
At'mol-y-za'tion (at'mSl-T-za'shiin), re. (Chem.) Sep-
aration by atmolysis.
At'mo-lyze (at'mo-liz), v. t. (Chem.) To subject to
atmolysis ; to separate by atmolysis.
At'mo-ly'zer (-li'zer), re. (Chem.) An apparatus for
effecting atmolysis.
At-mom'e-ter (St-mSm'e-ter), re. [Gr. aTfj.6<; smoke,
vapor + -meter ; cf. F. atmometre.] An instrument for
measuring the rate of evaporation from a moist surface ;
an evaporometer. Huxley.
At'mos-phere (at'mSs-fer), re. [Gr. aTfios vapor (akin
to Skr. atman breath, soul, G. athem breath) -4- a^aXpa
sphere : cf. F. atmosphere. See Sphere.] 1. (Physics)
Atlas.
(a) The whole mass of aeriform fluid surrounding the
earth ; — applied also to the gaseous envelope of any ce-
lestial orb, or other body ; as, the atmosphere of Mars.
(6) Any gaseous envelope or medium.
An atmosphere of cold oxygen. Miller.
2. A supposed medium around various bodies; as,
electrical atmosphere, a medium formerly supposed to
surround electrical bodies. FranHin.
3. The pressure or weight of the air at the sea level,
on a unit of surface, or about 14.7 lbs. to the sq. inch.
Hydrogen was liquetied under a pressure of 650 atmospheres.
Lubbock.
4. Any surrounding or pervading influence or condition.
The chiUest of social atmospheres. Hawthorne.
5. The portion of air in any locality, or affected by
a special physical or sanitary condition ; as, the atmos-
phere of the room ; a moist or noxious atmosphere.
At'mos-pher'ic (St'mbs-ler'Tk), ) a. [Cf. F. atmo-
At'mos-pher'ic-al (-fSr'T-kol), ) spldrique.] 1. Of
or pertainiug to the atmosphere; of tlie nature of, or
resembling, the atmosphere ; as, atmospheric air ; ths
atmospheric envelope of the earth.
2. Existing in the atmosphere.
The lower atmospheric current. Darwin.
3. Caused, or operated on, by the atmosphere ; as, an
atmospheric effect ; an atmospheric engine.
4. Dependent on the atmosphere. [iZ.]
I am so atmospherical a creature. Popt.
Atmospheric engine, a steam engine whose piston de-
scends by the pressure of the atmosphere, when the steam
which raised it is condensed witliin the cylinder. Tomlin-
son. — Atmospheric line (Steam Engin.), the equilibrium
line of an indicator card. Steam is expanded ' down to
the atmosphere " when its pressure is equal to that of the
atmosphere. (See Indicator card.) — Atmospheric pres-
sure, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, not mereljr
downwards, but in every direction. It amounts to about
14.7 lbs. on each square inch. — Atmospheric railway, one in
wliich pneumatic power, obtained from compressed air or
the creation of a vacuum, is the propelling force. — Atmoi-
pheric tides. See under Tide.
At'mos-pher'lc-al-ly (-i-kal-Iy), adv. In relation to
the atmosphere.
At'mos-phe-rol'O-gy (-fe-r51'6-jjf), re. [Atmosphere
-\- -logy.] The science of or a treatise on the atmosphere.
At'0-kOUS (St'o-kus), a. [Gr. iTOKos barren ; d priv.
+ TOKOS offspring.] (Zo'dl.) Producing only asexual in-
dividuals, as the eggs of certain annelids.
A-toU' (a-tol'), re. [The native name in the Indian
Ocean.] A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt
of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a centra)
lagoon or depression ; a lagoon island.
AtoU.
At'om (St'iim), n. [L. atomus, Gr. dronos, uncut, indi.
visible ; d priv. + TOfio?, verbal adj. of rep-veiv to cut :
cf. F. atome. See Tomb.] 1. (Physics) (a) An ultimate
indivisible particle of matter, (b) An ultimate particle
of matter not necessarily indivisible ; a molecule, (c) A
constituent particle of matter, or a molecule supposed to
be made up of subordinate particles.
11^°* These three definitions correspond to different
views of the nature of the ultimate particles of matter.
In the case of the last two, the particles are more cor-
rectly called molecules. Dana.
2. (Chem.) The smallest particle of matter that can
enter into combination ; one of the elementary constit-
uents of a molecule.
3. Anything extremely small ; a particle ; a whit.
Thew was not an atom of water. Sir J. Hoss.
At'om, V. t. To reduce to atoms. [Obs.'] Feltham.
A-tom'ic (a-tbmtkV » a. [Cf. F. atomique.] 1. Of or
A-tom'lc-al (-t-kal), ) pertaining to atoms.
2. Extremely minute ; tiny.
Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which,
assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion,
accounted thus for the origin and formation of all things.
This philosophy was first broached by Leucippus, was
developed by Democritus, and aftenvard improved by
Epicurus, and hence is sometimes denominated the Epi-
curean philosophy. — Atomic theory, or the Doctrine of
defirdte proportions (Chem.), teaches that chemical com-
binations take place between the supposed ultimate par-
ticles or atoms of bodies, in some simple ratio, as of one
to one, two to three, or some other, always expressible
in whole numbers. — Atomic weight (Chem.), the weight
of the atom of an element as compared with the weight
of the atom of hydrogen, taken as a standard.
A-tom'ic-al-ly, adv. in an atomic manner; in ac-
cordance with the atomic philosophy.
At'0-mi'cian (St'6-mTsh'an), re. An atomist. [iJ.]
A-tom'i-clsm (a-tom't-siz'm), re. Atomism. [06«.]
At'0-mic'i-ty (St'o-mis'I-ty), re. [Cf. F. atomicitf.1
(Chem.) Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; va-
lence ; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an ele-
mentary molecule. See Valence.
At'om-ism (at'iim-Tz'm), n. [Cf. F. aiomisme.] Tho
doctrme of atoms. See Atomic pliilosophy, under Atomic.
At'om-ist, re. [Cf. F. atomiste.] One who holds to
the atomic philosophy or theory. Locke.
At'om-ls'tic (-Ts'tik), a. Of or pertaining to atoms ;
relating to atomism. [iJ.]
It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to con-
found synthesis with synartesis. Coleridge,
At'om-i-za'tion (St'iSm-T-za'shiin), re. 1. The act of
reducing to atoms, or very minute particles ; or the state
of being so reduced.
2. (Med.) The reduction of fluids into fine spray.
At'Oin-lze(-iz),«). t. To reduce to atoms, or to fine spray.
The liquids in the form of spray are said to be pulverized,
nebulized, or atomized. Dunglison^
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, finol, all; eve, event, end, fern, recent; See, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb, dddj
ATOMIZER
97
ATTAGEN
At'om-l'zer (St'iSm-I'zer), n. One who, or that which,
atomizes ; esp., aii iustrument for reducing a liquid to
epray for disinfecting, cooling, or perfuming.
At'om-ol'o-gy (St'iim-Sl'o-iJ-), n. lAtom + ■logy.']
The doctrine of atoms. Cudworth.
At'om-y (St'um-y), n. An atom ; a mite ; a pigmy.
At'O-my (.It'o-mJ), n. [For anatomy, taken as an
atomy.'] A skeleton. \_Ludicrous] Shak.
A-tOU'a-ble (a-ton'a-b'l), a. Admitting an atone-
ment; capable of being atoned for ; expiable.
At one' (wun'), [OE. at on, atone, utoon, attone.']
1. In concord or friendship ; in agreement (with each
otlier) ; as, to be, bruig, make, or set, at one, i. e., to be
or bruig in or to a state of agreement or reconciliation.
If gentil men, or othere of hlr coiitree
Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem atoon. CItaucer,
2. Of the same opinion ; agreed ; as, on these i^oints
we are at one.
3. Together. \_Obs.'j Spenser.
A-tone' (a-ton'), V. i. [imp. &p. p. Atoned (-tond') ;
p. pi'. & I'b. n. Atoning.] [From at one, i. e., to be, or
cause to be, at one. See At one.] X. To agree; to be
in accordance ; to accord. lObs.]
He and Auiidius can no more atone
Than violontest contrariety. Shak.
2. To stand as an equivalent; to make reparation,
compensation, or amends, for an offense or a crime.
Tlie murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood. Pope,
Tlie ministry not atoning for their former conduct by any
■wise or popular measure. Junius.
A-toue', V. I. 1. To set at one ; to reduce to concord ;
to reconcile, as parties at variance ; to appease. [06s.]
I would do much
To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio. Shak.
2. To unite in making. \_Obs. & iS.]
The four elements . . . have atoned
A noble league. Fo7d.
3. To make satisfaction for ; to expiate.
Or each afone his guilty love with life. Pope.
A-tone'ment (a-ton'ment), 71. 1. (Literally, a settmg
4it one.) Reconciliation ; restoration of friendly rela-
tions; agreement; concord. [Archaic]
By whom we have now received the atonement. Pom. v. II.
He desu-es to make atonement
Betwixt the Duke of Gloucester and your brothers. Shak.
2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equiv-
alent for an injury, or ,by doing or suffering that which
will be received in satisfaction for an offense or injury ;
expiation ; amends ; — with/oc. Specifically, in theology :
The expiation of sin made by the obedience, personal suf-
ferings, and death of Christ.
When a man has been guilty of any vice, the best atonement
he can make for it is, to warn others. Spectator.
The Phocians behaved with so much gallantry, that they
were thought to have made a sufficient atonement ior their for-
mer offense. Potter.
A-ton''er (a-ton'er), n. One who makes atonement.
At-ones (5t-ons'), adv. [See At one.] At once. [06*.]
Down he fell atones as a stone. Chaucer.
A-ton'lc (a-t5n'ik), a. [Cf. P. atonique. See Atony.]
1. (Med.) Characterized by atony, or want of vital
«nergy ; as^ an atonic disease.
2. (Gram.) Unaccented; as, an a^ontc syllable.
3. destitute of tono or vocality ; surd. Hush.
A-ton'lC, n. 1. (Gram.) A word that has no accent.
2. An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality,
■or produced by the breath alone ; a nonvocal or surd
consonant ; a breathing. Rash.
3. (Med.) A remedy capable of allaying organic ex-
citement or irritation. Dunglison.
At'O-ny (5t'o-uy), n. [Gr. amvCa slackness ; <i priv.
■j- Tovos tone, strength, reiVeiv to stretch : cf . F. atonic.]
(Med.) Want of tone ; weakness of the system, or of any
organ, especially of such as are contractile,
aira bilis black bile : cf . F. atrabilaire, fr. atrabile.] Ai-
fected with melancholy ; atrabilious. Arbnthnot.
At'ra-bl-la'rl-an, n. A person much given to melan-
-choly ; a hj-pochondriac. /. Disraeli.
At'ra-bil'iar (-bTl'yer), a. Melancholy ; atrabilious. '
At'ra-bil1a-ry (-bil'ya-i-y), a. 1. Of or pertaining to
atra bilis or black bile, a fluid formerly supposed to be
produced by the kidneys.
2. Melancholic or hypochondriac ; atrabilious ; — from
the supposed predominance of black bUe, to the influence
of which the ancients attributed hypochondria, melan-
choly, and mania.
AtrabiUary arteries, capsules, and veins (Anat.), those
pertaimng to the kidney ; — called also renal arteries,
capsules, and veins.
At'ra-bil'ious (-yiis), a. Melancholic or hypochon-
driac; atrabiliary. Dunglison.
A hard-faced, atrabilious, earnest-eyed race. Lowell.
Lie was constitutionally atrabilious and scornful. Froude.
At'ra-men-ta'ceous (-men-ta'shtis), a. [L. atramen-
turn ink, fr. ater black.] Black, Uke ink ; inky ; atra-
mental. [Obs.] Derham.
At'ra-men'tal (-men'tal), ) a. Of or pertaining to
At'ra-men'tOUS (-men'tiis), f ink ; inky ; black, like
ink ; as, atramental galls ; atramentous spots.
At'ra-men-ta'ri-OUS (-men-ta'rl-us), a. [Cf. F. atra-
meittaire. See Ateamentaceous.] like ink ; suitable for
making ink. Sulphate of iron (copperas, green vitriol)
13 called atrameniarious, as bemg used in making ink.
At-rede' (St-red'), v. t. [OE. ai (AS. eet) out + rede.]
To surpass in counciL [06s.]
Men may the olde atrenne, but nat atrede. Chaucer.
At-renne' (at-r5a'),t'. t. [OE. at -f renne to run.] To
outrun. lObs.] Chaucer.
U A-tre'8l-a (a-tre'shl-a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. otptitos
not perforated.] (Med.) Absence or closure of a natural
passage or channel of the body ; imperforation.
A'tri-al (a'tri-«l), a. Of or pertaining to an atrium.
A-tllp' (a-trip'), arft). [Pref. a- + trip.] (Naut.) (a)
Just hove clear of the ground; — said of the anchor.
(b) Sheeted home, hoisted taut up and ready for trim-
ming ; — said of sails, (c) Hoisted up and ready to be
swayed across ; — said of yards.
II A'tri-um (a'trl-iiui), n. ; pi. Atria (-a). [L., the
fore court of a Roman house.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A square
hall lighted from above, into which rooms open at one
or more levels, (t) An open court with a porch or gal-
lery around tliree or more sides ; especially at the en-
trance of a basilica or other church. The name was ex-
tended in the Middle Ages to the open churchyard or
cemetery.
2. (Anat.) The main part of either auricle of the heart
as distinct from the auricular appendix. Also, the whole
auricular portion of the heart.
3. (Zo'ol.) A cavity in ascidians into which the intes-
tine and generative ducts open, and which also receives
the water from the gills. See Ascidioidea.
II At'ro-cha (at'ro-ka), n. [NL. , f r. Gr. a priv. + rpoxos
a circle.] (Zo'ul.) A kind of chsetopod larva in which
no circles of cilia are developed.
A-tro'cious (a-tro'shus), a. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel,
fierce : cf. F. atroce.] 1. Extremely heinous ; full of
enormous wickedness ; as, atrocious giult or deeds.
2. Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity.
Revelations ... so atrocious that nothing in history ap-
proaches them. _ De Quincey.
3. Very grievous or violent ; terrible ; as, atrocious
distempers. [Obs.] Cheyne.
Syn. — Ateocious, FLAornous, Flagrant. Flagitious
points to an act as grossly wicked .ind vile ; as, ajiagitious
proposal. Flaijraitt marks the vivid impression made
upon the mmd by sometliing strikingly virrong or errone-
ous ; as, &jlug>-aiit misrepresentation ; 2. flagrant violation
of duty. .I/roc/owi- represents the act as springing from
a violent and savage spirit. If Lord Chatham, mstead of
saying "the atrocious crime of being a young man," had
used either of the other two words, his irony would have
lost all its point, in liis celebrated reply to Sir Robert
Walpole, as reported by Dr. Jolmson.
— A-tro'cIous-ly, adv. — A-tro'cious-ness, n.
A-troc'1-ty (a-tr5s'i-ty), n. ; pi. Atrocities (-tiz). [F.
atrocite, L. atrocitas, fr. atrox, atrocis, cruel.] 1. Enor-
mous wickedness ; extreme heinousness or cruelty.
2. An atrocious or extremely cruel deed.
Tlie atrocities which attenil a victory. Macaulay.
A-troph'lo (a-trof'ik), a. Relating to atrophy.
At'ro-phled (5t'r6-f id), p. a. Affected with atrophy,
as a tissue or organ ; arrested in development at a very
early stage ; rudimentary.
At'ro-phy (5t'r6-fy), n. [L. atrophia, Gr. irpo^Ca ;
a. priv. -f- Tpe<l>ei.v to nourish : cf. F. atrophic.] A wast^
ing away from want of nourishment ; diminution in bulk
or slow emaciation of the body or of any part. Milton.
At'ro-phy, V. t. [p. p. Atrophied (-fid).] To cause to
waste away or become abortive ; to starve or weaken.
At'ro-phy, v. i. To waste away ; to dwindle.
A-tro'pi-a (a-tro'pl-a), n. Same as Atropine.
At'ro-plne (-pin), n. [Gr. arpoiros inflexible ; hence
f) "ArpoTTo;, one of the three Parcse ; a. priv. -}- rpenetv to
turn.] (Ckem.) A poisonous, white, crystallizable alka-
loid, extracted from the Atropa belladonna, or deadly
nightshade, and the Datura Stramonium, or thorn apple.
It is remarkable for its power in dilating the pupil of the
eye. Called also daturine.
At'ro-plsm (-piz'm), n. (3Ied.) A condition of the
system produced by long use of belladonna.
At'ro-pOUS (St'ro-ptis), a. [Gr. arpoTro; ; a priv. +
TpeVeiK to turn.] (Bot.) Not inverted ; orthotropous.
A'trous (a'trus), a. [L. ater.] Coal-black ; very black.
II A-try'pa (a-tri'pa), n. [NL. , f r. Gr. d priv. + rpvira
a hole.] (^Falcon.) An extinct genus
of Brachiopoda, very common in Si-
lurian limestones.
At'ta-bal (St'a-bSl), n. See Ax-
abal.
II At-tac'ca (at-tak'ka). [It., fr.
attaccare to tie, bind. See Attach.]
(3Ius.) Attack at once; — a direc-
tion at the end of a movement to
show that the next is to follow im-
mediately, without any pause.
At-tach' (at-tach'), v. i. [imp.
& p. p. Attached (-tSchf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attachins.]
[OF. atachier, F. attacker, to tie or fasten : cf. Celt, tac,
tacli, nail, E. (nek a small nail, tack to fasten. Cf. At-
tack, and see Tack.] 1. To bind, fasten, tie, or connect ;
to make fast or join ; as, to attach one thing to another
by a string, by glue, or the like.
The shoulder blade is . . . attached only to the muscles. Paley.
A huge stone to which the cable was attached. Macaulay.
2. To connect ; to place so as to belong ; to assign by
authority ; to appoint ; as, an officer is attaclied to a cer-
tain regiment, company, or ship.
3. To win the heart of ; to connect by ties of love or
self-interest ; to attract ; to fasten or bind by moral in-
fluence ; — with to ; as, attached to a friend ; attaching
others to us by wealth or flattery.
Incapable of attaching a sensible man. Miss Austen.
God ... by various ties attaches man to man. Cowper.
4. To connect, in a figurative sense ; to ascribe or at-
tribute ; to affix ; — with to ; as, to attach great impor-
tance to a particular circumstance.
To this treasure a curse is attached. Bayard Taylor.
5. To take, seize, or lay hold of. [Obs.] Shak.
6. To take by legal authority : (a) To arrest by writ,
and bring before a court, as to answer for a debt, or a
contempt ; — applied to a taking of the person by a civil
process ; being now rarely used for the arrest of a criminal.
Atrypa (A. aspera).
(% nat. size.)
Ose, unite, rflde, full, Gp, am j pity ;
7
(b) To seize or take (goods or real estate) by virtue of a
writ or precept to hold the same to satisfy a judgment
which may be rendered in the suit. See Attachment, 4.
The earl marshal attaclied Gloucester for high treason.
Miss Yonge.
Attached column (Arch.), a column engaged in a wall, so
that only a part of its circumference projects from it.
Syii. — To affix ; bind ; tie ; fasten ; connect : conjoin ;
subjoin ; annex ; append ; win ; gain over ; conciliate.
At-tach' (St-tSch'), V. i. 1. To adhere ; to be attached.
The great interest which attaches to the mere knowledge of
these facts cannot be doubted. Urotig/iam,
2. To come into legal operation in connection vrith
anytliing ; to vest ; as, dower will attach. Cooley.
At-tach', n. An attachment. [Otis.] Pope.
At-tach'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being attached ;
esp., liable to be taken by writ or precept.
II At'ta'ch^' (at'ta'shu'), n. [F., p. )>. of attacker.
See Attach, v. t.] One attached to another person or
thing, as a part of a suite or staff. Specifically : One at-
tached to an embassy.
At-tach'ment (St-tSch'ment), n. [F. aitachemeni.']
1. The act of attaching, or state of being attached ;
close adherence or affection ; fidelity ; regard ; any pas-
sion or affection that binds a person ; as, an attachment
to a friend, or to a party.
2. That by which one thing is attached to another ;
connection ; as, to cut the attachments of a muscle.
The human mind . . . has exhausted its forces in the en-
deavor to rend the supernatural from its attachment to this his-
tory. /. Taylor.
3. Something attached ; some adjunct attached to an
instrument, machine, or other object ; as, a sewing ma-
chine attachment (i. e., a device attached to a sewing
machine to enable it to do special work, as tucking, etc.).
4. (Civ. Law) (a) A seizure or taking into custody by
virtue of a legal process, (b) The writ or precept com-
manding such seizure or taking.
^^^ The term is applied to a seizure or taking either
of persons or property. In the serving of process in a
civil suit, it is most generally applied to the taking of
property, whether at common law, as a species of distress,
to compel defendant's apjiearance, or under local stat-
utes, to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover
in the action. The terms attachment and arrest are both
applied to the taking or apprehension of a defendant to
compel an appearance in a civil action. Atiaciirnents axe
issued at common law and in chancery, against persons
for contempt of court. In England, attaclimerit is em-
ployed in some cases where capias is with us, as against
a witness who fails to appear on summons. In some of
the New England States a writ of attachment is a species
of mesne process upon which the property of a defendant
may be seized at the commencement of a suit and before
summons to him, and may be held to satisfy the judgment
the plaintiff may recover. In other States this wi-it can
issue only agauist absconding debtors and those who con-
ceal themselves. See Foreign, Garnishment, Trustee
PROCESS. Bouvier. Burrill, Blackstone.
Syn.— Attachment, Affection. The leading idea of
affection is that of warmth and tenderness ; the leading
idea of attachment is that of being bound to some object
by strong and lasting ties. There is more of sentiment
(and sometimes of romance) in affection, and more of
principle in persevering attacliment. We speak of the
ardor of the one, and the fidelity of the other. There is
another distinction in the use and application of these
words. The term attachment is applied to a wider range
of objects than affection. A man may have a strong at-
tachment to his country, to his profession, to his princi-
ples, and even to favorite places ; in respect to none of
these could we use the word affection.
At-tack' (at-tak'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attacked
(-tSkf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attacking.] [F. altaguer, orig.
another form of attacker to attack : cf. It. attaccare to
fasten, attack. See Attach, Tack a small nail.] 1. To
fall upon with force ; to assail, as with force and arms ;
to assault. ".i4Haci their lines." Dryden.
2. To assail with unfriendly speech or writing ; to be-
gin a controversy with ; to attempt to overthrow or bring
into disrepute, by criticism or satire ; to censure ; as, to
attack a man, or his opinions, in a pamphlet.
3. To set to work upon, as upon a task or problem, or
some object of labor or investigation.
4. To begin to affect ; to begin to act upon, injuriously
or destructively; to begin to decompose or waste.
On the fourth of IVfarch he was attacl^eit by fever. Macaulay.
Hydrofluoric acid . . . attacks the glass. B. Steicart.
Syn. — To Attack, Assail, Assault, Invade. These
words all denote a violent onset ; attack being the generic
term, and the others specific forms of attack. To attack
is to commence the onset ; to assail is to make a sudden
and violent attack, or to make repeated attacks : to as-
sault (literallv to leap upon) is to attack physically by a
hand-to-hand approach or by unlawful and insultiug %-io-
lence ; to in vade is to enter by force on what belongs to
another. Thus, a person may attack by offering violence
of any kind ; he may assail by means oi' missile weapons ;
he may assault by direct personal violence ; a king may
invade by marching an army into a country. Figuratively,
we may say, men attack with argument"or satire; they
assail with abuse or reproaches ; thev mav be assaulted
by severe temptations ; the rights of the people may be
invaded by the encroachments of the cro«ii.
At-tack', V. i. To make an onset or attack.
At-tack', n. [Cf. F. attagzie.] 1. The act of attack-
ing, or falling on with force or violence ; an onset ; an
assault ; — opposed to defense.
2. An assault upon one's feelings or reputation with
unfriendly or bitter words.
3. A setting to work upon some task, etc.
4. An access of disease ; a fit of sickness.
5. The beginning of corrosive, decomposing, or de-
structive action, by a chemical agent.
At-tack'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Cap.able of being attacked.
At-tack'er (-er), n. One who attacks.
At'ta-gas (St'ta-gSs), ) n. [L. attagen a kind of bird,
At'ta-gen (St'ta-jSn), ( Gr. aTra-w;!/, axTaya?.]
(Zo'ol.) A species of sand grouse (Syrrhaptes Pallasii)
found in Asia and rarely in southern Europe.
B
C
D
F
a
K
food, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; tben, thin ; boN ; zh = z in aziire.
M
ATTAGHAN
98
ATTENTION
At'ta-gMn (St'ta-gSn), n. See Yataohai^.
At-tain' (5t-tan'), v. I. [imp. &p. p. Attained (-tand') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. ATT-AiinHG.] [OE. aUeinen, atteignen,
atainen, OF. aieindre, aiaindre, F. atieindre, fr. L. at-
iingere; ad + iangere to touch, reach. See Tangent,
and cf. Attinge, Attaint.] 1. To achieve or accomplish,
that is, to reach by efforts ; to gain ; to compass ; as, to
attain rest.
Is he wise who hopes to attain the end without the means ?
Abp. Tilloison.
2. To gain or obtain possession of ; to acquire. lObs.
with a material object.] Chaucer.
3. To get at the knowledge of ; to ascertain. [06s.]
Not well attaining his meaning. Fuller.
4. To reach or come to, by progression or motion ;
to arrive at. " Canaan he now attains." Milton.
5. To overtake. [Ods.] Bacon.
6. To reach in excellence or degree ; to equal.
SyB. — To Attain, Obtain, Procdkb. Attain always
implies an effort or luotion toward an object. Hence it is
not synonymous with obtain and proctfre,which do not
necessarily imply such effort or motion. We procure or
obtain a thing hy purchase or loan, and we obtain by in-
heritance, but we do not attain it by such means.
At-taln', V. i. 1. To come or arrive, by motion,
growth, bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place, object,
state, etc. ; to reach.
li by any means they might attain to Phenice. Actf; xxvii. 12.
Nor nearer might the dogs attain. Sir W. Scott.
To see your trees attain to the dignity of timber. Cowper.
Few boroughs had as yet attained to power such as this.
J. a. (jh-een.
Z. To come or arrive, by an effort of mind.
Such knowledge is too wonderful for me ; it is high, I can
not attain unto it. Fs. cxxxix. 6.
At-taln', n. Attainment. [06s.]
At-taln'a-bll'l-ty (-a-bll'i-ty), n. The quality of be-
ing attainable ; attainableness.
At-taln'a-ble (at-tan'a-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being
attained or reached by efforts of the mind or body ; capa-
ble of being compassed or accomplished by efforts di-
rected to the object.
The highest pitch of perfection attaincible in this life. Addison.
2. Obtainable. [06s.]
General Howe would not permit the purchase of those articles
[clothes and blankets] ia Philadelphia, and they were not at-
tainable in the country. Marshall.
At-taln'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being attain-
able; attainability.
At-tain'der (St-tan'der), n. [OF. ataindre, ateindre,
to accuse, convict. Attainder is often erroneously re-
ferred to F. teindre to stain. See Attaint, Attain.]
1. The act of attainting, or the state of being attainted ;
the extinction of the civil rights and capacities of a per-
son, consequent upon sentence of death or outlawry ; as,
an act of attainder. Abbott.
__ Formerly attainder was the inseparable conse-
quence of a judicial or legislative sentence for treason or
felony, and involved the forfeiture of all the real and per-
sonal property of the condemned person, and such " cor-
ruption of blood " that he could neither receive nor trans-
mit by inheritance, nor could he sue or testify in any
court, or claim any legal protection or rights. In Eng-
land attainders are now abolished, and in the United
States the Constitution provides that no bill of attainder
shall be passed ; and no attainder of treason (in conse-
quence of a judicial sentence) shall work corruption of
blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person
attainted.
2. A stain or staining ; state of being in dishonor or
condemnation. [06s.]
He Uved from all attainder of suspect. Shak.
Bill of attainder, a bill brought into, or passed by, a legis-
lative body, condemning a person to death or outlawry,
and attainder, without judicial sentence.
At-taln'ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of attaining;
the act of arriving at or reaching ; hence, the act of ob-
taining by efforts.
The attainment of every desired object. Sir W. Jones.
2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion ;
acquirement ; acquisition ; (pi.), mental acquirements ;
knowledge ; as, literary and scientific attainments.
At-talnt' (St-tanf), V. t. limp. &■ p. p. Attainted ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Attainting.] [OE. atleynlen to convict,
fr. atteynt, OF. ateint, p. p. of ateindre, ataindre. The
meanings 3, 4, 5, and 6 were influenced by a supposed
connection with taint. See Attain, Attaindee.] 1. To
attain ; to get at ; to hit. [06s.]
2. {Old Law) To find guilty; to convict- — said esp.
of a jury on trial for giving a false verdict. I0bs.'\
Upon sufBcient proof attainted of some open act by men of
his own condition. Blackstone.
3. {Law) To subject (a person) to the legal condition
formerly resulting from a sentence of death or outlawry,
pronounced in respect of treason or felony ; to affect by
attainder.
No person shall be attainted of high treason where corruption
of blood is incurred, but by the oath of two witnesses.
Stat. 7 & 8 JVm. III.
4. To accuse ; to charge with a crime or a dishonor-
able act. {Archaic)
5. To affect or infect, as with physical or mental dis-
ease or with moral contagion ; to taint or corrupt.
My tender youth was never yet attaint
With any passion of inflaming love. Shak.
6. To stain ; to obscure ; to sully ; to disgrace ; to
cloud with inf amj'.
For so exceeding shone his glistring ray.
That Phoebus' golden face it did attaint. Spenser.
Lest she with blame her honor should attaint. Spenser.
At-talnt', JJ.p. Attainted ; corrupted. [06s.] Skak.
At-talnt', n. [OF. attainte. See Attaint, v."] 1. A
touch or hit. Sir W. Scott.
2. {Far.) A blow or wound on the leg of a horse,
made by overreaching. White.
3. {Law) A writ which lies after judgment, to inquire
whether a jury has given a false verdict in any coiurt of
record ; also, the convicting of the jury so tried. Bouvier.
4. A stain or taint ; disgrace. See Taint. Shak.
5. An infecting influence. [iJ.] Shak.
At-talnt'ment (St-tanfment), n. Attainder ; attain-
ture ; conviction.
At-taln'ture (5t-tan'tur), n. Attamder ; disgrace.
At'tal (St'tal), n. Same as Attle.
At-tame' (5t-tam'), v. t. [OF. atamer, from Latin.
See Attaminate.] 1. To pierce ; to attack. [06s.]
2. To broach ; to begin.
And right anon his tale he hath attamed. Chaucer.
At-tam'i-nate (5t-tam'i-nat), V. t. [L. attaminare ;
ad + root of tangere. See Contaminate.] To corrupt ;
to defile ; to contaminate. [06s.] Blount.
At'tar (St'ter), n. [Per. 'atar perfume, essence, Ar.
'iir, fr. 'atara to smell sweet. Cf. Otto.] A fragrant
essential oil ; esp., a volatile and higldy fragrant essen-
tial oil obtained from the petals of roses. [Also vn-itten
otto and ottar.'\
At-task' (5t-task'), V. t. [Pref. a- -f- iask.'i To take
to task ; to blame. [06s.] Shak.
At-taste' (St-tasf), V. t. [Pref. a- + taste-l To taste
or cause to taste. [06s.] Chaucer.
At'te (at'te). At the. [06s.] Chaucer.
At-tem'per^ (5t-tSm'per), v. i. limp. & p. p. At-
tempesed (-perd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempering.] [OF.
atemprer, fr. L. attemperare ; ad + temperare to soften,
temper. See Temper, and cf. Attempekate.] 1. To re-
duce, modify, or moderate, by mixture ; to temper ; to
regulate, as temperature.
If sweet with bitter . . . were not attempered still. Trench.
2. To soften, mollify, or moderate ; to soothe ; to tem-
per ; as, to attemper rigid justice with clemency.
3. To mix in just proportion ; to regiUate ; as, a mind
well attempered with kindness and justice.
4. To accommodate ; to make suitable ; to adapt.
Arts . . . attempered to the lyre. Pope.
ffi^"" This word is now not much used, the verb temper
takmg its place.
At-tem'per-a-ment(-a-ment), n. [OF. nttemprement.']
A tempering, or mixing in due proportion.
At-tem'per-ance (-ans), n. [Cf. OF. atemprance.']
Temperance; attemperament. [06s.] Chaucer.
At-tem'per-ate (-at), a. [L. attemperatus, p. p. of
attemperare. See Attemper.] Tempered ; proportioned ;
properly adapted.
Hope must be . . . attemperate to the promise. Hammond.
At-tem'per-ate (-at), v. t. To attemper. lArchaicI
At-tem'per-a'tion (5t-tem'per-a'shun), n. The act of
attempering or regulating. lArchaic"] Bacon.
At-tem'per-ly, adv. Temperately. [06s.] Chaucer.
At-tem'per-ment (-ment), n. Attemperament.
At-tempt' (5t-temt'; 215), v. t. limp. & p. p. At-
tempted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempting.] [OF. atenter,
also spelt atempter, F. attenter, fr. L. attentare to at-
tempt; ad + tentare, temptare, to touch, try, v. intens. of
tendere to stretch. See Tempt, and cf . Attend.] 1. To
make trial or experiment of ; to try ; to endeavor to do
or perform (some action) ; to assay ; as, to attempt to sing ;
to attempt a bold flight.
Something attempted, something done.
Has earned a night's repose. Longfellow.
2. To try to move, by entreaty, by afflictions, or by
temptations ; to tempt. [06s. or Archaic^
It made the laughter of an afternoon
That Vivien should attempt the blameless king. Tennyson.
3. To try to win, subdue, or overcome ; as, one who
attempts the virtue of a woman.
Dear sir, of force I must attempt you further :
Take some remembrance of us, as a tribute. ShaJc.
4. To attack ; to make an effort or attack upon ; to
try to take by force ; as, to attempt the enemy's camp.
Without attempting his adversary's life. Motley.
Syn. — See Tet.
At-tempt', V. i. To make an attempt; — with upon.
[06s.] Sir T. Browne.
At-tempt', n. An essay, trial, or endeavor ; an un-
dertaking ; an attack, or an effort to gain a point ; esp.
an unsuccessful, as contrasted with a successful, effort.
By his blindness maimed for high attempts. Milton.
Attempt to commit a crime (Law), such an intentional
preparatory act as will apparently result, if not extrin-
sicaUy hindered, in a crime which it was designed to ef-
fect. Wharton.
Syn. — Attempt, Endeavoe, Effort, Exertion,
Trial. These words agree in the idea of calling forth
our powers into action. Trial is the generic term ; it de-
notes a putting forth of one's powers with a view to de-
termine what they can accomplish ; as, to make trial of
one's strength. An attempt is always directed to some
definite and specific object ; as, " The attempt, and not
the deed, confounds us." Shak. An endeavor is a con-
tinued attempt ; as, " His high endeavor and his glad
success." Cowper. Effort is a specific putting forth of
strength in order to carry out an attempt. Exertion is
the putting forth or active exercise of any faculty or
power. " It admits of all degrees of effort and even nat-
ural action without effort. " C.J.Smith. See Try.
At-tempt'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being at-
tempted, tried, or attacked. Shak.
At-tempt'er (at-temfer ; 215), n. 1. One who at-
tempts ; one who essays anything.
2. An assailant ; also, a tempter. [06s.]
At-tempt'ive (at-temt'Iv), a. Disposed to attempt ;
adventurous. I0bs.'\ Daniel.
At-tend' (St-tend'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Attended ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Attending.] [OE. atenden, OF. atendre,
F. attendre, to expect, to wait, fr. L. altendere to stretch,
(sc. animum), to apply the mind to ; ad + tendere to
stretch. See Tend.] 1. To direct the attention to; tc
fix the mind upon ; to give heed to ; to regard. lObs.J
The dUigent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth not attend the
unskillful words of the passenger. Sir I'. Sidney.
2. To care for ; to look after ; to take charge of ; ttf
watch over.
3. To go or stay with, as a companion, nurse, or serv-
ant ; to visit professionally, as a physician ; to accom-
pany or follow in order to do service ; to escort ; to wait
on ; to serve.
The fifth had charge sick persons to attend. Spenser.
His companion, youthful Valentine,
Attends the emperor in his royal court. Shak.
With a sore heart and a gloomy brow, he prepared to attend
William thither. Macaulay.
4. To be present with ; to accompany : to be united or
consequent to ; as, a measure attended with iU effects.
What cares must then attend the toiling swain. Dryden.
5. To be present at ; as, to attend church, sdhool, a
concert, a business meeting.
6. To wait for ; to await ; to remain, abide, or be in
store for. [06s.]
The state that attends all men after this. rj^ke.
Three days I promised to attend my doom. Dryden.
Syn.— To Attend, Mind, Regard, Heed, Notice. At-
tend is generic, the rest are specific terms. To mind is to
attend so that it may not be forgotten ; to regard is to
look on a thing as of importance ; to heed is to attend to a
thing from a principle of caution ; to notice is to think on
that which strikes the senses. Crabb. See Accompany.
At-tend' (St-t§nd'), V. i. 1. To apply the mind, or pay
attention, with a view to perceive, understand, or com-
ply ; to pay regard ; to heed ; to listen ; — usually fol-
lowed by to.
Attend to the voice of my supplications. Ps. Ixxxvi. 6.
Man can not at the same time attend to two objects. Jer. Taylor.
2. To accompany or be present or near at hand, in
pursuance of duty ; to be ready for service ; to wait or
be in waiting ; — often followed by on or upon.
He was required to attend upon the committee. Clarendon.
3. (With to) To take charge of ; to look after ; as, to
attend to a matter of business.
4. To wait ; to stay ; to delay. [06s.]
For this perfection she must yet attend.
Till to her Maker she espoused be. Sir J. Davies.
Syn. — To Attend, Listen, Hearken. We attend
with a view to hear and learn : we listen vnt\\ fixed atten-
tion, in order to hear correctly, or to consider what has
been said ; we hearken when we listen with a willing
mind, and in reference to obeying.
At-tend'ance (St-tgn'dans), re. [OE. attendaunce, OF.
atendance, fr. atendre, F. attendre. See Attend, v. t]
1. Attention ; regard ; careful application. [06s.]
Till I come, give attendance to reading. 1 Tim. iv. 13.
2. The act of attending ; state of being in waiting ;
service ; ministry ; the fact of being present ; presence.
Constant attendance at church three times a day. Fielding.
3. Waiting for ; expectation. [06s.]
Languishing attendance and expectation of death. Hooker,
4. The persons attending ; a retinue ; attendants.
If your stray attendance be yet lodged. Milton,
At-tend'an-cy (-dan-sy), n. The quality of attending
or accompanying ; attendance ; an attendant. [06s.]
At-tend'ant (St-tSn'dant), a. [F. attendant, p. pr. of
attendre. See Attend, v. t.'\ 1. Being present, or in
the train ; accompanying ; in waiting.
From the attendant flotilla rang notes of triumph. Sir W. Scott.
Cherub and Seraph . . . attendant on their Lord. 3filton.
2. Accompanying, connected with, or immediately fol-
lowing, as consequential ; consequent ; as, intemperance
with all its attendant evils.
The natural melancholy attendant upon his situation added
to the gloom of the owner of the mansion. Sir W. Scott.
3. (Law) Depending on, or owing duty or service to ;
as, the widow attendant to the heir. Cowell.
Attendant keys (Mus.), the keys or scales most nearly
related to, or havmg most in common with, the jirincipal
key ; those, namely, of its fifth above, or dommant, its
fifth below (fourth above), or subdominant, and its rela-
tive minor or major.
At-tend'ant, n. 1. One who attends or accompanies
in any character whatever, as a friend, companion, ser-
vant, agent, or suitor. " A. ti&mot attendants." Hallam.
2. One who is present and takes part in the proceed-
ings ; as, an attendant at a meeting.
3. That which accompanies ; a concomitant.
[A] sense of fame, the attendant of noble spirits. Pope,
4. (Law) One who owes duty or service to, or de-
pends on, another. Coicell.
At-tend'e-ment (-de-ment), n. Intent. [06s.] Spenser.
At-tend'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, attends,
At-tend'ment (St-tend'ment), n. [Cf. OF. atende-
ment,"] An attendant circumstance. [06s.]
The uncomfortable attendments of hell. Sir T. Browne.
At-tent' (at-tgnf), a. [L. attentus, p. p. of attendere.
See Attend, v, <.] Attentive ; heedful. lArchaic']
Let thine ears be attent unto the prayer. 2 Chron. vi. 40.
At-tent', n. Attention ; heed. [06s.] Spenser.
At-ten'tate (St-t§n'tat), ) n. [L. attentatum, pi. atten-
At-ten'tat (5t-tSn't5t), ) tata, fr. attentare to at-
tempt : cf. F. attentat criminal attempt. See Attempt.]
1. An attempt ; an assault. [06s.] Bacon.
2. (Law) (a) A proceeding in a court of judicature,
after an inhibition is decreed. (6) Any step wrongly in-
novated or attempted in a suit by an inferior judge.
At-ten'tion (at-tSn'shiin), n. [L. attentio : cf. F. at-
tention.'] 1. The act or state of attending or heeding ; the
application of the mind to any object of sense, represen-
tation, or thought ; notice ;~exclusive or special consider-
ation ; earnest consideration, thought, or regard ; obedi-
ale, senate, c&te, Urn., arm, ask, final, ^U ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, drb, 5dd ;
ATTENTIVE
99
ATTRACTIVE
ent or affectionate heed ; the supposed power or faculty
of attending.
They 8ay the tongues of dying men
Enforce attention like deep harmony. Shak.
d^p' Attention is consciousness and sometliing more.
It 18 consciousness voluntarily applied, under its law of
limitations, to some determinate oDject ; it is conscious-
ness concentrated. Sir W. Hamilton.
2. An act of civility or courtesy ; care for the com-
fort and pleasure of others ; as, attentions paid to a
stranger.
To pay attention to, To pay one's attentions to, to be cour-
teous or attentive to ; to wait upon as a lover ; to court.
Syn. — Care ; heed ; study ; consideration ; applica-
tion ; advertence ; respect ; regard.
At-ten'tive (St-tSn'tlv), a. [Cf. F. attentif.} 1. Heed-
ful ; intent ; observant ; regarding with care or attention.
i^^ Attentive is applied to the senses of hearing and
seem^, as, an attentive ear or eye ; to the application of
the mind, as in contemplation ; or to the application of the
mind, in every possible sense, as when a person is atten-
tive to the words, and to the manner and matter, of a
speaker at the same time.
2. Heedful of the comfort of others ; courteous.
Syn. — Heedful ; intent ; observant ; mindful ; regard-
ful ; circumspect ; watchful.
— At-ten'tive-ly, adv. — At-ten'tlve-ness, n.
At-tent'ly, ndv. Attentively. \_Obs.'] Barroio.
At-ten'U-ant (St-t5n'i5-ant), a. [L. attenuans, p. pr.
of nttenuare : cf. F. attenuant. See Attenuate.] Making
thin, as fluids ; diluting ; rendering less dense and viscid ;
diluent. — n. (Med.) Amedicine that thins or dilutes the
fluids ; a diluent.
At-ten'U-ate (St-tSn'fi-at), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Atten-
tJATED (-a'tSd) ; p. pr, & vb. n. Attenuating (-a'ttng).]
[L. atteniiatus, p. p. of attenuare ; ad -f- tenuare to make
thin, tenuis thin. See Thin.] 1. To make thin or slen-
der, as by mechanical or chemical action upon inanimate
objects, or by the effects of starvation, disease, etc.,
upon living bodies.
2. To make tliin or less consistent ; to render less viscid
or dense ; to rarefy. Specifically : To subtihze, as the
humors of the body, or to break them into finer parts.
3. To lessen the amount, force, or value of ; to make
less complex ; to weaken.
To undersell our rivals . . . has led the manufacturer to . . .
attenuate his processes, in the allotment of tasks, to an extreme
point. /. Taylor.
We may reject and reject till we attenuate history into sapless
raeagerness. 5('r F. Falgrave.
At-ten'U-ate, v. i. To become thin, slender, or fine ;
to grow less ; to lessen.
The attention attenuates as its sphere contracts. Colenclge.
At-ten'U-ate (-at), 1 a. [L. uttenuatus, p. p.]
At-ten'U-a'ted (-a'tgd), [ 1. Made thin or slender.
2. Made thin or less viscid ; rarefied. Bacon.
At-ten'u-a'tlon (at-teu'iS-a'shiin) , n. [L. atienuatio :
cf. F. attenuation.'] 1. The act or process of making
slender, or the state of being slender ; emaciation.
2. The act of attenuating ; the act of making thin or
less dense, or of rarefying, as fluids or gases.
3. The process of weakening in intensity ; diminution
of virulence ; as, the attenuation of virus.
After (St'ter), n. [AS. xtter-l Poison ; venom ; cor-
rupt matter from a sore. \_Obs.~} Holland.
_ At'ter-oop (.5t't^r-k5p), n. [AS. attercoppa a spider ;
setter poison -\- coppa head, cup.] 1. A spider. [06s.]
2. A peevish, Ul-natured person. [North of Eng.]
At'ter-rate (at'ter-rat), V. t. [It. atterrare (cf. LL.
atterrare to cast to earth) ; L. ad + terra earth, land.]
To fill up vrith alluvial earth. [Obs.] Bay.
At'ter-ra'tion (-ra'shiin), n. The act of filling up with
earth, or of forming land with alluvial earth. [Obs."]
At-test' (at-tSsf), V. t, [imp. & p. p. Attested ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Attesting.] [L. attestari; ad -f- tesiari to
bear witness, testis witness : cf. F. attester.] 1. To bear
witness to ; to certify ; to aflBrm to be true or genuine ;
as, to attest the truth of a writing, a copy of record.
Facts . . . attested by particular pagan authors. Addison.
2. To give proof of ; to manifest ; as, the ruins of Pal-
mjnra attest its ancient magnificence.
3. To call to witness ; to invoke. [Archaic']
The sacred streams which Heaven's imperial state
Attests in oaths, and fears to violate. Bryden.
At-test', ra. Witness; testimony; attestation. [R.]
The attest of eyes and ears. Slidk.
At'tes-ta'tion (St'tes-ta'shiJn), n. [L. attestatio : cf.
F. attestation.] The act of attesting; testimony; wit-
ness ; a solemn or oflScial declaration, verbal or written,
in support of a fact ; evidence. The truth appears from
the attestation of witnesses, or of the proper oflScer. The
subscription of a name to a writing as a witness. Is an at-
testation.
At-test'a-tive (at-tSst'arttv), a. Of the nature of at-
'".estation.
At-test'er (St-test'er),
At-test'or (at-test'or),
At-test'lve (-iv), a. Attesting ; furnishing evidence.
At'tlc (St'tik), a. [L. Atiicus, Gr. 'Attiko's.] Of or
pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to Athens, its princi-
pal city ; marked by such qualities as were characteristic
of the Athenians ; classical ; refined.
Attic base (Arch.), a peculiar form of molded base for
a column or pilaster, described by Vitruvius, applied
under the Roman Empire to the Ionic and Corinthian and
'Roman Doric" orders, and imitated by the architects
of the Renaissance. — Attic faith, inviolable faith. — Attic
parity, special purity of language. —Attic salt, Attic wit,
a poignant, delicate wit, peculiar to the Athenians. —
Attic story. See Attio, re. — Attic style, a style pure and
elegant.
At'tlc, n. [In sense (a) from F. attique, orig. meaning
Attic. See Attic, a.] 1. (ylrcA. ) (a) A low story above
One who attests.
At'tlc-al (at'ti-kal), a. .
At'tl-Cism (St'tT-siz'm),
the main order or orders of a fajade, in the classical
styles ; — a term introduced in the 17th century. Hence :
(b) A room or rooms behind that part of the exterior ; all
the rooms immediately below the roof.
2. An Athenian ; an Athenian author.
Attic. [Obs.] Hammond.
[Gr. *ATTtKto"ju,o?.] 1. A
favoring of, or attachment to, the Athenians.
2. The style and idiom of the Greek language, used by
the Athenians ; a concise and elegant expression.
At'ti-cize(-slz),v. i. [Gr. aTTixic^eii'.] To conform or
make conformable to the language, customs, etc., of
Attica.
At'tl-clze, V. i. X. To side with the Athenians.
2. To use the Attic idiom or style ; to conform to the
customs or modes of thought of the Athenians.
At-tlg'U-OUS (5t-tig'ij-iis), a. [L. attiguus, it. attin-
gere to touch. See Attain. ] Touching ; bordering ;
contiguous. [Obs.] — At-tlg'U-OUS-ness, re. [Obs.]
At-tlnge' (at-ttnj'), V. t. [L. attingere to touch. See
Attain.] To touch lightly. [Obs.] Coles.
At-tlre' (ftt-tir'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Attired (-tird') ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Attiking.] [OE. atiren to array, dis-
pose, arrange, OF. atirier; it (L. ad) -]- F. tire rank, or-
der, row ; of Ger. origin : cf. AS. tier row, OHG. ziarl,
G. zier, ornament, zieren to adorn. Cf. Tike a head-
dress.] To dress; to array; to adorn; esp., to clothe
with elegant or splendid garments.
Finely attired in a robe of white. Siial-.
With the linen miter shall he be attired. Lev. xvi. 4.
At-tlre', re. 1. Dress; clothes; headdress; anything
which dresses or adorns ; Esp., ornamental clothing.
Earth in her rich attire. Milttm.
I 'U put myself in poor and mean attire. Shak.
Can a maid forget her ornaments, or a bride her attire ?
Jer. il. 82.
2. The antlers, or antlers and scalp, of a stag or buck.
3. (Boi.) The internal parts of a flower, included with-
in the calyx and the coroUa. [Obs.] Jolinson.
At-tlred' (5t-tird'), p. p. (Her.) Provided with ant-
lers, as a stag.
At-tlre'ment (at-tir'ment), re. Attire ; adornment.
At-tlr'er (-er), re.. One who attires.
At'tl-tude (at'ti-tud), n. [It. attitudine, "VL. aptitudo,
fr. L. aptus suited, fitted : cf. F. attitude. Cf. Aptitude.]
1. (Paint. & Sculp.) The posture, action, or disposi-
tion of a figure or a statue.
2. The posture or position of a person or an animal, or
the manner in which the parts of his body are disposed ;
position assumed or studied to serve a purpose ; as, a
threatening attitude ; an attitude of entreaty.
3. Fig.: Position as indica"^ing action, feeling, or mood;
as, in times of trouble let a nation preserve a firm atti-
tude; one's mental attitude in respect to religion.
The attitude of the country was rapidly changing. J. R. Green.
To strike an attitude, to take an attitude for mere effect.
Syn. — Attitude, Posture. Both of these words de-
scribe the visible disposition of the limbs. Posture relates
to their position- merely; attitude refers to their fitness
for some specific object. The object of an attitude is to
set forth and exliibit some internal feeling ; as, an attitude
of wonder, of admiration, of grief, etc. It is, therefore,
essentially and designedly e.rpressive. Its object is the
same with that of gesture ; viz. , to hold forth and repre-
sent emotion. Posture has no such design. If we speak
of posture in prayer, or the posture of devotion, it is only
the natural disposition of the limbs, without any inten-
tion to show forth Or exhibit.
'T is the business of a painter in his choice of attitudes (pos-
iturse) to foresee the effect and harmony of the hghts and shad-
ows. Dryden.
Never to keep the body in the same posture half an hour at a
time. Bacon.
At'tl-tQ'dl-nal (-tu'dl-nal), a. Relating to attitude.
At'ti-tn'di-na'rl-an (-na'rl-an), n. One who attitudi-
nizes ; a posture maker.
At'tl-tu'dl-na'rl-an-lsm (-Tz'm), n. A practicing of
attitudes ; posture making.
At'ti-tu'ai-nlze (-ntz), v. i. To assume affected atti-
tudes ; to strike an attitude ; to pose.
Maria, who is the most picturesque figure, was put to attitudi-
nize at the harp. Hannah More.
At'tl-tU'di-nl'zer (-nl'zer), n. One who practices at-
titudes.
At'Ue (St't'l), re. [Cf. ADDI.E mire.] (Mining) Rub-
bish or refuse consisting of broken rock containing little
or no ore. Weale.
At-tOl1ent (St-tollent), a. [L. attollens, p. pr. of at-
tollere; ad -\- tollere to lift.] Lifting up ; raising ; as, an
attollent muscle. JDerham.
At-tonce' (at-tons'), adv. [At -f once.] At once ; to-
gether. [06.5.] Spenser.
At-tone' (St-ton'), adv. See At one. [Obs.]
At-tom' (at-tOrn'), v. i. [OF. atorner, aturner,
atourner, to direct, prepare, dispose, attorn (cf. OE.
atornen to return, adorn) ; a (L. ad) + tomer to turn ;
cf. LL. attornare to commit business to another, to at-
torn ; ad -\- tornare to turn, L. tornare to turn in a
lathe, to round off. See Turn, v. t.] 1. (Feudal Law)
To turn, or transfer homage and service, from one lord
to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals, or
tenants, upon the alienation of the estate. Blac'kstone.
2. (Modern Law) To agree to become tenant to one to
whom reversion has been granted.
At-tor'ney (St-tQr'ny), re. / pi. Attorneys (-niz). [OE.
aturneye, OP. atorn^, p. p. of atorner : cf . LL. attuma-
tus, attomatus, fr. attornare. See Attoen.] 1. A substi-
tute ; a proxy ; an agent. [06s.]
And will have no attorney but myself. Shak.
2. (Law) (a) One who is legally appointed by another
to transact any business for him ; an attorney in fact,
(6) A legal agent qualified to act for suitors and defend-
ants in legal proceedings ; an attorney at laxi},
d^^ An attorney is either ^mJHc or private. A private
attomey.OT an attorney in fact, is a person appointed by
another, Dy a letter or power of attorney, to transact any
business for him out of court ; but in a more extended
sense, this class includes any agent employed in any busi-
ness, or to do any act in puis, for another. A public at-
torney, or attorney at law, is a practitioner in a court of
law, legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in
such court, on the retainer of clients. Boavier. — The at-
torney at law answers to the procurator of the civilians,
to the solicitor in chancery, and to the proctor in the ec-
clesiastical and admiralty courts, and all of these are
comprehended under the more general term lawyer. In
Great Britain and in some states of the United States,
attorneys are distinguished from covmselors in that the
busmess of the former is to carry on the practical and
formal parts of the suit. In many states of the United
States, however, no such distinction exists. In England,
since 1873, attorneys at law are by statute called solicitors.
A power, letter, or warrant, of attorney, a written author-
ity from one person empowering another to transact busi-
ness for him.
At-tor'ney (at-tfir'n^), v. t. To perform by proxy ; to
employ as a proxy. [06.S.] ^ Sha'k.
At-tor'ney— gen'er-al (-j5n'er-al), n. ; pi. Attorney-
generals (-alz) or Attorneys-general. (Law) The chief
law officer of the state, empowered to act in all litigation
in which the law-executing power is a party, and to advise
this supreme executive whenever required. 'Wharton.
At-tor'ney-ism (-iz'm), re. The practice or peculiar
cleverness of attonieys.
At-tor'ney-shlp, re. The office or profession of an at-
torney ; agency for another. Shak.
At-torn'ment (St-tflm'ment), n. [OF. attornement,
LL. attornamentwm. See Attorn.] (Law) The act of
a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he consents,
upon the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or
superior, and transfers to him his homage and service ;
the agreement of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser
of the estate as his landlord. Burrill. Blac'kstone,
At-tract' (St-trSkf), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Attracted ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Attracting.] [L. attractus, p. p. of at-
Irahere; ad -\- trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t.] 1. To
draw to, or cause to tend to ; esp. to cause to approach,
adhere, or combine ; or to cauBe to resist divulsion, sep-
aration, or decomposition.
All bodies and all parts of bodies mutually atirocJ themselves
and one another. Derhain.
2. To draw by influence of d raoral or emotional kind ;
to engage or fix, as the minoi , attention, etc. ; to invite
or allure ; as, to attract admirers.
Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze. Milton.
SjTi. — To draw ; allure ; invite ; entice ; influence.
At-tract', n. Attraction. [Obs.] Hudibras.
At-tract'a-'dll'i-ty (at-trSkt'a-bil'I-t^), re. The qual-
ity or fact of being attractable. Sir 'W. Jones,
At-traot'a-ljle (-a-b'l), o. Capable of being attracted ;
subject to attraction. — At-tract'a-ble-ness, n.
At-tract'er (-er), re. One who, or that which, attracts.
At-tract'ile (-il), a. Having power to attract.
At-tract'lng, a. That attracts.— At-traot'lng-ly, adv.
At-trac'tlon (St-trSk'shfin), re. [L. attractio : cf . F.
attraction.] 1. (Physics) An invisible power in a body
by which it draws anything to itself ; the power in na-
ture acting mutually between bodies or ultimate parti-
cles, tending to draw them together, or to produce their
cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting sep-
aration.
^^^ Attraction is exerted at both sensible and insensi-
6Zedistances, and is variously denominated according to
its qualities or phenomena. Under attraction at sensible
distances, there are, —
(1.) Attraction of gravitation, which acts at all distances
throughout the universe, with a force proportional di-
rectly to the product of the masses of the bodies and in-
versely to the square of their distances apart.
(2.) Magnetic, diama^netic, and electrical attraction, each
of which IS limited in its sensible range and is polar in its
action, a property dependent on the quality or condition
of matter, and not on its quantity.
Under attraction at insensible distances, there are, —
(1.) Adhesive attraction, attraction between surfaces of
sensible extent, or by the medium of an intervening sub-
stance.
(2.) Cohesive attraction, attraction between ultimate
particles, whether like or unlike, and causing simply an
aggregation or a union of those particles, as in the ab-
sorption of gases by charcoal, or of oxygen by spongy
platinum, or the process of solidification or crystalliza-
tion. The power in adhesive attraction is strictly the
same as that of cohesion.
(3.) Capillary attraction, attraction causing a liquid to
rise, in capillary tubes or interstices, above its level out-
side, as in very small glass tubes, or a sponge, or any-
porous substance, when one end is inserted in the liquid.
It is a special case of cohesive attraction.
(4.) Chemical attraction, or aflnity, that peculiar force
which causes elementary atoms, or groups of atoms, to
unite to form molecules.
2. The act or property of attracting ; the effect of the
power or operation of attraction. Neivton.
3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting,
or engaging ; an attractive quality ; as, the attraction of
beauty or eloquence.
4. That which attracts ; an attractive object or feature.
Syn. — Allurement; enticement; charm.
At-ttaot'ive (-iv), a, [Cf. F. attractif.] 1. Having
the power or quality of attracting or drawing ; as, the
attractive force of bodies. Sir I. Netcton.
2. Attracting or drawing by moral influence or pleas-
urable emotion ; alluring ; inviting ; pleasing. " Attract-
ive ^aces." Ifilton. " Attractive eyes." Thackeray.
Flowers of a Uvid yellow, or fleshy color, are most attractive
to flies. Lubbock.
— At-tract'lve-ly, arft). — At-tract'lve-ness, re.
At-tract'ive, re. That which attracts or draws ; an at»
traction; an allurement.
Speaks nothing but attrnctives and invitation. South.
B
G
H
K
use, unite, mde, full, iip, fim ; pity ; food, ftJbt ; out, oil ; cliair ; go ; sing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
ATTRACTIVITY
100
AUGHT
At'trac-tlv'l-ty (at'tr5k-tiv'i-ty), ». The quality or
degree of attractive power.
At-tract'or (St-trakfer), n. One who, or that which,
attracts. Sir T, Broione.
At'tra-hent (5t'tra-hent), a. [L. atlrahens, p. pr. of
attrahere. See Attract, t>. i.] Attracting; drawing;
attractiye.
At'tra-hent, n. 1. ■That which attracts, as a magnet.
The motion of the steel to its attvahent. Glanvill.
2. {Med.) A substance which, by irritating the sur-
face, excites action in the part to which it is applied, as
a blister, an epispastic, a sinapism.
At-trap' (at-trap'), v. t. [F. attraper to catch ; a (L.
ad) -\- trappe trap. See Tbap (for taking game).] To
entrap ; to insnare. [06«.] Cfr a/ton.
At-trap', V. t. [Pref. ad- -\- trap to adorn.] To adorn
with trappings ; to array, [fibs.']
Shall your horse be attrapped . . . more richly ? Holland.
At'trec-ta'tion (at'trek-ta'shiin), n. [L. atlreciaiio ;
ad -)- tractare to handle.] Frequent handling or touch-
ing. \_Obs.'] Jer. Taylor.
At-trib'U-ta-Me (5t-trib'u-ta-b'l), a. Capable of being
attributed; ascribable; imputable.
Errors . . . attributable to corelessness. J. D. Hooker.
At-trtt'ute (at-trib'iSt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attrib-
DTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attkibuting.] [L. attributus, p.
p. of attfibuere; ad -\- tribuere to bestow. See Tbibitte.]
To ascribe ; to consider (something) as due or appropriate
{to) ; to refer, as an effect to a cause ; to impute ; to as-
sign ; to consider as belonging {to).
We attribute nothing to God that hath any repugnancy or
Contradiction in it. Abp. Tillotson.
The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true and exact
performer. Shak.
Syn. — See Ascbibe.
At'trl-bute (5t'tri-but), n. [L. attributum.'] 1. That
which is attributed; a quality which is considered as
belonging to, or inherent in, a person or thing ; an es-
sential or necessary property or characteristic.
But mercy is above this sceptered sway ; * . •
It is an uttribute to God himself. Shak.
B.-' Reputation. {Poetic] Shak.
'&. {Paint. & Sculp.) A conventional symbol of office,
character, or identity, added to any particular figure ;
as, a club is the attribute of Hercules.
4. {Gram.) Quality, etc., denoted by an attributive ;
an attributive adjunct or adjective.
At'trl-bU'tlon (-bu'shiiii), n. [L. attributio: cf. F.
attribution.'] 1. The act of attributing or ascribing, as a
quality, character, or function, to a thing or person, an
effect to a cause.
2. That which is ascribed or attributed.
At-trlb'U-tive (at-trlb'fi-tiv), a. [Cf. F. attribvtif.]
Attributing ; pertsiining to, expressing, or assigning an
attribute ; of the nature of an attribute.
At-trib'u-tive, n. {Gram.) A word that denotes an
attribute ; esp. a modifying word joined to a noun ; an
adjective or adjective phrase.
At-trlb'U-tive-ly, adv. In an attributive manner.
At-trlte' (St-trif), a. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere;
ad + ierere to rub. See Teite.] 1. Eubbed ; worn by
friction. Milton.
2. {Theol.) Repentant from fear of punishment; hav-
ing attrition or grief for sin ; — opposed to contrite.
At-tri'tion (St-trish'un), n. [L. attritio : cf. F. attri-
tion.] 1. The act of rubbing together ; friction ; the
act of wearing by friction, or by rubbing substances to-
gether; abrasion.
Effected by attrition of the inward stomach. Arbvthnot.
2. The state of being worn. Johnson.
3. {Theol.) Grief for sin arising only from fear of pun-
ishment or feelings of shame. See Conteition. Wallis.
At'try (at'try), a. [See Attek.] Poisonous; malig-
nant ; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.
At-tune' (3t-tun'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Attuned
(-tund') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attcning.] [Pref. ad- + tune.]
1. To tune or put in tune ; to make melodious ; to
adjust, as one sound or musical instrument to another ;
as, to attune the voice to a harp.
2. To arrange fitly ; to make accordant.
Wake to energy each social aim.
Attuned spontaneous to the will of Jove. Beattie.
A-twain' (a-twau'), adv. [OE. atwaine, atwinne ;
pref. a- + twain.] In twain ; asunder. {Obs. or Poetic]
" Cuts atwain the knots." Tennyson.
A-tween' (a-twen'), adv. or prep. [See Atwain, and
cf. Between.] Between. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson.
A-twlrl' (a^twerl'), a. & adv. [Pref. a- -h twirl.]
Twirling. " With her wheel aiwirl." Whittier.
A-tWist' (a-twTst'), a. & adv. [Pref. a- + twist.]
Twisted ; distorted ; awry. [R.] Halliwell.
A-twite' (a-twif), V. t. [OE. atiwyten, AS. setwltan.
See TwxtJ To speak reproachfully of ; to twit ; to up-
braid. [Obs.]
A-tWiXt' (a-twlksf), adv. Betwixt. [Obs.] Spenser.
A-tWO' (a-too'), adv. [Pref. a- + two.] In two ; in
twain; asunder. [Obs.] Chaucer.
A-typ'ic (a-tip'Tk), 1 a. [Pref. a- not -f typic, typ-
A-typ'ic-al (-i-kal), ( ical.] That has no type ; de-
void of typical character ; irregvilar ; unlike the type.
II Au'bade' (o'bad'), n. [F., fr. aube the dawn, fr. L.
albus white.] An open air concert in the morning, as
distinguished from an evening serenade ; also, a piano-
forte composition suggestive of morning. Grove.
The crowing cock . . .
Sang his aubade with lusty voice and clear. Longfellow.
II Au'baine' {o^htn'), n. [F., fr. aubain an alien, fr. L.
alibi elsewhere.] Succession to the goods of a stranger
not naturalizedf lAttre.
Droit d'anhalne (drwa' do'banO, the right, formerly
possessed by the king of Prance, to all the personal prop-
erty of which an alien died possessed. It was abohshed
in 181&. Bouvier.
Anbe (ab), n. [See Alb.] An alb. [Obs.] Fuller.
II Au'berge' (o'birzh'), n. [F.] An inn. Beau. & Ft.
II Au'bin (a'bin), n. [F.] A broken gait of a horse,
between an amble and a gallop ; — commonly called a
Canterbury yallop.
Au'burn (a'buru), a. [OE. auburne blonde, OF. al-
borne, auborne, fr. LL. albumus whitish, fr. L. albus
white. Cf. Albukn.] X. Flaxen-colored. [Obs.] Florio.
2. Reddish brown.
His auburn locks on either shoulder flowed. Dryden,
II Au-Che'ni-um (a-ke'ni-iim), n. [NL., fr Gr. auxe-
vioc, fr. avx-nv the neck.] {Zo'ol.) The part of the aeck
nearest the back.
AUC'ta-ry (ak'ta-rj), n. [L. auctarium.] That which
is superadded ; augmentation. [Obs.] Baxter.
Auc'tlon (ak'shuu), n. [L. audio an increasing, a
public sale, where the price was called out, and the arti-
cle to be sold was adjudged to the last increaser of the
price, or the highest bidder, fr. L. aiigere, auctum, to
increase. See Augment.] 1. A public sale of property
to the highest bidder, esp. by a person licensed and au-
thorized for the purpose ; a vendue.
2. The things sold by auction or put up to auction.
Ask you why Phryne the whole auction buys ? Poiie.
^S^ In the United States, the more prevalent expres-
sion has been " sales at auction." In England, the form
has always been "sales 6?/ auction," that is, by an in-
crease of bids (Lat. auctione). This latter form is pref-
erable.
Dutch auction, the public offer of property at a price
beyond its value, then gradually lowering the price, tUl
some one accepts it as purchaser. P. Cyc.
Auc'tlon, v. t. To sell by auction.
Auc'tlon-a-ry (-fi-ry), a. [L. auctionarius.] Of or
pertaining to an auction or an auctioneer. [E,]
With auctionary hammer in thy hand. Dryden.
Auc'tlon-eer' (ak'shiin-er'), n. A person who sells by
auction ; a person whose business it is to dispose of goods
or lands by public sale to the highest or best bidder.
Auc'tlon-eer', v. t. To sell by auction ; to auction.
Estates . . . advertised and auctioneered away. Cowper.
Au'CU-pa'tlon (a'kii-pa'shun), n. [L. aucupatio, fr.
auceps, contr. for aviceps ; avis bird -{- capere to take.]
Birdcatching ; fowling. [Obs.] Blount.
Au-da'ciOUS (a-da'shus), a. [F. audacieux, as if fr.
LL. audaciosus (not found), fr. L. audacia audacity,
fr. audnx, -ads, bold, fr. audere to dare.] 1. Daring ;
spirited ; adventurous.
As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides
Audacious. Milton.
2. Contemning the restraints of law, religion, or de-
corum , bold in wickedness ; presumptuous ; impudent ;
insolent. "Audacious traitor." Shak. " Such a!j-
dacious neighborhood." 3Iilton.
3. Committed with, or proceeding from, daring ef-
frontery or contempt of law, morality, or decorum.
" Audacious CToeXtj." " Audacious iirate." Shak.
Au-da'cious-ly, adv. In an audacious manner ; with
excess of boldness ; impudently.
Au-da'cious-ness, n. The quality of being auda-
cious ; impudence ; audacity.
Au-dac'i-ty (a-dSs'T-ty), re. 1. Daring spirit, resolu-
tion, or confidence ; venturesomeness.
The freedom and audacity necessary in the commerce of men.
Tatler.
2. Reckless daring ; presumptuous impudence ; — im-
plying a contempt of law or moral restraint.
With the most arrogant audacity. Joye.
Au'di-bll'i-ty (a'di-bil'i-ty), n. The quality of being
audible ; power of being heard ; audible capacity.
Au'di-ble (a'di-b'l), a. [LL. audibilis, fr. L. audire,
auditum, to hear : cf. Gr. ovs ear, L. auris, and E. ear.]
Capable of being heard ; loud enough to be heard ; actually
heard ; as, an audible voice or whisper.
Au'di-ble, n. That which may be heard. [Obs.]
A^'isibles are swiftUer carried to the sense than audibles. Bacon.
Au'dl-ble-ness, n. The quality of being audible.
Au'di-bly, adv. So as to be heard.
Au'di-ence (a'di-ens), n. [F. audience, L. audientia,
fr. audire to hear. See Audible, a.] 1. The act of,
hearing ; attention to sounds.
Thou, therefore, give due audience, and attend. Milton.
2. Admittance to a hearing ; a formal interview, esp.
with a sovereign or the head of a government, for con-
ference or the transaction of business.
According to the fair play of the world.
Let me have audience : I am sent to speak. Shak.
3. An auditory; an assembly of hearers. Also ap^
plied by authors to their readers.
Fit audience find, though few. Milton.
He drew his audience upward to the sky. Dryden.
Court of audience, or Audience court (Eng.), a court long
since disused, belonging to the Archbishop of Canter-
bury ; also, one belonging to the Archbishop of York.'
Motley & W. — In general (or open) audience, publicly. —
To give audience, to listen ; to admit to an interview.
Au'di-ent (-ent), a. [L. audiens, p. pr. of audire.
See Audible, a.] Listening ; paying attention ; as, au-
dient souls. Mrs. Browning.
Au'di-ent, n. A hearer ; especially a catechumen in
the early church. [Obs.] Shelton.
Au'di-om'e-ter (a'dV-om'e-ter), n. [L. audire to hear
-\ — meter.] {Acous.) An instrument by which the power
of hearing can be gauged and recorded on a scale.
Au'di-phone (a'dt-fou), re. [L. audire to hear-}- Gr.
^iatnri sound.] An instrument which, placed against the
teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve and enables
the deaf to hear more or less distinctly ; a dentiphone.
Au'dit (a'dit), re. [L. auditus a hearing, fr. audire.
See Audible, a.] 1. Aii audience; a hearing. [Obs.]
He appeals to a high audit. Milton.
2. An examination in general ; a judicial examination.
Specifically : An examination of an account or of ac-
counts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by
proper officers, or persons appointed for that purpose,
who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine
witnesses, and state the result.
3. The result of such an examination, or an account
as adjusted by auditors ; final account.
Yet I can make my audit up. Shak.
4. A general receptacle or receiver. [Obs.]
It [a little brook] paid to its common audit uo more than the
revenues of a little cloud. Jer. Taylor.
Audit ale, a kind of ale, brewed at the English univer-
sities, orig. for the day of audit. — Audit house. Audit room,
an appendage to a cathedral, for the trausaction of its
business.
Au'dit (a'dlt), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Audited ; p. pr. <Si-
vb. n. Auditing.] To examine and adjust, as an account or
accounts ; as, to audit the accounts of a treasurer, or of
parties who have a suit depending in court.
Au'dit, V. i. To settle or adjust an account.
Let Hocus audit ; lie knows how tlie money was disbursed.
Arbuthriot.
llAu-di'ta que-re'la (a-di'ta kwe-rela). [L.,thecom-
plamt having been heard.] {Laic) A writ which lies for
a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom
good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which
could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment,
Wharton.
Au-di'tion (a-dish'un), re. [L. auditio.] The act of
hearing or listening ; hearing.
Audition may be active or passive ; hence the difference be-
tween listening and simply hearing. Dunglison.
Au'dl-tive (a'di-tiv), a. [Cf . F. audiiif.'] Of or per-
taining to hearing ; auditory. [R.] Cotgrave.
Au'di-tor (a'di-ter), re. [L. auditor, fr. audire. See
Audible, a.] 1. A hearer or listener. Macaulay.
2. A person appointed and authorized to audit or ex-
amine an account or accounts, compare the charges with
the vouchers, examine the parties and witnesses, allow
or reject charges, and state the balance.
3. One who hears judicially, as in an audience court.
^W° In the United States government, and in the
State governments, there are auditors of the treasury
and of the public accounts. The name is ahso applied to
persons employed to check the accounts of courts, corpo-
rations, companies, societies, and partnerships.
Au'di-to'ri-al (a'dT-to'rT-6fl), a. Auditory. [R.]
Au'di-to'rl-um (-to'ri-um), n. [L. See Auditory, n.]
The part of a church, theater, or other public building,
assigned to the audience.
15^°° In ancient churches the auditorium was the nave,
where hearers stood to be instructed ; in monasteries it
was an apartment for the reception of strangers.
Au'di-tor-shlp (a'di-ter-ship), re. The ofloe or func-
tion of auditor.
Au'di-to-ry (-tS-rJ), a. [L. auditorius.] Of or per-
taining to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing ;
as, the auditory nerve. See Eae.
Auditory canal {Anat.), the tube from the auditory mea-
tus or opening of the ear to the tympanic membrane.
Au'di-to-ry, re. [L. auditorium.] 1. An assembly of
hearers ; an audience.
2. An auditorium. Udall.
Au'di-tress (a'dl-trSs), re. A female hearer. Milton.
Au-dlt'U-al (!udit'ii-al), a. Auditory. [R.] Coleridge.
Auf (af ), re. "[OE. auph, aulf, fr. Icel. alfr elf. See
Elp.] [Also spelt onf, ouphe.] A changeling or elf
child, — that is, one left by fairies ; a deformed or foolish
child; a simpleton; an oaf. [Obs.] Drayton.
II Au' fait' (o' fa'). [P. Lit., to the deed, act, or point.
Fait is fr. L. factum. See Fact.] Expert; skillful;
well instructed.
Au-ge'an (a-je'an), a. 1. {Class. Myth.) Of or per-
taining to Augeus, king of Elis, whose stable contained
3000 oxen, and had not been cleaned for 30 years. Her-
cules cleansed it in a single day.
2. Hence : Exceedingly filthy or corrupt.
Augean stable (Fig.), an accumulation of corruption or
filth almost beyond the power of man to remedy.
Au'ger (a'ger), n. [OE. augoure, nauger, AS. nafe-
gar, fr. najfu, nafa, nave of a
wheel -f- gar spear, and therefore
meaning properly and originally
a nave-bore. See Nave (of a
wheel) and 2d Gore, n.] 1. A
carpente„''s tool for boring holes
larger than those bored by a gim-
let. It has a handle placed cross-
wise by which It is turned with
both hands. A pod auger is one
with a straight channel or groove,
like the half of a bean pod. A
screiD auger has a twisted blade,
by the spiral groove of which the
Common Screw Auger.
chips are discharged.
2. An instrument for boring or
perforating soils or rocks, for determining the quality
of soils, or the nature of the rocks or strata upon which
they lie, and for obtaining water.
Auger bit, a bit with a cutting edge or blade like that of
an auger.
II Au-get' (a-j5t' or o-zha'), re. [F., dim, of auge
trough, fr. L. alveus hollow, fr. alvus belly.] {Mining)
A priming tube connecting the charge chamber with the
gallery, or place where the slow match is applied. Knight.
Aught (at), Aucht (aht), re. [AS. 8eht, fr. dganto own,
p. p. ahie.\ Property; possession. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
Aught (at), re. [OE. aught, ought, awiht, AS. awiht ;
a ever + wiht. V136. See Aye ever, and Whit, Wight.]
Anything ; any part. [Also written ought.]
There failed not aught of anjrgood thing which the Lord had
spoken. Josh. xii. 45
But go, my son, and see if aught be wanting. Addison.
ale, senate, c&re, &m, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, 6ud, fern, recent; Ice. idea, ill; old, dbey, Arb, 5dd;
AUGHT
101
AURICULA
Aught (at), adv. At all ; in any degree. Chaucer.
Au'glte (a'jit), n. [L. augites, Gr. avyCrrjq, fr. aiy>j
brightness : cf. F. aiigite.'] A variety of pyroxene, usu-
ally of a black or dark green color, occurring in igneous
rocks, such as basalt ; — also used instead of the general
term pyroxene.
An-glt'ic (a-jTt'ik), a. Pertaining to, or like, augite ;
containing augite as a principal constituent ; as, augitic
rocks.
Aug-ment' (ag-menf), ii. <. [tmjB. & p. p. Augment-
ed; p. pr. & vO. n. Augmenting.] [L. augmentare, fr.
augmenium an increase, fr. augere to increase ; perh.
akin to Gr. aiifeir, aufai/6ii', E. wax, v., and eke, v. : of.
P. augmenier.'\ 1. To enlarge or increase in size, amount,
or degree; to swell; to make bigger; as, to augment
an army by reentorcements ; rain augments a stream ;
impatience augments an evil.
But their spite still serves
His glory to augment. Milton.
2. (Gram.) To add an augment to.
Aug-ment', v. i. To increase ; to grow larger, strong-
er, or more intense ; as, a stream augments by rain.
Aug'ment (ag'ment), n. [L. augmentuni: cf. F.
augment.l 1. Enlargement by addition; increase.
2. (Gram.) A vowel prefixed, or a lengtliening of the
initial vowel, to mark past time, as in Greek and Sans-
krit verbs.
_ _ In Greek, the syllabic augment is a prefixed e,
forming an initial syllable; the temporal augment is an
increase of the quantity (tune) of an initial vowel, as by
changing e to ij.
Aug-ment'a-ble (ag-mSnt'a-b'l), a. Capable of aug-
mentation or increase. Walsh.
Aug'men-ta'tion (ag'mSn-ta'shtin), n. [LL. augmen-
tatio : cf . F. augmcnlation.'] 1. Tlie act or process of
augmenting, or making larger, by addition, expansion, or
dilatation ; increase.
2. The state of being augmented ; enlargement.
3. The thing added by way of enlargement.
4. (Her.) An additional cliarge to a coat of arms, given
as a mark of honor. Cussans.
5. (Med.) The stage of a disease in which the symp-
toms go on increasing. Dunglison.
6. (3fus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a repetition of
the subject in tones of twice the original lengtli.
Angmentation com-t {Eng. Hist.), a court erected by
Stat. 27 Hen. VIII., to augment the revenues of the
crown by the suppression of monasteries. It was long
ago dissolved. Eiicyc. Brit.
Syn. — Increase ; enlargement ; growth ; extension ;
accession ; addition.
Aug-ment'a-tive (ag-mSnt'a-tTv), a. [Cf. F. aug-
mentatif.'] Havmg the quality or power of augmenting ;
expressing augmentation. — Aug-ment'a-tive-ly, adv.
Aug-ment'a-tive, n. (Gram.) A word which ex-
presses with augmented force the idea or the properties
of the term from which it is derived ; as, dullard, one
very dull. Opposed to diminutive. Gibbs.
Aug-ment'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, aug-
ments or increases anything.
Au'grim (a'grim), n. See Algorism. [06«.] Chaucer.
Angrim stones, pebbles formerly used in numeration. —
Nonmbres of aagrim, Arabic numerals. Cliaucer.
Au'gnr (a'giir), n. [L. Of uncertain origin : the first
part of the word is perh. fr. L. avis bird, and the last syl-
lable, gur, equiv. to the Skr. gar to call, akin to L. gar-
rulus garrulous.] 1. (Mom. Antiq.) An official diviner
who foretold events by the singing, chattering, flight,
and feeding of birds, or by signs or omens derived from
celestial phenomena, certain appearances of quadi'upeds,
or unusual occurrences.
2. One who foretells events by omens ; a soothsayer ;
a diviner ; a prophet.
Aifgur of ill, whose tongue was never found
"Without a priestly curse or boding sound. Drydeii.
Au'gur, V. i. [imp. &p. p. AuGUHED (a'giird) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. AuQUKiNS.] 1. To conjecture from signs or
omens ; to prognosticate ; to foreshow.
My auguring mind assures the same success. Dryden.
2. To anticipate, to foretell, or to indicate a favorable
or an unfavorable issue ; as, to augur well or ill.
Au'gur, V. t. To predict or foretell, as from signs or
oinens ; to betoken ; to presage ; to infer.
It seems to augur genius. Sir W. Scott.
I augur everything from the approbation the proposal has met
with. J. F. W. Herschel.
Syn. — To predict ; forebode ; betoken ; portend ; pre-
eage ; prognosticate ; prophesy ; forewarn.
Au'gU-ral (a'gii-ral), a. [L. auguralis.l Of or per-
taining to augurs or to augury ; betokening , ominous ;
significant ; as, an augural staff ; augural books. " Por-
tents auguraV Cowper.
Au'gU-rate (-rat), v. t. & i. [L. auguraitts, p. p. of
augurar^ to augur.] To make or take auguries ; to au-
gur ; to predict. [06s.] C. Middleton.
Au'gU-rate (-rat), n. The office of an augur. Merivale.
Au'gu-ra'tion (a'gii-ra'shan), n. [L. auguratio.J The
practice of augury.
Au'gur-er (a'gur-er), n. An augur. [Obs.'] Shak.
Au-gn'ri-al (a^gu'ri-al), a. [L. augurialis.] Relat-
ing to augurs or to augury. Sir T. Browne.
Au'gU-rist (a'gii-rist), n. An augur, [i?.]
Au'gur-ize (a'giir-iz), V. t. To augur. [06s.] Blount.
Au'gU-rous (a'giJ-rus), a. Full of augury ; forebod-
ing. [OJs.] "Aiigurous hearts." Chapman.
Au'gnr-shlp (a'gtlr-ship), n. The office, or period of
office, of an augur. Bacon.
Au'gu-ry (a-'gu-rf), n. ; pi. AuGtrEiES (-riz). [L. au-
gurium.l 1. The art or practice of foretelling events by
observing the actions of birds, etc. ; divination.
2. An omen ; prediction ; prognostication ; indication
of the future ; presage.
From their flight strange auguries she drew. Drayton.
He resigned himself . . . with a docility that gave little augury
of his future greatness. Frescott.
3. A rite, ceremony, or observation of an augur.
Au-gUSt' (a-gusf), a. [L. augusius ; cf. augere to in-
crease ; in the language of religion, to honor by offer-
ings : cf. F. auguste. See Augment.] Of a quality in-
spiring mingled admiration and reverence ; having an as-
pect of solemn dignity or grandeur ; sublime ; majestic ;
having exalted birth, character, state, or authority.
'■' Forms august." Pope. "August in visage." Dryden.
" To shed that august blood." Macaulay.
So beautiful and so august a spectacle. Burke.
To mingle with a body so augttst. Byron.
Syn. — Grand ; magnificent ; majestic ; solemn ; awful ;
noble ; stately ; dignified ; imposing.
Au'gust (a'gijsl), n. [L. A ugu.s-tus. See note below,
.and August, a.] The eighth month of the year, contain-
ing thii'ty-one days.
ffis^'' The old Roman name was SextiUs, the stTtli month
from Marcli, tlie month in which the prmiitivo Romans,
as well as Jews, began the year. The name was clianged
to August in honor of Augustus Csesar, the first emperor
of Rome, on account of his victories, and Ms entering on
Ills first consulate in that mouth.
Au-gus'tan (i\-gus'ton), a. [L. Augustanus, fr. .4m-
gustus. See August, m.] 1. Of or pertaining to Augus-
tus Ciesar or to his times.
2. Of or pertaining to the town of Augsburg.
Augustan age of any national literature, the period of its
liighest state of purity and refinement ; — so called be-
cause the reign of Augustus Ccpsar was the golden age of
Roman literature. Thus the reign of Louis XIV. (b. 1638)
has been called the Augustan age of French literature,
and tliat of Queen Anne (b. IGM) the Augii.':lau age of
English literature. — Augustan confession {Eccl. Hist.), or
confession of Augsburg, drawn up at Augusta Viiiaeli-
corum, or Augsburg, by Lutlier and Melanchthon, in 1530,
contains the principles of the Protestants, and their rea-
sons for separating from the Roman Catholic church.
Au-gUS'tine (a-giis'ttn). In. (Eccl.Hist.) A.
Au'gUS-tin'i-an (a'giis-tin'i-nn), f member of one
of the religious orders called after St. Augustine ; an
Austin friar.
Au'gUS-tin'i-an, a. Of or pertaining to St. Augus-
tuie, bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa (b. 354 — d. 430),
or to his doctrines.
Angustinian canons, an order of monks once popular in
England and Ireland ; — called also regular canons of St.
Anstin, and black canons. — Augustinian hermits or Austin
friars, an order of friars established in 1265 by Pope Alex-
ander ly. It was introduced into the United States from
Ireland in 1790. — Augustinian nuns, an order of nuns fol-
lowing the rule of St. Augustine. — Augustinian rule, a rule
for religious communities based upon the 109tli letter of
St. Augustine, and adopted by the Augustinian orders.
Au'gus-tin'1-an, n. One of a class of divines, who,
following St. Augustine, maintain that grace by its na-
ture is effectual absolutely and creatively, not relatively
and conditionally.
Au'gus-tin'i-an-Ism (-Tz'm), Au-£^s'tin-ism, n. The
doctrines held by Augustine or by the Augustinians.
Au-gUSt'ly (a-gust'ly), adv. In an august manner.
Au-gUSt'ness, n. The quality of being august ; dig-
nity of mien ; grandeur ; magnificence.
Auk (ak), n. [Pro v. E. alk; akin to Dan. alke, Icel.
& Sw. alka.2 (Zobl.) A
name given to various spe-
cies of arctic sea birds of
the family Alcidse. The
great auk, now extinct, is
Alca (or Plautus) impennis.
The razor-billed auk is A.
tarda. See Puffin, Guille-
mot, and MuEEE.
Auk'ward (ak'werd), a.
See Awkward. " [06.?.]
Au-la'rl-an (a-ls'n-an), ^
a. [L. aula hall. Cf. LL.
aularis of a court.] Relat-
ing to a hall.
Au-la'ri-an, n. At Ox-
ford, England, a member of
a hall, as distinguished from
a collegian. Chalmers. " " '
Auld(ald),a. [See Old.] ^"'^b. a Great Auk; 6 Eazor-
Old ; as, "Auld Reekie (old ''"'•
smoky), i. e., Edinburgh. [_Scot. & Prov. Eng.'\
Auld' lang syne' (aid' lang sin'). A Scottish phrase
used in recalling recoUections of times long since past.
" The days of atdd lang syne."
Au-let'ic (a-let'Tk), a. [L. auleiicus, Gr. auArjTi/co;,
fr. auAos flute.] Of or pertaining to a pipe (flute) or
piper. [JJ.] Ash.
Aulic (a'lTk), a. [L. aulicus, Gr. auAi/cos, fr. aiAij
hall, court,' royal court.] Pertaining to a royal court.
Ecclesiastical wealth and aulic dignities. Lander.
Anlic council (Hist.), a supreme court of the old German
empire ; properly the supreme court of the emperor. It
ceased at the death of each emperor, and was renewed by
his successor. It became extinct when the German em-
pire was dissolved, in 1806. The term is now applied to
a council of the war department of the Austrian empire,
and the members of different provincial chanceries of
that e.npire are called aulic councilors. P. Cyc.
Aulic, n. The ceremony observed in conferring the
degree of doctor of divinity in some European universi-
ties. It begins by a harangue of the chancellor addressed
to the young doctor, who then receives the cap, and pre-
sides at the disputation (also called the aulic).
Auln (an), n. An ell. [06s.] See Aune.
^^}rS!^,fi"r'!*'^kN } ^- See Alnage and Alnager.
Aul'na-ger (-na-jer), I
Aum (am), n. Same as Aam.
Au-ma^' (a-mal'), r. t. [OE. for amel, enamel.'} To
figure or variegate. lObs.'] Spenser.
Aumtry (amfbry), n. Same as Ambry.
AU'me-ry (a'me-ry), n. A form of Ambby, a closet ;
but confused witli Almonry, as if a i>lace for alms.
Aun'cel (an'sSl), n. A rude balance for weighing, and
a kind of weight, formerly used in England. Halliwell.
Aun'cet-ry (an'set-rj), n. Ancestry. [06s.] Chaucer.
II Aune (on),'k. [F. See Alnage.] A French cloth
measure, of different lengths in different parts of the
country (at Paris, 8.95 of an English ell) ; — now super-
seded by the meter.
Aunt (iint), n. [OF. ante, F. tante, L. amita father's
sister. Cf. Amma.] 1. The sister of one's father or
mother ; — correlative to nephew or niece. Also applied
to an uncle's wife.
11^°° Aunt is sometimes applied as a title or term of
endearment to a kind elderly woman not thus related.
2. An old woman ; an old gossip. [06s.] Shak.
3. A bawd, or a prostitute. [06s.] Shak.
Aunt Sally, a puppet head placed on a pole and having
a pipe in its moutli ; also a game, wliich consists in trying
to lilt the pipe by throwing short bludgeons at it.
Aun'ter (an'ter), n. Adventiu-e ; hap. [06s.]
In aunters, perchance.
Aun'ter ) (an'-ter), V. i. [See Adventure.] To ven-
Aun'tre ) "ture ; to dare. [06s.] Chaucer.
Aunt'ie ) (ant'T), n. A familiar name for an aunt.
Aunt'y ) In the southern United States^ familiar
term applied to aged negro women.
Aun'trous (an'trus), a. Adventurous. {Obs.yChfj.ueer.
II Au'ra (a'r£), n. ; pi. Aue/e (-re). [L. aara ajr, akin
to Gr. avpa.} 1. Any subtile, invisible emanation, efflu-
vium, or exhalation from a substance, as the aroma of
flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing em-
anation from the pollen of flowers, etc.
2. (Med.) The peculiar sensation, as of a light vapor,
or cold air, rising from the trunk or limbs towards the
head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy or hysterics.
Electric aura, a supposed electric fluid, emanating from
an electrified body, and forming a mass surroimding it,
called the electric atmospliere. See Atmosphere, 2.
Au'ral (a'ral), a. [L. aura air.] Of or pertaining to
the air, or to an aura.
Au'ral, a. [L. auris ear.] Of or pertaining to the
ear ; as, aural medicine and surgery.
Au-ran'ti-a'ceous (a-rau'ti-a'shQs), a. Pertaining to,
or resembling, the Auranliacese, an order of plants (for-
merly considered natural), of which the orange is the type.
Au'rate (a'rat), n. [L. auratus, p. p. of aurare to
gild, fr. aui'um gold : cf. F. aurate.} (Chem.) A com-
bination of -auric acid with a base ; as, aurale of potas-
sium.
Au'ra-ted (s/ra-tSd), a. [See Aurate.] 1. Resem-
bling or containing gold ; gold-colored ; gilded.
2. (Chem.) Combined with auric acid.
Au'ra-ted (a'ra-tSd), a. Having ears. See Auhited.
Au're-ate (a're-tt), a. [L. aureaius, fr. aureus golden,
fr. aurum gold.] Golden ; gilded. Skelton.
IIAu-re'li-a (a-relT-a; 106), n. [KL., fr. L. aurum
gold : ct F. aur'kie. Cf. Chrysalis.] (Zool.) (a) The
chrysalis, or pupa of an insect, esp. when reflecting a
brilliant golden color, as that of some of the butterflies.
(6) A genus of jeUyfishes. See Discophora.
Au-reli-an (-an), a. Of or pertaining to the aurelia.
Au-reli-an, n. An amateur collector and breeder of
insects, esp. of butterflies and moths ; a lepidopterist.
II Au-re'0-la (-o-la), l n. [P. aureole, fr. L. aureola,
Au're-ole (a're-ol), f (fem. adj.) of gold (sc. corona
crownV dim. of aureus. See Aureate, Oriole.] 1. (E. C.
Theol.) A celestial crown or accidental glory added to
the bliss of heaven, as a reward to those (as virgins,
martyrs, preachers, etc.) who have overcome the world,
the flesh, and the devil.
2. The circle of rays, or halo of light, with which
painters surround the figure and represent the glory of
Christ, saints, and others held in special reverence.
1^°" Limited to the head, it is strictly termed a nimbus ;
when it envelops the whole body, an aureola. Fairholt,
3. A halo, actual or figurative.
The glorious aureole of light seen around the sun during total
eclipses. Proctor.
The aureole of young womanhood. O. W. Holmes.
4. (Anat.) See Areola, 2.
Au'ric (a'rik), a. [L. aurum gold.] 1. Of or per-
taining to gold.
2. (Chem..) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold ; —
said of those compounds of gold in which this element
has its higher valence ; as, auric oxide ; auric chloride.
Au'ri-Chal'ce-OUS (a'ri-kai'se-iis), a. [L. aurichal-
cum, for orichalcum brass.] (Zool.) Brass-colored.
Au'ri-chal'cite (-sit), «. [See Aurichaloeous.] (Min.)
A hydrous carbonate of copper and zinc, found in pale
green or blue crystalline aggregations. It yields a kind
of brass on reduction.
Au'll-cle (a'ri-k'l), n. [L. auricula, dim. of auris
ear. See Ear.] 1. (Anat.ij (a) The external ear, or that
part of the ear which is prominent from the head, (b)
The chamber, or one of the two chambers, of the heart,
by which the blood is received and transmitted to the
ventricle or ventricles ; — so called from its resemblance
to the auricle or external ear of some quadrupeds. See
Heart.
2. (Zool.) An angular or ear-shaped lobe.
3. An instrument applied to the ears to give aid in
hearing ; a kind of ear trumpet. Mansfield.
Au'rl-Cled (-k'ld), a. Having ear-shaped appendages
or lobes ; auriculate ; as, aiiricled leaves.
II Au-ric'U-la (a-rTk'u-la), «. ; pi. L. AumouL.E (-le), E.
Auriculas (-laz). [L. auricula. See Auricle.] 1. (Bot.)
(a) A species of Primula, or primrose, called also, from
the shape of its leaves, bear's-ear. (b) A species of Hir-
neola (H. auricula), a membranaceous fungus, called also
auricula Judx, or Jeiv's-ear. P. Cyc.
2. (Zool.) (a) A genus of air-breathing moUusks,
mostly found near the sea, where the water is bracMah.
c
E
Q
H
K
Cse, unite, rude, fuU, up, -Qin ; pity ; food, fo^t ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh := z in azure.
M
AURICULAR
102
AUTHOR
(b) One of the five arched processes of the shell around
the jaws of a sea urchin.
Au-rlc'U-lar (a-rTk'iS-ler), a. [LL. auricularis : of. F.
auriculaire. See Aukicle.] 1. Of or pertaining to the
ear, or to the sense of liearing ; as, auricular nerves.
2. Told in the ear, i. e., told privately ; as, auricular
confession to the priest.
This next chapter is a penitent confession of the king, and
the strangest . . . that ever was auricular. Milton.
3. Recognized by the ear ; known by the sense of
hearing; as, auricular evidence. '■^Auricular assur-
ance." Shak.
4. Received by the ear ; known by report. "Auricu-
lar traditions " Bacon.
5. {Anat. ) Pertaining to the auricles of the heart.
Auricular finger, the little finger ; so called because it
can be readily introduced into the ear passage.
II Au-rlc'U-la'rl-a (-la'ri-a), n. pi. [Neut. pi., fr. LL.
auricularis."] (Zo'dl. ) A kind of holothurian larva, with
soft, blunt appendages. See Illustration in Appendix.
Au-rlc'a-lar-ly, adv. In an auricular manner.
Au-rlc'u-lars (-lerz), n. pi. (Zo'dl.) A circle of feath-
ers surrounding the opening of the ear of birds.
Au-rlc'u-Iate (-lat), la. [See Adhicle.] {Biol.)
An-rlc'U-la'ted (-la'tSd), ) Having ears or append-
ages like ears; eared. Esp. : (a) (Bot.) Hav-
ing lobes or appendages like the ear ; shaped j
like the ear ; auricled. (6) {Zo'dl.) Having an
angular projection on one or both sides, as in
certain bivalve shells, the foot of some gas-
tropods, etc.
Auriculate leaf, one having small appended
leaves or lobes on each side of its petiole or
base.
An-rU'er-OUS (a-rlfer-iis), a. I'L. aurifer ; Part of an
aurum gold -\-/erre to bear : cf. F. auri/lre."} Auriculate
Gold-bearing ; containing or producing gold. Leaf.
Whence many a bursting stream auri/erouti plays. Thomson.
Auriferous pyrites, iron pyrites (iron disulphide), con-
taining some gold disseminated through it.
Au'rl-flamme (a'rt-flSm), n. See Oeiflamme.
Au'Tl-form (-fSrm), a. [L. auris ear + -form.'] Hav-
ing the form of the human ear ; ear-shaped.
II Au-ll'ga (a-ri'ga), n. [L., charioteer.] {Astron.)
The Charioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation in the nor-
thern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gemini.
It contains the bright star CapeUa.
Au-rl'gal (-gal), a. [L. aurigalis.] Of or pertaining
to a chariot. [.E.]
Au'ri-ga'tlon (a'ri-ga'shiin), n. [L. aurigalio, fr.
aurigare to be a charioteer, fr. auriga.] The act of driv-
ing a chariot or a carriage. \_E.] De Quincey.
Au-rlg'ra-phy (a-rTg'ra-fy), n. [L. aurum gold +
-graphy.] The art of writing with or in gold.
Au'rin (a'rin), n. pL. omj'uto gold.] {Chem.) A red
coloring matter derived from phenol ; — called also, in
commerce, yellow corallin.
Au'rl-phryg'i-ate (a'ri-frij'T-at), a. [LL. auriphrig-
iatus ; L. aurum gold -)- LL. phrygiare to adorn vrith
Phrygian needlework, or with embroidery ; perhaps cor-
rupted from some other word. Cf. Oepeats.] Embroi-
dered or decorated with gold. [iJ.] Southey.
Au'rl-ldg'inent (a'ri-pig'ment), n. See Obpiment.
iObs.]
Au'ri-scalp (a'ri-skSlp), n. [L. auris ear + scalpers
to scrape.] An earpick.
Au'li-scope (-skop), ra. \Jj. auris ear -\- -scope.] {3Ied.)
An instrument for examining the condition of the ear.
Au-ris'CO-py (a-rls'ko-py), n. Examination of the
ear by the aid of the auriscope.
Au'rist (a'rtst), n. [L. auris ear.] One skilled in
treating and curing disorders of the ear.
Au'n-ted (a'rt-tSd), a. [L. auriius, fr. auris ear.]
{Zo'dl.) Having lobes like the ear ; auriculate.
Au-rlV'O-rOUS (a-riv'o-riis), a. [L. aurum gold +
vorare to devour.] Gold-devouring. [_E.] H. Walpole.
Au'ro-ceph'a-lOUS (a'ro-sgf'a-lQs), a. [_Aurum +
cephalous.] {Zo'dl.) Having a gold-colored head.
Au'ro-Chlo'ride (-klo'rid or -rid), n. [Aurum -\-
chloride.] {Chem.) The trichloride of gold in combina-
tion with the chloride of another metal, forming a double
chloride ; — called also chloraurate.
Au'rochs (a'rSks), n. [G. aueroehs, OHG. Urohso ; ur
(cf. AS. ur) "
-\- ohso ox,
G. ochs. Cf.
OWRE, Ox.]
{Zo'dl.) The
European
bison {Bison
bonasus, or
Buropaeus),
once widely
distributed,
but now nearly
extinct, except
where protected
in the Lithua-
nian forests, and
perhaps in the
Caucasus. It is distinct from the Urus of Csesar, with
which it has often been confused.
Au'ro-cy'a-nlde (a'ro-sI'a-nTd or -nid), n. \_Awrum
-\- cyanide.] {Chem.) A double cyanide of gold and
some other metal or radical ; — called also cyanauraie.
An-ro'ra (a-ro'ra), n. ; pi. E. Auboras (-raz), L. (rarely
used) AuEOKa; (-re). [L. aurora, for ausosa, akin to Gr.
i)ms, eM9, dawn, Skr. ushas, and E. east.] 1. The rising
light of the morning ; the dawn of day ; the redness of
the sky just before the sun rises.
2. The rise, dawn, or beginning. Hawthorne.
3. {Class. Myth.) The Roman personification of the
dawn of day ; the goddess of the morning. The poets
Aurochs.
represented her as rising out of the ocean, in a chariot,
with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew.
4. {Bot.) A species of crowfoot. Johnson.
5 . The aurora boreaUs or aurora australis (northern or
southern lights).
Aurora borealis (bo're-a'lis), )'. e., northern daybreak ;
popularly called nurthevn Uyhts. A luminous meteoric
phenomenon, visible only at night, and supposed to be
of electrical origin. This species of light usually ap-
pears in streams, ascending toward the zenith from a
dusky line or bank, a few degrees above the northern
horizon ; when reaching south beyond the zenith, it forms
what is called the corona, about a spot in the heavens
toward which the dipping needle points. Occasionally
the aurora appears as an arch of light across the heavens
from east to west. Sometimes it assumes a wavy appear-
ance, and the streams of light are then called merry
dancers. They assume a variety of colors, from a pale
red or yellow to a deep red or blood color. The Aurora
auatralla (as-tra'lTs) is a corresponding phenomenon in the
southern hemisphere, the streams of light ascending in
the same manner from near the southern horizon.
An-ro'ral (a-ro'ral), a. Belonging to, or resembling,
the aurora (the dawn or the northern lights) ; rosy.
Her cheeks suffused with an auroral blush. Louaj'dloui.
Au'rous (a'rus), a. 1. Containing gold.
2. {Chem.j Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; —
said of those compounds of gold in which this element
has its lower valence ; as, atirous oxide.
II Au'rum (a'riim), n. [L.] Gold.
Aurum tulminanB (f iil'mT-n5nz). See Fulminate. — Au-
rum mosaicum (mo-za'i-kiim). See Mosaic.
Aus-CUlt' (as-kulf), V. i. & t. To auscultate.
Aus'CUl-tate (as'kul-tat), V. i. & t. To practice aus-
cultation ; to examine by auscultation.
Aus'CUl-ta'tlon (as'kiil-ta'shiSn), n. [L. auscultaiio,
fr. auscultare to listen, fr. a dim. of auris, orig. ausis,
ear. See Auricle, and cf. Scout, n.] 1. The act of lis-
tening or hearkening to. , Hickes.
2. {died.) An examination by listening either directly
with the ear (immediate auscultation) applied to parts
of the body, as the chest, the abdomen ; or with the
stethoscope (mediate auscultation), in order to distin-
guish sounds recognized as a sign of health or of disease.
Aus'cul-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. One who practices aus-
cultation.
Aus-CUl'ta-tO-ry (as-kiJl'ta-to-ry ), a. Of or pertaining
to auscultation. Dunglison.
Au-SO'nl-an (a-so'nT-an), a. [L. Ausonia, poetic
name for Italy.] ' Italian. Milton.
Ans'pi-cate (as'pT-kSt), a. [L. auspicatus, p. p. of
auspicari to take auspices, fr. auspex a bird seer, an au-
gur, a contr. of avispex; avis bird + specere, spicere, to
view. See Aviary, Spy.] Auspicious. lObs.] Holland.
AUS'pl-cate (-kat), i;. /. 1. To foreshow ; to foreto-
ken. {_Obs.] B. Jonson.
2. To give a favorable turn to in commencing ; to in-
augurate ; — a sense derived from the Roman practice of
taking the auspicium, or inspection of birds, before un-
dertaking any important business.
They auspicate all their proceedings. Burke.
Ans'plce (as'pis), n. ; pi. Auspices (-pT-sez). [L. au-
spicium, ii. auspex: cf. F. auspice. See Auspicate, a.]
1. A divining or taking of omens by observing birds ;
an omen as to an undertaking, drawn from birds ; an au-
gury ; an omen or sign in general ; an indication as to the
future.
2. Protection ; patronage and care ; guidance.
Which by his auspice they will nobler make. Dryden.
^W In this sense the word is generally plural, auspi-
ces ; as, imder the auspices of the king.
Aus-pl'clal (as-pi.sh'al), a. Of or pertaining to auspi-
ces ; auspicious, [i? J
Ans-pi'cious (as-pish'us), a. [See Auspice.] 1. Hav-
ing omens or tokens of a favorable issue ; giving promise
of success, prosperity, or happiness ; predicting good ;
as, an auspicious beginning.
Auspicimis union of order and freedom. 3facaulay.
2. Prosperous ; fortunate ; as, auspicious years. " Au-
spicious chief." Dryden.
3. Favoring; favorable; propitious; — applied to per-
sons or things. "Thy auspicious mistress." Shak.
"Auspicious gales." Pope.
Syn. — See PEOPrnous.
— Aus-pl'clous-ly, odw. — Aus-pl'clous-ness, n.
II Aus'ter (as'ter), n. [L. auster a dry, hot, south
wind ; the south.] The south wind. Pope.
Aus-tere' (as-ter'), a. [F. austere, L. austerus, fr. Gr.
aip<m)po5, fr. auetc to parch, dry. Cf. Seab.] 1. Sour
and astringent ; rough to the taste ; having acerbity ; as,
an austere crab apple ; austere wine.
2. Severe in modes of judging, or living, or acting;
rigid ; rigorous ; stem ; as, an austere man, look, life.
From whom the austere Etrurian virtue rose. Dryden.
3. Unadorned ; unembellished ; severely simple.
Syn. — Harsh ; sour ; rough ; rigid ; stem ; severe ;
rigorous ; strict.
Aus-terely, adv. Severely ; rigidly ; sternly.
A doctrine austerely logical. MacauJay.
Aus-tere'ness, n. 1. Harshness or astringent sour-
ness to the taste ; acerbity. Johnson.
2. Severity ; strictness ; austerity. Shak.
Ans-ter'1-ty (as-tSr'i-t)'), n. ; pi. Austerities (-tiz).
[F. ausiirite, L. austeritas, fr. austerus. See Austere.]
1. Sourness and harshness to the taste. [Obs.] Morsley.
2. Severity of manners or life ; extreme rigor or strict-
ness ; harsh discipline.
The austerity of John the Baptist. Milton.
3. Plainness ; freedom from adornment ; severe sim-
plicity.
Partly owin? to the studied austerity of her dress, and partly
to the lack of demonstration in her manners, Hawthorne.
Aus'tin (as'tin), a. Augustinian ; as, Austin friars.
Ans'tral (as'tral), a. I'L. australis, fr. auster : cf. F.
austral.] Southern ; lying or being in the south ; as,
austral land ; austral ocean.
Austral signs (Astron.), the last six signs of the zodiac,
or those south of the equator.
Aus'tral-a'sian (as'tral-a'shan), o. Of or pertaining
to Australasia ; as, Australasian regions. ^ w. A native
or an inhabitant of Australasia.
Aus-tra'li-an (as-tra'li-au), a. [From L. Terra Aus-
tralis southern land.] Of or pertaining to Australia. —
n. A native or an inhabitant of Australia.
AuB'tral-lze (as'tral-Iz), V. i. [See Austral.] To
tend toward the south pole, as a magnet. [Obs.'\,
They [magnets] do septentrionate at one extreme, and aus-
tralize at another. Sir T. Broii'ne.
Aus'tri-an (as'tri-an), a. Of or pertaining to Austria,
or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of
Austria.
Aus'trlne (as'trln), a. [L. austrimts, from auster
south.] Southern ; southerly ; austral. \_Obs.] Bailey
AUB'tro-Hun-ga'ri-an (as'tro-lmn-ga'ri-an), a. Of
or pertaining to the monarchy composed of Austria and
Hungary.
Aus'tro-man'cy (as'trS-mSn'sj^), n. [L. auster south
wind --|- -money.] Soothsaying, or prediction of events,
from observation of the winds.
AU'tar-Chy (a'tar-ky), «. [Gr. avrapKeia independ-
ence ; airros self + apKciv to be sufficient.] Self-suffi-
ciency. lObs.] Milton.
Au-then'tiC (a-th5n'tTk), a. [OE. autentik, OF. au-
tentique, F. authenlique, L. authenticus coming from the'
real author, of original or firsthand authority, from
Gr. avflei/TiKos, fr. a.ii6evn]s suicide, a perpetrator or real
author of any act, an absolute master ; avros self -f- a
form ern)? (not found), akin to L. sons and perh. orig.
from the p. pr. of eXvat to be, root as, and meaning the one
it really is. See Am, Sin, »., and cf. Effendl] 1. Hav-
ing a genuine original or authority, in opposition to that
which is false, fictitious, counterfeit, or apocryphal ;
being what it purports to be ; genuine ; not of doubtful
origin ; real ; as, an authentic paper or register.
To be avenged
On him who had stole Jove's authentic fire. JUilton.
2. Authoritative. lObs.] Milton.
3. Of approved authority ; true ; trustworthy ; credi-
ble ; as, an authentic writer ; an authentic portrait ; OM-
thentic information.
4. (Law) Vested with all due formalities, and legally
attested.
5. (Mus.) Having an immediate relation to the tonic,
in distinction from plagal, which has a correspondent re-
lation to the dominant in the octave below the tonic.
Syn. — Authentic, Genuine. These words, as here
compared, have reference to historical documents. Wo
call a document genuine when it can be traced back ulti-
mately to the author or authors from whom it professes
to emanate. Hence, the word has the meaning, "not
changed from the original, uncorruiJted, unadultera-
ted ; '' as, a (lenuine text. We call a document authentic
when, on the ground of its being thus traced back, it
may be relied on as true and authoritative (from the i)ri-
mary sense of " having an author, vouched for ") : hence
its extended signification, in general literature, of trust-
worthy, as resting on unquestionable authority or evi-
dence; as, an authentic liistory; an authentic report of
facts.
A genuine book is that which was written by the person
whose name it bears, as the author of it. An authentic book ii
that which relates matters of fact as they really liappened. A
book may be genuine without being authentic, and a book may
be authentic without being genuine. Bp. Watson.
It may be said, however, that some writers use autlien-
tic (as, an authentic document) in the sense of " produced
by its professed author, not counterfeit."
Au-then'tlc, n. An original (book or document).
[OJi.] "^wMeraWcs and transcripts." Fuller,
Au-then'tlc-al (-ti-kal), a. Authentic. \_Archaic]
Au-then'tlo-al-ly, adv. In an authentic manner;
with the requisite or genuine authority.
Au-Uien'tic-al-ness, n. The quality of being authen-
tic ; authenticity. [iJ.] Barrow.
Au-tben'U-cate (-tT-kat), v. i. limp. &p. p. Authen-
ticatec (-ka'tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. AuTHENTicATDJa
(-ka'ting).] [Cf.LL. authenticare.] 1. To render authen-
tic ; to give authority to, by the proof, attestation, or
formalities required by law, or sufficient to entitle to
credit.
The king serves only as a notary to authenticate the choice of
judges. _ Burke.
2. To prove authentic ; to determine as real and true ;
as, to authenticate a portrait. Walpole.
Au-then'ti-ca'tion (a-thgn'tl-ka'shJin), n. The act of
authenticating ; the giving of authority or credit by the
neeessarj' formalities ; confirmation.
Those accounts have . . . received a much stronger authentica-
tion than any that I could give to mine. Burke.
Au'then-tlc'l-ty (a'thSn-tts'T-ty), n. [Cf. F. authen-
ticite.] 1. The quality of being authentic or of estab-
lished authority for truth and correctness.
2. Genuineness ; the quality of being genuine or not
corrupted from' the original.
11^°" In later writers, especially those on the evidences
of Christianity, authenticity is often restricted in its use
to the first of the above meanings, and distinguished from
genuineness.
Au-then'tlO-ly (a-thgn'tTk-ly), adv. Authentically.
Au-tben'tic-ness, n. The quality of being authentic ;
authenticity, [i?.] Hammond.
Au-then'tics (a-th6n'tTks), n. {Civil Law) A col-
lection of the Novels or New Constitutions of Justinian,
by an anonymous author ; — so called on account of its
authenticity. Bouvier.
Au'thor (a'ther), re. [OE. authour, auiour, OF. autor,
P. auieur, fr. L. auctor, sometimes, but erroneously, writ-
ten autor or author, fr. augere to increase, to produce.
See Auction, re.] 1. The beginner, former, or first
ale, senate, c4re, a.m, arm, ask, final, all ; eve, event, €nd, fern, lecent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, orb, 5dd ;
AUTHOR
103
AUTOPTICAL
mover of anything ; hence, the efficient cause of a thing ;
a creator ; an originator.
Eternal King ; thee, Author of all being. Milton.
2. One who composes or writes a bools ; a composer,
as distinguished from an editor, translator, or compiler.
The chief glory of every people arises from its authors.
Johnson.
3. The editor of a periodical. lObs.}
4. An informant. lArchaic} Chaucer.
An'tlior (a'ther), v. t. 1. To occasion ; to originate.
iObs.']
Such an overthrow ... I have authored. Chapman.
2. To tell; to say; to declare. [Ofe.]
More of him I dare not author. Ma^ing^.
Au'thor-ess, n. A female author. Glover.
1^°" The word is not very much used, author being
commonly applied to a female writer as well as to a male.
Au-tho'ri-al (a-tho'rt-al), a. Of or pertaining to an
autlior. " The authorial ' we.' " Hare.
Au'thor-ism (a'ther-Tz'm), n. Authorship, [i?.]
Au-thor'i-ta-tive (a-thor'T-ta-tiv), a. 1. Having, or
proceeding from, due" authority ; entitled to obedience,
credit, or acceptance ; determinative ; commanding.
The sacred ftmotions of authoritative teachjjig. Barrow.
2. Having an air of authority; positive; dictatorial;
peremptory ; as, an authoritative tone.
The mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid
mirth of the other. Swift.
— Au-Oior'l-ta-tlve-ly, a*.— Au-thor'i-ta-tlve-ness, n.
Au-thor'i-ty (a-th5r'i-ty), n. ; pi. Authorities (-tiz).
[OE. autoriie, auctorite, F. atttorile, fr. L. auc/oritas, fr.
auctor. See Adthoe, ».] 1. Legal or rightful power ; a
right to command or to act ; power exercised by a person
in virtue of his office or trust ; dominion ; jurisdiction ;
authorization ; as, the authoritxjoi a prince over subjects,
and of parents over children ; the authority of a court.
Thus can the demigod, Autlioriti/,
Make us pay down for our offense. Shak.
By what authoritif doest thou these things ? 3Iatt. xxi. 23.
2. Government ; the persons or the body exercising
power or command ; as, the local authorities of the
States; the military a«/;/ion'ft'e.s. [Chiefly in the plural.]
3. The power derived from opinion, respect, or esteem ;
influence of character, office, or station, or mental or
moral superiority, and the like ; claim to be believed or
obeyed; as, an historian of no authority ; a magistrate of
great authority.
4. That which, or one who, is claimed or appealed to
in support of opinions, actions, measures, etc. Hence :
{a) Testimony ; witness. " And on that high authority
had believed. " Milton. (6) A precedent ; a decision of
a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, or
statement worthy to be taken as a precedent, (e) A
book containing such a statement or opinion, or the au-
thor of the book, (d) Justification ; warrant.
Wilt thou be glass wherein it shall discern
Authority for sin, warrant for blame. Shak.
Au'thor-i'za-'ble (a'thor-I'za-b'l), a. [LL. authorisab-
ilis.l Capable of being authorized. Hammond.
Au'thor-l-za'tion (a'thor-i-za'shiln), re. [Of. F. au-
torisation.'] The act of giving authority or legal power;
establishment by authority ; sanction or warrant.
The authorization of laws. Motley.
A special authorization from the chief. Merirale.
Au'tbor-lze (a'thor-iz), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Authob-
izED (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. AnTHOEiziNo.] [OE. auior-
iee, F. autoriser, fr. LL. auctorizare, authorisare. See
AcTHOK.] 1. To clothe with authority, warrant, or legal
power ; to give a right to act ; to empower ; as, to author-
ize commissioners to settle a boundary.
2. To make legal ; to give legal sanction to ; to legal-
ize ; as, to authorize a marriage.
3. To establish by authority, as by usage or public
epiction ; to sanction ; as, idioms authorized by usage.
4. To sanction or coniirm by the authority of some
one ; to warrant ; as, to authorize a report.
A woman's story at a winter's fire.
Authorized by her grandam. Shak.
5. To justify ; to furnish a ground for. Locke.
Xo authorize one's self, to rely for authority. [Obs.]
Authorizing himself, for the most part, upon other histories.
Sir P. Sidney.
An'thor-ized (-izd), a. 1. Possessed of or endowed
with authority ; as, an authorised agent.
2- Sanctioned by authority.
The Authorized Version of the Bible is the English trans-
lation of the Bible published in 1611 under sanction of
King James I. It was " appointed to be read in churches,"
and has been the accepted English Bible. The Revised
Version was published in a complete form in 1885.
Au'Ulor-i'zer (-i'zer), re. One who authorizes.
Au'thor-less, a. Without an author ; without author-
ity ; anonymous.
Au'thor-ly, a. Authorial. [i2.] Cowper.
Au'thor-slup, n. 1. The quality or state of being an
author ; function or dignity of an author.
2. Source; origin; origination; as, the authorship of
a book or review, or of an act, or state of aiEairs.
Au'Ul0-tyi)e (a'tho-tip), n. A type or block contain-
ing a facsirmle of an autograph. Knight.
Au'tO- (a/to-). [Gr. airds self.] A combining form, with
the meaning of self, one's self, one's own, itself, its own.
Au'tO-bi-og'ra-pher (-bt-og'ra-fer),re. lAuto- + biog-
rapher.'] One who writes his own life or biography.
Au'to-bi'0-graph'ic (-bi'o-graf'ik), 1 a. Pertaining to,
Au'tO-bi'O-graph'ic-al (-i-kal), | or containing,
autobiography ; as, an autobiographical sketch. " Such
traits of the autobiographic sort." Carlyle. — Au'tO-
oi'o-graph'lc-aUy, adv.
Au'tO-ljl-og'ra-phist (a't*-bt-5g'ra-fTst), n. One who
writes his own lite ; an autobiographer. [J?.]
Au'to-bi-og'ra-phy (-fy), re. ; pi. Autobiooeaphies
t-fiz;. yAuto- -\- biography.] A biography written by
the subject of it ; memoirs of one's life written by one's
self.
Au'to-car'pous (a'to-kar'piSs), ) a. [Auto- -\- Gr. Kap-
Au'tO-car'pl-an (-k'ar'pi-an), ) TTos fruit.] <^Bot.)
Consisting of the ripened pericarp with no other parts
adnate to it, as a peach, a poppy capsule, or a grape.
Au'tO-ceph'a-lOUS (-sSf'a-ias), a. [Gr. ouTOKeAaAos
independent ; airos self -f- Keif>a\i^ head.] (Eccl. Hist.)
Having its own head ; independent of episcopal or patri-
archal jurisdiction, as certain Greek churches.
Au'tO-cbron'O-grapta (-krSn'o-graf), re. lAuto- -\-
chronograph.] An instrument for the instantaneous self-
recording or printing of time. Knight.
Au-toch'thon (a-tok'thSn), n. ; pi. E. Autochthons
(-tliSuz), L. Adtochthones (-thS-nez). [L., fr. Gr. av-
rox^wv, pi. axnox^ove^, from the land itself ; aiiTos self -(-
X^Mv earth, liuid.] 1. One who is supposed to rise or
spring from the ground or the soil he inhabits ; one of
the original inhabitants or aborigines ; a native ; — com-
monly in the plural. This title was assumed by the an-
cient Greeks, particularly the Athenians.
2. That which is original to a particular country, or
which had there its origin.
Au-tOCh'thO-nal (-thS-nol), ) Aborimnal • indiir
Au'toch-thon'ic (-thSn^ik), °-erus7^:?^'e ""^'^
Au-toch'tho-nous (-tho-nus), ) <="""= i "«"»<=•
Au-toch'tho-nism (-thS-niz'm), re. The state of be-
ing autochthonal.
Au-tOCh'UlO-ny, n. An aboriginal or autochthonous
condition.
Au'tO-Clave (a'to-klav), n. [F., fr. Gr. airos self +
L. clavis key.] A kind of French stewpan with a steam-
tight lid. Knight.
Au-toc'ra-cy (a-tSk'ra-s^), re. / pi. Autoceacies. [Gr.
avjoKpareta : cf . F. autocratic. See Autocrat.] 1. In-
dependent or selt-derived power ; absolute or controlling
authority ; supremacy.
The divine will moves, not by the external impulse or incli-
nation of objects, but determines itself by an absolute autoc-
racy. South.
2. Supreme, uncontrolled, unlimited authority, or
right of governing in a single person, as of an autocrat.
3. Political independence or absolute sovereignty (of
a state) ; autonomy. Barlow.
4. (Med.) The action of the vital principle, or of the
instinctive powers, toward the preservation of the individ-
ual; also, the vital principle. [In this sense, written
also autocrasy.] Dunglison.
Au'tO-crat (a't6-kr5t), n. [Gr. avTo/cpaT^s ; avros self
-|- KpotTO! strength, KpaTv<; strong : cf. F. autocrate. See
Hard, a.] 1. Aa absolute sovereign ; a monarch who
holds and exercises the powers of government by claim
of absolute right, not subject to restriction ; as, Autocrat
of all the Russias (a title of the Czar).
2. One who rules with undisputed sway in any com-
pany or relation ; a despot.
The autocrat of the breakfast table. Holmes.
Au'tO-crat'ic (a'to-krSt'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to
Au'tO-crat'ic-ai (-krSt'i-kal), ) autocracy or to an
autocrat ; absolute ; holding independent and arbitrary
powers of government. — Au'tO-crat'ic-al-ly, adv.
Au-tOC'ra-tOr (a-tok'ra-tor), re. [Gr. avTO/cparmp.]
An autocrat. \_Archaic']
Au'tO-cra-tor'io-al (a'to-kra-tSr'T-kal), a. Pertaining
to an autocrator ; absolute. [06*.] Bp, Pearson.
II Au-tOC'ra-trix (a-tQk'ra-triks), re. [NL.] A female
sovereign who is independent and absolute ; — a title
given to the empresses of Russia.
Au'tO-crat-ship (a'to-krat-sMp), re. The office or dig-
nity of an autocrat.
II Au'tO-da-f6' (a'to-da-fa'), re. ; pi. Autos-da-fe
(a'toz-). [Pg. , act of the faith ; auto act, f r. L. actus -\-
d'a of the -j-/e faith, fr. L. fides.'] 1. A judgment of the
Inquisition in Spain and Portugal condemning or acquit-
ting persons accused of religious offenses.
2. An execution of such sentence, by the civil power,
esp. the burning of a heretic. It was usually held on
Sunday, and was made a great public solemnity by im-
pressive forms and ceremonies.
3. A session of the court of Inquisition.
II Au'tO-de-fe' (-da-fa'), re. / pl. Autos-de-fe. [Sp.,
act of faith.] Same as Auto-da-ee.
Au'tO-di-dact' (a'to-di-dakf), n. [Gr. airoSiSoxTOs
self-taught.] One who is self-taught ; an automath.
Au'tO-dy-nam'Ic (a'to-dt-nSm'Tk), a. \_Auto- + dy-
namic] Supplying its ovro power ; — applied to an in-
strument of the nature of a water-ram.
Au'tO-fec'un-da'tion (-fek'tin-da'shiln), n. [Auto- -f
fecundation.] {Biol.) Self -impregnation. Darwin.
Au-tog'a-mous (a-tog'a-mfis), a. (Bot.) Character-
ized by autogamy ; self -fertilized.
Au-tOg'a-my (-m^),K. l_Auto- -\- Gr. yccjaos marriage.]
(Bot.) Self-fertilization, the fertilizing pollen being de-
rived from the same blossom as the pistil acted upon.
Au'tO-ge'ne-al (a't6-je'ne-al), a. Self-produced ; au-
togenous.
II Au'to-gen'e-sls (a'to-jen't-sis), re. \_Auto- -\- gene-
sis.'] {Biol.) Spontaneous generation.
Au'tO-ge-net'iC (-je-net'ik), a. {Biol.) Relating to
autogenesis ; self-generated.
Au-tOg'e-nOUS (a-tSj'e-nias), a. [Gr. auToyenf? ; av-
Tos self + root of yiyvea-dai. to be born.] 1. {Biol.) Self-
generated ; produced independently.
2. {Anat.) Developed from an independent center of
ossification. Owen.
Autogenous soldering, the junction by fusion of the join-
ing edges of metals without the intervention of solder.
Au-tOg'e-nOUS-ly (a-toj'e-niis-ly), adv. In an autog-
enous manner ; spontaneously.
Au'tO-graph (a'to-graf ), re. [F. autographe, fr. Gr.
auToypou^os autographic ; auTo? self -|- ypd<f>eiv to write.]
That which is written with one's own hand ; an original
manuscript ; a person's own signature or handwriting.
An'tO-graph (a'to-grdf), a. In one's own handwrit-
ing ; as, an autograph letter ; an autograph will.
Au-tog'ra-phal (a-tSg'ra-fal), a. Autographic. [Ofc«.]
Au'tO-graph'iC (a'to-grSf'ik), ) a. 1. Pertaining to
Au'tO-graph'ic-aii (-grSf'T-kal), ( an autograph, or
one's own handwriting ; of the nature of an autograph.
2. Pertaining to, or used in, the process of autogra-
phy ; as, autographic ink, paper, or press.
Au-tOg'ra-phy (a-tog'r4-fy), re. [Cf. F. autographic.']
1. The science of autographs ; a person's own hand-
writing ; an autograph.
2. A process in lithography by which a writing or
drawing is transferred from paper to stone. Ure.
AU-tOl'a-try (a-t61'a^try), re. lAuto- -j- Gr. ^arpeCa
worship.] Self-worship. Farrar.
AU'tO-math (a'to-mSth), re. [Gr. avrop-aBri^ ; aiiToc
self -\- p.a6elv, ii.avd6.veiv, to learn.] One who is self-
taught, [i?.] Young.
Au'tO-mat'ic (K'to-mat'Tk), I a. [Cf. F. automaligue.
Au'to-mat'ic-ai (-i-kal), ) See Automaton.]
1. Having an inlierent power of action or motion.
Nothing can be said to be automatic. Sir H. Davy.
2. Pertaining to, or produced by, an automaton; of
the nature of an automaton; self-acting or self-regula-
ting under fixed conditions ; — esp. applied to machinery
or devices in which certain things formerly or usually
done by hand are done by the machine or device itself ;
as, the automatic feed of a lathe ; automatic gas lighting ;
an automatic engine or switch ; an automatic mouse.
3. Not voluntary ; not depending on the will ; me-
chanical ; as, automatic movements or functions.
Unconscious or automatic reasoning. H. Spencer.
Automatic arts, such economic arts or manufactures as
are carried on by self-acting machuiery. Ure.
Au'to-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. In an automatic manner.
Au-tom'a-tlsm (a-t6m'a-ttz'm), re. The state or
quality of being automatic ; the power of self -moving ;
automatic, mechanical, or involuntary action. {Metaph.)
A theory as to the activity of matter.
Au-tom'a-ton (-tSn), re.; pl. L. Automata (-ta), E.
Automatons (-tSnz). [L., fr. Gr. a.vT6jxarov, neut. of
auTo^aTos self-moving ; aire's self -j- a root ma, man, to
strive, think, cf. p-aetv to strive. See Mean, v. i.] 1. Any
thing or being regarded as having the power of sponta-
neous motion or action. Huxley.
So great and admirable an automaton as the world. Boyle.
These living automata, human bodies. Boyle.
2. A self -moving machine, or one which has its motive
power within itself ; — applied chiefly to machines which
appear to imitate spontaneously the motions of living
beings, such as men, birds, etc.
Au-tom'a-tOUS (-tus), a. [L. automatus, Gr. avr6p.a.-
Tos. See Automaton.] Automatic. \_Obs.] " Automa-
ious organs." Sir T. Browne.
Au'tO-mor'phlc (a'to-mSr'fik), a. \_Auto- -\- Gr.
IJ.op(j>ri form, shape.] Patterned after one's self.
The conception which any one frames of another's mind is
more or less after the pattern of his own mind, — is automor-
phic. H. Spencer.
Au'tO-mor'phism (-fiz'm), re. Automorphic charac
terization. H. Spenser.
Au'tO-nom'a-sy (-nom'a-sy), re. \_Auto- -j- Gr. oi'op.a-
cri'a a name, fr. 0TOp.a a name ; or for E. antonomasia.]
{Ehet.) The use of a word of common or general signifl.
cation for the name of a particular thing ; as, "He hae
gone to town,''' for, " He has gone to London."
Au'tO-nom'ic (-nom'ik), a. Having the power of
self-government; autonomous. Hickok.
Au-ton'o-mist (a-t5n'o-mist), n. [Cf. F. auiono-
miste. See Autonomy.] One who advocates autonomy.
Au-ton'O-mous (-mus), a. [Gr. avrovofio^ ; aiiTo's self
-f vepietv to assign, hold, sway.] 1. Independent in gov-
ernment ; having the right or power of self-government.
2. {Biol.) Having independent existence or laws.
Au-tOn'O-my (-my), re. [Gr. avTovofi.ia. : cf. F. autono-
mic. See Autonomous.] 1. The power or right of self-
government ; self-government, or political independence,
of a city or a state.
2. {Metaph.) The sovereignty of reason In the sphere of
morals ; or man's power, as possessed of reason, to give
law to himself. In this, according to Kant, consist the
true nature and only possible proof of liberty. Fleming.
II Au-toph'a-gi (a-tof'a-jl), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. o.vto';
seU -)- ^ayeii/ to eat.] {Zo'ol.) Birds which are able to
run about and obtain their own food as soon as hatched.
Au-toph'O-by (-6-by), re. [_Auto- + Gr. <#io';8o9 fear.]
Fear of one's self ; fear of being egotistical. \_E.] Hare.
Au-toph'0-ny (-6-ni^), re. \_Auto- -\- Gr. (/nof^ a sound.]
{Med.) An auscultatory process, which consists in noting
the tone of the observer's own voice, while he speaks,
holding his head close to the patient's chest. Dunglison.
Au'tO-plas'tio (a'to-plSs'tik), a. Of or pertaining
to autoplasty. >
Au'to-plas'ty (-plSs'tJf), re. \_Auto--\- -plasty.] {Surg.)
The process of artificially repairing lesions by taking a
piece of healthy tissue, as from a neighboring part, to
supply the deficiency caused by disease or wounds.
Au-top'sic (a-t5p'sTk), ) a. Pertaining to autopsy ;
Au-top'sic-ai (-si-kal), ) autoptical. \_Obs.]
Au-top'SO-rin (-s6-rin), n. [Artto- -f- Gr. ifrwpa the
Itch.] (Med.) That which is given under the doctrine of
administering a patient's own virus.
Au'top-Sy (a'tSp-sJ?), re. [Gr. avro^ia., fr. auTOTrros
seen by one's self ; aurds self -)- oTrrds seen : cf . F. au-
topsie. See Optic, a.] 1. Perssnal observation or exam-
ination ; seeing with one's own eyes ; ocular view.
By autopsy and experiment. Cudworth^
2. (Med.) Dissection of a dead body, for the purpose
of ascertaining the cause, seat, or nature of a disease ; a
post-mortem examination.
Au-top'tic (a-t5p'tTk), 1 a. [Gr. auTOTrriKo's : cf. F.
Au-top'tlC-a'i (-ti-kal), ( auteptiqitc] Seen vdth
B
H
K
M
use, unite, rude, full, up, <irn ; pity ; food, fo"ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; tben, thin ; boN ; zh = z in aziire.
AUTOPTICALLY
104
AVER
one's own eyes; belonging to, or connected with, per-
sonal observation ; as, uatoptic testimony or experience.
AU-tOp'tlC-al-ly (a-top'ti-kol-ly), adv. By means of
ocular view, or one's own observation. Sir T. Browne.
Au'to-sche'di-as'tic (a'to-ske'di-as'tik), I a. \_Auto-
Au'to-sche'di-as'tic-ai (-as'tl-kal), J + Gr. ax^-
iidfetf to do hastily. See Sohediasm.] Extemporary ;
offhand. [i2.] Dean Martin.
Au'tO-Styl'IC (-stTl'ik), a. [^a<o- + Gr. o-tOAos pil-
lar.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated
directly to the cranium, as in tlie skulls of the Amphibia.
Au'tO-the'ism (a'to-the'Iz'm), n. \_Auto- -j- theism.']
1. The doctrine of God's self-existence. [-R.]
2. Deification of one's self ; self-worship. [A'.]
Au'tO-the'ist, n. One given to self-worship. [7f.]
Au'tO-type (a'to-tip), n. \_Aulo- + -type : cf. F. auto-
iype.^ 1. A facsimile.
2. A photographic picture produced in sensitized pig-
mented gelatin by exposure to light under a negative,
and subsequent washing out of the soluble parts ; a
kind of picture printed in ink from a gelatin plate.
Au'tO-ty-pog'ra-phy (-tt-po2;'ra-fy), n. lAnto- -\-
fypograpkj/.] A process resembling "nature loriutmg,"
by which drawings executed on gelatin are impressed
into a soft metal plate, from which the printing is done
as from copperplate.
Au-tOt'y-py (a-totT-pi^ or a'to-ti'pi?), n. The art or
process of making autotypes.
Au'tumn (a'tum), n. [L. auctumnus, auiumnus,
perh. fr. a root av to satisfy one's self: cf. F. automne.
See Avarice.] 1. The third season of the year, or the
season between summer and winter, often called " the
fall." Astronomically, it begins in the northern tem-
perate zone at the autumnal equinox, about September
23, and ends at the winter solstice, about December 23 ;
but in popular language, autumn, in America, comprises
September, October, and November.
II^°° In England, according to Johnson, autumn popu-
larly comprises August, September, and October. In the
southern hemisphere, the autumn corresponds to our
Bprmg.
2. The harvest or fruits of autumn. Milton.
3. The time of maturity or decline ; latter portion ;
third stage.
Dr. Preston was now entering into the autumn of the duke's
favor. Fuller.
Life's autumn past, I stand on winter's verge. Wordsworth.
Au-tum'nal (a-ttim'nal), a.. [L. auctumnalis, autum-
nalis: cf. F. automnal.'] 1. Of, belonging to, or peculiar
to, autumn ; as, an autumnal tint ; produced or gathered
in autumn ; as, autumnal fruits ; flowering in autumn ;
as, an autumnal plant.
Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks
In Vallombrosa. Jililton.
2. Past the middle of life ; in the third stage.
An autumnal matron. Hawthorne.
Antnmnal equinox, the time when the sun crosses the
equator, as it proceeds southward, or when it passes the
autumnal point. — Autumnal point, the point of the equa-
tor intersected by the ecliptic, as the sun proceeds south-
ward ; the first point of Libra. — Autumnal signs, the signs
Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the sun
passes between the autmnnal equinox and winter soistioe.
Aus'a-nom'e-ter (aks'a-nom'e-ter), n. [Gr. a\i^6.vet.v
to cause to increase -{- -meter.] An instrument to meas-
ure the growth of plants. Goodale.
IIAux-e'SlS (aks-e'sis), n. [irL.,fr. Gr. au^ijo-i! in-
crease, fr. avfeif, a.v^a.veiv, to increase.] (Rhet.) A fig-
ure by which a grave and magnificent word is put for the
proper word; amplification; hyperbole.
Aux-et'lc (aks-St'ik), a. [Gr. au^ijTi/co;.] Pertain-
ing to, or containing, auxesis ; amplifying.
Aux-il'iar (agz-Tl'yer ; 106), a. [L. auziliaris: cf. F.
auxiliaire. See Atjxiliakt.] Auxiliary. {_Archaic2
The auxiliar troops and Trojan hosts appear. Pope.
Aux-ll'lar, n. An auxiliary. [^Archaic] Milton.
Aus-il'iar-ly, adv. By way of help. Harris.
Aus-11'la-ry (agz-Tl'ya-rjf ; 106), a. [L. auxiliarius,
fr. auxiUum help, aid, fr. augere to increase.] Confer-
ring aid or help ; helping ; aiding ; assisting ; subsidi-
ary ; as, auxiliary troops.
Auxiliary scales '(.Mas.), the scales of relative or attend-
ant keys. See under Attendant, a. — Ansiliary verbs
(Gram.). See Auxiliary, w., 3.
AuK-U'ia-ry, n. : pi. Auxiliaeies (-rTz). 1. A helper ;
an assistant ; a confederate in some action or enterprise.
2. (3Iil.) pi. Foreign troops in the service of a nation
at war ; (rarely in sing.), a member of the allied or sub-
sidiary force.
3. {Gram.) A verb which helps to form the voices,
modes, and tenses of other verbs ; — called, also, an aax-
iliary verb; as, have, be, may, can, do, must, shall, and
will, in English; etre and avoir, in French; avere and
essere, in Italian ; estar and haber, in Spanish.
4. (Math.) A quantity introduced for the purpose of
simplifying or facilitating some operation, as in equa-
tions or trigonometrical formulae. Math. Diet.
Aux-il'ia-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Auxiliary; helping. [Obs.]
II A'va (a'va), n. Same as Kava. Johnston.
Av'a-da-vat' (av'a-da-vaf), n. Same as Amadavat.
A-vail' (a^val'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Availed (a-vald') ;
p.pr. & vb. n. Availing.] [OE. availen, fr. F. a (L. ad)
-f- valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be
worth. See Valiant.] 1. To turn to the advantage of ;
to be of service to ; to profit ; to benefit ; to help ; as,
artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of judgment.
O, what ai'ails rae now that honor high I Milton.
2. To promote ; to assist. [OJs.] Pope.
To avail one's self of, to make use of ; take advantage of.
Then shall they seek to avail them.'^elves of names. Milton.
I have availed myself ot the very first opportunity. Dickens.
A-vall', V. i. To be of use or advantage ; to answer
the purpose ; to have strength, force, or efficacy suffi-
cient to accomplish tiie object ; as, the plea in bar must
avail, that is, be suflScient to defeat the suit; this scheme
will not avail; medicines will not avail to check the
disease. " What signs avail f " Milton.
Words araif very little with me, young man. Sir W. Scott.
A-vail' (a-val'), n. 1. Profit ; advantage toward suc-
cess ; benefit ; value ; as, labor, without economy, is of
little avail.
The auai? of a deathbed repentance. Jer. Taylor.
2. pi. Proceeds ; as, the avails of a sale by auction.
The avails oi their own industry. Stoddard.
Syn. — Use; benefit; utility; profit; service.
A-vail', V. t. & i. See Avale, v. {Ohs.] Spenser.
A-vail'a-bil'i-ty (-a-bTl'I-ty), n. ; pi. Availabilities
(-tiz). 1. The quality of being available ; availableuess.
liE^°" The word is sometimes used derogatively in the
sense of "mere availableuess," or capability of success
without regard to worthiness.
He was . . . nominated for his availability. Loivell.
2. That which is available.
A-vail'a-ble (a-val'a^b'l), a. 1. Having sufficient
power, force, or efficacy, for the object ; effectual; valid ;
as, an available plea. [06.?.]
Laws human are available by consent. Hooker.
2. Such as one may avail one's self of ; capable of being
used for the accomplishment of a purpose ; usable ; prof-
itable ; advantageous ; convertible into a resource ; as, an
available measure; an available candidate.
Stru^jrling to redeem, as he did, the available months and
days out of so many that were unavailable. Cortyle.
Havinp: no available funds with which to pay the calls on
new shares. //. Spencer.
A-vail'a-We-ness, n. 1. Competent power ; validity ;
efiicacy ; as, the ora)7«Wc«eM of a title. [Ote.]
2. Quality of being available ; capability of being used
for the purpose intended. Sir M. Male.
A-vaU'a-bly, adv. in an available manner ; profita-
bly ; advantageouslj' ; efficaciously.
A-vail'ment (-ment), re. Profit ; advantage. [Ofe.]
Av'a-lanche' (av'a-lanch' ; 277), n. [F. avalanche, fr.
avaler to descend, to let down, from aval down, down-
ward; h {Li. ad) -f- vol, L. vallis, valley. See Valley.]
1. A large mass or body of snow and ice sliding swiftly
down a mountain side, or falling down a preciiiice.
2. A fall of earth, rocks, etc., similar to that of an
avalanche of snow or ice.
3. A sudden, great, or irresistible descent or influx of
anything.
A-vale' (a^val'), V. t. & i. [F. avaler to descend, to let
down. See Avalanche.] 1. To cause to descend ; to
lower ; to let fall ; to doff. lObs.] Chaucer.
2. To bring low ; to abase. [Ote.] Sir H. Wotton.
3. {v. i.) To descend ; to fall; to dismount. [Obs.]
And from their sweaty coursers did ovale. Spenser.
A-vant' (a-vanf), n. [For avant-guard. Cf. Avaunt,
Van.] The front of an army. [0'«-X See Van. _
A-vant'— COU'ri-er (a-vanfkoo'rl-er or a^vaN'koo'ri-
er), n. [F., fr. avani before + courrier. See Avaunt,
and CouKiEK.] A person dispatched before another per-
son or company, to give notice of his or their approach.
A-Vant'-g^ard' (a-vant'gard' ; 277), n. [F. avant
before + E. guard ; F. avant-garde. See Avaunt.] The
van or advanced body of an army. See Vanguard.
Av'a-rice (av'.i-rls), n. [F. avarice, L. avaritia, fr.
avarus avaricious, prob. fr. avere to covet, fr. a root av
to satiate one's self ; cf. Gr. afx^vai, aaai, to satiate, Skr.
av to satiate one's self, rejoice, protect.] 1. An excessive
or inordinate desire of gain ; greediness after wealth ;
covetousness ; cupidity.
To desire money for its own sake, and in order to hoard it up,
is avarice. , Seattle.
2. An inordinate desire for some supposed good.
All are taught an avarice of praise. Goldsmith.
Av'a-rl'cious (5v'a-rish'us), a. [Cf. F. avaricieux.]
Actuated by avarice ; greedy of gain ; immoderately de-
sirous of accumulating property.
Syn.— Greedy ; stingy; rapacious; griping; sordid;
close. — Avaricious, Covetous, Parsimonious, Penttei-
ous. Miserly, Niggardly. The avaricious eagerly desire
wealth with a view to hoard it. The covetous grasp after
it at the expense of others, though not of necessity with
a design to save, since a man may be covetous and yet a
spendthrift. The penurious, parsimonious, and miserhj
save money by disgraceful self-denial, and the niggardly
by meanness in their dealing with others. We speak of
persons as covetous in getting, avaricious in retaining, pa ?•-
simonious in expending, penurious or miserly in modes
of living, niggardly in dispensing.
— Av'a-ri'clous-ly, orfr. — Av'a-ri'olous-ness, n.
Av'a-rous (-rus), a. [L. avarus.] Avaricious. \Obs.]
A-vast' (ar-vasf), inter j. [Corrupted from D. houd vast
holdfast. See Hold, ■!)./., and Fast, a.] (iVaM<. ) Cease ;
stop; stay. "^))f7.rf heaving." ^ Totten.
Av'a-tar' ( Sv'a-tar'), n. [Skr. avatara descent ; ava
from -|- root tr to cross, pass over.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.)
The descent of a deity to earth, and his incarnation as
a man or an animal ; — chiefly associated with the incar-
nations of Vishnu.
2. Incarnation ; manifestation as an object of vorship
or admiration.
A-vaunce' (a-vans'), v. t. & i. [See Advance.] To
advance ; to profit.' \_Obs.] Chancer.
A-vaunt' (a^vanf or a-vant'), interj. [F. avant for-
ward, fr. L. ab -f ante before. Cf. Avant, Advance.]
Begone; depart; — a word of contempt or abhorrence,
equivalent to the phrase " Get thee gone."
A-vaunt', v. t. & i. 1. To advance ; to move for-
ward ; to elevate. [06^.] Spenser.
2. To depart : to move away. [Obs.] Coverdale.
A-vaunt', v. t. & i. [OF. avanter ; h (L. ad) -[- vatv-
ier. See Vaunt.] To vaunt ; to boast. [06s.] CAaacer.
A-vaunt', n. A vaunt ; a boast. [Ofo.] Chaucer.
A-Vaunt'onr (^vant'oor), n. [OF. avanleur.] A
boaster. [06s.] Chaucer.
II A've (a've or a'va), 7t. [L., had.] 1. An Ave Maria.
He repeated Aves aud Credos. Mtieaiday,
2. A reverential salutation.
Their loud applause and aves vehement. Shah.
A-vel (a-vel'), V. t. [L. avellere.] To pull away. \_Obs.]
Yet are not these parts aveltej. Sir T. Brounie.
A-vel1ane (a-vel'lan), a. [Cf. It. avellana a filbert,
fr. L. Avella or Abclla a city of Campania.] (Her.) In
the form of four unhusked filberts ; as, an avellane cross.
II A've Ma-ri'a (a'vfi ma-re'a). ) [From the first words
A've IHa'ry (a've ma'ry). ) of the Roman Cath-
olic prayer to the Virgin Mary ; L. ave hail, Maria
Mary.] 1. A salutation and prayer to the Virgin Mary,
as mother of God ; — used in the Roman Catholic church.
To number Ave Maries on his beads. Shak.
2. A particular time (as in Italy, at the ringing of
the bells about half an hour after sunset, and also at
early dawn), when the people repeat the Ave Maria.
Ave Jfaria ! blessed be the hour I Byron.
II A-ve'na (a-ve'na), m. [L.] (i?o<.) A genus of grasses,
including the common oat (Avena saliva) ; the oat
grasses.
Av'e-na'ceous (av'e-na'shHs), a. [L. avenaceus, fr.
avena oats.] Belonging to, or resembling, oats or the
oat grasses.
Av'e-nage (Sv^-naj), n. [F. avenage, fr. L. avena
oats.] (Old Law) A quantity of oats paid by a tenant
to a landlord in lieu of rent. Jacob.
Av'e-ner (-ner), n. [OF. avenier, fr. aveine, avaine, ,
aroine, oats, F. aroine, L. arena.] (Feud. Law) An
officer of the king's stables whose duty it was to provide
oats for the horses. \_Obs.]
A-venge' (a-venj'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Avenged
(a-venjd') ; p. pr. S: vb. n. Avenging (-jTng).] [OF.
arengier ; L. ad -f- vindicate to lay claim to, to avenpe,
revenge. See Vengeance.] i. To take vengeance for;
to exact satisfaction for by punishmg the injuring party ;
to vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on a wrongdoer.
He will avcnfje the blood of his servants. Dent, xxxii. 43.
Avenfje, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones
Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold. Milton.
He had avenged himself on them by havoc such as England
had never before seen. Macaulay.
2. To treat revengefully ; to wreak vengeance on. [^Obs.]
Thy judf;nient in aveurjiny thine enemies. Bp. Hall.
Syn. — To Avenge, Revenge. To avenge is to inflict
punishment upon evil doers in behalf of ourselves, or
others for whom we act; as, to avenge one's wrongs; to
avenge the injuries of the suffering and innocent. It is to
inflict pain for the sake of vindication, or retributive jus-
tice. To revenge is to inflict pain or injury for the indul-
gence of resentful and malicious feelings. The former
may at times be a duty ; the latter is one of the worst
exliibitions of human character.
I avenge myself upon another, or I avenge another, or I avenge
a wrong. I revenge only myself, and that upon another.
C. J. Smith.
A-venge', '•■ i. To take vengeance. Levil. xix. 18.
A-venge', re. Vengeance; revenge. [06s.] Spenser.
A-venge'ance (a-vSnj'ans), re. Vengeance. [06s.]
A-venge'lul (-ful), a. Vengeful. [06s.] Spenser.
A-venge'ment (-ment), re. The inflicting of retribu-
tive punislmaent ; satisfaction taken, [i?.] Milton.
A-ven'ger (a-vSn'jer), re. 1. One who avenges or
vindicates ; as, an avenger of blood.
2. One who takes vengeance. [06s.] Milton.
A-ven'ger-ess, n. A female avenger. [06s.] Spenser.
A-ye'ni-QUS (a-ve'uI-Gs), a. [Pref . a- not -f L. vena
a vein.] (Dot.) Being Avithout veins or nerves, as the
leaves of certain plants.
Av'e-nor (av'e-n8r), re. See Avenee. [06s.]
Av'ens (av'enz), re. [OF. ovence.] (Dot.) A plant of
the genus Geum, e.sp. Geum urbamim, or herb beimet.
Av'en-tail (av'en-tal), re. [OF. esrentail. Cf. Ven-
tail.] The movable front to a helmet ; the ventail.
Av'en-tine (-tin), a. Pertaining to ifons Aventinus,
one of the seven hills on which Rome stood. Bi-yant.
Av'en-tine, re. A post of security or defense. \_Poelic]
Into the castle's tower.
The only Aventinc that now is left him. Beau. 6; Fl.
A-ven'tre (a-ven'ter), V. t. To thrust forward (at a
venture), as a spear. [06s.] Spenser.
A-ven'ture (a^vgn'tiir; 135), re. [See Adventure, re.j
1. Accident ; chance ; adventure. [06s.] Chaucer.
2. (Old Law) A mischance causing a person's death
without felony, as by dromiing, or falling into the fire.
A-ven'tU-rine (a-ven'tii-rin), «. [F. avenlurine : cf.
It. ovventurino.] 1. A kind of glass, containing gold-
colored spangles. It was produced in the first place by
the accidental (par aventure) dropping of some brass fil-
ings into a pot of melted glass.
2. (3Iin.) A variety of translucent quartz, spangled
throughout with scales of yellow mica.
Aventurine feldspar, a variety of oligoclase with inter-
nal firelike refiections due to the presence of minute
crystals, probably of hematite ; sunstone.
Av'e-nue (av'e-n!i), re. [F. avenue, fr. avenir to come
to, L. advenire. See Advene.] 1. A way or opening for
entrance into a place ; a passage by which a place may
be reached ; a way of approach or of exit. " The ave-
nues leading to the city by land." Macaulay.
On every side were expanding new avenues of inquiry. Ifilrnan.
2. The principal walk or approach to a house whicli
is withdrawn from the road, especially, such approach,
bordered on each side by trees ; any broad passageway
thus bordered.
An avenue of tall elms and branching chestnuts. W. Black.
3. A broad street ; as, the Fifth Avenue in New York.
A'ver (a'ver), re. [OF. aver domestic animal, whence
LL. averia, pi. cattle. See~HAEiT, and cf. Average.}
A work horse, or working ox. [06s. or Dial. £ng.]
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, Sljey, orb, 6dd;
AVER
105
AVOCATION
A-ver' (a-ver'), i<. t. [imp. & p. p. Averred (a-verd') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Averring.] [F. (iverer, LL. nclveriire,
averare ; h. ad + verus true. See Verity.] 1. To assert,
or prove, the truth of. I0bs.~\
2. (Laiv) To avouch or verify; to offer to verify ; to
prove or justify. See Averment. Coioell.
3. To affirm with confidence ; to declare in a positive
manner, as in confidence of asserting the truth.
It is sufficient that the very fact hatli its foundation in truth,
as I do seriously aver is the case. Fieldintj.
Then all averred I had killed the bird. Coleridge.
Syn. — To assert; affirm; asseverate. See Affirm.
Av'er-age (Sv'er-fij), re. [OF. ax'eragc, LL. avera-
ffium, prob. fr. OF. aver, F. avoir, property, horses, cat-
tle, etc. ; prop, infin., to liave, from L. habere to have.
Cf. F. average small cattle, and avarie (perh. of different
origin) damage to ship or cargo, port dues. The first
meaning was perh. the service of carting a feudal lord's
wheat, then charge for carriage, then contribution to-
wards loss of things carried, in proportion to the .amount
of each person's property. Cf. Aver, n., Avercorn,
AvERPENNY.] 1. (0M£'«3. iaw) That service which a
tenant owed his lord, to be done by the work beasts of
the tenant, as the carriage of wheat, turf, etc.
2. [Cf. F. avarie damage to ship or cargo.] {Com.)
{a) A tariff or duty on goods, etc. [OJ*.] (b) Any
charge in addition to the regular charge for freight of
goods shipped, (c) A contribution to a loss or charge
which has been imposed upon one of several for the gen-
eral benefit ; damage done by sea perils, (rf) The equi-
table and proportionate distribution of loss or expense
among all interested.
General average, a contribution made, by all parties con-
cerned in a sea adventure, toward a loss occasioned by
the voluntary sacrifice of the property of some of the par-
ties in interest for the benefit of all. It is called (jencrul
averaqe, because it falls upon the ^ross amount of ship,
cargo^ and freight at risk and saved by the sacrifice. Kent.
— Particular average signifies the damage or partial loss
happening to the ship, or cargo, or freight, in consequence
of some fortuitous or unavoidable accident ; and it is
borne bv the individual owners of the articles damaged,
or by tlieir insurers. — Petty averages are sundry small
charges, which occur regularly, ana are necessarily de-
frayed by the master in the usual course of a voyage ;
such as port charges, conunon pilotage, and the like,
which formerly were, and in some cases still are, borne
partly bv the ship and partly by the cargo. In the clause
commonly found in bills of lading, " primage and arerofyc
accustomed," areraoe means a kind of composition es-
tablished by usage for such charges, which were formerly
assessed by way of average. ArnouM. Abbott. Phillips.
3. A mean proportion, medial sum or quantity, made
out of unequal sums or quantities ; an arithmetical mean.
Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9, and C IG, the sum is 30,
and the average 10.
4. Any medial estimate or general statement derived
from a comparison of diverse specific cases ; a medium
or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, etc. " The aver-
age of sensations." Paley.
5. pi. In the English com trade, the medial price of
the several kinds of grain in the principal corn markets.
On an average, taking the mean of unequal numbers or
quantities.
Av'er-age (Sv'er-aj), a. 1. Pertaining to an average
or mean ; medial ; containing a mean proportion ; of a
moan size, quality, ability, etc. ; ordinary ; usual ; as, an
a-. .rage rjite of prort; an average amount of rain; the
av:"'tj.ge Englishman ; beings of the average stamp.
2. Aecording to the laws of average ; as, the loss must
b^ Diade good by cvercge contribution.
&V'er-ags, v. t. {imp. & p. p. Averaged (-Sjd) ; p.
■>.■: .4 l•^. n- A-i-KRAGraG.] 1. To find the mean of, when
ams or quantitiea are unequal ; to reduce to a mean.
2. To .'ivide amon;; a number, according to a given
.)rop"ction : as, to avK-age a loss.
S. To do, accomplish, get, etc. , on an average.
AVeS-age, ''• i. lo form, or exist in, a mean or me-
dia] siuB or quaurity ; to amount to, or to be, on an av-
eragfi ; as, the losse ■ of the owners will average twenty-
five liollaT.'! each : thf-se spars average ten feet in length.
A'ver-OOni' (a'ver-k8rn'),re. \_Aver,n.-\-corn.2 {Old
3ng. Law) A -eserved rent in com, formerly paid to
rtiligious houses by tli iir tenants or farmers. Kennet.
A-ver'ment (i-vei ment), n. [Cf. OF. averement, LL.
awramentum. 3e8 ,' ver, v. t."] 1. The act of averring,
or that which fa averred ; affirmation ; positive assertion.
Signally has tl.U ave:^iieni received illustration in the course
ox recent eveuib. /. Taylor.
2. V'erificati'. n • esi.ablishment by evidence. Bacon.
3. {Law) A ;.cfiri'.'e statement of facts ; an allegation ;
BO offer to jupti'y or prove what is alleged.
Sr^ In any stago cf pleadings, when either party ad-
vani-es new jnatter. he avers it to be true, by using this
formofwo-ds: "ai.d this he is ready to verify . " This
was .omerly called an averment. In modern pleading,
it is tp:med a vsr/Jication. Blackstone.
&-'?er'!Dial (a-ver'n./l), \ a. Of or pertaining to Aver-
A-ver'ni-an (-uT-'m), ) nus, a lake of Campania, in
ftaly, famous for its poisonous vapors, which ancient
ttj-itcrs fancied were so malignant as to kill birds flying
i.ver it. It was represented by the poets to be connected
'.vi-h the infemai i.^.Tions.
Av'er-pea'ny (ii- 'er-pen'ny), n. [Aver, n. -fpererey.]
( OUi Eng. Law) Money paid by a tenant in lieu of the
EC-rriC'i of average.
A-ver'rO-tem (&-v6r'ro-iz'm), n. The tenets of the
Avfirvoists.
A-yer'ro-lBt, n. One of a sect of peripatetic phi-
loKophers, who apptared in Italy before the restoration
of learning; m de>ominated from Averroes, or Aver-
Thoea, a ci'lehra.ed .Arabian philosopher. He held the
do;trine of raonopavf hism.
AV'er-nui'cate (S.v'Sr-riln'kat), V. t. [L. averrxm-
care to avert ; a, nb, off -|- verruncare to turn ; formerly
derived from 06 and eruncare to root out. Cf. Aberun-
CATE.] 1. To avert ; to ward off. [06s.] Hiulibras.
2. To root up. [06.?J Johnson.
Av'er-run-ca'tion (Sv'er-run-ka'shun), n. [Cf. OF.
averro7icalion.2 1. The act of averting. [Obs.l
2. Eradication. [ii.J f)e Quincey.
Av'er-nm-ca'tor (-ter), n. [Cf. Aberuncatoe.] An
instrument for pruning trees, consisting of two blades,
or a bhade and a hook, fixed on the end of a long rod.
Av'er-sa'tlon (ilv'er-sa'shun), n. [L. aversatio, fr.
a!Jer.so)( toturn away, v. intens. of avertere. See Avert.]
A turning from with dislike ; aversion. [Obs. or Arcliaic]
Some men have a natural aversaiion to some vices or virtues,
and a natural affection to others. Jer. Tai/lor.
A-verse' (a-vers'), a. [L. aversus, p. p. of avertere.
See Avert.] 1. Turned away or backward. [Obs.']
The tracks averse a lying notice gave.
And led the searcher backward from the cave. Drtjden.
2. Having a repugnance or opposition of mind ; dislik-
ing ; disinclined ; imwilling ; reluctant.
Averse alike to flatter, or offend. Pope.
Men who were avev.^e to the life of camps. Macatitay.
Pass by securely as men arer.fe from war. Micah ii. 8.
11^^ The prevailing usage now is to employ to after
aver.'^e and its derivatives rather than from, as was for-
merly the usage. In this the word is in agreement with
its kmdred terms, haired, di.'^lilce, di.'^similar, contrary,
repiigiiaiil, etc., expressing a relation or an affection of
the mind to an object.
Syn. — Averse, Reluctant, Adverse. Aver.te ex-
Sresses an habitual, though not of necessity a very strong,
islike ; as, arer.w to active pursuits ; arerse to study. Re-
liictaiil, a term of the will, miplies an internal struggle as
to makmg some sacrifice of interest or feeling; as, reluc-
tant to yield; reUictaiil to make the necessary arrange-
ments ; a relvrtant will or consent. Adverse denotes
active opposition or hostility ; as, adverse interests ; ad-
verse feelings, plans, or movements ; the adverse party.
A-verse', r. t. & i. To turn away. [Obs.l B. Jonson.
A-verse'ly, adv. 1. Backward ; in a backward di-
rection ; as, emitted aversely.
2. With repugnance or aversion ; unwillingly.
A-verse'ness, n. The quality of being averse ; oppo-
sition of mind ; unwillingness.
A-ver'sion (a-ver'shun), n. [L. aversio : of. F. aver-
sion. See Avert.] 1. A turning away. [Obs."]
Adhesion to vice and aversion from goodness. lip. Atterhury.
2. Opposition or repugnance of mind ; fixed dislike ;
antipathy ; disinclination ; reluctance.
Mutual aversio7i of races. Pre.'?cott.
His rapacity had made him an object of general aversion.
Macaulay.
i;^" It is now generally followed by to before the ob-
ject. [ See Averse.] Sometimes towards and for are
found ; from is obsolete.
A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection. Addison.
His aversion toioards the house of York. Bacon.
It is not difficult for a man to see that a person has con-
ceived an aversion for him. Spectator.
The Khasias . . . have an aversion to milk. J. D. Hooker.
3. The object of dislike or repugnance.
Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire. Pope.
Syn. — Antipathy ; dislike; repugnance; disgust. See
Dislike.
A- vert' (a-verf), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Averted ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Averting.] [L. avertere ; a, ab -f- vertere to
turn : cf. OF. avertir. See Verse, re.] To turn aside, or
away ; as, to avert the eyes from an object ; to ward off,
or prevent, the occurrence or effects of ; as, how can the
danger be averted ? " To avert his ire." Milton.
When atheists and profane jiersons do hear of so many dis-
cordant and contrary opinions in religion, it doth avert them
from the church. Bacon.
Till ardent prayer averts the public woe. Prior.
A-vert', V. i. To turn away. [Archaic]
Cold and averting from our neighbor's good. Thomson.
A-vert'ed, a. Turned away, esp. as an expression of
feeling ; also, offended ; unpropitious.
Who scornful pass it with averted eye. Keble.
A-vert'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, averts.
A-vert'i-ble (a-ver'tT-b'l), a. Capable of being avert-
ed ; preventable.
A-ver'ti-ment (-ti-ment), n. Advertisement. [Obs.]
II A'ves (a'vez), n. pi. [L., pi. of avis bird.] {Zool.)
The class of Vertebrata that includes the birds.
Feet of Aves
or Birds : a Ad-
hamant (cling-
ing as with
hooks) foot of
i\ie swift ; 6
Scansorial ; c
Ambulatorial
or Gallina-
ceous; d In-
sessorial or Fis-
sipedal ; e Ani-
sodactylous or
GresEori al ;/
Raptorial; a
Grallatorial or
Wading ; h Ra-
sorial or Curso-
rial ; i Webbed
or Palmate ; k
Semipalmate ; I
Fissipalmate:m
Lobate ; n Toti-
palmate or
Oared.
!II^= Aves,
or birds, have
a complete
double circu-
lation, ovipa- , i ,. , ,. , j.^ ,
rous reproduction, front limbs peculiarly modified as
wings ; and they bear feathers. All existing birds have
a homy beak, without teeth ; but some Mesozoic fossil
a a Avicularia Of
Bugula avicularia,
much enlarged.
See Avid.] Greed-
birds fOrioiitomithes) had conical teeth inserted in both
jaws. The priucip.al groups are ; Carinat.b, including
all existing flymg birds ; Ratitve, iiu^ludiug the ostrich
and allies, the airteryx, and the extinct moas ; Odontok-
NITHES, or fossil birds with teeth.
The ordinary birds are classified largely by the struc-
ture of tlie beak and feet, which are in direct relation to
their habits. See Beak, Bird, Odontornithes.
II A-ves'ta (a-vgs'ta), re. The Zoroastrian scriptures.
See Zend-Avesta.
A'vi-an (a'vT-«n), a. Of or pertaining to birds.
A'vl-a-ry (a'vT-a-rJ), re. ; pi. Aviaries (-riz). [L. avi-
avium, fr. rn'iffriijjf pertaining to birds, fr. avis bird, akin
to Gr. oicoi'ds, Skr. vi.] A house, inclosure, large cage,
or other place, for keeping birds confined ; a bird house.
Lincolnshire may be termed the aviary of England. Fuller.
A'Vl-a'tion(a'vi-a'shiin),re. The art or science of flying.
A'vl-a'tor (a'vT-a'ter), n. (o) An experimenter in avia-
tion, (b) A flying machine.
II A-Vlc'U-la(a-vik'iS-la),re. [L., small bird.] {Zool.)
A genus of marine bivalves, having a pearly interior, al-
lied to the pearl oyster ; — so called from a supposed re-
semblance of the typical species to a bird.
A-vic'U-lar (-ler), a. [L. avicula a small bird, dim.
of avis bird.] Of or pertaining to a bird or to birds.
II A-vic'u-la'ri-a (-la'rT-a), re. pi.
[NL. See Avicular.] (Zool.)
Small prehensile processes on the
cells of some Bryozoa, often having
the shape of a bird's bill.
A'Vi-CUl'ture (a'vi-kul'tiir ; 135),
n. [L. avis bird -j- cultura culture.]
{Zool.) Rearing and care of birds.
Av'id (av'id), a. [L. avidus, fr.
avSre to long : cf. F. avide. See
Avarice.] Longing eagerly for ;
eager ; greedy. " Avid oigoM, yet
greedier of renown." Southey.
A-Vid'i-OUs(a-vid'i-iis), a. Avid.
A-vid'i-ous-ly, adv. Eagerly;
greedily.
A-vid'1-ty (a-vid'i-ty), re. [L.
avidilas, fr. avidus : cf. P. avidite.
iness ; strong appetite ; eagerness ; intenseness of desire ;
as, to eat with avidity.
His books were received and read with avidity. Milward.
A-vie'(a-vi'), ode. [Pref. a- -)- we.] Emulously. [06s.]
II A'vi-fau'na (a'vi-fa'na), re. [NL., fr. L. avis bird
-]- E. fauna.] {Zool.) The birds, or all the kinds of birds,
inhabiting a region.
Av'i-ga'to (av'T-ga'to), n. See Avocado.
A'vi'gnon' toer'ry (a'ven'ySN' ber'ry). {Bot.) The
fruit of the lihammts infectorius, and of other species of
the same genus; — so called from the city of Avignon,
in France. It is used by dyers and painters for coloring
yellow. Called also French berry.
A-viie' (a-vil'), V. t. [OF. aviler, F. avilir ; a (L. ad)
-\- vil vile. See Vile.] To abase or debase ; to vUify ;
to depreciate. [Obs.]
Want makes us know the price of what we avile. B. Jonson.
A-vis' (a-viz'), n. [F. avis. See Advice.] Advice ;
opinion ; deliberation. [Obs.] Chaucer.
A-vise' (a-viz'), V. t. [F. aviser. See Advise, v. t.]
1. To look at ; to view ; to tliink of. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. To advise ; to counsel. [06*.] ' Sh/ik.
To avlse one's self, to consider with one's self, to reflect,
to deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Now therefore, if thou wilt enriched be,
Avise thee well, and change thy willful mood. Spenser.
A-Vlse', V. i. To consider ; to reflect. [Obs.]
A-Vise'ful (-ful), a. Watchful ; circumspect. [Obs.]
With sharp, avisefnl eye. Spenser.
A-vIse1y, adv. Advisedly. [Obs.] Chaucer.
A-vise'ment (-ment), re. Advisement ; observation ;
deliberation. [Obs.]
A-Vi'sion (a^vizh'iin), 71. Vision. [Obs.] Chaucer,
A-Vi'so (a-vT'zo), n. [Sp.] 1. Information ; advice.
2. An advice boat, or dispatch boat.
II Av'0-ca'do (av'o-ka'do), re. [Corrupted from the
Mexican ahuacail: cf. Sp. aguacate, F. aguacate, avo-
cat, G. avogadohaxoca.] The pulpy fruit of Persea grab-
tissima, a tree of tropical America. It is about the size
and shape of a large pear ; — called also avocado pear,
alligator pear, midshipman's butler.
II Av'O-cat (av'o-kii), re. [F.] An advocate.
Av'0-cate (av'6-kat), v. t. [L. avocatus, p. p. of avo-
care; a, ab -{- vocare to call. Cf. Avoke, and see Vocal,
a.] To call off or away ; to withdraw ; to transfer to
another tribunal. [Obs. or Archaic]
One who avocnteth his mind from other occupations. Barrow.
He, at last, . . . arocafet/ the cause to Rome. Robertson.
Av'0-ca'tion (5v'6-ka'shiin), re. [L. avocatio.] 1. A
calling away ; a diversion. [Obs. or Archaic]
Impulses to duty, and powerful avocations from sin. South.
2. That which calls one away from one's regular em-
ployment or vocation.
Heaven is his vocation, and therefore he counts earthly em-
ployments avocations. Puller.
By the secular cares and avocations which accompany mar-
riage the clergy have been furnished with skill in common life.
Atterbury.
15^°' In this sense the word is applied to the smaller af-
fairs of life, or occasional calls which summon a person to
leave his ordinary or prmcipal business. Avocation (hi the
singular) for vocation is usually avoided by good writers.
3. pi. Pursuits ; duties ; affairs which occupy one's
time ; usual employment ; vocation.
There are professions, among the men, no more favorable to
these studies than the common avocations of women.
liichavdson.
In a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his standard,
and returned to their ordinary avocations. JllacalUay.
An irregularity and instability of purpose, which makes them
B
cue, unite, rtjde, full, up, ■Qin; pity; food, f<^t; out, oil; chair; go; sins, ink; tben, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
M
AVOCATIVE
106
AWAY-GOING
choose the wandering: avocations of a. shepherd, rather than the
more fixed pursuits of agriculture. Buckle.
A-VO'ca-tive (a-vo'ka-tiv), a. Calling off. [O65.]
A-vo'ca-tive, n. That which calls aside ; a dissuasive.
Av'o-cet, Av'O-aet (Sv'6-s§t), n. IF. avocette: cf. It.
avoselta, Sp. avo-
cela.'] {Zo'ol.) A
grallatorial bird,
of the genus Re-
curvirostra ; the
scooper. The biU
is long and bent
upward toward
the tip. The
American species
is iJ. Americana.
[Written also avo-
cette.']
A-vold' (a-
void'), V. t. [imp.
& p. p. Avoided
European Avocet (Recuruirostra
avocetta).
p. pr. & vb. n. AvoiDiNO.] [OF.
esv'uidler, es (L. ex) -f- vuidier, voidier, to empty. See
Void, a.] 1. To empty. [06«.] Wyclif.
2. To emit or throw out ; to void ; as, to avoid excre-
tions. [06«.] Sir T. Browne.
3. To quit or evacuate ; to withdraw from. \_Obs.'\
Six of us only stayed, and the rest avoided the room. Bacon.
4. To make void ; to annul or vacate ; to refute.
How can these grants of the king's be avoided f Spenser.
5. To keep away from ; to keep clear of ; to endeavor
not to meet ; to shun ; to abstain from ; as, to avoid the
company of gamesters.
What need a man forestall his date of grief.
And run to meet what he would most avoid f Milton.
He carefully avoided every act which could goad them into
open hostility. Macaulay.
6. To get rid of. [06s.] Shah.
7. (Pleading) To defeat or evade ; to invalidate.
Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the de-
fendant's plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new
matter. Blackstone.
Syn. — To egcape ; elude ; evade ; eschew. — To Avoid,
Shun. Avoid m its commonest sense means, to keep clear
of, an extension of the meaning, to withdraw one's setf
from. It denotes care taken not to come near or in con-
tact; as, to avoid certain persons or places. Shun is a
stronger term, implying more prominently the idea of
intention. The words may, however, in many cases be
interchanged.
No man can pray from his heart to be kept from temptation,
if he take no care of himself to avoid it. Mason.
So Chanticleer, who never saw a fox,
Yet shunned him aa a sailor shuns the rocks. Drydeti.
A-VOW, V. i. 1. To retire ; to withdraw. \Obs.'\
David avoided out of his presence. 1 Sam. xviii. 11.
2. {Law) To become void or vacant. [Ofe.] Ayliffe.
A-VOld'a-Me (-a-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being vacated ;
liable to be annulled or made invalid ; voidable.
The charters were not avoidable for the king's nonage. Hale.
2. Capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped.
A-void'ance (-ans), n. L The act of annulling ; an-
nulment.
2. The act of becoming vacant, or the state of being
vacant ; — specifically used for the state of a benefice be-
coming void by the death, deprivation, or resignation of
the incumbent.
Wolsey, ... on every avoidance of St. Peter's chair, was sit-
ting down therein, when suddenly some one or other clapped
in Before him. Fuller.
3. A dismissing or a quitting ; removal ; vrithdrawal.
4. The act of avoiding or shunning ; keeping clear of.
" The avoidance of pain." Beattie.
6. The course by which anything is carried off.
Avoidances and drainings of water. Bacon.
A-VOld'er (-er), n. 1. The person who carries any-
thing away, or the vessel in wliich things are carried
away. Johnson.
2. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes.
A-VOldless, a. Unavoidable ; inevitable.
Av'olr-du-pois' (av'er-dii-poiz'), n. & a. [OE. aver de
peis, goods of weight, where peis is fr. OF. peis weight,
F. poids, L. pensum. See Aveb, re., and Poise, «.]
1. Goods sold by weight. [06s.]
2. Avoirdupois weight.
3. Weight ; heaviness ; as, a woman of much avoirdu-
pois. [Colloq.']
Avoirdupois weight, a system of weights by which coarser
commodities are weighed, such as hay, grain, butter,
sugar, tea.
(!^°° The standard avoirdupois pound of the TTnited
States is equivalent to the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches
©f distilled water at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer being
at 30 inches, and the v/ater weighed in the air with brass
weights. In this system of %veights 16 drams make 1
ounce, 16 ounces 1 pound, 25 pounds 1 quarter, 4 quarters
1 hundred weight, and 20 hundred weight 1 ton. The
above pound contauis 7,000 grains, or 453.54 grams, so that
1 pound avoirdupois is equivalent to 1 31-144 pounds troy.
<See Troy weight.) Formerly, a hundred weight was
reckoned at 112 pounds, the ton being 2,240 pounds (some-
times called a long ton).
A-VOke' (a-vok'), V. t. [Cf. AvocATE.] To call from
or back again. [06s.] Bp. Burnet.
Av'0-Iate (Sv'S-lst), v. i. [L. avolare ; a (ab) + vo-
lare to fly.] To fly away ; to escape ; to exhale. [06s.]
Av'0-la'tion (av'o-lS'shun), n. [LL. avolatio.'] The,
act of flying away ; flight ; evaporation. [06s.]
Av'O-set (av'o-set), n. Same as Avooet.
A-VOach' (a-vouch'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Avouched
(a-vouchf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Avouching.] [OF. avochier,
UJ. advocare to recognize the existence of a thing, to
advocate, fr. L. advocare to call to ; ad -\- vocare to call.
Cf. Avow to declare, Advocate, and see Vouch, v. <.]
1. To appeal to ; to cite or claim as authority. [06s.]
They avouch many successions of authorities. Coke.
2. To maintain as just or true ; to vouch for.
We might be disposed to question its authenticity, if it were
not avouched by the full evidence in its favor. Milman.
3. To declare or assert positively and as a matter of
fact ; to afiirm openly.
If this which he avouches does appear. Shak.
Such antiquities could have been avouched for the Irish.
Spenser.
4. To acknowledge deliberately ; to admit ; to con-
fess ; to sanction.
Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God.
Deut. xxvi. 17.
A-VOUCh' (a-vouch'), n. Evidence ; declaration. [06s.]
The sensible and true avouch
Of mine own eyes. Shak.
A-VOUch'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being avouched.
A-VOUCh'er (a-vouch'er), n. One who avouches.
A-VOUCh'ment (-m(;nt), n. The act of avouching;
positive declaration. [06s.] Milton.
A-vou'trer (a-vou'trer), n. See Advouteer. [06s.]
A-VOU'trle (-trT), n. [OF.] Adultery. [06s.] Chaucer.
A-VOW' (a-vou'), V. t. [imp. &p.p. Avowed (a^voud') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Avowing.] [F. avouer, fr. L. advocare
to call to (whence the meanings, to call upon as superior ;
recognize as lord, own, confess) ; ad -{- vocare to call.
See Advocate, Avouch.] 1. To declare openly, as some-
thing one is not ashamed of, or as something believed to
be right ; to own or acknowledge frankly ; as, a man
avows his principles or his crimes.
Which I to be the power of Israel's God
Avow, and challenge Dagon to the test. dfilton.
2. (Law) To acknowledge and justify, as an act done.
See Avowry. Blackstone.
Syn. — To acknowledge; own; confess. See Confess.
A-VOW', n. [Cf. F. aveu."] Avowal. [06s.] Dryden.
A-VOW', V. t. & i. [OF. avouer, f r. LL. votare to vow,
fr. L. volinn. See Vote, ».] To bind, or to devote, by a
vow. [06s.] Wyclif.
A-VOW', n. A vow or determination. [Archaic']
A-vow'a-We (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being avowed, or
openly acknowledged, with confidence. Donne.
A-VOW'al (-fll), n. Au open declaration ; frank ac-
knowledgment; as, an ai)0!i'ai of such principles. Hume.
A-VOW'ance (-ans), n. 1. Act of avowing ; avowal.
2. Upholding ; defense ; vindication. [06s.]
Can my avon-nnce of king-murdering be collected from any-
thing here written by me ? Fuller.
A-VOW'ant (-ant), n. (Law) The defendant in re-
plevin, who avows the distress of the goods, and justifies
the taking. Cowell.
A-vowed' (i'voud'), a. Openly acknowledged or de-
clared ; admitted. — A-VOW'ed-ly (a-vou'gd-ly), adv.
A-VOW'ee' (a-vou'e'), n. [F. avoue. Cf. Advowee,
Advocate, n.] The person who has a right to present to
a benefice ; the patron ; an advowee. See Advowson.
A-VOW'er (a-vou'er), n. One who avows or asserts.
A-vow'ry (-ry), n. [OE. avouerie protection, author-
ity, OF. avouerie. See Avow to declare.] 1. An advo-
cate; a patron; a patron saint. [06s.]
Let God alone be our avowry. Latimer.
2. The act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an ac-
tion of replevin, avows and justifies the taking in his
own right. Blackstone.
II^°" When an action of replevin is brought, the dis-
tramer either makes avowry, that is, avoirs taking the
distress in his own right, or the right of his wife, and
states the reason of it, as for arrears of rent, damage
done, or the like ; or makes cognizance, that is, acknowl-
edges the taking, but justifies ft in another's right, as his
bailiff or servant.
A-VOW'try, v. t. Adultery. See Advoutry.
A-VOy'er (a-voi'er), n. [P.] A chief magistrate of a
free imperial city or canton of Switzerland. [06s.]
A-VUlse' (a-viils'), v. t. [L. avulsus, p. p. of avellere
to tear off ; a (ab) -j- vellere to pluck.] To pluck or pull
oil. Shenstone.
A-vul'sion (S^vul'shun), n. [L. avulsio.] 1. A tear-
ing asunder ; a forcible separation.
The avulsion of two polished superficies. Locke.
2. A fragment torn off. J, Barlow.
3. (Law) The sudden removal of lands or soil from
the estate of one man to that of another by an inimda-
tion or a current, or by a sudden change in the course of
a river by which a part of the estate of one man is cut off
and joined to the estate of another. The property in the
part thus separated, or cut off, continues in the original
owrner. WTiarion. Burrill.
A-VUn'CU-lar (a-vQn'kiJ-ler), a. [L. avunculus imcle.]
Of or pertaining to an uncle.
In these rare instances, the law of pedigree, whether direct
or avuncular, gives way. /. Taylor.
A-wait' (4-wat'), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Awaited ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Awaiting.] [OF. awaitier, agaitier ; a (L. ad)
-)- waitier, gaitier to watch, F. guetter. See Wait.]
1. To watch for ; to look out for. [06s.]
2. To wait on, serve, or attend. [06s.]
3. To wait for ; to stay for ; to expect. See Expect.
Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat.
Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night. Milton.
4. To be in store for ; to be ready or in waiting for ;
as, a glorious reward awaits the good.
O Eve, some farther change awaits us nigh. Milton.
A-wait', V. i. 1. To watch. [06s.] Chaucer.
2. To wait (ore or upon). [06s.]
3. To wait ; to stay in waiting. Darwin.
A-wait', re. A waiting for ; ambush ; watch ; watch-
ing; heed. [06s.] Chaucer.
A-wake' (a-wak'), v. t. [imp. Awoke (a-wok'). Awaked
(4-wakt') ; p. p. Awaked ; 06s. Awaken, Awoken ; p.
pr. & vb. re. Awaking. The form Awoke is sometimes
used as a ^. p.] [AS. dwsecnan, v. i. (imp. awoc), and
awaeian, v. i. (imp. awacode). See Awaken, Wake.] 1. To
rouse from sleep ; to wake ; to awaken.
Where morning's earliest ray might . . . awake her. Tennyson.
And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord,
save us ; we perish. Matt. viii. 25.
2. To rouse from a state resembling sleep, as from
death, stupidity, or inaction ; to put into action ; to give
new life to ; to stir up ; as, to awake the dead ; to awake
the dormant faculties.
I was soon awaked from this disagreeable reverie. Goldsmith,
It may awake my bounty further. Shak.
No sunny gleam awakes the trees. Kehle.
A-wake' (a^wak'), V. i. To cease to sleep ; to come
out of a state of natural sleep ; and, figuratively, out of a
state resembling sleep, as maction or death.
The national spirit again awoke. Freeman.
Awake to righteousness, and sin not. I Cor. xv. 34.
A- wake', a. [From awaken, old p. p. of awake.'] Not
sleeping or lethargic ; roused from sleep ; in a state of
vigilance or action.
Before whom awake I stood. Milton.
She still beheld,
Now wide awake, the vision of her sleep. Keats.
He was awake to the danger. Froude.
A-Wak'en {4,-wak"n), V. t. & i. [imp. &p. p. Awak-
ened (-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Awakening.] [OE. awak-
enen, awaknen, AS. awsecnan, aivsecnian, v. i. ; pref. on-
+ wsecnan to wake. Cf. Awake, v. i.] To rouse from
sleep or torpor ; to awake ; to wake.
[He] is dispatched
Already to awaken whom thou nam'st, Cowper,
Their consciences are thoroughly awakened. Tillotson,
Syn. — To arouse; excite; stir up; call forth.
A-wak'en-er (a-wak''n-er), re. One who, or that
which, awakens.
A-wak'en-lng, a. Rousing from sleep, in a natural
or a figurative sense ; rousing into activity ; exciting ; as,
the awakening city ; an awaken ing discourse ; the awak-
ening dawn. — A-wak'en-lng-ly, adv.
A-wak'en-lng, n. The act of awaking, or ceasing to
sleep. Specifically : A revival of reUgion, or more gen-
eral attention to religious matters than usual.
A-wak'en-ment fment), n. An awakening. [R.]
A-want'lng (i-want'ing), a. [Pref. a- -\- wanting.]
Missing ; wanting. {^Prov. Scot. & Eng.]
Sir W. Hamilton.
A-ward' (4-ward'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awarded ; p.
pr. & vb. re. Awarding.] [OF. eswarder to look at,
consider, decide, judge ; es (L. ex) -\- warder, garder, to
observe, take heed, keep, fr. 0H6. u-arten to watch,
guard. See Ward.] To give by sentence or judicial
determination ; to assign or apportion, after careful re-
gard to the nature of the case ; to adjudge ; as, the arbi-
trators awarded damages to the complainant.
To review
The wrongful sentence, and award a new. Dryden.
A-waid', V. i. To determine ; to make an award.
A-Ward', re. [Cf. OF. award, awart, esgart. See
Award, v. t.] 1. A judgment, sentence, or final deci-
sion. Specifically : The decision of arbitrators in a case
submitted. "Impatient for the award." Cowper.
An award had been given against her. Gilpin.
2. The paper containing the ccision of arbitrators;
that which is awarded. Bouvier.
A-ward'er (-er), re. One who .iwards, or assigns by
sentence or judicial determinati'jn ; ,i judge.
A- ware' (a-wSr'), a. [OE. "'«/ , AS. gewmr, fr. weer
wary. The pref. ge- orig. m^ it ivj':hi'r. compMely.
V142. See Wart.] 1. Wab .''1; vigilant or on one'ij
guard against danger or diflBcui;^'.
2. Apprised; informed; copuzr.nt; conscious- »«, he
was aware of the enemy's desiv.T. =.
Aware of nothing ari lous in li task
They never undertook . Cowper.
A-wam' (a^warn'), v. t. [Pref. a- -|- inarri . AS. gt-
warnian. See Warn, f. <.] T'o .vam. [Obs.~ Spenuer,
A-wash' (a-w5sh'), a. [Pref u- 4- ica-trt.] Vii^nhti
by the waves or tide ; — said 01 .: rook or strip or skora,
or (Naui.) of an anchor, etc., rt'h. n ilush with' the sur-
face of the water, so that the v .^^ ^.- brsa'i over it.
A-way' (a-wa'), adv. [AS. v:jyeg, an.'ieg, oniceg; on
OIL -\- weg wa.y.] 1. Fromaplave; hence.
The sound is goiEii away. Shnl-.
Have me away, for I am sore w n:nded. 2 Chron. r.'atv, iiS.
2. Absent ; gone ; at a disi fiiice ; as, the iiuuter in
away from home.
3. Aside; off; in another direction.
The axis of rotation is inclined aW'~y £rom the «un. 2>X'Jtj'^-:'.
4. From a state or condition o' bjiiig ; out cf existeiuje.
Be near me when 1 li -i^ roruy- Temit/son.
5. By ellipsis of the verb, equivaient to an ilaoerative :
Go or come away ; begone ; take .iway.
And the Lord said . . . Away, get thee down. Sxod. xl». Sj.
6. On ; in continuance ; without intermission or delay ;
as, sing away. [Colloq.]
(11^= It is much used in phrases signifying taoviag or
going from ; as, go away, send cr:ay, nm a.ay, etc. ; all
signifying departure, or separai ion to a distance. Some-
times without the verb ; as, whitliei- aicay so fart ? " I.0V6
hath wings, and win awaj/." WiVer. It servee to mod-
ify the sense of certain verbs by .".ddiig that of reii.oval,
loss, parting vrith, etc. ; as, to tmow «:(".(;/.• to trifle aiffrw;
to squander away, etc. Sometin;es it nas merely au In-
tensive force ; as, to blaze away .
Away with, bear, abide. [Obs. at Archaic] "Ihecalliug
of assemblies, I can not away with " iha. i, 13>. i. e., "1
can not bear or endure [it]." — Away with one, sigiiifiea,
take him away. " Away withhi^. crucify iiim." Jjhn
xix. 15. — To make away with. <«) To kill or destroy. (6) To
carry off.
A-way'-gO'lng (a-wa'goTng), a. (Law) Sown Jur-
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^,11 ; eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, 5rb, SdsT",
AWAYWARD
107
AXIS
!ng the last years of a tenancy, but not ripe until after
its expiration ; — said of crops. Wharton.
A-way'ward (a-wa'werd), adv. Turned away ; away.
[OJs.] Chaucer.
Awe (a), n. [OE. aje, aghe, fr. Icel. agi; akin to AS.
epe, oga,"Goth. iigis, Dan. ave cliastisement, fear, Gr.
0^05 pain, distress, from the same roet as E. ail. V3.
Cf. Ugly.] 1. Dread ; great fear mingled with respect.
[Obs. or Obsolescent]
His frown was full of terror, and his voice
Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe. Cowper.
2. The emotion inspired by something dreadful and
sublime ; an undefined sense of tlie dreadful and the
sublime ; reverential fear, or solemn wonder ; profound
reverence.
There is an awe in mortals' joy,
A deep mysterious tear. Keble.
To tame the pride of that power which held the Continent in
awe. Macaulay.
The solitude of the desert, or the loftiness of the mountain,
may fill the mind with owe — the sense of our own littleness
in some greater presence or power. C. J. biinth.
To stand In awe of, to fear greatly ; to reverence pro-
foundly.
Syn. — See Reverence.
Awe (a), V. t. {_imp. &p. p. Awed (ad) ; p. pr. & vb.
n. Awing!] To strike with fear and reverence ; to inspiii-e
with awe ; to control by inspiring dread.
That same eye whose bend doth awe the world. S/tak.
His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and melted the by-
jtamlers. Macaulay.
A-wea'rled (a-we'rTd), p. p. Wearied. [Poetic')
A-wea'ry (A-we'ry), a. [Pref. a- -\- loeary.] Weary.
[Poetic] " I begin to be aiveary of thee." Shak.
A-weath'er (a-weth'er), adv. [Pref. a- + weather.]
[Ifatit. ) On the weather side, or toward the wind ; in the
direction from which the wind blows ; — opposed to alee ;
as, helm aioeather .' Totten.
A-welgh' (iir-wa'), adv. [Pref. a- + weigh.] (^Kniit.) i
Just drawn out of the ground, and lianging perpendicu-
larly ; atrip ; — said of the anchor. Totten.
Aweless (a15s), a. See Awlbss.
Awe'some (a'sum), a. 1. Causing awe; appalling;
awful ; as, an awesome sight. Wright.
2. Expressive of awe or terror.
Au anyesome glance up at the auld castle. Sir W. Scott.
Awe'some-ness, >i. The quality of being awesome.
Awe'-Strick'en (a'strik"u), a. Awe-struck.
' Awe'-struck' (a'struk'), a. Struck with awe. Milton.
Aw'ful (a'ful), a. 1. Oppressing with fear or horror ;
appalling ; terrible ; as, an awful scene. " The hour of
Nature's a wj'ul throes. " Hemans.
2. Inspiring awe ; filling with profound reverence, or
witli fear and admiration ; fitted to inspire reverential
fear ; profoundly impressive.
Heaven's awful Monarch. SRlton.
3. Struck or filled with awe ; terror-stricken. [Obs.]
A weak and awful reverence for antiquity. /. Watts.
4. Worshipful; reverential; law-abiding. [Obs.]
Thrust from the company of awful men. Shak.
5. Frightful ; exceedingly bad ; great ; — applied inten-
sively ; as, an awful bonnet ; an awful boaster. [Slang]
Syn. — See Friohtfdl.
Aw'f Ul-ly, adv. 1. In an awful manner ; in a manner
to fill with terror or awe ; fearfully ; reverently.
2. Very ; excessively. [Slang]
Aw'ful-ness, n. 1. The quality of striking with awe,
or with reverence ; dreadfulness ; solemnity ; as, the aw-
fulness of this sacred place.
The awfulness of grandeur. Johnson.
2. The state of being struck vrith awe ; a spirit of solem-
nity ; profotmd reverence. [Ois.]
Producing in us reverence and awfulness. Jer. Taylor.
A-Whape' (a-hwap'), V. t. [Cf. whap blow.] To con-
found ; to terrify ; to amaze. [Obs.] Spenser.
A-While' (a-hwil'), adv. _[Adj. a -\- while time, inter-
val.] For a while ; for some' time ; for a short time.
A-wing' (a-wing'), adv. [Pref. a- -\- wing.] On the
wing; flying; fluttering. Wallace.
Awk (ak), a. [OE. auk, awk (properly) turned
away ; (hence) contrary, wrong, from Icel. ofigr, ofugr,
afigr, turning J;he wrong way, fr. af off, away ; cf. OHG.
abuh, Skr. apac turned away, fr. apa off, away + a root
ak, auk, to bend, from which come also E. angle, anchor.]
1. Odd ; out of order ; perverse. [Obs.]
2. Wrong, or not commonly used ; clumsy ; sinister ;
as, the awk end of a rod (the but end). [Obs.] Golding.
3. Clumsy in performance or manners ; unhandy ; not
dexterous ; awkward. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]
Awk, adv. Perversely ; in the wrong way. L' Estrange.
Awkly, adv. 1. In au unlucky (left-handed) or per-
verse manner. [Obs.] Holland.
2. Awkwardly. [Obs.] Fuller.
Awk'ward (ak'werd), a. [Awk -\- -ward.] 1. Want-
ing dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments ;
not dexterous ; without skill ; clumsy ; wanting ease,
grace, or effectiveness in movement ; ungraceful ; as, he
was awkward at a trick ; an awkward boy.
And dropped an awkward courtesy. Dryden.
2. Not easily managed or effected ; embarrassing.
A long and awkward process. Macaulay,
An awkward affair ia one that has gone wrong, and is diffi-
-lult to adjust. C. J. Smith.
3. Perverse ; adverse ; untoward. [Obs.] " Awk-
ward ca,ma.\ties." " Awkward wmd." Shak.
O blind guides, which being of an awkward religion, do
i*rain out a gnat, and swallow up a camel. Udail.
Syn. — Ungainly ; unhandy ; clownish ; lubberly ;
gawky ; maladroit ; bungling ; inelegant ; ungraceful :
unbecoming. — AwKWAKD, Clumsy, Uncouth. Awkward
Das a special reference to outward deportment. A man
is clumsy in his whole person, he is awkward in his gait
and the movement of nis limbs. Clumsiness is seen at
the first view. Aiekward7iess is discovered only when a
person begins to move. Hence the expressions, a clumsy
appearance, and an awkward manner. Wlien we speak
figuratively of an awkward excuse, we thmk of a want of
ease and gTace in making it ; when we speak of a cluiiisy
excuse, we tliink of the whole thing as coarse and stupid.
We apply the term itiicoitlh most frequently to that
wluch results from the want of instruction or training ;
as, uncouth maimers ; uncouth language.
— Awk'ward-ly (ak'werd-iy), adv. — Awk'ward-
ness, n.
Awl (al), n. [OE. aul, awel, al, AS. ml, awel ; akin
to Icel. air, OHG. ala, G. ahle, Lith. yla, Skr. ara.]
A pointed instrument for
piercing small holes, as in /'
leather or wood ; used by ou „ , . » i
shoemakers, saddlers. Shoemaker's AwL
cabinetmakers, etc. The blade is differently shaped and
pointed for different uses, as in the brad awl, saddler^s
awl, shoemaker's axvl, etc.
Awless (alBs), a. 1. Wanting reverence ; void of
respectful fear. ".duZess insolence." Dryden.
2. Inspiring no awe. [Obs.] "The awless throne."
Shak. [Written also aweless.]
Aw'less-neSB, n. The quality of being awless.
Awl'-sliaped' (al'shapf), a. 1. Shaped like an avfl.
2. i^jS'at. Hist.) Subulate. See Subulate. Gray.
Awl'wort' (al'wOrf), n. [Awl -f wort.] {Sot.) A
nlant (Subularia aquatica), with awl-shaped leaves.
Awm (am), n. See Aam.
Awn (an), 11. [OE. awn, agune, from Icel. ogn, pi.
agnir ; akin to Sw. agn, Dan. avne, Goth, ahana, OHG.
agana, G. agen, uhne, chaff, Gr. dx>^, AS. egla; prob.
from same root as E. acute. See 3d Eab. V1-] (Sot.)
The bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc., or any
similar bristlelike appendage ; arista. Gray.
Awned (and), a. (Bot.) Furnished with an awn, or
long bristle-shaped tip ; bearded. Gray.
Awn'lng (anlng), n. [Origin uncertain: cf. F. au-
vent awning, or Pers. awnn, Hwang, anything suspended,
or IjG. havenung a, place slieltered from wind and weath-
er, E. haven.] 1. A rooflike cover, usually of canvas,
extended over or before any place as a shelter from the
sun, rain, or wind.
2. {Naut.) That part of the poop deck which is con-
tinued forward beyond the bulkhead of the cabin.
Awn'lnged (-ingd), a. Furnished with an awning.
Awnless, a. Without awns or beard.
Awn'y (an'i^), a. Having awns ; bearded.
A-WOke' (a-wok'), imp. of Awake.
A-WOrk' (a-wtirk'), adv. [Pref. a- -\- work.] At
work ; in action. " Set awork. " Shak.
A-WOrk'ing, adv. [Pref. a- -\- working.] At work ;
in action. [Archaic or Colloq.] Spenser.
A-wreak' 1 (a-rek'), V. t. & i. To avenge. [Obs.]
A-wreke' ( See Weeak.
A-wrong' (a-rong' ; 115), adv. [Pref. o- -\- wrong.]
Wrongly. Ford.
A-wry' (a-ri'), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + wry.] 1. Turned
or twisted toward one side ; not in a straight or true direc-
tion, or position ; out of the right course ; distorted ; ob-
lique or obliquely ; asquint ; with oblique vision ; as, to
glance aifj"!/. " Your crown 's awrj/. " Shak.
Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry.
Into the devious air. Milton.
2. Aside from the line of truth, or right reason; un-
reasonable or unreasonably ; perverse or perversely.
Or by her charms
Draws him awry, enslaved. Milton.
Nothing more awn/ from the law of God and natiure than
that a woman should give laws to men. Milton.
Aw'some (a'sum), a. Same as Awesome.
Ax 1 (aks)','ra. [OE. ax, axe, AS. eax,sex. acas ; akin
Ase ) to D. akse, OS. accus, OHG. acchus, G. axt,
Icel. ox, oxi, Sw. yxe, Dan. okse, Goth, aqizi, Gr. afiVij,
L. ascia ; not akin to E. acute.] A tool or instrument
of steel, or of iron with a steel edge or blade, for felling
trees, cliopping and splitting wood, hewing timber, etc.
It is wielded by a wooden helve or handle, so fixed in a
socket or eye as to be in the same plane vrith the blade.
The broadax, or carpenter's ax, is an ax for hewing
timber, made heavier than the chopping ax, and with a
broader and thiimer blade and a shorter handle.
The ancient battle-ax had sometimes a double edge.
5^°° The word is used adjectively or in combination ;
as, a^head or ax head ; ax helve ; ax handle ; ax shaft ;
a.r-shaped; aarlike.
This word was originally spelt with e, axe ; and so also
was nearly every correspondmg word of one syllable ; as,
flaxe, taxe, loaxe, sixe, mixe, pixe, oxe, fluxe, etc. This
superfluous e is now dropped ; so that, in more than a
hundred words endmg in x, no one thinks of retaining the
e except in axe. Analogy requires its exclusion here.
" The spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymol-
ogy, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late
become prevalent." New English Diet. (Murray).
Ax (aks), v. i. & i. [OE. axien and asken. See Ask.]
To ask ; to inquire or inquire of.
m^^ This word is from the Saxon, and is as old as the
English language. Formerly it was in good use, but now
is regarded as a vulgarism. It is still dialectic in Eng-
land, and is sometimes heard among the uneducated m
the United States. " And Pilat axide him. Art thou kyug
of Jewis ? " " Or if he axe a fish." Wyclif. " The kmg
axed after your Grace's welfare." Pegge.
Ax'al (aks'al), a. [See Axial.] [JR.]
Axe (5ks), Axe'man (-man), etc. See Ax, Axman.
Ax'i-al (Sks'i-ol), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an axis ; of
the nature of, or resembUng, an axis ; around an axis.
To take on an axial, and not an equatorial, direction. Mchol.
2. {Anat.) Belonging to the axis of the body ; as, the
axial skeleton ; or to the axis of any appendage or organ ;
as, the axial bones.
Axial Unf (Magnetism), the line taken by the magnetic
force in passing from one pole of a horseshoe magnet to
the other. Faraday.
Ax'i-al-ly (Sks'I-al-lj^), adv. In relation to, or in a
line witli, an axis ; in the axial (magnetic) line.
Ax'il (Sks'Tl), n. [L. axilla. Cf. Axle.] (Bot.) The
angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a
branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from
which it springs. Gi-ay.
Ax'ile (aks'il), a. Situated in the axis of anjfthing;
as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. Gray.
II Ax-U'la (Sks-il'la), n. ; pi. Axilla (-le). [L.]
(Anat.) The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction oi
tile arm and shoulder.
2. (Bot.) Au axil.
Ax'il-lar (Sks'tl-ler), a. Axillary.
As'il-la-ries (Sks'Tl-la-rTz), \n.pl. {Zool.) Feathers
Ax'll-lars (Sks'Tl-lerz), ) connecting the under
surface of the wing and the body, and concealed by the
closed wing.
Ax'll-la-ry (-la-rjf), a. [See Axil.] 1. (Anat.) Of
or pertaining to the axilla or armpit ; as,
axillary gland, artery, nerve.
2. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising from, an
axil ; of or pertaining to au axil. " Axil-
lary buds." Gray.
Ax'i-nite (Sks'T-nit), 11. [Named in allu-
sion to the form of the crystals, fr. Gr.
dfirr) an ax.] (Min.) A borosilicate of alu-
mina, iron, and lime, commonly found in
glassy, brown crystals with acute edges.
Ax-in'o-man'cy (Sks-In'o-mSn'sy), re.
[L. axinomaniia, Gr. aJi'iT) ax -|- -money.]
A species of divination, by means of an ax
or hatchet.
Ax'l-om (Sks'T-Qm ; 277), «. [h.axioma, „„ Axillary
Gr. of t'w/aa that which is thought worthy. Buds,
that which is assumed, a basis of demonstra- 66 Leaf Scars,
tion, a principle, f r. a^Lovv to think worthy, c 'T e r m i n a 1
f r. af los worthy, weighing as much as ; cf .
ayeivto lead, drive, also to weigli so much : cf. F. axiome.
See Agent, a.] 1. (Logic & Math.) A self-evident and
necessary truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evi-
dent at first sight that no reasoning or demonstration can
make it plainer ; a proposition which it is necessary to
take for granted ; as, " The whole is greater than a
part; " " A thing can not, at the same time, be and not
be."
2. An established principle in some art or science,
which, though not a necessary truth, is universally re-
ceived ; as, the axioms of political economy.
Syn. — Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism, Adage. An axiom
is a self-evident truth wliich is taken for granted as the
basis of reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle sanc-
tioned by experience, and ■ relating especially to the
practical concerns of life. An aphorism is a short sen-
tence pithily expressing some valuable and general truth
or sentiment. An adage is a saying of long-established
authority and of universal application.
Ax'1-O-mat'ic (aks'i-6-mat'ik), I a. [Gr. ajiw^ariKos.]
Ax'i-0-mat'iC-al (-I-kal), j Of or pertaining to
an axiom ; having the nature of an axiom ; self-evident ;
characterized by axioms. '■'■ Axiomatical tiuth." Jbhnson
The stores of axiomatic wisdom. /. Taylor.
Ax'1-O-mat'lc-al-ly, adv. By the use of axioms ; in
the fomi of an axiom.
II Ax'is (aks'is), re. [L.] (Zo'ol.) The spotted deei
(Cervus axis or Axis
maeulaia) of India,
where it is called hog
deer and parrah
(Moorish name).
Ax'ls (Sks'is), n.;
pi. Axes (-ez). [L.
axis axis, axle. See
Axle.] 1. A straight
line, real or imagi-
nary, passing through
a body, on which it
revolves, or may be .
supposed to revolve; '
a Une passing through
a body or system
around which the parts are symmetrically arranged.
2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the
different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically ar-
ranged ; as, the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the straight line
joining the centers of the two ends ; the axis of a cone,
that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center
of the base ; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing
through the center.
3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal
support, on which organs or parts are arranged ; the cen-
tral line of any body. Gi-ay.
4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or
vertebra dentata. (b) Also used of the body only of the
vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the fora-
men of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the
odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the
atlas and head to turn upon.
6. (Ci-ystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, as-
sumed in describing the position of the planes by which
a crystal is bounded.
6. (Fine Arts) The primary or secondary central line
of any design.
Anticlinal axis (Oeol.), a line or ridge from which the
strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. — Syn-
clinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward tn
opposite directions, so as to form a valley. — Axis cylinder
(Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, centr.il substance of a
nerve fiber ; — called also axis hand, axial fiber, and cylin-
der axis.— Axisin peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the
mechanical powers. — Axis of a curve (6'con>.), a straight
line whicli bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve ;
called a princi]jal axis, when cutting them at right angles,
in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical
Axis (Zool.).
B
H
use, unite, rude, full, ftp, <irn ; pity ,- food, fo~bt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; tlien, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
AXLE
108
AZYMOUS
portions, as in the parabola, which has one such axis,
the ellipse, wluch has two, or the circle, which has an
infinite number. The two axes of the ellipse are the
major a.iis and the minor axis, and the two axes of the
hyperbola are the transcerse axis and the conjugate axis,
— Axis of a lens, the straight line passing through its cen-
ter and perpendicular to its surfaces. — Axia of a tele-
scope or microscope, the straight line with which comcide
the axes of the several lenses which compose it. — Axes of
coordinates in a plane, two straight lines intersecting each
other, to which points are referred for the purpose of de-
terimning their relative position : they are either rectan-
gular or oblique. — ^-Axes of coordinates in space, the three
straight Unes in which the coordinate planes intersect
each other. — Axis of a balance, that Une about wluch it
turns. — Axis of oscillation, of a pendulum, a right line
passing through the center about wliich it vibrates, and
perpendicular to tlie plane of vibration. — Axis of polari-
zation, the central line around which the prismatic rings
or curves are arranged. Brewster. — Axis of revolution
'iDescrijitive Geom.), a straight line about which some
line or plane is revolved, so tliat the several points of the
line or plane shall describe circles with their centers in
Bie fixed line, and their planes perpendicular to it, the
line describing a surface of revolution, and the plane a
solid of revolution. —Axis of symmetry (Gcoto.), any line
in a plane figure which divides tlie figure into two such
parts that one part, when folded over along the axis,
shall coincide with the other part. — Axis of the equator,
ecliptic, horizon (or otlier circle considered with reference
to the sphere on which it lies), the diameter of the sphere
which is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Hiilton.
— Axis of the Ionic capitaK^lrc//.), a line passing perpen-
dicularly througli the middle of the eye of tlie volute. —
Neutral axis (jl/tc/i.), the line of demarcation between the
liorizontal elastic forces of tension and compression, ex-
erted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder. — Optic
axis of a crystal, the direction in wliich a ray of trans-
mitted light suffers no double refraction. All crystals,
not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial or biaxial.
— Optic axis. Visual axis (Opt.), the straight line passing
through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to
the surface of the eye. — Radical axis of two circles ( Geoiii.),
the straight line perpendicular to the line joining their
centers and such that the tangents from any point of it
to the two circles shall be equal to each other. — Spiral
axis (Arcli.), the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally
in order to trace the circumvolutions without. — Axis of
abscissas and Axis of ordinates. See Abscissa.
Ax'le (aks"l), n. [OE. axel, exel, shoulder, AS.
ecxl; akin to AS. eax axle, Sw. & Dan. axel shoulder,
axle, G. achse axle, achsel shoulder, L. axis axle, Gr.
afioj/, Skr. aksfia, L. axilla shoulder joint : cf. F. essieu,
axle, OF. aissel, fr. dim. of L. axis. V205. Cf. 2d
Axis.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves,
or which revolves with a wheel.
2. A transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite
wheels of a car or carriage ; an axletree.
3. An axis ; as, the sun's axle.
Had from her axle torn
The steadfast earth. MUton.
I^p" Railway axles are called leading and trailing from
their position m the front or in the rear of a car or truck
respectively.
Axle bos' (bSks'). 1. A bushing in the hub of a
wheel, through which the
axle passes. vr^^//' ^ '•'//-"'V
2. The journal box of a ro-
tating axle, especially a rail-
way axle.
^g^\xi railway construc-
tion, the axle guard, or pedes-
tal, ivith the superincumbent
weight, rests on the top of the Section of Wagon Hub, show-
box (usually with a spring in- mg Axle Box and Axle,
tervening), and holds it in place
by fianges. The box rests upon the
journal bearing and key, which in-
tervene between the inner top of
the box and the axle.
of axle ; 6 Oil Cellai,
to be filled with cot-
ton waste and oil ; c
Cap to cover opening.
Ax'led (aks"ld), a. Having an
axle ; — used in composition.
Merlin's agate-ctxfcrf car. T. Warion.
Ax'le guard' (gard'). The part
of the framing of a railway car Section of Railway
or truck, by which an axle box is Axle Box. o Journal
held laterally, and in which it may
move vertically ; — also called a
iaw in the United States, and a
housing in England.
Ax'le-tree' (-tre'), n. [Cf. Icel. oxuUre.'] 1. A bar
or beam of wood or iron, connecting the opposite wheels
of a carriage, on the ends of which the wheels revolve.
2. A spindle or axle of a wheel. [06s.]
Ax'man (aks'man), n. ; pi. Axmen (-men). One who
wields an ax.
Ax'mln'ster (aks'min'ster), n. An Axminster carpet,
an imitation Tur-
key carpet, noted
for its thick and
soft pile; — so
called from Ax-
minster, Eng.
||Ax'0-lotl(aks'-
o-lot'l), n. [The
native name.]
(Zool.) An am-
phibian of the
salamander tribe
found in the elevated lakes of Mexico ; the siredon
(5^°' When it breeds in captivity the young develop
into true salamanders of the genus Amblystomn. This
also occurs naturally under favorable conditions, in its na-
tive localities ; although it commonly lives and breeds in
a larval state, with persistent external gills. See Siredon.
Ax'stone' (Sks'ston'), n. (Min.) A variety of jade. It
is used by some savages, particularly the natives of the
South Sea Islands, for making axes or hatchets.
Axoloti. JLarva of Ambli/stoma Mexico/-
num. About }^ nat'. diameter.
Aye-aye.
Az'tree (Sks'tre), n. Axle or axletree. [06s.] Drayton.
Ax'unge (Sks'iiuj), n. [F. axonge, L. axungia; axis
wheel -\- ungere to grease.] Fat ; grease ; esp. the fat of
pigs or geese ; usually {P/iarm.), lard prepared for med-
ical use.
Ay (at), interj. Ah ! alas ! "Ay me ! I fondly dream
'Had ye been there.' " • Milton.
Ay (ai, a), adv. Same as Aye.
II A'yab ( ii'ya), n. [Pg. aia, akin to Sp. aya a gov-
erness, ayo a tutor.] A native nurse for children ; also,
a lady's maid, [/rerfia]
Aye 1 (ai), adv. [Perh. a modification of yea, or from
Ay J the interjection of admiration or astonishment,
OE. ei, ey, why, hey, ay, well, ah, ha. Of. MHG. &
G. ei, Dan. ej. Or perh. akin to aye ever.] Yes ; yea ;
— a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to
a question. It is much used in viva voce voting in legis-
lative bodies, etc.
(B^^ This word is written / in the early editions of
Shakespeare and other old writers.
Aye (al), re. An affirmative vote ; one who votes in
the affirmative; as, "To call for the ayes and noes;"
" The ayes have it."
Aye I (a), adv. [Icel. ei, ey ; akin to AS. o, aioa, al-
Ay ) ways, Goth, aiws an age, Icel. sefi, OHG. ewn,
L. aevum, Gr. aiu>v an age, alei, aeC, ever, always, G. je,
Skr. etJo course. V4, 209. Cf. Age, f., Either, a.. On,
Conj.J Always ; ever ; continually ; for an indefinite time.
For his mercies ai/e endure. Milton.
For aye, always ; forever ; eternally.
Aye'-aye' (afaf), n. [From the native name, prob.
from its cry.] (.Zoo/.) A sin-
gular nocturnal quadruped,
allied to the lemurs, found
in Madagascar (Cheiromys
Madagascariensis), remark-
able for its long fingers,
sharp nails, and rodent-like
incisor teeth.
Aye'green' (a'gren'), n.
[_Aye ever + green.'] (Bot.)
The houseleek (Semper-
vivum lectorum). Halliwell.
A-yen', A-yein' (a-yen'),
A-yelns' (a-ygns'), adv. &
prep. [OE. ojein, a^en. See
Again.] Again ; back against.
[06s.] Chaucer.
A-yen'ward (-werd), arft). Backward. [06s.] Chaucer.
Ayle (al), n. [OE. ayel, aiel, OF. aiol, aiel, F. aleul,
a dim. of L. avus grandfather.] A grandfather. [06s.]
Writ of Ayle, an ancient English writ which lay against
a stranger who had dispossessed the demandant of land
of whicn his grandfather died seized.
Ay'me' (ai'me'), n. [Cf. F. ahi interj.] The utter-
ance of the ejaculation "Ay me!" [06s.] See Ay,
interj. "^j/mees and hearty heigh-hoes." J.Fletcher.
A-yond' (a-ySnd'), prep. & adv. Beyond. \_Nortk
of Eng."]
A-yont' {a/-f6nt'),_prep. & adv. Beyond. [iSeo/.]
A'y-rie, A'y-ry (a'l-ry), n. See Aekie. Drayton.
Ayr'Shire (ar'shir), n. {Agric.) One of a superior
breed of cattle from Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshires are
notable for the quantity and quality of their milk.
II A-yun'ta-ml-en'tO (a^yo6n'ta-me-5n'to), n. [Sp., fr.
OSp. ayuntar to join.] In Spain and Spanish America, a
corporation or body of magistrates in cities and towns,
corresponding to mayor and aldermen.
A-za_'le-a (a-za1e-a ; 97), n. ; pi. Azaleas (-4z). [NL.,
fr. Gr. afoAeos dry, — so called because supposed to grow
best in dry ground.] {Bot.) A genus of showy flowering
shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America ;
false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from
Rhododendron.
Az'a-role (az'ar-rol)^ n. [F. azerole, the name of the
fruit, fr. Ar. az-zo'rur: cf. It. azzeruolo, Sp. acerolo.]
(Bot.) The Neapolitan medlar {Crataegus azarolus), a
shrub of southern Europe ; also, its fruit.
A-zed'a-rach_(a-zed'a-rak), n. [P. azedarac, Sp. ace-
deraque, Pers. azaddiraldit noble tree.] 1. {Bot.) A
handsome Asiatic tree {Melia azedarach), common in the
southern United States ; — called also, Pride of India,
Pride of China, and Bead tree.
2. {Med.) The bark of the roots of the azedarach, used
as a cathartic and emetic.
Azi-muth (Sz'i-miith), re. [OE. azimut, F. azimut,
fr. Ar. as-sumut, pi. of as-samt a way, or perh., a point
of the horizon and a circle extending to it from the zenith,
as being the Arabic article : cf. It. azziniutto, Pg. azi-
muth, and Ar. samt-al-ra's the vertex of the heaven. Cf.
Zenith.] {Astron. & Geodesy) (a) The quadrant of an
azimuth circle. (6) An arc of the horizon intercepted
between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle
passing through the center of any object ; as, the azimuth
of a star ; the azimuth or bearing of a line in surveying.
11^°' In trigonometrical survey-
ing, it is customary to reckon the
azimuth of a line from the south
point of the horizon around by the
west from 0° to 360°.
Azimuth circle, or Vertical circle, one
of the great circles of the sphere
intersecting each other in the zenith
and nadir, and cutting the horizon
at right angles. Button. — Azimuth
compass, a compass resembling the
mariner's compass, but having the
card divided into degrees instead of
rhumbs, and having vertical sights ;
used for taking the magnetic azi-
muth of a heavenly body, in order
to find, by comparison with the true azimuth, the varia-
tion of the needle. — Azimutb dial, a dial whose stile or
gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon.
Mutton. —Magnetic azimuth, an arc of the horizon, inter-
cepted between the vertical circle passing through any
object and the magnetic meridian. Tliis is found by
observing the object with an azimuth compass.
Az'i-muth'al (Szt-muth'al or -mu'thal), a. Of or per-
taining to the azimuth ; in a horizontal circle.
Azimuthal error of a transit instrument, its deviation in
azimuth from the plane of the meridian.
Az'O- (Sz'6-). [See Azote.] {Chem.) A combining
form of azote ; (a) Applied loosely to compounds having
nitrogen variously combined, as in cyanides, nitrates, etc.
(6) Now especially applied to compounds containing a
two atom nitrogen group uniting two hydrocarbon rad-
icals, as in ozobenzene, ffzobenzoic, etc. These com-
pounds furnish many artificial dyes. See DiAzo-.
Az'O-ben'zene (5z'6-beu'zen), n. [Azo- -\- benzene."]
{C/iem.) A substance (CcHc.No.Ci.Hj) derived from nitro-
benzene, forming orange red crystals which are easily
fusible.
A-ZO'iC (a-zo'Tk), a. [Gr. a priv. -j- ^cjtj life, from (^v
to live.] Destitute of any vestige of organic life, or at
least of animal life ; anterior to the existence of animal
life ; formed when there was no animal life on the globe ;
as, the azoic rocks.
Azoic age (Geo!.), the age preceding the existence of an-
imal life, or anterior to the paleozoic time. Azoic is also
used as a noun, age being understood. See Aechsan,
and Eozoic.
Az'0-le'ic (Sz'o-le'Tk), a. \_Azo- -\- oleic] {Chem.)
Pertaining to an acid produced by treating oleic with ni-
tric acid. [jB.]
A-ZOn'lo (a-zon'ik), a. [Gr. afiui/iKis ; a priv. +
(tlivT] zone, region.] Confined to no zone or region ; not
local.
A-ZO'rl-an (a-zo'iT-an), a. Of or pertaining to the
Azores, — n. A native of the Azores.
Az'Ote (az'ot or a-zot' ; 277), n. [F. azote, fr. Gr. a
priv. -\- (uiri lif e ; — so named by Lavoisier because it is
incapable of supporting life.] Same as Nitrogen. [jR.]
Az'Otll (az'5th), n. [LL. azoch, azoth, fr. Ar. az-zauq'
mercury.] {Alcliemy) {a) The first prmciple of metals,
i. e., mercury, which was formerly supposed to exist in
all metals, and to be extractable from them. (6) The
universal remedy of Paracelsus.
A-zot'io (a-z8t'ik), a. {Chem.) Pertaining to azote,
or nitrogen ; formed or consisting of azote ; nitric ; as,
azotic gas ; azotic acid. [i2.] Carpenter.
Az'0-tite (az'o-tit), n. {Chem.) A salt formed by the
combination of azotous, or nitrous, acid with a base ; a
nitrite, [i?.]
Az'o-tize (-tiz), V. t. limp. & p. p. AzoTizED (-tizd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. AzOTiziNG (-ti'zTng).] To impregnate with
azote, or nitrogen ; to nitrogenize.
Az'0-tom'e-ter (Sz'6-t5m'e-ter), n. [Azote + -meter.l
( Chem. ) An apparatus for measuring or determining the
proportion of nitrogen ; a nitrometer.
A-ZO'tOUS (a-zo'tiis), a. Nitrous ; as, azotous acid, [fl.]
Az'tec (az'tek), a. Of or relating to one of the early
races in Mexico that inhabited the great plateau of that
country at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519. —
n. One of the Aztec race or people.
Az'ure (Szh'ur or a'zhur ; 277)^^ a. [F. & OSp. azur,
Sp. azul, through Ar. from Per. lo.jaward, or lajuward,
lapis lazuli, a blue color, lajawardi, lajuwardl, azure,
cerulean, the initial I having been dropped, perhaps by
the influence of the Ar. azr-aq azure, blue. Cf. G. lasur,
lasurs,te\xt, azure color, azure stone, and NL. lapis lazuli.^
Sky-blue ; resembling the clear blue color of the un-
clouded sky ; cerulean ; also, cloudless.
Azure stone (Min.), the lapis lazuli ; also, the lazulite.
Az'ure, n. 1. The lapis lazuli. [06s.]
2. The clear blue color of the sky ; also, a pigment or
dye of this color. "In robes of osMre." Wordsworth.
3. The blue vault above ; the unclouded sky.
Not like tliose steps
On heaven's azure.
Milton,
Azure (//«-.).
Azimuth Compass. ■
B A Sights i AS Gim-
bal.
4. {Ser.) A blue color, represented
in engraving by horizontal parallel lines.
Az'ure, v. t. To color blue.
Az'ured (Szh'urd or a'zhurd), a. Of
an azure color ; sky-blue. " The azured
harebell." Shak.
A-ZU're-OUS (a-zu'rt-us), a. {Zool.)
Of a fine blue color ; azure.
Az'u-rine (Szh'ii-rTn), a. [Cf. Az-
tTEN.] Azure.
Az'u-rine, n. {Zool.) The blue roach of Europe {Leu-
ciscus cseruleus) ; — so called from its color.
Az'U-rite (azh'ii-rit), re. {Min.) Blue carbonate of
copper ; blue malachite.
Az'nxn (azh'um or a'zhum), a. [Cf. OF. azurin,
asurin, Uj. azurinus. See Azure, a.] Azure. [06s.]
Thick set with agate, and the azwn sheen
Of turkis blue, and emerald green. Milton.
Az'y-gOUS (az'i-giis), a. [Gr. afuyos ; a priv. -)-
ftcj/of yoke.] {Anat.) Having no fellow; not one of a
pair ; single ; as, the azygous muscle of the uvula.
Az'ym, Az'yme (azlm), n. [F. azyme unleavened,
L. azymus, fr. Gr. afv/i.05 ; a priv. -|- fv^nr; leaven.] Un-
leavened bread.
A-zym'io (a-zTmtk), a. Azymous.
Az'y-mite (Sz'i-mit), re. [Cf. F. azymite.] {Eccl.
Hist.) One who administered the Eucharist with unleav-
ened bread ; — a name of reproach given by those of the
Greek church to the Latins.
Az'y-mous (Sz'I-mus), a. [See Azym.] Unleavened ;
unfermented. " Azymous hfead." Dunglison.
ale, senate, c&re, am, arm, aslc, final, j^ll ; eve, event, £nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, dbey, drt>, ddd ;
B
109
BACHELOR
B.
B(be) is the second letter of the English alphabet.
(See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 196, 220.) It is
etymologically related to p, v,f, w, and m, letters rep-
resenting sounds having a close organic affinity to its
own sound ; as in Eug. ftursar and purser ; Eng. bear and
L;it. /erre ; Eng. sillier and Ger. silier ; Lat. cufiitiun
and It. gojnito ; Eng. seven, Anglo-Saxon seo/on, Ger.
sieften, Lat. septem, Gr. JTrra, Sanskrit saptan. Tlie
form of the letter B is Koman, from the Greek B {Beta),
of Semitic origin. The small b was formed by gradual
change from the capital B.
In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in the
model major scale (the scale of C major), or of the sec-
ond tone in its relative minor scale (that of A minor). Bb
stands for B flat, the tone a half step, or semitone, lower
than B. In German, B stands for our Bb, vrhile our B
natural is called H (pronounced ha).
Ba (ba), V. i. [Cf. OF. baer to open the mouth, E.
bayer.] To kiss. [OJs.] Chaucer.
Baa (ba), V. i. [Cf. G. b'den; an Imitative word.] To
cry baa, or bleat as a sheep.
He treble baas for help, but none can get. Sir P. Sidney.
Baa (ba), n. ; pi. B.iAS (baz). [Cf. G. ia.] The cry
or bleating of a sheep ; a bleat.
Baa'ing, «. The bleating of a sheep. Marryat.
Ba'al (ba'ol), n. ; Heb. pi. Baalim (-Im). [Heb. ba^al
lord.] 1. (3Iyth.) The supreme male divinity of the
Phoenician and Canaanitish nations.
Uy^ The name of this god occurs in the Old Testament
andelsewhere with mialifyin^ epithets subjoined, answer-
ing to the diii'erent ideas of his character ; as, £aa/-berith
(tlie Covenant Baal), 5aa?-zebub (Baal of the fly).
2. pi. The whole class of divinities to whom the name
Baal was applied. Judges x. C.
Ba'al-ism (-iz'm), ra. Worship of Baal ; idolatry.
Ba'al-ist (-tst), \n. A worshiper of Baal ; a devotee
Ba'al-lte (-it), ) of any false religion ; an idolater.
II Balja (ba'ba), n. [F.] A kind of plum cake.
Bab'Ditt (bab'btt), V. t. To line with Babbitt metal.
Bab'bitt met'al (bSb'blt mSt'al). [From the invent-
or, Isaac Babbitt of Massachusetts.] A soft white alloy
of variable composition (as of nine parts of tin to one of
copper, or of fifty parts of tin to five of antimony and
one of copper) used in bearings to diminish friction.
Bab'ble (bab'b'l), V. i. [imp. &p. p. Babbled (-b'ld) ;
p.pr. & vb. n. B.4EBLING.] [Of. LG. babbehi, D. babbe-
ten, G. bappehi, bappern, F. babiller, It. babbolare ;
prob. orig., to keep saying ba, imitative of a child learn-
ing to talk.] 1. To utter words indistinctly or unintelli-
gibly ; to utter inarticulate sounds ; as, a child babbles.
2. To talk incoherently ; to utter unmeaning words.
3. To talk much ; to chatter ; to prate.
4. To make a continuous murmuring noise, as shallow
water running over stones.
In everybabbUng brook he finds a friend. Wordsworth,
I3^°" Hounds are said to babble, or to be babbling, when
they are too noisy after having found a good scent.
Syn. — To prate ; prattle ; chatter ; gossip.
Bab'ble, v. t. X. To utter in an indistinct or inco-
herent way ; to repeat, as words, in a childish way vrith-
out understanding.
These [words] he used to babble in all companies. Arbuthnot.
2. To disclose by too free talk, as a secret.
Bab'ble, n. 1. Idle talk ; senseless prattle ; gabble ;
twaddle. "This is mere moral 6a J6Ze." Milton.
2. Inarticulate speech ; constant or confused murmur.
The babble of our young children. Darwin.
The babble of the stream. Tennyson.
Bab'ble-ment (bab'b'1-ment), n. Babble. Hawthorne.
Bab'bler (bSb'bler), n. 1. An idle talker; an irra-
tional prater ; a teller of secrets.
Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust. UEstrarge.
2. A hound too noisy on finding a good scent.
3. {Zo'ol.) A name given to anyone of a family (Tima-
linas) of thrushlike birds, having a chattering note.
Bab'ble-ry (-b'l-ry), TO. Babble. lObs.'] Sit T. More.
Babe (bab), n. [Cf. Ir. bab, baban, "W. baban, maban.j
1. An infant ; a young child of either sex ; a baby.
2. A doll for children. Spenser.
Babe'hood (-hood), «. Babyhood, [ij.] Udall.
Ba'bel (ba'bel), re. [Heb. Babel, the name of the cap-
ital of Babylonia ; in Genesis associated with the idea of
" confusion."] 1. The city and tower in the land of Shi-
nar, where the confusion of languages took place.
Therefore is tiie name of it called Babel. Gen. xi. 9.
2. Hence : A place or scene of noise and confusion ; a
confused mixture of sounds, as of voices or languages.
That babel of strange heathen languages. Hammond.
The grinding habel of the street. R. I. Stevenson.
BaVer-y (ba'ber-y), re. [Perh. orig. for baboonery.
Cf. Baboon, and also Babe.] Finery of a kind to please
a child. [06«.] "Painted fiafieTT/." Sir P. Sidney.
Ba'bl-an (ba'bi-an), Ba'bi-on (ba'bT-iin), n. [See
Baboon.] A baboon. [06,?.] B. Jonson.
II Bab'll-lard (bSb'il-lard), re. [F., a babbler.] (Zool.)
The lesser whitethroat of Europe ; — called also babbling
warbler.
BabOng-ton-lte (bSb^ng-tun-it), n. [Prom Dr. Bab-
ington.'] (Min.) A mineral occurring in triclinic crystals
approaching pyroxene in angle, and of a greenish black
color. It is a silicate of iron, manganese, and lime.
II Bab'l-rous'sa, II Bab'i-ras'sa (bab'l-roos'sa), n. [P.
babiroussa, fr. Malay babl hog -|- rusa deer.] {Zool.)
A laige hoglike quadruped {Sus, or Porcas, babirussa) of
the East Indies, sometimes domesticated ; the Indian hog.
Its upper canine teetii or tusks are large and recurved.
Chacma Baboon iCynocephaXus
porcarius).
Babiroussa.
Bab'lsh (bal/ish), a. Like a babe ; childish ; babyish,
[i?.] " Babish imbecility." Drayton. — Bab'ish-ly,
adv. — Bab'ish-ness, re. [i?.]
Bab'ism (bab'iz'm), re. [From Bab (Pers. bab a gate),
the title assumed by the founder, Mirza Ali Mohammed.]
The doctrine of a modern religious sect, which originated
in Persia in 1843, being a mixture of Mohammedan, Chris-
tian, Jewish, and Parsee elements.
Bab'lst, re. A believer in Babism.
II Bablah (bSbla), re. [Cf. Per. babul a species of
mimosa yielding gum arabic] The rind of the fruit of
several East Indian species of acacia ; neb-neb. It con-
tains gallic acid and tannin, and is used for dyeing drab.
II Ba'bOO, II Ba'ba (ba'boo), re. [Hind. 656(J.] A Hin-
doo gentleman ; a native clerk who writes English ; also,
a Hindoo title answering to Mr. or Esquire. Whitworth.
Bab-OOn' (bab-oon'), re. [OE. babewin, baboin, fr.
P. babouin, or LL. babewynus. Of unknown origin ; cf.
D. baviaan, G. pavian,
baboon, P. babine lip of
ape, dogs, etc., dial. G.
b'dppe mouth.] {Zool.)
One of the Old World
Quadrumana, of the gen-
era Cynocephalus and
Papio ; the dog-faced
ape. Baboons have dog-
liie muzzles and large
canine teeth, cheek
pouches, a short tail,
and naked callosities on
the buttocks. They are
mostly African. See
Mandrill, and Chacma,
and Deill an ape.
Bab-oon'er-y (-er-y), re. Baboonish behavior. Marryat.
Bab-oon'lsh, a. Like a baboon.
Ba'by (ba'by), re. ; pi. Babies (-biz). [Dim. of babe.']
\. An infant or young child of either sex ; a babe.
2. A small image of an infant ; a doU.
Babies in the eyes, the minute reflection which one sees
of one's self in the eyes of another.
She clun^ about his neck, gave him ten kisses.
Toyed with his locks, looked babies in his eyes. Reywood.
Ba'by, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an infant ;
young or little ; as, 6a6!/ swans. "jSaftj/ figure." SUak.
Ba'by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Babied (-bid) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. BABYnTO.] To treat like a young child ; to keep
dependent ; to humor ; to fondle. Young.
Ba'by farm' (farm'). A place where the nourish-
ment and care of babies are offered for hire.
Ba'by farm'er (-er). One who keeps a baby farm.
Ba'by faim'ing. The business of keeping a baby farm.
Ba'by-hOOd (-hood), re. The state or period of infancy.
Ba'by-house' (-hens'), re. A place for cluldren's dolls
and dolls' furniture. Swift.
Ba'by-ish, a. Like a baby ; childish ; puerile ; sim-
ple. — Ba'by-ish-ly, adv. — Ba'by-ish-ness, n.
Ba'by-ism (-iz'm), re. 1. The state of being a baby.
2. A babyish manner of acting or speaking.
Ba'by jump'er (jilmp'er). A hoop suspended by an
elastic strap, in which a young child may be held secure
while amusing itself by jumping on the floor.
Bab'y-lo'ni-an (bab'I-lo'nT-on), a. Of or pertaining
to the real or to the mystical Babylon, or to the ancient
kingdom of Babylonia ; Chaldean.
Bab'y-lo'ni-an; n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia
(which included Chaldea) ; a Chaldean.
2. An astrologer ; — so called because the Chaldeans
were remarkable for the study of astrology.
Bab'y-lon'ic (-lon'ik), 1 a. 1. Pertainmg to Babylon,
Bab'y-lon'ic-al (-I-kal), ) or made there ; as, Baby-
Ionic garments, carpets, or hangings.
2. Tumultuous; disorderly. [Ofc.] Sir J. Harrington.
Bab'y-lO'nish (bab'i-lo'ntsh), <7. 1. Of or pertain-
ing to, or made in, Babylon or Babylonia. " A Babylo-
nish garment." Josh. vii. 21.
2. Pertaining to the Babylon of Revelation xiv. 8.
3. Pertainmg to Rome and papal power. [Obs.l
The . . . injurious nickname of Babylonish. Gage.
4. Confused ; Babel-like.
II Bab'y-rous'sa, II Bab'y-rus'sa (bSb't-roos'sa-), n.
{Zool.) See Babiroussa.
Ba'by-Ship (ba'by-ship), re. The quality of being a
baby ; the personality of an infant.
Bac (bak), re. [F. See Back a vat.] 1. A broad, flat-
bottomed ferryboat, usually worked by a rope.
2. A vat or cistern. See 1st Back.
Bac'ca-lau're-ate (bSk'ka-la're-it), re. [NL. bacca-
laureutus, fr. LL. baccalatireus a bachelor of arts, fr.
buccalarius, but as if fr. L. bacca lauri bayberry, from
the practice of the bachelor's wearing a garland of bay-
berries. See Bachelor.] 1. The degree of bachelor of
arts (B. A. or A. B.), the first or lowest academical degree
conferred by universities and colleges.
2. A baccalaureate sermon. [U. S.]
Bac'ca-lau're-ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts.
Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a ser-
mon delivered as a farewell discourse to a graduating
class.
llBac'ca-ra', Bac'ca-rat' (b5k'ka-ra'), re. [F.] A
French game of cards, played by a banker and punters.
Bac-ca're ) (bSk-ka're), interj. Stand back ! give
Bac-ka're ) place ! — a cant word of the Elizabethan
writers, probably in ridicule of some person who pre-
tended to a knowledge of Latin which he did not possess.
Baccare ! you are marvelous forward. Stiok.
Bac'cate (bSk'kat), a. [L. baccalus, fr. L. bacca
berry.] {Bot.) Pulpy throughout, like a berry ; — said of
fruits. Gray.
Bac'ca-ted (bSk'ka-ted), a. 1. Having many berries.
2. Set or adorned with pearls. [06s.]
Bac'cha-nal (bSk'ka-nal), a. [L. Bacchanalis. See
Bacchanalia.] 1. Eelating to Bacchus or his festival.
2. Engaged in drunken revels ; drunken and riotous or
noisy.
Bac'cha-nal (bSk'ka-nal), n. 1. A devotee of Bac-
chus ; one who mdulges in drunken revels ; one who ia
noisy and riotous when intoxicated ; a carouser. "Tipsy
bacchanals." Shak.
2. pi. The festival of Bacchus ; the bacchanalia.
3. Drunken revelry ; an orgy.
4. A song or a dance in honor of Bacchus.
II Bac'cha-na'li-a (-na'll-a), re. pi. [L. Bacchanal a
place devoted to Bacchus ; in the pi. Bacchanalia a feast
of Bacchus, fr. Bacchus the god of wine, Gr. BdtKxos.]
1. {Myth.) A feast or an orgy in honor of Bacchus.
2. Hence : A drunken feast ; drunken revels ; an orgy.
Bac'Cha-na1i-an (-na1i-an ; 106), a. Of or pertaining
to the festival of Bacchus ; relating to or given to revel-
ing and drunkenness.
Even bacchanalian madness has its charms. Cowper.
Bac'cha-na1i-an, re. A bacchanal ; a dnmken reveler.
Bac'Cha-na11-an-ism (-an-Tz'm), re. The practice of
bacchanalians ; bacchanals ; drunken revelry.
Bac'chant (bak'kant), re. ; pi. E. Bacchants, L.
Bacchantes (-kan'tez). [L. bacchans, -antis, p. pr. of
bacchari to celebrate the festival of Bacchus.] 1. A
priest of Bacchus.
2. A bacchanal ; a reveler. Croly.
Bac'chant, a. Bacchanalian ; fond of drunken rev-
elry ; wine-loving ; reveling ; carousing. Byron.
Bac'chante (bSk'kant or ba-kanf), re. ; L. pi. Bac-
chantes (-kan'tez). 1. A priestess of Bacchus.
2. A female bacchanal.
Bac-Chan'tic (bak-kan'ttk), a. Bacchanalian.
Bac'chic (bak'kTk), I a. [L. Bacchicus, Gr. Baxx'-
Bac'chic-al (-ki-kal), ) kos.] Of or relating to Bac-
chus ; hence, jovial, or riotous, with intoxication.
II Bac-chi'US (bak-ki'iis), re./ pi. Bacchii (-kil'). [L.
Bacchius pes, Gr. 6 BaKX"os (sc. ttouj foot).] {Pros.)
A metrical foot composed of a short syllable and two
long ones ; according to some, two long and a short.
Bacchus (bSk'kus), re. [L., fr. Gr. Baxxos.] {Myth.)
The god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele.
BaC-Cif'er-OUS (bak-sifer-iSs), a. I'L. baccij'er ; bacca
berry -|- /en-e to bear.] Producing berries. ^'■Baccifer-
ous trees." Bay.
Bac'ci-form (bak'sT-fSrm), a. [L. bacca berry +
-form.] Having the form of a berry.
Bac-civ'0-rous (bak-siv'o-riis), a. [L. bacca berry -j-
fO)-(7re to devour.] {Zool.) Eating, or subsisting on, ber-
ries ; as, baccivorous birds.
Bace (has), re., a., & v. See Base. [Obs.] Spenser.
Bach'a-rach ) (bSk'a-i-ak), re. A kind of wine made
Back'a-rack ( at Bacharach on the Rhine.
Bach'e-lor (bSch'e-ler), re. [OP. bacheler young man,
P. bachelier (cf. Pr. bacalar, Sp. bachiller, Pg. bacharel.
It. baccalare), LL. baccalarius the tenant of a kind of
farm called baccalaria, a soldier not old or rich enough
to lead his retainers into battle with a banner, a person
of an inferior academical degree aspiring to a doctorate.
In the latter .sense, it was afterward changed to bacca-
laureus. See Baccalaureate, re.] 1. A man of any age
who has not been married.
As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a
hound. W. Inaig.
2. An unmarried woman. [06s.] B. Jonson.
H
Use, onite, r^de, full, fi.p, ttnx ; pity ; food, i<fot ; oat, oil ; cbair ; go ; Bing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh = z In aiure.
K
L
IVl
BACHELORDOM
110
BACKPLATE
3. A person who has taken the first or lowest degree
in the liberal arts, or in some branch of science, at a col-
lege or university ; as, a bachelor of arts.
4. A knight who had no standard of his own, but
fought under the standard of another in the field ; often,
a young knight.
5. lu the companies of London tradesmen, one not yet
admitted to wear the livery ; a junior member. \_Obs.'\
6. {Zo'dl.) A kind of bass, an edible fresh-water fish
{Pomoxys annularis) of the southern United States.
Bach'e-Ior-dom (bach'e-Ier-diim), n. The state of
bachelorhood ; the whole body of bachelors.
Bach'e-lor-hOOd (-hood), n. The state or condition of
being a bachelor ; bachelorship.
Each'e-lor-lsm (-Tz'm), n. Bachelorhood ; also, a man-
ner or peculiarity belonging to bachelors. W. Irving.
Bach'e-lor'S but'ton (bSch'e-lerz btit't'n). {Bol. ) A
plaut with flowers shaped like buttons ; especially, sev-
eral species of Ranunculus, and the cornflower {Centau-
rea cyanus) and globe amaranth {Gomphrena).
5^=' Biiclielor'.^ buttons, a name given to several flowers
"from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons, an-
ciently wome in this kingdom," according to Johnson's
Oerarde, p. 472 (1633) ; but by other writers ascribed to " a
habit of country fellows to carry them in their pockets to
divine their success with their sweethearts." Dr. Prior.
Bach'e-lor-Ship, n. The state of being a bachelor.
Bach'el-ry (-el-rj?), n. [OF. bachelerie.] The body
of young aspirants for knighthood. lObs.'] Chaucer.
Ba-Cil'lar (ba-sTl'ler), a. [L. bacillum little staff.]
(Biol. ) Shaped like a rod or staff.
II Bac'il-la'rl-aB (bSs'Il-la'ri-e), n. pi. [NL., fr. L.
bacillum, dim. of baculum stick.] (Biol.) See Diatom.
Bac'il-la-ry (bSs'Tl-la-ry), a. Of or pertaining to little
rods ; rod-shaped.
Ba-cU'li-fonn (ba-sTllT-fSrm), a. [L. bacillum little
staff + -form.'] Hod-shaped.
IIBa-cll'lus (ba^sTl'lus), n. ; pi. Bacilli (-11). [NL.,
for L. bacillum. See
BACILLABLiE.] (Biol.) A
variety of bacterium ; a
microscopic, rod-shaped
vegetable organism.
Back (bSic), n. [F.
bac : cf. Arm. bag, bak,
a bark, D. bak tray,
bowl.] 1. A large slial-
low vat ; a cistern, tub,
or trough, used by brew-
ers, distillers, dyers,
picklers, glueniakers,
and others, for mixing or
cooling wort, holding
water, hot glue, etc.
Hop back, Jack back, the
cistern whicli receives
the infusion of malt and
hops from the copper. —
Wash back, a vat in which distillers ferment the wort to
form wash. — Water back, a cistern to liold a supply of
water ; esp. a small cistern at the back of a stove, or a
group of pipes set in the fire box of a stove or furnace,
through which water circulates and is heated.
2. A ferryboat. See Bac, 1.
Back (bSk), n. [AS. bsec, bac ; akin to Icel., Sw., &
LG. bak, Dan. bag; cf. 0H6. bahho ham, Skr. bhaj to
turn, OSlav. begii flight. Cf . Bacon.] 1. In human beings,
the iiinder part of the body, extending from the neck to
the end of the spine ; in other animals, that part of the
body which corresponds most nearly to such part of a
human being ; as, the back of a horse, fish, or lobster.
2. An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge.
[The mountains] their broad bare backs upheave
Into tlie clouds. Millon.
3. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed
to the inner or lower part ; as, the back of the hand, the
back of the foot, the back of a hand rail.
Methouglit Love pitying me, when he saw this,
Gave me your hands, the backs&ud. palms to kiss. Donne.
4. The part opposed to the front ; the hinder or rear
part of a thing ; as, the back of a book ; the back of an
army ; the back of a chimney.
5. The part opposite to, or most remote from, that
which fronts the speaker or actor ; or the part out of
sight, or not generally seen ; as, the back of an island, of
a hill, or of a village.
6. The part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from
Its edge ; as, the back of a knife, or of a saw.
7. A support or resource in reserve.
Bacillus.
a Convolution of threads, each
composed of Bacilli ^Bacillus
anttiracis). X 200
ft Same, showing formation of
spores. X 470
This project
Should have a back or second, tnat might hold.
Shak.
If this should blast in proof,
8. {Naut.) The keel and keelson of a ship.
9. (Mining) The upper part of a lode, or the roof of a
horizontal underground passage.
10. A garment for the back ; hence, clothing. [06s.]
A bak to walken inne by dayhght. Chaucer.
Behind one's back, when one is absent ; without one's
knowledge; as, to ridicule a person behind his back.—
Full back. Half back, Quarter back (Football), players sta-
tioned behind those in the front line. — To be or lie on
one's back, to be helpless. — To put, or get, one's back up, to
assume an attitude of obstinate resistance (from the ac-
tion of a cat when attacked). [Co!loq.]—lo see the back
of, to get rid of. — To torn the back, to go away ; to flee. —
To turn the back on one, to forsake or neglect him.
Back, a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear ; dis-
tant ; remote ; as, the back door ; back settlements.
2. Being in arrear ; overdue ; as, back rent.
3. Moving or operating backward ; as, back action.
Back charges, charges brought forward after an account
has been made up. — Back filling (Arch.), the mass of ma-
terials used in fillmg up the space between two walls, or
between the inner and outer faces of a wall, or upon the
haunches of an arch or vault. — Back pressore. (Steam
Engine) See under Pressure. — Back rest, a ^de at-
tached to the slide rest of a lathe, and placed in contact
with the work, to steady it in turning. — Back slang, a
kind of slang m which every word is written or pro-
nounced backwards ; as, namtornuni. — Back stairs, stairs
in the back part of a house ; orivate stairs. Also used
adjectively. See Back staies". Backstairs, and Back-
stair, in the Vocabulary, —Back step (Mil.), the retro-
grade movement of a mai:. or body of men, without chan-
ging front. — Back stream, a current running against tlie
main current of a stream ; an eddy. — To take the back
track, to retrace one's steps ; to retreat. [Collo(j.]
Back (bSk), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Backed (bSkt) ;p.pr.&!,
vb. n. Backing.] 1. To get upon tbe back of ; to mount.
I will back liim [a horse] straight. Shak.
2. To place or seat upon the back, [i?.]
Great Jupiter, upon his eagle backed.
Appeared to me. Shak.
3. To drive or force backward ; to cause to retreat or
recede ; as, to back oxen.
4. To make a back for ; to furnish with a back ; as, to
back books.
5. To adjoin beliind ; to be at the back of.
A garden . . . with a vineyard backed, Shak.
The chalk cliffs which back the beach. Huxley.
6. To write upon the back of ; as, to back a letter ; to
indorse ; as, to back a note or legal document.
7. To support ; to maintain ; to second or strengthen
by aid or influence ; as, to back a iiiend. " The Parlia-
ment would be backed by the people." Macaulay.
Have still found it necessary to buck and fortify their laws
with rewards and punishments. South.
The mate backed the captain manfully. Blackw. JIag.
8. To bet on the success of ; — as, to back a race horse.
To back an anchor (Naul.), to lay down a small anchor
ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fas-
tened to tlie crown of the large one. —To back the field,
in horse racing, tobet against a particular horse or horses,
that some one of all tlie other horses, collectively desig-
nated "the field," wUl win. —To back the oars, to row
backward with tlie oars. — To back a rope, to put on a pre-
venter. —To back the sails, to arrange them so as to cause
the ship to move astern. — To back up, to support ; to sus-
tain ; as, to back up one's friends. — To back a warrant (Laic),
is for a justice of the peace, in the county where the
warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant,
issued in another county, to apprehend an offender. — To
back water (Naul.), to reverse tlie action of the oars, pad-
dles, or propeller, so as to force the boat or ship backward.
Back, V. i. 1. To move or go backward ; as, the horse
refuses to back.
2. (JVaut.) To change from one quarter to another by
a course opposite to that of the sun ; — used of the wind.
3. (Sporting) To stand still behind another dog which
has pointed ; — said of a dog. [£'?jj.]
To back and fill, to manage the sails of a ship so that the
wind strikes them alternately in front and behind, in
order to keep the ship in the middle of a river or channel
while the current or tide carries the vessel against the
wind. Hence : (Fig.) To take opposite positions alter-
nately ; to assert and deny. [ ColloqT] — To back out. To back
down, to retreat or withdraw from a promise, engagement,
or contest ; to recede. [Colloq.]
Cleon at first . . . was willing to go ; but, finding that he
[Nicias] was in earnest, he tried to back out. jowctt (Tlmojd.).
Back, adv. [Shortened from abctck.] 1. In, to, or
toward, the rear; as, to stand back; to step back.
2. To the place from which one came ; to the place or
person from wliich something is taken or derived ; as, to
go back for sometliing left behind ; to go back to one's
native place ; to put a book back after reading it.
3. To a former state, condition, or station ; as, to go
back to private life ; to go back to barbarism.
4. (Of time) In times past; ago. "Sixty or seventy
years back." Gladstone.
5. Away from contact ; by reverse movement.
The angel of the Lord . . . came, and rolled back the stone
from the door. Jlaii. xxviii. 2.
6. In concealment or reserve ; in one's own possession ;
as, to keep back the truth ; to keep back part of the
money due to another.
7. In a state of restraint or hindrance.
The Lord hath kept thee back from honor. Numb. xziv. 11.
8. In return, repayment, or requital.
What have I to give you back f Shak.
9. In withdrawal from a statement, promise, or under-
taking ; as, he took back the offensive words.
XO. In arrear ; as, to be back in one's rent. IColloq.']
Back and forth, backwards and forwards ; to and fro. —
To go back on, to turn back from ; to abandon ; to be-
tray ; as, to go back on a friend ; to go back on one's pro-
fessions. [ColloQ.]
Back'a-rack (bSk'a-rSk), n. See Bacharach.
Bac-ka're (bSk-ka're), interj. Same as Baccare.
Back1)and' (-band'), n. [2d back, n. -f band.] (Sad-
dlery) The band which passes over the back of a horse
and holds up the shafts of a carriage.
Back'blte' (-bit'), v. t. [2d back, n. + bite.'] To wound
by clandestine detraction ; to censure meanly or spite-
fully (an absent person) ; to slander or speak evil of (one
absent). Spenser.
Back1)lte', v. i. To censure or revile the absent.
They are arrant knaves, and will backbite. Shak.
Back'blt'er (-blt'er), n. One who backbites ; a secret
calumniator or detractor.
Back1}lt'ing, n. Secret slander ; detraction.
Backbiting, and bearing of false witness. Piers Plowman.
Backlioard' (-bord'), n. [2d back, n. -f- board.] 1. A
board which supports the back when one is sitting ; spe-
cifically, the board athwart the after part of a boat.
2. A board serving as the back part of anything, as of
a wagon.
3. A thin stuff used for the backs of framed pictures,
mirrors, etc.
4. A board attached to the rim of a water wheel to
prevent the water from running off the floats or iiaddles
into the interior of the wheel. W. Nicholson.
5. A board worn across the back to give erectness to
the figure. ^ Thackeray.
Backt)ond' (bSk'bSnd'), n. [Back, adv. + b07id.}
(Scots Law) An instrument which, in conjunction with an
other making an absolute disposition, constitutes a trust,
Back'bone' (-bon'), n. [2d back, n. + bone.] 1. The
column of bones in the back whicli sustains and gives
firmness to the frame ; the spine ; the vertebral or spinal
column.
2. Anything like, or serving the purpose of, a back-
bone.
The lofty mountains on the north side compose the granitic
axis, or backbone of the country. Darwin.
We have now come to the backbone of our subject. Earle.
3. Firmness ; moral principle ; steadfastness.
Shelley's thought never had any backbone. Shairp,
To the backbone, through and through ; thoroughly ;
entirely, '''■^ta.wic'ii to Itie backbone." Lord Lytlon.
Back'boned' (bSk'bond'), a. Vertebrate.
Back'cast' (-kasf), n. [Back, adv. -f cast."] Any-
thing which brings misfortune upon one, or causes failure
in an effort or enterprise ; a reverse. [Scot.]
Back' door' (dor'). A door in the back part of a
building; hence, an indirect wa}'. Atterbury-
Back'door', a. Acting from behuid and in conceal-
ment ; backstairs ; as, backdoor intrigues.
Back'down'(-doun'), 7!. A receding or giving up; a
complete surrender. [Colloq.]
Backed (bakt), a. Having a back ; fitted with a back ;
as, a backed electrotype or stereotype plate. Used in
composition ; as, broad-6acAerf ; \muvj>-backed.
Back'er (bSk'er), n. Cue who, or that which, backs ;
especially one who backs a person or thing in a contest.
Back'fall' (-fal'), n. [2d back, n. +Jall.] A faU or
throw on the back in wrestling.
Back'friend' (-frgnd'), n. [Back, n. or adv. -4-
friend.] A secret enemy. [Obs.] South.
Back'gam'mon (bSk'gam'un), n. [Origin unknown ;
perhaps fr. Dan. bakke tray + E. game ; or very likely
the first part is from E. back, adv., and the game is bo
called because the men are often set back,] A game of
chance and skill, played by two persons on a " board "
marked off into twenty-four spaces called " points. " Each
player has fifteen pieces, or "men," the movements of
which from point to point are determined by throwing
dice. Formerly called tables.
Backgammon board, a board for playing backgammonj
often made in the form of two rectangular trays hinged
together, each tray containing two " tables."
Back'gam'mon, v. t. In the game of backgammon,
to beat by ending the game before the loser is clear of
his first "table."
Back'ground' (-ground'), n. [Back, a. -f ground.]
1. Ground in the rear or behind, or in the distance, as
opposed to the foreground, or the ground in front.
2. (Paint.) The space which is behind and subordinate
to a portrait or group of figures.
III^°° The distance in a picture is usually divided into
foreground, middle distance, and background. FuirhoU.
3. Anything behind, serving as a foil ; as, the statue
had a background of red hangings.
4. A place in obscurity or retirement, or out of sight.
I fancy there was a background of grinding and waiting
before Miss Torry could produce this highly finished , . . per-
formance. Mrs. Alexander.
A husband somewhere in the background. Tfiackeray.
To place in the background, to make of little consequence.
Backliand' (-hSnd'), n. [Back, adv. + hand.] A
kind of handwriting in which the downward slope of the
letters is from left to right.
Back'hand', a. 1. Sloping from left to right ; — said
of handwriting.
2. Backlianded ; indirect ; oblique. [-R.]
Backliand'ed, a. 1. With the hand turned back-
ward ; as, a backhanded blow.
2. Indirect ; awkward ; insincere ; sarcastic ; as, a
backhanded compliment.
3. Turned back, or inclining to the left ; as, back-
handed letters.
Back'hand'ed-ness, n. State of being backhanded ;
the using of backlianded or indirect methods.
Back'hand'er (-hand'er), n. A backhanded blow.
Back'house' (bSk'hous'), n. [Back, a. -f house.']
A building behind the main building. Specifically : A
privy ; a necessary.
Back'ing, n. 1. The act of moving backward, or of
putting or moving anything backward.
2. That which is behind, and forms the back of, any-
thing, usually giving strength or stability.
3. Support or aid given to a person or cause.
4. (Bookbinding) The preparation of the back of a
book with glue, etc., before putting on the cover.
Back'jOUlt' (-joint'), n. [Back, a. or adv. -\- joint.]
(Arch.) A rebate or chase in masonry left to receive a
permanent slab or other filling.
Backlash' (-lash'), n. [Back, adv. + lash.] ( Mech.)
The distance through which one part of connected ma-
chinery, as a wheel, piston, or screw, can be moved with-
out moving tho connected parts, resulting from loose-
ness in fitting or from wear ; also, the jarring or reflex
motion caused in badly fitting machinery by irregularities
in velocity or a reverse of motion.
Back'less, a. Without a back.
Backlog' (-log'; 115), n. [Back, a. + log."] A large stick
of wood, forming the back of a fire on the hearth. [ f7. S.]
, There was first a backlog, from fifteen to four and twenty
inches in diameter and five foet long, imbedded in the ashes.
S. G. Goodrich.
Back'plece' (-pes'), \ n. [Back, n. or a. -f- piece,
Back'plate' (-plaV), J plate.] A piece, or plate,
ale, senate, care, am, anm. ask, final, all; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, odd;
BACKRACK
111
BAFFLER
which forma the back of anything, or which covers the
back ; armor for the back.
Back'rack (bSk'rSk), 1 o^o r . ^n . » » n»
Back'rag (bSk'rSg), I "■ ^^^ Baohabach.
Backs (bSks), re. pi. Among leather dealers, the
thickest and stoutest tanned hides. "
Back'saw' (bSk'sa'), re. [2d back, n. + saw.'i A saw
(as a tenon saw) whose blade is stiffened by an added
metallic back.
Back'set' (-sSf), re. IBack, adv. + set.] 1. A check ;
a relapse ; a discouragement ; a setback.
2. Whatever is thrown back in its course, as water.
Slackwater, or the backset caused by the overflow.
Barper's Mag.
Back'set', v. t. To plow again, in the fall; — said of
prairie land broken up in the spring. [ Western U. S.J
Back'set'tler (-sSt'ler), re. [Back, a. + settler.] One
living in the back or outlying districts of a community.
The EDglish backsettlers of Leinster and Munster. Macaiday.
II Back'sheesh' ) (-shesh'), re. [Pers. bakhshish, fr.
II Back'shlsh' ) bakhshidan to give.] In Egypt
and the Turkish empire, a gratuity ; a "tip."
Back'side' (-sid'), re. [Back, a. ■}- side.] The hinder
part, posteriors, or rump of a person or annual.
(|^°" Backside (one word) was formerly used of the
rear part or side of any tiling or place, but in such senses
is now two words.
Back'slght' (-sit'), re. [Back, adv. + sight.] (Surv.)
The reading of the leveling staff in its imchauged position
when the levehng instrument has been taken to a new
position ; a sight directed backwards to a station previ-
ously occupied. Cf. Foresight, re., 3.
Back'sllde' (bSk'slid'; 277), v. i. limp. Backslid
(-slid') ; p. p. Backslidden (-slid'd'n). Backslid ; p. pr.
& vb. re. BAOKSLiDiNa.] [Back, adv. -f- slide.] To slide
back ; to fall away : esp. to abandon gradually the faith
and practice of a religion that has been professed.
Back'sUd'er (bSk'slid'er), n. One who backslides.
Back'sUd'ing, a. Slipping back ; falling back into
sin or error ; sinning.
Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord. Jer. iii. U.
Back'sUd'ing, re. The act of one who backslides;
abandonment of faith or duty.
Our backsUdings are many. Jer. xiv. 7.
Baok'staff' (-staf), n. An instrument formerly used
for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies, but now
superseded by the quadrant and sextant ; — so called be-
cause the observer turned his back to the body observed.
Back' stairs' (starz'). Stairs in the back part of a
house, as distinguished from the front stairs ; hence, a
private or indirect way.
Back'stairs', Back'Stalr', a. Private; indirect; se-
cret ; intriguing ; — as if finding access by the back stairs.
A backstairs influence. Burke.
Female caprice and backstair influence. Trevelyan.
Back'Stay (-sta'), re. iBack,a.. oTn.+stay.] X.(Naut.)
A. rope or stay extending from the masthead to the side
of a ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in
supporting the mast. [Often used in the plural.]
2. A rope or strap used to prevent excessive forward
motion.
Baok'ster (-ster), re. [SeeBAXTEE.] A baker. [OJs.]
Back'StltOh' (-stTch'), re. [Back, adv. -f stitch.] A
stitch made by setting the needle back of the end of the
last stitch, and bringing it out in front of the end.
Back'stltch', v. t. To sew with backstitches; as, to
backstitch a seam.
Back'stress (bSk'strSs), n. A female baker. [Obs.]
Back'sword' (-sord'), re. [2d back, n. -f- sword.]
1. A sword with one sharp edge.
2. In England, a stick with a basket handle, used in
rustic amusements ; also, the game in which the stick is
used. Also called singlestick. HalKwell.
Back'ward (bak'werd), l adv. [Back, adv.+ -ward. ]
Back'wardS (bSk'werdz), ) l. with the back in
advance or foremost ; as, to ride backward.
2. Toward the back; toward the rear; as, to throw
the arms backward.
3. On the back, or with the back downward.
Thou wilt fall backward. Shak.
4. Toward, or in, past time or events ; ago.
Some reigns backward. Locke.
6. By way of reflection ; reflexively. Sir J. Davies.
6. From a better to a worse state, as from honor to
shame, from religion to sin.
The work went backward. Dryden.
7. In a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction ;
contrarily ; as, to read backwards.
We might have . . . beat them backioard home. Shak.
Back'ward, a. 1. Directed to the back or rear ; as,
backward glances.
2. Unwilling ; averse ; reluctant ; hesitating ; loath.
For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves. Pope.
3. Not well advanced in learning ; not quick of appre-
hension ; duU ; mapt ; as, a backward child. " The back-
ward learner." South.
4. Late or behindhand ; as, a backward season.
5. Not advanced in civilization ; undeveloped ; as, the
country or region is in a backward state.
6. Already past or gone ; bygone. [iJ.]
And flies unconscious o'er each backward year. Byron.
Back'ward, re. The state behind or past. [Obs.]
In the dark backward and abysm of time. Shak.
Back'ward, v. t. To keep back ; to hinder. Wbs.]
Back'war-da'tion (bSk'wer-da'shiin), n. [Backward,
r.i.+-atior>..] {Stock Exchange) The seller's postpone-
ment of deUvery of stock or shares, with the consent of
the buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter ; —
also, the premium so paid. See Oontanoo. Biddle.
Back'ward-Iy (bSk'werd-ljr), adv. 1. Reluctantly;
slowly ; aversely. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.
2. Perversely; ill. \_Obs.]
And does he think so backwardty of me ? Shak.
Back'ward-ness, re. The state of being backward.
Back'wash' (-wbsh'), v. t. To clean the oil from
(wool) after combing. Ash.
Back'wa'ter (-wa'ter), n. [Back, a. or adv. -f
-ward.] 1. Water turned back in its course by an ob-
struction, an opposing current, or the flow of the tide, as
in a sewer or river channel, or across a river bar.
2. An .accumulation of water overflowing the low
lands, caused by an obstruction.
3. Water thrown back by the turning of a water-
wheel, or by tlie paddle wheels of a steamer.
Back'woods' (-w66dz'), re. pi. [Back, a. -f woods.]
The forests or partly cleared grounds on the frontiers.
Back'woods'man (-man), re. ; pi. Backwoodsmen
(-men). A man living in the forest in or beyond the new
settlements, especially on the western frontiers of the
older portions of the United States. Fisher Ames.
Back'worm' (-wQrm'), ?;. [2d back, n. + worm.] A
disease of hawks. See Filandebs. Wright.
Ba'con (ba'k'n), re. [OF. bacon, fr. OHG. bacho, bah-
ho, flitch of bacon, ham ; akin to E. back. Cf. Back the
back side.] The oack and sides of a pig salted and
smoked ; formerly, the flesh of a pig salted or fresh.
Bacon beetle (.?o5i.), a beetle (Derniestes lardarius) which,
especially in the larval state, feeds upon bacon, woolens,
furs, etc. See Dekmestes. — To save one'8 bacon, to save
one's self or property from harm or loss. [CoUoq.]
Ba-cCnl-an (ba-ko'nl-cm), a. Of or pertaining to Lord
Bacon, or to his system of philosophy.
Baconian method, the inductive method. See Induction.
Bac-te'ri-a (b5k-te'rl-a), re. p. See Bacteeium.
Bac-te'rt-al (-al), a. {Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacteria.
Bac-te'ri-oi'dal (-si'dol), a. Destructive of bacteria.
Bac-te'rl-cide (bSk-te'rl-sid), n. [Bacterium -\- L.
caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Same as GEEmciDE.
Bac-te'rl-0-log'ic-al (bak-te'rT-o-lSj'i-kal), a. Of or
pertaining to bacteriology ; as, bacteriological studies.
Bac-te'ri-Ol'o-glst, n. One skiUed in bacteriology.
Bac-te'rl-ol'O-gy (-51'o-jy), n. [Bacterium + -logy.]
{Biol.) The science relating to bacteria.
Bac^e'rl-0-SCOp'io (-o-skop'ik), a. (Biol.) Relating to
bacterioscopy ; as, a bacterioscopic examination.
Bac-te'ri-os'co-pist (-os'ko-pTst), n. (Biol.) One
skilled in bacterioscopic examinations.
Bac-te'ri-os'co-py (-os'ko-py), n. ' [Bacterium -f
-scopy.] (Biol.) The application of a knowledge of bac-
teria for their detection and identification, as in the
examination of polluted water.
JBac-te'rl-um (bSk-te'rT-um), re. / pi. Bacteria (-a).
[NL., fr. 6r. paxTiqpiov, pdKTpov, a staff ; cf. F. bacterie.]
(Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to
the class Algse, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike
filament, and found in putrefying organic infusions.
Bacteria are destitute of chlorophyll, and are the small-
est of microscopic organisms. They are very widely
diffused in nature, and multiply with marvelous rapid-
ity, both by fission and by spores. Certain species are
active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be
the cause of certain infectious diseases. See Bactllus.
Bac'te-roid (bSk'te-roid), ) a. [Bacterium -j- -oid.]
Bao'te-rold'al (-roid'al), j (Biol.) Resembling bac-
teria ; as, bacteroid particles.
Bac'trl-an (bSk'trT-an), a. Of or pertaining to Bactria
in Asia. ^n. A native of Bactria.
Bactrlan camel, the two-humped camel.
Bac'ule (bSk'fil), n. [F.] (Fort.) See Bascule.
Bac'U-llne (bSk'ii-lin or -lin), a. [L. bacidum staff.]
Of or pertaining to the rod or punishment with the rod.
Bac'U-Ute (-ii-lft), re. [L. baculum stick, staff: cf.
F. baculite.]
(Paleon.) A
cephalopod of
the extinct ge-
nus Baculite.'!,
found fossil in Baculite (BacuUtes anceps). Q0
the Cretaceous rocks. It is like an uncoiled ammonite.
Bac'U-lom'e-try (-ISm'e-try), re. [L. baculum staff +
-metry.] Measurement of distance or altitude by a staff
or staffs.
Bad (bad), imp. of Bid. Bade. [Obs.] Dryden.
Bad (bad), a [ Compar. Worse (wfirs) ; superl. Worst
(wQrst).] [Probably fr. AS. bxddel hermaphrodite : cf.
bsedling effeminate fellow.] Wanting good qualities,
whether physical or moral ; injurious, hurtful, inconven-
ient, offensive, painful, unfavorable, or defective, either
physically or morally ; evil ; vicious ; wicked ; — the oppo-
site of good ; as, a bad man ; bad conduct ; bad habits ;
bad soil ; bad air ; bad health ; a bad crop ; bad news.
Sometimes used substantively.
The strong antipathy of good to bad. Pope.
Syn. — Pernicious ; deleterious ; noxious ; baneful ;
injurious ;_ hurtful ; evil; vile; wretched; corrupt;
wicked ; vicious ; imperfect.
Bad'der (bSd'er), compar. of Bad, a. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Bad'der-locks (-loks), re. [Perh. for Balderlocks, fr.
Balder the Scandinavian deity.] (Bol.) A large black
seaweed (Alaria esculenta) sometimes eaten in Europe ;
— also called murlins, honeyware, and henware.
Bad'dlsh, a. Somewhat bad ; inferior. Jeffrey.
Bade (bSd). A form of the past tense of BtD.
Badge (bSj), re. [LL. bagea, bagia, sign, prob. of Ger-
man origin ; cf. AS. bedg, beah, bracelet, collar, crown,
OS bog- in comp., AS. bUgan to bow, bend, G. biegen.
See Bow to bend.] 1. A distinctive mark, token, sign,
or cognizance, worn on the person ; as, the badge of a
society ; the badge of a policeman. " Tax gatherers,
recognized by their official badges." Prescott.
2. Something characteristic ; a mark ; a token.
Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge. Shak.
3. (Naut.) A carved ornament on the stern of a vessel,
containing a window or tlie representation of one.
Badge (h^),v.t. To mark or distinguish with a badge.
Badge'less, a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall.
Badg'er (bSj'er), re. [Of uncertain origin ; perh. fr.
an old verb badge to lay up provisions to sell again.] An
itinerant licensed dealer in commodities used for food ;
a hawker ; a huckster ; — formerly applied especially to
one who bought grain in one place and sold it in an-
other. [Now dialectic, Eng.]
Badg'er, n. [OB. bageard, prob. fr. badge + -ard, in
reference to the
white mark on its
forehead. See
Badge, re.] 1. A
carnivorous quad-
ruped of the genus
Meles or of an al-
lied genus. It is a
burrowing animal ,
with short, thick
legs, and long Badger (Taxidea Americana).
claws on the fore ^
feet. One species (31. vulgaris), called also brock, inhab-
its the north of Europe and Asia ; another species ( Taxi-
dea Americana or Labradorica) inhabits the northern
parts of North America. See Teledu.
2. A brush made of badgers' hair, used by artists.
Badger dog. (Zool.) See Dachshund.
Badg'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Badgered (-erd) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Badgering.] [For sense 1, see 2d Badger ; for
2, see 1st Badger.] 1. To tease or annoy, as a badger
when baited ; to worry or irritate per.sistently.
2. To beat down ; to cheapen ; to barter ; to bargain.
Badg'er-er (bSj'er-er), re. 1. One who badgers.
2. A kind of dog used in badger baiting.
Badg'er-ing, re. 1. The act of one who badgers.
2. The practice of buying wheat and other kinds ol
food in one place and selling them in another for a profit,
[Prov. Eng.]
Badg'er-legged' (-ISgd'), a. Having legs of unequal
length, as the badger was tliought to have. Shak.
II Bad'i-a'ga (bad'I-a'ga or bad-ya'ga), n. [Russ. badia.
ga.] (Zool.) A fresh-water sponge (Spongilla), com.
mon in the north of Europe, the powder of which is use6
to take away the livid marks of bruises.
II Ba'di-an (ba'dt-an), re. [F. badiane, fr. Per. badian
anise.] (Bot.) An evergreen Chinese shrub of the Mag.
nolia family (Illicium anisatum), and its aromatic seeds ;
Chinese anise ; star anise.
Ba-di'geon (ba-dij'iin), n. [F.] A cement or pasta
(as of plaster and freestone, or of sawdust and glue or
lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood
or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, or finish a surface.
IIBa'di'nage' (ba'de'nazh' or bad'T-naj), re. [P., fr.
badiner to joke, OF. to trifle, be siUy, fr. badin silly.)
Playful raillery ; banter. " He . . . indulged himseli
only in an elegant badinage." Warburton.
Bad' lands' (bSd' landz'). Barren regions, especially
in the western United States, where horizontal strata
(Tertiary deposits) have been often eroded into fantastic
forms, and much intersected by caiiions, and where lack
of wood, water, and forage increases the difficulty of
traversing the country, whence the name, first given by
the Canadian French, Ifauvaises Terres (bad lands).
Bad'ly, adv. In a bad manner; poorly; not well;
unskillf uUy ; imperfectly ; unfortunately ; grievously ;
so as to cause harm ; disagreeably ; seriously.
H^"" Badly is often used colloquially for very much or
very greatly, with words signifying to want or 7ieed.
Bad'mln-ton (bSd'mTn-ttin), re. [From the name of
the seat of the Duke of Beaufort in England.] 1. A game,
similar to lawn tennis, played with shuttlecocks.
2. A preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened.
Bad'ness, re. The state of being bad.
II Ese'no-mere (be'n6-mer), re. [Gr. /SaiVeif to walk -f-
-mere.] (Zool.) One of the somites (arthromeres) that
make up the thorax of Arthropods. Packard.
Bae'no-pod (be'n6-pod), n. [Gr. Paiveiv to walk +
.pod.] (Zool.) One of the thoracic legs of Arthropods.
il Bse'no-sonie (-som), re. [Gr. paiveiv to walk -j- -some
body.] (Zool.) The thorax of Arthropods. Packard.
Ban (baf), re. A blow ; a stroke. [Scot.] H. Miller.
Bal'fle (bSf'f'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baffled (-fid) ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Baffling (-fiing).] [Cf . Lowland Scotch
bauchle to treat contemptuously, bauch tasteless, abashed,
jaded, Icel. bagr uneasy, poor, or bdgr, n., struggle,
bsegja to push, treat harshly, OF. beffler, beffer, to mock,
deceive, dial, G. bSppe mouth, beffen to bark, chide.]
1. To cause to undergo a disgraceful punishment, as a
recreant knight. [Obs.]
He by the heels him hung upon a tree,
And baffled so, that all which passed by
The picture of his punishment might see. Spenser.
2. To check by shifts and turns ; to elude ; to foil.
The art that bajfes time's tyrannic claim. Cowper.
3. To check by perplexing ; to disconcert, frustrate,
or defeat ; to thwart. " A baffled purpose." De Quincey.
A suitable scripture ready to repel and baffle them all. So^ith.
Calculations so difficult as to have bafiierl, until within a . . ,
recent period, the most enlightened nations. Prescott.
The mere intricacy of a question should not ba,ffle us. Locke.
BafHing wind (Naut.), one that frequently shifts from
one pomt to another.
Syn. — To balk; thwart; foil ; frustrate; defeat.
Bal'fle, V. i. 1. To practice deceit. [Obs.] Barrow.
2. To struggle against in vain ; as, a ship baffles with
the winds. [R.]
Bal'fle, re. A defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns ;
discomfiture. [R.] "A fiff^e to philosophy." South.
Bal'fle-ment (bSf'f'l-meu't), re. The process or act of
baffling, or of being baffled ; frustration ; check.
Bal'fler (bSf'fler), re. One who, or that which, baflJes.
c
D
H
K
use. unite, r^de, full, iip. <im ; pity; food, fo-ot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN; zh=:
IVl
z in azure.
BAFFLING
112
BAKEHOUSE
Baffling (baffling), a. Frustrating; discomfiting;
disconcerting ; as, baffling currents, winds, tasks. —
Baf'fllng-ly, adv. — Baf 'fllng-ness, n.
Baft (bSft), n. Same as Bapta.
Baf'ta (baf ta), n. [Cf. Per. baft woven, wrought.]
A coarse stuff, usually of cotton, originally made in In-
dia. Also, an imitation of this fabric made for export.
Bag (bag), n. [OE. bagge; cf. Icel. baggi, and also
OF. 6a(7;;e, bundle, LL. 6a<70.] 1. A sack or pouch, used
for holding anything ; as, a bag of meal or of money.
2. A sac, or dependent gland, in animal bodies, con-
taining some fluid or other substance ; as, the bag of poi-
son in the mouth of some serpents ; the bag of a cow.
3. A sort of silken purse fonnerly tied about men's
hair behind, by way of ornament. [06s.]
4. The quantity of game bagged.
5. (Com.) A certain quantity of a commodity, such as
it is customary to carry to market in a sack ; as, a, bag of
pepper or hops ; a bag of coffee.
Bag and baggage, all that belongs to one. —To give one
the bag, to disappomt him. [Obs.] Bunyan.
Bag, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bagged (bSgd) ; p. pi: & vb.
n. Bagging.] 1. To put into a bag ; as, to bag hops.
2. To seize, capture, or entrap ; as, to bag an army ;
to bag game.
3. To furnish or load with a bag or with a well filled bag.
A bee bagged with his honeyed venom. Vryden.
Bag, V. i. 1. To swell or hang down like a full bag ;
as, the skin bags from containing morbid matter.
2- To swell with arrogance. [Obs.~\ Chaucer.
3. To become pregnant. [OJi.] Warner (Alb. Eng.).
llBa-gasse' (ba-gas'), n. [F.] Sugar cane, as it
oomes crushed from the mill. It is then dried and used
as fuel. Also extended to the refuse of beetroot sugar.
II Bag'a-telle' (b5g'a-tel'), n. [F., fr. It. bagatella ;
cf. Prov. It. bagata trifle, OF. bague, Pr. bagua, bundle.
See Bag, n.] JL A trifle ; a thing of no importance.
Rich trifles, serious bagateUes. Prior.
2. A game played on an oblong board, having, at one
end, cups or arches into or through which balls are to be
driven by a rod held in the hand of the player.
Bag'gage (bSg'gSj), n. [F. bagage, from OF. bague
bundle. In senses 6 and 7 cf. F. bagasse a prostitute.
See Bag, ».] 1. The clothes, tents, utensils, and pro-
visions of an army.
1^°" " The term itself is made to apply chiefly to arti-
cles of clothuig and to small personal effects." Farrow.
2. The trunks, valises, satchels, etc., which a traveler
carries with him on a journey ; luggage.
The baronet's baggage on the roof of the coach. Thackeray.
We saw our baggage following below. Johnson.
B^^ The English usually call this luggage.
3. Purulent matter. \_Obs.'\ Barrough.
4. Trashy talk. [0J«.] Ascham.
5. A man of bad character. [Obs."] Holland.
6. A woman of loose morals ; a prostitute.
A disreputable, daring, laughing, painted Frencli baggage.
Thackeray.
7. A romping, saucy girl. \_Playfur\ Goldsmith.
Bag'gage mas'ter (mas'ter). One who has charge of
the baggage at a railway station or upon a line of public
travel. lU. S.'\
Bag'ga-ger (-gS-jer), n. One who takes care of bag-
gage ; a camp follower. [OJs.] Sir W. Raleigh.
II Bag'ga-la (b5g'ga-la), n. [Ar. "fem. of baghl a
mule." Balfour.'] (Naut.) A two-masted Arab or In-
dian trading vessel, used in the Indian Ocean.
Bag'gl-ly (bSg'gi-iy), adv. In a loose, baggy way.
Bag'ging, n. 1. Cloth or other material for bags.
2. The act of putting anything into, or as into, a bag.
3. The act of swelling ; swelling.
Bag'ging, n. [Etymol. imcertain.] Reaping peas,
beans, wheat, etc., with a chopping stroke. \_Eng.']
Bag'gy (bag'gy), a. Resembling a bag; loose or
puffed out, or pendent, like a bag ; flabby ; as, baggy
trousers ; baggy cheeks.
Bag'man (-man), n. ; pi. Bagmen (-men). A com-
mercial traveler ; one employed to solicit orders for
manufacturers and tradesmen. Thackeray .
Bag' net' (nSf). A bag-shaped net for catching fish.
Bagn'io (bSn'yo), re. [It. bagno, fr. L. balneum. Cf .
Bain.] 1. A house for bathing, sweating, etc.; — also,
in Turkey, a prison for slaves. \_Obs.']
2. A brothel ; a stew ; a house of prostitution.
Bag'pipe (bag'pip), n. A musical wind instrument,
now used chiefly in the Highlands
of Scotland.
51^^ It consists of a leather
bag, w-hich receives the air by a
tube that is stopped by a valve ;
and three sounding pipes, into
which the air is pressed by the
performer. Two of these pipes
E reduce fixed tones, namely, the
ass, or key tone, and its fifth,
and form together what is called
the drone ; the third, or chanter,
gives the melody.
Bag'pipe, v. t. To make to look like a bagpipe.
To bagpipe the mizzen (JVaui.), to lay it aback by bring-
ing the sheet to the mizzen rigging. Totten.
Bag'pip' er (-pip'er), n. One who plays on a bagpipe ;
a piper. Shak.
Bag'reef (-ref), n. [Bag + reef.] (Naut.) The
lower reef of fore and aft sails ; also, the upper reef of
topsails. Ham. Nav. Eneye.
I! Bague (bag), n. [F., a ring.] (^rcA. ) The annular
molding or group of moldings dividing a long shaft or
clustered column into two or more parts.
Ba-gnet' 1 (ba^gSf ), n. [F. baguette, prop, a rod,
Ba-guette' ( It. bacchetia, fr. L. baculum, baculus,
stick, staff.] 1. (Arch.) A small molding, like the astra-
gal, but smaller ; a bead.
Bagpipe.
2. (Zool.) One of the minute bodies seen in the divided
nucleoli of some Infusoria after conjugation.
Bag'Wig' (bSg'wTg'), n. A wig, in use in the 18th
century, with the hair at the back of the head in a bag.
Bag'WOnn' (-wQrm'), n. (Zool.) One of several lep-
idopterous insects which construct, in the larval state,
a baglike case which they carry about for protection.
One species (Platosceticus Gloveri) feeds on the orange
tree. See Basket woem.
Ball (ba), interj. An exclamation expressive of ex-
treme contempt.
Twenty-five years ago the vile ejaculation, Bah ! was utterly
unknown to the English public. De Quincey.
II Ba-har' (ba-har'), n. [Ar. bahar, from bahara to
charge with a load.] A weight used in certain parts of
the East Indies, varying considerably in different locali-
ties, the range being from 223 to C25 poimds.
Baigne (ban), v. t. [F. baigner to bathe, fr. L. bal-
neum bath.] To soak or drench. [Obs.] Carew.
Bail (bal), n. [F. bailie a bucket, pail ; cf. LL. bac-
ula, dim. of bacca a sort of vessel. Of. Bag.] A bucket
or scoop used in bailing water out of a boat. [Obs.]
The baitoi a canoe , . . made of a human skull. Capt. Cook.
Bail, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bailed (bald); p. pr. &
vb. n. Bailing.] 1. To lade ; to dip and throw ; — usually
with out ; as, to bail water out of a boat.
Buckets ... to bail out the water. Capt. J. Smith.
2. To dip or lade water from ; — often with out to ex-
press completeness ; as, to bail a boat.
By the help of a small bucket and our hats we bailed her out.
S. ff. Dana, Jr.
Bail, V. t. [OF. bailler to give, to deliver, fr. L. baju-
lare to bear a burden, keep in custody, fr. bajulus he
who bears burdens.] 1. To deliver ; to release. [Obs.]
Ne none there was to rescue her, ne none to bail. Spenser.
2. (Law) (a) To set free, or deliver from arrest, or out
of custody, on the undertaking of some other person or
persons that he or they will be responsible for the appear-
ance, at a certain day and place, of the person bailed.
|^°* The word is applied to the magistrate or the sure-
ty. The magistrate bails (hut admits to bail is commoner)
a man when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment
upon bond given with sureties. The surety bails a person
when he procures liis release from arrest by giving bond
for his appearance. Blackstone.
(b) To deliver, as goods in trust, for some special object
or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that
the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the
bailee, or person intrusted ; as, to bail cloth to a tailor to
be made into a garment ; to bail goods to a carrier.
Blackstone. Kent.
Bail, n. [OF. bail guardian, administrator, fr. L. baj-
ulus. See Ball to deliver.] 1. Custody ; keeping. [Obs.]
Silly Faunus now within their bail. SpeTiser.
2. (Law) (a) The person or persons who procure the
release of a prisoner from the custody of the officer, or
from imprisonment, by becoming surety for his appear-
ance in court.
The bail must be real, substantial bondsmen. Blackstone.
A. and B. were bail lo the arrest in a suit at law. Kent.
(b) The security given for the appearance of a prisoner
in order to obtain his release from custody of the officer ;
as, the man is out on bail; to go bail for any one.
Excessive bail ought not to be reg^uired. Blackstone.
Bail, re. [OE. beyl ; cf. Dan. boile a bending, ring,
hoop, Sw. b'ogel, bygel, and Icel. beyla hump, swelling,
akm to E. bow to bend.] 1. The arched handle of a
kettle, paU, or similar vessel, usually movable. Forby.
2. A half hoop for supporting the cover of a carrier's
wagon, awning of a boat, etc.
Bail, re. [OF. bail, bailie. See Ballet.] 1. (Usually
pi) A line of palisades serving as an exterior defense.
[Written also bayle-] [Obs.]
2. The outer wall of a feudal castle. Hence : The
space inclosed by it ; the outer court. Holinshed.
3. A certain limit within a forest. [Eng.]
4. A division for the stalls of an open stable.
5. ( Cricket) The top or cross piece (or either of the
two cross pieces) of the wicket.
Bail'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Having the right or privi-
lege of being admitted to bail, upon bond with sureties ;
— used of persons. " He 's bailable, I 'm sure." Ford.
2. Admitting of bail ; as, a bailable offense.
3. That can be delivered in trust ; as, bailable goods.
Bail' bond' (bond'). (Law) (a) A bond or obUgation
given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prison-
er's appearance in court, at the return of the writ, (b)
Special bail in court to abide the judgment. Bouvier.
Bail'ee' (bal'e'), re. [OF. bailie, p. p. of bailler. See
Bail to deliver.] (Law) The person to whom goods are
committed in trust, and who has a temporary possession
and a qualified property in them, for the purposes of the
trust. Blackstone.
0^^ In penal statutes the word includes those who
receive goods for another in good faith. Wharton.
Bail'er (bal'er), re. (Law) See Bailoe.
Bail'er, re. 1. One who bails or lades.
2. A utensil, as a bucket or cup, used in bailing ; a
machine for bailing water out of a pit.
Bai'ley (baiy), re. [The same word as bail line of
palisades ; cf. li. ballium bailey, OF. bail, bailie, a pal-
isade, baillier to inclose, shut.] 1. The outer wail of a
feudal castle. [Obs.]
2. The space immediately within the outer wall of a
castle or fortress. [Obs.]
3. A prison or court of justice ; — used in certain
proper names ; as, the Old Bailey in London ; the New
Bailey in Manchester. [Eng.] Oxf. Gloss.
BaU'ie (bal'i), re. [See Bailiff.] An officer in Scot-
land, whose office formerly corresponded to that of sher-
iff, but now corresponds to that of an English alderman.
Ball'lff (bal'if), re. [OF. baillif, F. bailli, custodian,
magistrate, fr. L. bajulus porter. See Bail to deliver.]
1. Originally, a person put in charge of something;
especially, a chief officer, magistrate, or keeper, as of a
county, tovra, hundred, or castle ; one to whom powers
of custody or care are intrusted. Abbott.
Lausanne is under the canton of Berne, governed by a bailiff
sent every three years from the senate. Addison.
2. (Eng. Law) A sheriff's deputy, appointed to make
arrests, collect fines, summon juries, etc.
1^^ In American law the term bailiff is seldom used,
except sometimes to signify a sheriff's officer or consta-
ble, or a party liable to account to another for the rents
and profits of real estate. Burrill.
3. An overseer or under steward of an estate, who di-
rects husbandry operations, collects rents, etc. [Eng.]
Bail'iff-Wick (-wlk), re. See Bailiwick. [Obs.]
Bail'i-wick (bal'l-wlk), re. [Bailie, bailiff -{- wick a
village.] (Law) The precincts within wliicli a bailiff has
jurisdiction ; the limits of a bailiff's authority.
Baillle (bal'i), n. 1. Bailiff. [Obs.]
2. Same as Bailie. [Scot.]
Bail'ment (-ment), re. 1. (Law) The action of bail-
ing a person accused.
Bailment ... is the saving or delivery of a man out of prison
before he hath satisfied the law. Dalton.
2. (Law) A delivery of goods or money by one per-
son to another in trust, for some special purpose, upon a
contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall ba
faitlifully executed. Blackstone.
S^T" III * general sense it is sometimes used as compre-
hending all duties in respect to property. Story,
Bail'or' (bal'Sr'), re. (Law) One who delivers goods
or money to another in trust.
Bail'piece' (-pes'), re. (Law) A piece of parchment,
or paper, containing a recognizance or bail bond.
Bain (ban ; as F., bSN), re. [F. bain, fr L. balneum.
Cf. Bagnio.] A bath ; a bagnio. [Obs.] Holland.
II Bain'-ma'rie' (baN'ma're'), re. [F.] A vessel for
holding hot water in which another veaeel may be heated
without scorching its contents ; — used for warming or
preparing food or pharmaceutical preparations.
II Bal'ram (bi'ram), n. [Turk, bairam.] The name
of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one is held at
the close of the fast called Ramadan, and the other sev-
enty days after the fast.
Bairn (barn), re. [Scot, bairn, AS. beam, fr. bej'an to
bear ; akin to Icel., OS., & Goth. barn. See Beab to sup-
port.] A child. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]
Has he not well provided for the bairn t Beau. t( Ft.
Balse'mains' (baz'manz'), n. pi. [F., fr. baiser to kiss
-)- mairej! hands.] Respects ; compliments. [Obs.]
Bait (bat), re. [Icel. beita food, beit pasture, akin to
AS. bat food, Sw. bete. See Bait, v. i.] 1. Any sub-
stance, esp. food, used in catching fish, or other animals,
by alluring them to a hook, snare, inclosure, or net.
2. Anything which allures ; a lure ; enticement ; temp-
tation. Fairfax.
3. A portion of food or drink, as a refreshment taken
on a journey ; also, a stop for rest and refreshment.
4. A light or hasty luncheon.
Bait bng (Zool.), a crustacean of the genus Hippa found
burrowing in sandy beaches. See Anomuba.
Bait, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Baited ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Baiting.] [OE. baiten, beiten, to feed, harass, fr. Icel.
beita, orig.,to cause to bite, fr. bita. V87. See Bite.]
1. To provoke and harass ; esp., to harass or torment
for sport ; as, to bait a bear with dogs ; to bait a bull.
2. To give a portion of food and drink to, upon the
road ; as, to bait horses. Holland.
3. To furnish or cover with bait, as a trap or hook.
A crooked pin . . . baited with a vile earthworm. W. Irving.
Bait, V. i. To stop to take a portion of food and drink
for refreshment of one's self or one's beasts, on a journey.
Evil news rides po^t, while good news baits. itiUon.
My lord's coach conveyed me to Bury, and thence bailing at
Newmarket. Evelyn.
Bait, V. i. [F. battre de I'aile (or des ailes), to flap or
flutter. See Battee, v. t.] To flap the wings ; to flutter
as if to fly ; or to hover, as a hawk when she stoops to
her prey. " Kites that bait and beat." Shak.
Bait'er (bat'er), re. One who baits ; a tormentor.
Baize (baz), re. [For bayes, pi. fr. OF. baie; cf. F.
bai bay-colored. See Bat a color.] A coarse woolen
stuff with a long nap ; — usually dyed in plain colors.
A new black baize waistcoat lined with silk. Pepy».
II Ba-jOC'co (ba-yok'ko), n. [It., fr. bajo brown, bay,
from its color.] A small copper coin formerly current
in the Roman States, worth about a cent and a half.
Bake (bak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baked (bakt) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Baeing.] [AS. bacan; akin to D. bakken, OHG.
bacchan, G. backen, Icel. & Sw. baka, Dan. bage, Gr.
i^uiyeKV to roast.] 1. To prepare, as food, by cookiag in
a dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated
stone or metal ; as, to bake bread, meat, apples.
^^^ Baking is the term usually applied to that method
of cooking which exhausts the moisture in food more
than roastmg or broiling ; but the distinction of meaning
between roasting and baking is not always observed.
2. To dry or harden (anything) by subjecting to heat ;
as, to bake bricks ; the sun bakes the ground.
3. To harden by cold.
The earth ... is baked with frost. Sliak.
They hake their sides upon the cold, hard stone, Spenser.
Bake, v. i. 1. To do the work of baking something ;
as, she brews, washes, and bakes. ShcSc.
2. To be baked ; to become dry and hard in heat ; as,
the bread bakes ; the ground bakes in the hot sun.
Bake, n. The process, or result, of baking.
Bake'bouse' (-hous'), re. [AS. bxchn.'!. See Baic^
V. t., and House.] A house for baking ; a bakery.
ale, senate, cSre, am, arm, ask, final, al^i «ve, event, find, fem, recent i ice, idea, iU; old, obey, orb. odd;
BAKEMEAT
113
BALE
Coin Balance.
Bake'meat' (bak'mef), ) n. A pie ; baked food. \_Obs.'\
Baked'-meat' (bakt'-), ) Gen. xl. 17. Shak.
Bak'en (bak"n), p. p. of Bake. [_Obs. or Archaic]
Bak'er (bak'er), n. [AS. bxcere. See Baju;, v. <.]
1. One wliose business it is to bake bread, biscuit, etc.
2. A portable oven in whiclx baking is done. [CA. iS.]
A baker's dozen, tbirteeu. — Baker foot, a distorted foot.
[Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — 'Sa.i.ev's Itch, a rash on the back of
the hand, caused by the irritating properties of yeast. —
Baker's salt, the subcarbonate of ammonia, sometimes
used instead of soda, in making bread.
Bak'er-legged' (-legd'), a- Having legs that bend
inward at the knees.
Bak'er-y (bak'er-y), n. 1. The trade of a baker. [i2.]
2. A place for baking bread ; a bakehouse.
Bak'lilg, n. 1. Tlie act or process of cooking in au
oven, or of drying and hardening by heat or cold.
2. The quantity baked at once ; a batch ; as, a baking
of bread.
Baking powder, a substitute for yeast, usually consisting
of an acid, a carbonate, and a little farinaceous matter.
Bak'ing-Iy, adv. In a hot or baking manner.
Bak'iS-tie (bSk'is-ter), n. [See Baxter.] A baker.
[fibs.] Chaucer.
II Bak'sheesh', Bak'Sblsh' (bSk'shesh'), n. Same as
Backsheesh.
Ba'laam (balam), n. A paragraph describing some-
thing wonderful, used to fill out a newspaper column ; —
an allusion to the miracle of Balaam's ass speaking.
Atimb. xxii. 30. ICani]
Balaam basket or box (.Print.), the receptacle for rejected
articles. Blackw. Mag.
II Bal'a-Chong (bSl'a-chSng), n. [Malay baXachan.] A
condiment formed of small fishes or shrimps, pomided
up with salt and spices, and then dried. It is much
esteemed in Cluna.
II Bal'aB-noi'de-a (bSl'e-noi'de-a,), n. [NL., from L.
balaena whale + -oid.'] (Zo'dl.) A division of the Ce-
tacea, including the right whale and all other whales
having the mouth fringed with baleen. See Baueen.
Bal'ance (bSl'ans), n. [0£. balaunce, F. balance, fr.
L. bilanx, bilancis, hav-
ing two scales; bis
twice (akin to E. two)
-f- lanx plate, scale.]
1. An apparatus for
weighing.
5^°° In its simplest
form, a balance consists
of a beam or lever sup-
ported exactly in the
middle, having two
scales or basins of equal
weight suspended from
its extremities. Another form is that of the Roman bal-
ance, our steelyard, consisting of a lever or beam, sus-
pended near one of its extremities, on the longer arm of
which a counterpoise slides. The name is also given to
other forms of apparatus for weighing bodies, as to the
combinations of levers making up platform scales ; and
even to devices for weighing by the elasticity of a spring.
2. Act of weighing mentally ; comparison ; estimate.
A fair balance of the advantages on either side. Atterbury.
3. Equipoise between the weights in opposite scales.
4. The state of being in equipoise ; equilibrium ; even
adjustment; steadiness.
And hung a bottle on each side
To make his balance true. Cowper.
The order and balance of the country were destroyed. Buckle.
English workmen completely lose their balance. J. S. Mill.
5. An equality between the sums total of the two sides
of an account ; as, to bring one's accounts to a balance ;
— also, the excess on either side ; as, the balance of an
account. "A Jatarace at the banker's." Thackeray.
I still think the balance of probabihties leans towards the
account given in the text. J. Peile.
6. {Horol.) A balance wheel, as of a watch, or clock.
See Balance wheel (in the Vocabulary).
7. {,Aslron.) (a) The constellation lAbra. (6)
seventh sign in the Zodiac, called Libra, which the sutf"
enters at the equinox in September.
8. A movement in dancing. See Balance, v. t., 8.
Balance electrometer, a kind of balance, with a poised
beam, which indicates, by weights suspended from one
arm, the mutual attraction of oppositely electrified sur-
faces. Knirjht. — Balance fish, (^ooi.) See Hammerhead.
— Balance knife, a carving or table knife the handle of
which overbalances the blade, and so keeps it from con-
tact with the table. — Balance of power (Politics), such an
adjustment of power among sovereign states that no
one state is in a position to interfere with the independ-
ence of the others ; international equilibrium ; also, the
ability (of a state or a third party within a state) to con-
trol the relations between sovereign states or between
dominant parties in a state.— Balance sheet (Bookkeepinc/),
a paper showing the balances of the open accounts of a
ousiness, the debit and credit balances footing up equal-
ly, if the system of accounts be complete and the bal-
ances correctly taken. — Balance thermometer, a thermom-
eter mounted as a balance so that the movement of the
mercurial column changes the inclination of the tube.
With the aid of electrical or mechanical devices adapted
to it, it is used for the automatic regulation of the tem-
perature of rooms warmed artificially, and as a fire alarm.
— Balance of torsion. See Torsion balance. — Balance of
trade (Pol. Econ.), an equilibrium between the money val-
ues of the exports and imports of a country ; or more com-
moiily, the amount required on one side or the other to
make such an equMbrium. — Balance valve, a valve whose
surfaces are so arranged that the fluid pressure tending
to seat, and that tending to unseat, the valve, are nearly
in equilibrium ; esp., a puppet valve which is made to op-
erate easily by the admission of steam to both sides. See
Puppet valve. — Hydrostatic balance. See under Hydeo-
STATic. — To lay In balance, to put up as a pledge or se-
curity. [06s.] CAawcer. — To strike a balance, to find out
the difterenoe between the debit and credit sides of an
account.
Bal'ance (bSl'ans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balanced
(-onst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Balancino (bal'an-sing).]
[From Balance, k. .• cf. F. balancer.] 1. To bring to
an equipoise, as the scales of a balance by adjusting the
weights ; to weigh in a balance.
2. To support on a narrow base, so as to keep from
falling ; as, to balance a plate on the end of a cane ; to
balance one's self on a tight rope.
3. To equal in number, weight, force, or proportion ;
to counterpoise, counterbalance, counteract, or neutralize.
One expression . . . must eheck and balance another. Kent.
4. To compare in relative force, importance, value,
etc. ; to estimate.
Balance the good and evil of things. L' Estrange.
5. To settle and adjust, as an account ; to make two
accounts equal by paying the difference between them.
I am very well satisfied that it is not in my power to balance
accounts with my Maker. Addison.
6. To make the sums of the debits and credits of an
account equal ; — said of an item ; as, this payment, or
credit, balances the account.
7. To arrange accounts in such a way that the sum
total of the debits is equal to the sum total of the cred-
its ; as, to balance a set of books.
8. (Dancing) To move toward, and then back from,
reciprocally ; as, to balance partners.
9. (Naut.) To contract, as a sail, into a narrower com-
pass ; as, to balance the boom mainsail.
Balanced valve. See Balance vulce, under Balance, n.
Syn. — To poise ; weigh; adjust; counteract; neutral-
ize ; equalize.
Bal'ance, v. i. 1. To have equal weight on each
side ; to be in equipoise ; as, the scales balance.
2. To fluctuate between motives which appear of equal
force ; to waver ; to hesitate.
He would not balance or err in the determination of his
choice. Locke.
3. (Dancing) To move toward a person or couple,
and then back.
Bal'ance-a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Such as can be balanced.
Bal'ance-ment (-ment), n. The act or result of bal-
ancing or adjusting ; equipoise ; even adjustment of
forces. [H.] Darwin.
Bal'an-cer (bSl'an-ser), n. 1. One who balances, or
uses a balance.
2. (Zo'dl.) In Diptera, the rudimentary posterior wing.
Bal'ance— reef (-ref), n. (Naut.) The last reef in a
fore-and-aft sail, taken to steady the ship.
Bal'ance wheel' (hwel'). 1. (Horology) (a) A wheel
which regulates the beats
or pulses of a watch or
chronometer, answering to
the pendulum of a clock ;
— often called simply a bal-
ance, (b) A ratchet-shaped
scape wheel, which in some
watches is acted upon by
the axis of the balance
wheel proper (in those
watches called a balance).
2. (Mach.) A wheel
ah Balance Wheels of a watch
(both kinds).
which imparts regularity to the movements of any engine
or machine ; a fly wheel.
Bal'a-nU'er-OUS (b51'a-nif'-er-iis), a. [L. halanus acorn
-|- -ferous.] Bearing or producing acorns.
Bal'a-nite ,(bal'a-nit), n. [L. balanus acom: cf. F.
balanile.] (Paleon.) A fossil balanoid shell.
II Bal'a-no-glOS'SUS (bal'a-n6-glos'siis), n. [NL., fr.
Gr. iSaAafos acom -j- yKl^aa-a tongue.] (Zo'dl.) A pecul-
iar marine worm. See Enteeopneusta, and Tornaria.
Bal'a-noid (bal'a^noid), a. ['Gr. ^oAaj-os acorn -|-
-oid.] (Zo'dl.) Resembling an acorn ; — applied to a group
of barnacles having shells shaped like acorns. See Acorn-
shell, and Barnacle.
:al'as ru'fey (bal'as ru'by). [OE. bales, balais, F.
ais, LL. balascus, fr. Ar. balakhsh, so called from
dakhshan, Balashan, or Balaxiam, a place in the
neighborhood of Samarcand, where this ruby is found.]
\(Min.) A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose red, or
inclining to orange. Bee Spinel.
Ba-laus'tine (ba-las'tin), n. [L. balaustium, Gr. ^a-
Xavcrnov.] (Bot.) The pomegranate tree (P«raif<z j/rarea-
lum). The bark of the root, the rind of the fruit, and
the flowers are used medicinally.
Bal-ljU'ti-ate (bSl-bii'shT-at), ) v. i. [L. balbutire, fr.
Bal-bU'ci-nate (-st-nat), j balbus stammering :
cf. F. balbuiier.] To stammer. [Obs.]
II Bal-bu'tl-es (-shT-ez), n. (Med.) The defect of
stammering ; also, a kind of incomplete pronunciation.
Bal'con (bSl'kon), n. A balcony. [Obs.] Pepys.
Bal'CO-nied (bai'k6-nTd), a. Having balconies.
Bal'CO-ny (bSl'ko-ny ; 277), n. ; pi. Balconies (-niz).
[It. balcone ; cf.
It. balco, palco,
scaffold, fr. OHG.
bale ho, palcho,
beam, G. balken.
See Balk beam.]
1. (Arch.) A
platform project-
ing from the wall of
a building, usually
resting on brackets
or consoles, and in-
closed by a para-
pet; as, a balcony
in front of a win-
dow. Also, a pro-
jecting gallery in
places of amuse-
ment ; as, the bal-
cony in a theater.
Balcony.
Baldachin.
2. A projecting gallery once common at the stern of
large ships.
S^^ "The accent has shifted from the second to the
first syllable within these twenty years." Smart (18UU).
Bald (bald), a. [OE. balled, ballid, perh. the p. p. of
ball to reduce to the roundness or smoothness of a
ball, by removing hair. V85. But cf. W. bali white-
ness in a horse's forehead.] 1. Destitute of the natural
or common covering on the head or top, as of hair, feath-
ers, foliage, trees, etc. ; as, a bald head ; a bald oak.
On the bald top of an eminence. Wordsworth,
2> Destitute of ornament ; unadorned ; bare ; literal.
In the preface to his own bald translation. Dryd&u
3. Undisguised. " Bald egotism." Lowell.
4. Destitute of dignity or value ; paltry ; mean. [Obs-I
5. (Bot.) Destitute of a beard or awn ; as, bald wheat.
6. (Zo'ol.) (a) Destitute of the natural covering. (6)
Marked with a white spot on the head ; bald-faced.
Bald buzzard (Zo'dl.), the fishhawk or osprey. — Bald
coot (Zodl.), a name of the European coot (Fnlica atra),
alluding to the bare patch on the front of the head.
Bal'da-Chln (bSl'da-kTn), n. [LL. baldachinus, bal-
dechinus, a canopy oi rich
silk carried over the host ;
fr. Bagdad, It. Baldacco,
a city in Turkish Asia
from whence these ricli
silks came : cf. It. bal-
dacchino. Cf. Baude-
KiN.] 1. A rich brocade ;
baudekin. [Obs.]
2. (Arch.) A structure
in form of a canopy,
sometimes supported by
columns, and sometimes
suspended from the roof
or projecting from the ^_^_j.
wall ; generally placed ^i|'fj^'
over an altar; as, the '
baldachin in St. Peter's.
3. A portable canopy
borne over shrines, etc., in procession.
[Written also baldachino, baldaquin, etc.]
Bald' ea'gle (bald' e'g'l). (Zo'dl.) The white-headed
eagle (Hali^etus ieuco-
cephalus) of America.
The young, until several
years old, lack the white
feathers on the head.
(1I^=" The bald eagle is
represented in the coat
of arms, and on the
coins,
States.
Bal'der
[Icel. .
bold.'_
The most beautiful and
beloved of the gods ; the
god of peace, the son of
Odin and Freya. [Writ-
ten also Baldur.]
Bal'der-dash(bai'-
der-dSsh), n. [Of uncer-
tain origin : cf. Dan. balder noise, clatter, and E. dash ;
hence, perhaps, immeanmg noise, then hodgepodge, mix-
ture ; or W. baldorduss a prattling, baldordd, baldorddi,
to prattle.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially of liquors.
Indeed beer, by a mixture of wine, hath lost both name and
nature, and is called balderdash. Taylor (Brink and Welcome).
2. Senseless jargon ; ribaldry ; nonsense ; trash.
Bal'der-dash, v. t. To mix or adulterate, as liquors.
The wine merchants of Nice brew and balderdash, and even
mix it with pigeon's dung and quicklime. Smollett.
Bald'-faced' (bald'fasf), a. Having a white face or a
white mark on the iface, as a stag.
Bald'head' (bald'hSd'), n. 1. A person whose head
is bald. ■■ 2 Kings ii. 23.
2. (Zo'dl.) A white-headed variety of pigeon.
Bald'head'ed, a. Having a bald head.
Bald'ly, adv. Nakedly ; without reserve ; inelegantly.
Bald'ness, n. The state or condition of being bald ;
as, baldness of the head ; baldness of style.
This gives to their syntax a peculiar character of simplicity
and baldness. W. D. mitney.
Bald'pate' (-pat'), n. 1. A baldheaded person. Sliak.
2. (Zo'dl.) The American widgeon (Anjis Americana).
Bald'pate' (bald'paf), ) a. Destitute of hair on the
Bald'pat'ed ("paf ed), ] head ; baldlieaded. Shak.
Bald'rib' (-rib'), n. A piece of pork cut lower down
than the sparerib, and destitute of fat. [Eng.] Southey.
Bal'dric (bal'drik), n. [OE. baudric, bawdrik,
through OF. (cf. F. baudrier and LL. baldringus, bal-
drellus), from OHG. balderich, cf. balz, palz, akin to E.
belt. See Belt, n.] A broad belt, sometimes richly orna-
mented, worn over one shoulder, across the breast, and
under the opposite arm ; less properly, any belt. [Also
spelt bawdrick.]
A radiant baldric o'er his shoulder tied
Sustained the sword that glittered at his side. Pope.
Bald'win (bald'wTn), n. (Bot.) A kind of reddish,
moderately acid, winter apple. [U. S.]
Bale (bal), n. [OE. bale, OF. bale, P. balle, LL. bala,
fr. OHG. balla, palla, pallo, G. ball, balle, ballen, ball,
round pa6k ; of. D. baal. Cf . Ball a round body.] A
bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded
for storage or transportation ; also, a bundle of straw,
hay, etc., put up compactly for transportation.
Bale of dice, a pair of dice. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
Bale, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Baled (bald) ; p. i>r. &■
vb. n. Baling.] To make up in a bale. Goldsmith.
Bale, V. t. See Bail, v. t., to lade.
Bald Eagle.
D
H
K
M
use, unite, rude, full, up, ttm ; pity ; food, foot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; smg, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh =: z in azure.
■■ 8
BALE
114
BALLOT
Bale (bal), n. [AS. bealo, bealu, balu; akin to OS.
balu, OHG. balo, Icel. biil, Goth, balweins.^ X. Misery ;
calamity ; misfortvme ; sorrow.
Let now jour bliss be turned into bale. Spenser.
2. Evil; an evil, pernicious influence; something
causing great injury. liVow chiefly poetic]
Bal'e-ar'lc (bal'e-ar'ik), a. [L. Balearicus, fr. Gr.
Ba\iapei; tlie Balearic Islands.] Of or pertaining to the
isles of Majorca, Minorca, Iviga, etc., in the Mediterra-
nean Sea, off the coast of "Valencia.
Balearic crane. (Zool.) See Ceane.
Ba-leen' (ba-len'), n. [F. baleine whale and whale-
bone, L. balaena a whale ; cf. Gr. i\>6.\a.iva.'] (Zool. &
Com.) Plates or blades of "whalebone," from two to
twelve feet long, and sometimes a foot wide, which in
certain whales (Balsenoidea) are attached side by side
along the upper jaw, and form a fringelike sieve by
which the food i.« retained in the mouth.
Baleen of Greenland Whale, Right AYiiale. or Eowhead.
Bale'flre' (bal'fir'), n. [AS. bselfyr the fire of the
funeral pile ; biel fire, ilame (akin to Icel. bal, OSlav.
belu, white, Gr. <J>aAd5 bright, white, Skr. bha'a bright-
ness) + fyr, E. fire.'] A signal fire ; an alarm fire.
Sweet Teviot I on thv silver tide
The glaring hak fires blaze no more. Sir W. Scott.
Bale'ful (bal'ful), a. [AS. bealoful. See Bale misery.]
1. Full of deadly or pernicious influence; destruc-
tive. ^'■Balejul enemies." Shale.
Four infernal rivers that disgorge
Into the burning lake their 6a?e/u? streams. Milton.
2. Full of grief or sorrow ; woeful ; sad. [_Archaic]
Bale'Jul-ly, adv. in a baleful manner ; perniciously.
Bale'lul-ness, ra. The quaUtyor state of being baleful.
II Bal'i-sa'ur (bSl'I-sa'oor), n. [Hind.] (Zo'ol.) A
badgerlike animal of India (Arclonyx collarii).
Bal'is-ter (bSl'Ts-ter or ba-lTs'ter), n. [OF. balestre.
See Balhsta.] A crossbow. [06s.] Blount.
Bal'iS-toid (-toid), a. (Zool.) Like a fish of the genus
Batistes ; of the family Balistidse. See Filefish.
II Bal'is-tra'ri-a (bal'Ts-tra'rT-a), n. [LL.] (Anc.
Fort.) A narrow opening, often cruciform, through wiiich
arrows might be discharged. Parl-er.
II Ba-lize' (ba-lez'), n. [F. balise ; cf. Sp. balisa.] A
pole or a frame raised as a sea beacon or a landmark.
Balk (bak), n. [AS. balca beam, ridge ; akin to Icel.
ball'r partition, bjalki beam, OS. balko, G. balken ; cf.
Gael, halo ridge of earth between two furrows. Cf. Bal-
cony, Balk, v. t., 3d Bulk.] 1. A ridge of land left vm-
plowed between furrows, or at the end of a field ; a piece
missed by the plow slipping aside.
Bad plowmen made halics of such ground. Fuller.
2. A great beam, rafter, or timber ; esp., the tie-beam
of a house. The loft above was called "the balks."
Tubs hanging in the balks. Chaucer.
3. (Mil.) One of the beams connecting the successive
supports of a trestle bridge or bateau bridge.
4. A hindrance or disappointment ; a check.
A baJk to the confidence of the bold undertaker. South.
5. A sudden and obstinate stop ; a failure.
6. (Baseball) A deceptive gesture of the pitcher, as if
to deliver the ball.
Balk line (Billiards), a line across a billiard table near
one end, marking a limit vrithin which the cue balls are
placed in beginning a game ; also, a Une aroimd the table,
parallel to the sides, used in playing a particular game,
called the balk line game.
Balk, V. t. limp. & p. p. Balked (bakt) ; p. pr. &
1)6. n. Balking.] [From Balk a beam ; orig. to put a
balk or beam in one's way, in order to stop or hinder.
Cf . , for sense 2, AS. on balcan legan to lay in heaps.]
1. To leave or make balks in. \_Obs.] Gower.
2. To leave heaped up ; to heap up in piles. ^Obs.]
Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,
Balk'd in their own blood did Sir "Walter see. Shdk.
3. To omit, miss, or overlook by chance. [06s.]
4. To miss intentionally ; to avoid ; to shun ; to re-
fuse; to let go by; to shirk. \_Obs. or Obsolescent]
By reason of the contagion then in London, we balked the
inns. Evelyn.
Sick he is, and keeps his hed, and balks his meat. Bp. Hall.
Nor doth he anv creature haVc,
Butlaysonallhe meeteth. Drayton.
5. To disappoint ; to frustrate ; to foil ; to baflSe ; to
thwart ; as, to balk expectation.
They shall not balk my entrance. Byron.
Balk, V. i. 1. To engage in contradiction ; to be in
opposition. [06s.]
In strifeful terms with him to balk. Spenser.
2. To stop abruptly and stand stiU obstinately ; to jib ;
to stop short ; to swerve ; as, the horse balks.
11^°° Tills has been regarded as an Americanism, but it
occurs in Spenser's " Faerie Queene," Book IV., 10, xxv.
Ne ever ought but of their true loves talkt,
Ne ever for rebuke or blame of any balkt.
Balk, V. i. [Prob. from D. balken to bray, bawl.] To
indicate to fishermen, by shouts or signals from shore,
the direction taken by the shoals of herring.
Ball and Socket
Joint (socket
in section, to
show ball).
Balk'er (bak'er), re. [See 2d Balk.] One who, or that
which, balks.
Balk'er, re. [See last Balk.] A person who stands
on a rock or eminence to espy the shoals of herring, etc.,
and to give notice to the men in boats which way they
pass ; a conder ; a huer.
Balk'ing-ly, adv. In a manner to balk or frustrate.
Balk'ish, a. Uneven ; ridgy. \_E.] Solinshed.
Balk'y (bak'j?), a. Apt to balk ; as, a balkt/ horse.
Ball (hal)V re. [OE. bal, balle; akin to OHG. bulla,
palla, G. ball, Icel. bollr, ball ; cf. F. balle. Cf. 1st Bale,
re., Pallmall.] 1. Any round or roundish body or mass ;
a sphere or globe ; as, a ball of twme ; a ball of snow.
2. A spherical body of any substance or size used to
play with, as by throwing, knocking, kicking, etc.
3. A general name for games in which a ball is thrown,
kicked, or knocked. See Baseball, and Football.
4. AJiy solid spherical, cylindrical, or conical projec-
tile of lead or iron, to be discharged from a firearm ; as,
a cannon ball ; a rifle ball ; — often used collectively ; as,
powder and ball. Spherical balls for the smaller fire-
arms are commonly called bullets.
5. (Pyrotechnics & Mil.) A flaming, roundish body
shot into the air ; a case filled with combustibles intended
to burst and give light or set fire, or to produce smoke or
stench ; as, a fire ball; a stink ball.
6. (Print.) A leather-covered cushion, fastened to a
handle called a ball.stock ; — formerly used by printers
for inking the form, but now superseded by the roller.
7. A roundish protuberant portion of some part of the
body; as, the ball of the thumb ; the ball of the foot.
8. (Far.) A large piU, a form in which medicine is
commonly given to horses ; a bolus. White.
9. The globe or earth. Pope.
Move round the dark terrestrial ball. Addison.
Ball and Bocket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within
a socket, so as to admit of motion in
every direction within certain limits.
— Ball bearings, a mechanical device
for lessening the friction of axle bear-
ings by means of small loose metal
balls. — Ball cartridge, a cartridge con-
taining a ball, as distinguished from a
blank cartridge, containing only pow-
der. — Ball cock, a faucet or valve
which is opened or closed by the fall
or rise of a ball floating in water at the
end of a lever. — Ball gudgeon, a pivot
of a spherical form, whicli permits lat-
eral deflection of the arbor or shaft,
wliile retaining the pivot in its socket.
Knir/lit. — '20,11 lever, the lever used in
a ball cock. —Ball cf the eye, tlie eye
itself, as distinguished from its lids and socket;— for-
merly, the pupil of the eye. — Ball valve (Much.), a contriv-
ance by which a ball, placed in a circular cup with a hole
in its bottom, operates as a valve. — Ball vein (Minind), a
sort of iron ore, found in loose masses of a globular form,
containing sparkling particles. — Three balls, or Three gold-
en balls, a pawnbroker's sign or shop.
Syn. — See Globe.
Ball, V. i. limp. & p. p. Balled (bald) ; p. pr. & vb.
re. BALLDra.] To gather balls which ciing to the feet, as
of damp snow or clay ; to gather into balls ; as, the horse
balls ; the snow balls.
Ball, V. t. 1. (Metal.) To heat in a furnace and form
into balls for rolling.
2. To form or wind Into a ball ; as, to ball cotton.
Ball, re. [F. bal, fr. OP. baler to dance, fr. LL. bal-
lare. Of uncertain origin ; cf . Gr. /SaAAeiv to toss or
throw, or iraAAeiv, vakXeaSai, to leap, bound, PaWC^eiv to
dance, jump about ; or cf. 1st Ball, re.] A social assem-
bly for the purpose of dancing.
Ballad (baiad), re. [OE. balade, OF. balade, F. bal-
lade, fr. Pr. ballada a dancing song, fr. ballare to dance ;
ci. It. ballata. See 2d Ball, re., and Ballet.] A popular
kind of narrative poem, adapted for recitation or singing ;
as, the ballad of Chevy Chase ; esp., a sentimental or
romantic poem in short stanzas.
Ballad, v. i. To make or sing ballads. [06s.]
Ballad, v. t. To make mention of in ballads. [06s.]
Bal-lade' (ballad'), n. [See Ballad, n.] A form of
French versification, sometimes imitated in English, in
which three or four rhjmies recur through three stanzas
of eight or ten lines each, the stanzas concluding with a
refrain, and the whole poem with an envoy.
Bal'lad-er (bSl'lad-er), n. A writer of ballads.
Bal'lad mon'ger (mun'ger). [See Monger.] A seller
or maker of ballads ; a poetaster. Shak.
Bal1ad-ry (-ry), re. [From Ballad, n.] Ballad
poems ; the subject or style of ballads. " Base balladry
is so beloved." _ ■ Drayton.
Bal'la-hOO ) (bSlla-hoo), re. A fast-saUing schooner,
Balla-hOU ( used in the Bermudas and "West Indies.
Balla-rag (-rag), v. t. [Corrupted fr. bullirag.] To
bully ; to tlireaten. ILoiv] T. Warton.
Ballast (bSl'last), re. [D. ballast ; akin to Dan. baglast,
ballast, OSw. barlast, Sw. ballast. The first part is perh.
the same word as E. bare, adj. ; the second is last a burden,
and hence the meaning a bare, or mere, load. See Baee,
a., and Last load.] 1. (Naut.) Any heavy substance, as
stone, iron, etc., put into the hold to sink a vessel in the
water to such a depth as to prevent capsizing.
2. Any heavy matter put into the car of a balloon to
give it steadiness.
3. Gravel, broken stone, etc., laid in the bed of a rail-
road to make it firm and solid.
4. The larger solids, as broken stone or gravel, used in
making concrete.
5. Fig. : That which gives, or helps to maintain, up-
rightness, steadiness, and security.
It [piety] is the right ballast of prosperity. Barrow.
Ballast engine, a steam engine used in excavating and
for digging and raising stones and gravel for ballast. —
Ship In ballast, a ship carrying only ballast.
Ballast, V. t. limp. & p. p. Ballasted; p. pr. &
Orf. Gloss.
One form of Ballista.
vb. re. BalIiAstdig.] 1. To steady, as a vessel, by put»
ting heavy substances in tlie hold.
2. To fill in, as the bed of a railroad, with gravel, stone^
etc., in order to make it firm and solid.
3. To keep steady ; to steady, morally.
•Tis charity must ballast the heart. Earnmond.
Ballast-age (bal'last-Sj), n. (Law) A toU paid for
the privilege of taking up ballast in a port or harbor.
Bal'last-lng, re. That which is used for steadying
anytliiiig ; ballast.
Balla-try (-14-try), re. See Balladry. [06s.] Milton.
II Ballet' (bSl'la' or bal'Iet ; 277), re. [F., a dhn. of
bal dance. See 2d Ball, re.] 1. An artistic dance per-
formed as a theatrical entertainment, or an interlude,
by a number of persons, usually women. Sometimes, a
scene accompanied by pantomime and dancing.
2. The company of persons who perform the ballet.
3. (Mus.) A light part song, or madrigal, \vith a fa la
burden or choi-us, — most common with the Elizabethan
madrigal composers.
4. (Her.) A bearing in coats of arms, representing one
or more balls, which are de-
nominated bezants, plates, etc. ,
according to color.
Ball'-flOW'er (bal'flou'er),
n. (Arch.) An ornament re- *
sembling a ball placed in a cir-
cular flower, the petals of wliich
form a cup round it, — usually
inserted in a lioUovi molding.
II Bal-liS'ta (bal-lls'ti). n.;pl. Ballist;e (-to). [L.
ballista, balista, fr. Gr. ^dWeiv
to throw.] An ancient military
engine, in the form of a cross-
bow, used for hurling large mis-
BalHs-ter (bSl'lt.^-ter or bSl-
ILs'ter), n. [L. ballista. Cf.
Balister.] a crossbow. [06s.]
Bal-liS'tic (bSl-lIs'tik), a.
1. Of or pertaining to the bal-
lista, or to the art of hurling stones or missile weapons
by means of an engine.
2. Pertaining to projection, or to a projectile.
Ballistic pendnlnm, an instrument consisting of a mass
of wood or other material suspended as a pendulum, for
measuring the force and velocity of projectiles by mean»
of the arc through which their impact impels it.
Bal-Iis'tics (-tiks), re. [Cf. F. balistique. See Bal.
lista.] The science or art of hurling missile weapons by
the use of an engine. Whewell.
II Balll-nm (bal1T-um), n. [LL.] See Bailey.
Bal-loon' (bal-loon'), re. [F. ballon, aug. of ball»
ball : cf. It. ballone. See 1st
Ball, re., and cf. Pallone.] 1. A
bag made of silk or other light
material, and filled with hydro-
gen gas or heated air, so as to :
rise and float in the atmosphere ; '\
especially, one with a car at^ ij'i
tached for aerial navigation. ■'•-
2. (Arch.) A ball or globe on „'
the top of a pUlar, church, etc., ii"
as at St. Paul's, in London, [i?.] ;;::
3. (Chem.) A round vessel, 'll-'
usually with a short neck, to
hold or receive whatever is dis-
tilled ; a glass vessel of a spher-
ical form.
4. (Pyrotechnics) A bomb or
sheU. [06s.]
5. A game played with a large inflated ball. [06s.J
6. (Engraving) The outline inclosing words repre-
sented as coming from the mouth of a pictured figure.
Air balloon, a balloon for aerial navigation. — Balloon
frame (Carp.), a house frame constructed altogether of
small timber. —Balloon net, a variety of woven lace in
which the weft threads are twisted in a peculiar man-
ner around the warp.
Bal-loon', V. t. To take up in, or as if in, a balloon.
Bal-loon', V. i. 1. To go up or voyage in a balloon.
2. To expand, or puff out, like a balloon.
Bal-looned' (-lobnd'), a. Swelled out like a balloon.
Bal-loon'er (-er), re. One who goes up in a baUoon ;
an aeronaut.
Bal-loon' fish' (fish'). (Zool.) A fish of the genua
Siodon oi the genus Tetraodon, having the power of dis-
tending its body by taking air or water into its dilatable
esophagus. See Globepish, and Bur fish.
Bal-loon'ing, re. 1. The art or practice of managing
balloons or voyaging in them.
2. (Stock Exchange) The process of temporarily rais-
ing the value of a stock, as by fictitious sales. [f7. S.]
Bal-loon'ing spi'der (spl'der). (Zo'dl.) A spider which
has the habit of rising into the air.
Many kinds (esp. species of Lycosa) do
this while young by ejecting threads
of silk until the force of the wind upon
them carries the spider aloft.
Bal-loon'ist, n. An aeronaut.
Bai-loon'ry (-ry), n. The art or
practice of ascendiiig in a balloon ;
Ballot (balliit), re. [F. ballotte, f r.
It. ballotta. See Ball round body.]
1. Originally, a ball used for secret
voting. Hence : Any printed or writ-
ten ticket used in voting.
2. The act of voting by baUs or
by written or printed ballots^ or tick-
ets ; the system of voting secretly by balls or by tickets.
The insufficiency of the ballot. Dickens
»l!lli:;il'
Balloon.
Ballooning Spi-
der (Lycosa).
Enlarged.
ale, senate, c&re, &sn, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, drb, dddj
BALLOT
115
BAND
3. The whole number of votes cast at an election, or in
a given territory or electoral district.
Ballot box, a box for receiving ballots.
Ballot (bSlliSt), v. i- [imp. &p. p. Balloted ; p.pr.
& vb. n. Ballottno.] [F. baUotter to toss, to ballot, or
It. ballotiare. See Ballot, «.] To vote or decide by
ballot ; as, to ballot for a candidate.
Bal'lot, V. t. To vote for or in opposition to. [06j.]
None of the competitors arriving to a sufficient number of
balla, they fell to ballot some others. Sir H. Wotton.
Ballo-tade' (bSllo-tad' or -tad'), n. [F. ballottade, fr.
ballotter to toss. See Ballot, v. t.] (Man.) A leap of a
horse, as between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so
that when his four feet are in the air, he shows only the
shoes of his hind feet, without jerking out.
Bal'lo-ta'tlon (bSl'lo-ta'shiin), n. Voting by ballot.
iObs.-] Sir H. Wotton.
Ballot-er (bSlliSt-er), n. One who votes by ballot.
Bal'lo-tln (bSl'16-tin), n. [F.] An officer who has
charge of a ballot box. [06s.] Harrington.
Bal'low (bSl'lo), n._ A cudgel. [06s.] Shuk.
Ball'prooi' (bal'proof)) n. Incapable of being pene-
trated by balls from firearms.
Ball'room' (-room'), re. A room for balls or dancing.
Balm (biim), re. [OE. batime, OF. bausme, basyne, F.
baume, L. bmsamum. balsam, from Gr. ^aAo-ajioi'; per-
haps of Semitic origin ; cf. Heb. basam. Cf. Balsam.]
1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Melissa.
2. The resinousand aromatic exudation of certain trees
or shrubs. Dryden.
3. Any fragrant ointment. Shak.
4. Anything that heals or tliat mitigates pain. "Balm
for each ill." Mrs. Hemans.
Balm cricket C2'ooZ.), the European cicada. Tennyson.—
Balm of Giload (Bot. ), a small evergreen African and Asiatio
tree of the terebinthhie family {Balsamodendron Oilea-
dense). Its leaves yield, when bruised, a strong aromatic
scent ; and from this tree is obtained the 6«;»t 0/ Gilead of
the shops, or balsam of Mecca. This has a yellowish or
greenish color, a wai-m, bitterish, aromatic taste, and a
fragrant smell. It is valued as an unguent and cosmetic
by the Turks. The fragrant herb Dracocephalum Cana-
riense is familiarly called balm of Gilead, and so are the
American trees, Popiilus balsamifera, variety candicans
(balsam poplar), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir).
Balm, V. t. To anoint mth bahn, or with anything
medicinal. Hence : To soothe ; to mitigate. lArchaic]
Shak.
Balm'1-fy (bam'T-fi), v. t. \_Balm -f- -/y.] To ren-
der balmy. [06s.] Cheyne.
Balm'1-ly, adv. In a balmy manner. Coleridge.
Bal-mor'al (bSl-mor'al), re. [From Balmoral Castle,
in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.] 1. A long woolen petticoat,
worn immediately under the dress.
2. A kind of stout walking shoe, laced in front.
A man who uses his balmorals to tread on your toes.
George Eliot.
Balm'y (biim'y), a. 1. Having the qualities of balm ;
odoriferous ; aromatic ; assuaging ; so(fthing ; refreshing ;
mild. "The iaZmj/ breeze." Tickell.
Tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep I Young.
2. Producing balm. " The 6afmj^ tree. " Pope.
Syn. — Fri^rant; sweet-scented; odorous; spicy.
Bal'ne-al (bal'ne-al), a. [L. balneum bath.] Of or
pertaining to a bath. Howell.
Bal'ne-a-ry (-a-ry), re. [L. balnearium, fr. balneum
bath.] A bathing room. Sir T. Browne.
Bal'ne-a'tion (bSl'ne-a'shiin), n. [LL. balneare to
bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] The act of bathing. [iJ.]
Bal'ne-a-tO-ry (b51'ne-a-t6-ry), a. [L. balneatorius.l
Belong) ngtoa bath. [ 06s. ]
Bal'ne-Og'ra-phy (bSl'ne-og'ra-f^), re. [L. balneum
bath -f- -graphy-l A description of baths.
Bal'ne-ol'o-gy (-81'6-jy), n. [L. balneum bath -\-
-togy.l A treatise on baths; the science of bathing.
Bal'ne-O-ther'a-py (-o-ther'a-py), n. [L. balneum
bath + Gr. eepaveueiv to heal.] The treatment of dis-
ease by baths.
Bal'0-tade' (bal'd-tad' or -tad'), re. See Ballotade.
IIBal'sa (bal'sa), re. [Sp. or Pg. balsa.} (Naut.) A
raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South
America.
Bal'sam (bal'sam), n. [L. balsamum the balsam tree
or its resin, Gr. /SoAo-anof. See Balm, re.] 1. A resin
containing more or less of an essential or volatile oil.
^^ The balsams are aromatic resmous substances,
flowmg spontaneously or by incision from certain plants
A great variety of substances pass under this name, but
the term is now usually restricted to resins which, in addi-
faon to a volatile oil, contain benzoic and cimiamic acid
Among the true balsams are the balm of Gilead, and the
balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu. There are also many
pharmaceutical preparations and resinous substances,
possessed of a balsamic smeU, to which the name balsam
has l)een given.
2. {Bot.) (a) A species of tree (Abies balsamea). (b)
An amiual garden plant {Impatiens balsamina) with
beautiful flowers ; balsamine.
3. Anything that heals, soothes, or restores.
"Was not the people's blessmg a balsam to thy blood .' Tenvysm.
ft„^?m^^.?P%/.?'"-*' ^^^*?* I°'l.''«' plant (i/omor(f7ca
balsamina), of the gourd family, with red or orange-yel-
low cucumber-shaped fruit of the size of a wahiut, used
flWR^Jr^fi''"?' ^"i^ mlimmentsand poultices. - Balsam
f?nm wh',vif tf ■"^"".^'^ coniferous tree, ^6ies balsamea,
from which the useful Canada balsam is derived. -Bal-
ft^B. i ^'P"?*- See Copaiba. -;- Balsam of Mecca, balm of
nhtttni^f r^*"? n ^T',^ yeddish brown, syrupy balsam,
^„,>i?„ i"^""^/ Central American tree (Myroxylon Pe-
reiriB) and used as a stomachic and expectorant, and in
I'^^'rlZ^.T^"^ '^'=^i"', ^*«- " ^'^^ 1°°? supposed to be
f„F?«^"±°* ^®VU-- Balsam of Tolu, a reddish or yellow-
Smrfh A^^^J^fH,^"^ ^"'"l ^"'''^^J obtained from a
f™^„ + ®"i ^ tree (J/?/roa-2/Zore toluiferum). It is highly
fragrant, and 18 used as a stomachic and expectorant. -
Bolgam tree, any tree from whicli balsam is obtained, esp.
the Abies balsamea. — Canada balaam. Balsam of fir, Canada
turpentine, a yellowish, viscid liquid, which, by time and
exposure, becomes a transparent solid mass. It is obtained
from the balm of Gilead (or balsam) flr (-46(es balsamea)
by breaking the vesicles upon the trunk and branches.
See Balm.
Bal'sam (bal'sam), v. t. To treat or anoint with bal-
sam ; to relieve, as with balsam ; to render balsamic.
Bal'sam-a'tion (bal'som-a'shun or bSl'-), re. 1. The
act of impartmg balsamic properties.
2. Tlie art or process of embalming.
Bal-sam'ic (bal-sSm'Ik or bSl- ; 277), la. [ C f . F.
Bal-sam'lc-al (-sam'i-kal), J balsamique.]
Having the qualities of balsam; containing, or resem-
bling, balsam ; soft ; mitigative ; soothing ; restorative.
Bal'Sam-if'er-OUS (bal'som-Tfer-Qs or bSl'-), a. [Bal-
sam -j- -ferous.'] Producing balsam.
Bal'sam-ine (bal'sam-in), ». [Cf. F. balsamine, fr.
Gr. ^aXoraixivyi balsam plant.] (Bot.) The Impatiens
balsam ina, or garden balsam.
Bal'sam-OUS (-tis), a. Having the quality of balsam ;
containing balsam. "A 6o/srtmo«s substance." Sterne.
Bal'ter (-ter), v. t. [EtjTOol. uncertain. Cf. Blood-
BOLTERED.] To stick together. [06s.] Holland.
Bal'Uc (bal'tik), a. [NL. mare Balticum, fr. L. bal-
teus belt, from certain straits or channels surrounding its
isles, called belts. See Belt.] Of or pertaining to the
sea which separates Norway and Sweden from Jutland,
Denmark, and Germany ; situated on tlie Baltic Sea.
Bal'ti-more bird' (bal'tl-mor herd'). 1 (Zool.) A com-
Bal'ti-more O'll-Ole (o'rl-ol). ) mon Ameri-
can bird
(Icte-
rus gal-
bula),
named
after Lord
Bal t i-
more, be-
cause its
colors (black and or-
Baltimore Oriole. 8|B|W ange red) are like those
0<nat. diam.) ^1^ \ of his coat of arms; —
called also golden robin.
Bal'ns-ter (bM'iis-ter), n. [P. balustre, It. balaustro,
fr. L. balaustium the flower of the wild pomegranate, fr.
Gr. Pa^ava-TLOv ; — so named from the similarity of form.]
(Arch.) A small column or pilaster, used as a support to
the rail of an open parapet, to guard the side of a stair-
case, or the front of a gallery. See Balustbade. [Cor-
rupted into banister.']
Bal'os-tered (-terd), a. Having balusters. Dryden.
Bal'us-trade' (-trad'), re. [F. balustrade, It. balaus-
trata, fr. balaustro. See Bal-
uster.] (Arch.) A row of bal-
usters topped by a rail, serving
as an open parapet, as along
the edge of a balcony, terrace,
bridge, staircase, or the eaves
of a building.
Bam (bam), re. [Prob. a
contr. of bamboozle.'} An im-
position ; a cheat ; a hoax.
Garrick. Balustrade.
To reUeve the tedium, he kept plying them with all man.
nerofftams. Prof. Wilson.
Bam, V. t. To cheat ; to wheedle. ISlang} Fooie.
II Bam-bi'nO (biCm-be'no), re. [It., a little boy, fr.
bambo siUy ; cf. Gr. ^ay.^a\i^eiv, paix^aCvetv, to chatter.]
A child or baby ; esp., a representation in art of the in-
fant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes.
Bam-lJOC'ci-ade' (bam-b5k'se-ad'), re. [It. bamboo-
data, fr. Bamboccio a nickname of Peter Van Laer, a
Dutch genre painter ; properly, a child, simpleton, pup-
pet, fr. bambo silly.] (Paint.) A representation of a gro-
tesque scene from common or rustic life.
Bam-bOO' (bam-boo'), re. [Malay bambu, mamhu.']
(Bot.) A plant of
the family of
grasses, and genus
Bambusa, growing
in tropical coun-
tries.
8^^ The most
useful species is
Bambusa arundi-
nacea, which has
a woody, hollow,
round, straight,
jointed stem, and
grows to the #^
height of fortyfeet
and upward. The
flowers g r o w in
large panicles,
from the joints of
tlie stalk, placed
three in a parcel,
close to their re-
ceptacles. Old
stalks grow to five
or six inches in di-
ameter, and are so
hard and durable
as to be used for
building, and for
all sorts of furni-
ture, for water
pipes, and for
poles to support Bamboo,
palanquins. The
smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, flutes, etc.
Bam-boo', v. t. To flog with the bamboo.
Bam-boo'zle (-z'l), ■w. t. limp. & p. p. Bamboozled
(-z'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Bamboozling (-zlTng).] [Said to
be of Gipsy origin.] To deceive by trickery ; to cajole
by confusing the senses ; to hoax ; to mystify ; to hum-
bug. IColloq.'] Addison.
What oriental tomfoolery is bamboozling you ? J. U. Newman.
Bam-boo'zler (bam-bob'zler), n. A swindler; ine
who deceives by trickery. \Colloq.'\ Arbuthvoi.
II Ban (ban), re. A kind of fine muslin, made in the E :>;t
Indies from the fiber of the banana leaf stalks.
Ban (bSn), ra. [AS. 6anre command, edict; akin
D. ban, Icel. 6arere, Dan. band, OHG. ban, 6. banvi ■,
public proclamation, as of interdiction or excommuni ^
tion, Gr. ^ai'ai to say, L. fori to speak, Skr. bhan ' u
speak ; cf. P. ban, LL. bannum, of G. origin. V86. '''.
Abandon, Fame.] 1. A public proclamation or edii „ ,
a public order or notice, mandatory or prohibitory ■ Ji
summons by public proclamation.
2. (Feudal & Mil.) A calling together of the kin-,-',:
(esp. the French king's) vassals formilitary service ; alsc,
the body of vassals thus assembled or summoned. In
present usage, in France and Prussia, the most effective
part of the population liable to military duty and not in
the standing army.
3. pi. Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in
church. See Banns (the common spelling in this sense).
4. An mterdiction, prohibition, or proscription. "Un-
der ban to touch." Milton.
5. A curse or anathema. "Hecate's 6a«." S/iak.
6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delin-
quent for offending against a ban ; as, a mulct paid to a
bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes.
Ban of the empire (German Hist.), an imperial interdict
by which political rights and privileges, as those of a
prince, city, or district, were taken away.
Ban, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Banned (bSnd) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Banning.] [OE. bannen, bannien, to summon,
curse, AS. bannan to summon ; akin to Dan. bande,for-
bande, to curse, Sw. banna to revile, bannas to curse.
See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] 1. To curse ; to
invoke evil upon. Sir W. Scott.
2. To forbid ; to interdict. Byron.
Ban, ti. 2. To curse ; to swear. [Obs.} Spenser.
Ban, re. [Serv. 6are; cf. Russ. & Pol. pan a master,
lord, Per. 6are.] An ancient title of the warden of the
eastern marches of Hungary ; now, a title of the viceroy
of Croatia and Slavonia.
Ban'al (ban'al), a. [F., fr. ban an ordinance.] Com-
monplace ; trivial ; haclkneyed ; trite.
Ba-nal'i-ty (ba^nall-ty), n. ; pi. Banalities (-tiz).
[F. banalilL See Banal.] Something commonplace,
hackneyed, or trivial ; the commonplace, in speech.
The highest things were thus brought down to the banalities
of discourse. J. Morley.
Ba-na'na (beUna'na.; 277), re. [Sp. banana, name of
the fruit.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous plant of almost
treelike size (Musa sapientum) ;
also, its edible fruit. See MnsA.
^ff^ The banana has a soft,
herbaceous stalk, with leaves of
great length and breadtl* The
flowers grow in bunches, cov-
ered with a sheath of a green or
purple color ; the fruit is five or
six inches long, and over an inch
in diameter ; the pulp is soft,
and of a luscious taste, and is
eaten either raw or cooked.
This plant is a native of tropical
countries, and furnishes an im-
portant article of food.
Banana bird (Zool.), a small
American bird (Icterus leucop-
teryx), wliich feeds on the ba-
nana. — Banana quit (Zool.), a
small bird of tropical America,
of the genus Certhiola, aUied to
the creepers.
Ban'at (bSn'at), n. [Cf. F. &
G. banat. See Ban a warden.] Banana.
The territory governed by a ban.
Banc (bSnk), ) re. [OF. banc, LL. bancus. See
II Ban'CUS (bSn'kus), [ Bank, re.] A bench ; a high
BanIz (bank), ) seat, or seat of distinction or
judgment ; a tribunal or court.
In banc. In banco (the ablative of bancus). In bank, in
full court, or with full judicial authority ; as, sittings in
bane (distmguished from sittings at nisi prius).
II Ban'CO (ban'k8), re. [It. See Bank.] A bank,
especially that of Venice.
11^°° This term is used in some parts of Europe to indi-
cate bank money, as distinguished from the current
money, when this last has become depreciated.
Band (band), re. [OE. band, bond, Icel. band; akin
to G., Sw., & D. band, OHG. 6arei!, Goth, bandi, Skr.
bandha a binding, bandh to bind, for bhanda, bhandh,
also to E. bend, bind. In sens,e 7, at least, it is fr. P.
bande, from OHG. bant. V90. See Bind, v. t., and cf.
Bend, Bond, 1st Bandy.] 1. A fillet, strap, or any nar-
row ligament with which a thing is encircled, or fastened,
or by wliich a number of things are tied, bound together,
or confined ; a fetter.
Every one's bands were loosed. Acts xvi. 26.
2. (Arch.) (a) A continuous tablet, stripe, or series of
ornaments, as of carved foliage, of color, or of brickwork,
etc. (6) In Gothic architecture, the molding, or suite of
moldings, which encircles the pillars and small shafts.
3. That which serves as the means of union or connec-
tion between persons; a tie. "To join in Hymen's
bands." Shak.
4. A linen collar or ruff worn in the 16th and 17th
centuries.
5. pi. Two strips of linen hanging from the neck in
front as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress.
6. A narrow strip of clotli or other material on any
article of dress, to bind, strengthen, ornament, or com-
plete it. " Band and gusset and seam." Hood,
D
H
K
use, unite, rijde, full, fip, arn ; pity; febd, fo-ot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN; zh:
: z in a.zure.
M
BAND
116
BANK
7. A company of persons united in any common de-
sign, especially a body of armed men.
Troops of horsemea with his bands of foot. Shak,
8. A number of musicians who play together upon
portable musical instruments, especially those making a
loud sound, as certain wind instruments (trumpets, clar-
inets, etc.), and drums, or cymbals.
9. (Bot.) A space between elevated lines or ribs, as
of the fruits of umbelliferous plants.
10. (Zo'ol.) A stripe, streak, or other mark transverse
to the axis of the body.
11. (Mech.) A belt or strap.
12. Abend. [Ofo.] " Thy oath and Jared. " Shak.
13. Pledge; security. lObs.J Spenser.
Band saw, a saw in tlie form of an endless steel belt,
Viith teeth on one edge, running over wheels.
Band (band), 77. t. limp. & p. p. Banded; p. pr. &
vb. n. Banding.] 1. To bind or tie with a band.
2. To mark with a baud.
3. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy.
' ' Banded against his throne. ' ' Milton.
Banded architrave, pier, shaft, etc. (Arch.)^ an architrave,
pier, etc., of which the regular profile is interrupted by
blocks or projections crossmg it at right angles.
Band, V. i. To confederate for some common pur-
pose ; to unite ; to conspire together.
Certain of the Jews banded together. Acts xxiii. 12.
Band, V. t. To bandy ; to drive away. [06s.]
Band, imp. of Bind. \_Obs.'] Spenser.
Band'age (band'Sj), re. [F. bandage, fr. bande. See
Band.] 1. A fillet or strip of woven material, used in
dressing and binding up wounds, etc.
2. Something resembling a bandage ; that which is
bound over or round something to cover, strengthen, or
compress it ; a ligature.
Zeal too liad a place among the rest, with a bandage over her
eyes. Addison.
Band'age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandaged (-aid) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Bandaoino (bSud'a-jing).] To bind, dress,
or cover, with a bandage ; as, to bandage the eyes.
II Ban-dala (bSn-da'la), ». A fabric made in Manilla
from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis).
Ban-dan'na t (bSn-dan'a), n. [Hind. bdndknS, a mode
Ban-dan'a ) of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in
different places so as to prevent the parts tied from
receiving the dye. Cf. Band, re.] 1. A species of silk or
cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground,
usually of red or blue, with white or yeUow figures of a
circular, lozenge, or other simple form.
2. A style of calico printing, in which white or bright
spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uni-
form red or dark color, by discharging portions of the
color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is
under pressure. Ure.
Band1)0X' (bSnd'boks'), re. A light box of pasteboard
or thin wood, usually cylindricai, for holding ruffs (the
bands of the 17th century), collars, caps, bonnets, etc.
IIBan'deaU (bSn'do), re.; pi. Bandeaux (bSu'doz).
[F.] A narrow band or fillet ; a part of a head-dress.
Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of leather.
Sir W. Scott.
Band'e-let (bSnd'e-lSt), Bandlet (-15t), n. [F. bande-
lefte, dim. of bande. See Band, re., and cf. Bendlet.]
(Arch.) A small band or fillet; any little band or flat
molding, compassing a column, like a ring. Crwili.
Band'er (bSnd'er), n. One banded with others. [B.^
Band'e-role(baud'e-ron, Band'rol (band'rol), re. [F.
banderole, dim. of bandiere, banniere, banner ; cf . It.
banderuola a little banner. See Banner.] A little ban-
ner, flag, or streamer. [Written also bannerol.']
From the extremity of which fluttered a small banderole or
streamer bearing a cross. Sir W. Scott.
Band' fish' (band' fish'). {Zool.) A small red flsh of
the genus Cepola ; the ribbon fish.
Ban'dl-coot (bau'dl-koot), re. [A corruption of the
native name.] {Zool.) (a)
A species of very large
rat {Mus giganteus),
found in India and Cey-
lon. It does much injury
to rice fields and gardens.
(6) A ratlike marsupial
animal (genus Perame-
les) of several species,
found in Australia and „,..,„
Tasmania. Bandicoot (Ferameles nasuta).
Band'lng plane' (plan'). A plane used for cutting
out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight
and circular work.
Ban'dlt (ban'dtt), re. ; pi. Bandits (bSn'dits), or Ban-
ditti (bSn-dit'tl). [It. bandito outlaw, p. p. of bandire
to proclaim, to banish, to proscribe, LL. bandire, ban-
nire. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] An outlaw ;
a brigand.
No savage fierce, baTidit, or mountaineer. Milton.
^^ The plural h anditti was formerly used as a collect-
ive neun.
Deerstealers are ever a desperate banditti. Sir W. Scott.
Ban'dle (bSn'd'l), n. [Ir. bannlamh cubit, fr. bann a
measure + lamh hand, ann.] An Irish measure of two
feet in length.
Bandlet (bSndlSt), n. Same as Bandelet.
Band'mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. The conductor of a
musical band.
Ban'dOg' (bSn'dog' ; 115), re. [Band + dog, i. e.,
bound dog.] A mastifi or other large and fierce dog,
usually kept chained or tied up.
The keeper entered leading his bandog, a large bloodhound,
tied in a learn, or band, from which he takes his name.
Sir W. Scott.
Ban'do-leei', Ban'do-ller' (bSn'do-ler'l, n. [F. ban-
douliire (cf. It. bandoliera, Sp. bandolero), fr. F. bande
band, Sp. & It. banda. See Band, re.] 1. A broad leather
belt formerly worn by soldiers over the right shoulder
and across the breast under the left arm. Originally
it was used for supporting the musket and twelve cases
for charges, but later only as a cartridge belt.
2. One of the leather or wooden cases in which the
charges of powder were carried. \_Obs.']
Ban'dO-line (bau'd6-lin), re. [Perh. allied to band.]
A glutinous pomatum for the hair.
Ban'don (bSn'dun), re. [OF. bandon. See Abandon.]
Disposal ; control ; Ucense. lObs.] Bom. of B.
Ban'dore (bSu'dor or bSn-dor'), re. [Sp. ba^idurria, fr.
L. pundura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three
strings, fr. Gr. Trav&oxipa. Cf. Pandore, Banjo, Man-
dolin.] A musical stringed instrument, similar in form
to a guitar ; a pandore.
Band'rol (band'rol), re. Same as Banderole.
Ban'dy (bSn'd^), n. [Telugu bandi.] A carriage or
cart used in India, esp. one drawn by bullocks.
Ban'dy, re. ; pi. Bandies (-diz). [Cf. F. bande, p. p.
of bander to bind, to bend (a bow), to bandy, fr. bande.
See Band, re.] 1. A club bent at the lower part for
striking a ball at play ; a hockey stick. Johnson.
2. The game played with sucli a club ; hockey ; shin-
ney ; bandy ball.
Ban'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandied (-did) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Bandying.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in
playing at bandy.
Like tennis balls bandied and struck upon us ... by rack-
ets from without. Cudworth.
2. To give and receive reciprocally ; to exchange.
" To bandy hasty words." Shak.
3. To toss about, as from man to man ; to agitate.
Let not obvious and known truth be bandied about in a dis-
putation. /. n^aits.
Ban'dy, v, i. To contend, as at some game in wliich
each strives to drive the ball his own way.
Fit to bandy with thy lawless sons. Shctk.
Ban'dy, a. Bent ; crooked ; curved laterally, esp. with
the convex side outward ; as, a bandy leg.
Ban'dy-legged' (-Iggd'), a. Having crooked legs.
Bane (ban), re. [OE. bane destruction, AS. bona mur-
derer; akin to Icel. batii death, murderer, OHG. bona
murder, bono murderer, Goth, bmija stroke, wound, Gr.
<(>oi'6Us murderer, <l>6vo'; murder, Olr. bath death, benim I
strike. V31 .] 1. That which destroys life , esp. poison of a
deadly quality. [06s. except in combination, as in rats-
bane, henbane, etc.]
2. Destruction ; death. [06s.]
The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their bone. Milton.
3* Any cause of ruin, or lasting injury ; harm ; woe.
Money, thou bane of bliss, and source of woe. Herbert.
4. A disease in sheep, commonly termed the rot.
Syn.— Poison; ruin; destruction; injury; pest.
Bane, v. i. To be the bane of ; to ruin. [06s.] Fuller.
Baneljer'ry (-bgr'ry), re. {Bot.) A genus (^ctea) of
plants, of the order Ranunculacex, native in the north
temperate zone. The red or white berries are poisonous.
Bane'ful (-ful)> "• Having poisonous qualities ; dead-
ly ; destructive ; injurious ; noxious ; pernicious. " Bane-
ful hemlock." Garth. "Baneful wrath." Chapman.
— Bane'ful-ly, adv. — Bane'ful-ness, re.
Bane'WOrt (-wfirt), re. {Bot.) Deadly nightshade.
Bang (bSng), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Banged (bSngd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Banging.] [Icel. banga to hammer ;
akin to Dan. banke to beat, Sw. bdngas to be impetuous,
G. bengel club, clapper of a bell.] 1. To beat, as with a
club or cudgel ; to treat with violence ; to handle roughly.
The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks. Shak.
2. To beat or thump, or to cause (something) to hit or
strike against another object, in such a way as to make a
loud noise ; as, to bang a drum or a piano ; to bang a door
(against the doorpost or casing) in shutting it.
Bang, V. i. To make a loud noise, as if with a blow
or succession of blows ; as, the window blind banged and
waked me ; he was banging on the piano.
Bang, n. 1. A blow as with a club ; a heavy blow.
Many a stiff thwack, many a bang. Hudibras.
2. The sound produced by a sudden concussion.
Bang, V. i. To cut squarely across, as the tail of a
horse, or the forelock of human beings ; to cut (the hair).
His hair banged even with his eyebrows. Tlie Centw^ Mag.
Bang, re. The short, front hair combed down over the
forehead, esp. when cut squarely across ; a false front of
hair similarly worn.
His hair cut in front like a young lady's bang. W. Z>. Howells.
Bang, Bangue (bSng), n. See Brang.
Bang'ing, a. Huge ; great in size. [Colloq.] Forby.
Ban'gle (bau'g'l), v. t. [From 1st Bang.] To waste by
little and little ; to fritter away. [06s.]
Ban'gle, re. [Hind, bangrl bracelet, bangle.] An or-
namental circlet, of glass, gold, silver, or other material,
worn by women in India and Africa, and in some other
countries, upon the wrist or ankle ; a ring bracelet.
Bangle ear, a loose hanging ear of a horse, Uke that of
a spaniel.
Ban'ian (ban'yan or b5n-yan' ; 277), re. [Skr. banij
merchant. The tree was so named by the English, because
used as a market place by the merchants.] 1. A Hindoo
trader, merchant, cashier, or money changer. [Written
also banyan.]
2. A man's loose gown, like that worn by the Banians.
3. {Boi.) The Indian fig. See Banyan.
Banian days {Kaut.), days in which the sailors have no
flesh meat served out to them. This use seems to be bor-
rowed from the Banians or Banya race, who eat no flesh.
Ban'lsh (ban'Ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banished
(-Tsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Banishing.] [OF. banir, F.
bannir, LL. bannire, fr. OHG. bannan to summon, f r. ban
ban. See Ban an edict, and Finish, v. t.] 1. To condemn
to e.xile, or compel to leave one's country, by authority of
the ruling power. " We banish you our territories." Shak.
2. To drive out, as from a home or familiar place ; —
used witli/;'o?re and out of.
How the ancient Celtic tongue came to be banished from the
Low Countries in Scotland. Blair.
3. To drive away ; to compel to depart ; to dispel.
"Banish all offense." Shak.
Syn. — To Banish, Exile, Expel. The idea of a co-
ercive removal from a place is common to these terms.
A man is banished when he is forced by the government
of a country (be he a foreigner or a native) to leave its
borders. A man is exiled when he is driven into banish,
meut from his native country and home. Thus to exile
is to banish, but to banish is not always to exile. To ex-
pet is to eject or banish summarily or authoritatively,
and usually under circumstances of disgrace ; as, to expel
from a college ; expelled from decent society.
Ban'lsh-er (banTsh-er), re. One who banishes.
Ban'ish-ment (-ment), re. [Cf. F. bannissement.]
The act of banishing, or the state of being banished.
He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies. Johnson.
Round the wide world in bcinishment we roam. Bryden.
Syn. — Expatriation; ostracism; expulsion; proscrip-
tion ; exile ; outlawry.
Ban'is-ter (bSn'Ts-ter), re. [A corruption of baluster.]
A baluster ; {pi.) the balustrade of a staircase.
He struggled to ascend the pulpit stairs, holding hard on the
banisters. Sir W. Scott.
Ban'jo (ban'jo), re. [Formerly also banjore and 6are-
Jer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pro-
nunciation.] A stringed musical instrument having a
head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tam-
bourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers
and hands.
Bank (bSnk), re. [OE. baiike ; akin to E. bench, and
prob. of Scand. origin ; cf. Icel. bakki. See Bench.] 1. A
mound, pile, or ridge of earth, raised above the surround-
ing level; hence, anything shaped like a mound or ridge
of earth ; as, a bank of clouds ; a bank of snow.
They cast up a bank against the city. 2 Sam. xx. 15.
2. A steep acclivity, as the slope of a hill, or the side
of a ravhie.
3. The margin of a watercourse ; the rising ground
bordering a lake, river, or sea, or forming the edge of a
cutting, or other hoUovv.
Tiber trembled underneath her banks. Shak.
4. An elevation, or rising ground, under the sea ; a
ehoal, shelf, or shallow ; as, the banks of Newfoundland.
5. (3Iining) (a) The face of the coal at which miners
are working. (6) A deposit of ore or coal, worked by
excavations above water level, (c) The ground at the tojy
of a shaft ; as, ores are brought to bank.
Bank beaver {Zool.), the otter. [Local, Xf. &] — Bub
Bwallow, a small American and European
swallow (Clivicola riparia) that nests ,(51Wli
in a hole which it excavates in a bank.
Bank, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Banked
(bSnkt); ^. pr. & vb. re. Banking.]
1. To raise a mound or dike about ;
to inclose, defend, or fortify with a
bank ; to embank. " Banked well with
earth. " Holland.
2. To heap or pile up ; as, to bank
sand. —
3. To pasa'By the banks of. [06s.]
Shak.
To bank a fire, To bank ujp a fire, to
cover the coals or embers with ashes or
cinders, thus keeping the fire low but Bank Swallow,
alive. clinging to edge
Bank, n. [Prob. fr. F. 6arec. Of Ger- °* "" ""'•
man origin, and akin to E. bench. See Bench.] 1. A
bench, as for rowers in a galley ; also, a tier of oars.
Placed on their banks, the lusty Trojans sweep
Neptune's smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep. Waller.
2. {Laio) {a) The bench or seat upon which the
judges sit. (6) The regular term of a court of law, or
the full court sitting to hear arguments upon questions
of law, as distinguished from a sitting at Nisi Prius, or
a court held for jury trials. See Banc. Burrill.
3. {Printing) A sort of table used by printers.
4. (Music) A bench, or row of keys belonging to a
keyboard, as in an organ. Knight.
Bank, re. [F. banque. It. banco, orig. bench, table,
counter, of German origin, and akiii to E. bench ; cf. G.
bank bench, OHG. banch. See Bench, and cf. Banco,
Beach.] 1. An establishment for the custody, loan, ex-
change, or issue, of money, and for facilitating the trans-
mission of funds by drafts or bills of exchange ; an in-
stitution incorporated for performing one or more of such
functions, or the stockholders (or their representatives,
the directors), acting in their corporate capacity.
2. The building or ofiBce used for bankuig purposes.
3. A fund from deposits or contributions, to be used Id
transacting business ; a joint stock or capital. [06s.]
Let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be master
of his own money. Bacon.
4. {Gaming) The sum of money or the checks which
the dealer or banker has as a fimd, from which to draw
his stakes and pay his losses.
5. In certain games, as dominos, a fund of pieces from
which the players are allowed to draw.
Bank credit, a credit by which a person who has given
the required security to a bank has liberty to draw to a
certain extent screed upon. — Bank of deposit, a bank
which receives money for safe keeping. — Bank of issue,
a bank which issues its own notes payable to bearer.
Bank, v. t. To deposit in a bank. Johnson.
Bank, v. i. 1. To keep a bank ; to carry on the busi-
ness of a banker.
atle, senate, c&re, am, arm, ask, final, all ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent j ice, idea, ill ; old, 6t)ey, 6rb, 6dd ;
BANKABLE
117
BAR
2. To deposit money in a bank ; to hare an account
with a banker.
Bank'a-ble (bSnk'dr-b'l), a. Receivable at a bank.
Bank' bill' (biT'). 1. In America (and formerly in
England), a promissory note of a bank payable to the
bearer on demand, and used as currency ; a bank note.
2. In England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank,
payable to order, and usually at some future specified
time. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict
sense of the term, no part of the currency.
Bank' book' (boSk'). A book kept by a depositor, in
which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits
of the depositor's account witli the bank.
Bank'er (-er), »j. [See the nouns Bank and the verbs
derived from them.] 1. One who conducts the business
of banking ; one who, individually, or as a member of a
company, keeps an establishment for the deposit or loan
of money, or for traffic in money, biUs of exchange, etc.
2. A money changer. [06s.]
3. The dealer, or one who keeps the bank in a gam-
bling house.
4. A vessel employed in the cod fishery on the banks
of Newfoundland. Crabb. J. Q. Adams.
6. A ditcher ; a drain digger. IProv. Eng.l
6. The stone bench on which masons cut or square
their work. Weale.
Bank'er-ess (-Ss), n. A female banker. Thackeray.
Bank'ing, n. The business of a bank or of a banker.
Banking house, an establisliment or oflBce in which, or
a firm by whom, banking is done.
Bank' note' (not'). 1. A promissory note issued by a
bank or bankmg company, payable to bearer on demand.
^S^ In the United States popularly called a bank bill.
2. Tormerly, a promissory note made by a banker, or
banking company, payable to a specified person at a
fixed date ; a bank bill. See Bank bill, 2. [06«.]
3. A promissory note payable at a bank.
Bank'rupt C-rupt), n. [F. banqueroute, it. It. banca-
rotia bankruptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. banch, G. bank,
bench) + rotta broken, fr. L. ruptus, p. p. oirumpere to
break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his
bench (z. e., money table) broken. See 1st Bank, and
RflPTtTKB, ?j.] 1. (OW Eng. Law) A trader who secretes
himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his
creditors. Blackstone.
2. A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts ; an
insolvent trader ; popularly, any person who is unable to
pay his debts ; an insolvent person. M'Culloch.
3. {Law) A person who, in accordance with the terms
of a law relating to bankruptcy, has been judicially de-
clared to be unable to meet his liabilities.
(1!^°° In England, until the year 1861 none buu a " trad-
er'^could be made a bankrupt ; a non-trader failing to
meet his liabilities being an "insolvent." But tliis dis-
tinction was aboUshed by the Bankruptcy Act of 1861.
The laws of 1841 and 1867 of the United States relating to
bankruptcy applied this designation bankrupt to others
besides those engaged in trade.
Bank'rupt, a. 1. Being a bankrupt or in a condition
of bankruptcy ; unable to pay, or legally discharged
from paying, one's debts ; as, a bankrupt merchant.
2. Depleted of money ; not having the means of meet-
ing pecuniary liabilities ; as, a bankrupt treasury.
3. Relating to bankrupts and bankruptcy.
4. Destitute of, or wholly wanting (something once
possessed, or something one should possess). "Bank-
rupt in gTa,tit\iie." Sheridan.
Bankrupt law, a law by which the property of a person
who is unable or unwilling to pay his debts may be taken
and distributed to his creditors, and by which a person
who has made a full surrender of his property, and is
free from fraud, may be discharged from the legal obli-
gation of liis debts. See Insolvent, a.
Bank'rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bankbupted ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bankrupting.] To make bankrupt ; to bring
financial ruin upon ; to impoverish.
Bank'rupt-cy (-sy), n. ; pi. Bakkeuptcies (-siz).
1. The state of being actually or legally bankrupt.
2. The act or process of becoming a bankrupt.
3. Complete loss ; — followed by of.
Bank'side' (-sId'), n. The slope of a bank, especially
of the bank of a stream.
Bank'-sid'ed (-sid'ed), a. {Naut.) Having sides in-
clining inwards, as a ship ; — opposed to wall-sided.
Bank' swal'low (sw5116). See under 1st Bank, n.
II Ban'li-eue' (banle-Q'), n. [P., fr. LL. bannum
leucae, banleuca; bannum jm'isdiction -|- Zeaca league.]
The territory without the walls, but within the legal
limits, of a town or city. Brande & C.
Ban'ner (bSn'ner), n. [OE. banere, OF. baniere, P.
banniere, bandiere, fr. LL. baneria, banderia, fr. ban-
dum banner, fr. OHG. bant band, strip of cloth ; cf . Mn-
dan to bind, Goth, bandwa, bandwo, a sign. See Band,
n.] X. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike by a
crosspiece, and used by a chief as his standard in battle.
Hang out our banners on the outward walls. Shak.
2. A large piece of silk or other cloth, with a device
or motto, extended on a crosspiece, and borne in a pro-
cession, or suspended in some conspicuous place.
3. Any flag or standard ; as, the star-spangled banner.
Bannsr fish (Zool.), a large fish of the genus Histiopho-
rus, of the Swordfish family, having a broad banner-
like dojsal fin; the
sailfish. One spe-
cies (//. Americanus)
inhabits the North
Atlantic.
One species of Banner Fish^^ (Histiophom^ pulchellus).
Ban'nered (bSn'nerd), a. Furnished with, or bearing,
banners. " A. bannered host." Milton.
Ban'ner-et (-ner-et), n. [OE. baneret, OF. baneret, F.
banneret; properly a dim. of OF. baniere. See Banner.]
1. Originally, a knight who led his vassals into tlie
field under his own banner ; — commonly used as a title
of rank.
2. A title or rank, conferred for heroic deeds, and
hence, an order of knighthood ; also, tlie person bearing
such title or rank.
5^°' The usual mode of conferring the rank on the
field of battle was by cutting or tearing oft the point of
the pennon or pointed flag on the spear of the candidate,
thereby making it a banner.
3. A civil officer in some Swiss cantons.
4. A small banner. Shak.
Ban'ner-Ol (-51), n. A banderole ; esp. a banner dis-
played at a funeral procession and set over the tomb.
See Banderole.
Ban-ni'tlon (bSn-nish'iin), n. [LL. bannitio. See
Banish.] The act of expulsion. [06s.] Abp. Laud.
Ban'nock (bSn'nuk), n. [Gael, bonnach.'] A kind
of cake or bread, in shape flat and romidisli, commonly
made of oatmeal or barley meal and baked on an iron
plate, or griddle; — used in Scotland and the northern
counties of England. Jamieson.
Bannock fluke, the turbot. [-Scor.]
Banns (bSnz), n. pi. [See Ban.] Notice of a pro-
posed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place
prescribed by law, in order that any person may object,
if he knows of just cause why the marriage should not
take place.
Ban'quet (bSnlcwSt), n. [P., a feast, prop, a dim. of
banc bench ; cf. It. banchetto, dim. of banco a bench,
counter. See Bank a bench, and cf. Banquette.] 1. A
feast ; a sumptuous entertainment of eating and drink-
ing ; often, a complimentary or ceremonious feast, fol-
lowed by speeches.
2. A dessert ; a course of sweetmeats ; a sweetmeat
or sweetmeats. [06s.]
We '11 dine in the great room, but let the music
And banquet be prepared here.
Ban'quet, i>. t. [imp. & p. p. Banqueted ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Banqueting.] To treat with a banquet or sumptu-
ous entertainment of food ; to feast.
Just in time to banquet
The illustrious company assembled there. Coleridge.
Ban'quet, v. i. 1. To regale one's self with good eat-
ing and drinking ; to feast.
Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets,
I would not taste thy treasonous offer. Milton.
2. To partake of a dessert after a feast. [06s.]
Where they did both sup and banquet. Cavendish.
Ban'quet-er (ban'kwet-er), n. One who banquets ;
one who feasts or makes feasts.
Ban-quette' (ban-kef), n. [F. See Banquet, n.]
1. (Fort.) A raised way or foot bank, running along
the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to
fire upon the enemy.
2. (Arch.) A narrow window seat; a raised shelf at
the back or the top of a buffet or dresser.
Ban'shee, Ban'shie (bSn'she), ». [Gael, bean-shith
fairy ; Gael. & Ir. bean woman -\- Gael, sith fairy.] A
supernatural being supposed by the Irish and Scotch
peasantry to warn a family of the speedy death of one of
its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice
under the windows of the house.
Ban'stic'kle (ban'stik'k'l), re. [OE. ban, bon, bone
-{- stickle prickle, sting. See Bone, re.. Stickleback.]
[Zool. ) A small fish, the three-spined stickleback.
Ban'tam (ban'tam), n. A variety of small barnyard
fowl, with feathered legs, probably brought from Ban-
tam, a district of Java.
Ban'tam work'. Carved and painted work in imita-
tion of Japan ware.
II Ban'teng (bSn'tgng), n. (Zool. ) The wild ox of Java
(Bibos Banteng).
Ban'ter (ban'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bantered
(-terd) ; p. prr & vb. n. Bantering.] [Prob. corrupted
f r. P. badiner to joke, or perh. fr. E. bandy to beat to and
fro. See Badinage, and cf. Baeter fr. OF. barater.']
1. To address playful good-natured ridicule to, — the
person addressed, or something pertaining to him, being
the subject of the jesting ; to rally ; as, he bantered me
about my credulity.
Hag-ridden by my own fancy all night, and then bantered on
my haggard looks the next day. W. Irving.
2. To jest about ; to ridicule in speaking of, as some
trait, habit, characteristic, and the like. [Archaic']
If they banter your regularity, order, and love of study, ban-
ter in return their neglect of them. Chatham.
3. To delude or trick, — esp. by way of jest. [06s.]
We diverted ourselves with bantering several poor scholars
with hopes of being at least his lordship's chaplain. De Foe.
4. To challenge or defy to a match. [Colloq. South-
ern and Western U. S.]
Ban'ter, n. The act of bantering ; joking or jesting ;
humorous or good-humored raillery ; pleasantry.
Part banter, part affection. Tennyson.
Ban'ter-er (-er), n. One who banters or rallies.
Ban'ting-ism (bSn'ting-tz'm), n. A method of re-
ducing corpulence by avoiding food containing much
farinaceous, saccharine, or oUy matter; — so called from
WilUam Banting of London.
Bant'Ung (bSnfling), re. [Prob. for bandling, from
band, and meaning a child wrapped in swaddling bands ;
or cf. G. bantling a bastard, fr. bank bench. Cf. Bas-
tard, re.] A young or small child ; an infant. [Slightly
contemptuous or depreciatory.]
In what out of the way corners genius produces her bantlings.
W. Ii-ving.
Banx'rlng (bSnks'rtng), n. (Zool.) An East Indian
insectivorous mammal of the genus Tupaia.
Ban'yan (bSn'yan or bSn-ySn'), re. [See Banian.]
(Boi. ) A tree of the same genus as the comcmon fig, and
called the Indian fig
(Ficus Indica), whose
branches send shoots to
the ground, which take
root and become addi-
tional trunks, imtil it
may be the tree covers
some acres of ground
and is able to shelter
thousands of men.
Ba'O-bab (ba'o-bSb
or ba'S-bSb), re. [The
native name.] (Bot.)
A gigantic African tree
(Adansonia digitata),
also naturalized in In-
dia. See Adansonia.
Baph'o-met (bSf'o-
mSt), re. [A corruption of Mahomet or Mohammed, iiie
Arabian prophet : cf. Pr. Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, OPg.
Mafameda.'] An idol or symbolical figure wliich the
Templars were accused of using in their mysterious rites.
Bap'tlsm (bap'tiz'm), re. [OE. baplim, bapiem, OP.
boptesme, batisme, F. bapteme, L. baptisma, fr. Gr.
(SaTTTiCTfia, fr. panrC^eiv to baptize, fr. jSairTeii' to dip in
water, akin to /SaSus deep, Skr. gah to dip, bathe, v. i.]
The act of baptizing ; the application of water to a per-
son, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he
is initiated into the visible church of Christ. This is per-
formed by immersion, sprinkling, or pouring.
Bap-tis'mal (bSp-tiz'mal), a. [Cf. P. baptismal.']
Pertaining to baptism ; as, baptismal vows.
Baptismal name, the Christian name, which is given at
baptism.
Bap-tis'mal-ly, adv. In a baptismal manner.
Bap'tist (bap'tist), re. [L. baplista, Gr. ^aTrrio-T^s.]
1. One who administers baptism ; — specifically applied
to John, the forerunner of Christ. Milton.
2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny the
validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and main-
tain that baptism should be administered to believers
alone, and should be by immersion. See Anabaptist.
In doctrine the Baptists of this country [the United
States] are Calvinistic, but with much freedom and mod-
eration. Amer. Cyc.
Freewill Baptists, a sect of Baptists who are Arminian
in doctrme, and practice open communion. — Seventh-day
Baptists, a sect of Baptists who keep the seventh day of
the week, or Saturday, as the Sabbath. See Sabbatarian,
The Dunkers and Campbellites are also Baptists.
Bap'tis-ter-y (-tis-tSr-y), Bap'tis-try (-trj), re. ; pi.
Baptisteries ( - 1 z ),
-tries (-triz). [L.
baptisterium, Gr. ^a-
TTTKTTripiov I cf. F. bap-
tisthre.] (Arch.) (a) In
early times, a
separate building,
usually polygo-
nal, used for bap-
tismal services.
Small churches
were often
changed into bap-
tisteries when
larger churches
were buUt near.
(6) A part of a
church containing
a font and used
for baptismal ser-
vices.
Bap-tls'tic
(-tis'tik), a. [Gr.
^aTTTiartKOS.] Of
or for baptism ;
baptismal.
Bap-tis'tic-al
(-ti-kal), a. Bap-
tistic. [-R.]
Bap-tlz'a-ble (bSp-tiz'a-b'l), a. Capable of being bap-
tized ; fit to be baptized. Baxter.
Bap'tl-za'tion (bap'ti-za'shtin), re. Baptism. [06s.]
Their baptizations were null. Jer. Taylor.
Bap-Uze' (bap-ttz'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baptized
(-tizd') ; p. pr. & vb. re. Baptizing.] [P. baptiser, L.
baptizare, fr. Gr. ^airTifeii'. See Baptism.] 1. To ad-
minister the sacrament of baptism to.
2. To christen (because a name is given to infants at
their baptism) ; to give a name to ; to name.
I 'U be new baptised;
Henceforth I never will be Romeo. Shak.
3. To sanctify ; to consecrate.
Bap-tize'ment (-ment), n. The act of baptizing. [R.]
Bap-tlz'er (bSp-tiz'er), re. One who baptizes.
Bar (bar), n. [OE. barre, P. barre, fr. LL. barra, of
unknown origin ; cf. Arm. bar branch, barren bar, W.
bar the branch of a tree, bar, baren branch, Gael. & Ir.
barra bar. V91-] !• A piece of wood, metal, or other
material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness,
used as a lever and for various other purposes, but espe-
cially for a hindrance, obstruction, or fastening; as, the
bars of a fence or gate ; the bar of a door.
Thou Shalt make bars of shittim wood. Ex. xxvi. 26.
2. An indefinite quantity of some substance, so shaped
as to be long in proportion to its breadth and thickness ;
as, a bar of gold or of lead ; a bar of soap.
3. Anything wliich obstructs, liinders, or prevents ; on
obstruction ; a barrier.
Must I new bars to my own joy create P Drj/de)i
Baptistery of Pistoja, Tuscany.
ixse, unite, rude, full, up. Urn; pity; iooA, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; slue, ink; then, tlxin; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
BAR
118
BARBITURIC ACID
Bar. Double bap.
4. A bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, esp. at the
mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing navigation.
5. Any railing that divides a room, or office, or hall
of assembly, in order to reserve a space for tliose having
special privileges ; as, the bar of the House of Commons.
6. {Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place
nhich counsel occupy in courts of justice. Hence, the
phrase at the bar of the court signifies in open court, (b)
The place in court where prisoners are stationed for
arraignment, trial, or sentence, (c) Tlie whole body of
lawyers licensed in a court or district ; the legal profes-
sion, {d) A special plea constitutkig a sufficient answer
to plaintiff's action.
7. Any tribunal; as, the bar of pubUc opinion; the
bar of God.
8. A barrier or coimter, over which liquors and food
;:re passed to customers ; hence, the portion of the room
behmd the counter where liquors for sale are kept.
9. (Her.) An ordinary, like a fess but narrower, occu-
pying only one flith part of the field.
10. A broad shaft, or band, or stripe ; as, a bar of
light ; a bar of color.
11. (Mus.) A vertical line across the staff. Bars divide
the staff into spaces which Measure. Measure,
represent measures, and are
themselves called measures.
li^^ A double bar marks the
endof a strain or main division
of a movement, or of a whole piece of music ; in psalmody,
it marks the end of a line of poetry. The term bar is
very often loosely used for measure, i. e., for such length
of music, or of .silence, as is included between one bar and
the next ; as, a passage of eight bars ; two bars^ rest.
12. {Far.) pi. {a) The space between the tusks and
grinders in tlie upper jaw of a horse, in which the bit is
placed, {b) The part of the crust of a horse's hoof which
is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side,
and extends into the center of the sole.
13. {Slining) {a) A drilling or tamping rod. (6) A
vein or dike crossing a lode.
14. {Arch.) {a) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified
town. (6) A slender strip of wood which divides and sup-
ports the glass of a window ; a sash bar.
Bar shoe {Far.), a kind of horseshoe having a bar across
the usual opening at the heel, to protect a tender frog
from injury. — Bar shot, a double head-
ed shot, consisting of a bar, with a ball
or half ball at each end ; — formerly
used for destroying the masts or rig- f, „. ^
ging m naval combat. — Bar sinister ■"" ^"°'*
(Her.), a term popularly but erroneously used for baton,
a mark of illegitimacy. See Baton. — Bar tracery (Arch.),
ornamental stonework resembling bars of iron twisted
into the forms required. — Blank bar (Law). See Blank.
— Case at bar (Law), a case presently before the court ;
a case luider argument. —In bar of, as a sufficient reason
against ; to prevent. — Matter in bar, or Defense in bar, any
matter which is a final defense in an action. — Plea in bar,
a plea which goes to bar or defeat the plaintiff's action
absolutely and entirely. — Trial at bar {Eng. Law), a trial
before all the judges of one of the superior courts of West-
minster, or before a quorum representing the full court.
Bar (bar), v. t. [iiiip. &p. p. Baeeed (bard) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Barring.] [F. barrer. See Bar, n.] 1. To
fasten with a bar ; as, to bar a door or gate.
2. To restrict or confine, as if by a bar ; to hinder ; to
obstruct ; to prevent ; to prohibit ; as, to bar the en-
trance of evil ; distance bars our intercourse ; the stat-
ute bars my right ; the right is barred by time ; a release
bars the plaintiff's recovery ; — sometimes with up.
He barely looked the idea In the face, and hastened to bar it
in its dungeon. Hawthorne.
3. To except ; to exclude by exception.
Nay, but I bar to-ni^ht : you shall not gauge me
By what we do to-night. Shak.
4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines.
For the sake of distinguishing the feet more clearly, I have
barred them singly. Burney.
Barb (barb), n. [P. barbe, fr. L. barba beard. See
Beard, ».] 1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or
grows in the place of it.
The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his
mouth. Walton.
2. A muffler, worn by nuns and mourners. [06s.]
3. pi. Paps, or little projections, of the mucous mem-
brane, which mark the opening of the submaxillary
glands under the tongue in horses and cattle. The name
is mostly applied when the barbs are inflamed and
swollen. [Written also barbel and barbie.']
4. The point that stands backward in an arrow, fish-
hook, etc., to prevent it from being easily extracted.
Hence : Anything which stands out with a sharp point
obliquely or crosswise to something else. " Having two
barbs or points. ' ' Ascham.
5. A bit for a horse. [Obs."] Spenser.
6. {Zo'dl.) One of the side branches of a feather, which
collectively constitute the vane. See Feather.
7. {Zo'dl.) A southern name for the kingfishes of the
eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States ; —
also improperly called whiting.
8. {Bot.) A hair or bristle ending in a double hook.
'Bxtb,v.t. [tm^.& p.p. Barbed {ha,T\>A); p.pr.&vb.
n. Barbing.] 1. To shave or dress the beard of. [06s.]
2. To clip ; to mow. [06s.] Marston.
3. To furnish with barbs, or with that which will hold
or hurt like barbs, as an arrow, fishhook, spear, etc.
But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire. Milton.
Barb, n. [F. barbe, fr. Barbaric.] 1. The Barbary
horse, a superior breed introduced from Barbary into
Spain by the Moors.
2. {Zool.) A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon,
originally brought from Barbary.
Barb, n. [Corrupted fr. bard.'] Armor for a horse.
'Same as 2d Bard, n., 1.
Barnaa-can (barOja-kSn), re. See Barbican.
Bar'ba-can-age (-aj), n. See Barbicanage.
Bar-ba'di-an (bar-ba'dl-an), a. Of or pertaining to
Barbadoes. — re. A native of Barbadoes.
Bar-ba'does (biir-ba'doz), re. A West Indian island,
giving its name to a disease, to a kind of cherry, etc.
Barbadoes cherry (Bol.), a genus of trees of the West In-
dies (Maljjigliiu) with an agreeably acid fruit resembling
a cherry. — Barbadoes leg (Mai.), a species of elephantiasis
incident to hot climates. — Barbadoes nuts, the seeds of
the Jutroptia carcas, a plant growing in South America
and elsewhere. The seeds and their acrid oil are used in
medicine as a purgative. See Physic nut.
II Bar'ba-ra (bar'ba-ra), re. [Coined by logicians.]
{Logic) The first word in certain mnemonic lines wliich
represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indi-
cates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal
affirmatives. Whately.
Bar'ba-resc[Ue' (bar'ba-rSsk'), a. Barbaric in form or
style ; as, barbaresque architecture. De Quincey.
Bar-ba'li-an (bar-ba'rT-an), n. [See Barbarous.]
1. A foreigner. ^Historical]
Therefore if X know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be
unto him that speaketli u barbarian, and he that speaketh shall
be a barbariim unto ine. 1 Cor. xiv. 11.
2. A man in a rude, savage, or uncivilized state.
3. A person destitute of culture. M. Arnold.
4. A cruel, savage, brutal man ; one destitute of pity
or humanity. "Thou fell 6a)'6arj«?t." Philips.
Bar-ba'zl-ail, a. Of, or pertaining to, or resembling,
barbarians ; rude ; uncivilized ; barbarous ; as, barbarian
governments or nations.
Bar-bar'lc (bar-bar'Ik), a. [L. harbaricus foreign,
barbaric, Gr. iSapjSaptKo;.] 1. Of, or from, barbarian na-
tions ; foreign ; — often with reference to barbarous na-
tions of the east. ^'■Barbaric pearl and gold." Milton.
2. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, an uncivilized
person or people ; barbarous ; barbarian ; destitute of
refinement. "Wild, 6a)-6ar!c music." Sir W. Scott.
Bar'ba-rlSIIl (bar'ba^rTz'm), re. [L. barbarismus, Gr.
/SapiSapicr/ao! ; cf. F. barbarisme.] 1. An imcivilized state
or condition ; rudeness of manners ; ignorance of arts,
learning, and literature ; barbarousuess. Preseott.
2. A barbarous, cruel, or brutal action ; an outrage.
A heinous barbarism . . . against the honor of marriage.
Jlilton.
3. An offense against purity of style or language ; any
form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a particu-
lar language. See Solecism.
The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term in any
of their writers with the odious name of barbarism.
O. Campbell.
Bar-bar'1-ty (bar-biJrT-ty), n. ; pi. Barbarities (-tiz).
[From Barbarous.] 1. The state or maimer of a barba-
rian ; lack of civilization.
2. Cruelty; ferociousness: inhumanity.
Treating Christians with a barbarity which would have
shocked the very Moslem. Macaulaij.
3. A barbarous or cruel act.
4. Barbarism ; impurity of speech. [06s.] Swift.
Bar'ba-rize (bar'ba-riz), V. i. limp. & p. p. Barba-
rized (-rlzd); p. pr. & vb. re. Barbarizing (-ri'zing).]
1. To become barbarous.
The Roman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of
Trajan. De Quincey.
2. To adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech.
The ill habit ... of wretched barborizinrj against the Latin
and Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms. Milton.
Bar'ba-rize, v. t. [Cf. F. barbariser, LL. barbarizare.]
To make barbarous.
The hideous changes which have barbarized France. Burke.
Bar'ba-rous (bar'bS^riis), a. [L. barbarus, Gr. ^ap-
|3apo9, strange, foreign ; later, slavish, rude, ignorant ;
akin to L. balbus stammering, Skr. barbara stammering,
outlandish. Cf. Brave, a.] 1. Being in the state of a
barbarian ; uncivilized ; rude ; peopled vrith barbarians ;
as, a barbarous people ; a barbarous coimtry.
2. Foreign ; adapted to a barbaric taste. [Obs.]
Barbarous gold. Dryden.
3. Cruel ; ferocious ; inhuman ; merciless.
By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the
grief of all that knew him. Clarendon.
4. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language.
A barbarotis expression. G. Campbell.
Syn. — TJncivilized ; imlettered ;' uncultivated ; untu-
tored ; ignorant ; merciless ; brutal. See Ferocious.
BarTia-roUS-ly, adv. In a barbarous manner.
Bar'ba-rous-ness, re. The quality or state of being
barbarous; barbarity; barbarism.
Bar'ba-ry (-ry), re. [Fr. Ar. Barbar the people of Bar-
bary.] The countries on the north coast of Africa from
Egypt to the Atlantic. Hence : A Barbary horse ; a barb.
[06s.] Also, a kind of pigeon.
Barbary ape (Zool.), an ape
(Macacus innuus) of north
Africa and Gibraltar Rock,
being the only monkey in-
habiting Europe. It is very
commonly tramed by show-
men.
BarOja-stel' (-stei'), n.
[F. barbastelle.'] {Zo'dl.) A
European bat {Barbastellus
communis), with hairy lips.
Bar'bate (bar'bot), a. [L. Barbary Ape.
barbatus, fr. barba beard.
See Babb beaid.] {Bot.) Bearded; beset with long and
weak hairs. Gray.
Bar'ba-ted (bar'bS-tSd), a. Having barbed points.
A dart uncommonly barbated. T. Warton.
Bar'be-cue (bar'be-ku), re. [In the language of Indi-
ans of Guiana, a frame on which all kinds of flesh and fish
are roasted or smoke-dried.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large
animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast.
2. A social entertainment, where many people assem-
ble, usually in the open air, at wliich one or more large
animals are roasted or broiled whole.
3. A floor, on which coffee beans are sun-dried.
Bar'be-cue (biir'be-ku), V. t. limp. & p. p. Basbe-
CUED (-kud) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Barbecuing.] 1. To dry
or cure by exposure on a frame or gridiron.
They use little or no salt, but barbecue their game and flsh in
the smoke. Stedmaru
2. To roast or broil whole, as an ox or hog.
Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued. Pope.
Barbed (barbd or barb'ed), a. [See 4th Barb.] Ac-
coutered with defensive armor ; — said of a horse. See
Barded (which is the proper form). Sir W. Raleigh.
Barbed, «. Furnished with a barb or barbs ; as, a
barbed arrow ; barbed wire.
Barbed wire, a wire, or a strand of twisted wires, armed
with barbs or sharp points. It is used for fences.
Bar'bel (bar'bBl), n. [OF. barbel, F. barbeav, dim.
of L. barbus barbel, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.]
1. {Zo'dl. ) A slender tactile organ on the lips of cer-
tain fishes.
2. {Zo'dl.) A
large fresh-water
fish {Barbus vul-
garis) found in
many European
rivers. Its up-
per jaw is fur-
nished with four
barbels. ij«Luv.i.
3. pi. Barbs or paps under the tongues of horses and
cattle. See 1st Barb, 3.
Bar'bel-late (-lat), a. [See 1st Barb.] {Bot.) Having
short, stiff hairs, often barbed at the pouit. Gray.
Bar-bcl'lu-late (biir-bgl'lti-lat), a. {Bot.) Barbellate
with diminutive hairs or barbs.
Bar'ber (bar'ber), re. [OE. barbour, OF. barbeor, F.
barbier, as if fr. an assumed L. barbator, fr. barba beard.
See 1st Barb.] One whose occupation it is to shave or trim
the beard, and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons.
Barber's itch. See under Itch.
Formerly the barber practiced some offices of sur-
gery, such as letting blood and pulling teeth. Hence
such terms as barber sarrjeon (old form barber cliirur-
geon), barber surgery, etc.
Bar'ber, v. t. limp. &p. p. Baebebed (-berd) ; p.pr.
& vb. n. Barbering.] To shave and dress the beard or
hair of. Shak.
Bar'ber fish. {Zo'dl.) See Surgeon fish.
Bar'ber-mon'ger (-miin'ger), re. A fop. lObs.]
Bar'ber-ry (-bSr-i-y), re. [OE. barbarin, barbere, OF.
berbere.] (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Berberis, com-
mon along roadsides and in neglected fields. B. vulgaris
is the species best known ; its oblong red berries are
made into a preserve or sauce, and have been deemed
efficacious in fluxes and fevers. The bark dyes a fine
yellow, esp. the bai-k of the root. [Also spelt berberry.]
Bar'bel (bar'bet), re. [F. barbel, fr. barbe beard, long
hair of certain animals. See Barb beard.] {Zo'dl. ) (a)
A variety of small dog, having long curly hair. (6) A bird
of the family Bucco-
nidse, aUied to the
Cuckoos, having a
large, conical beak
swollen at the base,
and bearded with five
bunches of stiff bris-
tles ; the puff bird. It
inhabits tropical
America and Africa,
(c) A larva that feeds
on aphides.
Bar-bette' (biir-
b6t'),re. [F. Cf. Bae-
BET.] {Fort.) A
mound of earth or a
platform in a fortifi-
cation, on which guns
are mounted to fire
over the parapet.
En barbette. In barbette, said of guns when they are ele-
vated so as to fire over the top of a parapet, and not
through embrasures. —Barbette gun, or Barbette battery,
a single gun, or a number of guns, mounted in ba?-betle,
or partially protected by a parapet or turret. — Barbette
carriage, a gun carriage which elevates guns sufficiently
to be in barbette. [See Illust. of Casemate.]
Bar'bl-can (-bt-kan), Bar'ba-can (-ba-kSn), re. [OE.
barbican, barbecan, F. barbacane, LL. barbacana, barbi-
cana, of uncertain origin : cf. Ar. barbakh aqueduct,
sewer. F. barbacane also means, an opening to let out
water, loophole.] 1. {Fort.) A tower or advanced work
defending the entrance to a castle or city, as at a gate
or bridge. It was often large and strong, having a ditch
and drawbridge of its own.
2. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through wliich
missiles were discharged upon an enemy.
Bar'bl-can-age (-aj), Bar'ba-can-age (-Sj), n. [LL.
barbicanagium. See Babeican.] Money paid for the
support of a barbican. [06s.] Bouvier.
Bar'bl-cel (bar'bi-sgl), re. [NL. barbicella, dim. of
L. barba. See 1st Barb.] (Zo'dl.) One of the small
hookUke processes on the barbules of feathers.
II Bar'blers (-berz), re. (Med.) A variety of paralysis,
peculiar to India and the Malabar coast ; — considered
by many to be the same as beriberi in a chronic form.
Bar-big'er-ous (biir-bij'er-us), a. [L. barba a beard
-f- -gerous.] Having a beard ; bearded ; hairy.
IIBar'bl-ton (bar'bl-ton),- re. [L., fr. Gr. pip^iTov.]
(Mus.) An ancient Greek instrument resembling a lyre.
Bar'bl-tU'rlc ac'ld (bar'bT-tu'rTk Ss'Td). (Chem.) A
white, crystalline substance, CH,(C0.NH)2C0, derived
One of the Barbets (Meffals
nia hsemacephala). (J^)
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^U^ eve, event, find, fern, recent; ice, idea, iU; Sid, obey, 6rb, »dd;
BARBLE
119
BARLEY
ifrom alloxantin, also from uialouic acid and urea, and
leeavded as a substituted urea.
Bar'ble (bar'b'l), n. See Bakbel.
Bai'bo-tine (-bo-tln), n. [F.] A paste of clay used
in decorating coarse pottery iu relief.
Bar'bre (bar'ber), a. Barbarian. [OJi.] Chaucer.
BarOlule (-bill), ». [L- barbula, it. barba beard.]
1. A very minute barb or beard. Booth.
2. \Zodl.) One of the processes along the edges of the
barbs of a feather, by which adjacent barbs interlock.
See Feather.
Bar'ca-rolle (-ka-rol), n. [F. barcarolle, fr. It. bar-
caruola, fr. ftarca bark, barge.] (3Ius.) (a) A popular
song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers, (b) A piece
of music composed in imitation of such a song.
Bar'con (-k5n), 7i. [It. barcone, fr. barca a bark.]
A vessel for freiglit ; — used in the Mediterranean.
Bart (bard), n. [Of Celtic origm ; cf. W. bardd, Arm.
iarz, It. & Gael, bard, and F. barde.J 1. A professional
poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts, whose occu-
pation was to compose and sing verses in honor of the
heroic achievements of princes and brave men.
2. Hence : A poet ; as, the bard of Avon.
Bard, Barde (biird), ». [F. barde, of doubtful origm.]
1. A piece of defensive (or, sometimes, ornamental)
armor for a horse's neck, breast, and flanks; a barb.
[Often in the pl.^
2. pi. Defensive armor formerly worn by a man at
arms.
3. (Cookery) A thin slice of fat bacon used to cover
any meat or game.
Bard, v. t. {Cookery) To cover (meat or game) with
A thin slice of fat bacon.
Bard'ed, ^. a. [See Baed horse armor.] 1. Accou-
tered with defensive armor ; — said of a horse.
2. (Ser.) Wearing rich caparisons.
Fifteen hundred men . . . barded and richly trapped. Scow,
Bard'lc, a. Of or pertaining to bards, or their poetry.
"The bardic lays of ancient Greece." G. P. Marsh.
Bard'isb, a. Pertaining to, or written by, a bard or
bards. "£ac(ZisA impostures." Selden.
Bard'lem (-iz'm), ?». The system of bards ; the learn-
ing and maxims of bards.
Bard'llng(-lTng), n. An inferior bard. J. Cunningham.
Bard'shlp, n. The state of being a bard.
Bare (bSr), a. [OE. 6a)-, bare, AS. bser; akin to D. &
<J. baar, OHG. par, Icel. betT, Sw. & Dan. bar, OSlav.
iosu barefoot, Lith. basas; cf. Skr. bhas to shine. V85.]
1. Without clothes or covering ; stripped of the usual
covering ; naked ; as, his body is bare ; the trees are bare.
2. With head uncovered ; bareheaded.
When once thy foot enters the church, be bare. Herbert.
3. Without anything to cover up or conceal one's
thoughts or actions ; open to view ; exposed.
Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear I Milton.
4 Plain ; simple ; unadorned ; without polish ; bald ;
meager. "Uttering 6are truth." Shak.
5- Destitute ; indigent ; empty ; unfurnished or scant-
ily furnished ; — used with of (rarely with in) before the
thing wanting or taken away ; as, a room bare of furni-
ture. " A bare treasury." Dryden.
6. Threadbare ; much worn.
It appears by their bare liveries that they live by your bare
Words. Shak.
7. Mere ; alone ; unaccompanied by anything else ; as,
s, bare majority. " The bare necessaries of life." Addison.
Nor are men prevailed upon by bare words. South.
Under bare poles (Naut.), having no sail set.
'Rxxs, n. 1. Surface ; body ; substance. [iJ.]
You have touched the very bare of naked truth. Marston.
2. (Arch.) That part of a roofing slate, shingle, tile, or
■metal plate, which is exposed to the weather.
Bxre, V. t. limp. &p. p. Baeed (bSrd) ; p. pr. & vb.
«; BAEmo.] [AS. barian. See Babe, a.] To strip off
the covering of ; to make bare ; as, to bare the breast.
Bare. Bore ; the old preterit of Beak, v.
BareTjack' (bSr'bak'), adv. On the bare back of a
horse, without using a saddle ; as, to ride bareback.
Bareljacked' (-bakd'), a. Having the back imcov-
ered ; as, a barebacked horse.
- Bare'bone' (bSr'bon'), n. A very lean person ; one
whose bones show through the skin. Shak.
BireHloned' (bSr'bdnd'), a. So lean that the bones
show their forms. Shak.
Bare'faced' (bSr'fasf), a. \. With the face uncov-
ere 1 ; not masked. " You will play 6are/aeerf. " Shak.
2. Without concealment ; undisguised. Hence : Shame-
less ; audacious. ".Sare/ffcerf treason." J.Baillie.
Bare'faced'ly, adv. Openly ; shamelessly. Locke.
Bare'faoed'ness, n. The quality of being barefaced ;
ijhamelessness ; assurance ; audaciousness.
Bare'fOOt (bar'foot), a. & adv. With the feet bare ;
without shoes or stockings.
Bare'fOOt'ed, a. Having the feet bare.
II Ba-r6ge' (ba-razh'), n. [F. barege, so called from
Bareges, a town in the Pyrenees.] A gauzelike fabric
for ladies' dresses, veils, etc., of worsted, silk and
worsted, or cotton and worsted.
Bare'hand'ed (bSr'liand'Sd), a. Having bare hands.
BareTiead'ed (bSr'hed'ed), Bare'head, a. & adv.
Having the head uncovered ; as, a bareheaded girl.
Barelegged' (bSr'lSgd'), a. Having the legs bare.
Barely, adv. 1. Without covering ; nakedly.
2. Without concealment or disguise.
3. Merely; only.
R. For DOW hia son is duke.
W. Barely in title, not ia revenue. Shak.
4. But just ; without any excess ; with nothing to spare
(of quantity, time, etc.) ; hence, scarcely ; hardly ; as,
there was barely enough for all ; he barely escaped.
Bare'necked' (-nSkt'), a. Having the neck bare.
Bare'neSB, n. The state of being bare.
Bare'sark (bSr'sark), n. [Literally, bare sark or shirt.^
A Berserker, or Norse warrior who fought without armor,
or sliirt of mail. Hence, adverbially : Without shirt of
mail or armor.
Bar'fish' (bar'fish'), n. (Zo'dl.) Same as Calico bass.
Bar'ful (-fill), o. ITull of obstructions. [Ois.] Shak.
Bar'gain (bar'gSu), n. [OE. bargayn, bargany, OF.
bargaigne, bargagne, prob. from a supposed LL. barca-
neum, fr. barca a boat which carries merchandise totlie
shore ; hence, to traffic to and fro, to carry on commerce
in general. See Bark a vessel.] X. An agreement be-
tween parties concerning the sale of property ; or a con-
tract by wliicli one party binds liimself to transfer the
right to some property for a consideration, and the other
party binds himself to receive the property and pay the
consideration.
A contract is a bargain that ia legally binding. Wharton.
2. An agreement or stipulation ; mutual pledge.
And wlien your houors ineau to solemnize
Tlie bargain of your faith. Shak.
3. A purchase ; also (when not qualified), a gainful
transaction ; an advantageous purchase ; as, to buy a
thing at a bargain.
4. The thing stipulated or purchased ; also, anything
bought cheap.
She was too fond of her most filthy bargain. Shak.
Bargain and sale (Law), a species of conveyance, by
wliich the bargainor contracts to convey the lands to the
bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for
and seized to the use of the bargainee. The statute then
completes the purchase ; (. e., the bargain vests the use,
and the statute vests the possession. Blackstvne. — Into
the bargain, over and above what is stipulated ; besides. —
To Bell bargains, to make saucy (usually indelicate) rep-
artees. [Co.'.'.] Swift. — To strike a bargain, to reach or rat-
ify an agreement. " A bargain was si;'ucA'. " Macaulay.
Syn. — Contract ; stipulation ; purchase ; engagement.
Bar'gain, v. i. [OE. barganien, OF. bargaigner, F.
barguigner, to hesitate, fr. LL. barcaniare. See Bargain,
».] To make a bargain ; to make a contract for the ex-
change of property or services ; — followed by with and
for ; as, to bargain with a farmer for a cow.
So worthless peasants bargain for their wives. Shak.
Bar'gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bargained (-gend) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Baegaining.] To transfer for a considera-
tion ; to barter; to trade; as, to bargain one horse for
another.
To bargain away, to dispose of in a bargain;— usually
with a sense of loss or disadvantage ; as, to bargain away
one's birthright. "The heir . . . had somehow bargained
away the estate." G. Eliot.
Bar'galn-ee' (bar'gen-e'), n. [OP. bargaigne, p. p. See
Baegain, v. i.] {Law) The party to a contract who re-
ceives, or agrees to receive, the property sold. Blackstone.
Bar'gain-er (-er), n. One who makes a bargain ; —
sometimes in the sense of bargainor.
Bar'gain-or' (-6r'), n. {Law) One who makes a bar-
gain, or contracts with another ; esp., one who sells, or
contracts to sell, property to another. Blackstone.
Barge (barj), n. [OP. harge, F. berge, fr. LL. barca,
for harica (not found), prob. fr. L. baris an Egyptian
rowboat, fr. Gr. |3api5, prob. fr. Egyptian : cf. Coptic
bari a boat. Cf. IJaek a vessel.] 1. A pleasure boat : ^
vessel or boat of state, elegantly furnished and decorated.
2. A large, roomy boat for the conveyance of passen-
gers or goods ; as, a ship's barge ; a charcoal barge.
3. A large boat used by flag officers.
4. A double-decked passenger or freight vessel, towed
by a steamboat. [Z7. iS.]
5. A large omnibus used for excursions. [_Local, U. 5'.]
Barge'board' (-bord'),M. [VeTh.coTr\i.^.oivergeboard ;
or cf. LL. bargus a kind of gallows.] A vergeboard.
Barge'COurse' (-kors'), TC. [See Baegeeoakd.] {Arch.)
A part of the tiling which projects beyond the principal
rafters, in buildings where there is a gable. Gwilt.
Bar-gee' (bar-je'), n. A bargeman. [Eng.']
Barge'man (barj'man), n. The man who manages a
barge, or one of the crew of a barge.
Barge'mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. The proprietor or man-
ager of a barge, conveying goods for hire. Blackstone.
Bar'ger (bar'jer), ra. The manager of a barge. [0*5.]
Bar'ghest' (bar'gSsf), n. [Perh. G. berg mountain +
geist demon, or bar a bear + geist.'] , A goblin, in the
shape of a large dog, portending misfortune. [Also
written barguest.']
Ba'ri-a (ba'rT-a), n. [Cf. Baeium.] {Chem.) Barj'ta.
Bar'ic (barlk), a. {Chem.) Of or pertaining to barium ;
as, baric oxide.
Bar'ic, a. [Gr. papos weight.] (Physics) Or or per-
taining to weight, esp. to the weight or pressare of the
atmosphere as measured by the barometer.
Ba-rilla (ba-ril'la), n. [Sp. barrilla.'] 1. (Bot.) A
name given to several species of Salsola from which soda
is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating
the ashes.
2. (Com.) (a) The alkali produced from the plant,
being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap,
glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes, (b) Impure
soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or
kelp. Ure.
Copper barilla (Min.), native copper in granular form
mixed vrith sand, an ore brought from Bolivia ; — called
also Barilla de eobre.
II Bar'11-let (bar'Tl-lgt), n. [F., dim. of barU barrel.]
A little cask, or something resembling one. Smart.
Bar' i'ron (bar' i'iim). See under Ieon.
Ba'rite (ba'rit), n. {Min.) Native sulphate of barium,
a mineral occurring in transparent, colorless, white to
yellow crystals (generally tabular), also in granular form,
and in compact massive forms resembling marble. It has
a lugh specific gravity, and hence is often called heavy
spar. It is a common mineral in metallic veins.
Bsu/i-tone (bSr'T-ton), a. & n. See Baeytonb.
Bark.
Ba'ri-um (ba'rt-iim), n. [NL., fr. Gr. j3apus heavy.]
(Chem.) One of the elements, belonging to the alkaline
eartli group ; a metal having a silver-white color, and
melting at a very high temperature. It is difficult to oh-
tain the pm'e metal, from the facUity with which it be-
comes oxidized in the air. Atomic weight, 137. Symbol,
Ba. Its oxide is called baryta. [Rarely written barytum.J
Itgr" Some of the compoimds of tliis element are remark-
able for their high specific gravity, as the suliJliate,
called heavy spur, and the like. The oxide was called
burote, by Guyton de Morveau, which name was changed
by Lavoisier to baryta, whence the name of the metal.
Bark (bUrk), n. [Akin to Dan. & Sw. bark, Icel.
borkr, LG. & HG. borkcl 1. The exterior covering of
the trunk and branches of a tree ; the rind.
2. Specifically, Peruvian bark.
Bark bed. See Bark stove (below). - Bark pit, a pit
filled with bark and water, in whicli hides are steeped
in taiming. —Bark steve (llurl.), a glazed structure for
keeping tropical plants, having a bed of tanner's bark
(called a bark bed) or other fermentable matter which
produces a moist heat.
Bark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barked (biirkt) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Barking.] i. To strip the bark from ; to peel.
2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from ; as,
to bark one's heel.
3. To girdle. See GntDLE, v. t., 3.
4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark ; as,
to bark the roof of a hut.
Bark, v. i. [OE. berken, AS. beorcan ; akin to Icel.
berkja, and prob. to E. break."] 1. To make a short,
loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs; — said of
some animals, but especially of dogs.
2. To make a clamor ; to make importunate outcries.
They bark, and say the Scripture maketh heretics. Tyndale.
Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other com-
mands will be heard, much less obeyed. Fuller.
Bark, n. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by
a dog ; a similar sound made by some other animals.
Bark, Barque (bark), n. [P. barque, fr. Sp. or
It. barca, fr. LL. barca
for barica. See Barge.]
1. Formerly, any small
sailiHg vessel, as a pinnace,
fishing smack, etc. ; also,
a rowing boat ; a barge.
Now applied poetically to a
sailing vessel or boat of any
kind. Byron.
2. (Naut.) A tliree-mast-
ed vessel, havu'g her fore-
mast and mainmast square-
rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
Bark'an-tin<3 (bark'an-ten), n. Same as Baekentine.
Bark' bee'tle (bark' be't'l). (Zo'dl.) A smaU beetle
of many species (iaianly Scolytidte), which
in the larval state bores under or in the
bark of trees, often doing great damage.
Bark'bound' (-bound'), a. Prevented
from growing, by having the bark too
firm or close.
Bar'keep'er (bar'kep'er), n. One who
keeps or tends a bar for the sale of liq-
uors.
Bark'en (bark''n), a. Made of bark.
IPoeiic'] Whittier.
Bark'en-tine (bark'Sn-ten), n. [See
Bark, n., a vessel.] (Naut.) A three-
masted vessel, having the foremast
square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. [Spelt
also barquentin^, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append,
B^trk'er (-er), n. 1. An animal that barks; hence,
any one who clamors unreasonably.
2. One who stands at the doors of shops to urge
passers by to make purchases. [Cant, Eng.\
3. A pistol. [Slang] Dickens.
4. (Zo'dl.) The spotted redshank.
Bark'er, n. One who strips trees
of their bark.
Bark'er's mill' (-erz mil'). [From
Dr. Barker, the inventor.] A ma-
chine, invented in the 17th century,
V. oxked by a form of reaction wheel.
The water flows into a vertical tube
and gushes from apertures in hollow
horizontal arms, causing the machine
to revolve on its axis.
Bark'er-y (-er-y), n. A tanhouse.
Bark'ing i'rons (i'iirnz). 1. In-
struments used in taking off the bark
of trees. Gardner.
2. A pair of pistols. [Slang]
Barkless, a. Destitute of bark.
Bark' louse' (ions'). (Zo'dl.) An insect of the family
Coccidx, which infests the bark of trees and vines.
i^^ The wingless females assume the
shape of scales. The bark louse of the
vine is Ptilvinaria innumerabilis ; that
of the pear is Lecanium pyri. See Or-
ange SCALE.
Bark'y (biJrk'i^), a. Covered with,
or containing, bark, "The barky fin-
gens of the elm." Sliak.
Barley (biir'li^), n. [OB. barli, bar-
lich, AS. bserlic ; bere barley + lie
(which is prob. the same as E. like, adj.,
or perh. a form of AS. ledc leek). AS.
bere is akin to Icel. ban- barley, Goth.
bariseins made of barley, L. far spelt ; cf .
W. barlys barley, bara bread. V92. Cf. _ , ^ • / 1/.^
FARINA, 6th Bear.] (^o/.) A valuable BSa,,^]%S
gram, of the family of grasses, genus rum). Nat. size.
Hordeum, used for food, and for making
malt, from which are prepared beer, ale, and whisky.
Barker's Mill.
Use, unite, r)ide, full, up, firn ; pity ; food, fo^ot ; out, oil ; cbair ; go ; slue, i|^ ; tbeu, tbin ; boN ; zli = z iu azure.
BARLEYBRAKE
120
BARREL
^o'nr^<!»&^_
Barley bird (JZoo!.), the siskin. — Barley sugar, sugar
boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of bar-
ley) and candied. — Barley water, a decoction of barley,
used in medicine, as a nutritive and demulcent.
Barley-brake' ) (bar'ly-brak'), n. An ancient rural
Bar'ley-break' ) game, commonly played round
stacks of barley, or other grain, in which some of the
party attempt to catch others who run from a goal.
Barley-bree' (-bre'), «• ILH- barley broth. See
Brew.] Liquor made from barley; strong ale. {_I{u-
morous] [Scot.] Bums.
Barley-corn' (-kSm'), re. [See Coen.] 1. A grain or
" com " of barley.
2. Formerly, a measure of length, equal to the average
length of a grain of barley ; the third part of an inch.
John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley
as the source of malt liquor or whisky.
Barm (barm), n. [OE. berme, AS. beorma ; akin to
8w. b'drma, G. barme, and prob. L. fermentum. V93.
Foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fer-
menting, and used as leaven in making bread and in
brewing ; yeast. Shak.
Barm, n. [OE. bearm, berm, barm, AS. bearm, akin to
E. 6ear to support.] The lap or bosom. \_Obs.'] Chaucer.
Bar'mald' (bar'mad'), n. A girl or woman who at-
tends the customers of a bar, as In a tavern or beershop.
A bouncing harmaid. W. Irving.
Bar'nsas'ter (-mas'ter), n. [Berg -\- master: of. G.
bergmeister.l Formerly, a local judge among miners;
now, an officer of the barmote. [Eng.']
Bann'cloth' (barm'kloth'), n. Apron. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Bar'me-ci'dal (bar'me-sl'dol), a. [See Barmecide.]
Unreal; illusory. '^ A sort oi Bafmecidalieast." Hood.
Bar'me-cide (-sId), n. [A prince of the Barmecide
family, wlio, as related in the "Arabian Nights' Tales,"
pretended to set before the hungry Shacabac food, on
which the latter pretended to feast.] One who proffers
some illusory advantage or benefit. Also used as an adj. :
Barmecidal. " A Barmecide fe3.st." Dickens.
Bar'mote' (-mot'), re. [Berg -\- mote meeting.'] A court
held in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controver-
sies between miners. Blount.
Barm'y (bavm'y), a. Full of barm or froth ; in a fer-
ment, "^ormybeer." Dryden.
Barn (bam), re. [OE. ierTi,, AS. berern, bern ; here
barley + ern, sern, a close place. V92. See Barley.]
A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay,
and other productions of a farm. In the United States a
part of the barn is often used for stables.
Barn owl (Zo'dl.), an owl of Europe and America (Aluco
flammeus, or Stri.r flammea),
which frequents barns and
other buildings. — Barn swal-
low (.^oo/.), the common Amer-
ican swallow (Hirundo Itorreo-
rum), which attaches its nest
of mud to the beams and raf-
ters of bams.
Barn, v. t. To lay up in a
barn. [06s.] Shak.
Men ... of ten ham up the chaff,
and burn up the grain. Fuller.
Barn, re. A child. [Ote.]
See Bairk.
Bar'na-blte (bar'na-blt), n.
(Eccl. Hist.) A member of a
religious order, named from
St. Barnabas.
Bar'na-cle (bar'na-k'l), n.
a kind of
goose, which
was popu-
larly sup-
posed to
grow from
this shell-
fish; but
perh. from
LL. bernac-
ula for per-
nacula, dim.
of pern a
ham, sea mussel ; cf. Gr. nipvo.
ham. Cf. F. bernacle, barnacle,
E. barnacle a goose ; and Ir.
bairneach, barneach, limnet.1 Goose Barnacle {,Lepas
{Zool.) Any cirriped cmstacean „♦ f:!^""''"?'^- , ^
adhering to rocks, floating tun- " ^"'''bi?ri m ''" *
ber, ships, etc. , esp. (a) the sessile '
species (genus Balanus and allies), and (6) the stalked
or goose bamacles (genus Lepas and allies). See CiREi-
pedia, and Goose barnacle.
Barnacle eater {Zool.), the orange filefish. — Barnacle
Bcale (Zool.), a bark \o\i&e(Ceroplastes cirripediformis) of
the.orange and qumce trees in Florida. The female scale
curiously resembles a sessile barnacle in form.
Bar'na-cle, re. [See Berotcle.] a bemicle goose.
Bar'na-cle, n. [OE. bemah, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac,
and Prov. F. (Berri) berniques, spectacles.] 1. pi. {Far.)
An mstrument for pinching a horse's nose, and thus re-
straming him. [Formerly used in the sing.l
The larnacles . . . give pain almost equal to that of the
. twitch. Youatt.
2. pi. Spectacles; — so called from their resemblance
to the barnacles used by farriers. [Cant, Eng."] Dickens.
Bam'yard' (bam'yard'), re. A yard belonging to a
barn.
II Ba-roc'co (ba^rok'kS), a. [It.] {Arch.) See Baroque.
Bar'o-graph (bar'o-graf ), re. [Gr. pdpo^ weight +
-graph.'] (Meteor.) An instrument for recording auto-
matically the variations of atmospheric pressure.
Ba-rollO (ba-ro'ko), re. [A mnemonic word.] {Logic)
A form or mode of syllogism of which the first proposition
Barn Owl (Strix flammea).
[Prob. from E. barnacle
Acom Barnacle (Bal-
anus ebumeus). Nat.
size.
is a universal afBrmative, and the other two are particu-
lar negatives.
Ba-rol'0-gy (ba-rSl'o-jy), re. [Gr. ^ipos weight +
-logy.] The science of weight or gravity.
Bar'0-ma-crom'e-ter (bar'o-ma-l£r5m'e-ter), re. [Gr.
^apos weight -\- iiiaxpos long -J- -meter.] {Med.) An
instrument for ascertaining the weight and length of a
newborn infant.
Ba-rom'e-ter (ba^rSm'e-ter), re. [Gr. ^apot weight +
-meter: cf. F. barometre.] An instrument for deter-
mining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and
hence for judging of the probable changes of weather, or
for ascertaining tlie height of any ascent.
11^°° The barometer was invented by Torricelli at Flor-
ence about 1643. It is made in its simplest form by fiUing
a graduated glass tube about 34 inches long with mercury
and inverting it in a cup containing mercury. The column
of mercury m the tube descends imtil balanced by the
weight of the atmosphere, and its rise or fall under vary-
ing conditions is a measure of the change in the atmos-
pheric pressure. At the sea level its ordinary height is
about 30 inches (760 millimeters). See Sympiesometee.
Sichol.
Aneroid barometer. See Aneroid barometer, under An-
eroid. — Marine barometer, a barometer with tube con-
tracted at bottom to prevent rapid oscillations of the
mercury, and suspended in gimbals from an arm or sup-
port on shipboard. — Mountain barometer, a jiortable mer-
curial barometer with tripod support, and long scale, for
measuring lieights. — Siphon barometer, a barometer hav-
ing a tube bent like a hook witli the longer leg closed at
the top. The height of the mercury m the longer leg
sliows the pressure of tlie atmosphere. — Wheel barometer,
a barometer with recurved tube, and a float, from wiiich
a cord passes over a puUey and moves an index.
Bar'O-met'ric (bSr'6-mSf rlk), ) a. Pertaining to the
Bar'O-met'ric-al(-met'rl-kal), ) barometer; made
or indicated by a barometer ; as, barometric changes ;
barometrical observations.
Bar'O-met'ric-al-ly, adv. By means of a barometer,
or according to barometric observations.
Bar'O-met'ro-graph (-rS-graf ), re. [Gr. j3apo5 weight
-\- ixerpov measure -|- -graph.] A form of barometer so
constructed as to inscribe of itself upon paper a record
of the variations of atmospheric pressure.
Ba-rom'e-try (ba-rSm'e-try), re. The art or process
of making barometrical measurements.
Bar'0-metZ (bar'S-mets), re. [Cf. Russ. baronets'' club-
moss.] {Bot. ) The woolly-skinned rhizoma or rootstoek
of a fern {Cibotium barometz), which, when specially
prepared and inverted, somewhat resembles a lamb ;
— called also Scythian lamb.
Bar'on (bar'un), re. [OE. baron, barun, OF. baron,
accus. of ber, F. baron, prob. fr. OHG. baro (not found)
bearer, akin to E. bear to support ; cf . 0. Frisian bet-e,
LL. baro, It. barone, Sp. varon. Prom the meaning
bearer (of burdens) seem to have come the senses strong
man, man (in distinction from woman), which is the old-
est meaning in French, and lastly, reoiZemare. Cf. L. baro,
simpleton. See BEAEto support.]
1. A title or degree of nobility ;
originally, the possessor of a fief,
who had feudal tenants under
him ; in modem times, in France
and Germany, a nobleman next in
rank below a count ; in England,
a nobleman of the lowest grade in
the House of Lords, being next
below a viscoimt.
(5^°° " The tenants in chief from
the Crown, who held lands of the annual value of four
hundred pounds, were styled 73aro«s; and it is to them,
and not to the members of the lowest grade of the nobil-
ity (to whom the title at the present time belongs), that
reference is made when we read of the Barons of the early
days of England's history. . . . Barons are addressed as
' My Lord,''^and are styled ' Right Honorable. ' All their
sons and daughters are ' Honorable.' " Cussans.
2. {Old Law) A husband ; as, baron and feme, hus-
band and wife. [R.] Cowell.
Baron of beef, two sirloins not cut asunder at the back-
bone. — Barons of the Cinque Ports, formerly members of
the House of Commons, elected by the seven Cinque
Ports, two for each port. — Barons of the exchequer, the
judges of the Court of Exchequer, one of the three an-
cient courts of England, now abolished.
Bar'on-age (bSr'iln-aj), n. [OE. barnage, baronage,
OF. barnage, F. baronnage; cf. LL. baronagium.]
1. The whole body of barons or peers.
The baronage of the kingdom. Bp. Burnet.
2. The dignity or rank of a baron.
3. The land which gives title to a baron. [Obs.]
Bar'on-ess (-es), re. A baron's wife ; also, a lady who
holds the baronial title in her own right ; as, the Baron-
ess Burdett-Coutts.
Bar'on-et (-iin-et), re. [Baron -\- -et.] A dignity or
degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight,
having precedency of all orders of knights except those
of the Garter. It is the lowest degree of honor that is
hereditary. The baronets are commoners.
1^°° The order was founded by James I. in 1611, and is
given by patent. The word, however, in the sense of a
lesser baron, was in use long before. " Baronets have
the title of ' Sir ' prefixed to their Christian names ; their
surnames being followed by their dignity, usually abbre-
viated Bart. Their ivives are addressed as 'Lady' or
' Madam. ' Their sons are possessed of no title beyond
' Esquire.' " Cussans.
Bar'on-et-age (-aj), re. 1. State or rank of a baronet.
2. The collective body of baronets.
Bar'on-et-oy (-sy), re. The rank or patent of a baronet.
Ba-ro'ni-al (ba-ro'ni-al), a. Pertaining to a baron or
a barony. " Baronial tenure." Hallam.
Bar'O-ny (bar'o-ny), re. ; pi. Baeonies (-niz). [OF.
baronie, F. baronnie, LL. baronia. See Baron.] 1. The
fee or domain of a baron ; the lordship, dignity, or rank
of a baron.
Baron's Coronet.
2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding
nearly to tlie English hundred, and supposed to have
been originally the district of a native chief. There are
252 of these baronies. In Scotland, an extensive free-
hold. It may be held by a commoner. Brande & C.
Ba-roque' (ba-rok'), a. [F.; cf. It. barocco.] {Arch.)
In bad taste ; grotesque ; odd.
Bar'O-scope (bSr'o-skop), n. [Gr. ^apos weight -|-
-scope: cf. F. baroscope.] Any instrument showing the
changes in the weight of the atmoiphere ; also, less ap-
propriately, any instrument that indicates or foreshad-
ows changes of the weather, as a deep vial of liquid hold-
ing in suspension some substance which rises and falls
with atmospheric changes.
Bar'O-SCOp'lc (-skSp'Ik), ) a. Pertaining to, or deter-
Bar'O-SCOp'ic-al (-T-kol), | mined by, the baroscope.
Ba-rouche' (ba-roosh'), n. [G. barutsche, It. baroccio,
biroccio, LL. barrotium, fr. L. birotus two-wheeled; bi-
= bis twice + rota wheel.] A four-wlieeled carriage,
with a falling top, a seat on the outside for the driver,
and two double seats on the inside arranged so that the
sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat.
Ba'rou-chet' (ba'r68-sha'), n. A kind of light ba-
rouche.
Bar'post' (bar'posf), n. A post sunk in the ground
to receive the bars closing a passage into a field.
Barque (bark), re. Same as 3d Bark, re.
Bar'ra-can (bSr'ra-kan), re. [F. baracan, bouracan
(cf. Pr. barracan. It. baracane, Sp. barragan, Pg. barre-
gana, LL. barracanns), fr. Ar. barrakdn a kind of black
gown, perh. fr. Per. barak a garment made of camel's
hair.] A thick, strong stuff, somewhat like camlet ; —
still used for outer garments in the Levant.
Bar'rack (bSr'r«k), re. [F. baroque, fr. It. baracca
(cf. Sp. barraca), from LL. barra bar. See Bar, re.]
1. {Mil.) A building for soldiers, especially when in
garrison. Commonly in the pi., originally meaning tem-
porary huts, but now usually applied to a permanent
structure or set of buildings.
He lodged in a miserable hut or barrack, composed of dry
branches and thatched with straw. Gibbon.
2. A movable roof sliding on four posts, to cover hay,
straw, etc. [Local, U. S.]
Bar'rack, v. t. To supply with barracks ; to establish
in barracks ; as, to barrack troops.
Bar'rack, v. i. To live or lodge in barracks.
Bar'ra-clade (bSr'ra^klad), re. [D. baar, OD. baer,
naked, bare -f- klced garment, i. e., cloth undressed oi
without nap.] A home-made woolen blanket without
nap. [Local, New York] Bartlett.
Bar'ra-coon' (-koon'), n. [Sp. or Pg. barraca. See
Barrack.] A slave warehouse, or an Inclosure where
slaves afe quartered temporarily. Du Chaillu.
Bar'ra-OU'da (-koo'dA), ) re. 1. {Zo'dl.) A voracious,
Bar'ra-COU'ta (-koo'ta), ( pikelike, marine fish, ol
the genus Sphyrsena, sometimes used as food.
<^^ Tliat of Europe and our Atlantic coast is Sphyrse-
na spet (or /'?. vulgaris) ; a southern species is S. picuda;
the Califomian is S. argentea.
2. (Zo'dl.) A large edible fresh-water fish of Australia
and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun).
Bar'rage (bar'raj), re. [F., fr. barrer to bar, from
barre bar.] (Engin.) An artificial bar or obstruction
placed in a river or water course to increase the depth of
water ; as, the barrages of the Nile.
II Bar-ran'ca (bar-ran'ka), re. [Sp.] A ravine caused
by heavy rains or a watercourse. [Texas & N. Mex.]
II Bar'ras (bSr'rSs), re. [F.] A resin, caUed also jratooZ.
Bar'ra-tor (bar'ra-ter), re. [OE. baratour, OF. bara-
tear deceiver, fr. OF. barater, bareter, to deceive, cheat,
barter. See Barter, i). i.] One guilty of barratry.
Bar'ra-trous (-triis), a. (Law) Tainted with, or con-
stituting, barratry. — Bar'ra-trOUS-ly, adv. Kent.
Bar'ra-try (-try), n. [Cf. F. baraterie, LL. barataria.
See Baeeatob, and cf. Bartery.] 1. (Law) The prac-
tice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits and quarrels.
[Also spelt barretry.] Coke. Blackstone.
2. (Mar. Law) A fraudulent breach of duty or willful
act of knovm illegality on the part of a master of a ship,
in his character of master, or of the mariners, to the in-
jury of the ovmer of the ship or cargo, and without his
consent. It includes every breach of trust committed
with dishonest purpose, as by running away with the
ship, sinking or deserting her, etc., or by embezzling the
cargo. Kent. Park.
3. (Scots Law) The crime of a judge who is influenced
by bribery in pronouncing judgment. Wharton.
Barred' owl' (bard' oul'). (Zo'ol.) A large American
owl (Syrnium nebulosum) ; — so
called from the transverse bars <
dark brown color on the breast.
Bar'rel (bar'rel), re. [OE.
barel, F. barU, prob. fr. barre
bar. Cf. Baeeicade.] 1. A
round vessel or cask, of great-
er length than breadth, and
bulging in the middle, made
of staves bound with hoops,
and having flat ends or heads.
2. The quantity which con-
stitutes a full barrel. This
varies for different articles
and also in different places
for the same article, being
regulated by custom or by
law. A barrel of wine is 31J
gallons ; a barrel of flour is
196 pounds.
3. A solid drum, or a hol-
low cylinder or case ; as, the~
barrel of a windlass ; the bar-
rel of a watch, within wliich
the spring is coiled.
Barred Owl.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, gll; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, HI; old, obey, orb, 6dd;
BARREL
121
BASE
4. A metaHic tube, as of a gun, from which a projec-
tile is discharged. Knight.
5. A jjur. [Ote.] 1 Kings xvii. 12.
6. {Zool.) The hollow basal part of a feather.
Barrel bulk (Com.), a measure equal to five cubic feet,
used in estiinatiiiK capacity, as of a vessel for freight. —
Barrel drain (.Ircfl.), a dram in tlie form of a cylindrical
tube. —Barrel of a boiler, tlie cylindrical part of a boiler,
containing the flues. — Barrel of the ear (Aiiat.), the tym-
paniun, or tympanic cavity. — Barrel organ, an instru-
ment for producing music by the action of a revolving
cylinder. — Barrel vault. See under Vault.
Bar'rel (bSr'rSl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barreled (-rSkl),
or Barrelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barreling, or Barrel-
lino.] To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels.
Bar'reled, Bar'reUed (-rSld), a. Having a barrel ; —
used in composition ; as, a iowhXe-barreled guu.
Bar'ren (bSr'rfn), a. [OE. barein, OF. brehaing,
fem. brehaigne, baraigne, F. brUuiigne ; of uncertain
origin ; cf. Arm. brekhan, markhan, sterile ; LL. brana
a sterile mare, principally in Aquitanian and Spanisli doc-
uments; Bisc. bnrau, baru, fasting.] 1. Incapable of
producing offspring ; producing no young ; sterile ; —
said of women and female animals.
She was barren cf children. £p. Hall.
2. Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation ;
sterUe. " .Barren mountain tracts. " Macaulay.
3. Unproductive ; fruitless ; unprofitable ; empty.
Brilliant but barren reveries. Prescott.
Some schemes will appear barren of hints and matter. Sicift.
4. Mentally dull ; stupid. Shak.
Barren flower, a flower which has only stamens without
a pistil, or wliich has neither stamens nor pistils. — Barren
GrotmdB (Geoff.), a vast tract in Britisli America northward
of the forest regions. — Barren Ground bear(^oo/.), a pe-
culiar bear, inhabiting the Barren Grounds, now believed
to be a variety of the brown bear of Europe. — Barren
Ground caribou (Zoo!.), a small reindeer (Ranni/er Graii-
landicas) peculiar to the Barren Grounds and Greenland.
Bar'ren, n. 1. A tract of barren land.
2. pi. Elevated lands or plains on which grow small
trees, but not timber; as, pine barre7is; oali barrens.
They are not necessarily sterile, and are often fertile.
\_Amer.'\ J. Pickering.
Bar'ren-ly, adv. Unfruitfully ; unproductively.
Bar'ren-ness, n. The condition of being barren ; ster-
ility ; unproductiveness.
A total barrenness of invention. Dryden.
Bar'ren- wort' (-%vfirt'), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous
plant of the Barberry family {Epimediuni alpiniim),
having leaves that are bitter and said to be sudorific.
Bar'ret (bSr'rSt), re. [F. barrette, LL. barreium a
cap. See Berretta, and cf. Biketta.] A kind of cap for-
merly worn by soldiers ; — called also barret cap. Also,
the flat cap worn by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics.
Bar'rl-cade' (bSr'ri-kad'), n. [F. barricade, fr. Sp.
barricada, orig. a barring up with casks, fr. barrica cask,
perh. fr. LL. barra bar. See Bar, n., and cf. Barrel, re.]
1. {3Iil.) A fortification, made in haste, of trees, earth,
palisades, wagons, or anjrthing that will obstruct the
progress or attack of an enemy. It is usually an obstruc-
tion formed in streets to block an enemy's access.
2. Any bar, obstruction, or means of defense.
Such a banncade as would greatly annoy, or absolutely stop,
the currents of the atmosphere. Derham.
Bar'ri-cade', v. t. limp. & p. p. Barricaded ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Barricading.] [Cf. F. barricader. See Barri-
cade, re.] To fortify or close with a barricade or with
barricades ; to stop up, as a passage ; to obstruct ; as,
the workmen barricaded the streets of Paris.
The further und whereof [a bridge] was barricaded with bar-
rels. Hakluyt.
Bar'ri-Cad''er (-er), n. One who constructs barricades.
Bar'rl-ca'dO (-ka'do), re. & v. t. See Barricade. Shak.
Bar'ri-er (b5r'ri-er), re. [OE. barrere, barere, F. 6or-
riire, fr. barre bar. See Bar, re.] 1. (Fort.) A car-
pentry obstruction, stockade, or other obstacle made in
a passage in order to stop an enemy.
2. A fortress or fortified town, on the frontier of a
country, commanding an avenue of approach.
3. pi. A fence or railing to mark the limits of a place,
or to keep back a crowd.
No sooner were the barriers opened, than he paced into the
lists. Sir )J'. Scott.
4. Any obstruction ; anything which hinders approach
or attack. " Constitutional ftarriej's. " Hopkinson.
B. Any limit or boundary ; a line ef separation.
'Twixt that [instinct] and reason, what a nice barrier ! Pope.
Barrier gate, a heavy gate to close the opening through
a barrier. — Barrier reef, a form of coral reef which runs in
the general direction of the shore, and incloses a lagoon
channel more or less extensive. — To fight at barriers, to
fight with a barrier between, as a martial exercise. [Obs.]
II Bar'ri-gU'do (bar'rl-gob'do), re. [Native name, fr.
Sp. barrigudo big-bellied.] (Zool.) A large, dark-colored,
South American monkey, of the genus Lagothrix, having
a long prehensile tail.
Bar'rlng-out' (-out'), re. The act of closing the doors
of a schoolroom against a schoolmaster ; — a boyish mode
of rebellion in schools. Swift.
Bar'ris-ter (bSr'rls-ter), n. [From Bar, re.] Coun-
selor at law ; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar, and
undertake the public trial of causes, as distinguished
from an attorney or solicitor. See Attorney. [Eng."]
Bar'room' (bar'room'), n. A room containing a bar
or counter at which liquors are sold.
Bar'row (bSr'ro), re. [OE. barow, fr. AS. beran to
bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Bier.] 1. A support
having handles, and vrith or without a wheel, on which
heavy or bulky things can be transported by hand. See
Handbarrow, and Wheelbarrow. Shak.
2. (Salt Works) A wicker case, in which salt is put to
drain.
Bar'row (bSr'ro), re. [OE. barow, bargh, AS. bearg,
bearh ; akin to Icel. b'drgr, OHG. barh, barug, Q. barch.
V95.] A hog, esp. a male hog castrated. Holland.
Bar'row, re. [OE. bergh, AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepul-
chral mound ; akin to G. berg mountain, Goth, bairgahei
hill, hUly country, and perh. to Skr. bfhant high, Olr.
brigh mountain. Cf. Berg, Berry a moimd, and Borough
an incorporated town.] 1. A large mound of earth or
stones over the remauis of the dead ; a tumulus.
2. (Miniiig) A heap of rubbish, attle, etc.
Bar'row-ist, re. (^Eccl. J-Hst.) A follower of Henry
Barrowe, one of the founders of Independency or Con-
gregationalism in England. Barrowe was executed for
nonconformity in 1593.
Bar'ru-let (bar'ru-15t), n. [Dim. of bar, n.] (,Uer.)
A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth its width.
Bar'ru-ly (b5r'ru-ly), a. {Her.) Traversed by barru-
lets or small bars ; — said of the field.
Bar'ry (bar'ry), a. {Her.) Divided into bars; — said
of the field.
Barse (bars), n. [AS. bears, bsers, akin to D. baars,
G. bars, barsch. Cf. 1st Bass, n.] The common perch.
See 1st Bass. \_Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
Bar'tend'er (bSr'tSnd'er), n. A barkeeper.
Bar'ter (bar'ter), v. i. limp. &p, p. Bartered (-terd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bartering.] [OE. bartren, OF. barater,
bareter, to cheat, exchange, perh. fr. Gr. npaTTeiv to do,
deal (well or ill), use practices or tricks, or perh. fr.
Celtic ; cf. Ir. brat/i treachery, W. brad. Cf. Barrator.]
To traffic or trade, by exchanging one coumiodity for an-
other, in distinction from a sale and purchase, in which
money is paid for the couunodities transferred ; to truck.
Bar'ter, v. t. To trade or exchange in the way of bar-
ter ; to exchange (frequently for an unworthy consider-
ation) ; to traffic ; to truck ; — sometimes followed by
away ; as, to barter away goods or honor.
Bar'ter, re. l. The act or practice of trafficking by
exchange of commodities ; an exchange of goods.
The spirit of huckstering and barter. Burke.
2. The thing given in exchange.
Syn. — Exchange; dealing; traffic; trade; truck.
Bar'ter-er (-er), re. One who barters.
Bar'ter-y (-y), re. Barter. [06i.] Camden.
Barth (barth), re. [Etymol. unknown.] A place of
shelter for cattle. IProv. Eng.l Halliwell.
Bar-thol'0-mew tide' (biir-thol'S-mu tid'). Time of
the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24th. Shak.
Bar'ti-zan' (bar'tl-zan'), n. [Cf. Brettice.] {Arch.)
A smaD, overhanging structure for lookout or defense,
usually projecting at an angle of a building or near an
entrance gateway.
Bartlett (bart'lgt), re. {Bot.) A Bartlett pear, a fa-
vorite kind of pear, which originated in England about
1770, and was called Williams' Bonchretien. It was
broughf to America, and distributed by Mr. Enoch Bart-
lett, of Dorchester, Massachusetts.
Bar'ton (biir'tiin), re. [AS. beretUn courtyard, grange ;
6ere barley + iUn an inclosure.] 1. The demesne lands
of a manor ; also, the manor itself . lEng."] Burton.
2. A farmyard. lEng."] Southey.
Bar'tram (-trom), 71. (Bot.) See Bertram. Johnson.
Bar'way' (-wa')) re. A passage into a field or yard,
closed by bars made to take out of the posts.
Bar'wise' (-wlz'), adv. {Her.) Horizontally.
Bar'WOOd' (-wd5d'), n. A red wood of a leguminous
tree {Baphia nitida), from Angola and the Gaboon in
Africa. It is used as a dyewood, and also for ramrods,
violin bows, and turner's work.
Bar'y-cen'trio (bar'I-sen'trtk), a. [Gr. |3apus heavy
+ KevTpov center.] Of or pertaining to the center of
gravity. See Bai~ycentric calculus, under Calculus.
Ba-ryph'0-ny (ba-rif'o-ny), re. [Gr. ^apus heavy -f
(l)^^^ a sound, voice.] {Med.) Difficulty of speech.
Ba-ry'ta (ba-ri'ta), re. [Gr. ^apus heavy. Cf. Baria.]
(Chem.) An oxide of barium (or barytum) ; a heavy earth
with a specific gravity above 4.
Ba-ry'tes (-tez), re. [Gr. /Sopu's heavy : cf . Gr. ^apuTr;?
heaviness, F. baryte.'] {Min.) Barium sulphate, gener-
ally called heavy spar or barite. See Barite.
Ba-ryt'io (ba-rit'ik), a. Of or pertaining to baryta.
Ba-ry'tO-cal'cite (ba^ri'to-kal'sit), re. IBaryta + cal-
cite.~\ {Min.) A mineral of a white or gray color, occur-
ring massive or crystallized. It is a compound of the
carbonates of barium and calcium.
Bar'y-tone, Bar'i-tone (bar'i-ton), a. [Gr. iSapuVovos ;
jSapiJs heavy -f- toi-o; tone.] 1. {Mus.) Grave and deep,
as a kind of male voice.
2. {Gi-eek Gram.) Not marked with an accent on the
last syllable^the grave accent being understood.
Bar'y-tov, Bar'i-tone, re- [F. baryton : cf. It. bari-
iono.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A male voice, the compass of
which partakes of the common bass and the tenor, but
which does not descend as low as the one, nor rise as
high as the other, (b) A person having a voice of such
range, (c) The viola di gamba, now entirely disused.
2. {Greek Gh-am.) A word which has no accent marked
on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.
Ba-ry'tum (ba^ri'tiim), re. [NL.] (Chem.) The metal
barium. See Barium. [iJ.]
Ba'sal (ba'snl), a. Relating to, or forming, the base.
Basal cleavage. See under Cleavage. — Basal plane
( Crystallog.), one parallel to the lateral or horizontal axis.
Ba'sal-nerved' (-nervd'), fl. (Bot.) Having the nerves
radiating from the base ; — said of leaves.
Ba-salt' (ba-salf), re. [L. basaltes (an African word),
a dark and hard species of marble found in Ethiopia :
cf. F. basalte.] 1. (Geol.) A rock of igneous origin, con-
sisting of augite and triclinic feldspar, witl> grains of mag-
netic or titanic iron, and also bottle-green particles of
olivine frequently disseminated.
(B^^ It is usually of a greenish black color, or of some
dmlbrown shade, or black. It constitutes immense beds
in some regions, and also occurs in veins or dikes cutting
IBasalt -f- -form.l
through other rocks. It has often a prismatic structure,
as at the Giant's Causeway, in Ireland, where the col-
umns are as regular as if the work of art. It is a very
tough and heavy rock, and is one of the best materials
for macadamizing roads.
2. An imitation, in pottery, of natural basalt ; a kind
of black porcelain.
Ba-salt'ic (ba-salf Ik), a. [Cf. F. basalligue.'] Per-
taining to basalt ; formed of, or containing, basalt ; as,
basaltic lava.
Ba-salt'i-form (barsalfi-fSrm), a.
In the form of basalt ; columnar.
Ba-salt'oid (ba-salf oid), a. [Basalt + -oid.'] Formed
like basalt ; basaltiform.
Bas'an (bSz'an), re. Same as Basil, a sheepskin.
Bas'a-nite (bSz'a-nit), re. [L. basanites lapis, Gr. pa-
orai/os the touchstone : cf. F. basanite.l (3Iin.) Lydian
stone, or black jasper, a variety of siliceous or ffinty slate,
of a grayish or bluish black color. It is employed to test
the purity of gold, the amount of alloy being indicated by
the color left on the stone when rubbed by tlie metal.
II Bas' bleu' (bii' ble'), re. [F., fr. bas stocking -f bleu
blue.] A bluestocking ; a literary woman. [Somewhat
derisive']
Bas'cl-net (bSs'sT-nSt), re. [OE. bacinet, basnet, OF.
bassinet, bacinet, P. bassinet, dim. of OF. bacin, F. bassin,
a helmet in the form of a basin,] A light helmet, at first
operi, but later made with a visor. [Written also basi-
net, bassinet, basnet.]
Bas'CUle (bSs'kijl), re. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics,
an apparatus on the principle of the seesaw, in which
one end rises as the other falls.
Bascule bridge, a
counterpoise or bal-
anced drawbridge,
which is opened by
sinking the counter-
poise and thus lifting
the footway into the
air.
Base (bas), a. [OE.
bass, F. bas, low, fr.
LL. bassus thick, fat,
short, humble ; cf. L.
Bassus, a proper
name, and W. bas
shallow, Cf. Bass a
part in music] 1. Of
little, or less than the
usual, height ; of low
growth ; as, 6a.se
shrubs. lArchaic]
Shak.
2. Low in place or
position. lObs.] Shak.
3. Of humble birth;
of low degree ; lowly ;
mean. [Archaic]
"A peasant and base
swain." Bacon.
4. Illegitimate by birth ; bastard,
Oue form of Bascule Bridge.
A Bridge, turning on pivot at a; B
Lever, turning on pivot at 6 ,- C
Chain which raises bridge; D Chain
which attendants pull to raise lever
and bridge; E counterpoise. When
the chain D is pulled, the bridge is
raised to a vertical position and
stops the entrance.
[Archaic]
Why bastard ? wherefore base ? Shak.
5. Of little comparative value, as metal inferior to gold
and silver, the precious metals.
6. Alloyed with inferior metal ; debased ; as, base
coin ; base bullion.
7. Morally low. Hence : Low-minded ; tinworthy ;
without dignity of sentiment ; ignoble ; mean ; illiberal ;
menial ; as, a base feUow ; base motives ; base occupa-
tions. "A cruel act of a, base and a cowardish mind,"
Eobynson {More's Utopia). " .Base ingratitude. " Milton.
8. Not classical or correct. ".Baw Latin." Fuller.
9. Deep or grave in sound ; as, the base tone of a violin.
[In this sense, commonly written bass.]
10. (Law) Not held by honorable service ; as, a base
estate, one held by services not honorable ; held by vil-
lenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the
tenant, a base tenant.
Base fee, formerly, an estate held at the vrill of the lord ;
now, a qualified fee. See note under Fee, «., 4. — Base
metal. See under Metal.
Syn. — Dishonorable ; worthless; ignoble; low-mind-
ed ; infamous ; sordid ; degraded. — Base, Vile, Mean.
These words, as e.xpressing moral qualities, are here ar-
ranged in the order of tlieir strength, the strongest being
placed first. Base marks a high degree of moral turpi-
tude ; vile and mean denote, in different degrees, the
want of what is valuable or worthy of esteem. What is
baie excites our abhorrence ; what is vile provokes our
disgust or indignation ; what is mean awakens contempt.
Base is opposed to high-minded ; vile, to noble ; mean, to
liberal or generous. Ingratitude is base ; sycophancy is
vile ; undue compliances are mean.
Base, re. [F. base, L. basis, fr. Gr. fidcns a stepping,
step, a base, pedestal, fr. /SaiVeii/ to go, step, akin to E.
come. Cf. Basis, and see Come,] 1, The bottom of auj'-
thing, considered as its support, or that on wliich some-
thing rests for support ; the foundation ; as, the base of
a statue, "The 6««e of mighty mountains," Prescott.
2. Fig. : The fundamental or essential part of a thing ;
the essential principle ; a groundwork.
3. (Arch.) (a) The lower
part of a wall, pier, or col-
umn, when treated as a sep- yy
arate feature, usually in y/o
projection, or especially or- )e
namented. (b) The lower part Ya
of a complete architectural r"
design, as of a monument ;
also, the lower part of any
elaborate piece of furniture or
decoration.
4. (Bot.) That extremity of
a le-if, fruit, etc., at which it
is attached to its support.
^
H
K
N I
Base, called *' Attic base."
if Plinth ! a Lower torus ;
b Upper torus ; c Scotia ;
.f.ff Fillets; M Shaft,
fluted, with fillets between
flutings.
use, unite, nide, full, tip, Urn ; pity ; food, f<^t ; out, oil ; chtiir ; go ; Bing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
BASE
122
BASIS
5. (C/iem.) Tlie positive, or non-acid component of a
salt ; a substance whicli, combined with an acid, neutral-
izes the latter and forms a salt ; — applied also to the
hydroxides of the positive elements or radicals, and to
certain organic bodies resembling them in their property
of forming salts with acids.
6. (Pharmacy) The chief ingredient in a compound.
7. (Dyeing) A substance used as a mordant. Ure.
8. (Fort.) The exterior side of the polygon, or that
imaginary line which connects the salient angles of two
adjacent bastions.
9. (Geom.) The line or surface constituting that part
of a figure on which it is supposed to stand.
10. (Math. ) The number from wliich a mathematical
table is constructed ; as, the base of a system of loga-
rithms.
11. [See Base low.] A low, or deep, soimd. (Mus.)
(a) The lowest part ; the deepest male voice, (b) One
who sings, or the instrument which plays, base. [Now
commonly written Jn.s.s.]
The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar. Drijden.
12. (3ni. ) A place or tract of country, protected by
fortifications, or by natural advantages, from wliich the
operations of an army proceed, forward movements are
made, supplies are furnislied, etc.
13. (Mil.) Tlie smallest kind of cannon. \_Obs.']
14. (Zool.) That part of an organ by which it is at-
tached to another more central organ.
15 . ( Crystallog. ) The basal plane of a crystal.
16. (Geol.) The ground mass of a rock, especially if
not distinctly crystalline.
17. (//ei. ) The lower part of the field. See Escutcheon.
18. The housing of a horse. [06s.]
19. pi. A kind of skirt (often of velvet or brocade, but
sometimes of mailed armor) which hung from the middle
to about the knees, or lower. [06s.]
20. The lower part of a robe or petticoat. [06«.]
21. An apron. [06i.] " Bakers in their linen bases."
Marston.
22. The point or line from which a start is made ; a
starting place or a goal in various games.
To their appointed hase they went. Dryden.
23. (Surv.) A line in a survey which, being accurately
determined in length and position, serves as the origin
from which to compute the distances and positions of
any points or objects connected with it by a system of
triangles. Lyman.
24. A rustic play ; — called alsopj'woner'i base, prison
base, or bars. " To run the country 6ase. " Shale.
25. (Baseball) Any one of the four bounds which mark
the circuit of the infield.
Altern base. See under Altern. — Attic base. (Arch.)
See under Attic. — Base course. {Arch.) (a) The first or
lower course of a foundation wall, made of large stones or
amass of concrete; — called also /o««t^u^'on course, (b)
The architectural member forming the transition between
the basement and the wall above. — Base hit (Baseball), a
hit, by wliich the batsman, witliout .any error on the part
of liis opponents, is able to reach the iirst base without be-
ing put out. — Base line, (a) A main line taken as a base,
as in surveying or in military operations. (6 ) A line traced
round a cannon at the rear of the vent. — Base plate, the
foundation plate of heavy macliinery, as of the steam
engine; the bed plate. — Base ring (Ordnance), a project-
ing band of metal around the breech, connected with the
body of the gun by a concave molding. B. L. Scott.
Base (has), V. t. limp. & p. p. Based (bast) ; p. pr.
& vb. 11. Basing.] [From Base, n.] "To put on a base or
basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argu-
ment or conclusion ; — used with on or upon. Bacon.
Base, V. t. [See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] 1. To
abase; to let, or cast, down ; to lower. [Ofo.]
If any . . . based his pike. Sir T. North.
2. To reduce the value of ; to debase. \Obs.'\
Metals which we can not hotse. Bacon.
Base'ball' (-bal'), n. 1. A game of ball, so called from
the bases or bounds (four in number) which designate
the circuit which each player must endeavor to make
after striking the ball.
2. The ball used in this game.
Base1>oard' (-bord'), n. (Arch.) A board, or other
woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touch-
ing the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering ;
— also called washboard (in England), mopboard, and
sa'ubboard.
Base'born' (-bSrn'), a. 1. Bom out of wedlock. Gay.
2. Born of low parentage.
3. Vile; mean. "Thy Jose Jo^-n heart." Shak.
BaSB'-bum'er (-biirn'er), n. A furnace or stove in
which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and
is fed to the fire as the lower stratum is consumed.
Base'-court' (-korf), «• [E. basse-cour. See Base,
a., and Court, «.] 1. The secondary, inferior, or rear
courtyard of a large house ; the outer court of a castle.
2. (Law) An inferior court of law, not of record.
Based (bast), p. p. & a. 1. Having a base, or having
as a base ; supported ; as, ^y^osA-based.
2. [See Base, n., 18-21.] Wearing, or protected by,
bases. \Obs.'\ " .Based in lavmy velvet. " E- Sail.
Ba'se-dow's dis-ease' (ba'se-doz dtz-ez')- [Named
for Dr. Basedow, a German physician.] (il/ed.) A dis-
ease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland,
prominence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the
heart ; — called also exophthalmic goUer. Flint.
Bas'e-lard (bas'e-lard), n. [OP. baselarde, LL. bas-
illardus.'] A short sword or dagger, worn in the fif-
teenth century. [Written also baslard.2 Fairholt.
Base'less, a. Without a base ; having no foundation
or support. "The tasefes fabric of this vision." Shak.
Basely, adv. 1. in a base manner ; with despicable
. meanness; dishonorably; shamefully.
2. Illegitimately ; in bastardy. lArchaic] Knolles.
Base'ment (bSs'ment), n. [P. soubassement. Of
i Hnoertain origin. Cf. Base, a.. Bastion.] (Arch.) The
outer wall of the ground story of a building, or of a part
of that story, when treated as a distinct substructure.
(See Base, n., 3 (a).) Hence : The rooms of a ground
floor, collectively.
Basement membrane (Anat.), a delicate membrane com-
posed of a single layer of flat cells, forming the substra-
tum upon which, in many organs, the epithelioid cells are
disposed.
Base'neSS (bas'nSs), n. The quality or condition of
being base ; degradation ; vileness.
I once did hold it a baseness to write fair. Ska/c.
Bas'e-net (bSs'e-net), n. See Bascinet. [06i.]
Base' vi'ol (vi'iil). See Bass viol.
Bash (bash), V. I. & i. [OE. baschen, baissen. See
Abash.] To abash; to disconcert or be disconcerted or
put out of countenance. [06s.]
His countenance was bold and bashed not. Spenser.
Ba-Shaw' (ba-sha'), n. [See Pasha.] 1. A Turkish
title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha.
2. Fig. : A magnate or grandee.
3. (Zo'ol.) A very large sQuroid fish (Leptops olivaris)
of the Mississippi valley ; — also called goujon, mud cat,
and yeilow cat.
Bash'ful (bSsh'ful), a. [See Bash.] 1. Abashed ;
daunted ; dismayed. [06i.]
2. Very modest, or modest to excess ; constitutionally
disposed to shrink from public notice ; indicating ex-
treme or excessive modesty ; shy ; as, a bashful person,
action, expression.
Syn. — Diffident; retiring; reserved ; shamefaced;
sheepish.
Bash'ful-ly, adv. In a bashful manner.
Bash'ful-ness, «. The quaUty of being bashful.
Syn. — Bashfulness, Modesty, DnriDENCE, Shtness.
Modesty arises from a low estimate of ourselves ; bash-
fulness is an abashineiit or agitation of the spirits at com-
mg into contact with others ; diffidence is produced by an
undue degree of self -distrust ; shyness usually arises from
an excessive self-consciousness, and a painful impression
that every one is looking at us. Modesty of deportment
is becommg in all ; bashfulness often gives rise to mis-
takes and blundering ; diffidence in society frequently
makes a man a burden to himself ; shyness usually pro-
duces a reserve or distance which is often mistaken for
haughtiness.
II Bash'l-ba-ZOUk' (bash'I-ba-zook'), n. [Turkish,
light-headed, a fooUsh fellow.] A soldier belonging to
the irregular troops of the Turkish army.
Bash'Iess, a. Shameless ; unblushing. [06s.] Spenser.
Bas'hyle (bSs'hil), n. (Chem.) See Basyle.
Ba'si- (ba'si-). A combining form, especially in ana-
tomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or po-
sition at or near a base ; forming a base ; as, iast'bran-
chials, the most ventral of the cartilages or bones of the
branchial arches ; 6astcranial, situated at the base of the
cranium ; 6ffsifacial, 6ajitemporal, etc.
Ba'slc (ba'sik), a. 1. (Cheni.) (a) Relating to a
base ; performing the office of a base in a salt. (6) Hav-
ing the base in excess, or the amount of the base atom-
icaUy greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in pro-
portion that of the related neutral salt, (e) Apparently
alkaline, as certain normal salts which exhibit alkaline
reactions with test paper.
2. (Min.) Said of crystalline rocks which contain a
relatively low percentage of silica, as basalt.
Basic salt ( Chem. ), a salt formed from a base or hydrox-
ide by the jpartial replacement of its hydrogen bj- a neg-
ative or acid element or radical.
Ba-SlC'er-ite (ba-sis'er-it), n. IBasi- -J- Gr. xepa; horn,
antenna.] (Zool.) The second joint of the antennae of
crustaceans.
Ba-sic'1-ty (ba-sTs'i-ty), n. (Chem.) (a) The quality
or state of being a base. (6) The power of an acid to
unite with one or more atoms or equivalents of a base, as
indicated by the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms
contained in the acid.
Ba-sid'1-O-spore (ba-sTdT-o-spor), n. IBasidium -f
spore.] (Bot.) A spore borne by a basidium. — Ba-Sld'-
i-0-spor'OUS (-6-spor'us), a.
II Ba-Sld'l-um (ba-sid'I-um), n. [NL., dim. of Gr.
j3d(ri9 base.] (Bot.) A special oblong or pyriform cell,
with slender branches, which bears the spores in that
division of fungi called Basidiomycetes, of which the
common mushroom is an example.
Ba'sl-fl'er (ba'si-fi'er), w. {Chem.) That which con-
verts into a salifiable base.
Ba-sU'U-gal (bi-sif'iJ-gal), a. \_Base, n. -|- L. fugere
to flee.] (Bot.) Tending or proceeding away from the
base ; as, a basifugal growth.
Ba'si-fy (ba'si-fi), V. t. [Base -\- -/y.] (Chem.) To
convert into a salifiable base. jr
II Ba'si-gyn'1-um (ba'sT-jinT-iim), n. ' [NL., fr. Gr.
jSacris base + yvvri woman.] (Bot.) The pedicel on which
the ovary of certain flowers, as the passion flower, is
seated ; a carpophore or thecaphore.
Ba'Si-hy'al (ba'sT-hi'al), a. [_Basi- + Gr. Y (the let-
ter "upsilon"); from the shape.] (.<lma<.) Noting two
small bones, forming the body of the inverted hyoid arch.
Ba'si-hy'oid (-old), n. [Basi--{- hyoid.'] (Anat.) The
central tongue bone.
Bas'il (baz'il), n. [Cf. F. basile and E. Bezel.] The
slope or angle to which the cutting edge of a tool, as a
plane, is ground. drier.
Bas'il, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Basiled (-Tld) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Basiling.] To grind or form the edge of to an
angle. Moxon.
Bas'il, n. [F. basilic, fr. L. basilicus royal, Gr. ^a-
o-aiKos, fr. ^ao-i^CTS king.] (Boi.) The name given to
several aromatic herbs of the Mint family, but chiefly to
the common or sweet basil (Ocymum basilicum), and the
bush basil, or lesser basil (0. minimum), the leaves of
which are used in cookery. The name is also given to
several kinds of mountain mint (Pycnanthemum).
Basil thyme, a name given to the fragrant herbs Cala-
mintha Acinos and C. Nepeta. —Wild basil, a plant (Cala-
mintha clinopodium) of the Mint family.
Bas'il (bSz'Il), n. [Corrupt, from E. basan, F. basane,
LL. basanium, bazana, fr. Ar. bithana, prop., lining.]
The skin of a sheep tanned with bark.
Bas'i-lar (bSz'i-ler), I a. [F. basilaire, fr. L. basis.
Bas'1-la-ry (-la-ry), ( See Base, «.] 1. Relating to,
or situated at, the base.
2. Lower ; inferior ; applied to impulses or springs of
action. [iJ.] " i?(M!7ar instincts. " I{. W. Beecher.
Ba-Sll'lC (ba-zTl'ik), n. [F. basilique.'] Basilica.
Ba-Sll'ic(ba-zTl'ik), i o. [See Basilica.] 1. Royal;
Ba-sil'ic-al (-i-kal), | kingly ; also, basilican.
2. (Anat. ) Pertaining to certain parts, anciently sup-
posed to have a specially important function in the aii-
imal economy, as the middle vein of the right arm.
Ba-sll'1-ca (-i-ka), n. ; pi. Basilicas (-kaz) ; sometimes
Basilica (-se). [L. basilica, Gr. /Sao-iAtK?) (sc. oixi'a, or
o-Toci), fr. /Sao-tAiKOs royal, fr. /JacriAeus king.] 1. Origi-
nally, the palace of a king ; but afterward, an apartment,
provided in the houses of persons of importance, where
assemblies were held for dispensing justice ; and hence,
any large hall used for this purpose.
2. (Arch.) (a) A building used by the Romans as a
place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached.
(6) A church building of the earlier centuries of Chris-
tianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica
of the Romans. The name is still applied to some
churches by way of honorary distinction.
Ba-Sil'i-ca, n. A digest of the laws of Justinian,
translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order
of Basil I., in the ninth century. P. Cyc.
Ba-Sil'l-can (T-kan), a. Of, relating to, or resembling,
a basUica ; basilical.
There can be no doubt that the first churches in Constanti-
nople were in the basilican form. Milrnan.
Ba-sll'i-COk (-i-k5k), ra. [OF. Jarfiicoc] The basilisk.
[06s.] Chaucer.
- II Ba-sil'1-con (-kSn), n. [L. basilicon, Gr. paaiAtKov,
neut. of jSacriAtKos : cf. F. basilicon. See Basilica.]
(Med.) An ointment composed of wax, pitch, resin, and
olive oil, lard, or other fatty substance.
Bas'i-lisk (baz'i-lisk), n. [L. basiUscus, Gr. jSacrt-
AiV/co; little king, kind of serpent, dim. of /SaaiXeus king |
— so named from some prominences on the head resem-
bling a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, or dragon. The
ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all
other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look,
was fatal. See Cockatrice.
Make me not sighted like the basilisk. Shak.
2. (Zool.) A lizard of the genus Basiliscus, belonging
to the family Igua-
nidx.
^W^ This genus is
remarkable for a
membranous bag ris-
ing above the occi-
put, which can be
tilled with air at
pleasure ; also for an
elevated crest along
the back, that can be
raised or depressed
at will. Basihsk {Basilisois mitratus).
3. (Mil.) A large
piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance
to the serpent of that name, or from its size. [06s.]
Ba'sin (ba's'n), n. [OP. bacin, F. bassin, LL. bacchi-
nus, fr. bacca a water vessel, fr. L. bacca berry, in allu-
sion to the round shape ; or perh. fr. Celtic. Cf. Bac]
1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for washing,
and for various other uses.
2. The quantity contained in a basin.
3. A hollow vessel, of various forms and materials,
used in the arts or manufactures, as that used by glass
grinders for forming concave glasses, by hatters for
molding a hat into shape, etc.
4. A hollow place containing water, as a pond, a dock
for ships, a little bay. Pope.
5. (Physical Geog.) (a) A circular or oval valley, or
depression of the surface of the ground, the lowest part
of whici is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by
a river. (6) The entire tract of country drained by a
river, or sloping towards a sea or lake.
6. (Geol.) An isolated or circumscribed formation, par-
ticularly where the strata dip inward, on all sides, to-
ward a center ; — especially applied to the coal formations,
called coal basins or coalfields.
Ba'sined (ba's'nd), a. Inclosed in a basin. " Ba-
sined rivers." Youngi.
Bas'1-net (bSsli-nEt), n. Same as Bascinet.
Ba'si-oc-cip'i-tal (ba'sT-ok-sTp'I-tal), a. IBasi- -f-
ocapital.'] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bone in the
base of the cranium, frequently forming a part of the
occipital in the adult, but usually distinct in the young.
— n. The basioccipital bone.
II Ba'si-on (ba'sT-5n), n. [Gr. |8do-ts a base.] (Anat.)
The middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen
of the skull.
Ba-sip'0-dlte (bi-sTp'o-dit), n. IBasi- -\- ttous, ttoSos,
foot.] (Anat.) The basal joint of the legs of Crustacea.
II Ba-sip'te-ryg'i-mn (-te-rlj'I-um), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
pda-i'S a base -)- Trrepvyiov a fin.] (Anat.) A bar of car-
tilage at the base of the embryonic fins of some fishes.
It develops into the metapterygium. — Ba-Blp'ter-yg'i-al
(-ter-Ij'T-al), a.
Ba'sip-ter'y-gold (ba'sip-cgrT-goid), a. & n. IBasi-
-^ pterygoid.] (Anat.) Applied to a protuberance of the
base of the sphenoid bone.
Ba'sls (ba'sis), n. ; pi. Bases (-sez). [L. basis, Gr.
jSdo-is. See Base, n.] 1. The foundation of anything ;
that on which a thing rests. JOryden.
2. The pedestal of a column, pillar, or statue. [06s.]
If no basis bear my rising name. Pope.
ale> senate, care, &m., arm, ask, final, ^U ; eve, event, find, fern, recent ; See, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, ftdd j
BASISOLUTE
123
BASTIONED
a. The groundwork ; the first or fundamental princi-
ple ; that which supports.
The basis of public credit is good faith. A. Hamilton.
4. The principal component part of a thing.
Ba-sis'0-lute (ba-sTs'o-lSt), o. IBasi- + solute, a.]
i^BoL) Prolonged at tlie base, as certain leaves.
Ba'si-sphe'nold (ba'si-sfe'noid), ) a. [Basi- 4- sphe-
Ba'si-sphe-noid'al (-sfe-noid'al), ) noid.'] (Anat.)
Of orpertaining to that part of the base of the cranium
between tlie basioccipital and the presphenoid, whicli
usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young,
and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult.
Ba'sl-sphe'noid, n. (Anai.) The basisphenoid bone.
Bask (baslf), V. i. limp. & p. p. Basked (baskt) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Baskinq.] [OScaud. baSask to bathe one's
self, or perh. bakask to bake one's self, sk being reflexive.
See Bath, n.. Bake, v. <.] To lie in warmth ; to be ex-
posed to genial heat.
Basks in the glare, and stems the tepid wave. Goklsniith.
Bask, V. t. To warm by continued exposure to heat ;
to warm with genial heat.
Basks at the fire his hairy strength. Mllon.
BasliGt (bas'ket), n. [Of unknomi origin. The mod-
ern Celtic words seem to be from the English.] 1. A
vessel made of osiers or other twigs, cane, rushes, splints,
or otlier flexible material, interwoven. " Rude baskets
. . . woven of the flexile willow." Dyer.
2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket con-
tains ; as, a basket of peaches.
3- {Areh.) The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital.
[Improperly so used.] G-ioilt.
4. The two back seats facing one another on the out-
side of a stagecoach. [Eng.'} Goldsmith.
Basket fish (Zoo/.), an ophiuran of the genus Astrophy-
ton, havuig the arras raucli branched. See
AsTROPHYTON. — Basket hilt, a hilt witli a
covering wrought like basketwork to pro-
tei-t the hand. Iludibras. Hence, Baaket-
Jiilted, a. — Basket work, work consisting
of plaited osiers or twigs. — Basket worm
(ZooL), a lepidopterous msect of the genus
Tliyridopteryr and allied genera, esp. T.
ephemer^formis. The larva makes and
carries about a bag or basket-Uke case of
silk and twigs, wliich it afterwards hangs
up to shelter the pupa and wingless admc
females.
Bas'ket, v./. To put into a basket, [i?.]
Bas'ket-ful (-fui)i, »• / pi- Basketfuls
(-fulz). As much as a basket will contain.
Bas'ket-ry (-ry), ?*. The art of making
baskets ; also, baskets, taken collectively.
Bask'ing shark' (bask'Ing shark').
{ZooL) One of the largest species of
sharks {Cetorhinus maximus), so called
from its habit of basking in the sun;
the liver shark, or bone shark. It in- „ - Basket
habits the northern seas of Europe and Worm (Thyri-
America, and grows to a length of more dopteryx). (,%)
than forty feet. It is a harmless species.
Bas'net (bas'net), re. Same as Bascinet.
II Ba-som'ma-toph'o-ra (ba-s5m'ma-tof'o-ra), n. pi.
[NL., fr. Gr. ^acris base -)- 6fj.ij.a
eye -f- "/"fp"" to bear.] {Zo'ol.) A
group of Pulmonifera having the
eyes at the base of the tentacles,
including the common pond snails.
Ba'son ( ba's'n ), n. A basin.
lObs. or Special for-ni]
Basque (bask), a. [F.]
Pertaining to Biscay, its peo- Basommatophora (Zimnsea
pie, or their language. desidwsa). Nat. size.
Basque (bask), n. [F.] 1. One of a race, of unknown
origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay in Spain
and France.
2. The language spoken by the Basque people.
3. A part of a lady's dress, resembling a jacket with a
short skirt ; — probably so caUed because this fashion of
dress came from the Basques.
Basqu'ish (bask'ish), a. [F. Basque Biscayan : cf.
G. Baskisch.^ Pertaining to the country, people, or lan-
guage of Biscay ; Basque [06«.] Sir T. Browne.
Bas'-re-liei' (ba're-lef), n. [F. bas-relief; has low -f-
reh'e/ raised work, relever to raise: cf. It. bassorilievo.l
Low relief ; sculpture, the figures of which project less
than half of their true proportions ; — called also bass-
relief and basso-rilievo. See Alto-eilievo.
Bass (.bas), re. ; pi. Bass, and sometimes
(-Sz). [A cor-
ruption of
barse.'] {Zo-
ol.) 1. An
edible, spi-
ny - finned
fish, esp. of
the genera
Roccus, La-
brax, and re-
lated genera. Striped Bass {Roccm lineaius).
There are many species.
ffi^T" The common European bass is Labrax lupus.
American species are : the striped bass {Roccus lineatus) :
white or silver bass of the lakes {R. chrysops) ; brass or
yeUow bass (ij. interruptus). x i' ly
2. The two American fresh-water species of black bass
(genus Mxcropterus). See Black bass.
3. Species of Serranus, the sea bass and rock bass,
bee Ska bass.
4. The southern, red, or channel bass (5ci»rea oceHoZa).
See Redfish.
11^= The name is also applied to many other fishes.
Bee Cahco bass, under Calico.
Easa, «. [A corruption of 6(u<.] 1. (5o<. ) The linden
or lime tree, sometimes wrongly called whitewood ; also,
its bark, which is used for making mats. See Bast.
2. (Pron. bSs) A hassock or tliick mat.
Bass (bas), re. [F. basse, fr. bas low. See Base, a.]
1. A bass, or deep, sound or tone.
2. i^Mus.) (a) The lowest part in a musical composi-
tion. (A) One who sings, or the instrument which plays,
bass. [Written also base.']
Thorough bass. See Thorodgh bass.
Bass, a. Deep or grave in tone.
Bass clef (Mus.)^ the character placed at the beginning
of the stalf containing the bass part of a musical compo-
sition. [See Illusl. imder Clef.] — Bass voice, a deep-
sounding voice ; a voice fitted for siuging bass.
Bass, V. t. To sound in a deep tone. [iJ.] Shah.
Bas'sa (bSs'sa), Bas-saw' (bSs-sa'), re. See Bashaw.
Bass' drum' (has' driim'). (Mus.) The largest of the
different kinds of drums, having two heads, and emit-
ting a deep, gi-ave sound. See Bass, a.
Bas'set (bSs'sSt or bSs-sSt'), re. [F. bassette, fr. It.
bassetta. Cf . Basso.] A game at cards, resembling the
modern faro, said to have been invented at "Venice.
Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget
Your piquet parties, and your dear basset. lioiae.
Bas'set (bSs'sSt), a. [Cf. OF. basset somewhat low,
dim. of bas low.] (Geol.) Inclined upward ; as, the bas-
set edge of strata. Lyell.
Bas'set, re. (Geol.) The edge of a geological stratum
at the surface of the gi'oiuid ; the outcrop.
Bas'set, v. i limp. &p.p. Basseted ; p.pr. & vb. re.
Bassetinq.] (Geol.) To incline upward so as to appear
at the surface ; to crop out ; as, a vein of coal bassets.
Bas'set horn' (hSm'). [See Basset, a.] {3Ius.)
An instrument blown with a reed, and resembling a
clarinet, but of much greater compass, embracing nearly
four octaves.
Bas'set hound' (hound'). [F. basset.'} {Zool.) A
small khid of hound with a long body and short legs,
used as an earth dog.
Bas'set-ing, re. The upward direction of a vein in a
mine ; the emergence of a stratum at the surface.
II Bas-set'tO (bas-sSt't6), n. [It., adj., somewhat low ;
n., counter tenor. See Basso.] (iW«i. ) A tenor or small
bass viol.
Bass' horn' (bas' hSm'). (Mus.) A modification of
the bassoon, much deeper in tone.
Bas'si-net (bas'sT-ugt), re. [Cf. P. bassinet, dim. of
bassin. See Basin, and cf. Bascinet.] 1. A wicker
basket, with a covering or hood over one end, in which
young children are placed as in a cradle.
2. See Bascinet. Lord hytton.
II Bas'so (bas'so), re. [It., fr. LL. bassus. See Base,
a.] {3Ius.) {a) The bass or lowest part; as, to sing
basso. (S) One who sings the lowest part, (c) The dou-
ble bass, or co7itrabasso.
_ II Basso continno (bas'so k5n-te'n56-6). [It., bass con-
tinued.] (Mus.) A bass part written out continuously,
while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by
figures attached to the bass ; continued bass.
Bas'sook (bas'siik), n. A hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.
Bas-soon' (bSs-soon'), re. [P. basson, fr. basse bass ;
or perh. fr. bas son low sound. See Bass a part
in music] (3Ius.) A vrind instrument of the
double reed kind, furnished with holes, which are
stopped by the fingers, and by keys, as in flutes.
It forms the natural bass to the oboe, clarinet, etc.
11^°' Its compass comprehends three
octaves. Por convenience of carriage it
is divided into two parts; whence it is
also called a, fagot.
Bas-soon'lst, re. A performer on the
bassoon. Busby.
II BaS'SO-rl-Ue'VO (bas'so-re-lya'vS),
Bas'so-re-lie'vo (bSs'so-rS-le'vo), re.
[It. basso-rilievo.] Same as Bas-reliep.
Bas'SO-rin (bas'sS-riaf, re. [Cf . P. bassorine.]
(Chem.) A constituent part of a species of gum
from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth and
some gum resins. It is one of the amyloses. Ure.
Bass'-re-lief (bSs're-lef), re. Same as Bas-
relief.
Bass' vi'Ol (bas' vi'ul). (Mus.) A stringed
instrument of the viol family, used for playing
bass. See 3d Bass, n., and Violoncello.
Bass'WOOd' (bas'wSod'), re. (Bot.) The bass
(TUia) or its wood; especially, T. Americana.
See Bass, the lime tree.
All the bowls were made of basswood,
White and polished very smoothly.
Longfellow.
Bast (bast), re. [AS. basst; akin to Icel.,
Sw., Dan., D., & G. bast, of unknown origin.
the tree.] 1. The inner fibrous bark of various plants ,
esp. of the lime tree ; hence, matting, cordage, etc., made
therefrom.
2. A thick mat or hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.
II Bas'ta (bas'ta), iniler/. [It.] 'Enough; stop. Shak.
Bas'tard (bas'terd), re. [OP. bastard, bastart, F. b&-
tard, prob. fr. OP. bast, P. bat, a packsaddle used as a
bed by the muleteers (fr. LL. bastum) + -ard. OF. fils
de bast sou of the packsaddle ; as the muleteers were
accustomed to use their saddles for beds in the inns.
See Cervantes, " Don Quixote," chap. 16 ; and cf . G. ban-
kert, tr. bank bench.] 1. A "natural" child; a ciiild
begotten and born out of wedlock ; an illegitimate child ;
one born of an illicit union.
81^°° By the civil and canon laws, and by the laws of
many of the United States, a bastard becomes a legiti-
mate child by the intermarriage of the parents at any sub-
sequent time. But by those of England, and of some states
of the United States, a child, to be legitimate, must at least
be born after the lawful marriage. Kent. Blackstone.
2. (Sugar Refining) (a) An inferior quality of soft
Bassoon.
Cf. Bass
a»e, finite, r^ds, full, fip, om ; pity; food, fo-ot; out, oil;
brown sugar, obtained from the sirups that have already
had several boilings, (b) A large size of mold, in which
sugar is drained.
3. A sweet Spanish wine like muscadel in flavor.
Brown bastard is your only drink. Shak.
4. A writing paper of a particular size. See Paper.
Bas'tard (bas'terd), a. 1. Begotten and born out of
lawful matrimony ; illegitimate. See Bastard, n. , note.
2. Lacking in genuineness ; spurious ; false ; adulter-
ate ; — applied to things which resemble those which are
genuine, but are really not so.
That bastard self-love whicli is so vicious in itself, and pro-
ductive of so many vices. Ban-ow.
3. Of an unusual make or proportion ; as, a bastard
musket ; a bastard culverin. [06s.]
4. (Print.) Abbreviated, as the half title in a page
preceding the fidl title page of a book.
Bastard ashlar (Arch.), stones for ashlar work, roughly
squared at the quarry. — Bastard file, a file intermediate
between the coarsest and tlie second cut. — Bastard type
(.Print.), type having the face of a larger or a smaller size
than the body ; e. (/., a nonpareil face on a brevier body.
— Bastard wing (Zo'dt.), three to five quill feathers on a
small joint corresponding to the thumb in some mam-
malia ; the alula.
Bas'tard, v. t. To bastardize. lObs.] Bacon.
Bas'tard-ism (-iz m), re. The state of being a bas-
tard ; bastardy.
Bas'tard-ize (-Iz), v. t. limp. & p. p. Bastardized
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bastardizing.] 1. To make or
prove to be a bastard ; to stigmatize as a bastard ; to de-
clare or decide legally to be illegitimate.
The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born,
though Hot begotten, m lawful wedlock. Blackstone.
2. To beget out of wedlock. [22.] Shak.
Bas'tard-ly, a. Bastardlike ; baseborn ; spurious ;
corrupt. lObs.'} — adv. In the manner of a bastard;
spuriously. [06«.] Shak. Donne,
Bas'tar-dy (-ter-dy), re. 1. The state of being a bas-
tard ; illegitimacy.
2. The procreation of a bastard child. Wharton.
Baste (bast), V. t. limp. & p. p. Basted ; p. jyr. &
vb. re. Basting.] [Cf. Icel. beysta to strike, powder;
Sw. basa to beat with a rod : perh. akin to E. beat."]
1. To beat with a stick ; to cudgel.
One man was basted by the keeper for carrying some people
over on his back through the waters. Pejjys.
2. ( Cookery) To sprinkle flour and salt and drip butter
or fat on, as on meat in roasting.
3. To mark with tar, as sheep. [Piw. Eng.]
Baste, V. t. [OE. hasten, OP. bastir, P. baiir, prob.
fr. OHG. bestan to sew, MHG. besten to bind, fr. OHG.
basi bast. See Bast.] To sew loosely, or with long
stitches; — usually, that the work may be held in posi-
tion until sewed more firmly. Shak.
Bas-tile' 1 (bas-tel' or bfc'tel ; 277), n. [P. bastille
Bas-tille' ) fortress, OF. bastir to build, F. batir.']
1. (Feud. Fort.) A tower or an elevated work, used
for the defense, or in the siege, of a fortified place.
The high bastiles . . . which overtopped the walls. Holland.
2. "The Bastille," formerly a castle or fortress in
Paris, used as a prison, especially for political offenders ;
hence, a rhetorical name for
a prison.
Bas'ti-nade' (bas'ti-nad'),
n. See Bastinado, re.
Bas'ti-nade', v.t. To bas-
tinado. lArchaic']
Bas'tl-na'do (-na'do), re. ;
pi. Bastinadoes (-doz). [Sp.
bastonada (cf . P. bastonnade),
fr. baston (cf. P. baton) a
stick or staff. See Baston.]
1. A blow with a stick or
cudgel.
2. A sound beating with a
stick or cudgel. Specifically :
A form of punishment among
the Turks, Chinese, and oth-
ers, consisting in beating an <
offender on the soles of his
feet.
Bas'tl-na'do, v. t. limp.
Si p. p. Bastinadoed (-dod) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Bastinado-
ing.] To beat with a stick or cudgel, especially on the
soles of the feet.
Bas'tion (bas'chun ; 106), re. [P. bastion (cf. It. bas-
tione), fr. LL. bas-
<iVetobuild(cf.P. o°°o_
batir. It. hastire),
perh. from the
idea of .support
for a weight, and
akin to Gr. jSaora-
^611/ to lift, carry,
and to E. baston,
baton.] (Fort.) A
work projecting
outward from the
main inclosure
of a fortification,
consisting of two
faces and two
flanks, and so Bastion, o Curtain angle ; b Shoulder
oonstrnpted tlinf S-V^Ie ! c Salient angle ; aa Gorge i oft
if if oKi * T' ^^"^^ • "■'^ P"' o£ Curtain ; 6c Face,
it is able to de-
fend by a flanking fire the adjacent curtain, or wall
which extends from one bastion to another. Two adja-
cent bastions are connected by the curtain, which joins
tlie flank of one with the adjacent flank of the other.
The distance between the flanks of a bastion is called the
gorge. A lunette is a detached bastion. See Ravelin.
Bas'tioned (-chiind), a. Furnished with a bastion;
havmg bastions.
Bastinado.
. E
H
K
M
cbair; go, sine, ink; tUen, thiu; boN; zli = z in azuie.
BASTO
124
BATTA
Bas'tO (bas'to), re. [Sp.] The ace of clubs in qua-
drille and omber. Pope.
Bas'ton (bas'tOn), re. [OF. baston, F. baton, LL.
basto. See Bastion, and cf. Baton, and 3d Batten.]
1. A stafe or cudgel. [06s.] " To fight with blunt
bastons." Holland.
2. (Her.) See Baton.
3. An officer bearing a painted staff, who formerly
was in attendance upon the king's court to take into
custody persons committed by the court. Mozley & W.
Bas'yie (bSs'itl or bas'Il), re. [Gr. /Scto-i? base -f v\r\
wood. See -yl.] (Chem.) A positive or nonacid con-
stituent of a compound, either elementary, or, if com-
pound, performing the functions of an element.
Bas'y-lous (-T-liis), a. Pertaining to, or having the
nature of, a basyle ; electro-positive ; basic ; — opposed
to chlorous. Graham.
Bat (bSt), re. [OE. batte, boite, AS. bait; perhaps fr.
the Celtic ; cf. Ir. bai, bata, stick, staff ; but cf. also
F. baite a beater (thing), wooden sword, batire to beat.]
1. A large stick ; a club ; specifically, a piece of wood
with one end thicker or broader than the other, used in
playing baseball, cricket, etc.
2. (Mining) Shale or bituminous shale. Kinvan.
3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts or comfort-
ables ; batting.
4. A part of a brick with one whole end.
Bat tolt (.Macliinerij), a bolt barbed or jagged at its
butt or tang to make it hold the more firmly. Kniijlil.
Bat, V. t. {imp. & p. p. Batted (bSt'tSd) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Batthsg.] To strike or hit with a bat or a pole ;
to cudgel ; to beat. Holland.
Bat, V. i. To use a bat, as in a game of baseball.
Bat, n. [Corrupt, from OE. back, backs, balke ; cf. Dan.
alten-liakke (often evening), Sw. natt-backa (natt night),
Icel. \eSr-blaka (leSr leather), Icel. blaka to flutter.]
(Zo'dl.) One of the Cheiroptera, an order of flying mam-
mals, in which the wings are formed by a membrane
stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail.
The common bats are small and insectivorous. See
Cheiroptera and Vampire.
Silent bats in <lrowsy clusters cling. Goldsynith.
Bat Tick {Kycteribia
Westwoodii), en-
larged.
Bat iLasiurxts pridnosus) of New England, in flight. O^
Bat tick (.Z'oo?.), a wingless, dipterous insect of the
genus Ni/cieribia, parasitic on bats.
Bat'a-ble (bat'a-b'l), a. [Ab-
brev. from debatable.^ Disputa-
ble. [Qfo.]
^ff^ The border land between
England and Scotland, being for-
merly a subject of contention, was
called latable or debatable ground.
Bat'ailled (bat'Sld), a. Embat-
tled. \_Obs.'] Chaucer.
II Ba'tar-deau' (ba'tar-do'), n.
[P.] 1. A cofferdam. Brande & C
2. (Mil.) A wall built across the
ditch of a fortification, with a sluice
gate to regulate the height of water
in the ditch on both sides of the
wall.
II Ba-ta'tas (ba-ta'tSs), 1 re. An aboriginal American
II Ba-ta'ta (ba-ta'ta), j name for the sweet potato
{Ipomsea batatas).
Ba-ta'vl-an (ba-ta'vT-an), a. Of or pertaining to (a)
the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe ; or to (6) Batavia
or Holland ; as, a Batavian legion.
Batavian Bejpablic, the name given to Holland by the
French after its conquest in 1795.
Ba-ta'vi-an, re. A native or inhabitant of Batavia or
Holland. [iJ.] Bancroft.
Batch (bSch), re. [OE. bache, bacche, fr. AS. bacan
to bake ; cf. G. geb'dck and D. baksel. See Bake, v. <.]
1. The quantity of bread baked at one time.
2. A quantity of anything produced at one operation ;
a group or collection of persons or things of the same
kind ; as, a batch of letters ; the next batch of business.
** A new batch of Lords." Lady M. W. 3Iontagu.
Bate (bat), n. [Prob. abbrev. from debate.'] Strife ;
contention. [06.5.] Shak.
Bate, V. t. limp. & p. p. Bated ; p. pr. &vb.n. Bat-
ing.] [From abate-l 1. To lessen by retrenching, de-
ducting, or reducing ; to abate ; to beat down ; to lower.
He must either bate the laborer's wages, or not employ or not
pay him. Locke.
2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction.
To whom he bates nothing of what he stood upon with the
parliament South-
3. To leave out : to except. [06«.]
Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood.
He lies that says it. Beau. l( Fl.
4. To remove. [Ofts.]
About autumn 6a(e the earth from about the roots of olives,
and lay them bare. Holland.
5. To deprive of. [06^.]
When bafieness is exalted, do not hate
The place its honor for the person's sake. Herbert.
Bate, v.i. 1. To remit or retrench a part ; — with of.
Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine. Dryden.
2. To waste away. [06s.] Shak.
Batfish (Maltheves-
pertilio). (}Q
One who practices or finds
[From Bat a stick.] A
Bate (bat), V. t. To attack ; to bait. [06i.] Spenser.
Bate, imp. of Bite. [06s.] Spenser.
Bate, V. i. [F. battre des ailes to flutter. Cf. Bait to
flutter.] To flutter as a hawk ; to bait. [06s.] Bacon.
Bate, re. (Jewish Anliq.) See 2d Bath.
Bate, n. [Cf. Sw. beta maceration, soaking, G. beize,
and E. bite.'] An alkaline solution consisting of the dung
of certain animals ; — employed in the preparation of
hides ; grainer. Knight.
Bate, V. t. To steep in bate, as hides, in the manu-
facture of leather.
II Ba-teau' (ba-to'), re. ; pi. Bateaux (bSntoz'). [P.
bateau, LL._ batellus, fr. bnttus, batus, boat, which agrees
with AS. bat boat : cf. W. bad boat. See Boat, re.] A
boat ; esp. a flat-bottomed, clumsy boat used on the
Canadian lakes and rivers. [Written also, but less prop-
erly, batteau.]
Bateau bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux.
Bat'ed (bafed), a. Reduced ; lowersd ; restrained ;
as, to speak with bated breath. 3Iacaulay.
Bate'ful (bat'ful), a. Exciting contention ; conten-
tious. [06s.] " It did 6a/e/«; question frame. " Sidney.
Bateless, a. Not to be abated. [06s.] Shak.
Bate'ment (-ment), n. [For Abatement. See 2d
Bate.] Abatement; diminution. Moxon.
Eatement light (Arch.), a window or one division of a
window having vertical sides, but with the sill not hori-
zontal, as where it follows the rake of a staircase.
Bat'fish' (baff ish'), n. (Zo'dl. ) A name given to sev-
eral species of
fishes : (a) The
Malthe iiesper-
tilio of the At-
lantic coast.
(6) The fljing
gurnard of
the Atlantic
(Cejyhalacanthus spinarella).
(c) The California batfish
or sting ray (Myliobutis Cal-
if amicus),
Bat'fowl'er (-foul'er), re.
sport in batfowling.
Bat'fOWl'lng (-foul'Ing), ;
mode of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or
other light, and beating the bush or perch where they
roost. The birds, flying to the light, are caught with
nets or otherwise.
Bat'ful (bat'ful), a. [Icel. bati amelioration, batna to
grow better ; akin to AS. bet better, Goth, ga-batnan to
profit. V255. Cf. Batten, v. i.. Better.] Rich ; fer-
tile. [06s.] " Batful \ii\leya." Drayton.
Bath (bath; 61), re./ pi. Baths (bathz). [AS. bx3;
akin to OS. & Icel. baS, Sw., Dan., D., & G. bad, and
perh. to G. b'dhen to foment.] 1. The act of exposing
the body, or part of the body, for purposes of cleanli-
ness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, or
the like ; as, a cold or a hot bath; a medicated bath; a
steam bath ; a hip bath.
2. Water or other liquid for bathing.
3. A receptacle or place where persons may immerse
or wash their bodies in water.
4. A building containing an apartment or a series of
apartments arranged for bathing.
Among the ancients, the public baths were of amazing extent
and magnificence. Gwilt.
5. (Chem.) A medium, as heated sand, ashes, steam,
hot air, through which heat is applied to a body.
6. (Photog. ) A solution in which plates or prints are
immersed ; also, the receptacle holding the solution.
(I^°° Bath is used adjectively or in combination, in an
obvious sense of or for baths or bathing ; as, bathroom,
bath tub, bath keeper.
Douche bath. See Douche. — Order of the Bath, a high
order of British knighthood, composed of three classes,
viz., knights grand cross, knights commanders, and
knights companions, abbreviated thus : G. C. B., K. C. B.,
K. B. — Russian bath, a kind of vapor bath wliich consists
in a prolonged exposure of the body to the influence of the
steam of water, followed by washings and shampooings.
— Turkish bath, a kind of bath in which a profuse perspi-
ration is produced by hot air, after which the body is
washed and shampooed. — Bath house, a house used for
the purpose of bathing ; — also a small house, near a bath-
ing place, where a bather undresses and dresses.
Bath (bSth), re. [Heb.] A Hebrew measure contain-
ing the tenth of a homer, or five gallons and three pints,
as a measure for liquids ; and two pecks and five quarts,
as a dry measure.
Bath (bath ; 61), re. A city in the west of England,
resorted to for its hot springs, which has given its name
to various objects.
Bath brick, apreparation of calcareous earth, in the form
of a brick, used for cleaning knives, polished metal, etc.
— Bath chair, a kind of chair on wheels, as used by inva-
lids at Bath. " People walked out, or drove out, or were
pushed out in their Bath chairs.^' Dickens. — Bath metal,
an alloy consisting of four and a half ounces of zinc and
one pound of copper. — Bath note, a folded writing-paper,
8K by 14 inches. — Bath stone, a species of limestone (oolite)
found near Bath, used for building.
Bathe (bath), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bathed (bathd) ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Bathing.] [OE. baSien, AS. batSian, fr.
bSES bath. See 1st Bath, and cf. Bay to bathe.] 1. To
wash by immersion, as in a bath ; to subject to a bath.
Chancing to bathe himself in the Eiver Cydnus. South.
2. To lave ; to wet. " The lake which bathed the foot
of the Alban mountain." _ T. Arnold.
3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid.
And let us bathe our hands in Csesar's blood. Shak.
4. To apply water or some liquid medicament to ; as,
to bathe the eye with warm water or with sea water ; to
bathe one's forehead with camphor.
5. To surround, or enveiop, as water surrounds a
person immersed. "The rosy shadows 6atte me." Ten-
nyson. "The bright sunshijue bathing all the world."
Longfelloio.
Bathe (bath), v. i. 1. To bathe one's self ; to take a
bath or baths. "They 6«Me in summer." W<dhr-
2. To immerse or cover one's self, as in a bath. " To
6a</ie in fiery floods." Shak. " .SaZAe in the dimples of
her cheek." Lloyd.
3. To bask in the sun. [06s.] Chaucer.
Bathe, re. Tlie immersion of the body in water ; as, to
take one's usual bathe. JEdin. Mev.
Bath'er (bath'er), re. One who bathes.
Ba-thet'ic (bA-thStlk), a. Having the character of
bathos. [iJ.]
Bath'ing (bath'-), re. Act of taking a bath or baths.
Bathing machine, a small room on wheels, to be driven
into the water, for the convenience of bathers, who un-
dress and dress therein.
Bath'mlsm (bath'mlz'm), re. See Vital force.
Ba-thom'e-ter (ba-th5m'e-ter), re. [Gr. pddoi depth
-| — meter.] An instrument for measuring depths, esp.
one for taking soundings without a sounding line.
Bat'horse' (ba'hSrs'), re. [F. bat packsaddle (cheval
de bat packliorse) -f- E. horse. See Bastard.] A horse
which carries an oflBcer's baggage during a campaign.
Ba'thOS (ba'thbs), re. [Gr. /Saflos depth, fr. jSaflwc
deep.] (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent from the elevated to
the low, in writing or speech ; anticlimax.
II Ba-thyb'1-US (ba-thib'T-iSs), re. [NL., fr. Gr. Paflu's
deep -j- ^109 life.] (Zo'dl.) A name given by Prof. Hux-
ley to a gelatinous substance found in mud dredged from
the Atlantic and preserved in alcohol. He supposed
that it was free living protoplasm, covering a large part
of the ocean bed. It is now known that the substance is
of chemical, not of organic, origin.
Bath'y-met'rlc (bSth'I-mgt'rlk), ) a. Pertaining to
Bath'y-met'rlc-al (-mgt'iT-kol), ) bathymetry ; re-
lating to the measurement of depths, especially of depths
in the sea.
Ba-thym'e-try (b4^thTm'e-try), re. [Gr. pieog depth
-|- -metry.] The art or science of sounding, or measuring
depths in the sea.
Bat'lng (battng), prep. [Strictly p. pr. of Batb
to abate.] With the exception of ; excepting.
We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with
them, batitif) some faint ideas of hunger and tliirst. Locke.
Ba-tiste' (ba-tesf), re. [F. batiste, from the name of
the alleged first maker, Baptiste of Cambrai. lAttre.']
Originally, cambric or lawn of fine linen ; now applied
also to cloth of similar texture made of cotton.
Batlet (bSflet), re. [But stick + -lei.] A short bat
for beating clothes in washing them ; — called also batler,
batting staff, batti^ig staff. Shak.
II Bat'man (bat'man), re. [Turk, batman.] A weight
used in the East, varying according to the locality ; in
Turkey, the greater batman is about 157 pounds, the
lesser only a fourth of this ; at Aleppo and Smyrna, the
batman is 17 pounds. Simmonds.
Bat'man (ba'man or bSt'man), re. ; pi. Batmen (-men).
[F. bat packsaddle -|- E. man. Cf. Bathorse.J A man
who has charge of a bathorse and his load. Macaulay.
II Ba-tOl'de-1 (ba-toi'de-I), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. ^aros a
kind of ray-f- -oid.] (Zo'dl.) The division of fishes which
includes the rays and skates.
Bat'on (bSt'tin, F. ba'tSN' ; 277), re. [F. baton. See
Baston.] 1. A staff or truncheon, used for various pur-
poses ; as, the baton of a field marshal ; the baton of a
conductor in musical performances.
He held the baton of command. Prescott.
2. (Her.) An ordinary with its ends
cut off, borne sinister as a mark of
bastardy, and containing one fourth in
breadth of the bend sinister; — called
also bastard bar. See Bend sinister.
Ba-toon' (ba-toon'), re. See Baton,
and Baston.
Bat' print'tag(bat'print'Tng). (Ce-
ramics) A mode of printing on glazed
ware.
II Ba-tra'chl-a (bi-tra'kT-a), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. |3a-
rpaxeioi belonging to a frog, fr. |3aTpaxos frog.] (Zo'dl )
The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and
toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a
wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia.
Ba-tra'chl-an (-an), a. (Zo'dl.) Pertaining to the Ba-
trachia. — re. One of the Batrachia.
Bat'ra-choid (bSt'ra-koid), a. [Batrachia -^-oid.]
(Zo'dl.) Froglike. Specifically : Of or pertaining to the
Batrachidse, a family of marine fishes, includmg the
toadfish. Some have poisonous dorsal spines.
Baton (//er.).
Batrachoid (Thalassophryne reticulata).
Bat'ra-chO-my-om'a-Chy (bSt'ra-ko-mt-Sm'a-ky), n.
[Gr. ^aTpa-xoiivo^xaxia ; ^arpaxos frog -}- fi05 mouse -f-
/u.ax») battle.] The battle between the frogs and mice ;
— a Greek parody on the Iliad, of uncertain authorship.
Bat'ra-choph'a-goos (-kof'a-gus), a. [Gr. pdrpaxos
frog -f- (Ixxyeii/ to eat.] Feeding on frogs. Quart. Rev.
Bats'man (bats'man), re. ,- pi. Batsmen (-men). The
one who wields the bat in cricket, baseball, etc.
Bat's'-wing' (bSts'wtng') or Bat'wlng, a. Shaped
like a bat's wing ; as, a bat's-wing burner.
II Bat'ta (bSt'ta), re. [Prob. through Pg. for Canarese
bhatta rice in the husk. J Extra pay ; esp. an extra allow-
ance to an English oflBcer serving in India. WhitwortK
ale. senate, c&re, am, arm, ask, final, all ; eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, ^6
BATTA
125
BAVAROY
II Bat'ta (bSt'ti), n. [Hind, bajla.'] Rate of exchange ;
albo, tlie discount on uncurrent coins. [/nrfiVj]
Bat'ta-ble (-b'l), a. [See Batpul.] Capable of culti-
vation; fertile ; productive ; fattening. [06s.] Burton.
Bat'tail-ant (bat'titl-flnt), a. [F. batuillant, p. pr.
See Battle, v. i.] [Ois.] Prepared for battle ; com-
batant ; warlike. Spenser. — n. A combatant. Shell on.
Bat'tall-OUS (-iis), «■ [OF. balaillos, fr. bataille.
See Battle, n.] Arrayed for battle ; fit or eager for
battle ; warlike. \_Obs.'] " In battailous aspect." Milton.
Bat-tal'ia (bSt-tal'ya ; 100), 71. [LL. battalia battle,
a body of troops. See Battle, «..] 1. Order of battle ;
disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments,
battalions, etc. ), or of a naval force, for action.
A drawing up the armies in battalia. Jer. Taylor.
2. An army in battle array ; also, the main battalia or
body. [Obs.] Shah:
Bat-tal'ion (-tSl'yun ; lOG), n. [F. bataillon, fr. It.
battaglione. See Battalia.] 1. A body of troops ; esp.
a body of troops or an army iu battle array. " Tlie
whole battalion views." 3Iillon.
2. (il/ii.) A regiment, or two or more companies of a
regiment, esp. when assembled for drill or battle.
Bat-tal'ion (-yiiu), I). Z. To form into battalions. [7?.]
Bat'tel (bat't'l), n. [Obs. form of Battle.] {Old
Eng. Law) A single combat; as, trial by battel. See
Wager of battel., under Wagee.
Bat'tel, re. [Of uncertain etymology.] Provisions
ordered from the buttery ; also, the charges for them ;
— only in the pi., except when used adjectively. [Univ.
0/ Oxford, Eng.'\
Bat'tel, V. i. To be supplied with provisions from the
buttery. lU7iiv. of Oxford, Eng.']
Bat'tel, V. t. [Cf. Batful, ijATTEN, V. i.] To make
fertile. [06s.] " To battel barren land." Eay.
Bat'tel, a. Fertile ; fruitful ; productive. [06s.]
A battel soil for grain, for pasture good. Fair/ax,
Bat'tel-er (-t'l-er), Bat'tler (-tier), n. [See 2d Bat-
tel, re.] A student at Oxford who is supplied with pro-
visions from the buttery ; formerly, one who paid for
nothing but what he called for, answering nearly to a
sizar at Cambridge. Wright.
Bat'ten (bat't'n), v. t. limp. & p. p. Battened (-t'nd);
p. pr. & vb. n. Battening.] [See Batful.] 1. To make
fat by plenteous feeding ; to fatten. " Battening our
flocks." Milton.
2. To fertilize or enrich, as land.
Bat'ten, v. i. To grow fat ; to grow fat in ease and
lu.xury ; to glut one's self. Dryden.
The pampered monarch lay battening in ease. Gartlt.
Skeptics, "With a taste for carrion, who batten on the hideous
facts in history, — persecutions, inquisitions. Eiiievson.
Bat'ten, n. [F. baton stick, staff. See Baton.] A
strip of sawed stuff, or a scantling; as, (a) pi. (Com. &
Arch.) Sawed timbers about 7 by 'iy^ inches and not less
than 6 feet long. Brande & C. (b) [Naut.) A strip of
wood used in fastening the edges of a tarpaulin to the
deck, also around masts to prevent chafing, (c) A long,
thin strip used to strengthen a part, to cover a crack, etc.
Batten door (Arch.), a door made of boards of the whole
length of the door, secured by battens nailed cross>vise.
Bat'ten, v. t. To furnish or fasten with battens.
To batten down, to fasten down with battens, as the
tarpaulin over the hatches of a ship during a storm.
Bat'ten, re. \^.battant. See Battek, w. <.] The mova-
ble bar of a loom, which strikes home or closes the
threads of a woof.
Bat'ten-ing (bSt't'n-Tng), n. (Arch.) Furring done
with small pieces nailed directly upon the wall.
Bat'ter (bat'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battered
(-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Batteeinq.] [OE. bateren, OF.
batre, F. battre, fr. LL. battere, for L. baiuere to strike,
beat; of unknown origin. Cf. Abate, Bate to abate.]
1. To beat with successive blows ; to beat repeatedly
and with violence, so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish ;
as, to batter a wall or rampart.
2. To wear or impair as if by beating or by hard usage.
" Each battered jade." Pope.
3. (Metallurgy) To flatten (metal) by hammering, so as
to compress it inwardly and spread it outwardly.
Bat'ter, n. [OE. batere, batire; cf. OF. bateure, ba-
ture, a beating. See Battek, v. t.~i 1. A semi-liquid
mixture of several ingredients, as, flour, eggs, milk, etc.,
beaten together and used iu cookery. King.
2. Paste of clay or loam. Holland.
3. (Printing) A bruise on the face of a plate or of
type in the form.
Bat'ter, re. A backward slope in the face of a wall or
of a bank ; receding slope.
Batter rale, an instrument consisting of a rule or frame,
and a plumb line, by which the batter or slope of a wall
is reguilated in building.
Bat'ter, v. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward.
Bat'ter, n. One who wields a bat ; a batsman.
Bat'ter-er (-ter-er), re. One who, or that which, batters.
Bat'ter-lng-ram' (-rSm'), re. 1. (Mil.) An engine used
in ancient times to beat
down the walls of be-
sieged places.
(1^°° It was a large
beam, with a head of iron,
which was sometimes
made to resemble the
head of a ram. It
was suspended by
ropes to a beam
supported by -
posts, and so '
balanced as to
swing backward
and forward, and
was impeUed by
men against the
walL Grose.
Battering-ram.
Battery of Leyden Jars.
2. A blacksmith's hammer, suspended, and worked
horizontally.
Bat'ter-ing train' (biit'ter-ing tran'). (Mil.) A train
of artillery for siege operations.
Bat'ter-y (-y), n. ; pi. Battekles (-iz). [F. batterie,
fr. battre. See Batter, v. <.] 1. The act of battering
or beating.
2. (Law) The unlawful beating of another. It in-
cludes every willful, angry and violent, or negligent
touching of another's person or clothes, or anything at-
tached to his person or held by him.
3. (Mil.) (a) Any place where cannon or mortars are
mounted, for attack or defense. (6) Two or more pieces
of artillery in the field, (c) A company or division of
artillery, including the gunners, guns, horses, and all
equipments. In the United States, a battery of flying
artillery consists usually of six guns.
Barbette battery. See Barbette. — Battery d'enfllade,
or Enfilading battery, one that sweeps tlie whole length of
a line of troops or part of a work. — Battery en ^charpe, one
tliat plays obliquely. — Battery gun, a gun capable of fir-
ing a number of shots simultaneously or successively
without stopping to load. — Battery wagon, a wagon em-
ployed to transport the tools and materials for repair of
the carriages, etc., of the battery. —In battery, project-
ing, as a gun, into an embrasure or over a parapet in
readiness tor firing. — Masked battery, a battery artifi-
cially concealed until required to open upon the enemy.
— Out of battery, or From battery, withdrawn, as a gim, to
a position for loading.
4. (Elec.) (a) A number of coated jara (Leyden jars)
so connected that they
may be charged and dis-
charged simultaneously.
(6) An apparatus for
generating voltaic elec-
tricity.
^W^ In the trough
battery, copper and zinc
plates, connected in
pairs, divide the trough
mto cells, which are
filled with an acid or
oxidizing liquid ; the effect is exhibited when wires con-
nected with the two end-plates are brought together. In
DanielVs battery, the metals are zinc and copper, the
former in dilute sulphuric acid, or a solution of sulphate
of zinc, the latter in a saturated solution of sulphate of
copper. A modification of this is the common gravity bat-
tery, so called from the automatic action of the two
fluids, which are separated by their speciflc gravities.
In Grovels battery, platinum is the metal used with
zinc; two fluids are used, one of them in a porous cell
surrounded by the other. In BunserPs or the carbon
battery, the carbon of gas coke is substituted for the
platinum of Grove's. In Leclanche^s battery, the ele-
ments are zinc in a solution of ammonium cliloride, and
gas carbon surrounded with manganese dioxide in a po-
rous cell. A secondary battery is a battery which usually
has the two plates of the same kind, generally of lead, in
dilute sulphuric acid, and which, when traversed by an
electric current, becomes charged, and is then capable of
giving a current of itself for a time, owing to chemical
changes produced by the charging current. A storage
battery is a kind of secondary battery used for accumu-
lating and storing the energy of electrical charges or
currents, usually by means of chemical work done by
them ; an accumulator.
5. A number of similar machines or devices in posi-
tion ; an apparatus consisting of a set of similar parts ;
as, a battery of boilers, of retorts, condensers, etc.
6. (Metallurgy) A series of stamps operated by one
motive power, for crushing ores containing the precious
metals. Knight.
7. The box in which the stamps for crushing ore play
up and down.
8. (Baseball) The pitcher and catcher together.
Bat'ting (bSt'ttng), n. 1. The act of one who bats ;
the management of a bat iu playing games of ball. 3Iason.
2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for use in making quilts,
etc. ; as, cotton batting.
Bat'tle (-t'l), a. Fertile. See Battel, a. [06s.]
Bat'tle, re. [OE. bataille, bataile, F. bataille battle,
OF., battle, battalion, fr. L. battalia, battualia, the fight-
ing and fencing exercises of soldiers and gladiators, fr.
batuere to strike, beat. Cf. Battalia, 1st Battel, and
see Batter, v. <.] 1. A general action, fight, or encoun-
ter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be
engaged ; an engagement ; a combat.
2. A struggle ; a contest ; as, the battle of life.
The whole intellectual battle that had at its center the best
poem of the best poet of that day. H. MorUy.
3. A division of an army ; a battalion. [06s.]
The king divided his army into three battles. Bacon.
The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called the battle, and
on it alone depended the fate of every action. Robertson.
4. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear ;
battalia. [06s.] Hayioard.
^W^ Battle is used adjectively or as the first part of a
selKexplaining compound ; as, battle brand, a " brand "
or sword used in battle ; battle cry ; battle&eM ; battle
ground ; battle array ; battle song.
Battle piece, a painting, or a musical composition, rep-
resenting a battle. — Battle royal, (a) A fight between
several gamecocks, where the one that stands longest is
the victor. Grose, (b) A contest with fists or cudgels in
which more than two are engaged ; a mgli^e. Tliackeray.
— Drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the vic-
tory. — To give battle, to attack an enemy. — To Join battle,
to meet the attack ; to engage in battle. — Pitched battle,
one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form,
with a regular disposition of the forces. — Wager of battle.
See under Wager, n.
Syn. — Confiict; encounter; contest; action. Battle,
Combat, Fight, Engagement. These words agree in de-
noting a close encounter between contending parties.
Fiijlit is a word of less dignity than the others. Except
in poetry, it is more naturally applied to the encounter
of a few mdividuals, and more commonly an accidental
one ; as, a street fight. A combat is a close encounter.
Battledoore.
Battlements, from the walls of Avi-
gnon. A A Merlons ; B B Ore.
nelles ; D D Machicolations.
whether between few or many, and is usually premedi-
tated. A battle is commonly more general and prolonged.
An eH^a£/emere/ supposes large numbers on each side, en-
gaged or intermingled iu the conflict.
Bat'tle (bSt't'l), V. i. [imp. &p. p. Battled (-t'ld);
p. pr. & vb. re. Battling.] [P. batailler, fr. bataille.
See Battle, re.] To join in battle ; to contend in fight ;
as, to battle over theories.
To meet in arms, and battle in the plain. Prior.
Bat'tle, V. t. To assail in battle ; to fight.
Bat'tle-as' ) (-Sks'), re. (Mil.) A kind of broadax
Bat'tle-ase' I for- a _^^~^
merly used as an of- ,j-j_j^| Ix^lTVi.
fensive weapon. '~~^~lsmi, ajm-mmi^
Bat'tted (-t'ld), p. x!S-7
p. Embattled. \_Po- Battle-ax.
etic"] Tennyson.
Bat'tle-dOOr' (-t'l-dor'), n. [OE. batyldour. A cor-
rupted form of uncertain origin ; cf.
Sp. batallador a great combatant, he
who has fought many battles, Pg.
balalhador, Pr. batalhador, warrior,
soldier, fr. L. battalia ; or cf. Pr.
baledor batlet, fr. batre to beat, fr. L.
batuere. See Battle, 7i.] 1. Anjnstru-
ment, with a handle and a flat part
covered with parchment or crossed
with catgut, used to strike a shuttle-
cock in play ; also, the play of battle-
door and shuttlecock.
2. [OE. battleder.'] A child's horn-
book. [06s.] Halliwell.
Bat'tle-ment (-meut), re. [OE. batelment ; cf . OF. 6a-
taillement combat, fr. _ B a
batailler, also OF. 6as-
lillier, bateillier, to for-
tify. Cf. Battle, re.,
Bastile, Bastion.]
(Arch.) (a) One of the
solid upright parts of
a parapet in ancient
fortifications. (6) pi.
The whole parapet, con-
sisting of alternate sol-
ids and open spaces. At
first purely a military
feature, afterwards cop-
ied on a smaller scale
with decorative fea-
tures, as for churches.
Bat'tle-ment-ed
(-ment-Sd), a. Having
battlements.
A battlanented ooTtal.
Sir W. Scott.
Bat-tol'0-gist (-tol'6-jist), re. One who battologizes.
Bat-tOl'0-gize (bat-tol'6-jiz), v. t. To keep repeating
needlessly ; to iterate. Sir T. Herbert.
Bat-tol'0-gy (-jy), re. [F. battologie, fr. Gr. /SottoAo-
yia. ; ^dTT0s a stammerer -f- Aoyos speech.] A needless
repetition of words in speaking or writing. Milton.
Bat'ton (bat'ton), re. See Batten, and Baton.
IIBat'tue' (-til'), re. [F. battue, fr. battre to beat.
See Batter, v. t., and cf. Battuta.] (Hunting) (a) The
act of beating the woods, bushes, etc. , for game. (6) The
game itself, (e) The wanton slaughter of game. Howitt.
IIBat'ture' (ba/tur'), re. [F., fr. 6aHre tobeat.] An
elevated river bed or sea bed.
II Bat-tu'ta (bat-too'ta), re. [It. battuta, fr. battere to
beat.] (Mus.) The measuring of time by beating.
Bat'ty (bafty), a. Belonging to, or resembling, a
bat. ".Baft!/ wings." _ Shak.
Bat'ule (bat'ul or ba-tool'), re. A springboard in a
circus or gymnasium ; — called also batule board.
II BatZ (bats), re. ; pi. Batzen (bat's'n). [Ger. batz,
batze, batzen, a coin bearing the image of a bear, Ger.
batz, betz, bear.] A small copper coin, with a mixture of
silver, formerly current in some parts of Germany and
Switzerland. It was worth about four cents.
Bau-bee' (ba-be'), re. Same as Bawbee.
Bau'ble (ba'b'l), re. [Cf. OF. baubel a child's play-
thing, F. babi'ole. It. babbola, LL. baubellum gem, jewel,
L. babulus, baburrus, foolish.] 1. A trifling piece of
finery ; a gewgaw ; that which is gay and showy without
real value ; a cheap, showy plaything.
The ineffective bauble of an Indian paged. Slieridan,
2. The fool's club. [06s.] " A fooPs bauble was a
short stick with a head ornamented with an ass's ears
fantastically carved upon it." Nares.
Bau'bling (-blTng), a. See Bawblinq. [06s.]
Bau'de-kln (ba'de-ktn), re. [OE. bawdekin rich silk
stuff, OP. baudequin. See Baldachin.] The richest
kind of stuff used in garments in the Middle Ages, the
web being gold, and the woof silk, with embroidery : —
made originally at Bagdad. [Spelt also baudkin, baud-
kyn, bawdekin, and baldakin.^ Nares.
Bau'drick (ba'drlk), re. A belt. See Baldric.
Bauk, Baulk (bak), re. & v. See Balk.
Baun'SClieidt-isin (boun'shit-Tz'm), n. [Prom the
introducer, a German named Baunscheidt.] (Med.) A
form of acupuncture, followed by the rubbing of the part
with a stimulating fluid.
Baus'ite, Beaux'ite (boks'it), re. [F., fr. Batix or
Beazix, near Aries.] (3/in.) A ferruginous hydrate of
alumina. It is largely used in the preparation of alumin-
ium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces wluch
are exposed to intense heat.
Ba-va'ri-an (ba^va'rT-an), a. Of or pertaining to Ba-
varia. ^ re. A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria.
Bavarian cream. See under Cseam.
Bav'a-roy (bav'a-roi), re. [F. Bavarois Bavarian.]
A kind of cloak or surtout. [06s.] Johnson.
Let the looped buvaroy the fop embrace. Gay.
D
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, up, fun ; pity ; food, fiAt ; out, oil ; chair ; bo \ sine, ink ; tben, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
BAVIAN
126
BE-
Ba'vl-an (ba'vT-im), n. [See Baboon.] A baboon.
Bav'in (bSv'Tn), n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. babiin tutt, tas-
sel.] 1. A fagot of brushwood, or other light combusti-
ble matter, for kindling fires ; refuse of brushwood.
\_Obs. or Dial. Eng.l
2. Impure limestone. \^Proi<. Eng.'] Wright.
Baw-ftee' (ba-be'), n. [Perh. corrupt, fr. halfpenny.^
A halfpenny. [Spelt also baubee.'] [Scot. & Prov. E?ig.']
Baw'ble (ba'b'l), )t. A trinket. See Bauble.
Baw'blingi'a. Insignificant ; contemptible. [Ote.]
Baw'COCk (-kok), n. [From F. beau fine -f- E. cock
(the bird) ; or more prob. fr. OF. baud bold, gay +
E. cock. Cf. Bawd.] A fine fellow; — a term of en-
dearment. [Ofo.] ^^ How now, my bawcockf" Shnk.
Bawd (bad), n. [OE. batiile, OF. ball, baul, baude,
bold, merryj'perh. fr. OHG. ba/d bold ; or fr. Celtic, cf.
W. baio dirt. Cf. Bold, Bawdry.] A person who keeps
a house of prostitution, or procures women for a lewd
purpose ; a procurer or procuress ; a lewd person ; —
usually applied to a woman.
Bawd, V. i. To procure women for lewd purposes.
Bawd'i-ly (-t-ly), adv. Obscenely ; lewdly.
Bawd'i-ness, ". Obscenity ; lewdness.
Bawd'rick (bad'rlk), n. A belt. See Baldric.
Bawd'ry (had'ry-), ?i. [OE. bnudenj, OF. bauderie,
balderie, boldness, joy. See Bawd.] 1. The practice of
procuring women for the gratification oi lust.
2. Illicit intercourse ; fornication. Shak.
3. Obscenity ; filtliy, unchaste language. " The pert
style of tlie pit bawdri/." Steele.
Bawd'y, ". 1. Dirty ; foul ; — said of clothes. [Ois.]
It [a garment] is al bawdy and to-tore also. Chnucer.
2. Obscene; filthy; unchaste. " A. barody story."
Burke.
Bawd'y-house' (-hous')i n. A house of prostitution ;
a liouse of ill fame ; a brothel.
Baw'horse' (ba'hor.?'), «• Same as Bathoese.
Bawl (bal), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bawled (bald) ; p.
pr. & t'b. ni'BAWxiNG.] [Icel. baida to low, beliow, as a
cow ; akin to Sw. bijla ; cf. AS bellan, G. bellen to bark,
E. bellow, bull.'] 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound ;
to cry with vehemence, as in calling or exultation ; to
shout ; to vociferate.
2. To cry loudly, as a child from pain or vexation.
Bawl, V. t. To proclaim with a loud voice, or by out-
cry, as a hawker or town-crier does. Swift.
Bawl, n. A loud, prolonged cry ; an outcry.
Bawl'er (-er), n. One who bawls.
Bawn (ban), n. [Ir. & Gael, babhun inclosure, bul-
wark.] 1. An inclosure with mud or stone walls, for
keeping cattle ; a fortified inclosure. [Oto.] Spenser.
2. A large house. [Ofo.] Swift.
Baw'rel (ba'rSl), n. [Cf . It. barlelta a tree falcon, or
hobby.] A kiiid of hawk. [06s.] Halliwell.
Baw'sin (-sTn), I n. [OE. baicson, baucyne, badger
Baw'son (-sun), I (named from its color), OF. bau-
snn, baueant, baucltant, spotted with white, pied ; cf. It.
balzano, F. balzan, a white-footed horse. It. balza bor-
der, trimming, fr. L. balteus belt, border, edge. Cf.
Belt.] 1. A badger. [06^.] B. Jonson.
2. A large, unwieldy person. \Obs.~\ Nares.
Bax'ter (bSks'ter), n. [OE. bakestre, bakistre, AS.
bsecestre, prop. fem. of bsecere baker. See Baker.] A
baker ; originally, a female baker. [Old Eng. & Scotch']
Bay (ba), a. [F. bai, fr. L. badius brown, chestnut-
colored ; — used only of horses.] Reddish brown ; of the
color of a chestnut ; — applied to the color of horses.
Bay cat (Zo'dl.), a wild cat of Africa and the East Indies
(Felis aurala). — Bay lynx (Zo'ol.), the common American
lynx (.Felis, or Lyn.r, rufa).
Bay, n. [F. bale, fr. LL. baia. Of uncertain origin :
of. Ir. & Gael, badh or bagh bay, harbor, creek ; Bisc.
baia, baiya, harbor, and F. bayer to gape, open the
mouth.] 1. (Geog.) An inlet of the sea, usually smaller
than a gulf, but of the same general character.
t^^ The name is not used with much precision, and
is often applied to large tracts of water, around which the
land forms a curve ; as, Hudson's Bay. The name is not
restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but
is used for any recess or inlet between capes or head-
lands ; as, the Bay of Biscay.
2. A small body of water set off from the main body ;
as a compartment containing water for a wheel ; the por-
tion of a canal just outside of the gates of a lock, etc.
3. A recess or indentation shaped like a bay.
4. A principal compartment of the walls, roof, or other
part of a building, or of the whole building, as marked
off by the buttresses, vaulting, mullions of a window,
etc. ; one of the main divisions of any structure, as the
part of a bridge between two piers.
5. A compartment in a barn, for depositing hay, or
grain in the stalks.
6. A kind of mahogany obtained from Campeaehy Bay.
Sick bay, in vessels of war, that part of a deck appropri-
ated to the use of the sick. Totten.
Bay, n. [F. baie a berry, the fruit of the laurel and
other trees, fr. L. baca, bacca, a small round fruit, a
berry, akin to Lith. bapka laurel berry.] 1. A berry,
particularly of the laurel. [Obs.]
2. The laurel tree (Laurus nobilis). Hence, in the plu-
ral, an honorary garland or crovm bestowed as a prize
for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of
branches of the laurel.
The patriot's honors and the poet's bays. TntrribuH.
3. A tract covered with bay trees. \_Local, U. S.]
Bay leaf, the leaf of the bay tree (Laurus nobilis). It
has a fragrant odor and an aromatic taste.
Bay, V. i. limp. & p. p. Bayed (bad) ; p. pr. & vb.
n. Baying.] [OE. bayen, abayen, OF. abater, F. aboyer,
to bark ; of uncertain origin.] To bark, as a dog with a
deep voice does, at his game.
The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed. Dryden.
Bay (ba), V. t. To bark at ; hence, to follow with bark-
ing ; to bring or drive to bay ; as, to bay the bear. Shak.
Bay (ba), n. [See Bay, v. i.] 1. Deep-toned, prolonged
barking. " The ftoj/ of cur.s. " Cowper.
2. [OE. bay, abay, OP. abai, F. aboi barking, pi. abois,
prop, the extremity to wliich the stag is reduced when
surrounded by the dogs, barking {aboyant) ; aux abois at
bay.] A state of being obliged to face an antagonist
or a difficulty, when escape has become impossible.
Enibolden'd by despair, he stood at hny. Dryden.
The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by incessant ef-
forts. /. Taylor.
Bay, V. t. [Cf. OE. bsewen to bathe, and G. b'dhen to
foment.] To bathe. [_Obs.] Spenser.
Bay, n. A bank or dam to keep back water.
Bay, V. t. To dam, as water ; — with up or back.
II Ba'ya (ba'ya), n. [Native name.] (ifooi.) The East
Indian weaver bird (Ptoceus Philippinus).
W Ba-yad' (ba-ySd'), Ba-yatte' (ba-ySf), n. [Ar. ba-
yad.] (Zo'ol.) A large, edible, siluroid fish of the Nile,
of two species (Bngriva bayad and B. docmac).
Ba'ya-dere' (ba'ya-der'), n. [F., from Pg. bailadeira
a female dancer, bailor to dance.] A female dancer in
the East Indies. [Written also bajadere.]
Bay'-ant'ler (ba'ant'ler), «. [See Bez-antler.] {Zo.-
ol.) The second tine of a stag's horn. See under Antler.
Bay'ard (ba'erd), n. 1. [OF. bayard, baiarl, bay
horse ; bai bay -f- -ard. See Bay, a., and -ard.] Prop-
erly, a bay horse, but often any horse. Commonly in the
phrase blind bayard, an old blind horse.
Blind hnyiird moves the mill. I'hiHps.
2. rCf. F. bayeur, fr. bayer to gape.] A stupid, clown-
ish fellow. lObs.] B. Jonson.
Bay'ard-ly, a. Blind; stupid. iObs.] "A formal
and bayardly round of duties." Goodman.
Bay^ber-ry (ba'ber-rj), n. (Bot.) {a) The fruit of
the bay tree or Laurus nobilis. (6) A tree of the West
Indies related to the myrtle (Myrcia acris). (c) The
fruit of 3fyrica cerifera (wax myrtle) ; the shrub itself ;
— called also candleberry tree.
Bayberry tallow, a fragrant green wax obtained from the
bayberry or wax myrtle ; — called also myrtle wa.r.
BayTJOlt' (ba'bolf), n. A bolt with a barbed shank.
Bayed (bad), a. Having a bay or bays. " The large
bayed ha.Tn." Drayton.
Bay' ice' (ba' is'). See under Ice.
Bay' leaf (ba' lef). See under 3d Bay.
Bay'O-net (ba'o-net), n. [F. bayonnelte, ba'ionnetle ;
— so called, it is
said, because the
first bayonets were
made at Bayonne.]
1, {Mil.) A point-
ed instrument of the
dagger kind fitted
on the muzzle of a
musket or rifle, so
a Sword Bayonet.
b Common Ijayonet.
as to give the soldier increased means of offense and
defense.
8I^= Originally, the bayonet was made with a handle,
which required to be fitted into the bore of the musket
after the soldier had fired.
2. (Slack.) A pin which plays in and out of holes
made to receive it, and which thus serves to engage or
disengage parts of the machinery.
Bayonet clutch. See Clutch. — Bayonet joint, a form
of couplmg similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed
on the barrel of a musket. A'h ight.
Bay'O-net, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bayoneted ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Bayoneting.] 1. To stab with a bayonet.
2. To compel or drive by the bayonet.
To bayonet us into submission. Burke.
Bay'OU (bi'oo), n. ; pi. Bayous (-ooz). [F. boyau gut.
See Boyau.] An inlet from the Gulf of Mexico, from a
lake, or from a large river, sometimes sluggish, some-
times without perceptible movement except from the tide
and wind. [Southern U. S.]
A dark slender thread of a baynu moves loitcringly north-
eastward into a swamp of huge cypresses. G. W. Cable.
Bay' rum' (ba' rtim'). A fragrant liquid, used for
cosmetic and medicinal purposes.
15^= The original bay rum, from the West Indies, is
prepared, it is believed, by distillation from the leaves of
the bayberry (Myrcia acris). The bay rum of the Phar-
macopo^ia (spirit of myrcia) is prepared from oil of myr-
cia (bayberry), oil of orange peel, oil of pimento, alcohol,
and water.
Bays, Bayze (baz), n. See Baize. [Obs.]
Bay' salt' (ba' salt'). Salt which has been obtained
from sea water, by evaporation in shallow pits or basins,
by the heat of the sun ; the large crystalline salt of com-
merce. Bacon. XJre.
Bay' tree'. A species of laurel (Laurus nobilis).
Bay' Win'dOW (ba' win'do). (Arch.) A window
forming a bay or recess in a
room, and projecting outward
from the wall, either in a rec-
tangular, polygonal, or semi-
circular form ; — often cor-
ruptly called a bow window.
'Bay' yarn' (ba' yiim').
Woolen yarn. [Prov. Eng.]
Wright.
Ba-zaar' I (b a z a r ')^ n.
Ba-zar' ) [Per. bazar
market.] 1. In the East, an
exchange, marketplace, or assemblage of shops where
goods are exposed for sale.
2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of
goods, as at a fair.
3. A fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc,
monly for a charitable object.
Bay Window.
com-
Macaulay.
Bdelllnm (dSl'yum), n. [L., fr. Gr. j3Sc'A\ioi' ; cf.
Heb. b'dolakh bdellium (m sense 1).] 1. An unidenti-
fied substance mentioned in the Bible (Gen. ii. 12, and
Num. xi. 7), variously taken to be a gum, a precious.
stone, or pearls, or perhaps a kind Of amber foimd in
Arabia.
2. A gum resin of reddish brown color, brought from
India, Persia, and Africa.
11^°" Indian bdellium or false myrrh is an exudation
from Balsamodeiiilron Ro.Tburghii. Other kinds are known
!^ African, Sicilian, etc.
II Bdel-lOi'de-a (d51-loi'de-a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
pSeWa leech -f- -old.] (Zo'ol.) The order of Annulata
which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea.
Bdel-lom'e-ter (del-lom'e-ter), n. [Gr. pSe'AXa leech -|-
-meter.] (3fed.) A cupping glass to which are attached
a scarificator and an exhausting sjTinge. Dunglison.
II Bdel'lo-mor'pha (del'lo-mSr'fa), n. [NX., fr. Gr.
jSSe'AAa leech -f- ^i.op(^;) form.] (Zo'ol.) An
order of Nemertina, including the large
leechlike worms (3Ialacobdella) often par-
asitic in clams.
Be (be), V. i. [imp. Was (wSz) ; p.p.
Been (bin) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Being.] [OE.
been, beon, AS. beon to be, beam I am;
akin to OHG. bim, pirn, G. bin, I am,
Gael. & Ir. bu was, W. bod to be, Lith.
bu-ti, O.' Slav, by-li, to be, L. fu-i I have
been, fu-turus about to be, fo-re to be
about to be, and perh to fieri to become,
Gr. i^Oi'ai to be bom, to be, Skr. bhii to be.
This verb is defective, and the parts lack-
ing are supplied by verbs from other roots,
is, was, which have no radical connection One of the
with be. The various forms, am, are, is, f.,/„;a?o°5?Hi
was, were, etc., are considered grammat- ohcm), a par-
ically as parts of the verb "to be," which, asite of the
witli its coujugational forms, is often called cjam. Nat.
the substantive verb. V 97- Cf . Future, ^^^'
Physic] 1. To exist actually, or in the world of fact ; to
have existence
To be contents his natural desire. Pope,
To be. or not to be : that is the question. Sliak,
2. To exist in a certain manner or relation, — whether
as a reality or as a product of thought ; to exist as the
subject of a certain predicate, that is, as having a cer-
tain attribute, or as belonging to a certain sort, or as
identical with what is specified, — a word or words for
the predicate being annexed ; as, to be happy ; to be
here ; to be large, or strong ; to be an animal ; to 6e a
hero ; to ie a nonentity ; three and two o;e five ; annihi-
lation is the cessation of existence ; that is the man.
3. To take place ; to happen ; as, the meeting was on
Thursday.
4. To signify ; to represent or symbolize ; to answer to.
The field is the world. Matt. xiii. 38.
The seven candlesticks wliich thou sawest are the seven
churches. Rev. i. 20.
13^^ The verb to be (including the forms is, was, etc.)
is used in forming the passive voice of other verbs ; as,
John has been struck by James. It is also used with the
past participle of many intransitive verbs to express a
state of the subject. But have is now more commonly
used as the auxiliary, though expressing a different sense ;
as, "Ye have come too late — but ye are come." "The
minstrel boy to the war j.s gone." Thepresentand imper-
fect tenses form, with the infinitive, a particular future
tense, which expresses necessity, duty, or purpose; as,
government is to be supported ; we are to pay our just
aebts ; the deed is to be signed to-morrow.
Hate or had been, followed by lo, implies movement.
"I //are 6ee« /o Paris. " Sydney Smith. " Have yon been
<(3 Franchard ? " R. L. Slevenson.
ISS^" Been, or ben, was anciently the plural of the in-
dicative present. "Te 6en light of the world." TVyclif,
Malt. V. 14. Afterwards be was used, as in our Bible ;
" They that be with us are more than they that *e with
them.'' 2 Kings vi. 16. Ben was also the old infinitive :
" To ben of such power." R. of Gloucester. Be is used as
a form of the present subjunctive : " But if it 6e a ques-
tion of words and names." Acts xviii. 15. But the indic-
ative forms, is and are, with ;/, are more commonly used.
Be it so, a phrase of supposition, equivalent to suppose
it /o 6e so; or of permission, signifying /e( rt 4e so. Shak.
— If so be, in case. — To be from, to have come from; as,
from what place are you ? I am from Chicago. — To let
be, to omit, or leave untouched ; to let alone. " Let be,
therefore, my vengeance to dissuade." Spenser.
Syn. — To Be, Exist. The verb lo be, except in a few-
rare cases, like that of Shakespeare's " To i-e, or not to
be," is used simply as a copula, to connect a subject with
its predicate ; as, man is mortal ; the soul is immortal.
The verb to exist is never properly used as a mere copula,
but points to things that stand forth, or have a substan-
tive being ; as, when the soul is freed from all corporeal
alliance, then it truly exists. It is not, therefore, prop-
erly synonymous with lo be when used as a copula,
though occasionally made so by some writers for the
sake of variety; as in the phrase "there exists {is] no
reason for laying new taxes." We may, indeed, say, " a
friendship has long existed between them," instead of
saying, "there has long been a friendship between
them ; " but in this case, exist is not a mere copula. It is
used in its approjiriate sense to mark the friendship as
having been long in existence.
Be-. [AS. be, and in accented form bi, akin to OS. be
and bi, OHG. bi, pi, and pi, MHG. be and bi, G. be and
bei, Goth, bi, and perh. Gr. aij.i^i about (cf. AS. Jeseon
to look about). V203. Cf. By, Amb-.] A prefix, origi-
nally the same word as by ; joined with verbs, it serves :
(a) To intensify the meaning ; as, ftespatter, Jestir. (6) To
render an intransitive verb transitive ; as, ftefall (to fall
upon) ; Jespeak (to speak for), (c) To make the action of
a verb particular or definite ; as, ieget (to get as off-
spring) ; 6eset (to set around).
It is joined with certain substantives, and a few ad-
jectives, to form verbs ; as, 6edew, Sefriend, Aenight, 6e-
sot ; ftelate (to make late) ; Jelittle (to make little). It
also occurs in certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions,
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, 3U ; eve, event, end, fem, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, Odd ;
BEACH
127
BEAMY
Beach Flea tOrchestia arjiUs) of New-
England. X 3
often with something of the force of the preposition by,
or about; as, fcelief (believe), ftelialf, Jequest (bequeatli) ;
ftecause, iefore, Aeneath, fteside, ftetween.
Ill some words the original force of be is obscured or
lost ; as, in ftecome, Jegin, ftehave, Jehoove, ftelong.
Beach (bech), n. ; pi. Beaches (-Sz). [Cf. Sw. backe
hill, Dan. bakke, Icel. bakki hill, bank. Cf. Bank.] 1. Peb-
bles, collectively ; shingle.
2. The shore of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed
by the waves ; especially, a sandy or pebbly shore ; the
strand.
Beach flea (.Zoo/.), the comiaon name of many species of
amphipod Crustacea,
of the family Orches-
. tidic, living on the
sea beaches, and
leapmg like fleas.
— Beach grass
(Bill.), a coarse
eTa,ss(Amiiioplii-
ta armidiiia^i'ii),
growing on the
sandy shores of
lakes and seas,
which, by its interlaced ruiming rootstocks, bmds the
sand together, and resists the encroachment of the waves.
— Beach wagon, a light open wagon with two or more seats.
— Raised beach, an accumulation of water-worn stones,
gravel, sand, and other shore deposits, above the present
level of wave action, whether actually raised by elevation
of the coast, as in Norway, or left by the receding waters,
as iu many lake and river regions.
Beach, v. t. limp. & p. p. Beached (becht) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Beaching.] To run or drive (as a vessel or a
boat) upon a beach ; to strand ; as, to beach a ship.
Beach' comh'er (kom'er). A long, curling wave roll-
ing in from the ocean. See Comber. [^Amer.']
Beached (becht), p. p. & a. 1. Bordered by a beach.
The headieU verge of the salt flood. Shak.
2. Driven on a beach ; stranded ; drawn up on a
beach ; as, the ship is beached.
Beach'y (bech'y), a. Having a beach or beaches;
fonusd by a beach or beaches ; shingly.
The beachy girdle of the ocean. ShaJc.
Bea'con (be'k'n), n. [OE. bekene, AS. bedcen, hecen;
akin to OS. bokan. Fries, bnken, beken, sign, signal, D.
baak, OHG. bouhhan, G. bake; of unknown origin. Cf.
Beckon.] 1. A signal fire to notify of the approach of
an enemy, or to give any notice, commonly of warning.
No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar. Gay.
2. A signal or conspicuous mark erected on an emi-
nence near the shore, or moored in shoal water, as a
guide to mariners.
3. A high hill near the shore. [_Prov. Eng.'\
4. That which gives notice of danger.
Modest doubt is called
The beacon of the wise. Shak.
Beacon fire, a signal fire.
Bea'con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaconed (-k'nd) ;
p. pr, & vb. n. Beaconing.] 1. To give light to, as a
beacon ; to light up ; to illumine.
That beacons the darkness of heaven. Campbell.
2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons.
Bea'con-age (-aj), n. Money paid for the mainte-
nance of a beacon ; also, beacons, collectively.
Bea'con-less, a. Having no beacon.
Bead (bed), n. [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS.
bed, gebed, prayer ; akin to T>. bede, G. bitte, AS. biddan,
to ask, bid, G. bitlen to ask, and perh. to Gr. Treideiv to
persuade, L. fidere to trust. Beads are used by the
Roman Catholics to count their prayers, one bead being
dropped down a string every time a prayer is said. Cf.
8p. cuenta bead, fr. contar to count. See Bid, in to bid
beads, and Bide.] 1. A prayer. [06s.]
2. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread,
and worn for ornament ; or used in a rosary for counting
prayers, as by Roman Catholics and Mohammedans,
whence the phrases io tell beads, to be at one's beads, to
bid beads, etc., meaning, to be at prayer.
3. Any small globular body ; as, («) A bubble in spirits.
(6J A drop of sweat or other liquid. " Cold beads of
midnight dew." Wordsworth, (c) A small knob of
metal on a firearm, used for taking aim (whence the ex-
pression io draw a bead, for, to take aim), (d) {Arch.)
A small molding of rounded surface, the section being
Usually an arc of a circle. It may be continuous, or
broken into short embossments, (e) {Chem.) A glassy
drop of molten flux, as borax or microcosmic salt, used
as a solvent and color test for several mineral earths and
oxides, as of iron, manganese, etc., before the blowpipe ;
as, the borax head ; the iron bead, etc.
Bead and butt (Carp.), framing in which the panels are
flush, having beads stuck or run upon the two edges.
Kniglit. — Bead mold, a species of fungus or mold, the
stems of which consist of single cells looselyjointed to-
gether so as to resemble a string of beads. [Written also
bead mow W.]— Bead tool, a cutting tool, having an edge
curved so as to make beads or beading. — Bead tree (Bot.),
a tree of the genus Melia, the best known species of
which (M. azedarach), has blue flowers which are very
fragrant, and berries which are poisonous.
Bead, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaded ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Beading.] To ornament with beads or beading.
Bead, ■». i. To form beadlike bubbles.
Bead'house', Bede'house' (bed'hous'), n. [OE. bede
piayer-fE. Aowse. See Bead, n.] An almshouse for
poor people who pray daily for their benefactors.
Bead'ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Molding in imitation of beads.
2. The beads or bead-forming quality of certain liq-
uors ; as, the beading of a brand of whisky.
Bea'dle (be'd'l), n. [OE. bedd, bidel, budel, OP. be-
del, F. iedeau, fr. OHG. btitil, putil, G. butlel, fr. OHG.
biotnn, G. Helen, t* bid, confused with AS. bydel, the
same word as OHG. J«<i7. See Bib. i;.] 1. A messenger
or erier of a court; a servitor; one whs cites or bids
persons to appear and answer ; — called also an apparitor
or summoner.
2. An officer in a university, who precedes public pro-
cessions of officers and students. [Eng.']
B^^ In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Oxford)
smii bedell (Cambridge) are preserved.
3. An inferior parish officer in England having a vari-
ety of duties, as the preservation of order in church serv-
ice, the chastisement of petty offenders, etc.
Bea'dle-ry (be'd'l-ry), n. Office or jurisdiction of a
beadle.
Bea'dle-Ship, re. The state of being, or the personality
of, a beadle. A.Wood.
Bead' proof (bed' proof). 1. Among distillers, a
certain degree of strength iu alcoholic liquor, as formerly
ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules of
different specific gravities thrown into it; now ascer-
tained by more accurate meters.
2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown
by beads or small bubbles remaining on its surface, or at
the side of the glass, when shaken.
Bead'roU' (-rol'), n. (It. C. Ch.) A catalogue of per-
sons, for the rest of whose souls a certain number of
prayers are to be said or counted off on the beads of a
chaplet ; hence, a catalogue in general.
On Fame's eternal bcadroll worthy to be filed. Spenser.
It is quite startling, on going over the headroU of English
worthies, to find how few are directly represented in the male
line. Quart. Jtec.
Beads'man, Bedes'man (bedz'man), n. ; pi. -men
(-men). A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and re-
quired to pray for the soul of its founder ; an almsman.
Whereby ye shall bind me to be your t^oot beadsman for ever
unto Alnugfity God. Fuller.
Bead'snake' (bed'snak'), n. (Zoijl.) A small poison-
ous snake of North America {Blaps falvius), banded
with yellow, red, and black.
Beads'woEi'an, Bedes'wom'an (bedz'wd5m'an), n. ;
pi. -women (-wTiu'Sn). /i'eni. of Beadsman.
Bead'WOrk' (-wQrk'), n. Ornamental work in beads.
Bead'y(bed'y), a. 1. Resembling beads ; small, round,
and glistening. ^^ Beady eyes." Thackeray.
2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads.
3. Characterized by beads ; as, beady liquor.
Bea'gle (be'g'l), n. [OE. begele ; perh. of Celtic ori-
gin ; cf. Ir. & Gael, beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle
is from English.] 1. A small hound, or hunting dog,
twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and
other small game. See Illustration in Appendix.
2. Fig. : A spy Or detective ; a constable.
Beak (bek), re. [OE. bek, P. bee, fr. Celtic ; cf. Gael.
& Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W.bach.] 1. {Zobl.) («) The bill
or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering
Beaks of Birds, a Flamingo ; h Spoonbill ; c Yellow-
hammer ; d Thrush ; e Falcon ; /"Merganser ; (? Pelican ;
h Avocet ; t Skimmer; k Pigeon ; I Shoebill IBalaanU
ceps rex) ^ m Openbill {Amtstomus) : n Aragari ( P^ero-
glosms) ; o Saddle-billed stork ; p Curlew ; g Swift.
the jaws. The form varies much according to the food
and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classifi-
cation of birds, (t) A similar bill in other animals, as the
turtles, (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some
insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera.
{d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the
hinge of a bivalve, (e) The prolongation of certain uni-
valve shells containing the canal.
2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a
beak, as a promontory of land. Carew.
3. (Antiq.) A beam, shod or armed at the end with a
metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an
ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy ;
a beakhead.
4. (Naut.) That part of a ship, before the forecastle,
which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the
main knee.
5. (Arch.) A continuous slight projection ending in an
arris or narrow fillet ; that part of a drip from which
the water is thrown off.
6. (Bot.) Any process somewhat like the beak of a
bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant.
7. (Far.) A toe clip. See Clip, )(. (Far.).
8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng."]
Beaked (bekt), a. 1. Having a beak or a beaklike
point; beak-shaped. "Each JeoA-erf promontory. " 7)/j'Wore.
2. (Biol.) Furnished with a process or a mouth like a
beak ; rostrate.
Baaked whaU (Zool.), a cetacean of the genus Ilypero-
tdon ; the bottlehead whale.
Beak'er (bek'er), 7i. [OE. hiker; akin to Icel. biknrr,
Sw. biigare, Dan. baeger, G. becher. It. bicchiere; — all
fr. LL. hicarium, prob. fr. Gr. /Sikos wine jar, or perh. L.
bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.] 1. A large drink,
ing cup, with a wide mouth, supported
on a foot or standard.
2. An open-mouthed, thin glass
vessel, having a projecting lip for
pouring ; — used for holding solutions
requiring heat. Knight.
Beak'head' (-hgd'), re. 1. (Arch.)
An ornament used in rich Norman
doorways, resembling a head with a
beak. Parker.
2. (Naut.) (a) A smaM platform at a form of Beaker,
the fore part of the upper deck of a
vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew.
(b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3.
Beak'i-ron (-i-iSm), re. [From Biokern.] A bickern ;
a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the
interior surfaces of sheet metal ware ; the horn of an
anvil.
Beal (bel), n. [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.) A small
infiammatory tumor ; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.\
Beal, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Sealed (held) ; p. pr. & vb.
n. BEALrNG.] To gather matter ; to swell and come to a
head, as a pimple. [Prov. E7>g.'\
Be'-all' (be'al'), n. The whole ; all that is to be.
[Poetic;\ " Shak.
Beam (bem), n. [AS. beam beam, post, tree, ray ol
light ; akin to OFries. bam tree, OS. boin, D. boom,
OHG. bourn, poum, G. buum, Icel. baSmr, Goth, bagins
and Gr. ^vfjia. a growth, <{>Ci'at to become, to be. Cf.
L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and
G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash
of lightning. V97. See Be ; cf. Boom a spar.] 1. Any
large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its
thickness, and prepared for use.
2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a build-
ing or ship.
The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching
across from side to side to support the decks. Totten.
3. The width of a vessel ; as, one vessel is said to have
more beam than another.
4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the
scales are suspended.
The doubtful beam long nods from side to side. Pope.
5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer,
which bears the antlers, or branches.
6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic'] Dryden.
7. A cylinder of wood, making part ol a loom, on
which weavers wind the warp before w eaving ; also, the
cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it i.", woven ; one
being called the/o)'« beam, the other the back beam.
8. The straight part or shank of an anchor.
9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles
and colter are secured, and to the end of which are
attached the oxen or horses that draw it.
10. (Steam Engine) A heavy iron lever having an
oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is
connected with the piston rod from which it receives
motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft ;
— called also working beam or lualking beam.
11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from
the sun or other luminous body ; as, a beam of light, or
of heat.
How far that little candle throws his beams f Sliak.
12. Fig. : A ray ; a gleam ; as, a beam of comfort.
Mercy with her genial beam. Keble.
13. One of the long feathers iu the wing of a hawk ; —
called also beam feather.
Abaft the beam (,Naut.), in an arc of the horizon be-
tween a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in
the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass
toward which her stem is directed. — Beam center (Mach.),
the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an en-
gine vibrates. — Beam compass, an instrument censisting
of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel
or pencil points ; — used for drawing or describing large
circles. — Beam engine, a steam engine having a working
beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which
has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the
wheel shaft. — Before the beam (.Naiit.), in an arc of the
horizon included between a line that crosses the ship at
right angles and that point of the compass toward which
the ship steers. — On the beam, in a line with the beams,
or at right angles with the keel. — On the weather beam,
on tlie side of a ship which faces the wind. — To be on her
beam ends, to incline, as a vessel, so much on one side that
her beams approach a vertical position.
Beam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beamed (bemd) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Beaminq.] To send forth ; to emit ; — followed
ordinarily by forth ; as, to beam forth light.
Beam, v. i. To emit beams of light.
He beamed, the daystar of the rising age. Trumbull.
Beam'blrd' (-herd'), «. (Zool.) A small European
flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola), so called because it often
nests on a Ijeam in a building.
Beamed (bemd), a. Furnished with beams, as the
head of a stag.
Tost his beamed frontlet to the sky. Sir W. Scott.
Beam'ful (bem'ful), a. Beamy ; radiant.
Beam'1-ly (-i-iy), adv. In a beaming manner.
Beam'i-ness, re. The state of being beamy.
Beam'lng, a. Emitting beams ; radiant.
Beam'lng-ly, adv. In a beaming manner; radiantly.
Beam'less, a. 1. Not having a beam.
2. Not emitting light.
Beam'let (-l§t), re. A small beam of light.
Beam' tree' (tre'). [AS. bedm a tree. See Beam.]
(Bot.) A tree (Pyrvs ana) related to the apple.
Beam'y (-y), a. l. Emllting beams of light ; radiant ;
shining. " Beamy go\d." Tickell.
H
K
M
use, unite, riide, full, up, arn ; pity; food, fo-ot; out, oil; chair; ge; sing, ink; tlien, thin; bo.v ; zli = z in azure.
BEAN
128
BEAR'S-BREECH
2. Kesembling a beam in size and weight ; massy.
His double-biting ax, and beamy spear. Dryden.
3. HaTing horns, or antlers.
Beamy stags in toils engage. Dryden.
Bean (ben), n. [OE. bene, AS. bean ; akin to D. boon,
G. bohne, OB.Gr, porta, Icel. baun, Dan. bonne, Sw. bijna,
and perh. to Buss, bob, L. /afta.] 1. (Bot.) A name given
to the seed of certain leguminous herbs, chiefly of the
genera Faba, Phaseolus, and Dolichos ; also, to the herbs,
&^ The origm and classification of many kinds are
stiUdoubtfiil. Among true beans are : the black-eyed
beau and Chma bean, mcluded in Dohchos .-Sinensis ;
black Egyptian bean or hyacinth bean, U. Lablab ; the
common haricot beans, kidney beans, strmg beaus, and
pole beans, all included m Fhaseohts rulgaris ; the lower
bush bean, Ph. i:u/f/aris, vavieby nanus , Luna bean, Ph.
lunatns; Spanisli 'bean and scarlet runner, PA. mulh-
florus; Windsor bean, the common bean ol Jingland,
Faba vulgaris. , , .,, ^ t.
As an article of food beans are classed with vegetables.
2. The popular name of other vegetable seeds or fruits,
more or less resembling true beans.
Bean aphia (Zoo/.), a plant louse (Aphis fabse) which in-
fests the beanplant. — Bean fly (Zool.), a fly found on
bean flowers. —Bean goose (Zool.), a species of goose
(Anser sef/elum). — Bea.a weevil (Zoo!.), a small weevil
that in the larval state destroys beans. The American
species is Bruchusfabx. — Florida beau (ZJo^), the seed of
Mucuna u rens, a West Indian plant. The seeds are washed
up on the Florida shore, and are often polished and made
into ornamencs. — Ignatius bean, or St. Ignatlus's bean
(Bot.), a species of Strychnos. — Navy bean, the common
dried wliite bean of commerce ; jprobably so called be-
cause an important article of food in the navy. — Pea bean,
a very small and liighly esteemed variety of the edible
white bean ; — so called from its size. —Sacred bean. See
under Sacked. — Screw bean. See under Sckew. — Sea bean.
(a) Same as Florida bean. (6) A red bean of unknown
species used for ornament. — Tonqiuin bean, or Tonka bean,
the fragrant seed of Diptevyx odorata, a leguminous tree.
— Vanilla bean. See under Vanilla.
Bean' ca'per. (Bot.) A deciduous plant of warm cli-
mates, generally with fleshy leaves and flowers of a yel-
low or whitish yellow color, of the genus Zygophyllum.
Bean' tre'f OU. (Bot. ) A leguminous shrub of southern
Europe, with trifoliate leaves (Anagyris fcetida).
Bear (b3r), v. i. [imp. BoEE (bor) (formerly Bake
(bSr) );p. p. Born (b6rn), BoRNB (born) ; p. pr. & vb. re.
Bearing.] [OE. beren, AS. beran, beoran, to bear,
carry, produce ; akin to D. baren to bring forth, G. geba-
ren, Goth, bo Iran to bear or carry, Icel. bera, Sw. b'dra,
Dan. bsere, OHG. beran, peran, L. ferre to bear, carry,
produce, Gr. 4>epciv, OSlav. brad to take, carry, Olr.
herim I bear, Skr. bh^ to bear. •v'92. Cf. Fertile.]
1. To support or sustain ; to hold up.
2. To support and remove or carry ; to convey.
I '11 bear your logs tlie while. Shak.
3. To conduct ; to bring ; — said of persons. [OJi.]
Bear them to my house. Shah.
4. To possess and use, as power ; to exercise.
Every man should bear rule in his own house. Esther i. 32.
5. To sustain ; to have on (written or inscribed, or as
a mark) ; as, the tablet bears this inscription.
6. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or dis-
tinction ; to wear ; as, to bear a sword, badge, or name.
7. To possess mentally ; to carry or hold in the mind ;
to entertain ; to harbor. Dryden.
The ancient grudge I bear him. Shak.
8. To endure ; to tolerate ; to undergo ; to suffer.
Should such a man, too fond to rule alone,
Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne. Pope.
I cannot bear
The murmur of this lake to hear. Shelley.
My punishment is greater than I can bear. Gen. iv. 1.3.
9. To gain or win. [06s.]
Some think to bear it by speaking a great word. Bacon.
She was . . . found not guilty, throngh hearing of friends and
bribing of the judge. Latimer.
10. To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame, ex-
pense, responsibility, etc.
He shall bear their iniquities. Is. liii. 11.
Somewhat that will bear your charges. Dryden.
11. To render or give ; to bring forward. " Tour tes-
timony bear." Dryden.
12. To carry on, or maintain; to have. "The credit
of bearing a part in the conversation." Locke.
13. To admit or be capable of ; that is, to suffer or
sustain without violence, injury, or change.
In all criminal cases the most favorable interpretation should
be put on words that they can possibly bear. Swift.
14. To manage, wield, or direct. " Thus must thou
thy body fieac." Shak. Hence: To behave ; to conduct.
Hath he borne himself penitently in prison ? Shak.
15. To afford ; to be to ; to supply with.
His faithful dog shall bear him company. Pope.
16. To bring forth or produce ; to yield ; as, to bear
apples ; to bear children ; to bear interest.
Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden.
111^= In the passive form of this verb, the best modem
usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of
brourjht forth, while borne is used in the other senses of
the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the
past participle.
To bear down, (a) To force into a lower place ; to carry
down ; to depress or sink. " His nose, . . . large as were
the others, iore them doion into insignificance." Mar-
ryat. (6) To overthrow or crush by force ; as, to bear
down an enemy. —To bear a hand, (a) To help ; to give
assistance, (b) (Naut.) To make haste; to be quick. —
— To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually
by promises never to be realized ; to amuse by false pre-
tenses ; to delude. [Obs.^ " How you were borne in
hand, how crossed." Shak. —To bear in mind, to remem-
ber.—To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from ap-
proach. (6) (jVaut.) To remove to a distance; to keep
elear from rubbing against anything ; as, to bear off a
Dryden.
Pope.
Dryden.
Addison.
blow ; to bear off a, boat, (c) To gain ; to carry off, as a
prize. — To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge. [Obs.\
Caesar doth bear me hard." /S/ia*. — To bear out. (a)
To maintain and support to the end ; to defend to the
last. " Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing. ' '
South, (b) To corroborate ; to confirm. — To bear up, to
support ; to keep from falling or sinking. " Religious
hope bears up the mind under sufferings." Addisuii.
Syn. — To uphold ; sustain ; maintain ; support ; under-
go ^ suffer ; endure ; tolerate : carry ; convey ; transport ;
watt.
Bear (bSr), v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit ; to be fruit-
ful, in opposition to barrenness.
This age to blossom, and the next to bear.
2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden.
But man is born to bear.
3. To endure with patience ; to be patient.
I can not, can not bear,
4. To press ; — with on or upon, or against.
These men bear hard on the suspected party,
6. To take effect ; to have influence or force ; as, to
bring matters to bear.
6. To relate or refer ; — with on or upon ; as, how
does this bear on the question ?
7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect.
Her sentence 6ore that she should stand a certain tune upon
the platform. Hawthorne.
8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with
respect to something else ; as, the land bears N. by E.
To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure ; as, a
lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] — To bear away (Aaut.),
to change the course of a ship, and make her run before
the wind. — To bear back, to retreat. *'' Bearing back from
the blows of their sable antagonist." Sir W. Scott.— 1o
bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward
side ; as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. — To bear
in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward ; as, a ship bears in
icilli the land. —To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from
laud.— To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have forti-
tude ; to be firm ; not to sink ; as, to bear up under afflic-
tions. (6) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward)
and so put the ship before the wind ; to bear away. Hani-
erstij. — To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as
to affect ; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit
(the object) ; as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon
a fort or a ship ; the artillery bore upon the center. — To
bear up to, to tend or move toward ; as, to bear up to one
another. — To bear with, to endure ; to be indulgent to ;
to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish.
Bear (ber), n. A bier. [06s.] Spenser.
Bear (bSr), re. [OE. bere, AS. bera ; akin to D. beer,
OHG. bero, pero, G. bar, Icel. & Sw. bjorn, and possibly
to L. fera wild beast, Gr. <J>^p beast, Skr. bhalla bear.]
1. (Zodl.) Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the
closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carniv<Jra,
but they live largely on fruit and insects.
The European brown bear ( U. arctos), the white polar
bear ( U. maritimus),
the grizzly bear ( U.
ho rribilis), the
American black
bear, and its variety
the cinnamon bear
( n. Americana.^), the
Syrian bear ( (Jrsus
Syriacus), and the
sloth bear, are
among the notable
species.
2. (Zool.) An an-
imal which has some
resemblance to a
bear in form dr hab-
its, but no real affinity; as, the wooly bear; aat bear;
water bear; sea bear.
3. (Astron.) One of two constellations in the northern
hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the
Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa 3finor.
4. Metaphorically; A brutal, coarse, or morose person.
5. (Stock Exchange) A person who sells stocks or se-
curities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the
market.
0^°" The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose
interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise,
stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear's
habit of pulling down, and the bull's of tossing up.
6. (3fach.) A portable punching machine.
7. (Naut.) A block covered with coarse matting ; —
used to scour the deck.
Australian bear. (Zool.) See Koala. — Bear baiting, the
sport of baiting bears with dogs. — Bear caterpillar (Zool.),
the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. —
Bear garden, (a) A place where bears are kept for diver-
sion or fighting, (b) Any place where riotous conduct is
common or permitted. M7 Arnold. — Bear leader, one who
leads about a performing bear for money ; hence, a face-
tious term for one who takes charge of a young man on
his travels.
Bear, v. t. {Stock Exchange) To endeavor to depress
the price of, or prices in ; as, to bear a railroad stock ; to
bear the market.
Bear, Bere (ber), n. [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.)
Barley ; the six-rowed barley or the four-rowed barley,
commonly the former (Jlordeum hexastichon or JBC. vul-
gare). \_Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.'\
Bear'a-ble (bSr'a-b'l), a. Capable of being borne or
endured ; tolerable. — Bear'a-bly, adv.
Bear1)er-ry (-ber-ry), re. (Bot.) A trailing plant of
the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), having leaves
which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of
which bears are said to be fond.
Bear'blnd' (-bind'), n. (Bot.) The bindweed (Convol-
vulus arvensis).
Beard (herd), n. [OE. berd, AS. beard; akin to Fries.
herd, D. hoard, G. bart, Lith. barzda, OSlav. brada, Pol.
broda, Russ. boroda, L. barba, W. barf. Cf. 1st Barb.]
1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent
parts of the human face, chiefly of male adults.
Bear of Palestine (Ursy$ Syriacus).
2. (Zool.) (o) The long hairs about the face in animals,
as in the goat. (6) The cluster of small feathers at the
base of the beak in some birds, (c) The appendages to
the jaw in some Cetacea, and to the mouth or jaws of
some fishes, (d) The byssus of certain shellfish, as the
muscle, (e) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster.
(/ ) In insects, the hairs of the labial palpi of motlis and
butterflies.
3. (Bot.) Long or stiff hairs on a plant ; the awn ; as,
the beard of grain.
4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow or other instru-
ment, projecting backward to prevent the head from be-
ing easily drawn out.
5. That part of the under side of a horse's lower jaw
which is above the chin, and bears the curb of a bridle.
6. (Print.) That part of a type which is between the
shoulder of the shank and the face.
7. An imposition ; a trick. [06s.] Chaucer.
Beard grass (Bot.), a coarse, perennial grass of different
species of the genns Androjjogon. — To one's beard, to one's
face ; in open defiance.
Beard (berd), v. l. [imp. & p. p. Bearded ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Bearding.] 1. To take by the beard ; to seize,
pluck, or pull the beard of (a man), in anger or contempt.
2. To oppose to the face ; to set at defiance.
No admiral, bearded by these corrupt and dissolute minions of
the palace, dared to do more than mutter something about a
court martial. Macaulay.
3. To deprive of the gills ; — used only of oysters and
similar shellfish.
Beard'ed, a. Having a beard. ^'Bearded fellow."
Shak. "Bearded grain." Dryden.
Bearded vulture. Bearded eagle. (Zool.) See Lammbe-
GEm. — Bearded tortoise. (Zool.) See Matamata.
Beard'le (-y), «. [From Beard, re.] (Zool.) The
bearded loach (Neniachilus barbatus) of Europe. [Scot.']
Beardless, a. 1. without a beard. Hence : Not hav-
ing arrived at puberty or manhood ; youthful.
2. Destitute of an awn ; as, beardless wheat.
Beardless-ness, n. The state or quality of being
destitute of beard.
Bear'er (bSr'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bearSj
sustains, or carries. "Bearers of burdens." 2 Chron,
ii. 18. " The bearer of unhappy news." Dryden.
2. Specifically : One who assists in carrying a body to
the grave ; a pallbearer. Milton.
3. A palanquin carrier ; also, a house servant. [India"]
4. A tree or plant yielding fruit ; as, a good bearer.
5. (Com.) One who holds a check, note, draft, oi
other order for the payment of money ; as, pay to bearer.
6. (Print.) A strip of reglet or other furniture to beai
off the impression from a blank page ; also, a type oi
type-high piece of metal interspersed in blank parts to
support the plate when it is shaved.
Bear'herd' (-herd'), n. A man who tends a bear.
Bearliound' (-hound'), n. A hound for baiting oi
hunting bears. Carlyle.
Bear'lng (bSrIng), n. 1. The manner in which on«
bears or conducts one's self ; mien ; behavior ; carriage.
I know him by his bearing. Shak.
2. Patient endvirance ; suffering without complaint.
3. The situation of one object, with respect to another,
such situation being supposed to have a connection with
the object, or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it j
hence, relation ; connection.
But of this frame, the bearings and the ties,
The strong connections, nice dependencies. Pope.
4- Purport ; meaning ; intended significance ; aspect.
5. The act, power, or time of producing or giving
birth ; as, a tree in full bearing ; a tree past bearing.
[His mother] in travail of his bearing. R. of Gloucester,
6. (Arch.) (a) That part of any member of a building
which rests upon its supports ; as, a lintel or beam may
have four inches of bearing upon the walL (6) The por-
tion of a support on which anything rests, (c) Improp-
erly, the unsupported span; as, the beam has twenty
feet of bearing between its supports.
7. (Mach.) (a) The part of an axle or shaft in contact
with its support, collar, or boxing ; the journal. (6) The
part of the support on which a journal rests and rotates.
8- (Her.) Any single emblem or charge in an escutch-
eon or coat of arms ; — commonly in the pi.
A carriage covered with armorial bearings. Thackeray.
9. (Naut.) (a) The situation of a distant object, with
regard to a ship's position, as on the bow, on the lea
quarter, etc. ; the direction or point of the compass in
which an object is seen ; as, the bearing of the cape was
W. N. W. (6) pi. The vridest part of a vessel below
the plank-sheer, (c) pi. The line of flotation of a ves-
sel when properly trimmed with cargo or ballast.
Ball bearings. See imder Ball. — To bring one to his bear-
ings, to bring one to his senses. — To lose one's bearings, to
become bewildered. — To take bearings, to ascertain by the
compass the position of an object ; to ascertain the rela-
tion of one object or place to another ; to ascertain one's
gositlon by reference to landmarks or to the compass ;
ence (Fig.), to ascertain the condition of things when
one is in trouble or perplexity.
Syn. — Deportment ; gesture ; mien ; behavior ; man-
ner ; carriage ; demeanor ; port ; conduct ; direction ; re-
lation ; tendency ; influence.
Bear'ing cloth' (kloth' ; 115). A cloth with which
a child is covered when carried to be baptized. Shak
Bear'ing rein' (ran'). A short rein looped over the
check hook or the hames to keep the horse's head up ; —
called in the United States a checkrein.
Bear'ish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear ; re-
sembling a bear in temper or manners. Sarris.
Bear'ish-ness, n. Behavior like that of a bear.
Beam (bSm), n. See Bairn. [06i.]
Bear's' -breech' (bSr.j'brech'), n. (Bot.) (a) See
Acanthus, n., 1. (6) The English cow parsnip (Merac-
leum sphondylium). Dr. Prior.
ale, senate, c&re, &ra, arm, ask, fiaal, ^j eve, event, find, fern, recent; Ice, idea, ill; old, dbey, 6rb, 5dd;
BEAR'S-EAR
129
BEAVERTEEN
Bear's'-ear' (bSrz'er'), n. {Bot.) A kind of primrose
<l Primula auricula), so called from the shape of the leaf.
Bear's'-fOOt' (-foot'), n. (Bot.) A species of helle-
bore {Hellcborus fosiidus), with digitate leaves. It has au
■offensive smell aiid acrid taste, and is a powerful emetic,
cathartic, and anthelmintic.
Bear'Skin' (bSr'sktn'), n. 1. The skin of a bear.
2. A coarse, shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats.
3. A cap made of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers.
Bear's'-paw' (-pa'), »• (.ZoS^) A large bivalve shell
of the East Indies (Hippopus maculatus), often used as
an ornament.
Beai/ward' (-ward'), n. [Bear + ward a keeper.]
A keeper of bears. " See Bbakherd. [iJJ Shak.
Beast (best), n. [OE. best, besie, OF. beste, F. bete,
fr. L. bestia.] 1. Any living creature ; an animal ; — in-
cluding man, insects, etc. [Ois.] Chaucer.
2. Any four-footed animal, that may be used for labor,
food, or sport ; as, a beast of burden.
A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast. Prov. xii. 10.
3. As opposed to man : Any irrational animal.
4. Fig. : A coarse, brutal, filthy, or degraded fellow.
5. A game at cards similar to loo. [06s.] Wright.
6. A penalty at beast, omber, etc. Hence : To be
beasted, to be beaten at beast, omber, etc.
Beast royal, the lion. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Syn. — Beast, Brute. When we use these words in a
figurative sense, as applicable to human beings, we think
oi beasts as mere animals governed by animal appetite ;
and of brutes as being destitute of reason or mor.al feel-
ing, and governed by unrestrained passion. Hence we
spe.ak of beastly appetites ; beastly indulgences, etc. ; and
of brutal manners ; brutal inhumanity ; brutal ferocity.
So, also, we say of a drmikard, that he first made himself
a beast, and then treated his family like a brute.
Beast'hOOd (best'hood), n. State or nature of a beast.
Beast'ings (-Ingz), n. pi. See Biestings.
Beast'li-head (-IT-hed), n. \_Beastly -|- -head state.]
Beastliness. [06*.] Spenser.
Beast'likC (best'lik'), a. Like a beast.
Beast'li-neSS, n. The state or quality of being beastly.
Beast'ly (best'ly), a. 1. Pertainmg to, or having the
form, nature, or habits of, a beast.
Beastly divinities and droves of gods. Prior.
2. Characterizing the nature of a beast ; contrary to
the nature and dignity of man ; brutal ; filthy.
The beastly vice of drinkiBg to excess. Swift.
3. Abominable; as, 6easW2/ weather. [_Colloq. Eng.']
Syn.— Bestial ; brutish ; irrational ; sensual ; degrading.
Beat (bet), v. t. {im.p. Beat; p. p. Beat, Beaten
(bef'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beating.] [OE. beaten, beten,
AS. beataii; akin to Icel. bauta, OHG. bozan. Cf. 1st
Butt, Button.] 1. To strike repeatedly ; to lay re-
peated blows upon ; as, to beat one's breast ; to beat iron
so as to shape it ; to beat grain, in order to force out the
eeeds ; to beat eggs and sugar ; to beat a drum.
Thou Shalt beat some of it [spiees] very small. Ex. xxx. 3G.
They did beat the gold into tliin plates. Ex. xxxix. 3.
2. To punish by blows ; to thrash.
3. To scour or range over in hunting, accompanied
•with the noise made by striking bushes, etc., for the pur-
pose of rousing game.
To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey. Prior.
4. To dash against, or strike, as with water or wind.
A frozen continent . , . beat with perpetual storms. Milton.
6. To tread, as a path.
Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way. Blachmore.
6. To overcome in a battle, contest, strife, race, game,
«tc. ; to vanquish or conquer ; to surpass.
He beat them in a bloody battle. Prescott.
For loveliness, it would be hard to beat that. M. Arnold.
7. To cheat ; to chouse ; to swindle ; to defraud ; —
often with out. lCollog.~\
8. To exercise severely ; to perplex ; to trouble.
Why should any one . . . &ea? his head about the Latin gram-
mar who does not intend to be a critic ? Locke.
9. {Mil.) To give the signal for, by beat of drum ; to
sound by beat of drum ; as, to beat an alarm, a charge, a
parley, a retreat ; to beat the general, the reveille, the
tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc.
To beat down, to haggle with (any one) to secure a lower
price ; to force down. [Colloq.]—'io beat into, to teach or
instill, by repetition. — To beat off, to repel or drive back.
— To beat out, to extend by hammering. — To beat out of a
thing, to cause to relinquish it, or give it up. " Nor can
anything beat their posterity out of it to tliis day." South.
— To beat the dust. (Man.) (a) To take in too little ground
with the fore legs, as a horse. (6) To perform curvets too
precipitately or too low. — To beat the hoof, to walk ; to
go on foot. — To beat the wing, to flutter ; to move with
fluttering agitation. — To beat time, to measure or regu-
late time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. —
To 'jeat up, to attack suddenly ; to alarm or disturb ; as,
to beat up an enemy's quarters.
Syn.— To strike ; pound ; bang ; buffet ; maul ; drub ;
thump ; baste ; thwack ; thrash ; pommel ; cudgel ; bela-
bor ; conquer ; defeat ; vanquish ; overcome.
Beat, V. i. 1. To strike repeatedly ; to inflict repeated
blows ; to knock vigorously or loudly.
The men of the city . . . beat at the door. Judges xix. 22.
2. To move with pulsation or throbbing.
A thousand hearts beat happily. Byron.
3. To come or act with violence ; to dash or fall with
torce ; to strike anything, as rain, wind, and waves do.
Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below. Dryden.
They [winds] beat at the crazy casement. Lcmgfelloiv,
The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and
Wished in himself to die. Jonah iv. 8.
Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers. Bacon.
4. To be in agitation or doubt. IPoetic']
To still my beating mind. Shak.
5. (.Naut.) To make progress against the wind, by sail-
ing hi a zigzag line or traverse.
6. To make a sound when struck ; as, the drums beat.
7. (3Iil. ) To make a succession of strokes on a drum ;
as, the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters.
8. {Acoustics & Mus.) To sound with more or less
rapid alternations of greater and less intensity, so as to
produce a pulsating effect ; — said of instruments, tones,
or vibrations, not perfectly in unison.
A beating wind (Na^tt.), a wind which necessitates tack-
ing in order to make progress. — To beat about, to try to
hud ; to search by various means or ways. Addison. —
To beat about the bush, to approach a subject circuitously.
— To beat up and down illuntiiig), to run first one way and
then another ; — said of a stag. — To beat up for recruits, to
go diligently about in order to get helpers or participa-
.tors in au enterprise.
B6at-(l)et), n. 1. A stroke ; a blow.
He, with a careless beat.
Struck out the mute creation at a heat. Dryden.
2. A recurring stroke ; a throb ; a pulsation ; as, a beat
of the heart ; the beat of the pulse.
3. {Mus.) {a) The rise or fall of the hand or foot,
marking the divisions of time ; a division of the measure
so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit.
(6) A transient grace note, struck immediately before
the one it is intended to ornament.
4. {Acoustics & Mus.) A sudden swelling or reenforce-
ment of a sound, recurrmg at regular intervals, and pro-
duced by the interference of sound waves of slightly dif-
ferent periods of vibrations ; applied also, by analogy, to
other kinds of wave motions ; the pulsation or throbbing
produced by the vibrating together of two tones not
quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8.
5. A round or course which is frequently gone over ;
as, a watchman's beat.
6. A place of habitual or frequent resort.
7. A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade ; — often
emphasized by dead; as, a dead beat, [iow]
Beat of drum (Mil.), a succession of strokes varied, in
ditterent ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a
march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to di-
rect an attack, or retreat, etc. —Beat of a watch, or clock,
the stroke or sound made by the action of the escape-
ment. A clock is in beat or out of beat, according as the
stroke is at equal or unequal intervals.
Beat, a. Weary ; tired ; fatigued ; exhausted. \_Colloq.~\
Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed. Dickens.
Beat'en (bef'n ; 95), a. 1. Made smooth by beating
or treading ; worn by use. " A broad and beaten way."
3Iilton. " Beaten gold." Shak.
2. Vanquished ; conquered ; baffled.
3. Exhausted ; tired out.
4. Become common or trite ; as, a beaten phrase. [06s.]
5. Tried ; practiced. [06s.] Beau. & Fl.
Beat'er (befer), n. 1. One who, or that which, beats.
2. A person who beats up game for the hunters. Black.
Beath (beth), r. <. [AS. fieSrjara to foment.] To bathe;
also, to dry or heat, as unseasoned wood. [06s.] Spenser.
Be'a-tif'ic (be'a^tlf'Ik), 1 a. [Cf. F. beatifigue, L. bea-
Be'a-til'io-al (-T-kal), ) tificus. See Beatify.] Hav-
ing the power to impart or complete blissful enjoyment ;
blissful. "The 6ea/i/ic vision." South. — Be'a-til'ic-
al-ly, adv.
Be'a-tU'i-cate (-i-kat), v. t. To beatify. [06s.] Fuller.
Be-at'i-fi-ca'tion (be-St'T-f i-ka'shiin), n. [Cf. F. beaii-
ficaiion.'] The act of beatifying, or the state of being
beatified ; esp., in the R. C. Church, the act or process of
ascertaining and declaring that a deceased person is one
of "the blessed," or has attained the second degree of
sanctity, — usually a stage in the process of canonization.
" The beatification of his spirit." Jer. Taylor.
Be-at'i-fy (be-at'I-fi), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Beatified
(-fid); p. pr. & vb. re. Beatifying.] [L. beatificare ;
beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) -|-
facere to make : cf. F. beatifier. See Bounty.] 1. To
pronounce or regard as happy, or supremely blessed, or
as conferring happiness.
The common conceits and phrases that beatify wealth. Barrow.
2. To make happy ; to bless vrith the completion of
celestial enjoyment. " Beatified spiiits." Dryden.
3. {B. C. Ch.) To ascertain and declare, by a public
process and decree, that a deceased person is one of " the
blessed," and is to be reverenced as such, though not
canonized.
Beat'ing (bet'ing), n. 1. The act of striking or giv-
ing blows ; punishment or chastisement by blows.
2. Pulsation ; throbbing ; as, the beating of the heart.
3. (Acoustics & Mus.) Pulsative sounds. See Beat, re.
4. (Naut.) The process of sailing against the wind by
tacks in a zigzag direction.
Be-at'i-tude (be-att-tud), n. [L. beatitudo : cf . F. be-
atitude. See Beatify.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind ;
consummate bliss.
2. Any one of the nine declarations (called the Beati-
tudes), made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v.
3-12), with regard to the blessedness of those who are
distinguished by certain specified virtues.
3. (R. C. Ch.) Beatification. Milman.
Syn. — Blessedness ; felicity ; happuiess.
Beau (bo), n. ; pi. F. Beaux (E. pron. boz), E. Beaus
(boz). [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, fr. L. bellus
pretty, fine, for bonulus, dim. of bonus good. See
Bounty, and cf. Belle, Beauty.] 1. A man who takes
great care to dress in the latest fashion ; a dandy.
2. A man who escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady ;
an escort ; a lover.
Beau'catch'er (bo'kSch'er), re. A small flat curl worn
on the temple by women. [Humorozis']
Beau'fet (b^fet), re. [See Buffet.] A niche, cup-
board, or sideboard for plate, china, glass, etc. ; a buffet.
A beaufet . . . filled with gold and silver vessels. Prescott.
Beau'fln (b^fin), n. See Biffin. Wright.
Beau' 1-de'al (bo' t-de'al; 277). [F. beau beautiful
-|- ideal an ideal.] A conception or image of consummate
beauty, moral or physical, formed in the mind, free from
all the deformities, defects, and blemishes seen in actual
existence ; an ideal or faultless standard or model.
Beau'ish (bo'ish), a. Like a beau ; characteristic of a
beau ; foppish ; fine. " A beauish young spark." Byrom.
II Beau' monde' (bo' mSNd'). [F. beau fine -f- monde
world.] The fashionable world ; people of fashion and
gayety. ^ Prior.
Beau'pere' (bo'pSr'), n. [F. beau pere; beau fair +
pere father.] 1. A father. [06s.] Wyclif.
2. A companion. _[06s.] ^ Spenser.
II Beau's^'ant' (bo'sa'iiN'), re. [F. heauceanl.^ The
black and white standard of the Knights Templars.
Beau'shlp (bo'ship), n. The state of being a beau ;
the personality of _a beau. \Jocular'] Dryden.
Beau'te-OUS (bu'te-us), a. Full of beauty ; beautiful ;
very handsome. [3/os«j/ poetic] — Beau'te-OUS-ly, adv.
— Beau'te-ous-ness, re.
Beau'tied (-tid), p. a. Beautiful ; embellished. [Po-
etic} Shak.
Beau'tl-fi'er (bu'tt-fi'er), re. One who, or that which,
beautifies or makes beautiful
Beau'ti-ful (bu'ti-ful), a. Having the qualities which
constitute beauty ; pleasing to the sight or the mind.
A circle is more beautiful than a square ; a square is more
beautiful than a parallelogram. Lord Kaines.
Syn. — Handsome ; elegant ; lovely ; fair ; charming ;
graceful ; pretty ; delightful. See Fine.
— Beau'ti-ful-ly, adv. — Beau'ti-ful-ness, n.
Beau'ti-fy (bu'ti-fi), v. t. [imp. & p p. Beautified
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beautifying.] [Beauty -\- -fy.']
To make or render beautiful ; to add beauty to ; to adorn ;
to deck ; to grace ; to embellish.
The arts that beautify and polish life. Burke.
Syn. — To adorn ; grace ; ornament ; deck ; decorate.
Beau'ti-fy, v. i. To become beautiful ; to advance in
beauty. Addison.
Beau'ti-less, a. Destitute of beauty. Hammond.
Beau'ty (bu'ty), «. ; pi. Beauties (-tiz). [OB. beaute,
beute, OF. beaute, biaute, Pr. beltat, F. beaute, fr. an as-
sumed LL. bellitas, from L. bellus pretty. See Beau.]
1. An assemblage of graces or properties pleasing to
the eye, the ear, the inteUeet, the aesthetic faculty, or
the moral sense.
Beauty consists of a certain composition of color and figure,
causing delight in the beholder. Locke.
The production of beauty by a multiplicity of symmetrical
parts uniting in a consistent whole. Wordsworth.
The old definition of beauty, in the Roman school, was, *' mul-
titude in unity ; " and there is no doubt that such is the prin-
ciple of beauty. Coleridge.
2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excel-
lence ; anything beautiful ; as, the beauties of nature.
3. A beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman.
AU the admired beauties of Verona. Shak.
4. Prevailing style or taste ; rage ; fashion. [06s.]
She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty.
Jer. Taylor.
Beauty spot, a patch or spot placed on the face with
intent to heighten beauty by contrast.
Beaux (boz), n., pi. of Beau.
Beaux'ite (bokslt), re. (3Iin.) See Bauxite.
Bea'ver (be'ver), n- [OE. bever, AS, beoj'er, befer;
akin to D.
bever, OHG.
bibar, G. bi-
ber, Sw. 6a/-
ver, Dan.
bsever, Lith.
bebru, Russ.
bobr\ Gael.
b e ab har.
Corn, befer,
L. fiber, and
Skr. babhrus
large ichneu-
mon ; also as
an adj., brown,
the animal being
probably named from its color. V253. See Brown.]
1. (Zo'dl.) An amphibious rodent, of the genus Castor.
<^W^ It has pahnated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail.
It IS remarkable for its ingenuity in constructing Its
lodges or "houses," and dams across streams. It is
valued for its fur, and for the material called castor, ob-
tained from two small bags in the groin of the animal.
The European species is Castor fiber, and the American
is generally considered a variety of this, although some-
times called Castor Canadensis.
2. The fur of the beaver.
3. A hat, formerly made of the fur of the beaver, but
now usually of silk.
A brown beaver slouched over his eyes. Prescott.
4. Beaver cloth, a heavy felted woolen cloth, used
chiefly for making overcoats
Beaver rat (Zo'dl.), an aquatic ratlike quadruped of Tas-
mania (Ni/dromys chrysogajiter). — Beaver skin, the furry
skin of the beaver. — Bank beaver. See under 1st Bank.
, Bea'ver, n. [OE. baviere, bauier, beavoir, bever; fr.
F. baviere, fr. have slaver, drivel, foam,
OF., prattle, drivel, perh. orig. an
imitative word. Baviere, according
to Cotgrave, is the bib put before a
(slavering) child.] That piece of armor
which protected the lower part of the
face, whether forming a part of the hel-
met or fi.xed to the breastplate. It was
so constructed (with joints or otherwise)
that the wearer could raise or lower it
to eat and drink.
Bea'vered (be'verd), a. Covered vrith, or wearing, a
beaver or hat. " His beavered brow." Pope.
Bea'ver-teen (-ten), re. A kind of fustian made of
coarse twilled cotton, shorn after dyeing. Simmonds.
Beaver (.Castor fiber).
Helmet with
Beaver.
D
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, itp, Qm ; pity ; food, f<>bt ; out, oil ; cbair ; go ; sing, ink ; tben, thin ; boN ; zli = z in azure.
9
M
BEBEERINE
130
BEDMAKER
Be-bee'rlne, or Be-bl'rlne (be-be'rTn or -ren), n.
(Chein. ) An alkaloid got from the bark of the bebeeru, or
green heart of Guiana (Nectandra Eodisei). It is a tonic,
antiperiodic, and febrifuge, and is used in medicine as a
substitute for quinine. [Written also bibirine.^
Be-bleed' (be-bled'), v. t. To make bloody ; to stain
with blood. \_Obs.'] Chaucer.
Be-blOOd' (be-blud'), Be-Wood'y (-y), v. t. To make
bloody ; to stain witli blood. [06«.] Sheldon.
Be-blot' (be-blof), tJ. <. To blot ; to stain. Chaucer.
Be-blub'ber (be-bliib'ber), V. t. To make swollen and
disfigured or sullied by weeping ; as, her eyes or cheeks
were bebliibbered.
Be-calm' (be-kam'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Becalmed
(-kamd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Becalmino.] 1. To render
calm or quiet ; to calm ; to still ; to appease.
Soft whispering airs . . . becalm the mind. Philips.
2. To keep from motion, or stop the progress of, by
the stilling of the wind ; as, the fleet was becalmed.
Be-came' (be-kam'), imp. of Become.
II Bec'ard (bgk'erd), n. {Zo'dl.) A South American
bird of the flycatcher family (Tityra inquiselor).
Be-cause' (be-kaz'), conj. [OE. bycause; by -\- cause.']
1. By or for the cause that ; on this account that ; for
the reason that. Milton.
2. In order that ; that. lObs.]
And the multitude rebuked them because they should hold
their peace. Matt.x:x.3l.
Because of, by reason of, on account of. [Prep, phrase.]
Because of these things Cometh the wrath of God upon the
children of disobedience. Ji^h. v. G.
Syn. — Because, Foe, Since, As, Inasmuch as. These
particles are used, in certain connections, to assign tlie
reason of a thing, or that " on account of " whicn it is
or takes place. Been use (by cause) is the strongest and
most emphatic ; as, I hid myself because I was afraid.
For is not quite so strong; as, in Shakespeare, "I hate
him, for he is a Christian." Since is less formal and
more incidental than because : as, I will do it since you
request me. It more commonly begins a sentence ; as.
Since your decision is made, I will say no more. As is
still more incidental than since, and points to some exist-
ing fact by way of assigning a reason. Thus we say, us
I knew him to be out of town, I did not call. Inasmuch
as seems to carry with it a kind of qualification which
does not belong to the rest. Thus, if we say, I am ready
to accept your proposal, inasmuch asl believe it is the
best you can otter, we mean, it is only with this under-
standing that we can accept it.
II Bec'ca-bun'ga (bgk'ka-btin'ga), n. [NL. (cf. It. bec-
C'bunga, G. bachhunge), fr. G. bach brook -|- bunge,
OHG. bungo, bulb. See Beck a brook.] See Beookliiie.
II Bec'ca-fl'CO (bSk'ka-te'ko), n. ; pi. Becoapicos (-koz).
[It., fr. beccare to peck -|- fico fig.] (Zool.) A small
bird {Silvia hortensis), which is highly prized by the
Italians for the delicacy of its flesh in the autunm, when
it has fed on figs, grapes, etc.
II Bech'a-mel (besh'a-mel), re. [F. bechamel, named
from its inventor, Louis de Bechamel.'] (Cookery) A
rich, white sauce, prepared with butter and cream.
Be-chance' (be-chans'), adv. [Pref. be- for by -f-
chance.] By chance ; by accident. [Ofts.] Grafton.
Be-chance', v. t. & i. To befall ; to chance ; to happen to.
God knows what hath bechanced them. Shak.
Be-Charm' (be-charm'), V. t. To charm ; to captivate.
llB^ohe' de mer' (bash' de mSr'). [F., lit., a sea
spade.] (Zo'dl.) The trepang.
Be'chic (be'kTk), a. [L. bechicus, adj., for a cough,
Gr. PrjxiKos, fr.-j3ijf cough: cf. F. bechique.] {Med.)
Pertaining to, or relieving, a cough. Tkom,as. — n. A
medicine for relieving coughs. Quincy.
Beck (bSk), n. See Beak. lObs.] Spenser.
Beck, n. [OE. bek, AS. becc ; akin to Icel. bekkr
brook, OHG. pah, G. bach.] A small brook.
The brooks, the becks, the rills. Drayton.
Beck, n. A vat. See Back.
Beck, V. i. limp. & p. p. Becked (bSkt) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. BECKmo.] [Contr. of beckon.] To nod, or make
a sign with the head or hand. lArchaic] Drayton.
Beck, V. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of
the head or hand ; to intimate a command to. lArchaic]
When gold and silver becks me to come on. Sha!.:.
Beck, n. A significant nod, or motion of the head or
hand, esp. as a call or command.
They have troops of soldiers at their beck. Shak.
Beck'er (bSk'er), n. {Zo'ol.) A European fish {Pagel-
lus centrodontus) ; the sea bream or braise.
Beck'et (bek'gt), n. [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.]
1. {Naut.) A small grommet, or a ring or loop of rope
or metal for holding things in position, as spars, ropes,
etc. ; also a bracket, a pocket, or a handle made of rope.
2. A spade for digging turf. IProv. Eng.] 'Wright.
Beck'on (bek'k'n), v. i. [OE. bekenen, beknen, AS.
beacnian, fr. beacen a sign. See Beacon, and cf. Beck to
nod.] To make a sign to another, by a motion of the
hand or finger, or by nodding, or the like, as a summons
or signal, or as a hint or intimation.
Stood and beckoned at the doorway. Longfellow.
Beck'on, v. t. limp. & p. p. Beckoned (-k'nd) ; p.
pr. & vb. re. Beckoning.] To make a significant sign to ;
hence, to summon, as by a motion of the hand.
His distant friends he beckons near. Dnjden.
Itbeckons you to go away with it. Shak.
Beck'on, n. A sign made without words; a beck.
"At the first beckon." Bolingbroke.
Be-Clap (be-klap'), v. t. [OE. biclappen.] To catch ;
to grasp ; to insnare. [06s.] Chaucer.
3e-0lip' (be-kllp'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Beclepped
(-klipt').] [AS. beclyppan ; pref. be -f clyppan to em-
brace.] To embrace ; to surround. [06s.] Wyclif.
Be-cloud' (be-kloud'), V. t. limp. &p. p. Beclouded ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Beclouding.] To cause obscurity or dim-
ness to ; to dim ; to cloud.
If thou becloud the sunshine of thine eye. Quarles.
Be-come' (be-k8m'), V. i. limp. Became (-kam') ;
p. p. Become ; p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] [OE. bicu-
nuen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen ;
akin to D. bekomen, OHG. piqu'eman, Goth, biquiman
to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See Be-, and
Come.] 1. To pass from one state to another ; to enter
into some state or condition, by a change from another
state, or by assuming or receiving naw properties or qual-
ities, additional matter, or a new character.
The Lord God . . . breathed into his nostrils the breath of
life ; and man became a living soiil. Gen. ii. 7.
That error now which is become my crime. Milton.
2. To come ; to get. [06s.]
But, madam, where is Warwick then become f Shak.
To become of, to be the present state or place of ; to be
the fate of ; to be the end of ; to be the final or subse-
quent condition of.
What is then become o/so huge a multitude ? Sir W. Raleigh.
Be-come', v. t. To suit or be suitable to ; to be con-
gruous with ; to befit ; to accord with, in character or
circumstances ; to be worthy of, or proper for ; to cause
to appear well ; — said of persons and things.
It becomes me so to speak of so excellent a poet. Dryden.
I have known persons so anxious to have their dress become
them, as to convert it, at length, into their proper self, and thus
actually to become the dress. Coleridge.
Be-COm'ed (be-kum'ed), a. Proper ; decorous. lObs.]
And gave him what becomdd love I might. Shak.
Be-com'ing, a. Appropriate or fit ; congruous ; suit-
able ; graceful ; befitting.
A low and becoming tone. Thackeray.
Formerly sometimes followed by of.
Such discourses as are becoming of them. Dryden.
Syn. — Seemly ; comely ; decorous ; decent ; proper.
Be-com'ing, n. That which is becoming or appro-
priate. lOps.] Shak.
Be-com'ing-ly, adv. in a becoming manner.
Be-COm'ing-ness, n. The quality of being becoming,
appropriate, or fit ; congruity ; fitness.
The becomingiiess of human nature. Grew.
Be-crlp'ple (be-krlp'p'l), v. I. To maie a cripple of ;
to cripple; to lame. IR.] Dr. H. More.
II Be-CU'na (ba-koo'na), re. [Sp.] (Zoo?.) A fish of the
Mediterranean {Sphyrsena spet). See Barracuda.
Be-curl' (be-kQrl'),t). i. To curl ; to adorn with curls.
Bed (bSd), re. [AS. bed, bedd ; akin to OS. bed, D.
bed, bedde, Icel. beSr, Dan. bed, Sw. b'ddd, Goth, badi,
OHG. betti, G. belt, bette, bed, beet a plat of ground ; all
of imcertain origin.] 1. An article of furniture to sleep
or take rest in or on ; a couch. Specifically : A sack or
mattress, filled with some soft material, in distinction
from the bedstead on which it is placed (as, a feather
bed), or this with the bedclothes added. In a general
sense, any thing or place used for sleeping or reclining
on or in, as a quantity of hay, straw, leaves, or twigs.
And made for him [a horse] a leafy bed. Byron.
I wash, wring, brew, bake, . . . make the beds. Shak.
In bed he slept not for my urging it. Shak.
2. (Used as the symbol of matrimony) Marriage.
George, the eldest son of his second bed. Clarendon.
3. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually
a little raised above the adjoining ground. " Beds of hy-
acinth and roses." Milton.
4. A mass or heap of anything arranged like a bed ;
as, a bed of ashes or coals.
5. The bottom of a watercourse, or of any body of
water ; as, the bed of a river.
So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed. Milton.
6. (Geol.) A layer or seam, or a horizontal stratum
between layers ; as, a bed of coal, iron, etc.
7. {Gun.) See Gun caeeiage, and Moetak bed.
8. {Masonry) {a) The horizontal surface of a building
stone ; as, the upper and lower 6erfs. (6) A course of
stone or brick in a wall, (c) The place or material in
which a block or brick is laid, (d) The lower surface of
a brick, slate, or tile. Knight.
9. {3Iech.) The foundation or the more solid and fixed
part or framing of a machine ; or a part on which some-
thing is laid or supported ; as, the bed of an engine.
10. The superficial earthwork, or ballast, of a railroad.
11. {Printing) The flat part of the press, on which
the form is laid.
11^°° Bed is much used adjectively or in combination ;
as, bed key or 6ef/key; bed wrench or 5edwrench; bed-
chamber ; ftedmaker, etc.
Bed of Justice [French Hist.), the throne (F. lit bed) oc-
cupied by the kmg when sitting in one of his parliaments
(judicial courts) ; hence, a session of a refractory parlia-
ment, at which the king was present for the purpose of
causing his decrees to be registered. — To be brought to bed,
to be delivered of a child ; — often followed by of ; as, to
be brought to bed of a son. — To make a bed, to prepare a
bed ; to arrange or put in order a bed and its bedding. —
From bed and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation
by partial divorce of man and wife, without dissolving
the bonds of matrimony. If such a divorce (now com-
monly called a judicial separation) be granted at the in-
stance of the wife, she may have alimony.
Bed, V. t. limp. & p. p. Bedded ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Beddino.] 1. To place in a bed. lObs.] Bacon.
2. To make partaker of one's bed ; to cohabit with.
I '11 to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her. Shak.
3. To furnish with a bed or bedding.
4. To plant or arrange in beds ; to set, or cover, as in
a bed of soft earth ; as, to bed the roots of a plant in
mold.
6. To lay or put in any hollow place, or place of rest
and security, surrounded or inclosed ; to embed ; to fur-
nish with or place upon a bed or foundation ; as, to bed
a stone ; it was bedded on a rock.
Among all chains or clustersof mountains where large bodies
of still water are bedded. Wordsworth.
6. (Masonry) To dress or prepare the surface of (a
stone) so as to serve as a bed.
7. To lay flat ; to lay in order ; to place in a horizon-
tal or recumbent position. " Bedded hair." Shak
Bed (b6d), V. i. To go to bed ; to cohabit.
If he be married, and bed with his wife. Wiseman.
Be-dab'ble (be-dSb'b'l), v. t. limp. & p. p. Bedab-
bled (-b'ld) ; p.pr. &vb. re. Bedabbling (-bling).] To
dabble ; to sprinkle or wet. Shak.
Be-daff' (be-daf), V. i. To make a daff or fool of.
lObs.] Chaucer.
II Bed'a-gat (bed'a-gat), n. The sacred books of the
Buddhists in Burmah. Malcom.
Be-dag'gle (be-dag'g'I), v. i. To daggle.
Be-dash' (be-dSsh'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Bedashed
(-dSshf) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Bedashing.] To wet by dash-
ing or throwmg water or other liquid upon ; to bespatter.
" Trees bedashed with rain." Sliak.
Be-daub' (be-dab'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Bedaubed
(-dabd') ; p. pr. Si'vb. n. Bedaubing.] To daub over ; to
besmear or soil with anything thick and dirty.
Bedaub foul designs with a fair varnish. Barrow.
Be-daz'zle (be-daz'z'l), v. t. limp. & p. p. Bedaz-
zled (-z'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Bedazzling (-zling).] To
dazzle or make dim by a strong light. "Bedazzled with
the sun." Shak.
Bed'bUg' (bSd'bug'), re. {Zo'dl.) A wingless, blood-
sucking, hemipterous insect {Cimex lectularius), some-
times infesting houses and especially beds. See Illustra-
tion in Appendix.
Bed'ClialT' (-chSr'), re. A chair with adjustable back,
for the sick, to support them while sitting up in bed.
Bed'cham'ber (-cham'ber), n. A chamber for a bed ;
an apartment for sleeping in. Shak,
Lords of the bedchamber, eight officers of the royal house-
hold, all of noble families, who wait in turn a week each.
[Eng.] — Ladies of the bedchamber, eiglit ladies, all titled,
holding a similar oflicial position in the royal household,
during the reign of a queen. [Eng.]
Bed'clothes' (-klothz' or -kloz'), n. pi. Blankets,
sheets, coverlets, etc., for a bed. Shak.
Bed'cord' (-kSrd'), n. A cord or rope interwoven in a
bedstead so as to support the bed.
Bed'ded (-ded), a. Provided with a bed ; as, a double-
bedded room ; placed or arranged in a bed or beds.
Bed'ding (bSd'ding), n. [AS. bedding, beding. See
Bed.] 1. A bed and its furniture ; the materials of a
bed, whether for man or beast ; bedclothes ; litter.
2. {Geol.) The state or position of beds and layers.
Bede (bed), ■;;. t. [See Bid, v. t.] To pray ; also, to
offer ; to proffer. [06s.] M. of Gloucester. Chaucer.
Bede, re. (Mining) A kind of pickax.
Be-deck' (be-dSk'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Bedecked
(-dSkf) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Bedeokino.] To deck, orna-
ment, or adorn ; to grace.
Bedecked with boughs, flowers, and garlands. Pennant.
_l\ Bed'e-guar, Bed'e-gar (bed'e-gar), n. [F., fr. Per.
bad-award, or bad-awardah, prop., a kind of white thorn
or thistle.] A gaU produced on rosebushes, esp. on the
sweetbrier or eglantine, by a puncture from the oviposi-
tor of a gallfly (Bhodites rosse). It was once supposed to
have medicinal properties.
Bede'house' (bedlious'), n. Same as Beadhouse.
Be'del, Be'dell (be'd'l), re. Same as Beadle.
Be'del-ry (be'd'1-ry), n. Beadleship. [06s.] Blount.
II Bed'en (bed'en), re. (Zo'ol.) The Abyssinian or Ara-
bian ibex (Capra Nubiana). It is probably the wild goat
of the Bible.
Bedes'man (bedz'man), re. Same as Beadsman. [06s.]
Be-dev'il (be-dev''l), V. t. limp. & p. p. Bedeviled
or Bedevilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedeviling or Bedevil-
ling.] 1. To throw into utter disorder and confusion,
as if by the agency of evil spirits ; to bring under diabol-
ical influence ; to torment.
Bedeviled and used worse than St. Bartholomew. Sterne.
2. To spoil ; to corrupt. Wright.
Be-dev'il-ment (-ment), re. The state of bemg bedev-
iled ; benildering_confusion ; vexatious trouble. IColloq.]
Be-dew' (be-du'), V. i. limp. &p. p. Bedewed (-dud') ;
p._ pr. & vb. re. Bedewing.] To moisten with dew, or as
with dew. " Falling tears his face 6ec?ew. " Dryden.
Be^dew'er (-er), re. One who, or that which, bedews.
Be-dew'y (-"j), a. Moist with dew ; dewy. [06s.]
Night with her bedewy wings. A. Brewer.
Bed'fellow (bed'f61'16), n. One who lies with an-
other in the same bed ; a person who shares one's couch.
Bed'fere' ) (-fer'), re. IBed + AS. fera a compan-
Bed'phere' ) ion.] A bedfellow. [06s.] Chapman.
Bed'gown' (-goun'). n. A nightgovm.
Be-dlght' (be-dif), V. t. Ip. p. Bedight, Bedighted.]
To bedeck ; to array or equip ; to adorn. lArchaic] 3Iilton.
Be-dim' (be-dim'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Bedimmed
(-dimd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedimmino.] To make dim ; to
obscure or darken. Shak.
Be-dlz'en (be-diz'z'n or be-di'z'n ; 277), v. I. To dress
or adorn tawdrily or with false taste.
Remnants of tapestried hangings, . . . and shreds, of pictures,
with which he had bedizened his tatters. Sir iv. Scott.
Be-dlZ'en-ment (-ment), re. Tliat which bedizens ; the
act of dressing, or the state of being dressed, tawdrily.
Bed'key' (bed'ke'), re. An instrument for tightening
the parts of a bedstead.
Bed'lam (bSdIom), ra. [See Bethlehem ] 1. A place
appropriated to the confinement and care of the insane ;
a madhouse. Abp. Tillolson.
2. An insane person ; a lunatic ; a madman. [06«.]
Let 's get the bedlam to lead him. Shak.
3. Any place where uproar and confusion prevail.
Bed'lam, a. Belonging to, or fit for, a madhouse.
" The bedlam, brainsick duchess." Shak.
Bedlam-ite (-it), n. An~ inhabitant of a madhouse ;
a madman. " Raving bedlamites.''^ Beailie.
Bed'mak'er (-mak'er), re. One who makes beds.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, jjll ; eve, event, «nd, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, 6bey, 6rb, 8dd;
BED-MOLDING
131
BEETLE
Bed'-mold'lng ) (bSd'mold'tng), n. (Arch.) Tho
Bed'— mould'lng ) molding of a cornice immediately
below the corona. Ox/. Gloss.
Be-dote' (be-dof), V. t. To cause to dote ; to deceive.
[Obs.'l Chaucer.
Bed'ou-ln (bSd'Oo-en or bSd'oo-Tn), n. [F. bedouin,
OF. beduin, fr. Ar. bedawl rural, living in the desert, fr.
badw desert, fr. badd to live in tlie desert, to lead a no-
madic life.] One of tlie nomadic Arabs who live in tents,
and are scattered over Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa,
esp. in the deserts. — Bed'OU-ln-lsm (-iz'm), n.
Bed'ou-ln, a. Pertaining to the Bedouins ; nomad.
Bed'pan' (-p5n'), n. 1. A pan for warming beds. Nares.
2. A shallow chamber vessel, so constructed that it
can be used by a sick person in bed.
Bed'phere' (-fer'), n- See Bbdpere. [OJi.] B. Jonson.
Bed'plece' (-pes'), in. (il/oc^.) The foundation fram-
Bed'plate' (-plaf), ( ing or piece, by which the other
parts are supported and held in place ; the bed ; — called
also baseplate and soleplate.
Bed'post' (-post'), n. 1. One of the four standards
that support a bedstead or the canopy over a bedstead.
2. Anciently, a post or pin on eacli side of the bed to
Seep the clothes from falling off. See Bedstaff. Brewer.
Bed'qullt' (-kwilf), n. A quilt for a bed ; a coverlet.
Be-drabtle (be-drab'b'l), v. i. To befoul with rain
and mud ; to drabble.
Be-drag'gle (be-drSg'g'l), v. t. {imp. &p. p. Bedrag-
gled (-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedbagglinq (-gllng).] To
draggle ; to soil, as garments which, in walking, are suf-
fered to drag in dust, mud, etc. Swift.
Be-diench' (be-drSnch'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Be-
DEENCHED (-drSnclit) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedrenching.I To
drench ; to saturate with moisture ; to soak. Shak.
Be-drlb'ble (be-drib'b'l), v. t. To dribble upon.
Bed'rid' (bgd'rid'), j a. [OE. bedrede, AS. bed-
Bed'rld'den (-rld'd'n), ) reda, bedrida ; from bed,
bedd, a bed or couch -|- ridda a rider ; cf. OHG. peltiriso,
G. bettrise. See Bed, n., and Ride, v. t.] Couflned to
the bed by siclmess or infirmity. " Her decrepit, sick,
and JeifrM father. " Shcik. ^' The estate oi a, bedridden
old eentleman. " Macavlay.
Bed'right' ) (-rlf), n. \_Bed + right, rite.'] The duty
Bed'rite' ) or privilege of the marriage bed. Shak.
Be-driz'zle (be-drlz'z'l), v. t. To drizzle upon.
Bed' rock' (rSk'). {Mining) The solid rock under-
lying superficial formations. Also Fig,
Bed'room (-room), n. 1. A room or apartment in-
tended or used for a bed ; a lodging room.
2. Room in a bed. [In this sense preferably bed room.']
Then by j'our side no bed room me deny. Sliak.
Be-drop' (be-drSp'), V. t. To sprinkle, as with drops.
The yellow carp, in scales beclropped with gold. Pojie.
Be-drug' (be-driSg'), v. t. To drug abundantly or
excessively.
Bed' screw' (bSd' skru'). 1. (Naut.) A form of jack
screw for lifting large bodiies, and assisting in launching.
2. A long screw formerly used to fasten a bedpost to
one of the adjacent side pieces.
Bed'slde' (bSd'sid'), n. The side of a bed.
Bed'slte' (-sit'), n. A recess in a room for a bed.
Of the three bedrooms, two have fireplaces, and all are of fair
size, with windows and bedsite well placed. Quart. Jiev.
Bed'sore' (-sor'), n. (Med.) A sore on the back or
hips caused by lying for a long time in bed.
Bed'spread' (-sprgd'), n. A bedquilt ; a counterpane ;
a coverlet. [?/. 5.]
Bed'staff' (stM'), n. ; pi. Bedstaves (-stavz'). "A
wooden pin stuck anciently on the sides of the bedstead,
to hold the clothes from slipping on either side.''^ Johnson.
Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff. B. Jonson.
Say there is no virtue in cudgels and bedstaves. Brome.
Bed'Stead (bSd'stgd), «. \_Bed -f stead a frame.] A
framework for supporting a bed.
Bed' Steps' (steps'). Steps for mounting a bed of
unusual height.
Bed'Stock (bSd'stSk), n. The front or the back part
of the frame of a bedstead. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.J
Bed'StraW (-stra'), ra. 1. Straw put into a bed. Bacon.
2. {Bot.) A genus of slender herbs, usually with square
stems, whorled leaves, and small white flowers.
Our Lady's bedstraw, which has yeUow flowers, is Ga-
lium veram. — White bedstraw is (?. mollugo.
Bed'SWerv'er (-swSrv'er), n. One who swerves from
and is unfaithful to the marriage vow. [Poetic'] Shak.
Bed'tlck' (-tik'), n. A tick or bag made of cloth, used
for inclosing the materials of a bed.
Bed'time' (-tim'), n. The time to go to bed. Shak.
Be-dUCk'' (be-diik'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beducked
(-diikt').] To duck ; to put the head under water ; to
-immerse. "Deep himselJE JedweA-erf." Spenser.
Bed'uln (bSd'wTn), n. See Bedodin.
Be-dung' (be-diing'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bedunged
(-dijngd').] To cover with dung, as for manuring; to
bedaub or defUe, literally or figuratively. Bp. Hall.
Be-dUSt' ^be-diSst'), v. t. To sprinkle, soil, or cover
irith dust. Sherwood.
Bed'ward (bSd'werd), adv. Towards bed.
Be-dwari' (be-dwarf '), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedwabfed
(-dwarft').] To make a dwarf of ; to stunt or liinder the
growth of ; to dwarf. Donne.
Be-dye' (be-di'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bbdyed (-did') ;
p. pr. & vb. n. BEDTEHfa.] To dye or stain.
Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyed. Spenser.
Bee (be^, p. p. of Be ; — used for been. [ Obs.'] Spenser.
Bee (be), n. [AS. bed; akin to D. bij and bije, Icel.
by, Sw. & Dan. bi, OHG. pini, G. biene, and perh. Ir.
^beach,IAth.bitis,Ski. bha. V9V.] 1. (^ooZ. ) An insect
of the o-cier Hymerwptera, and family ^pjV?;8 (the honey-
bees), or family Andrenidse (the solitary bees). See
Honeybee.
■ There are many genera and species. The common
honeybee (Apis mellifica) lives in swarms, each of which
has its own queen, its males or drones, and its very nu-
merous workers, which are barren females. Besides
the A. metlijiea there are other species and varieties of
honeybees, as the A. ligustu-a of Spain and Italy; the
A. Iiidica of India; tlie A.fascitilu of Egypt. The bum-
blebee is a species of Bumhus. The tropical honeybees
belong mostly to Melipomu and Trirjona.
2. A neighborly gathering of people who engage in
united labor for the benefit of an individual or family ;
as, a quilting bee ; a husking/ee / a raismg bee. [U. S.]
The cellar of our new house was dug by a bee in a single day.
S. G. Goodrich.
3. pi. (Jfaut.) Pieces of hard wood bolted to the sides
of the bowsprit, to reeve the
fore-topmast stays through ;
— called also bee blocks.
Bee beetle (Zool.), a beetle
(Trichodes apiariits) parasitic
in beehives. —Bee bird (Zoo!.),
a bird that eats the honeybee,
as the European flycatcher,
and the American kingbird.
— Bee flower (Bot.), an orchid-
aceous plant of the genus
Up/irys (V. apifera), whose
flowers have some resemblance
to bees, flies, and otlier insects.
-Bee fly (Zool.), a two winged
the family Bombyliidx.
Bee Beetle, enlarged.
a Larva (Bee Wolf).
Bee Louse, a Adult ; b Larva.
(X14)
[OE. beche, AS.
fly of . „
Some species, in the larval state, are parasitic upon
bees. — Bee garden, a garden or inclosure to set Ijeeluves
in ; an apiary. Mortimer. —
Bee glue, a soft, unctuous
matter, with which bees ce-
ment the combs to the liives,
and close up the cells ; —
called also propolis. — Bee
hawk (Zool.), the honey
buzzard. — Bee killer (Zool.),
a large two-winged fly of
the family Asihdx (esp.
Trupanea apivora) which
Bee Fly, nat. size. feeds upon the honeybee.
See ROEBEB FLT. — Bee louse
(Zool.), a minute, wingless, dipterous insect (Brui/la
c:eca) parasitic on hive bees. — Bee martin (Zool.), the
kingbird (r?/r«?m«5 Caro-
line/isis) which occasion-
ally feeds on bees. —Bee
moth. (Z 0 '6 1 .), a moth
(Oalleria cereana) whose
larvae feed on honeycomb,
occasioning great damage
in beeliives. — Bee wolf
(Zool. ), the larva of the bee
beetle. See Dlust. of Bee
beetle. — To have a bee in
the head or in the bonnet.
(a) To be choleric. [Obs.]
(b) To be restless or un-
easy. B. Jonson. (c) To
be fuU of fancies : to be a little crazy. " She 's whiles
crack-brained, and has a bee in her head." Sir W. Scolt.
Bee'bread' (be'brgd'), n. A brown, bitter substance
fomid in some of the cells of honeycomb. It is made
cliiefly from the pollen of flowers, which is collected by
bees as food for their young.
Beech (bech), n. ; pi. Beeches (-Sz).
bece; akin to D. beuk, OHG. buocha,
G. buche, Icel. beyM, Dan. bog, Sw.
bok, Russ. buk, L. fagus, Gv. c^ijyds
oak, <\>a.yetv to eat, Skr. bhaksh; the
tree being named originally from the
esculent fruit. See Book, and cf.
7th Buck, Buckwheat.] (_Boi.) A
tree of the genus Fagus.
. ^S^ It grows to a large size, hav-
mg a smooth bark and thick foliage,
and bears an edible triangular nut, of
which swine are fond. The Fagus
sylvatica is the European species, and
the F. ferruginea that of America.
Beech drops (Bot.), a parasitic plant
which grows on the roots of beeches
(Epiphegus Americana). —'Ba^eh mar-
ten (Zool.), the stone marten of Eu-
rope (Mustela foina). — Beech mast,
the nuts of the beech, esp. as they
lie under the trees, in autimm. — Beech „ . ™, . ., j,
oU, oil expressed from the mast or Bee^ch Twig.^Leaf,
nuts of the beech tree. — Copper beech,
a variety of the European beech with
copper-colored, shining leaves.
Beech'en (bech"n), a. [AS. becen.] Consisting, or
made, of the wood or bark of the beech ; belonging to
the beech. " Plain beechen vessels." Dryden.
Beech'nut' (-nfif ), n. The nut of the beech tree.
Beech' tree' (tre'). The beech.
Beech'y (-y), a. Of or relating to beeches.
Bee'-eat'er (be'et'er), n. (Zool.) (a) A bird of the
genus Me-
rops, that
feeds on
bees. The
European
species {M.
apiaster) is
remarkable
for its bril-
liant colors.
(b) An Afri-
can bird of
the genus Rhi-
nopomastes.
Beef (bef),
n. [OE. boef,
be/e, beef, OF. boef, buef, F. boeuf, fr. L. bos, bovis, ox ;
akin to Gr. povi, Skr. go cow, and E. cow. See 2d
Cow.] 1. An animal of the genus Bos, especially the
common species, B. taurus, including the bull, cow, and
and Bur. Beech-
nut, entire and in
section.
Bee-eater (Merops apiaster).
ox, in their full grown state ; esp. , an ox or cow fattened
for food. [In this, which is tlie original sense, the word
has a plural, beeves (bevz).]
A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine. JUilton.
Diagram showing how butchers in some places divide a
beef creature : 1 Neck ; 2 Shaking piece ; 3 Chine ;
4 Ribs i 6 Clod : 6 Brisket i 7 flank ; 8 Loin, Sirloin ;
9 Rump; 10 Round; 11 Leg; 12 Foot; 13 Udder;
14 Shin ; 15 Cheek.
2. The flesh of an ox, or cow, or of any adult bovine
animal, when slaughtered for food. [In this sense, the
word has no plural ] " Great meals of beef." Shak.
3. Applied colloquially to human flesh.
Beef (bef), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, beef.
Beef tea, essence of beef, or strong beef broth.
Beef'eat'er (-et'er), n. [Beef + eater ; prob. one who
eats another's beef, as his servant. Cf. AS. hlafseta
servant, properly a loaf eater.] 1. One who eats beef;
hence, a large, fleshy person.
2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England.
3. (Zool.) An African bird of the genus Buphaga^
which feeds on the larvae of botflies hatched under the
skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. Two species are known.
Beefsteak' (bef'stak'), n. A steak of beef ; a slice of
beef Ijroiled or suitable for broiling.
Beet'-wlt'ted (-wTt'tSd), a. Stupid ; dull. Shak.
Beef wood' (-wdSd'), n. An Australian tree (Catua-
rina), and its red wood, used for cabinetwork ; also, the
trees Stenocarpus salignus of New South Wales, and
Banksia compar of Queensland.
Beefy, a. Having much beef ; of the nature of becx,
resembling beef ; fleshy.
Bee'hlve' (be'hiv'), n. A hive for a swarm of bees.
Also used figuratively.
(1!^°° A common and typical form of beehive was a dome-
shaped inverted basket, whence certain ancient Irish and
Scotch architectural remains are called beehive houses.
Eee'house' (-hous'), n. A house for bees ; an apiary.
Bee' lark'spur (lark'spiir). (Bot,) See Larkspur.
Beeld (held), n. Same as Beild. Fairfax.
Bee' line' (be' lin'). The shortest line from one place
to another, like that of a bee to its hive when loaded with
honey; an air line. " A 6ee toe for the brig." Kane.
Be-el'ze-bub (be-el'ze-bub), n. The title of a heathen
deity to whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the
evil spirits ; hence, the Devil or a devil. See Baal.
Beem (hem), TO. [AS. 6me, i^me.] A trumpet. [Obs.'\
Bee'mas'ter (be'mas'ter), n. One who keeps bees.
Been (bin ; 277). [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been,
beon, to be. See Be.] The past participle of Be. Iu old
authors it is also the pr. tense plural of Be. See 1st Beb.
Assembled been a senate grave and stout. Fair/ax.
Beer (ber), n. [OE. bear, ber, AS. beSr ; akin to
Fries. Mar, Icel. bjorr, OHG. bior, D. & G. bier, and
possibly E. brew. V93. See Brew.] 1. A fermented
liquor made from any malted grain, but commonly from
barley malt, with hops or some other substance to im-
part a bitter flavor.
III^°° Beer has different names, as small beer, ale. por-
ter, brown stout, lager beer, according to its strength, or
other qualities. See Ale.
2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts of
various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras, etc.
Small beer, weak beer ; (fig.) insignificant matters. " To
suckle fools, and chronicle small beer." Shak.
Beer'e-gar (-S-ger), n. [Beer -\- eager.'] Sour beer.
[Obs.]
Beer'house' (-hous'), n. A house where malt liquors
are sold ; an alehouse.
Beer'i-ness (-i-n5s), n. Beery condition.
Beer'y (ber'y), a. Of or resembling beer ; affected
by beer ; maudlin.
Beest'lngs (besf Ingz), n. Same as Biestings.
Bees'wax' (bez'wSks'), n. The wax secreted by bees,
and of which their cells are constructed.
Bees'wing' (-wing'), n. The second crust formed
in port and some other wines after long keeping. It
consists of pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to re-
semble the wing of a bee.
Beet (bet), n. [AS. bete, from L. beta.] 1. (Bot.) A
biennial plant of the genus Beta, which produces an edi-
ble root the first year and seed the second year.
2. Tlie root of plants of the genus Beta, different spe-
cies and varieties of which are used for the table, for
feeding stock, or in making sugar.
d^p"" There are many varieties of the common beet
(Beta vulgaris). The Old "white beet," cultivated for its
edible leafstalks, is a distinct species (Beta Cicla).
Beete, Bete (bet), v. t. [AS. betan to mend. See
Better.] 1. To mend ; to repair. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. To renew or enkindle (a fire). [Obs.] Chaucer.
Bee'tle (be't'l), n. [OE. betel, AS. bitl, bWl, mallet,
hammer, fr. bedtan to beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A heavy
mallet, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, etc
2. A machine in which fabrics are subjected to a ham-
mering process wliile passing over rollers, as in cotton
mills ; — called also beetling machine. Knight.
H
K
Ose, unite, rjide, full, iip, lirn j pity ; food, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink i tben, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure
M
BEETLE
132
BEGONIA
Bee'tle (be't'l), v. t. \imp. &p. p. Beetled (-t'ld) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. BEETLiNa.] 1. To beat with a heavy mallet.
2. To finish by subjecting to a hammering process in
a beetle or beetling machine ; as, to beetle cotton goods.
Bee'tle, n. [OE. bityl, biltle, AS. bitel, fr. bitan to
bite. See Bite, v. t.] Any insect of
the order Coleopte'ra, having four
wings, the outer pair being stiff cases
for covering the others when they
are folded up. See Coleopteka.
Beetle mite (Zool.), one of many-
species of mites, of the family On-
6art(/;e, parasitic on beetles. — Black
beetle, the common large black cock-
roach (Blattu orientalis).
Bee'tle, v. i. [See Beetle-
BBOWED.] To extend over and be-
yond the base or support ; to over-
hang ; to jut.
To the dreadful summit of the cliH
That beetles o'er his base into the sea.
Shak.
Each beetling rampart, and each tower
sublime. iVordsworth.
Stag Beetle.
Bee'tle brow' (brou'). An overhanging bronr.
Bee'tle-browed' (-broud'), a. [OE. bitelbrowed ; cf.
OE. bilel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., a beetle. See Bee-
tle an insect.] Having prominent, overhanging brows;
hence, lowering or sullen.
|1^=" The earlier meaning was, " Having bushy or over-
hanging eyebrows."
Bee'tle-head' (-h6d'), n. [_Beetle a mallet -f- head.']
1. A stupid fellow ; a blockhead. Sir TV. Scott.
2. (Zodl.) The black-bellied plover, or bullhead {Squa-
tarola helveticu). See Ploveb.
Bee'tle-head'ed (-hSd'gd), a. Dull ; stupid. Shah.
Bee'tle-stock' (-stbk'), n. The handle of a beetle.
Beet' rad'ish (bef rSd'ish). Same as Beetkave.
Beet'rave' (-rav'), n. [F. betterave ; bette beet -(- rave
radish.] The common beet {Beta vulgaris).
Beeve (-bev), n. [Formed from beeves, pi. of beef.]
A beef ; a beef creature.
They would knock down the iirst beei'e they met with. IT. Irving.
Beeves (bevz), n., plural of Beef, the animal.
Be-fall' (be-fal'), V. i. limp. Befell (-151') ; p. p. Be-
PALLEN(-fal"n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befallok}.] [AS. be-
feallan; pref. be- -\- feallan to fall.] To happen to.
I beseech your grace that I may know
The worst that may b^all me. Shak.
Be-fall', V. i. To come to pass ; to happen.
I have revealed . . . the discord which befell. Milton.
Be-fit' (be-f It'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Befitted ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Befitting.] To be suitable to ; to suit ; to become.
That name best befits thee. Milton.
Be-tit'tlng, a. Suitable ; proper ; becoming ; fitting.
Be-Ht'ting-ly, adv. In a befitting manner ; suitably.
Be-Qat'ter (be-flSt'ter), v. t. To flatter excessively.
Be-flOW'er (be-flou'er), V. t. To besprinkle or scatter
over with, or as with, flowers. Hobbes.
Be-fog' (be-fSg'), V. i. limp. & p. p. Befogged
(-f5gd'); p.pr. & vb. n. Befogging (-ging).] 1. To in-
volve in a fog ; — mostly as a participle or part. adj.
2. Hence : To confuse ; to mystify.
Be-fool' (be-fool'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Befooled
(-foold') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befooling.] [OE. befolen ;
pref. be--{-fol fool.] 1. To fool ; to delude or lead into
error ; to infatuate ; to deceive.
This story . . . contrived to befool credulous men. Puller.
2. To cause to behave like a fool; to make foolish.
"Some befooling drug." G. Eliot.
Be-fore' (be-for'), prep. [OE. beforen, biforen, be-
fore, AS. beforan ; pref. be- -\-foran, fore, before. See
Be-, and Fore.] 1. In front of ; preceding in space ; ahead
of ; as, to stand before the fire ; before the house.
His angel, who shall go
Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire. Milton.
2. Preceding in time ; earlier than ; previously to ;
anterior to the time when ; — sometimes with the addi-
tional idea of purpose ; in order that.
Before Abraham was, I am. John viii. ^.
Before this treatise can become of use, two points are neces-
iary. Swift.
5^°" Formerly before, in this sense, was followed by
that. " .Be/ore <Aa< Philip called thee . . . I saw thee."
John i. 48.
3. In advance of ; farther onward, in place or time.
The golden age ... is b^ore us. Carhjle.
4. Prior or preceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or
worth ; rather than.
He that Cometh after me is preferred before me. John i. 15.
The eldest son is before the younger in succession. Johnson.
5. In presence or sight of ; face to face with ; facing.
Abraham bowed down himself before the people. Ben. xxiii. 12.
Wherewith shall I come before the Lord ? Micah vi. 6.
6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of.
If a suit be begun b^ore an archdeacon. Ayliffe.
7. Open for ; free of access to ; in the power of.
The world was aU before them where to choose. Milton.
Before the mast (Naut.), as a common' saUor, — because
the sailors live in the forecastle, forward of the foremast.
— Before the wind (Naut.), in the direction of the wind
and by its impulse ; having the wind aft.
Be-fore', adv. 1. On the fore part ; in front, or in
the direction of the front ; — opposed to in the rear.
The battle was before and behind. 2 Chron, xiii. 14.
2. In advance. " I come before to tell you." Shak.
3. In time past ; previously ; already.
You tell me, mother, what I knew b^ore. Dryden.
4. Earlier ; sooner than ; until then.
When the butt is oat, <we will drink water s not a drop before.
Shak.
m^^ Before is often used in self -explaining compounds ;
as, (jf/ore-cited, 6e/u re-mentioned ; beforesaid.
Be-fore1iaild' (be-for'haud'), adv. IBefore + Imnd.]
1. In a state of anticipation or preoccupation ; in ad-
vance ; — often followed by with.
Agricola . . . resolves to be beforehand with the danger. Milton.
The last cited author has been beforehand with me. Addison.
2. By way of preparation, or preliminary ; previously ;
aforetime.
They may be taught b^orehamflhe skill of speaking. Hooker.
Be-fore'hand', a. In comfortable circumstances as
regards property ; forehanded.
Rich and much beforehand. Bacon.
Be-fore'tlme' (-tim'), adv. Formerly ; aforetime.
[They] dwelt in their tents, as b^foretime. 2 Kings xiii. 5.
Be-for'tune (be-fSr'tiin), v. t. To befall. {Poetic]
I wish all good befortmui you. Shak.
Be-fool' (be-foul'), V. t. limp. & p. p. BEFonLED
(-fould') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befouling.] [Of. AS. befylan ;
pref. be- -\- fylan to foul. See Foul, o.] 1. To make
foul ; to soil.
2. To entangle or run against so as to impede motion.
Be-friend' (be-frSnd'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Befriend-
ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befriending.] To act as a friend to ;
to favor ; to aid, benefit, or countenance.
By the darkness d^/'Wenrfet/. Longfellow.
Be-frlend'ment (-ment), n. Act of befriending. IB.]
Be-frill' (be-f rll'), v.t. To furnish or deck with a frill.
Be-fringe' (be-frlnj'), v. t. To furnish with a fringe ;
to form a fringe upon ; to adorn as with fringe. Fuller.
Be-fud'dle (be-fud'd'l), v. t. limp. & p. p. Befud-
dled (-d'ld).] To becloud and confuse, as with liquor.
Beg (bgg or ba), n. [Turk, beg, pronounced bay.
Cf. Bet, Begum.] A title of honor in Turkey and in
some other parts of the East ; a bey.
Beg (bSg), V. t. limp. &p. p. Begged (bEgd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Begging.] [OE. beggen, perh. fr. AS. bedecian
(akin to Goth, bidagwa beggar), biddan to ask. (Cf.
Bid, v. i.); or cf. beghard, beguin.] 1. To ask earnestly
for ; to entreat or supplicate for ; to beseech.
I do beg your good will in this case. Shak.
[Joseph] begged the body of Jesus. Matt, xxvii. 58.
Sometimes implying deferential and respectful, rather
than earnest, asking ; as, I beg your pardon ; I beg leave
to disagree with you.
2. To ask for as a charity, esp. to ask for habitually or
from house to house.
Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed
begging bread. Bs. Txxvii. 25.
3. To make petition to ; to entreat ; as, to beg a per-
son to grant a favor.
4. To take for granted ; to assume without proof.
5. ( Old Laiv) To ask to be appointed guardian for, or
to ask to have a guardian appointed for.
Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards. Harrington.
Hence : To beg (one) for a fool, to take him for a fool.
I beg to, is an eUiptical expression for / beg leave to ; as,
/ beg to inform you. — To beg the question, to assume that
which was to be proved in a discussion, mstead of addu-
cing the proof or sustaining the point by argument. — To
go a-begging, a figurative phrase to express the absence
of demand for something which elsewhere brings a price ;
as, grapes are so plentiful there that they go a-begging.
Syn. — To Beg, Ask, Request. To ask (not in the sense
of inquiring) is the generic term which embraces all these
words. To request is only a polite mode of asking. To
beg, in its original sense, was to ask with earnestness, and
implied submission, or at least deference. At present,
however, in pohte life, beg has dropped its original mean-
ing, and has taken the place of both ask and request, on
the ground of its expressing more of deference and re-
spect. Thus, we beg a person's acceptance of a present ;
we beg him to favor us with his company ; a tradesman
begs to aimounce the arrival of new goods, etc. Crabb
remarks that, according to present usage, " we can never
talk of asking a person's acceptance of a thing, or of ask-
ing him to do us a favor." This can be more tnily said of
usage in England than in America.
Beg, V. i. To ask alms or charity, especially to ask
habitually by the wayside or from house to house ; to
live by asking alms.
I can not dig ; to beg I am ashamed. Luke xvi. 3.
II Be'ga (be'ga), n. See Bigha.
Be-gem' (be-jem'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Begemmed
(-j5md') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begemming.] To adorn with
gems, or as with gems
Begemmed with dewdrops. Sir W. Scott.
Those lonely realms bright garden isles begem. Shelley.
Be-get' (be-gef ), V. t. limp. Begot (-got'), {Archaic)
Begat (-gaf) ; p. p. Begot, Begotten (-gBt't'n) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Begetting.] [OE. bigiten, bigeten, to get,
beget, AS. begitan to get ; pref. be- -f gilan. See Get,
V. t.] 1. To procreate, as a father or sire ; to generate ;
— commonly said of the father
Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget. Milton.
2. To get (with child). [Ofo.] _ Shak.
3. To produce as an effect ; to cause to exist.
Love is begot by fancy. Granville.
Be-get'ter (-ter), n. One who begets ; a father.
Beg'ga-ble (beg'ga-b'l), a. Capable of being begged.
Beg'gar (-ger), n. [OE. beggere, fr. beg.] 1. One
who begs ; one who asks or entreats earnestly, or with
humility ; a petitioner.
2. One who makes it his business to ask alms.
3. One who is dependent upon others for support ; —
a contemptuous or sarcastic use.
4. One who assumes in argument what he does not
prove. Abp. Tillotson.
Beg'gar, v. t. limp. &p. p. Begoaeed (-gerd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Beggaring.] 1. To reduce to beggary ; to im-
poverish ; as, he had beggared himself. Milton.
2. To cause to seem very poor and inadequate.
It beggared all description. Shak,
Beg'gar-hood (-hisid), n. The condition of being a
beggar ; also, the class of beggars.
Beg'gar-ism (beg'ger-Iz'm), n. Beggary. [JJ.]
Beg'gar-li-ness (-li-nSs), n. The quality or state of
being beggarly ; meanness.
Beg'gar-ly (-ly), a. 1. In the condition of, or like, a
beggai- ; suitable for a beggar j extremely indigent ; pov.
erty-stricken ; mean ; poor ; contemptible. " A bank-
rupt, beggarly fellow." South. "A beggarly fellow-
ship." Swift. '^ Beggarly elements." Gal.iv,9,
2. Produced or occasioned by beggary. lObs.]
Begf/arli/ sins, that is, those sins which idleness and beggary
usually betray men to ; such as lying, flattery, stealing, and dis-
simulation. Jer. Taylor.
Beg'gar-ly, adv. In an indigent, mean, or despicable
manner ; in the manner of a beggar.
Beg'gar's lice' (bSg'gerz lis'). {Bot.) The prickly
fruit or seed of certain plants (as some species of Echino-
spermum and Cynoglossum) which cling to the clothing
of those who brush by them.
Beg'gar's ticks' (tlks'). The bur marigold (.Bicfen*)
and its achenes, which are armed with barbed awns, and
adhere to clothing and fleeces with unpleasant tenacity.
Beg'gar-y (bEg'ger-y), n. [OE. beggerie. See Beg-
gar, n.] 1. The act of begging; the state of being a
beggar ; mendicancy ; extreme poverty.
2. Beggarly appearance, [if.]
The freedom and the beggary of the old studio. Tliackeray.
Syn. — Indigence; want; penury; mendicancy.
Beg'gar-y, a. Beggarly. [06s.] B. Jonson.
Beg'ge-stere (bgg'ge-ster), n. iBeg -f -ster.] A beg-
gar. lObs.] Chaucer.
Be-ghard' ) (be-gard'), n. [F. begard, beguard ; cf .
Be-guard' ) G. beghard, LL. Beghardus, Begihar-
dus, Begardus. Prob. from the root of beguine -j- -ard
or -hard. See Beguine.] {Eccl. Mist.) One of an asso-
ciation of religious laymen living in imitation of the
Beguines. They arose in the thirteenth century, were
afterward subjected to much persecution, and were sup-
pressed by Innocent X. in 1650. Called also Beguins.
Be-gild' (be-glld'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Begilded or
Begilt (-gTlt').T To gild. B. Jonson.
Be-gin' (be-gm'), V. i. limp. &p. p. Began (be-g5n').
Begun (be-gun') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beginning (-ning).]
[AS. beginnan (akm to OS. biginnan, D. & G. beginnen,
OHG. biginnan, Goth, du-ginnan, Sw. begynna, Dan. be-
gynde) ; pref. be- -{- an assumed ginnan. V31. See
Gin to begin.] 1. To have or commence an independent
or first existence ; to take rise ; to commence.
Vast chain of being ! which from God began. Bope.
2. To do the first act or the first part of an action ; to
enter upon or commence something new, as a new form
or state of being, or course of action ; to take the first
step ; to start. " Tears began to flow." Dryden.
When I begin. I will also make an end. 1 Sam. iii. 12.
Be-gln', v. t. 1. To enter on ; to commence.
Ye nymphs of Solyma 1 begin the song. Bope.
2. To trace or lay the foundation of ; to make or place
a beginning of.
The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads
us to the knowledge of God. Locke.
Syn. — To commence ; originate ; set about ; start.
Be-gln', n. Beginning. IPoetic & Obs.] Spenser.
Be-gin'ner (-ner), n. One who begins or originates
anything. Specifically : A young or inexperienced prac-
titioner or student ; a tyro.
A sermon of a new beginner. Swift.
Be-gin'nlng (-nTng), n. 1. The act of doing that
which begins anything; commencement of an action,
state, or space of time ; entrance into being or upon a
course ; the first act, effort, or state of a succession of
acts or states.
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1.
2. That which begins or originates something ; the first
cause ; origin ; source.
I am . . . the beginning and the ending. Bev. i. 8.
3. That which is begun ; a rudiment or element.
Mighty things from small beginnings grow. Dryden.
4. Enterprise. ^'■ToTm.nier o\iv beginnings." Shak.
Syn. — Inception; prelude; opening; threshold; ori-
gin; outset; foundation.
Be-gird' (be-gerd'), V. t. limp. Begirt (-gerf), Be-
girded ; p. p. Begirt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begirding.] [AS.
begyrdan (akin to Goth, bigairdan) ; pref. be- -f gyrdan
to gird.] 1. To bind with a band or girdle ; to gird.
2. To surround as with a band ; to encompass.
Be-gir'dle (be-ger'd'l), v. t. To surround as with a
girdle.
Be-girt' (be-gerf), v. t. To encompass ; to begird.
Milton.
II Begler-beg' (bgg1er-b5g' or baler-ba'), n. [Turk.
beglerbeg, fr. beg, pi. begler. See Beg, n.] The governor
of a pro\ince of the Ottoman empire, next in dignity to
the grand vizier.
Be-gnaw' (be-na'), V. t. Ip. p. Begkawed (-nad'),
(iJ.) Begnawn (-nan').] [AS. begnagan ; pref. be- -f-
gnagan to gnaw.] To gnaw ; to eat away ; to corrode.
The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul. Shak.
Be-god' (be-god'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Begodded.]
To exalt to the dignity of a god ; to deify. [_Obs.] "Be-
godded saints." South.
Be-gone' (be-gon' ; 115), interj. IBe, v. i. -^- gone, p. p.]
Go away ; depart ; get you gone.
Be-gone', p. p. [OE. began, AS. bigan, began ; pref
be- -\- gdn to go.] Surrounded ; furnished ; beset ; envi-
roned (as in -woe-begone). .^Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.
Be-gO'nl-a (be-gym-a), n. [From Michel Began, a
promoter of botany.] {Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly
of tropical America, many species of which are grown as
ale. senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, Idea, ill; old, bbey, 6rb, 5dd;
BEGORE
133
BELAY
ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one-sided,
and often exhibit brilliant colors.
Be-gore' (be-gor'), r. t. To besmear with gore.
Be-gOt' (be-g5t'), ii/ip. &p. p. of Beget.
Be-gOt'ten (be-g5t't'u), p. p. of Beget.
Be-grave' (be-grav'), v. t. [Pref. he- -\- grave; akin
to 6. begraben, Goth, bigraban to dig a ditch around.]
To bury ; also, to engrave. [06*.] Gower.
Be-grease' (be-grez' o?- be-gres'), v. I. To soil or daub
with grease or other oily matter.
Be-grlme' (be-grim'), v. I. [imp. & p. p. Beqkimed
(-grlmd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begriming.] To soil vrith grime
or dirt deeply impressed or rubbed in.
Books falling to pieces and bc'jriined with dust. Macauiay.
Be-grim'er (be-grim'er), n. One who, or that which,
begrimes.
Be-grudge' (be-grtij'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrudged
(-griSjd') ; p. pi: & vb. n. Beobudgino.] To grudge ; to
envy the possession of.
Be-gulle' (be-gil'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Beguiled
(-gild') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beguiling.] 1. To delude by
guile, artifice, or craft ; to deceive or impose on, as by a
false statement ; to lure.
The serpent begidled me, and I did eat. Gen. iii. 13.
2. To elude, or evade by craft ; to foil. [Obs.^
When misery could beguile the tyrant's rage. S/tak.
3. To cause the time of to pass witliout notice ; to re-
lieve the tedium or weai-iness of ; to while away ; to divert.
Ballads ... to beguile his incessant wayfaring. W. Irving.
Syn. — To delude; deceive; cheat; iusuare; mislead;
amuse ; divert ; entertain.
Be-gulle'ment (-ment), n. The act of beguiling, or
the state of being beguiled.
Be-guU'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, beguiles.
Be-gull'lng, a. Alluring by guile ; deluding ; mis-
leading ; diverting. — Be-guU'ing-ly, adv.
II Be'guin' (ba'gSN' or bgg'wln), re. [P.] See Be-
OHARD.
II Be'gul'nage' (ba'ge'nazh'), n. [F.] A collection of
email liouses surrounded by a wall and occupied by a
community of Beguiues.
II Be'guine' (bii'gen'), n. [F. beguine ; LL. beguina,
beghina; fr. Lambert le Bigue (the Stammerer) the
founder of the order. {Da Cange.y] A woman belonging
to one of the religious and charitable associations or
communities in the Netherlands, and elsewhere, whose
members live in beguiuages and are not bound by per-
petual vows.
II Be'gum (ba'giim; E. be'giim), n. [Per., fr. Turk.,
peril, properly queen mother, fr. Turk, beg (see Beg, ».)
+ Ar. umm mother.] In the East Indies, a princess or
lady of high rank. 3Ialcom.
Be-gun' (be-gtin'), p. p. of Begin.
Be-hall' (be-haf), n. [OE. on-behalve in the name of,
bihalven by the side of, fr. AS. healf half, also side,
part ; akin to G. kalb half, halber on account of. See
Be-, and Half, «.] Advantage ; favor ; stead ; benefit ;
interest ; profit ; support ; defense ; vindication.
In behalf oi his mistress's beauty. Sir P. Sidney.
Against whom he had contracted some prejudice in behalf of
his nation. Clarendon.
In behalf of, in the interest of. — On behalf of, on account
of ; on the part of.
Be-hap'pen (be-hap'p'n), v. t. To happen to. [Obs.']
Be-have' (be-hav'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behaved
(-havd') ; p. pr. &vb. n. Behaving.] [AS. behabban to
surround, restrain, detain (akin to G. gehaben (obs.) to
have, sich gehaben to behave or carry one's self) ; pref.
be- -f- habban to have. See Have, v. <.] 1. To manage
or govern in point of behavior ; to discipline ; to han-
dle; to restrain. [06s.]
He did behave his anger ere 't was spent. Shak.
2. To carry; to conduct ; to comport; to manage; to
bear ; — used reflexively.
Those that behaved themselves manfully. 2 JIacc. ii. 21.
Be-have', v. i. To act ; to conduct ; to bear or carry
one's self ; as, to behave well or ill.
W^^ This verb is often used colloquially without an
adverb of manner ; as, if he does not behave, he wiU be
punished. It is also often applied to inanimate objects ;
as, the ship behaved splendidly.
Be-hav'ior (be-hav'yer), re. Manner of behaving,
whether good or bad ; mode of conducting one's self ;
conduct ; deportment ; carriage ; — used also of inani-
mate objects ; as, the behavior of a sliip in a storm ; the
behavior of the magnetic needle.
A gentleman that is very singular in his behavior. Steele.
To be upon one's good behavior, To be put upon one's good
behavior, to be in a state of trial, in which sometiimg
important depends on propriety of conduct. — During
good behavior, while (or so long as) one conducts one's
self %vith integrity and fidelity or with propriety.
Syn. — Bearing ; demeanor ; manner. — Behavior,
Conduct. Behavior is the mode in which we have or
bear ourselves in the presence of others or toward them ;
conduct is the mode of our carrying ourselves forward ui
the concerns of life. Behavior respects our mamier of
acting in particular cases ; conduct refers to the general
tenor of our actions. We may say of soldiers, that their
conduct had been praiseworthy during the whole cam-
paign, and their behavior admirable in every instance
when they met the enemy.
Be-head' (be-hed'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheaded ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Beheading.] [OE. bihefden, AS. beheaf-
dian; ^x&t. be- -\- heafod head. See Head.] To sever
the head from ; to take off the head of
Be-head'al (be-h5d'al), n. Beheading. [Moderri]
Be-held' (be-hgld'), imp. &p.p. of Behold.
Be'he-moth (be'he-mSth), n. [Heb. behemoth, fr.
Egyptian P-ehe-maut hippopotamus.] An animal, prob-
ably the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15-24.
Be'hen (be'hgn), Behn (ben), n. [Per. & Ar. bahman,
dehmen, an herb, whose leaves resemble ears of com.
saffron.] {Bot.) (a) The Centaurea behen, or saw-leaved
centaury, (i) The Cacubalus behen, or bladder cam-
pion, now called Silene injlata. (c) The Statice limo-
niuin, or sea lavender.
Be-hest' (bS-liesf), n. [OE. biheste promise, com-
mand, AS. behies promise ; pref. be- + hsis command.
See Hest, Hight.] 1. That which is willed or ordered ;
a command ; a mandate ; an injunction.
To do his master's high behest. Sir W. Scott.
2. Avow; a promise. [Ois.]
'I'he time is come that I should send it her, if I keep the be-
hest that I have made. I'aston.
Be-hest', V. t. To vow. [Obs.l Paston.
Be-hete' (be-hef), v. t. See Behight. [Ofti.] Chaucer.
Be-hlght' (be-hif), V. t. [imp. Behight ; p. p. Be-
hight, Behoten.] [OE. bihaten, AS. behatan to vow,
promise; pref. ie--j- Aa^ara to call, command. See Hight,
?'.] [Obs. ill all its senses.] 1. To promise ; to vow.
Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve. Surrey.
2. To give in trust ; to commit ; to intrust.
The keys are to thy hand behight. Spenser.
3. To adjudge ; to assign by authority.
The second was to Triaraoud behight. Spenser.
4. To mean, or intend.
More than heart hehiglitetk. Mir. for Mag.
5. To consider or esteem to be ; to declare to be.
All the lookers-on him dead behight. Spenser.
6. To call ; to name ; to address.
Whom ... he knew and thus behight. Spenser.
7. To command ; to order.
He behight those gates to be unbarred. Spenser.
Be-hlght', re. A vow ; a promise. [Obs.} Surrey.
Be-hlnd' (be-hind'), prep. [AS. behindan ; pref. be-
4- hindan. See Hind, a.] 1. On the side opposite the
front or nearest part ; on the back side of ; at the back
of ; on the other side of ; as, behind a door ; behind a hill.
A tall Brabanter, behind whom I stood. Bp. Hall.
2. Left after the departure of, whether this be by re-
moving to a distance or by death.
A small part of what he left behind him. Pope.
3. Left at a distance by, in progress of improvement.
Hence : Inferior to in dignity, rank, knowledge, or ex-
cellence, or in any acliievement.
I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 5.
Be-hlnd', adv. 1. At the back part ; in the rear. " I
shall not lag behind." Milton.
2. Toward the back part or rear ; backward ; as, to
look behind.
3. Not yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to
view ; out of sight ; remaining.
We can not be sure that there is no evidence behind. Locke.
4. Backward in time or order of succession ; past.
Forgetting those things which are behind. Phil. iii. 13.
5. After the departure of another ; as, to stay behind.
Leave not a rack behind. Shak.
Be-hlnd', n. The backside ; the rump. [Low']
Be-hindliand' (-hSnd'), adv. & a. [Behind + hand. J
1. In arrears financially ; in a state where expendi-
tures have exceeded the receipt of funds.
2. In a state of backwardness, in respect to what is
seasonable or appropriate, or as to what should have
been accomplished ; not equally forward with some other
person or thing ; dilatory ; backward ; late ; tardy ; as,
behindhand in studies or in work.
In this also [dress] the country are very much behindhand.
Addison.
Be-hith'er (be-htth'er), prep. On this side of. [Obs.]
Two miles behither Clifden. Evelyn.
Be-hold' (be-hold'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheld
(-held') (p. p. formerly Beholden (-hold''n), now used
only as a p. a.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beholding.] [OE. bi-
halden, biholden, AS behealdan to hold, have in sight ;
pref. be- -f- healdan to hold, keep ; akin to G. behalten
to hold, keep. See Hold.] To have in sight ; to see
clearly ; to look at ; to regard with the eyes.
When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. Num. xxi. 9.
Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the
world. John i. 29.
Syn. — To scan ; gaze ; regard ; descry ; view ; discern.
Be-hold', V. i. To direct the eyes to, or iix them
upon, an object ; to look ; to see.
. a Iamb
Eev. V, 6.
And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne, .
as it had been slain.
Be-hold'en (be-hold"n), p. a. [Old p. p. of behold,
used in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.]
Obliged ; bound in gratitude ; indebted.
But being so beholden to the Prince. Tennyson.
Be-hold'er (-er), n. One who beholds ; a spectator.
Be-hold'ing, a. Obliged ; beholden. [Obs.]
I was much bound and beholding to the right reverend father.
Robynson (Move's Utopia).
So much hath Oxford been beholding to her nephews, or sis-
ter's children. Fuller.
Be-hold'lng, re. The act of seeing ; sight ; also, that
which is beheld. Shak.
Be-hold'ing-ness, re. The state of being obliged or
beholden. [OJ,?.] Sir P. Sidney.
Be-hOOf (be-hoof), re. [OE. to bihove for the use of,
AS. behof advantage, a word implied in behoflic neces-
sary ; akin to Sw. behof, Dan. behov, G. behuf, and E.
heave, the root meaning to seize, hence the meanings " to
hold, make use of." See Heave, v. t.] Advantage ;
profit ; benefit ; interest ; use.
No mean recompense it brings
To your behoof. HRlton.
Be-hOOV'a-ble (be-hobv'a-b'l), a. Supplying need;
profitable ; advantageous. [Obs.] Udall.
Be-hoove' (be-lioov'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Behooved
(-liobvd') ; p. pr. A vb. n. Behooving.] [OE. bihoven,
behoven, AS. behojian to have need of, fr. behof. See
Behoof.] To be necessary for ; to be fit for ; to be meet
for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience ; —
mostly used impersonally.
And thus it behooved Christ to suffer. Luke xxiv. 46.
[Also written behove.]
Be-hOOVe' (be-hobv'), v. i. To be necessary, fit, or
suitable ; to befit ; to belong as due. Chaucer.
Be-hoove', re. Advantage ; behoof. [Obs.]
It shall not be to his behoove. Gower.
Be-hoove'ful (-ful), o. Advantageous ; useful ; prof-
itable. [Archaic] — Be-hoove'lul-ly, adv. — Be-hoove'-
ful-ness, n. [Archaic]
Be-hove' (-hoov'), v., and derivatives. See Behoove, &c.
Be-hove'ly, a. & adv. Useful, or usefully. [Obs.]
Be-howl' (be-houl'), v. t. To howl at. {Obs.]
The wolf behowls the moon. Shak.
II Beige (bazh), n. [F.] Debeige.
Belld (blld), n. [Prob. from the same root as build,
V. t.] A place of shelter; protection; refuge. [Scot.
& Prov. Eng.] [Also written bield and beeld.]
The random beild o' clod or stane. Bums.
Be'lng (be'ing), p. pr. from Be. Existing.
^^^ Being was formerly used where we now use having.
" Being to go to a ball in a few days." Miss Edgeworih.
(t^^ In modem usage, is, are, was or were being, with
a past participle following (as built, made, etc.) indicates
the process toward the completed result expressed by
the participle. The form is or was building, ui this pas-
sive signification, is idiomatic, and, if free from ambiguity,
is commonly preferable to the modern is or was being
built. The last form of speech is, however, sufliciently
authorized by approved writers. The older expression
was is, or was, a-bailding or in building.
A man who is being strangled. Lamb.
While the article on Burns was being written. Froude.
Fresh experience is always being gained. Jowett (Thucyd.).
Be'ing, re. 1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence ;
state or sphere of existence.
In Him we live, and move, and have our being. Acts xvii. 28.
' 2. That which exists in any form, whether it be mate-
rial or spiritual, actual or ideal ; living existence, as dis-
tinguished from a thing without life ; as, a human be-
ing; spiritual beings.
What a sweet being is an honest mind I Beau. Sf Fl.
A Being of infinite benevolence and power. Wordsworth*
3. Lifetime ; mortal existence. [Obs.]
Claudius, thou
Wast follower of his fortunes in his being. Webster (1654).
4. An abode ; a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
It was a relief to dismiss them [Sir Roger's servants] into
little beings within my manor. Steele.
Be'ing, adv. Since ; inasmuch as. [Obs. or Colloq.]
And being you have
Declined his means, you have increased his malice.
Beau. If Fl.
Be-)ade' (be-jad'), v. t. To jade or tire. [Obs.] Milton.
Be-jape' (be-jap'), v. t. To jape ; to laugh at ; to de-
ceive. [O*-'-] Chaucer.
Be-jaun'dice (-jan'dTs), v. t. To infect with jaundice.
Be-Je'W'el (be-ju'gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bejeweled
or Bejewelled (-gld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bejeweling or Bb-
jewelldjg.] To ornament with a jewel or with jewels ;
to spangle. "Bejeweled hands." Thackeray.
Be-Jum1)le (be-jQm'b'l), V. t. To jumble together.
II Belzah (be'ka), n. [Heb.] Half a shekel.
Be-knave' (be-nav'), v. t. To call knave. [Obs.] Pope.
Be-know' (be-no'), V. i. To confess ; to acknowledge.
[Obs.] Chaucer.
Bel (b§l), re. The Babylonian name of the god known
among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. Baruch vi. 41.
Be-la'bor (be-la'ber), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Belabored
(-herd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaboring.] I. To ply dili-
gently ; to work carefully upon. " If the earth is bela-
bored with culture, it yieldeth corn." Barrow.
2. To beat soundly ; to cudgel.
Ajax belabors there a harmless ox. Dryden.
Bel'-ac-coyle' (bgl'ak-koil'), re. [F. bel beautiful -f
accueil reception.] A kind or favorable reception or
salutation. [Obs.] Spenser.
Be-lace' (be-las'), v. t. [imp. Sip. p. Belaced (-last').]
1. To fasten, as with a lace or cord. [Obs.]
2. To cover or adorn with lace. [Obs.] Beaumont.
3. To beat with a strap. See Lace. [Obs.] Wright.
Be-lam' (be-lam'), V. t. [See Lam.] To beat or bang.
[Prov. & Low, Eng.] _ Todd.
Bel'a-mour' (bSl'a-moor'), re. [F. bel amour fair
love.] 1. A lover. [Obs.] Spenser,
2. A flower, but of what kind is unknown. [Obs.]
Her snowy brows, like budded belatnows. Spensor.
Bel'a-my (bel'a-my), n. [F. bel ami fair friend.]
Good friend ; dear friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Be-late' (be-laf), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Belated ; p.pr. &
vb. n. Belating.] To retard or make too late. Davenant,
Be-lat'ed, a. Delayed beyond the usual time ; too
late ; overtaken by night ; benighted. " Some belated
peasant." Milton. — Be-lat'ed-ness, re. 3Iilton.
Be-laud' (be-lad'), r. t. To laud or praise greatly.
Be-lay' (be-la'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaid, Be-
layed (-lad') ; p. pr. & vb. re. IJelayinq.] [For senses 1
& 2, D. beleggen to cover, belay ; akin to E. pref. be-, and
lay to place : for sense 3, OE. beleggen, AS. belecgan.
See pref. Be-, and Lai to place.] 1. To lay on or cover ;
to adorn. [Obs.]
Juckct . . . ?)<?;n?/crf with silver lace. Spenser.
2. (Naut.) To make fast, as a. rope, by taking several
turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. Totten.
3. To lie in wait for with a view to assault. Hence :
To block up or obstruct. [06s.] Dryden.
Belay thee ! Stop.
K
use, unite, rude, full, fip, firn ; pity; food, itfot; ont, oil; chair; go; sing, iQk ; tlien, thin; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
BELAYING PIN
134
BELL CRANK
Be-Iay'lngr pin' (be-la'tng pin'). {Naut.) A strong
pin in the side of a vessel, or by tlie mast, round wiiich
ropes are wound when they are fastened or belayed.
Belch (bSlch ; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belched
(bSlcht) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Belching.] [OE. belken, AS.
bealcan, akin to E. bellow. See Bellow, v. i.] 1. To eject
or throw up from the stomach with violence ; to eruct.
I belched a hurricane of wind. Swift,
2. To eject violently from within ; to cast forth; to
emit ; to give vent to ; to vent.
Within the gates that now
Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame. Milton.
Belch, V. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach
through the mouth ; to eructate.
2. To issue with spasmodic force or noise. Dryden.
Belch, n. 1. The act of belching ; also, that which is
belched ; an eructation.
2. Malt liquor ; — vulgarly so called as causing eructa-
tion. [06s.] Dennis.
Belch'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, belches.
Bel'dam 1 (bSl'dam), n. [Pref. bel-, denoting rela,
Bel'dame ) tionship + dame mother : cf. F. belle-
dame fair lady, It. belladonna. See Belle, and Dame.]
1. Grandmother ; — corresponding to belsire.
To show the beldam daughters of her daughter. Shak.
2. An old woman in general ; especially, au ugly old
woman ; a hag.
Around the beldam all erect they hang. Akenaide.
Be-lea'guer (be-le'ger), v. I. limp. & p. p. Belea-
guered (-gerd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Beleaguering.] [D. be-
legeren (akin to G. belagern, Svv. bel'dgra, Dan. beleire) ;
pref. be- =: E. be- -\- leger bed, camp, array, akin to E.
lair. See Laib.] To surround with an army so as to
preclude escape ; to besiege ; to blockade.
The wail of famine in beleaguered towns. Longfellow.
Syn. — To block up ; environ ; invest ; encompass.
Be-Iea'guer-er (-er), ». One who beleaguers.
Be-leave' (be-lev'), v. I. & i. [imp. & p. p. Beleet
(-ISft').] To leave or to be left. [Obs.} May.
Be-Iec'ture (be-15k'tiir ; 135), V. t. [imp. & p. p.
Bbleotuked (-tiird) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belectoeino.] To
vex with lectures ; to lecture frequently.
Be-lee' (be-le'), v. t. To place under tlie lee, or unfa-
vorably to the wind. Shak.
Be-lem'nlte (be-lSm'nit), n. [Or. /SeAe/otraf dart, fr.
^e'Ao! dart, fr. piWeiv to throw : cf. F. belemnile.}
(Paleon.) A conical calcareous fossil, tapering to a point
at the lower extremity, with a conical cavity at the other
end, where it is ordinarily broken ; but when perfect it
contains a small chambered cone, called the phragmo-
cone, prolonged, on one side, into a delicate concave
blade ; the thunderstone. It is the internal shell of a
cephalopod related to the sepia, and belonging to au ex-
tinct family. The beleimiites are found in rocks of the
Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. — Bel-em-nit'lc, a.
Belemnite (.Belemnites Owenii). (jp The upper end is cut in
section to show the interior.
_Be-lep'er (be-lSp'er), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Belepered
(-erd).] To infect with leprosy. [Obs.'] Beau. & Fl.
II Bel'-es-prlt' (bSl'§s-pre'), n. ; pi. Beaux-es^rits
(boz'Ss-pre'). [F., fine wit.] A fine genius, or man of
wit. " A man of letters and a bel esprit." W. Irving.
Bel'fry (bSl'frJ^), re. [OE. berfray movable tower
used in sieges, OF. berfreit, berfroit, F. beffroi, fr. MHG.
bervrit, bercvrit, G. bergfriede, fr. MHG. bergen to pro-
tect (G. bergen to conceal) -f- vride peace, protection, G.
friede peace ; in compounds often taken in the sense of
security, or place of security ; orig. therefore a place af-
fording security. G. friede is akin to E. free. See Buro,
and Free.] 1. {Mil. Antiq.) A movable tower erected
by besiegers for purposes of attack and defense.
2. A bell tower, usually attached to a church or other
building, but sometimes separate ; a campanile.
3. A room in a. tower in which a bell is or may be
hung ; or a cupola or turret for the same purpose.
4. {Naut.) The framing on which a bell is suspended.
Bel-gard' (bSl-gard'), n. [It. bel guardo.'] A sweet
or loving look. [06i.] Spenser.
Bel'Kl-an (bSl'jT-on), a. Of or pertaining to Belgium.
— re. A native or inhabitant of Belgium.
Bel'gic (-jlk), a. [L. Belgicus, fr. Belgae the 'Bel-
gians.] 1. Of or pertaining to the .Be^f/as, a German tribe
who anciently possessed the country between the Rhine,
the Seine, and the ocean.
How unlike their Belgic sires of old. Goldsmith.
2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands or to Belgium.
Bel-gra'vl-an (bSl-gra'vI-an), a. Belonging to Bel-
gravia (a fashionable quarter of London, around Pim-
Bco), or to fashionable life ; aristocratic.
Bell-al (belT-ol or bel'yal ; 106), re. [Heb. beli ya'al ;
beli without -\- ya'al profit.] An evil spirit ; a wicked
and unprincipled person ; the personification of evil.
What concord hath Christ with Belial f 2 Cor. vi. 15.
A son (or man) of Belial, a worthless, wicked, or thor-
oughly depraved person. i Sam. ii. 12.
Be-liTiel (be-li'bgl), V. I. [See Libel, v. «.] To libel
or traduce ; to calumniate. Fuller.
Be-lie' (be-li'), v. t. [imp. &p.p. Belied (be-lid') ;
p. pr.- & vb. n. Belting (-li'Tng).] [OE. bilien, bili^en,
AS.bele6gan;'pietbe--{-le6gantolie. See Lie, re.] 1. To
show to be false ; to convict of, or charge with, falsehood.
Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues. Dryden.
2. To give a false representation or account of.
Should I do BO, I should belie my thoughts. Shak.
3. To tell lies about ; to calumniate ; to slander.
Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou dost belie him. Shak.
4. To mimic ; to counterfeit. [Ofe.] Dryden.
5. To fin with lies. [Ote.] " [The breath of slander]
doth belie all comers of the world." S/nik.
Be-lief (be-lef), n. [OE. bileafe, bileve ; cf. AS.
geleafa. See Believe.] 1. Assent to a proposition or
affirmation, or the acceptance of a fact, opinion, or asser-
tion as real or true, without immediate personal knowl-
edge ; reliance upon word or testimony ; partial or full
assurance without positive knowledge or absolute cer-
tainty ; persuasion ; conviction ; confidence ; as, belief of
a witness ; tiie belief of our senses.
iJe/iV^admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicion to
the fullest assurance. Keid.
2. (T/teol.) A persuasion of the truths of religion ; faith.
No man can attain fto] belie/ by the bare contemplation of
heaven and earth. Hooker.
3. The thing believed ; the object of belief.
Superstitious prophecies are not only the belie/ of fools, but
the talk sometimes of wise men. Bacon.
4. A tenet, or the body of tenets, held by the advo-
cates of any class of views ; doctrine ; creed.
In the heat of persecution to which Christian belie/ was sub-
ject upon its first projnulgation. Hooker.
intimate belief, a first prmciple incapable of proof ; an
intuitive truth ; an intuition. Sir W. Hamilton.
Syn, — Credence ; trust ; reliance ; assurance ; opinion.
Be-lief'ful (-ful), a. Havmg belief or faith.
Be-liev'a-We (be-lev'a-b'l), a. Capable of being be-
lieved ; credible. — Be-liev'a-ble-ness, re. — Be-liev'a-
bU'l-ty (-bll'i-ty), n.
Be-lieve' (be-lev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Believed
(-levd') -fp.pr. & vb. re. Believing.] [OE. bileven (with
pref. be- for AS. ge-), fr. AS. gelefan, gelyfan ; akin to
D. gelooven., OHG. giloubun, G. glauben, OS. gilobian,
Goth, galaubjan, and Goth. Hubs dear. See Lief, «.,
Leave, n.] To exercise beUef in ; to credit upon the
authority or testimony of another ; to be persuaded of
the truth of, upon evidence furnished by reasons, argu-
ments, and deductions of the mind, or by circumstances
other than personal knowledge ; to regard or accept as
true ; to place confidence in ; to think ; to consider ; as,
to believe a person, a statement, or a doctrine.
Our conciueror (whom I now
Of force believe almighty). Milton.
King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets ? Acts ixvi. 27.
Often followed by a dependent clause.
I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. Acts viii. 37.
Syn. — See Expect.
Be-lleve', v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, esp. of
the truths of religion ; to have a persuasion approaching
to certainty ; to exercise belief or faith.
Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief. 3fark Ik. 24.
With the heart man believeth unto righteousness, ^m. x. 10.
2. To think ; to suppose.
1 will not believe so meanly of you. Fielding.
To believe In. (a) To believe that the subject of the
thought (if a person or thing) exists, or (if an event) that
it has occurred, or wiU occur ; —as, to believe in the res-
urrection of the dead. " She does not believe in Jupiter."
J. //. Newman, (b) To believe that the character, abilities,
and purposes of a person are worthy of entire confidence ;
— especially that his promises are wholly trustworthy.
" Let not your heart be troubled : ye believe in God, believe
also m me." John xiv. 1. (r ) To believe that the qualities
or effects of an action or state are beneficial ; as, to believe
in sea bathing, or in abstinence from alcoholic beverages.
— To believe on, to accept implicitly as an object of reli-
gious trust or obedience ; to have faith in.
Be-liev'er (be-lev'er), m. 1. One who believes ; one
who is persuaded of the truth or reality of some doctrine,
person, or thing.
2. ( Theol. ) One who gives credit to the truth of the
Scriptures, as a revelation from God ; a Christian ; — in
a more restricted sense, one who receives Christ as his
Savior, and accepts the way of salvation unfolded in the
gospel.
Thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers.
Book of Com. Prayer.
3. (Ecct Hist.) One who was admitted to all the rights
of divine worship and instructed in all the mysteries of
the Christian religion, in distinction from a catechumen,
or one yet under instruction.
Be-Uev'lngf, a. That believes ; having belief. — Be-
liev'lng-ly, adv.
Be-light' (be-lif), v. t. To illuminate. [Obs.'\ Cowley.
Be-like' (be-Uk'), adv. [Pref. be- (for by) + like.'] It
is likely or probable ; probably; perhaps. [Obs. or Ar-
chaic] — Be-like'ly, adv.
Belike, boy, then you are in love. Shak.
Be-Ume' (bt-lim'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behmed
(-llmd').] To besmear or insnare with birdlime.
Be-Ut'tte (be-lift'l), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Belittled
(-t'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belittling] To make little or
less in a moral sense ; to speak of in a depreciatory or
contemptuous way. T. .Jefferson.
Be-live' (be-liv'), adv. [Cf. Live,
a.] Forthwith ; speedily ; quickly.
[Obs.] Chaucer.
Balk (bSlk), V. t. [See Belch.]
To vomit. [Obs.]
Bell (bSl), re. [AS. belle, fr. bellan
to bellow. See Bellow.] 1. A hol-
low metallic vessel, usually shaped
somewhat like a cup with a flaring
mouth, containing a clapper or
tongue, and giving forth a ringing Section of Bell. B
sound on being struck. Clapper or tongue ;
-___ T. „ , , J ^ • C Canon or ear i D
H^^ Bells have been made of van- yoke ; M Mouth ;
ous metals, but the best have always p Sound bow ; S
been, as now, of an alloy of copper Shoulder ; T Bar-
and tin. rel.
The Liberty Bell, the famous bell of the Philadelphia
State House, which rang when the
Continental Congress declared the
Independence of the United States,
ui 1776. It had been cast in 1753,
and upon it were the words " Pro-
claim liberty throughout all the
land, to all the inhabitants there-
of."
2. A hollow perforated sphere of
metal containing a loose ball which
causes it to sound when moved.
3. Anything in the form of a
bell, as the cup or corol of a flower.
" In a cowslip's bell I lie." Shak.
4. [Arch.) That part of the cap-
ital of a column included between Liberty Bell,
the abacus and neck molding ; also used for the naked
core of nearly cylindrical shape, assumed to exist within
the leafage of a capital.
5. pi. (Naut.) The strokes of the bell which mark
the time ; or the time so designated.
t^"" On shipboard, time is marked by a bell, which is
struck eight times at 4, 8, and 12 o'cIock. Half an hour
after it has struck " eight bells " it is struck once, and at
every succeeding half hour the number of strokes is in-
creased by one, till at the end of the four hours, which
constitute a watch, it is struck eight times.
To bear away the bell, to win the prize at a race where
the prize was a bell ; hence, to be superior in something.
Fulh r. ~ To bear the bell, to be the first or leader ; — in al-
lusion to the bellwether of a flock, or the leading animal
of a team or drove, when wearing a bell. —To curse by
bell, book, and candle, a solemn fomi of excommunication
used in the Koman Catholic church, the bell being tolled,
the book of offices for the purpose being used, and three,
candles being extinguished with certain ceremonies.
Nares. — To lose the bell, to be worsted in a contest. " In
single fight he lo^l the bell." Fairfax, — la shake the
bells, to move, give notice, or alarm. Shak.
J^^ Bell is much used adjectively or in combinations ;
as, bell clapper ; bell foundry ; bell hanger ; JeH-mouthed ;
bell tower, etc., which, for the most part, are self-ex-
plaining.
Bell arch (Arch.), an arch of unusual form, following the
curve of an ogee. — Bell cage, or Bell carriage (Arcli.), a
timber frame constructed to carry one or more large
bells. — Bell cot (Arch.), a. small or subsidiary construc-
tion, frequently corbeled out from the walls of a struc-
ture, and used to contain and support one or more bells. —
BeU deck (.Arch.), the floor of a belfry made to serve as a
roof to the rooms below. — BeU founder, one whose occupa-
tion it is to found or cast bells. — Bell foundry, or BeU foua-
dery, a place where bells are founded or cast. — Bell gabls
(^7'(7i.), a small gable-shaped construction, pierced with
one or more openings, and used to contain bells. — BeU
glass. See Bell jar. — BeU hanger, a man who hangs or
puts up bells. — BeU pull, a cord, handle, or knob, connect-
ing with a bell or bell wire, and which will ring the bell
when pulled. Aytoiin. — BeU punch, a kind of conductor's
punch which rings a bell when used. — Bell ringer, one
who rings a bell or bells, esp. one whose business it is to
ring a church bell or chime, or a set of musical bells for
public entertainment. — Bell roof (Arcli.), a roof shaped
according to the general lines of a bell. — BeU rope, a rope
by which a church or other bell is rung. — Bell tent, a
circular conical-topped tent. — BeU trap, a kind of beU-
shaped stench trap.
Bell (bSl), V. t. [imp. &p.p. Belled (bSld) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Belling.] 1. To put a bell upon ; as, to bell
the cat.
2. To make bell-mouthed ; as, to bell a tube.
Bell, V. i. To develop bells or corollas ; to take the
form of a bell ; to blossom ; as, hops bell.
Bell, V. I. [as. bellan. See Bellow.] To utter by
bellowing. [Obs.]
Bell, V. i. To call or bellow, as the deer in rutting
time ; to make a bellowing sound ; to roar.
As loud as belleth wind in hell. Chaucer.
The wild buck bcUs from ferny brake.
Sir W. Scott.
Bel'la-don'na (b51'la-d8n'n4), n.
[It., literally fine lady; bella beautiful ,
-|- donna lady.] {Bot.) (a) An herba-
ceous European plant (Alropa bella-
donna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers
and shining black berries. The whole
plant and its fruit are very poisonous,
and the root and leaves are used as
powerful medicinal agents. Its prop-
erties are largely due to the alkaloid
atropine which it contains. Called also
deadly nightshade. (J) A species of
Amaryllis (A. belladonna) ; the bella-
donna lily.
Bell' an'1-mal'cule (Sn'T-mSl'kiii).
(Zodl.) An infusorian of the family
Vorticellidse, common in fresh-water ponds.
BeU' hear'er (bgl' bSr'er). (Zoiil.) A Brazilian leaf
hopper (Bocydium tintinnabuliferum), re-
markable for the four bell-shaped appendages
of its thorax.
Bell'bird' (hgl'berd'), re. [So called from
their notes.] (Zodl.) (a) A South American
bird of the genus Casmarhincos, and family
Cotingidse, of several species ; the
campanero. (b) The Myzaniha mel-
anophrys of Australia.
Bell' crank' (krank'). A lever
whose two arms form a right angle, ,
or nearly a right angle,
having its fulcrum at
the apex of the angle.
It is used in bell pulls
and in changing the di-
rection of bell wires at
angles of rooms, etc.,
and also in machinery.
BeW Animalcule,
much enlarged.
Head of Bellbird
(Casmarhincos
niveus).
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, a^ ! eve, event, end, fern, recent ; See, idea, ill ; old, Sbey, 6rb, Sdd ;
BELLE
135
BELTING
Belle (bSl), n. [F. belle, fern, of hel, beau, beautiful,
flue. See Beau.] A young lady of superior beauty and
attractions ; a handsome lady, or one who attracts notice
in society ; a fair lady.
Belled (bSld), a. Hung \vith a bell or bells.
Belle-let'trist (bSl-lSt'trlst), n. One versed in belles-
leMres.
II Bel-ler'O-phon (bSl-15r'o-f5n), re. (Pafeore.) A genus
of fossil univalve shells, believed to belong to the Het-
eropoda, peculiar to the Paleozoic age.
II Belles-let'tres (bgl-lSt'ter ; 277), n. pi.
[F.] Polite or elegant literature ; tlie hu-
manities ; — used somewhat vaguely for lit-
erary works in which imagination and taste
are predominant.
Bel'le-trls'tic (bSl'lS-trTs'tik), ) a. Oc-
Bel'le-trls'tic-al (-tT-k«l), J cupied
with, or pertaining to, belles-lettres. "An
unlearned, bellelnstic tritier." M. Ai~nold.
Bell'-laced' (bSl'fasf), a. Having the sthiking sur-
face convex ; — said of hammers.
Bell'Qo Wer (-flou'er), n. (Bot. ) A plant of the genus
Campanula; — so named from its bell-shaped flowers.
Bell'flow'er, n. [F. bellefleur, lit., beautiful flower.]
A kind of apple. Tlie yellow bellflower is a large, yel-
low winter apple. [Written also bellefleur.']
Belll-bone (bSl'lI-bon), n. [F. belle et bonne, beauti-
ful and good.] A woman excelling both in beauty and
goodness ; a fair maid. [06s.] Spenser.
Belllc (bel'lTk), I a. [L. bellicus. See Bellicose.]
Bellic-al (-IT-kal), ) Of or pertaining to war ; war-
like; marti.ol. [Obs-i " Bellic Csesai," Feltham.
Belli-COSe' (-ll-kos'), "• [L- belUcosus, fr. bellicus of
war, fr. bellum war. See Duel.] Inclined to war or
contention ; warlike ; pugnacious.
Arnold was, in fact, in a bellicose vein. W. Irving.
Bel'll-cose'ly, adv. In a bellicose manner.
Belli-cous (-IT-kQs), a. Bellicose. [Oto.]
Bel'lled (bSl'ltd), a. Having (such) a belly ; puffed
out ; — used in composition ; as, pot-bellied ; shai-bellied.
Bel-lig'er-ence (bSl-lTj'er-ans), 1 re. The quality of
Bel-lig'er-en-cy (bel-lij'er-en-sy), ) being belliger-
ont ; act or state of makmg war ; warfare.
Bel-lJg'er-ent (bSl-lIj'er-ent), a. [L. bellum war +
gerens, -entis, waging, p. pr. of gerere to wage : cf. F.
belligerant. See Bellicose, Jest.] 1. Waging war ;
carrying on war. " Belligerent powers." E. Everett.
2. Pertaining, or tending, to war; of or relating to
belligerents ; as, a belligerent tone ; belligerent rights.
Bel-llg'er-ent, re. A nation or state recognized as car-
rying on war ; a person engaged in warfare.
Bel-llg'er-ent-ly, adv. In a belligerent manner ;
hostilely.
Bell'ing (bel'ifng), re. [From Bell to bellow.] A
bellowing, as of a deer in rutting time. Johnson.
Bel-llp'0-tent (bSl-lip'o-tent), a. [L. bellipotens ;
bellum war -)- potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be
able.] Mighty in war; armipotent. [i?.] Blount.
Bell' Jar' (bel' jar'). (Phys.) A glass vessel, varying in
eize, open at the bottom and closed at the top
like a bell, and having a knob or handle at
the top for lifting it. It is used for a great
variety of purposes ; as, with the air pump,
and for holding gases, also for keeping the
dust from articles exposed to view.
Bell'man (-man), re. A man who rings a
bell, especially to give notice of anything in
the streets. Formerly, also, a night watch-
man who called the hours. Milton.
Bell' met'al (mefal or mef'l). A hard
alloy or bronze, consisting usually of about three parts
of copper to one of tin ; — used for making bells.
Bell metal ore, a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron ; the
mineral stannite.
Bell Jar.
Expanding at the
Byron.
Bell'-mouthed' (-mouthd'), a.
mouth ; as, a bell-mouthed gun.
Bellon (bgl'lon), n. Lead colic,
II Bel-lO'na (bel-lo'na), re. [L., from bellum war.]
{Rom. 3Iylh.) The goddess of war.
Bel'lOW (bgl'lo), V. i. limp. & p. p. Bellowed
(-lod) ; p. pr. & vi. re. Bellowing.] [OE. belwen, bel-
owen, AS. bylgean, fr. bellan ; akin to G. bellen, and
perh. to L. flere to weep, OSlav. bleja to bleat, Lith.
balsas voice. Cf. Bell, n. & v.. Bawl, Bull.] 1. To
make a hollow, loud noise, as an enraged bull.
2. To bawl ; to vociferate ; to clamor. Dryden.
3. To roar, as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind
when violent ; to make a loud, hollow, continued sound.
The bellowing voice of boiling seas. Dryden.
Bellow, V. t. To emit with a loud voice ; to shout ;
—used with out. " Would bellow out a laugh." Dryden.
Bellow, re. A loud resounding outcry or noise, as of
an enraged bull ; a roar.
BellOW-er (-er), re. One who, or that which, bellows.
Bellows (beiaiis; 277), re. sing. & pi. [OE. bely, be-
low, belly, bellows, AS.
bxlg, bselig, bag, bellows,
belly. Bellows is prop, a
pi. and the orig. sense is
bag. See Belly.] An
instrument, utensil, or
machine, which, by alter-
nate expansion and con-
traction, or by rise and fall
of the top, draws in air
through a valve and expels
it thvough a tube for vari- „, , _ ^ .u «
ous Durnows as Wnwi-n<T ^'^ Roman Lamp, with figu
uus purposes, as Dlowmg ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ oj B^lf
fires, ventilatmg nunes,
or filling the pipes of an organ with wind.
Bellows camera, in photography, a form of camera,
Which can be drawn out like an accordion or bellows. —
re of
,ows.
BellowbFish.
Hydrostatic bellows. See Hydrostatic. — A pair of bellows,
the ordinary household instrument for blowing tires, con-
sistmg of two nearly heart-shaped boards with handles,
connected by leather, and having a valve and tube.
Bel'lOWS fish' (bSl'ms fish'). (Zodl.) A European
fish {Centriscus scolo-
pax), distinguished by a
long tubular snout, like
the pipe of a bellows ; —
called also trumpet fish,
and snipe fish.
Bell' pep'per (bSl' pSp'-
per). (Bot.) A species of
Capsicui>i, or Guinea pep-
per (('. annaiim). It is the red pepper of the gardens.
Bell'-shaped' (-shapf), a. Having the shape of a wide-
moutlied bell ; campanulate.
Bel'lu-ine (bel'ld-iu), a. [L. belluinus, fr. bellua
beast.] Pertaining to, or like, a beast ; brutal, [if.]
Aniinal and belluine life. Atterbut^.
Bell'weth'er (bSl'wSth'er), re. 1. A wether, or sheep,
which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck.
2. Hence : A leader. IContemptuous'} Stoi/t.
Boll'WOrt' (-wfirf), re. (Bot.) A genus of plants
(Uvidaria) with yellowish bell-shaped flowers.
Belly (bgl'ly), re. ; pi. Bellies (-liz). [OE. ball, bely,
AS. belg, baitg, bselig, bag, bellows, belly ; akin to Icel.
belgr bag, bellows, Sw. balg, Dan. bselg, D. & G. balg,
cf. W. bol the paunch or belly, dim. boly, Ir. bolg. Cf.
Bellows, Follicle, Fool, Biloe.] 1. That part of the
human body which extends downward from the breast
to the thighs, and contains the bowels, or intestines ;
the abdomen.
(1^°° Formerly all the splanchnic or visceral cavities
were called bellies ; — the lotar belly being the abdomen ;
the middle belly, the thorax; and the upper belly, the
head. Dunglison.
2. The under part of the body of animals, correspond-
ing to the human belly.
Underneath the belly of their steeds. Sltak.
3. The womb. [06s.]
Before 1 formed thee in the belly I knew thee. Jar, i. 6.
4. The part of anything which resembles the human
belly in protuberance or in cavity ; the innermost part ;
as, the belly of a flask, muscle, sail, ship.
Out of the belly of hell cried I. Jonah ii. 2.
5. (Arch.) The hollow part of a curved or bent tim-
ber, the convex part of which is the back.
Belly doublet, a doublet of the 16th century, hanging
down so as to cover the belly. Shak. — Belly fretting, the
chafing of a horse's belly with a girth. Jo/mson. — Belly
tlmber,food. [Ludicrous] Prior. — Belly worm, a worm that
breeds or lives in the beUy (stomach or intestines). Jolmson .
Belly, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bellied (-lid) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Bellying.] To cause to swell out ; to fill. [R-l
Your breath of full consent bellied Ms sails. Shak.
Belly, V. i. To swell and become protuberant, like
the belly ; to bulge.
The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden.
Belly-ache' (-ak'), n. Pain in the bowels ; colic.
Belly-band' (-bSnd'), re. 1. A baud that passes under
the belly of a horse and holds the saddle or harness in
place ; a girth.
2. A band of flannel or other cloth about the belly.
3. (Naut.) A band of canvas, to strengthen a sail.
Belly-bound' (-bound'), a. Costive ; constipated.
Bel'ly-Cheat' (-chef), re. An apron or covering for the
front of the person. [06s.] Beau. & Fl.
Belly-cheer' (-cher'), re. [Perh. from F. belle chlre.~\
Good cheer ; viands. [06s.] " Bellycheer and banquets."
Rowlands, "hoaves and bellycheer." Milton.
Belly-cheer', v. i. To revel ; to feast. [06s.]
A pack of clergymen (assembled] by themselves to bellycheer
in their presumptuous Sion. Milton.
Belly-ful (-ful), n. As much as satisfies the appetite.
Hence : A great abundance ; more than enough. Lloyd.
King James told his son that he would have his bellyful of
parliamentary impeachments. Johnson.
Belly— god' (-gSd'), re. One whose great pleasure it
is to gratify his appetite ; a glutton ; an epicui*.
Belly-pinched' (-pTnchf), a. Pinched with hunger ;
starved. " The belly-pi>iched v/oU." Shak.
Be-lock' (be-16k'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Belocked
(-15kt').] [Pref. be- + lock: cf. AS. belUcan.] To lock,
or fasten as with a lock. [06s.] Shak.
Bel'O-man'cy (bgl'o-mSn'sy), n. [Gr. ^eXofiavTia. ;
/Se'Aoi arrow -|- /u.di'Tis a diviner : cf. F. belomancie.']
A kind of divination anciently practiced by means of
marked arrows drawn at random from a bag or quiver,
the marks on the arrows drawn being supposed to fore-
show the future. Encyc. Brit.
Be-long' (be-15ng' ; 115), v. i, [imp. &p.p. Belonged
(-longd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belonging.] [OE. belongen
(akin to D. belangen to concern, G. belangen to attain to,
to concern) ; pref. be- + longen to desire. See Long, v. i.]
[Usually construed with to.l 1. To be the property of;
as, Jamaica belongs to Great Britain.
2. To be apart of, or connected with; to be appendant
or related ; to owe allegiance or service.
A desert place belonging to . . . Bethsaida. Lvke ix. 10.
The mighty men which belonged to David. 1 Kings i. 8.
3. To be the concern or proper business or function
of ; to appertain to. " Do not interpretations belong to
God ? " Gen. xl. 8.
4. To be suitable for ; to be due to.
Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age. Heb. v. 14.
No blame belongs to thee. Shak.
5. To be native to, or an inhabitant of; esp. to have a
legal residence, settlement, or inhabitancy, whether by
birth or operation of law, so as to be entitled to mainte-
nance by the parish or town.
Bastards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers
belong. Blackstone.
Be-long' (be-15ng'), v. t. To be deserved by. [06s.]
More evils belong us than happen to us. B. Jouson.
Be-long'lng, re. [Commonly in the pi.] 1. That
which belongs to one ; that which pertains to one ; hence,
goods or effects. ^'■Thyself and thy belongings." Shak,
2. That which is connected with a principal or greater
thing ; an appendage ; an appurtenance.
3. Family ; relations ; household. ICollog.]
Few persons of her ladyship's belongings stopped, before they
did her bidding, to ask her reasons. Tliackeray
Bel'O-nite (bSl'6-nit), re. [Gr.^eAdci) a needle.] (Min.)
Minute acicular or dendritic crystalline forms sometimes
observed in glassy volcanic rocks.
Bel-OO'che 1 (bSl-o6'che), a. Of or p<irtaining to Bel-
Bel-OO'chee ( oochistan, or to its inhabitants. — re.
A native or an inhabitant of Beloochistan.
Be-lord' (be-lSrd'), v. t. 1. To act the lord over.
2. To address by the title of " lord."
Be-love' (be-lBv'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beloved
(-luvd').] [OE. bilufien. See pref. Be-, and Love, v. t.]
To love. [06s.] Wodroephe.
Be-loved-' (be-ltivd' as p. p., be-lBv'Sd as a. ), p. p. & a.
Greatly loved ; dear to the heart.
Antony, so well beloved of Csesar. Shak.
This is my beloved Son. Matt. iii. 17.
Be-lOT'ed (be-liiv'ed), re. One greatly loved.
My beloved is mine, and I am his. Cant. ii. 16.
Be-low' (be-lo'), prep. [Pref. be- by + low.] 1. Un-
der, or lower in place ; beneath ; not so high ; as, below
the moon ; below the knee. Shak.
2. Inferior to in rank, excellence, dignity, value,
amount, price, etc. ; lower in quality. " One degree
below kings." Addison.
3. Unworthy of ; unbefitting ; beneath.
They beheld, with a just loathing and disdain, . . . how below
all history the persons and their actions were. Milton.
Who thinks no fact beloio his regard. Hallam.
Syn. —Underneath; under; beneath.
Be-low', adv. 1, In a lower place, with respect to
any object ; in a lower room ; beneath.
Lord Marmion waits below. Sir W. Scott.
2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens.
The fairest child of Jove below. Prior.
3. In hell, or the regions of the dead.
What business brought him to the realms below. Dryden.
4. In a court or tribunal of inferior jurisdiction ; as,
at the trial below. Wheaton.
5. In some part or page following.
Be-lowt' (be-louf), V. t. To treat as a lout ; to talk
abusively to. [06s.] Camden.
Bel'slre' (bSl'sir'), n. [Pref. bel- -\- sire. Cf. Bel-
dam.] A grandfather, or ancestor. "His great belsire
Brute." [Obs.] Drayton.
Bel'swag'ger (-swag'ger), n. [Contr. from belly-
swagger.] A lewd man ; also, a bully. [06s.] Dryden,
Belt (belt), re. [AS. belt; akiu to Icel. belli, Sw. bdlte,
Dan. bselte, OHG. 60^2, L. balteus, Ir. & Gael, bait bor-
der, belt.] 1. That which engirdles a person or thing ;
a band or girdle ; as, a lady's belt ; a sword belt.
The shining belt with gold inlaid. Dryden.
2. That which restrains or confines as a girdle.
He cannot buckle his distempered cause
Within the belt of rule. Shak.
3. Anything that resembles a belt, or that encircles or
crosses like a belt ; a strip or stripe ; as, a belt of trees ;
a belt of sand.
4. (Arch.) Same as Band, re., 2. A very broad band is
more properly termed a belt.
5. (Astron.) One of certain girdles or zones on the sur-
face of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, supposed to be
of the nature of clouds.
6. (Geog.) A narrow passage or strait ; as, the Great
Belt and the Lesser Belt, leading to the Baltic Sea.
7. (Her. ) A token or badge of knightly rank.
8. (Mech.) A band of leather, or other flexible sub-
stance, passing around two wheels, and communicating
motion from one to the other. [See Illust. of Pulley.]
9. (Nat. Hist. ) A band or stripe, as of color, round any
organ ; or any circular ridge or series of ridges.
Belt lacing, thongs used for lacing together the ends of
machine belting.
Belt, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Belted ; p. pr. & vb. re. Belt-
ing.] 1. To encircle with, or as with, a belt ; to encom-
pass ; to surround.
A coarse black robe belted round the waist. C. Reade.
They belt him round with hearts undaunted. Wordsworth.
2. To shear, as the buttocks and tails of sheep. [Prov.
Eng.] Halliwell.
Bel'tane (bgl'tSn), n. [Gael, bealltainn, bealltuinn.']
1. The first day of May (Old Style>.
Tlie quarter-days anciently in Scotlandwere Hallowmas, Can-
dlemas, Beltane, and Lammas. Xew English Diet.
2. A festival of the heathen Celts on the first day of
May, in the observance of which great bonfires were kin-
dled. It still exists in a modified form in some parts of
Scotland and Ireland.
Belt'ed (bSlt'Sd), a. 1. Encircled by, or secured with,
a belt ; as, a belted plaid ; girt with a belt, as an honor-
ary distinction ; as, a belted knight ; a belted earl.
2. Marked with a band or circle ; as, a belted stalk.
3. Worn in, or suspended from, the belt.
Three men with belled brands. Sir W. Scott.
Belted cattle, cattle originally from Dutch stock, having
a broad band of white round the middle, while the rest ©f
the body is black ; — called also blanketed cattle.
Bel'tein (bSl'tan), Bel'tln (-tin), n. See Beltane.
Belt'lng (bBlt'Tng), re. The material of which belts
for machinery are made ; also, belts, taken collectively.
use, unite, rude, full, ap, tirn ; pity; food, fo-ot; out, oil; chair ; go; sing, ink; tlien, tliin; boN; zU = z in azure.
BELUGA
136
BENEFICENTIAL
Be-ln'ga (be-lu'ga), n. [Russ. hieluga a sort of large
sturgeon, prop, white fish, ir. bieluii white.] (Zo'ol.) A
cetacean allied to the dolphins.
Beluga or White Whale (^DeJphinapterus catodon). (yVs)
11^°' The northern beluga {Delphinapterus catodon) ia
the white whale and white fish of the whalers. It grows
to be from twelve to eighteen feet long.
Be-lUte' (be-luf), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Belutbd ; p.pr.
& vb. n. Beluting.] [Pref. be- + L. lutum mud.] To
bespatter, as with mud. [i?.] Sleme.
Bel've-dere' (bSl've-der'), n. [It., fr. bello, bel, beau-
tiful + t'ec?ere to see.] (Arch.) A small building, or a
part of a building, more or less open, constructed in a
place commanding a fine prospect.
II Bel'ze-buth (bel'ze-btith), n. [From Beelzebub.']
{Zo'ol.) A spider monkey {Aieles belzebulh) of Brazil.
llBe'ma (be'ma), n. [Gr. |3V)iaa step, platform.]
1. (Gr. Anliq.) A platform from which speakers ad-
dressed an assembly: Mitford.
2. (Arch.) (a) That part of an early Christian church
which was reserved for the higher clergy ; the inner or
eastern part of the chancel, (b) Erroneously ; A pulpit.
Be-mad' (be-mild'), V. t. To make mad. {Obs.] Fuller.
Be-man'gle (be-man'g'l), V. t. To mangle ; to tear
asunder. [7?.] Beaumont.
Be-mask' (be-mask^, V. t. To mask ; to conceal.
Be-mas'ter (-mas'ter), v. t. To master thoroughly.
Be-iuaul' (be-mal'), v. t. To maul or beat severely ; to
bruise. " In order to bemaul Yorick." Stei'ne.
Be-maze (be-maz'), V. t. [OE. bimasen ; pref. be- -\-
masen to maze.] To bewilder.
Intellects bemcued in endless doubt. Cowper.
Be-mean' (-men'), v. t. To make mean ; to lower.
C. Reade.
Be-meet' (be-mef), v. i. limp. & p. p. Bbmet (-mgf) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. BEMEETiNa.] To meet, [fibs.']
Our very loving sister, -well betnet. Sfiak.
Be-mete' (be-mef), v. t. To mete. [06«.] Shale.
Be-min'gle (be-mln'g'l), v. t. To mingle; to mix.
Be-mlre' (be-mir'), V, t. [imp. & p. p. Bemibed
(-mird') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beiheing.] To drag through,
encumber with, or fix in, the mire ; to soil by passing
through mud or dirt.
Bemired and benighted in the bog. Burke.
Be-mist' (be-mlsf), V. i. To envelop in mist. [Obs.]
Be-moan' (be-mon'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bemoaitld
(-mond') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemoaning.] [OE. bimenen,
AS. bemsenan ; pref. be- -j- msbnan to moan. See Moan.]
To express deep grief for by moaning ; to express sorrow
for ; to lament ; to bewail ; to pity or sympathize with.
Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans. Dryden.
Syn.— See Deplobe.
Be-moan'er (-er), n. One who bemoans.
Be-mock' (be-m5k' ; 115), v. t. To mock ; to ridicule.
Bemock the modest moon. Shak.
Be-moll' (be-moil'), v. t. [Pref. ha- -{-moil, fr. F. mou-
iller to wet ; but cf. also OE. bimolen to soil, fr. AS.
mdl spot : cf. E. mole.] To soil or encumber with mire
and dirt. [Obs.] Shale.
Be'mol (be'm61), n. [F. bimol, fr. be b -\- mol soft.]
(Mus.) The sign t ; the same as B flat. [Obs.]
Be-mon'Ster (be-mon'ster), V. i. To make monstrous
or like a monster. [Obs.] Shak.
Be-mourn' (be-morn'), V. t. To mourn over. Wyclif.
Be-mud'dle (be-mtid'd'l), V. t. To muddle ; to stu-
pefy or bewilder ; to confuse.
Be-muf'fle (be-miif'f'l), V. t. To cover as with a
muffler ; to wrap up.
Bemuffled with the externals of religion. Sterne.
Be-muse' (be-muz'), V. t. To muddle, daze, or par-
tially stupefy, as with liquor.
A parson much bemused in beer. Pope.
Ben (bSn), Ben' nut' (nut'). [Ar. ban, name of the
tree.] (Bot.) The seed of one or more species of mo-
ringa ; as, oil of ben. See Moringa.
Ben, adv. & prep. [AS. binnan; pref. be- by + '™-
nan within, in in.] Within ; in ; in or into the interior ;
toward the inner apartment. [Scot.]
Ben, n. [See Ben, adv.] The inner or principal room
in a hut or house of two rooms ; — opposed to but, the
outer apartment. [Scot.]
Ben. An old f orm of the pZ. iratfic. pr. of Be. [Obs.]
Be-name' (be-nam'), v. i. [p. p. Benamed, Benempt.]
To promise ; to name. [Obs.]
Bench (bench), n.; pi. Benches (-6z). [OE. bench,
benk, AS. bene ; akin to Sw. b'dnk, Dan bsenk, Icel. bekkr,
OS., D., & G. bank. Cf. Bakk, Beach.] 1. A long seat,
differing from a stool in its greater length.
Mossy benches supplied the place of chairs. Sir TV. Scott.
2 . A long table at which mechanics and others work ;
*s, a carpenter's bench.
3. The seat where judges sit in court.
To pluck down justice from your awful bench. Shak.
4. The persons who sit as judges ; the court ; as, the
opinion of the full bench. See King's Bench.
5. A collection or group of dogs exhibited to the pub-
lic ; — so named because the animals are usually placed
on benches or raised platforms.
6. A conformation like a bench ; a long stretch of flat
ground, or a kind of natural terrace, near a lake or river.
Bench mark (Levelind), one of a number of marks along
a line of survey, affixed to permanent objects, to show
where leveling staffs were placed. —Bench of blBhoi)8,
the whole body of English prelates assembled in councU.
— Bench plane, any plane used by carpenters and joiners
for worloug a flat surface, as jack planes, long planes.
— Bench show, an exhibition of dogs. — Bench table (Afch.),
a projecting course at the base of a building, or round a
pillar, sufficient to form a seat.
Bench (bench), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Benched (bgncht) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Benching.] 1. To furnish with benches.
'T was benched with turf. Bryden.
Stately theaters benched crescentwise, Tennyson.
2. To place on a bench or seat of honor.
Whom I . . . have benched and reared to worship. Shak.
Bench, v. i. To sit on a seat of justice. [B.] Shak.
Bench'er (-er), n. 1. (Bug. Law) One of the senior
and governing members of an Inn of Court.
2. An alderman of a corporation. [Bng.] Ashmole.
3. A member of a court or council. [06j.] Shak.
4. One who frequents the benches of a tavern ; an
idler. [Obs.]
Bench' war'rant (w5r'rant). (Law) A process issued
by a presiding judge or by a court against a person guilty
of some contempt, or indicted for some crime ; — so called
in distinction from a Justice's warrant.
Bend (bSnd), v. t. [imp. &■ p. p. Bended or Bent
(bSnt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bending.] [AS. bendan to bend,
fr. bend a band, bond, fr. bindan to bind. See Bind, v.
t., and cf. 3d & 4th Bend.] 1. To strain or move out
of a straight line ; to crook by straining ; to make
crooked ; to curve ; to make ready for use by drawing
into a curve ; as, to bend a bow ; to bend the knee.
2. To turn toward some certain point ; to direct ; to
Incline. "Bend thine ear to supplication." MUton.
Towards Coventry bend we our course. Shak.
Bending her eyes . . . upon her parent. Sir W. Scott.
3. To apply closely or with interest ; to direct.
To bend his mind to any public business. Temple.
But when to mischief mortals bend their will. Pope.
4. To cause to yield ; to render submissive ; to sub-
due. " Except she fcend her humor." Shak.
5. (IVaut.) To fasten, as one rope to another, or as a
sail to its yard or stay ; or as a cable to the ring of an
anchor. Totten.
To bend the brow, to knit the brow, as in deep thought
or in anger ; to scowl ; to frown. Camden.
Syn. — To lean; stoop; deflect; bow; yield.
Bend, v. i. 1. To be moved or strained out of a
straight line ; to crook or be curving ; to bow.
The green earth's end
Where the bowed welkin slow doth bend. Milton.
2. To jut over ; to overhang.
There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
Looks feai-fuUy in the confined deep. Shak.
3. To be inclined ; to be directed.
To whom our vows and wishes bend. ^lUton.
4. To bow in prayer, or in token of submission.
While each to his great Father bends. Coleridge.
Bend, n. [See Bend, v. t., and cf. Bent, n.] 1. A
turn or deflection from a straight line or from the proper
direction or normal position ; a curve ; a crook ; as, a
slight bend of the body ; a bend in a road.
2. Turn ; purpose ; inclination ; ends. [Obs.]
Farewell, poor swain ; thou art not for my bend. Fletcher.
3. (Naut.) A knot by which one rope is fastened to
another or to an anchor, spar, or post. Totten.
4. (Leather Trade) The best quality of sole leather ;
a butt. See Bdtt.
5. (Mining) Hard, indurated clay ; bind.
Bends of a ship, the thickest and strongest planks in her
sides, more generally called loales. They have the beams,
knees, and foothooks bolted to them. Also, the frames or
ribs that form the ship's body from the keel to the top of
the sides ; as, the midship bend.
Bend, n. [AS. bend. See Band, and cf . the preced-
ing noun.] 1. A band. [Obs.] Spen.<:er.
2. [OF. bende, bande, F. bande. See Band.] (Her.)
One of the honorable ordinaries, containing a third or a
fifth part of the field. It crosses the field diagonally
from the dexter chief to the sinister base.
Bend sinister (Her.), an honorable ordinary drawn from
the sinister chief to the dexter base.
Bend'a-ble (-a^b'l), a. Capable of being bent.
Bend'er (-er), «. 1. One who, or that which, bends.
2. An instrument used for bending.
3. A drunken spree. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.
4. A sixpence. [Slang, Eng.]
Bend'lng, n. The marking of the clothes with stripes
or horizontal bands. [Obs] Chaucer.
Bend'let (-lgt),w. [Bend -\- -let: cf. E. bandlet.] (Her.)
A narrow bend, esp. one half the width of the bend.
Bend'wise (-wiz), adv. (Her.) Diagonally.
Ben'dy (ben'dy), a. [From Bend a band.] (Her.)
Divided into an even number of bends ; — said of a shield
or its charge. Cussans.
Ben'e (ben'e), 71. (Bot.) See Benne.
Be'ne (be'ne), K. [AS. ben.] A prayer ; boon. [Archaic]
What is good for a bootless bene ? 'Wordsworth.
II Bene, Ben (ban), n. [Native name.] (Zo'ol.) A
hoglike mammal of New Guinea (Porcula papuensis).
Be-neaped' (be-nepf), a. (A^aut.) See Neaped.
Be-neath' (be-neth' or -neth' ; 277), prep. [OE. be-
nethe, bineoSen, AS. beneoSan, benySan; pref. be- +
neoSan, nySan, downward, beneath, akin to E. nether.
See Nether.] 1. Lower in place, with something directly
over or on ; under ; underneath ; hence, at the foot of.
'■'■Beneath the mount." Ex. xxxii. 19.
Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies. Pope.
2. Under, in relation to something that is superior, or
that oppresses or burdens.
Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak.
3. Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; as,
brutes are beneath man ; man is beneath angels in the-
scale of beings. Hence : Unworthy of ; unbecoming.
He will do nothing that is beneath his high station. Atterbury.
Be-neath' (be-ueth' or be-neth'), adv. 1. In a lower
place ; underneath.
The earth vou take from beneath will be barren. Mortimer.
2. Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior
region or position ; as, in earth beneath.
II Ben'e-dic'i-te (bSn'e-dTs'i-te), n. [L., (imperative
pi.,) bless ye, praise ye.] A canticle (the Latin version of
which begins with this word) which may be used in the
order for morning prayer in the Church of England. It
is taken from an apocryphal addition to the third chap-
ter of Daniel.
II Ben'e-dic'i-te, interj. [See Benedicite, n.] An
exclamation corresponding to Bless you !
Ben'e-dict (bSn'e-dTkt), ) n. [From Benedick, one of
Ben'e-dick (bgn'e-dik), ) the characters in Shake-
speare's play of "Much Ado about Nothing."] A mar-
ried man, or a man newly married.
Ben'e-dict, a. [L. benedictus, p. p. of benedicere to
bless. See Benison, and cf. Bennet.] Having mild and
salubrious qualities. [Obs.] Bacon.
Ben'e-dic'tine (bSn'e-dik'ttn), a. Pertaining to the
monks of St. Benedict, or St. Benet.
Ben'e-dic'tine, «. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a famous or-
der of monks, established by St. Benedict of Nursia in-
the sixth century. This order was introduced into the
United States in 1846.
^g^ The Benedictines wear black clothing, and are-
sometimes called Black Monks. The name Black Friars,
which belongs to the Dominicans, is also sometimes ap-
plied to the Benedictines.
Ben'e-dic'tion (bSn'e-dik'shiin), n. [L. benedictio:
cf. F. benediction. See Benison.] 1. The act of blessing.
2. A blessing ; an expressioji of blessing, prayer, or-
kind wishes in favor of any person or thing ; a solemn or-
affectionate invocation of happiness.
So saying, he arose ; whom Adam thus
Followed with benediction- Milton,
Homeward serenely she walked with God's benediction upon
her. LongfeUoio.
Specifically : The short prayer which closes public
worship ; as, to give the benediction.
3. (Eccl.) The form of instituting an abbot, answer-
ing to the consecration of a bishop. Ayliffe.
4. (R. C. Ch.) A solemn rite by which bells, banners,
candles, etc., are blessed with holy water, and formally
dedicated to God.
Ben'e-dJc'tion-al (-a\), n. A book of benedictions.
Ben'e-dio'tlon-a-ry (-a-r5'), n. A collected series ol
benedictions.
The ()enerf/c(!onary of Bishop Athelwold. G. Gurton's Needle.
Ben'e-dlc'tlve (-tiv), a. Tending to bless. Gauden.
Ben'e-dic'to-ry (-dtk'to-rj'), a. Expressing wishes
for good ; as, a benedictory prayer. Thackeray.
II Ben'e-dic'tus (-dik'ttis), n. [L., blessed. See
Benedict, a.'\ The song of Zacharias at the birth of John.
the Baptist (Luke i. 68) ; — so named from the first word
of the Latin version.
Ben'e-dight (-dit), a. Blessed. [R.] Longfellow.
Ben'e-fac'tion (-ISk'shun), n. [L. benef actio, fr. bene-
facere to do good to one ; bene well -\-facere to do. See
Benemt.] 1. The act of conferring a benefit. Johnson.
2. A benefit conferred ; esp. a charitable donation.
Syn, — Gift ; present ; gratuity ; boon ; alms.
Ben'e-fac'tor (bSn'e-fSk'ter), n. [L.] One who con,
fers a benefit or benefits. Bacon.
Ben'e-fac'tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit.
His benefactress blushes at the deed. Cowper.
Be-nef'iC (be-nSf'ik), a. [Jj. beneficus. See Benefice.].
Favorable ; beneficent. Hilton.
Ben'e-Uce (bSn'e-fTs), n. [F. binefice, L. beneficium^
a kindness, in Uj. a grant of an estate, fr. L. beneficus-
beneficent; bene well -{- facere to do. See Benefit.]
1. A favor or benefit. [Obs.] Baxter.
2. (Feudal Law) An estate in lands ; a fief.
11^°' Such an estate was granted at first for life only,
and held on the mere good pleasure of the donor ; but
afterward, becoming hereditary, it received the appella-
tion otfief, and the term benefice became appropriated to
church livings.
3. An ecclesiastical living and church preferment, as in
the Church of England; a church endowed with a revenue,
for the maintenance of divine service. See Advowson.
1^°" All church preferments are called benefices, ex-
cept bishoprics, which are called dignities. But, ordi-
narily, the term dignity is applied to bishoprics, dean-
eries, archdeaconries, and prebendaryships ; benefice to-
parsonages, vicarages, and donatives.
Ben'e-fice, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Beneficed.] To endow
with a benefice. [Commonly in the past participle.]
Ben'e-ficed (-fist), a. Possessed of a benefice or
church preferment. " Beneficed clergymeD." Burke.
Ben'e-fice-less (-fis-lgs), a. Having no benefice.
" Beneficeless precisians." Sheldon.
Be-nef'i-cence (be-ngf'i-sens), n. [L. beneficentia, fr.
beneficus : cf. F. beneficence. See Benefice.] The
practice of doing good ; active goodness, kindness, or
charity; bounty springing from purity and goodness.
And whose beneficence no charge exhausts. Cowper.
Syn. — See Benevolence.
Be-nef'i-cent (-sent), a. Doing or producing good ;
performing acts of kindness and charity ; characterized!
by beneficence.
The benefi.cent fruits of Christianity. Prescott,
Syn . — See •Benevolent.
Be-nefl-cen'tial (be-ngf'i-sgn'shal), a. Relating t<j»
beneficence.
ale, senate, c^re, am, arm, ask, final, all; eve, event, find, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd;
( .__
BENEFICENTLY
137
BENZOATE
Be-nef1-cent-ly (be-nSfl-sent-iy), adv. ]n a benefi-
cent manner ; with beneficence.
Ben'e-fi'clal (bgn'e-flsh'al), a. [C£. F. benificial,
LL. beneficialis.'] 1. Conferring benefits ; useful ; prof-
itable ; helpful ; advantageous ; serviceable ; contribu-
ting to a valuable end ; — followed by to.
The war which would have been most benejicial to us. Swift.
2. (Law) Receiving, or entitled to have or receive,
advantage, use, or benefit ; as, the beneficial owner of an
estate. Kent.
3. Kind. \Obs.'\ " A beneficial ioe." B. Jonson.
Syn. — See Advantage.
Ben'e-fl'cial-ly, adv. In a beneficial or advantageous
manner ; profitably ; helpfully.
Ben'e-fl'cial-ness, n. The quality of being beneficial ;
profitableness.
Ben'e-fi'cl-a-ry (-ftsh'T-a-rJ^, or -ftsh'a-rj ; 106), a.
[Cf. F. bSneficiaire, LL. beneficiarius.'] 1. Holding some
office or valuable possession, in subordination to another ;
holding under a feudal or other superior ; having a de-
pendent and secondary possession.
A feudatory or benejiciary king of England. Bacon.
2. Bestowed as a gratuity ; as, beneficiary gifts.
Ben'e-11'cl-a-ry, «. / pi. Beneficiaries (-riz). 1. A
feudatory or vassal ; hence, one who holds a benefice
and uses its proceeds. Ayliffe.
2. One who receives anything as a gift ; one who receives
a benefit or advantage ; esp. one who receives help or
income from an educational fund or a trust estate.
The rich men will be offering sacrifice to their Deity whost
beneficiaries they are. Jer. Taylor,
Ben'e-fi'cl-ate (bSn'e-fishT-at), v. t. [Sp. beneficiar
to benefit, to work mines.] [Mining) To reduce (ores).
— Ben'e-H'cl-a'tlon (-a'shiin), n.
Ben'e-fl'cient (-f ish'ent), a. Beneficent. [06^.]
Ben'e-flt (ben'e-lit), n. [OE. benefet, benfeet, bienfet,
V. bienfait, f r. L. benefactum ; bene well (adv. of bonus
pood) -\- Jactum, p. p. oifacere to do. See Bounty, and
Fact.] 1. An act of kindness ; a favor conferred.
Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.
Ps. ciii. 2.
2. Whatever promotes prosperity and personal happi-
ness, or adds value to property ; advantage ; profit.
Men have no right to what is not for their benefit. Burke.
3. A theatrical performance, a concert, or the like,
the proceeds of which do not go to the lessee of the
theater or to the company, but to some individual actor,
or to some charitable use.
4. Beneficence ; liberality. [Ofo.] Webster (1623).
5. pi. Natural advantages ; endowments ; accomplish-
ments. [J?.] "The 6ene/<« of your own country." Shak.
Benefit of clergy. (Law) See under Cleegt.
Syn. — Profit; service; use; avail. See Advantage.
Ben'e-flt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bbneetted ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Benefiting.] To be beneficial to ; to do good to ;
to advantage ; to advance in health or prosperity ; to be
useful to ; to profit.
I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit
them. Jer. xviii. 10.
Ben'e-flt, v. i. To gain advantage ; to make improve-
ment ; to profit ; as, he will benefit by the change.
Ben'e-Ht'er (-er), n. One who confers a benefit ; —
also, one who receives a benefit.
Be-neme' (be-nem'), V. t. [AS. benseman. Cf. Eenim.]
To deprive {of), or take away (from). [06s.]
Be-nempt' (-ngmf), p. p. of Bename. 1. Promised ;
TOwed. [06s.] Spenser.
2. Named ; styled. ^Archaic'] Sir W. Scott.
II Be'ne plac'1-tO (be'ne plSs'i-tS ; It. ba'na pla'che-
tS). [It. beneplacito pleasure, fr. L. bene well ^ plaei-
tiu pleasing.] 1. At or during pleasure.
For our EngUsh judges there never was . . . any beneplacito
as their tenure. i; Harrison.
2. (Mus.) At pleasure ; ad libitum.
Be-net' (be-ngf), t;. <. [imp. &^. ^. Benetted.] To
catch in a net ; to insnare. Shak.
Be-nev'0-lence (be-nSv'6-lens), n. [OF. benevolence,
L. benevolentia. See Benevolent.] 1. The disposition
to do good ; good will ; charitableness ; love of mankind,
accompanied with a desire to promote their happiness.
The wakeful benevolence of the gospel. Chalmers.
2. An act of kindness ; good done ; charity given.
3. A species of compulsory contribution or tax, which
has sometimes been iUegaUy exacted by arbitrary kings
of England, and falsely represented as a gratuity.
Syn. — Benevolence, Beneficence, Munificence.
Benevolence marks a disposition made up of a choice and
desire for the happiness of others. Beneficence marks the
working of this disposition in dispensing good on a some-
what broad scale. Munificence shows the same disposi-
tion, but acting on a still broader scale, in conferring
gifts and favors. These are not necessarily confined to
objects of immediate utility. One may show his munifi-
cence in presents of pictures or jewelry, but this would
not be beneficence. Benevolence of heart ; beneficence of
life ; munificence in the encouragement of letters.
Be-nev'O-lent (-lent), a. [L. benevolens, -entis ; bene
well (adv. of bonus good) + volens, p. pr. of volo I will,
I wish. See BotrNTT, and Voluntakt.] Having a dis-
position to do good ; possessing or manifesting love to
mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and
happiness ; disposed to give to good objects ; kind ; char-
itable. — Be-nev'0-lent-ly, adv.
SjTi. — Benevolent, Beneficent. Etymologically
considered, benevolent implies wishing well to others,
and beneficent, doing well. But by degrees the word be-
nei'olent has been widened to include not only feelings,
but actions : thus, we speak of benevolent operations,
benevolent labors for the pubhc good, benevolent societies.
In like manner, beneficent is now often applied to feelings ;
thus, we speak of the beneficent intentions of a donor.
This extension of the terms enables us to mark nicer
shades of meaning. Thus, the phrase " benerolen f labors '*
turns attention to the source of these labors, viz., beitevo'
lent feeling ; while beneficent would simply mark them as
productive of good. So, " beneficent intentions " point to
the feelings of tlie donor as bent upon some specific good
act ; wliile " benevolent intentions '' would only denote a
general wish and design to do good.
Be-nev'0-lous (be-n§v'6-lus), a. [L. benevolus."]
Kind ; benevolent. [06s.] T. Puller.
Ben-gal' (bSn-gal'), n. "l. A province in India, giving
its name to various stuffs, animals, etc.
2. A tliin stuff, made of silk and hair, originally
brought from Bengal.
3. Striped gingham, originally brought from Bengal ;
Bengal stripes. '
Bengal light, a firework containing niter, sulphur, and
antimony, and producing a sustained and vivid colored
light, used in making signals and in pyrotechnics ; —
called also blue light. — Bengal stripes, a kind of cotton
cloth woven with colored stripes. See Bengal, 3.— Bengal
tiger. (Zool.) See Tigee.
Ben-gal'ee, Ben-gal'l (bSn-gal'e or bSn'gal-e'), n.
The language spoken in Bengal.
Ben'gal-ese' (b5n'gal-ez' or bSn-gal'ez), a. Of or
pertaining to Bengal. — n. sing. & pi. A native or na-
tives of Bengal.
Ben-gO'la (bgn-go'Ia), n. A Bengal light.
Be-night' (be-nif), V. i. limp. & p. p. Benighted ;
p..pr. & vb. n. Benighting.] 1. To involve in darkness ;
to shroud with the shades of night ; to obscure. [Aichaic']
The clouds benight the sky. Garth.
2. To overtake with night or darkness, especially be-
fore the end of a day's journey or task.
Some virgin, sure, . . . benighted in these woods. Milton.
3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance ; to de-
bar from intellectual light.
Shall we to men benighted
The lamp of life deny ? Beber.
Be-nlght'ment (-ment), n. The condition of being
benighted.
Be-nlgn' ^be-nin'), a. [OE. benigne, bening, OP. be-
nigne, F. benin, fem. benigne, fr. L. benignus, contr.
from benigenus ; bonus good -|- root of genus kind. See
Bounty, and Genus.] 1. Of a kind or gentle disposition ;
gracious ; generous ; favorable ; benignant.
Creator bounteous and benign. Milton.
2. Exhibiting or manifesting kindness, gentleness, fa-
vor, etc. ; mild ; kindly ; salutary ; wholesome.
Kind influences and benign aspects. South.
3. Of a mild type or character ; as, a benign disease.
Syn.— Kind; propitious; bland; genial; salubrious;
favorable ; salutary ; gracious ; liberal.
Be-nlg'nan-cy (bS-ntg'nan-sy), n. Benignant qual-
ity ; kindliness.
Be-nlg'nant (be-nig'nant), a. [LL. benignans, p. pr.
of benignare, from L. benignus. See Benign.] Kind ;
gracious ; favorable. — Be-nlg'nant-ly, adv.
Be-nig'nl-ty (-nT-ty), n. [OE. benignite, F. benignite,
OF. benignete, fr. L. benignitas. See Benign.] 1. The
quality of being benign ; goodness ; kindness ; gracious-
ness. " Benignity oi aspect." Sir W. Scott.
2. Mildness ; gentleness.
The benignity or inclemency of the season. Spectator,
3. Salubrity; wholesome quality. Wiseman.
Be-nign'ly (be-nin'ly), adv. In a benign manner.
Be-nlm' (be-nim'), v, t. [AS. beniman. See Be-
numb, and cf. NiM.] To take away. [06s.]
Ire . . . benimeth the man fro God. Chaucer.
Ben'1-SOn (bSn'I-z'n), n. [OE. beneysun, benesoun,
OF. beneifun, beneison, fr. L. benedictio, fr. benedicere
to bless ; bene (adv. of bonus good) -(- dicere to say. See
Bounty, and Diction, and cf . Benediction.] Blessing ;
beatitude ; benediction. Shak.
More precious than the benison of friends. Talfovrd.
II B6-nl'tler' (ba-ne'tya'), n. [F., fr. binir to bless.]
(R. C, Ch.) A holy-water stoup. Shipley.
Ben'Ja-min (bSn'ja-min), n. [Corrupted from ben-
zoin.'] See Benzoin.
Ben']a-min, n. A kind of upper coat for men. [Col-
loq. JSng.'}
Ben'Ja-mlte (-mit), n, A descendant of Benjamin;
one of the tribe of Benjamin. Judg, iii. 15.
Ben'ne (ben'ne), n. [Malay bijen.'\ (Bot.) The name
of two plants (Sesamum orientate and S. indicum), orig-
inally Asiatic ; — also called oilplant. Prom their seeds
an oil is expressed, called benne oil, used mostly for
making soap. In the southern United States the seeds
are used in candy.
Ben'net (bSn'ngt), n. [F. benotte, fr. L. benedicta,
fem. of benedietus, p. p., blessed. See Benedict, a.]
(Bot.) The common yellow-flowered avens of Europe
( Geum urbanum) ; herb bennet. The name is somethnes
given to other plants, as the hemlock, valerian, etc.
Ben'shee (ben'she), n. See Banshee.
Bent (bent), imp. &p. p. of Bend.
Bent, a. & p. p. 1. Changed by pressure so as to be
no longer straight ; crooked ; as, a bent pin ; a bent lever.
2. Strongly inclined toward something, so as to be
resolved, determined, set, etc. ; — said of the mind, char-
acter, disposition, desires, etc., and used with on; as,
to be bent on going to college ; he is bent on mischief.
Bent, n. [See Bend, re. & v.2 1. The state of being
curved, crooked, or inclined from a straight line ; flex-
ure ; curvity ; as, the bent of a bow. [06s.] Wilkins.
2. A declivity or slope, as of a hill. [iJ.] Dryden.
3. A leaning or bias; proclivity; tendency of mind;
Inclination ; disposition ; purpose ; aim. Shak.
With a native bent did good pursue. Dryden.
4. Particular direction or tendency ; flexion ; course.
Bents and turns of the matter. Locke.
6. (Carp.) A transverse frame of a framed structure.
8. Tension ; force of acting ; energy ; impetus. [.i4 remote]
The full bent and stress of the soul. Norris.
Syn. — Predilection ; turn. Bent, Bias, Inclination,
Prepossession. These words agree in describing a per-
manent influence upon the mind which tends to decide its
actions. Bent denotes a fixed tendency of the mind in a
given direction. It is the widest of these terms, and ai>-
plies to the will, the intellect, and the affections, taken
conjointly ; as, the whole bent of his character was toward
evil practices. Bias is literally a weight fixed on one
side of a ball used in bowling, and causing it to swerve
from a straight course. Used figuratively, bias applies
particularly to the judgment, and denotes something
which acts with a permanent force on the character
through that faculty ; as, the 6ms of early education,
early habits, etc. Inclination is an excited state of desire
or appetency ; as, a strong inclination to the study of the
law._ Prepossession is a mingled state of feehng and
opinion in respect to some person or subject, which has
laid hold of and occupied the mind previous to inquiry.
The word is commonly used in a good sense, an unfavor-
able impression of tliis kind being denominated a preju-
dice, ' Strong minds will be strongly bent, and usually
labor under a strong bias ; but there is no mind so weak
and powerless as not to have its inclinations, and none so
guarded as to be without its prepossessions." Crabb,
Bent (bent), re. [AS. beonet ; akin to OHG. pinuz, G,
binse, rush, bent grass ; of unknown origin.] 1. A reed-
like grass ; a stalk of stiff, coarse grass.
His spear a bent, both stiff and strong. Drayton.
2. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Agrostis, esp. Agrostis
vulgaris, or redtop. The name is also used of many
other grasses, esp. in America.
3. Any neglected field or broken ground ; a common ;
a moor. lObs.l Wright.
Bowmen bickered upon the bent. Chevy Chase.
Bent' grass' (gras'). (Bot.) Same as Bent, a kind of
grass.
Ben'thal (bSn'thal), a. [6r. jSeVeos the depth of the
sea.] Relating to the deepest zone or region of the
ocean.
Ben-tham'ic (bSn-tham'Ik), a. Of or pertaining to
Bentham or Benthamism.
Ben'tham-lsm (bSn'tham-iz'm), n. That phase of
the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham ;
the doctrine that the morality of actions is estimated
and determined by their utility ; also, the theory that
the sensibility to pleasure and the recoil from pain are
the only motives which influence human desires and
actions, and that these are the sufiScient explanation of
ethical and jural conceptions.
Ben'tham-ite (-it), n. One who believes in Bentham-
ism.
Bent'ing time' (bgnf ing tim'). The season when
pigeons are said to feed on bents, before peas are ripe.
Bare benting times . . . may come. Dryden.
Bent'y (bgnf 3^), a. 1. Abounding in bents, or the
stalks of coarse, stiff, withered grass ; as, benty fields.
2. Resembling bent. Holland.
Be-numb' (be-ntim'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Benumbed
(-niimd') ; p. pr. & vb, n. Benumbing.] [OE. binomen,
p. p. of binimen to take away, AS. beniman ; pref. be-
-J- niman to take. See Numb, a,, and cf. Benim.] To
make torpid ; to deprive of sensation or sensibility ; to
stupefy ; as, a hand or foot benumbed by cold.
The creeping death benumbed her senses first. Dryden,
Be-nnmbed' (-niuad'), a. Made torpid ; numbed ;
stupefied ; deadened ; as, a benumbed body and mind.
— Be-numbed'nesB, n,
Be-nmnb'ment (be-nfim'ment), n. Act of benumb-
ing, or state of being benumbed ; torpor. Kirby.
Ben'zal (bgn'zSl), «. [.Serezoic + aMehyde.] (Chem.)
A compound radical, CeH^.CH, of the aromatic series,
related to benzyl and benzoyl ; — used adjectively or in
combination.
Ben-zam'ide (bSn-zSmTd or bSn'za-mld), n. [Benzoia
-^ amide.'} (Chem.) A transparent crystalline substance,
CeH^.CO.NHj, obtained by the action of ammonia upon
chloride of benzoyl, as also by several other reactions
with benzoyl compounds.
Ben'zene (bgn'zen or bSn-zen'), n. [From Benzoin.]
(Chem.) A volatile, very inflammable liquid, CgHg, con-
tained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distil-
lation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional
distillation. The name is sometimes applied also to the
impure commercial product or benzole, and also, but
rarely, to a similar mixed product of petroleum.
Benzene nucleus. Benzene Ting (Chem,), a closed chain or
ring, consisting of six carbon atoms, each
with one hydrogen atom attached, re- H
garded as the type from which the aro- A
matic compounds are derived. This ring y^
formula is provisionally accepted as repre- / \
senting the probable constitution of the H-y O-H
benzene molecule, CeHo, and as the type I I
on which its derivatives are formed. H-C C-H
Ben'zile (bSn'zil or -zTl), n. [From ^^^
Benzoin.] (CTem.) A yellowish crystal- 7
line substance, C15H5.CO.CO.CcH5, formed H
from benzoin by the action of oxidizing
agents, and consisting of a doubled benzoyl radical.
Ben'Zlne (bgn'zTn or bgn-zen'), n. [From Benzoin.]
(Chem.) 1. A liquid consisting mainly of the lighter and
more volatile hydrocarbons of petroleum or kerosene oil,
used as a solvent and for cleansing soiled fabrics ; —
called also petroleum, spitit, pelroleuin benzine. Varie-
ties or similar products are gasoline, naplitha, rhigolene,
ligroin, etc.
2. Same as Benzene. [iJ.]
.Itp^The hydrocarbons of benzine proper are essen-
tially of the marsh gas series, while benzene proper is the
typical hydrocarbon of the aromatic series.
Ben'ZO-ate (bSn'zo-iit), re. [Ci.'F.benzoate.'] (Chem.)
A salt formed by the union of benzoic acid witli any sali-
fiable base.
Sse, unite, rude, full, fip, Om ; pity; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tben, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
BENZOIC
138
BERTRAM
Ben-ZO'ic (bSn-zo'Ik), a. [C£. F. bemoique.'] Per-
taining to, or obtained from, benzoin.
Benzoic acid, or flowers of benzoin^ a peculiar vegetable
acid, CoHo.COoH, obtained from benzoin, and some other
balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is also found in
the urine of infants and herbivorous animals. It crys-
tallizes in the form of white, satiny flakes ; its odor is
aromatic ; its taste is pungent, and somewhat acidulous.
— Benzoic aldehyde, oil of Ditter almonds ; tlie aldehyde,
CiiHj.CHO, intermediate in composition between benzoic
or benzyl alcohol, and benzoic acid. It is a thm colorless
liquid.
Ben-ZOin' (bSn-zoin'), 7J. [Cf. F. benjoin, Sp. benjai,
Pg. beijoin; all fr. Ar. luban-jdwl incense from Sumatra
(named Java in Arabic), the first syllable being lost. Cf.
Benjamin.] [Called also benjamin.'] 1. A resinous sub-
stance, dry and brittle, obtained from the Styrax ben-
zoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc., having a fragrant
odor and slightly aromatic taste. It ia used in the prep-
aration of benzoic acid, in medicine, and as a perfume.
2. A white crystalline substance, C14H12O2, obtained
from benzoic aldehyde and some other sources.
3. (Bot.) The spicehush (lAndera benzoin).
Flowers of benzoin, benzoic acid. See under Benzoic.
Ben-ZOln'a-ted (-S-tgd), a. (Med.) Containing or im-
pregnated with benzoin ; as, benzoinated lard.
Ben'zole I (ben'zol or b§n-zol'), n. [.Benzoin -j- L.
Ben'ZOl ( o/eumoil.] (CAem.) An impure benzene,
used in tlie arts as a solvent, and for various other pur-
poses. See Benzene.
(J^"" It has great solvent powers, and is used by man-
ufacturers of India rubber and gutta percha; also for
cleaning soiled Idd gloves, and for other purposes.
Ben'ZO-line (-zS-lIn), n. (Chem.) (a) Same as Ben-
zole. (6) Same as Amarine. [JJ.] Watts.
Ben'zoyl (bSn'zoil or b§n-zoil'), n. [Benzoic -f- Gr.
VA.1J wood. See -tl.] (Chem.) A compound radical,
CgHvCO ; the base of benzoic acid, of the oil of bitter
almonds, and of an extensive series of compounds. [For-
merly written also benzule.']
Ben'zyl (ben'zil), n. [Benzoic + -yl.'] (Chem.) A
compound radical, C5H5.CH2, related to toluene and ben-
zoic acid ; — commonly used adjectively.
Be-palnt' (be-panf), V. t. To paint ; to cover or color
with, or as with, paint.
Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek. Shak.
Be-pelt' (be-pglf), V. t. To pelt roundly.
Be-plnch' (be-plnch'), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bepinched
(-pTncht').] To pinch, or mark witii pinches. Chapman.
Be-plas'ter (be-plas'ter), V. I. [imp. &p. p. Beplas-
TERED (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beplasteelno.] To plas-
ter over ; to cover or smear thickly ; to bedaub.
Beplastered with rouge. Goldsmith.
Be-plumed' (be-pliimd'), a. Decked with feathers.
Be-pom'mel (be-piim'mSl), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bepom-
MELED (-meld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bepommeling.] To pom-
mel ; to beat, as with a stick ; figuratively, to assail or
criticise in conversation, or in writing. Thackeray.
Be-pow'der (be-pou'der), V. t. To sprinkle or cover
with powder ; to powder.
Be-pralse' (be-praz'), v. t. To praise greatly or extrav-
agantly. Goldsmith.
Be-prose' (be-proz'), v. t. To reduce to prose. [i2.]
*' To Jeproie all rhyme." Mallet.
Be-puffed' (b^-piiff), a. Puffed ; praised. Carlyle.
Be-pur'ple (be-pflr'p'l), v. i. To tinge or dye with a
purple color.
Be-queath' (be-kweth')) '"• t- [imp. & p. p. Be-
qiteathed (be-kwethd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEQUEATraNO.]
[OE. biquethen, AS. becweSan to say, affirm, bequeath ;
pref. be- -\- cwetSan to say, speak. See Quoth.] 1. To
give or leave by wUl ; to give by testament ; — said espe-
cially of personal property.
My heritage, which my dead father did bequeath to me. Shak.
2. To hand down ; to transmit.
To bequeath posterity somewhat to remember it. Glanvill.
3. To give ; to offer ; to commit. [06s.]
To whom, with all submission, on ray knee
I do bequeath my faithful services
And true subjection everlastingly. Shah.
Syn. — To Bequeath, Devise. Both these words de-
note the giving or disposing of property by wiU. Devise,
in legal usage, is properly used to denote a gift by wUl of
real property, and he to whom it is given is called the
devisee. Bequeath is properly applied to a gift by will or
legacy ; i. e., of personal property ; the gift is called a leg-
acy, and he who receives it is called a lefjatee. In popu-
lar usage the word bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as
to embrace devise ; and it is sometimes so construed by
courts. __^
/"Be-queath'a-ble (be-kweth'a-b'l)] a. [Capable of be-
ing bequeathed, , ~*
Be-queath'al (-al), n. The act of bequeathing; be-
queathment ; bequest. Fuller.
Be-queath'er (-er), n. One who bequeaths.
Be-queath'ment (-ment), n. The act of bequeathing,
or the state of being bequeathed ; a bequest.
Be-quest' (be-kwesf), n. [OE. biquesi, corrupted fr.
biquide ; pref. be — |- AS. cwide a saying, becweSan to
bequeath. The ending -est is probably due to confusion
with quest. See Bequeath, Quest.] 1. The act of be-
queathing or leaving by will ; as, a bequest of property
by A. to B.
2.) That which is left by will, esp. personal property ;
a legacy ; also, a gift.
Be-quest', v. t. To bequeath, or leave as a legacy.
[Obs.] " All I have to 6eg«es<." Gascoigne.
Be-queUl'en (be-kwetb'en), old p. p. of Bequeath.
[Obs.'\ Chaucer.
Be-qnOte' (be-kwof), v. t. To quote constantly or with
great frequency.
Be-rain' (be-ran'), ■"■ t. [imp. & p. p. Beeained
(-rand') ; p.pr. & vb. n. Bebaininq.] To rain upon ; to
wet with rain. [Obs.'] Chaucer.
Be-rate' (be-raf), «. t. [imp. &p. p. Beeated ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Beeatlng.] To rate or chide vehemently ; to
scold. Holland. Motley.
Be-rat'tle (be-rSt't'l), v. t. To make rattle ; to scold
vociferously; to cry down. [Obs.] Shak.
Be-ray' (be-ra'), v. I. [Pref. be- -f- ray to defile.] To
make foul ; to soil ; to defile. [Obs.] Milton.
II Berbe (berb), n. [Cf. Bekbee, Baeb a Barbary horse.]
{Zool. ) An African genet {Genetta pardina). See Genet.
Ber'ber (ber'ber), n. [See Barbaey.] A member of
a race somewhat resembling the Arabs, but often classed
as Hamitic, who were formerly the inhabitants of tlie
whole of North Africa from the Mediterranean south-
ward into the Sahara, and who still occupy a large part
of that region ; — called also Kabyles. Also, the language
spoken by this people.
BerOjer-ine (-Tn), re. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained,
as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the bar-
berry, gold thread, and other plants.
Ber'ber-ry (ber'ber-ry), 71. See Barbeeey.
Ber'dash (ber'dSsh), n. A kind of neckcloth. [Obs.]
A treatise against the cravat and berdash. Steele.
Bere (ber), v, t. [Cf. Olcel. berja to strike.] To pierce.
[Obs.] Chaucer.
Bere, n. See Beae, barley. [Scot^
Be-reave' (be-rev'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beeeaved
(be-revd'), Bereft (be-reff) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bereav-
ing.] [OE. bireven, AS. bereafan. See Be-, and Reave. ]
1. To make destitute ; to deprive ; to strip ; — with 0/
before the person or tiling taken away.
Madam, you have bereft me of all words. Shak.
Berrft of him who taught me how to sing. Tickell.
2. To take away from. [Obs.]
All your interest in those territories
Is utterly berqft you ; ail is lost. Shak.
3. To take away. [Obs.]
Shall move you to bereave my life. Marlowe.
m^^ The imp. and past pple. form bereaved is not used
in reference to immaterial objects. We say bereaved or
bereft by death of a relative, ber-eft of hope and strength.
Syn. — To dispossess ; to divest.
Be-reave'ment (-ment), n. The state of being be-
reaved ; deprivation ; esp. , the loss of a relative by death.
Be-ieav'er (-er), n. One who bereaves.
Be-reft' (be-rSff), imp. & p. p. of Beeeave.
Be-ret'ta (be-rSt'ta), n. Same as Berretta.
Berg (berg), n. [V95. See Barrow hill, and cf. Ice-
berg.] A large mass or hUl, as of ice.
Glittering bergs of ice. Tennyson.
Ber'ga-mOt (ber'ga-mSt), n. [P. bergamote, fr. It. ber-
gamotta; prob. a corruption of Turk, beg armudi a lord's
pear.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the Orange family (Ci-
trus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit,
from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor
is extracted, much prized as a perfume. Also, the fruit.
(b) A variety of mint (Mentha aquatica, var. glabrata).
2. The essence or perfume made from the fruit.
3. A variety of pear. Johnson.
4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot.
The better hand . . . gives the nose its bergamot. Cowper.
5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured from fiock of cot-
ton or hemp, mixed with ox's or goat's hair ; — said to
have been invented at Bergamo, Italy. Encyc. Brit.
Wild bergamot (Bot.), an American herb of the Mint
family (Monardafistulosa).
Ber'gan-der (ber'gSn-der), n. [Berg, for burrow -f-
gander a male goose ? Cf. G. bergente, Dan. gravgaas.]
(Zool.) A European duck (Anas tadorna). See Shel-
drake.
Ber'ger-et (-jer-Et), n. [OF. bergerete, F. berger a
shepherd.] A pastoral song. [Obs.]
Bergh (berg), n. [AS. beorg.] A hill. [Obs.]
Berg'mas'ter (berg'mas'ter), M. See Barmastee.
Berg'meal (-mel), n. [G. berg mountain -)- mehl
meal.] (Min.) An earthy substance, resembling fine flour.
It is composed of the shells of infusoria, and in Lapland
and Sweden is sometimes eaten, mixed with flour or
ground birch bark, in times of scarcity. This name ia
also given to a white powdery variety of calcite.
Berg'mote (-mot), n. See Barmote.
Ber'gO-mask (ber'go-mask), re. A rustic dance, so
called in ridicule of the people of Bergamo, in Italy,
once noted for their clovniishness. Shak.
Ber'gylt (ber'gTlt), re. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zool.)
The Norway haddock. See Rosefish.
Be-rhyme' (be-rim'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berhymed
(-rimd') ; p. pr. & vb. re. Berhyming.] To mention in
rhyme or verse ; to rhyme about. [Sometimes used
depreciativejjj Shak.
Ij Be'ri-be'rl (ba'ri-ba'ri), re. [Singhalese beri weak-
nek.] An aciite disease occru-ring in India, character-
ized by multiple inflammatory changes in the nerves,
producing great muscular debility, a painful rigidity of
the limbs, and cachexy.
Be-rime' (be-rim'), v. t. To berhyme. [The earlier
and etymologically preferable spelling.]
Berke-le'ian (berk-le'an), a. Of or relating to Bishop
Berkeley or his system of idealism ; as, Berkeleian phi-
losophy. — Berke'Iey-ism (berk'il-Tz'm), ».
Berlin (ber'lTn or ber-lin' ; 277), n. [The capital of
Prussia.] 1. A four-wheeled carriage, having a sheltered
seat behind the body and separate from it, invented in
the 17th century, at Berlin. Swift.
2. Pine worsted for fancy-work; zephyr worsted; —
called also Berlin wool.
Berlin black, a black varnish, drying with almost a dead
surface ; — used for coating the better kinds of ironware.
(Ire. — Berlin blue, Prussian blue. Ore. — Berlin green, a
complex cyanide of iron, used as a green dye, and sim-
ilar to Prussian blue. — Berlin iron, a very fusible variety
of cast iron, from which figures and other delicate arti-
cles are manufactured. These are often stained or lac-
quered in imitation of bronze. — Berlin shop, a shop for
Bernicle Goose.
the sale of worsted embroidery and the materials for such
work. — Berlin work, worsted embroidery.
Berm ) (berm), n. [F. berme, of German origin ; cf.
Benne ( G. brame, br'dme, border, akin to E. brim,.]
1. (Fort.) A narrow sheU or path between the bottom
of a parapet and the ditch.
2. (Engineering) A ledge at the bottom of a bank or
cutting, to catch eartii that may roll down the slope, or
to streugthen the bank.
Ber-mu'da grass' (ber-mii'da gras'). (Bot.) A kind of
grass (Cynodon Dactylon) esteemed lor pasture in the
Southern United States. It is a native of Southern Eu-
rope, but is now wide-spread in warm countries ; — called
also scutch grass, and in Bermuda, devil grass.
Ber'na-cle (ber'na-k'l), n. See Barnacle.
Ber'na fly' (ber'na fli'). (.^oo/.) A Brazilian dipterous
insect of the genus Trypela, which lays its eggs in the
nostrils or in wounds of man and beast, where the larvae
do great injury.
Ber'nar-dine (ber'nar-dtn), a. Of or pertaining to St.
Bernard cf Clairvaux, or to the Cistercian monks. — n,
A Cistercian monk.
Ber-nese' (ber-nez'), a. Pertaming to the city or
canton of Bern, in Switzerland, or to its inhaWtants.
— n. sing. & pi. A native or natives of Bern.
Ber'ni-cle (ber'ni-k'l), n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf.
OF. bernac ; prob. fr. LL. bernacula for hibernicula, ber-
nicula, fr. Hibernia; the birds coming from Hibernia or
Ireland. Cf. 1st Barnacle.] A bernicle goose. [Writ-
ten also barnacle.]
Bernicle goose (Zool.),
foose (Brarita leucopsis'i, of '
rctic Europe and America.
It was formerly believed
that it hatched from the cir-
ripeds of the sea (L ep a s),
which were.theref ore,callea
barnacles, goose barnacles,
or Anatifers. The name is
also applied to other related
species. See Anatifa and
ClERIPEDIA.
Ber-nouse' (ber-noos'),
re. Same as Burnoose.
Be-rob' (be-rob'), v. t. To
rob ; to plunder. [Obs."] Spenser,
II Ber'o-e (b8r'6-e), rt. [L. Beroe, one of the Oceanidse,
Gr. ^epor; : cf. P. beroL] (Zool.) A small, oval, trans-
parent jellyfish, belonging to the Ctenophora.
Ber-ret'ta (bSr-rgt'ta), «. [It., fr. LL. birrettum, bar-
return, a cap, dim. of L. birrus, birrum, a cloak to keep
off rain, cf . 6r. Trvppoi tawny, red : cf. Sp. birreta, Pg.
barreie, and E. Barret.] A square cap worn by eccle-
siastics of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal's
berretta is scarlet ; that worn by other clerics is black,
except that a bishop's is lined with green, [Also spelt
beretta, biretta, etc.]
Ber'rled (ber'rid), a. Furnished with berries ; con-
sisting of a berry ; baccate ; as, a berried shrub.
Ber'ry (bSr'ry), re. ; pi. Berries (-riz). [OE. bene, AS.
berie, berige; akin to D. bes, 6. beere, OS. and OHG. beri,
Icel. ber, Sw. bar, Goth, basi, and perh. Skr. bhas to eat.]
1. Any small fleshy fruit, as the strawberry, mul-
berry, huckleberry, etc.
2. (Bot.) A small fruit that is pulpy or succulent
throughout, having seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp,
as the currant, grape, blueberry.
3. The coffee bean.
4. One of the ova or eggs of a fish. Travis.
In berry, containing ova or spawn.
Ber'ry, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Berried (-rid) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Berrying.] To bear or produce berries.
Ber'ry, re. [AS. 6eo»A. See Baeeow a hill.] A
mound ; a hiUock. W. Browne.
Ber'ry-ing, re. A seeking for or gathering of berries,
esp. of such as grow wild.
Ber'serk (ber'serk), ) re. [lce\. berserkr.] 1. (Scand.
Ber'serk-er (-er), ) Myth.) One of a class of
legendary heroes, who fought frenzied by intoxicating
liquors, and naked, regardless of wounds. Longfellow.
2. One who fights as if frenzied, like a Berserker.
Bers'tle_^bers't'l), re. See Bristle. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Berth (berth), re. [Prom the root of bear to produce,
like birth nativity. See Bieth.] [Also written birth.]
1. (Naut.) (a) Convenient sea room, (b) A room in
which a numljer of the officers or ship's company mess
and reside, (c) The place where a ship lies when she is
at anchor, or at a wharf.
2. An allotted place; an appointment; situation or
employment. " He has a good berth." Totten.
3. A place in a ship to sleep in ; a long box or shelf on
the side of a cabin or stateroom, or of a railway car, for
sleeping in.
Berth deck, the deck next below the lower gun deck.
Ham. Nav. Encyc. — To give (the land or any object) a
wide berth, to keep at a distance from it.
Berth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beethed (bertht) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Berthing.] 1. To give an anchorage to, or a
place to lie at ; to place in a berth ; as, she was berthed
stem to stern with the Adelaide.
2. To allot or furnish berths to, on shipboard ; as, to
berth a ship's company. Totten.
Ber'tha (ber'tha), re. [P. berthe, fr. Berthe, a woman's
name.] A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies.
Berth'age (berth'aj), re. A place for mooring vessels
in a dock or harbor.
Ber'thi-er-ite (ber'ti-er-It), re. [Prom Berihier, a
French naturalist.] (Min.) A double sulphide of anti-
mony and iron, of a dark steel-gray color.
Berth'ing (berth'ing), re. (Naut.) The planking out-
side of a vessel, above the sheer strake. Smyth.
Ber'tram (ber'tram), n. [Corrupted fr. li.pyreihrum,
Gr. inifiedpov a hot spicy plant, fr. irvp fire.] (Bot.) PeUi-
tory of Spain (A nacyclus pyrelhrum).
ale> senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent; Ice, idea, ill; old, obey, drb, ⅆ
BERYCOID
139
BESPIRT
Ber'y-COicI (b§r'T-koid), a. [NL. beryx, the name of
the typical genus -}- -oid.\ (Zo'ol.)
Of or pertaiiiiug
to the Bei-ycidse,
a family of ma-
rine flshes.
Ber'yl (ber'-
11), n. [P. beryl,
OF. beril, L. be-
rylliis, Gr. ^ij-
puAXo5, pro]), fr.
Skr. vaidUnja. ^^LilMSiMU*^^'" ^
Cf. Brilliant.]
{Mill.) A miner-
al of great liard-
ness, and, when . _ .. t^. v /» j ■ »• •%
transparent, of A Beryco.d Fish (£eryx de?p»mT-).
much beauty. It occurs in hexagonal prisms, commonly
of a green or bluish green color, but also yellow, pink,
and wliite. It is a silicate of aluminium and glucinum
(beryllium). The aquamarine is a transparent, sea-green
variety used as a gem. The emerald is another variety
highly prized in jewelry, and distinguished by its deep
color, which is probably due to the presence of a little
oxiue of chromium.
Ber'yl-llne (-ITn), a. Like a beryl ; of a light or bluish
green color.
Be-ryl'U-lun (be-ril'li-iim), n. [NL.] {Chem.) A
metallic element found in the beryl. See Glucinum.
Ber'yl-loid (bSr'Tl-loid), n. \_Beryl -f- -aid.'] {Crystal-
log. ) A solid consisting of a double twelve-sided! pyramid ;
— so called because the planes of this form occur on crys-
tals of beryl.
Be-salel', Be-salle', Be-sayle' (be-sal'), n. [OF. be-
seel, F. bisdieul, fr. L. bis twice -f- LL. avolus, dim. of
L. avus grandfather.] 1. A great-grandfather. [06*.]
2. {Law) A kind of writ which formerly lay where a
great-grandfather died seized of lands in fee simple, and
on the day of his death a stranger abated or entered and
kept the heir out. This is nowabolished. Blacksione.
Be-saJnt' (be-sanf), V. i. To make a saint of.
Be-sant' (be-zSnt'), 71. See Bezant.
Bes-ant'ler (bSz-aut'ler), n. Same as Bez-antler.
Be-scat'ter (be-skat'ter), V. i. 1. To scatter over.
2. To cover sparsely by scattering (something) ; to
strew. " With -Aowers bescaitered." Spenser.
Be-SCOm' (be-skSm'), V. t. To treat with scorn.
" Then was he bescorned." Chaucer.
Be-SCratch' (be-skrach'), V. i. To tear with the nails ;
10 cover with scratches.
Be-SCrawl' (be-skral'), V. I. To cover with scrawls ;
to scribble over. Milton.
Be-screen' (bt-skren'), V. t. To cover with a screen, or
as with a screen ; to shelter ; to conceal. Shak.
Be-sorlb'ble (be-skrlb'b'l), v. t. To scribble over.
" Be.<<cribbled with impertinences." Milton.
Be-SCUm'ber (be-skiim'ber), I V. t. [Pref. fie- -f- scum-
Be-SCUm'mer (-skum'mer), ) ber, scummer^ To
discharge ordure or dung upon. [Oft,?.] B. Jonson.
Be-see' (be-se'), v. t- &i. [AS. beseSn ; pref. be- -\-
se6n to see."] To see ; to look; to mind. [05s.] Wyclif.
Be-seech' (be-sech'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besought
(-sat') ; p. pr. & vb. n. BESEEcraNG.] [OE. bisechen, bi-
seken (akin to G. besuchen to visit) ; pref. be- -\- sechen,
seken, to seek. See Seek.] 1. To ask or entreat with
urgency ; to supplicate ; to implore.
I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts. Shak.
2. To ask earnestly for ; to solicit ; to beg ; to crave.
I beseech your worship's name. Shak.
But Eve . . . besought his peace. Jlilton.
Syn. — To beg; to crave. —To Beseech, Entreat, So-
liciT, Implore, Supplicate. These words agree in mark-
ing that sense of want which leads men to beg some favor.
To solicit is to make a request, with some degree of ear-
nestness and repetition, of one whom we address as a
euperior. To entreat implies greater m-gency, usually
enforced by adducing reasons or arguments. To beseech
is still stronger, and belongs rather to the language of
poetry and imagination. To im//)lore denotes increased
fervor of entreaty, as addressed either to equals or supe-
riors. To supplicate expresses the extreme of entreaty,
and usually implies a state of deep humiliation. Thus, a
captive supplicates a conqueror to spare his life. Men
solicit by virtue of tlieir interest with another ; they en-
treat in the use of reasoning and strong representations ;
they beseech with importunate earnestness ; they implore
from a sense of overwhelming distress ; they supplicate
with a feeling of the most absolute inferiority and de-
pendence.
Be-seech', n. Solicitation; supplication. [06s. or
Poetic'] Shak.
Be-seech'er (-er), n. One who beseeches.
Be-seeoh'ing, a. Entreating urgently ; imploring ;
as, a beseeching look. — Be-seech'lng-ly, adv. — Be-
seech'lJig-ness, re.
Be-seech'ment (-ment), n. The act of beseeching or
entreating earnestly, [i?.] Goodwin.
Be-seek' (be-sek'), v. t. To beseech. [O65.] Chaucer.
Be-seem' (be-sem'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beseemed
(-semd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeming.] [Pref. be- + seem.l
Literally : To appear or seem {well, ill, best, etc.) for
(one) to do or to have. Hence : To be fit, suitable, or
proper for, or worthy of ; to become ; to befit.
A duty well beseeming the preachers. Clarendon.
"What form of speech or behavior beseemeth us, in our prayers
to God ? Hooker.
Be-seem', v. i. To seem ; to appear ; to be fitting.
[06«.] " As beseemed best." Spenser.
Be-seem'lng, n. 1. Appearance ; look ; garb, [fibs.]
I . . . did company these three in poor beseeming. Shak.
2. Comeliness. Baret.
Be-seem'ing, a. Becoming ; suitable. [_Archaic] —
Be-seem'lng-ly, adv. — Be-seem'ing-ness, n.
Be-seemly, a. Fit ; suitable ; becoming. [Arehaici
In beseemlf/ order eitten there. Skenstone.
Be-seen' (be-sen'), a. [Properly the p. p. of besee.]
1. Seen; appearing. \_Obs. or Archaic]
2. Decked or adorned ; clad. [Ai'chaic'] Chaticer.
3. Accomplished ; versed. lArchaic] Spenser.
Be-set' (be-sgf), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Beset ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Besetting.] [AS. besetian (akin to OHG. bisuzjan,
G. besetzen, D. bezetlen) ; pref. be- -\- settan to set. See
Set.] 1. To set or stud (anythmg) witli ornaments or
prominent objects.
A robe of azure beset with drops of gold. Spectator.
The garden is so beset with all manner of sweet shrubs that it
perfumes the air. Eveli/n.
2. To hem in ; to waylay ; to surround ; to besiege ;
to blockade. " Beset with foes." Milton.
Let thy troops beset our gates. Addison.
3. To set upon on all sides ; to perplex ; to harass ; —
said of dangers, obstacles, etc. " Adam, sore beset, re-
plied." Milton. ^^ Beset with ills." Addison. "In-
commodities vvliich beset old age." Burke.
4. To occupy ; to employ ; to use up. [Ois.] Chaucer.
Syn. — To surround; inclose; environ; hem in; be-
siege ; encircle ; encompass ; embarrass ; urge ; press.
Be-set'ment (-ment), n. The act of besetting, or the
state of bemg beset ; also, that which besets one, as a
sin. " Fearing a Jesetoicre^." Kaiie.
Be-set'ter (-ter), n. One who, or that which, besets.
Be-set'ting, a. Habitually attacking, harassing, or
pressing upon or about ; as, a besetting sin.
Be-Shlne' (be-shin'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Beshone ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Beshining.] To shine upon ; to Ulumine.
Ld. Berners.
II Be-show' (be-sho'), n. [Native name.] {Zobl.) See
Candlefish.
Be-shreW (be-shru'), V. t. To curse ; to execrate.
Beshrew me, but I love her heartily. Shak.
tg^" Often a very mild form of imprecation ; some-
times so far from implying a curse, as to be uttered coax-
ingly, nay even with some tenderness. Schmidt.
Be-shroud' (bt-shroud'), v. i. To cover with, or as
with, a shroud ; to screen.
Be-Shut' (be-shuf), V. t. To shut up or out. [06s.]
Be-Side' (be-sid'), prep. [OE. biside, bisiden, bisides,
prep, and adv., beside, besides ; pref. be- by -|- side. Cf.
Besides, and see Side, n.] 1. At the side of ; on one
side of. "Beside him hung his bow." Milton.
2. Aside from ; out of the regular course or order of;
in a state of deviation from ; out of.
[You] have done enough
To put him quite beside his patience.
Shak.
3. Over and above ; distinct from ; in addition to. [In
this use besides is now commoner.]
"Wise and learned men beside those whose names are in the
Christian records. Addison.
To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or senses.
Paul, thou art beside thyself. Acts xxvi. 24.
Syn. — Beside, Besides. These words, whether used
as prepositions or adverbs, have been considered strictly
synonymous, from an early period of our literature, and
have been freely interchanged by our best writers. There
is, however, a tendency, in present usage, to make the
following distinction between them : 1. That beside be
used only and always as a preposition, with the original
meaning " by the side of ; " as, to sit beside a fountain ;
or with the closely allied meamng " aside from," " apart
from," or " out of ; " as, this is beside our present pur-
pose; to be beside one's self with joy. The adverbial
sense to be wholly transferred to the cognate word. 2.
That besides, as a preposition, take the remaining sense
" in addition to ; " as, besides all this ; besides the consid-
erations here offered. "There was a famine in the land
6e«'(?es the first famine." Gere. xxvi. 1. And that it also
take the adverbial sense of " moreover," " beyond," etc.,
which had been divided between the words ; as, besides,
there are other considerations which belong to this case.
The following passages may serve to illustrate this use of
the words : —
Lovely Thais sits beside thee. Dryden.
Only be patient till we have appeased
The multitude, beside themselves with fear.
Shak.
It is beside my present business to enlarge on this specula-
tion. Locke.
Besides this, there are persons in certain situations who are
expected to be charitable. £p. Fortevs.
And, besides, the Moor
May unfold me to him ; there stand I in much peril. Shak.
That man that does not know those things which are of
necessity for him to know is but an ignorant man, whatever he
may know besides. Tilloison.
See Moreover.
Be-sides' (be-sidz'), ) adv. [OE. Same as beside,
Be-Side' (be-sW), ( prep. ; the ending -s is an ad-
verbial one, prop, a genitive sign.] 1. On one side.
[06s.] Chaucer. Shak.
2. More than that ; over and above ; not included in
the number, or in what has been mentioned ; moreover ;
in addition.
The men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides ?
Gen. xix. 12.
To all beside, as much an emptv shade.
An Eugene living, as a Csesar dead.
Pope.
These sentences may be considered as elliptical.
Be-sldes (be-sldz'), prep. Over and above ; separate
or distinct from ; in addition to ; other than ; else than.
See Beside, prep., 3, and Syn. under Beside.
Besides your cheer, you shall have sport. Shak.
Be-slege' (be-sej'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Besieged
(-sejd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besieging.] [OE. bisegen ; pref.
je- -f segen to siege. See Siege.] To beset or surround
with armed forces, for the purpose of compelling to sur-
render ; to lay siege to ; to beleaguer ; to beset.
Till Paris was besieged, famislied, and lost. Shak.
Syn. —To environ ; hem in ; invest ; encompass.
Be-siege'ment (-ment), n. The act of besieging, or
the state of being besieged. Gelding.
Be-Sle'ger (be-se'jer), n. One who besieges; — op-
posed to the besieged.
Be-sie'ging (-jtng), a. That besieges ; laying siege to.
— Be-sie'ging-ly, adv.
Be-Sit' (be-sif), V. t. [Pref. 6e- -f sitP[ To suit ; to
fit ; to become. \Obs.~\
Be-slab'ber (be-slSb'ber), V. t. To beslobber.
Be-Slave' (-slav'), v. t. To enslave. [06s.] Bp. Hall.
Be-Slav'er (be-slSv'er), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Besl'AV-
ered (-erd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besl.vverinq.] To defile
with slaver ; to beslobber.
Be-Slime' (be-slim'), v. t. To daub with slime ; to
soil. [06s.] £. Jonson.
Be-Slob'ber (be-sl5b'ber), v. t. To slobber on ; to
smear with spittle running from the mouth. Also Fig. ;
as, to beslobber with praise.
Be-SlUb'ber (be-slub'ber), V. t. To beslobber.
Be-smear' (be-smer'), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Besmeared
(-smerd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmearing.] To smear with
any viscous, glutinous matter ; to bedaub ; to soil.
Besmeared with precious balm. Spenser.
Be-smear'er (-er), n. One that besmears.
Be-smirch' (be-smerch'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Be-
SMIKCHED (-smerchf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmirching.] To
smirch or soil ; to discolor ; to obscure. Hence : To
dishonor ; to sully. Shak.
Be-smoke' (be-smok'), V. t. 1. To foul with smoke.
2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson.
Be-smut' (be-smiSf), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Besmutted ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Besmutting.] [Pref. 6e- -f- smut : cf. AS.
besmitan, and also OE. besmotren.J To blacken with
smut ; to foul with soot.
Be-snow' (be-sno'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Besnowed
(-snod').] [OE. bisnewen, AS. besmwan; pref. 6e- -f-
sniwan to snow.] 1. To scatter like snow ; to cover
thick, as with snow flakes. [JJ.] Gower,
2. To cover vrith snow ; to whiten with snow, or as
with snow.
Be-snuff' (-snilf'), v. t. To befoul with snuff. Yming.
Be-SOgne' (be-zonQ, n. [F. bisogne.} A worthless
fellow ; a bezonian. [06s.]
Be'som (be'ziim), n. [OE. besme, besum, AS. besma ;
akin to D. bezem, OHG. pesamo, G. besen; of uncertain
origin.] A brush of twigs for sweeping ; a broom ; any-
thing which sweeps away or destroys. [Archaic or Fig-I
I will sweep it with the besom of destruction. Isa. xiv. 23.
The housemaid with her Scsom. W. Irving.
Be'som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besomed (-ziimd).] To
sweep, as with a besom. [Archaic or Poetic'] Cowper.
Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the plain. Barlow.
Be'SOm-er (-er), n. One who uses a besom. [Archaic]
Be-SOrt' (be-s6rt'), v. t. To assort or be congruous
with ; to fit, or become. [06s.]
Such men as may besort your age. Shak,
Be-SOrt', n. Befitting associates or attendants. [06s.]
With such accommodation and besort
As levels with her breeding. Shak.
Be-SOt' (be-s5t'), V. t. [imp. &p.p. Besotted (-t6d) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Besotting.] To make sottish ; to make
dull or stupid ; to stupefy ; to infatuate.
Fools besotted with their crimes. HudHrras.
. Be-SOt'ted, a. Made sottish, senseless, or infatuated ;
characterized by drunken stupidity, or by infatuation ;
stupefied. ".Besotted devotion." Sir W. Scott. — Be-
sot'ted-ly, adv. — Be-sot'ted-ness, n. MiVon.
Be-SOt'ting-ly, adv. In a besotting manner.
Be-SOUght' (be-saf), p. p. of Beseech.
Be-span'gle (be-spSn'g'I), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Be-
spangled (-g'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Bespangling (-gling).]
To adorn with spangles ; to dot or sprinkle with some-
thing brilliant or glittering.
The grass ... is all bespangled with dewdrops. Cowper.
Be-spat'ter (be-spSt'ter), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespat-
tered (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespattering.] 1. To
soil by spattering; to sprinkle, esp. with dirty water,
mud, or anything which wiU leave foul spots or stains.
2. To asperse with calumny or reproach.
Whom never faction could bespatter. Swift.
Be-Spawl' (be-spal'), V. t. To daub, soil, or make
foul with spawl or spittle. [06s.] Milton.
Be-speak' (be-spek'), v. t. [imp. Bespoke (-spok'),
Bespaee {Archaic) ; p. p. Bespoke, Bespoken (-spo'k'n) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeaking.] [OE. bispeken, AS. 6e-
sprecan, to speak to, accuse ; pref. 6e- -f sprecan to
speak. See Speak.] 1. To speak or arrange for before-
hand ; to order or engage against a future time ; as, to
bespeak goods, a right, or a favor.
Concluding, naturally, that to gratify his avarice was to be-
tpeak his favor. Sir W. Scott.
2. To show beforehand ; to foretell ; to indicate.
[They] bespoke dangers ... in order to scare the allies. Swift.
3. To betoken ; to show ; to indicate by external
marks or appearances.
When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little tlic
figure of a man that it bespoke him rather a monster. Zockt.
4. To speak to ; to address. [Poetic]
He thus the queen bespoke. Dryden.
Be-speak', v. i. To speak. [06s.] Milton.
Be-speak', n. A bespeaking. Among actors, a ben-
efit (when a particular play is bespoken). "The iiight
of her bespeak." Dickens.
Be-speak'er (be-spek'er), n. One who bespeaks.
Be-spec'kle (be-spSk'k'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bk-
SPEOKLED (-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeckling.] To mark
with speckles or spots. Milton.
Be-spew'(be-8pu'), v. t. To soil or daub with spew;
to vomit on.
Be-splce' (be-spis'), V. t. To season with spice, or with
some spicy drug. Shak.
Be-splrl' (be-sperf), v. t. Same as Bespcet.
Ose, unite, rude, full, up, fim ; pity ; food, fo^'ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; xh = 2 in azure.
BESPIT
140
BETRAP
Be-splt' (be-spif), V. t. \imp. Bespit ; p. p. Bespit,
Bespitten (-t'u) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespittino.] To daub
or soil with spittle. Johnson.
Be-spoke' (be-spok'), imp. &p. p. of Bespeak.
Be-spot' (be-spof), V. i. limp. & p. p. Bespotted
(-tSd) ; p. pr.&vb.n. Bespottino.] To mark with spots,
or as with spots.
Be-spread' (be-spred'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespkead ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeeading.] To spread or cover over.
The carpet which bespread
His rich pavilion's floor. Glover.
Be-sprent' (be-sprgnf), fi. ^. [OE. bespreynt, p. p. of
besprengen, bisprengen, to besprinkle, AS. besprengan,
akin to D. & G. besprengen ; pref. be- + sprengan to
sprinkle. See Sprinkle.] Sprinkled over ; strewed.
His face besprent with liquid crystal shines. Shenslone.
The floor with tassels of fir was besprent. Longfellow.
Be-sprin'kle (-sprTn'k'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Be-
•peinkled (-k'ld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeinkling (-kling).]
To sprinkle over ; to scatter over.
The bed besprbiklcs, and bedews the ground. Drijden.
Be-sprln'kler (be-sprin'kler), n. One who, or that
which, besprinkles.
Be-sprin'kling (-klTng),«. The act of sprinkling any-
thing ; a sprinkling all over.
Be-spnrt' (be-spflrf), v. t. To spurt on or over ; to
asperse. \_Obs.'] ^ Milton.
Bes'se-mer steel' (b6s'ae-mer stel'). Steel made di-
rectly from cast iron, by burning out a portion of the car-
bon and other impurities that the latter contains, through
the agency of a blast of air which is forced through the
molten metal; — so called from Sir Henry .Bessemer, an
English engineer, the inventor of the process.
Best (bSst), a.; superl. of Good. [AS. besla, best,
contr. from betesl, betst, belsta; akin to Gotli. batisls,
OHG. pezzislo, G. best, beste, D. best, Icel. beztr, Dan.
best, Sw. bdsl. This word has no connection in origin
with good. See Better.] 1. Having good qualities in
the highest degree ; most good, kind, desirable, suitable,
etc. ; most exceDent ; as, the best man ; the best road ;
the best cloth ; the best abilities.
When he is best, he is a little worse than a man. Shak.
Heaven's last, best gift, my ever new delight. Milton.
2. Most advanced ; most correct or complete ; as, the
best scholar ; the best view of a subject.
3. Most ; largest ; as, the best part of a week.
Best man, the oiJy or principal groomsman at a wed-
ding ceremony.
Best, n. Utmost ; highest endeavor or state ; most
nearly perfect thing, or being, or action ; as, to do one's
best ; to the best of our abUity.
At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the
case ; under the most favorable circumstances ; as, life is
a< 6es^ very short. — For beet, finally. [06s.] "Those con-
stitutions . . . are now established for best, and not to be
mended." Milton. — To get the best of, to gain an advan-
tage over, whether fairly or unfairly. — To make the best
of. (a) To improve to the utmost ; to use or dispose of
to the greatest advaut£^e. "Let there be freedom to
carry their commodities where they can make the best
of them." Bacon. Q>) To reduce to the least possible
inconvenience ; as, to make the best of ill fortune or a bad
bargain.
Best, adv. : superl. of Well. 1. In the highest de-
gree ; beyond all others. " Thou serpent I That name
Serf befits thee. " Milton.
He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and small. Coleridge.
2. To the most advantage ; with the most success,
ease, profit, benefit, or propriety.
Had we best retire ? I see a storm. Milton.
Had 1 not best go to her ? Thackeray.
3. Most intimately ; most thoroughly or correctly ; as,
what is expedient is best known to himself.
Best, V. t. To get the better of. [_Colloq.'\
Be-stad' (be-st5d'), imp. &p. p. of Bestead. Beset ;
put in peril. [06s.] Chaucer.
Be-Staln' (be-stan'), V. t. To stain.
Be-Star' (be-star'), r.i. {imp. & p.p. Bestareed
(-stard').] To sprinkle with, or as with, stars ; to deco-
rate with, or as with, stars ; to bestud. " Bestarred with
anemones." W. Black.
Be-stead' (be-sted'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestead or
Bested, also {Obs.) Bestad. In sense 3 imp. also Be-
steaded.] [Pref. be- -j- stead a place.] 1. To put in a
certain situation or condition ; to circumstance ; to place.
[Only in p. p.']
They shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry : . . .
and curse their king and'^their God. Is. viii. 21.
Many far worse bestead than ourselves. Barrow.
2. To put in perU ; to beset. [Only in p. p."] Chaucer.
3. To serve ; to assist ; to profit ; to avail. Ifilton.
Bes'tial (bes'chal ; 106), a. [F. bestial, L. bestialis,
b. bestia beast. See Beast.] 1. Belonging to a beast,
or to the class of beasts.
Among the bestial herds to range. Milton.
2. Having the qualities of a beast ; brutal ; below the
dignity of reason or humanity ; irrational ; carnal ; beast-
ly; sensual. Shak.
Syn. — Brutish ; beastly ; brutal ; carnal ; vile ; low ;
depraved ; sensual ; filthy.
Bes'tial, n. A domestic animal ; also collectively,
cattle ; as, other kinds of bestial. [Scot.}
Bes-tial'i-ty (bes-chSl'T-ty or bes'chi-Sl'T-ty), n. [P.
bestialite-l 1. The state or quality of being bestial.
2. Unnatural coimection with a beast.
Bes'tial-ize (bes'chal-iz), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bestial-
ized (-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestializing.] To make bes-
tial, or like a beast ; to degrade ; to brutalize.
The process of bestializing humanity. Hare.
Bes'tial-ly. adv. In a bestial manner.
Be-Stlck' (be-stik'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. BESTncK
(-stuk') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestioking.] To stick over, as
with sharp points pressed in ; to mark by infixing points
or spots here and there ; to pierce.
Truth shall retire
Bestuck with slanderous darts. Milton.
Be-Still' (be-stil'), V. t. To make still.
Be-Stlr' (be-ster'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bestirred
(-sterd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestieeing.] To put into brisk
or vigorous action ; to move with life and vigor ; — usu-
ally with the reciprocal pronoim.
You have so bestirred your valor. Shak.
Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake. 3Iilton.
Be-Stonn' (be-stSrm'), V. i. & t. To storm. Young.
Be-stOW' (be-sto'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestowed
(-stod') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestowing.] [OE. bestowen ;
pref. be- ^ stow a place. See Stow.] 1. To lay up in
store ; to deposit for safe keeping ; to stow ; to place ;
to put. " He bestowed it in a pouch." Sir W. Scott.
See that the women are bestowed in safety. Byron.
2. To use ; to apply ; to devote, as time or strength in
some occupation.
3. To expend, as money. [Obs."]
4. Xo give or confer ; to impart ; — with on or upon.
Empire is on us bestowed. Cowper.
Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor. 1 Cor. xiii. 3.
5. To give in marriage.
1 could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman. Taller.
6. To demean; to conduct; to behave; — followed by
a reflexive pronoun. [Obs.}
How might we see Falstaft bestow himseU to-night in his true
colors, and not ourselves be seen ? Shak.
Syn. — To give; grant; present; confer; accord.
Be-Stow'al (-al), n. The act of bestowing ; disposal.
Be-StOW'er (-er), n. One that bestows.
Be-stOW'ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of ^ving or
bestowing ; a conferring or bestowaL
If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this view. Chauncy.
2. That which is given or bestowed.
They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to God's own
bestowments. J. Taylor.
Be-Strad'dle (be-strSd'd'l), v. t. To bestride.
Be-Stiaught' (be-straf), a. [Pref. be- -\- draught;
prob. here used for distraught.} Out of one's senses;
distracted; mad. [Obs.} Shak.
Be-Streak' (bt-strek'), v. t. To streak.
Be-Strew' (be-stnj' or be-stro'), v. t. [imp. Bestrewed
(-strjid' or -strod') %p. p. Bestrewed, Bestrown (-stron') ;
p.p'r. & vb. n. Bestrewing.] To strew or scatter over ;
to besprinkle. [Spelt also bestrew.} Milton.
Be-Stride' (be-strid'), v. i. [imp. Bestrode (-strod'),
{Obs. or R.) Besteid (-strid') ; p. p. Bbsteidden (-strTd'-
d'n), Bestrid, Bestrode; p. pr. '& vb. n. Bestriding.]
[AS. bestridan ; pref. b&- -|- strldan to stride.] 1. To
stand or sit with anything between the legs, or with the
legs astride : to stand over
That horse that' thou so often hast bestrid. Shak.
Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus. Shak.
2. To step over ; to stride over or across ; as, to be-
stride a threshold.
Be-strode' (be-strod'), imp. & p. p. of Bestride.
Be-Stiown' (be-stron'), p. p. of Bestrew.
Be-StUCk' (be-stiik'), imp. & p. p. of Bestick.
Be-StUd' (be-stiid'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestudded ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bestddding.] To set or adorn, as with
studs or bosses ; to set thickly ; to stud ; as, to bestud
with stars. Milton.
Be-SWike' (be-swik'), v. t. [AS. beswiean ; be- -{-
swican to deceive, entice ; akin to OS. swikan, OHG.
svnhhan, IceL svikja.} To lure ; to cheat. [Obs.} Gower.
Bet (bgt), n. [Prob. from OE. abet abetting, OF.
abet, fr, abeter to excite, incite. See Abet.] That which
is laid, staked, or pledged, as between two parties, upon
the event of a contest or any contingent issue ; the act
of giving such a pledge ; a wager. " Having made his
bets." Goldsmilh,
Bet, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bet, Betted (-tgd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Betting.] To stake or pledge upon the event
of a contingent issue ; to wager.
John a Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money on his
head. Shak.
I '11 bet you two to one I '11 make him do it. O. W. Holmes.
Bet, imp. &p. p. of Beat. [Obs.}
Bet, a. & adv. An early form of Better. [Obs.}
To go bet, to go fast ; to hurry. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Be'ta-ine (be'ta-in), n. [Prom beta, generic name of
the beet.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, CjH^NOj, pro-
duced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beet-
root molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted
as a white crystalline substance ; — called also lyeine and
oryneurine. It has a sweetish taste.
Be-take' (be-tak'), v. t. [imp. Betook (-tSSk') ; p. p.
Betaken (-ta'k'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betaking.] [Pref.
be- -f- take.} 1. To take or seize. [Obs.} Spenser.
2. To have recourse to ; to apply ; to resort ; to go ;
— with a reflexive pronoun.
They betook themselves to treaty and submission. Burke.
The rest, in imitation, to like arms
Betook them. Milton.
Whither shall I betake me, where subsist ? Milton.
3. To commend or entrust to ; to commit to. [Obs.}
Be-tanght' (be-taf), a. [P. p. of OE. bitechen, AS.
betmcan, to assign,' deliver. See Teach.] Delivered;
committed in trust. [Obs.}
Bete (bet), v. t. To better ; to mend. See Beete.
[Obs.} Chaucer.
Be-tee1a (be-te'la), n. [Pg. beatilha.} An East India
muslin, formerly used for cravats, veils, etc. [Obs.}
Be-teem' (be-tem'), v. t. [Pref. be- -\- an old verb teem
to be fitting ; cf. D. beiamen to beseem, 6. siemen, Goth.
gatiman, and E. tame. See Tame, a.} 1. To give ; to be-
stow; to grant ; to accord ; to consent. [Obs.}
Spenser. Milton.
2. To allow ; to permit ; to suffer. [Obs.}
So loving to my mother,
That he might not beteem the winds of heaven
Visit her face too roughly. Shak-
Be'tel (be't'l), n. [Pg., fr. Tamil w^frtet, prop, mean-
ing, a mere leaf.] (Bol.) A species of pepper {Piper
belle), the leaves of which are chev/ed, with the areca or
betel nut and a little shell lime, by the inhabitants of the^
East Indies. It is a woody climber with ovate many-
nerved leaves.
Bet'el-guese (bet'el-gez), n. [F. Betelgeuse, of Ara-
bic origin.] {Astron.) A bright star of the first magni-
tude, near one shoulder of Orion. [Written also Betel-
geux and Betelgeuse.}
Be'tel nut' (be't'l niif). The nutlike seed of the
areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence
its name) and shell lime.
II Bete' noire' (bat' nwar'). [F., lit. black beast.]
Something especially hated or dreaded ; a bugbear.
Beth-ab'a-ra wood' (beth-Sb'a-ra wood'). {Bot.) A
highly elastic wood, used for fishing rods, etc. The tree
is unknown, but it is thought to be East Indian.
Beth'el (bgth'Sl), n. [Heb. bcth-el house of God.]
1. A place of worsliip ; a liallowed spot. S. F. Adams.
2. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.}
3. A house of worship for seamen.
Be-thlnk' (be-tlunk'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethocght
(-that'); p. pr. & vb. n. Bethinking.] [AS. bepencan ;
prefV be- -{- pencan to think. See Think.] To call to
mind ; to recall or bring to recollection, reflection, or
consideration; to think; to consider ; — generally fol-
lowed by a reflexive pronoun, often with of or that before
the subject of thought.
I have bethought me of another fault. Shak,
The rest . . . may . . . bethink themselves, and recover. Milton,
We bethink a means to break it off. Shak.
Syn.— To recollect ; remember; reflect.
Be-think', v. i. To tliink ; to recollect ; to consider.
^^ Bethink ere thou dismiss us." Byron,
Bethle-hem (bethle-hgm), n. [Heb._ belh-lekhem-
house of food ; beth house -f- lekhem food, lakham to eat.
Formerly the name of a hospital for the insane, in Lon-
don, which had been the priory of St. Mary of Bethle-
hem. Cf . Bedlam.] 1. A liospital for lunatics ; — cor-
rupted into bedlam.
2. {Arch.) In tlie Ethiopic church, a small building
attached to a church edifice, in which the bread for th&
eucharist is made. Audsley,
Bethle-hem-lie (-It), 1 n, 1. An inhabitant of Beth-
Bethlem-ite (-Igm-it), 1 'iehem in Judea.
2. An insane person ; a madman ; a bedlamite.
3. One of an extinct English order of monks.
Be-thought' (be-that'), imp. & p. p. of Bethink.
Be-thrall' (be-thrai'), V. t. To reduce to thralldom ;
to inthrall. [Ohs.} ' Spenser,
Be-thumb' (be-thum'), V, t. To handle ; to wear or
soil by handling, as books. Foe,
Be-thump' (be-thump'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Be-
THUMPED (-thiimt' ; 215), or Bethumpt ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Bethumping.] To beat or thump soundly. Shak.
Be-tide' (be-tld')^ v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betided (-tid'-
gd), Obs. Betid (-tid') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betiding.]
[OE. bitiden ; pref. bi-, be- -f tiden, fr. AS. lidan, to
happen, fr. tid time. See Tide.] To happen to ; to be-
fall ; to come to ; as, woe betide the wanderer.
What will betide the few ? Milton.
Be-tlde', 1). i. To come to pass ; to happen ; to occur.
A salve for any sore that may betide. Shak.
d^^" Shakespeare has used it with of, "What would
betide of me ? "
Be-time' (be-tim'), ) adv. [Pref. be- (for by) -f- tim.e;
Be-tlmes' (-timz'), f that is, by the proper time.
The -s is an adverbial ending.] 1. In good season or
time ; before it is late ; seasonably ; early.
To measure life learn thou betimes. Milton.
To rise betimes is often harder than to do aU the day's work.
Barrow,
2. In a short time ; soon ; speedily ; forthwith.
He tires betimes that spurs too fast betimes. Shak.
Be-ti'tle (be-ti't'l), v. t. To furnish vrith a title or
titles ; to entitle. [Obs.} Carlyle.
Be-tO'ken (be-to'k'n), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Betokened
(-k'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betokening.] 1. To signify by
some visible object ; to show by signs or tokens.
A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow . . .
Betokening peace from God, and covenant new. MEton.
2. To foreshow by present signs ; to indicate some-
thing future by that which is seen or Imowu ; as, a dark
cloud often betokens a storm.
Syn. — To presage ; portend ; indicate ; mark ; note.
II B6'ton' (ba'tSN'), n. [F. beton, fr. L. bitumen bitu-
men.] {Masonry) The French name for concrete;
hence, concrete made after the French fashion.
Be-tongne' (be-tiing'), V. t. To attack with the tongue ;
to abuse ; to insult.
Bet'O-ny (bgt'o-ny), n. ; pi. Betonies (-niz). [OE.
betony, betany, F. betoine, fr. L. betonica, vettonica.'}
{Bot.) A plant of the genus Betonica (Linn.).
(8^°" The purple or wood betony (B. officinalis, Linn.)
is common in Europe, being formerly used in medicine,
and (according to Loudon) m dyeing wool a yellow color.
Be-tOOk' (be-t55k'), imp. of Betake.
Be-tom' (be-tom'), a. Tom in pieces ; tattered.
Be-tOSS' (be-tos' ; 115), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Betossed
(-tSst').] To put in violent motion ; to agitate ; to dis-
turb; to toss. " My fteiossetZ soul, " Shak.
Be-trap' (be-trap'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Beteapped
(-trSpt').] 1. To draw into, or catch in, a trap ; to in-
snare ; to circumvent. - Gower.
2. To put trappings on ; to clothe ; to deck.
After them followed two other chariots covered with red
satin, and the horses betrappetl with the same. Stow,
ale, senate, cd,Te, 9.m, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, end, fern, recent; Ice, idea, ill; old, 6bey, orb, fidd;
BETRAY
141
BEWARE
Be-tray' (be-tra'), v. t. limp. & p. p. Betratbe )
<-tra(i') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrayinq.] [OE. betraien,
iitraien ; pref. be- + OF. tra'ii- to betray, F. trahir, fr.
L. tradere. See Traitor.] 1. To deliver into tlie hands
ot an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust ;
to give up treacherously or faithlessly ; as, an officer be-
trayed the city.
Jesus said unto them, The Son of man shall be betrayed into
the hands of men. Matt. xvii. 22.
2. To prove faithless or treacherous to, as to a trust
or one who trusts ; to be false to ; to deceive ; as, to be-
tray a person or a cause.
But when I rise, 1 shall find my legs betraying me. Johnson.
3. To violate the confidence of, by disclosing a secret,
or that which one is bound in honor not to make known.
Willing to serve or betray any government for hire. Macaulaij.
4. To disclose or discover, as something which pru-
dence would conceal ; to reveal unintentionally.
Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray
your ignorance. ^. Watts.
5. To mislead ; to expose to inconvenience not fore-
«een ; to lead into error or sin.
Genius . . . often betrays itself into great errors. T. Watts.
6. To lead astray, as a maiden ; to seduce (as under
•promise of marriage) and then abandon.
7. To show or to indicate ; — said of what is not obvi-
ous at first, or would otherwise be concealed.
All the names in the country betray great antiq^uity. Bi-yant.
Be-tray'al (-ol), «. The act or the result of betraying.
Be-tray'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, betrays.
Be-tray'ment (-ment), n. Betrayal. [J?.] Udall.
Be-trlm' (be-trlm'), V. t. \_imp. & p. p. Betrimmed
(-trimd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrimmino.] To set in order ;
to adorn ; to deck ; to embellish ; to trim. Shah.
Be-troth' (be-tr5th' ; 115), v. t. \imp. & p. p. Be-
trothed (-trSthf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrothing.] [Pref.
be- + troth, i. e., truth. See Tr0th.] 1. To contract
to any one for a marriage ; to engage or promise in order
■to marriage ; to affiance ; — used esp. of a woman.
He, in the first flower of my freshest age,
Betrotheif me unto the only heir. Spenser.
Ay, and we are betrothed. Shak.
2. To promise to take (as a future spouse) ; to plight
one's troth to.
What man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not
iaken her ? Deut. xx. 7.
3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to consecra-
tion. Ayliffe.
Be-troth'al (-al), n. The act of betrothing, or the
fact of being betrothed ; a mutual promise, engagement,
■or contract for a future marriage between the persons
betrothed ; betrothment ; affiance. " The feast of 66-
trothal." Longfellow.
Be-both'ment ( ment), n. The act of betrothing, or
the state of being betrothed ; betrothal.
Be-trust' (be-triist'), ti. «. To trust or intrust. lObs.']
Be-trust'ment (-ment), n. The act of intrusting, or
the thing intrusted. [_Obs.} Chipman.
II Bet'SO (bet'so), n. [It. bezzo.J A small brass Vene-
tian coin. I0bs.~\
Bet'ter (bet'ter), a. ; compar. of Good. [OE. betere,
betire, and as adv. bet, AS. betera, adj., and bet, adv. ; akin
to Icel. betri, adj., betr, adv., Goth, batiza, adj., OHG. bez-
eiro, adj., baz, adv., G. besser, adj. and adv., bass, adv.,
E. boot, and prob. to Skr. bhadra excellent. See Boot
advantage, and cf. Best, Batful.] 1. Having good qual-
ities in a greater degree than another ; as, a better man ;
a better physician ; a better house ; a better air.
Could make the worse appear
The better reason. Milton.
2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, fitness,
acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect.
To obey is better than sacrifice. 1 Sam. xv. 22.
It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in
princes. J^s. cxviii. 9.
3. Greater in amount ; larger ; more.
4. Improved in health ; less affected with disease ; as,
the patient is better.
5. More advanced ; more perfect; as, upon better ac-
quaintance ; a better knowledge of the subject.
All the better. See under All, adv. — Better half, an
expression used to designate one's wife.
My dear, my better half i^&aiA. he),
I find I must now leave thee. Sir P. Sidney.
'- To be better off, to be in a better condition. — Had better.
(See under Had) The phrase had better, followed by an
infinitive without to, is idiomatic. The earliest form of
construction was " were better " with a dative ; as, "//»re
were better go beside." (Gower.) i. e.. It would be better
for him, etc. At length the nominative (I, he, they, etc.)
supplanted the dative and had took the place of were.
Thus we have the construction now used.
By all that 's holy, he had better starve
Than but once think this place becomes thee not. Shak.
Bet'ter, n, 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory ; —
usually with of; as, to get the better of an enemy.
2. One who has a claim to precedence ; a superior, as
In merit, social standing, etc. ; — usually in the plural.
Their betters would hardly be found. Hool-er.
For the better, in the way of improvement ; so as to pro-
duce improvement. "If I have altered him anywhere
for the better.'''' Dry den.
Bet'ter, adv. ; compar. of Well. 1. In a superior or
more excellent manner ; with more skill and wisdom,
courage, virtue, advantage, or success ; as, Henry writes
better than John ; veterans fight better than recruits.
I could have better spared a better man. Shak.
2. More correctly or thoroughly.
The better to understand the extent of our knowledge. Loclce.
3. In a higher or greater degree ; more ; as, to love
one better than another.
Never was monarch better feared, and loved. Shak.
4. More, in reference to value, distance, time, etc. ;
as, ten miles and better, ICollog.']
To think better of (any one), to have a more favorable
opinion of any one. — To think better of (an opinion, reso-
lution, etc.), to reconsider and alter one's decision.
Bet'ter (bSt'ter), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bettered (-terd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bettering.] [AS. betenan, belrian, fr.
betera better. See Better, a.] 1. To improve or amel-
iorate ; to increase the good qualities of.
Love betters what is best. Wordsworth.
He thought to better his circumstances. Thackeray.
2. To improve the condition of, morally, physically,
financially, socially, or otherwise.
The constant eifort of every man to better himself. Jfacaulay.
3. To surpass in excellence ; to exceed ; to excel.
The works of nature do always aim at that which can not be
bettered. Hooker.
4. To give advantage to ; to support ; to advance the
interest of. [Ote.]
Weapons more violent, when next we meet.
May serve to better us and worse our foes. 3Iition.
Syn. — To improve ; meliorate ; ameliorate ; mend ;
amend ; correct ; emend ; reform ; advance ; promote.
Bet'ter, v. i. To become better ; to improve. Carlyle.
Bet'ter, n. One who bets or lays a wager.
Bet'ter-ment (-ment), ». 1. A making better ; amend-
ment ; improvement. W. Montagu.
2. (Law) An improvement of an estate which renders
it better than mere repairing would do ; — generally used
in the plural. [U. S.~\ Bouvier.
Bet'ter-most' (most'), a. Best. [iJ.] " The 6e«er-
TOOii classes." Brougham.
Bet'ter-ness, n. 1. The quality of being better or
superior ; superiority, [i?.] Sir P. Sidney.
2. The difference by which fine gold or silver exceeds
in fineness the standard.
II Bet'tong (bgt'tong), n. [Native name.] {Zo'ol.') A
small, leaping Australian marsupial of the genus Bet-
tongia ; the jerboa kangaroo.
Bet'tor (-ter), n. One who bets ; a better. Addison.
Bet'ty (bet'ty), re. 1. [Supposed to be a cant word,
from Betty, for Elizabeth, as such an instrument is also
called Bess{\. e., Elizabeth') in the Canting Dictionary of
1725, and Jenny (i. e., Jane).^ A short bar used by
thieves to wrench doors open. [Written also iettee.]
The powerful betty, or the artful picklock. Arbutlinoi.
2. [Betty, nickname for Elizabeth.] A name of con-
tempt given to a man who interferes with the duties of
women in a household, or who occupies himself with
womanish matters.
3. A pear-shaped bottle covered round vrith straw, in
which olive oil is sometimes brought from Italy ; — called
by chemists a i<7ore?2ce_;?a.sA;. [t?. iS.] Bartlett.
Bet'U-Un (bSt'ii-lin), n. [L. betula birch tree.]
(fihem.) A substance of a resinous nature, obtained from
the outer bark of the common European birch (Betula
alba), or from the tar prepared therefrom ; — called also
birch camphor. Watts.
Be-tum'ble (be-tum'b1), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betuk-
bled (-b'ld).] To throw into disorder ; to tumble. [iS.]
From her betumbled couch she starteth. Shak.
Be-tU'tor (be-tii'ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betutored
(-terd).] To tutor ; to instruct. Coleridge.
Be-tween' (bt-twen'), jorep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen,
AS. betweonan, betwednum ; prefix be- by -|- a form f r.
AS. tivd two, akin to Goth, tweihnai two apiece. See
Twain, and cf. Atween, Betwixt.] 1. In the space which
separates ; betwixt ; as. New York is between Boston and
Philadelphia.
2. Used in expressing motion from one body or place
to another ; from one to another of two.
If things should go BO between them. Bax:on.
3. Belonging in common to two ; shared by both.
Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them. Locke.
4. Belonging to, or participated in by, two, and in-
volving reciprocal action or affecting their mutual rela-
tion ; as, opposition between science and religion.
An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority and
liberty. Hume.
5. With relation to two, as involved in an act or attri-
bute of which another is the agent or subject ; as, to
judge between or to choose between courses ; to distin-
guish between you and me ; to mediate between nations.
6. In intermediate relation to, in respect to time,
quantity, or degree ; as, between nine and ten o'clock.
Between decks, the space, or in the space, between the
decks of a vessel. — Between otu'selves, Between you and me.
Between themselves, in confidence ; with the understand-
ing that the matter is not to be commmiicated to others.
Syn. — Between, Among. Between etymologlcaUy in-
dicates only two ; as, a quarrel between two men or two
nations; to be between two fires, etc. It is however ex-
tended to more than two in expressing a certain relation.
1 . . . hope that between public business, improving studies,
and domestic pleasures, neither melancholy nor caprice will find
any place for entrance. Johnson.
Among implies a mass or collection of things or persons,
and always supposes more than two ; as, the prize money
was equally divided among the ship's crew.
Be-tween', n. Intermediate time or space ; interval.
[Poetic & R.] Shak.
Be-twixt' (be-twTksf), prep. [OE. betwix, bitwix,
rarely bitwixt, AS. betweox, betioeohs, betweoh, betwih;
pref. be- by -)- a form fr. AS. twa two. See Between.]
1. In the space which separates ; between.
From betwixt two aged oaks. Milton,
2. From one to another of ; mutually affecting.
There was some speech of marriage
Betwixt myself and her. Shak.
Betwixt and between, in a midway position ; so-so;
neither one thing nor the other. [Collog.]
Bevel Gear.
II Benr-r^' (bfir-rS'), re. [F., fr. beurre butter.] (BoL'\
A beurre (or buttery) pear, one with the meat soft and
melting ; — used wtth a distinguishing word ; as, Beurre
d'Anjou ; BeiirrS Clairgeau.
Bev'el (bSv'gl), n, [Cf. F. biveau, earlier buveau, Sp.
ftaiVei/ of unknown origin. Cf. Bevile.] 1. Any angle
other than a right angle ; the angle which one surface
makes with another when they are not at right angles ;
the slant or inclination of such surface ; as, to give a
bevel to the edge of a table or a stone slab ; the bevel of
a piece of timber.
2. An instrument consisting of two rules or arms,
jointed together at one end, and opening
to any angle, for adjusting the surfaces
of work to the same or a given inclina-
tion ; ■ — called also a bevel square. Gwilt.
Bev'el, a. 1. Having the slant of a
bevel ; slanting.
2. Hence ; Morally distorted ; not up- _ , „
right. [Poetic-] Bevel Square.
I may be straight, though they themselves be bevel. Sliak.
A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 90°. — Bevel
wheel, a cogwheel whose working face is oblique to the
axis. Knight,
Bev'el, V, t. [imp. & p. p. Beveled (-Sid) or Bev-
elled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beveling or Bevelling.] To
cut to a bevel angle ; to slope the edge or surface of.
Bev'el, V. i. To deviate or incline from an angle of
90°, as a surface ; to slant.
Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevel. Swift.
Bev'eled, Bev'elled (-eld), a. 1. Formed to a bevel
angle ; sloping ; as, the beveled edge of a table.
2. {Min.) Replaced by two planes inclining equally
upon the adjacent planes, as an edge ; having its edges
replaced by sloping planes, as a cube or other solid.
Bev'el gear' (ger'). (Mech.) A kind of gear in which
the two wheels working together lie in
different planes, and have their teeth
cut at right angles to the surfaces of
two cones whose apices coincide with
the point where the axes of the wheels
would meet.
Bev'el-ment (-ment), re. (Min.) The
replacement of an edge by two similar
planes, equally inclined to the including
faces or adjacent planes.
Be'ver (be'ver), n. [OE. bever a
drink, drinking time, OF. beivre, boivre,
to drink, fr. L. bibere.'] A light repast
between meals ; a lunch. [Obs.]
Beau. & Ft.
Be'ver, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Bevered
(-verd).] To take a, light repast between meals. [06j.]
Bev'er-age (bSv'er-aj), re. [OP. bevrage, F. breuvage,
fr. beivre to drink, fr. L. bibere. Cf. Bib, v. t., Poison,
Potable.] 1. Liquid for drinking ; drink ; — usually
applied to drink artificially prepared and of an agreeable
flavor ; as, an intoxicating beverage.
He knew no beverage but the flowing stream. Thomson.
2- Specifically, a name applied to various kinds of
drink.
3. A treat, or drink money. [Slang^
Bev'Ue (bev'il), re. [See Bevel.]
broken or opening like a carpenter's
bevel. Encyc. Brit.
Bev'Ued, Bev'Uled (bev'Tid), a.
(Her.) Notched vidth an angle like that
inclosed by a carpenter's bevel ; — said
of a partition line of a shield.
Bev'y (bev'y), re / pi. Bevies (-iz).
[Perhaps orig. a drinking company, f r.
OF. bevee (cf . It. beva) a drink, bever-
age; then, perh., a company in gen- Bevile (ffer.).
eral, esp. of ladies; and last applied by sportsmen to
larks, q'lails, etc. See Beverage.] 1. A company ; an
assembly or collection of persons, especially of ladies.
What a bevy of beaten slaves have we here I Beau. Sf Ft.
2. A flock of birds, especially quails or larks ; also, a
herd of roes.
Be-wail' (be-wal'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewailed
(-■waW); p.pr. & vb. n Bewailing.] To express deep
sorrow for, as by waiUng ; to lament ; to wail over.
Hath widowed and unchilded many a one,
Which to this hour bewail the injury. Shak,
Syn. — To bemoan ; grieve. — See Deplore.
Be-wall', V. i. To express grief ; to lament. Shak.
Be-wail'a-We (-a-b'l), a. Such as may, or ought to,
be bewailed ; lamentable.
Be-waU'er (-er), ». One who bewails or laments.
Be-wail'ing, a. Wailing over ; lamenting. — B©-
wall'lng-ly, adv.
Be-wail'ment (-ment), re. The act of bewailing.
Be-wake' (be-wak'), v. i, & i. To keep watch over ;
to keep awake. [06s.] Gower,
Be-ware' (bt-wSr'), v. i. [Be, imperative of verb to
be + ware. See Ware, Wary.] 1. To be on one's
guard ; to be cautious ; to take care ; — commonly fol-
lowed by of or lest before the thing that is to be avoided.
Beware of all, hut most beware of man I Pope.
Beware the awful avalanche. Longfellow,
2. To have a special regard ; to heed. [06«.]
(Her.) A chief
Behold, I send an Angel before thee,
obey his voice.
. Beware of him, and
Ex. xxiii. 20, 21.
H
K
This word is a compound from be and the Old
English ware, now wary, which is an adjective. " Be ye
«'«»• of false prophetis.'' Wyclif, Mait,yi\,l5. It is used
commonly in the imperative and infinitive modes, and
with such auxiliaries (shall, should, must, etc.) as go with
the infinitive.
Qse, unite, rude, fuLll, ilp, fim; pity; food, f<A>t; out, oil; cbair; go; sing, ink; tbeu, tbio; boN; zh = z in azuxe.
BEWARE
142
BIBLIOPEGIC
Bo-ware' (be-w3r'), v. i. To avoid ; to take care of ;
to have a care for. [06*.] "Priest, iemore your beard."
Shak.
To wish them beware the son. Milton.
Be-wash' (be-wSsh'), v. t. To drench or souse with
water. "Let the maids 6ewa«A the men." Herrick.
Be-Weep' (be-wep'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewept
t.-wSpt'); p. pr. & vb. n. Beweeping.] [AS. bewepan;
pref. be- -f- weep.'] To weep over ; to deplore ; to bedew
with tears. " His timeless death ftewee^imj. " Drayton.
Be-weep', v. i. To weep. [Obs.l Chaucer.
Be-wet' (be-w§t'), V. t. limp. & p. p. Bewet, Be-
WETTED.] To wet or moisten. Gay.
Be-wnore' (be-hor'), v. t. 1. To corrupt with regard
to chastity ; to make a whore of. J. Fletcher.
2. To pronounce or characterize as a whore. Shak.
Be-wig' (be-wig'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewigged
(-wigd').] To cover (the head) with a wig. Hawthorne.
Be-wil'der (be-wil'der), V. t. [imp. & ]). p. Bewil-
dered (-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewildering.] [Pref. be-
+ wilder.] To lead into perplexity or confusion, as for
want of a plain path ; to perplex with mazes ; or in gen-
eral, to perplex or confuse greatly.
Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search. Addison.
Syn. — To perplex ; puzzle ; entangle ; confuse ; con-
found :, mystify ; embarrass ; lead astray.
Be-Wll'dered (be-wTl'derd), a. Greatly perplexed;
as, a bewildered mind.
Be-wU'dered-ness (-dSrd-n6s), n. The state of being
bewildered ; bewilderment. [JJ.]
Be-Wil'der-ing (-der-ing), a. Causing bewilderment
or great perplexity; as, bewildering difficulties. — Be-
wll'der-ing-ly, adv.
Be-wil'der-ment (-ment), n. 1. The stat© of being
bewildered.
2. A bewildering tangle or confusion.
He . . . soon lost all traces of it imid bewilderment of tree
trunks and underbrush. Hawthorne.
Be-Win'ter (-win'ter), r. <. To make wintry. [Obs.]
Bew'lt (bii'it), n. [Cf. OF. buie bond, chain, fr. L.
boja neck collar, fetter. Cf. Boor.] A double slip of
leather by which bells are fastened to a hawk's legs.
Be-witch' (be-wich' ; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Be-
witched (-wichf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewitching.] 1. To
gain an ascendency over by charms or incantations ; to
aflect (esp. to injure) by witchcraft or sorcery.
See how I am bewitched ; behold, mine arm
Is like a blasted sapling withered up. Shale.
2. To charm ; to fascinate ; to please to such a degree
as to take away the power of resistance ; to enchant.
The charms of poetry our souls bewitch. Dryden.
Syn. — To enchant ; captivate ; charm ; entrance.
Be-wltch'ed-ness (-gd-ngs), n. The state of being
bewitched. Gauden.
Be-Wltch'er (-er), n. One who bewitches.
Be-WltCh'er-y (-er-J), n. The power of bewitching
or fascinating ; bewitchment ; charm ; fascination.
There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words. South.
Be-Wltch'lng, a. Having power to bewitch or fasci-
nate ; enchanting ; captivating ; charming. — Be-WltCh'-
Ing-ly, adv. — Be-wltch'ing-ness, n.
Be-wltch'ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of bewitch-
ing, or the state of being bewitched. Tylor.
2. The power of bewitching or charming. Shak.
Be-WOn'der (be-wiin'der), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewon-
DEEED (-derd).] 1. To fill with wonder. [Obs.]
2. To wonder at ; to admire. [Obs.]
Be-wrap' (be-rSp'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Beweapped
(-rSpt').] To wrap up ; to cover. Fair/ax.
Be-wray' (be-ra'), v. t. To soil. See Beeat.
Be-wray', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrayed (-rad') ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Bewrating.] [OE. bewraien, biwreyen;
pref. be- -f- AS. wregan to accuse, betray ; akin to OS.
wrogian. Fries, wrogia, OHG. ruogen, G. rilgen, Icel.
rxgja, Goth, wrohjan to ac(?use.] To expose ; to reveal ;
to disclose ; to betray. [Obs. or Archaic]
The murder being once done, he is in less fear, and in more
nope that the deed shall not be bewrayed or known.
Robynson (j)/orc's Utopia).
Thy speech bewrayeth thee. Matt. xxvi. 73.
Be-wray'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, bewrays ;
a revealer. [Obs. or ArcJiaic] Addison.
Be-wray'ment (-ment), n. Betrayal. [S.]
Be-wreck' (be-rek'), V. i. To wreck. [Obs.]
Be-wreke' (be-rek'), v. t. [Pref. be- -f W7-eak.] To
wreak ; to avenge. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.
Be-wrought' (be-raf ), a. [Pref. be- -\- wrought, p. p.
Ol work, V t.] Embroidered. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
Bey (ba), n. [See Beg a bey.] A governor of a prov-
ince or district in the Turkish dominions ; also, in some
places, a prince or nobleman ; a beg ; as, the bey of Tunis.
Bey'Uc (-Ilk), w. [Turk.] The territory ruled by a bey.
Be-yond' (be-youd'), prep. [OE. biyonde, bi^eonde,
AS. begeondan, prep, and adv. ; pref. be- -f- geond yond,
yonder. See Ton, Yonder.] 1. On the further side of ;
in the same direction as, and further on or away than.
Beyond that flaming hill. 6. Fletcher.
2. At a place or time not yet reached ; before.
A thing beyond us, even before our death. Pope.
3. Past ; out of the reach or sphere of ; further than ;
greater than ; as, the patient was beyond medical aid ;
beyond one's strength.
4. In a degree or amount exceeding or surpassing ; pro-
ceeding to a greater degree than ; above, as in dignity,
excellence, or quality of any kind. "Beyond expecta-
tion." Barrow.
Beyond any of the great men of my country. Sir P. Sidney.
Beyond sea. (Law) See under Sea. — To go beyond, to ex-
ceed in ingenuity, in research, or in anything else ; hence,
in a bad sense, to deceive or circumvent.
That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any mat-
ter. 1 Thess. iv. 6.
Be-yond' (be-ySud'), adv. Further away ; at a dis-
tance ; yonder.
Lo, where beyond he lyeth languishing. Spenser.
Be-zant' (be-z5nt'), n. [See Byzant.] 1. A gold coin
of Byzantium or Constantinople, varying in weight and
value, usually (those current in England) between a sov-
ereign and a half sovereign. There were also white or
silver bezants. [Written also besant, byzant, etc.]
2. (Her.) A circle in or, i. e-, gold, representing the
gold coin called bezant. Burke.
3. A decoration of a flat surface, as of a band or belt,
representing circular disks lapping one upon another.
Bez'-ant'ler (bez'Sntler), n. [L. bis twice (OF. bes)
-f- E. antler.] The second branch of a stag's horu.
Bez'el (bgz'Sl; 277), n. [From an old form of F.
biseau sloping edge, prob. fr. L. bis double. See Bi-.]
The rim which encompasses and fastens a jewel or other
object, as the crystal of a watch, in the cavity in which
it is set.
B^-Zique' (bS-zek'), n. [F. besigue.] A game at cards
in which various combinations of cards in the hand,
when declared, score points.
Be'zoar (be'zor), n. [F. bezoard, ti. Ar. bazahr,
badizahr, fr. Per. pad-zahr bezoar ; pad protecting -|-
zahr poison; cf. Pg. & Sp. bezoar.] A calculous concre-
tion found in the intestines of certain ruminant animals
(as the wild goat, the gazelle, and the Peruvian llama)
formerly regarded as an unfailing antidote for poison,
and a certain remedy for eruptive, pestilential, or putrid
diseases. Hence : Any antidote or panacea.
(J^^Two kinds were particularly esteemed, the Bezoar
orientate of India, and the Bezoar occideiilale of Peru.
Bezoar antelope. See Antelope. — Bezoar goat (Zo'dl.),
the wild goat {Copra :eriaririis). — Bezoar mineral, an old
preparation of oxide of antimony. Ore.
Bez'O-ar'dic (bgz'o-ar'dlk), a. [Cf. F. bizoardigue,
bezoartique.] Pertaining to, or compounded with, bezoar.
^n. A medicine containing bezoar.
Bez'o-ar'tic (bez'o-iir'tik), ) a. [See Bezoardic]
Bez'o-ar'tlC-al (-ti-kal), J Having the qualities
of an antidote, or of beZoar ; healing. [Obs.]
Be-ZO'ni-an (be-zo'ni-an), n. [Cf. F. besoin need,
want, It. bisogno.] A low fellow or scoundrel ; a beggar.
Great men oft die by vile hezonians. Shafc.
Bez'Zle (bez'z'l), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bezzled (-z'ld) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bezzling (-zliug).] [OF. besillier, besiler,
to maltreat, pillage ; or shortened fr. embezzle. Cf. Em-
bezzle.] To plunder ; to waste in riot. [Obs.]
Bez'zle, v. i. To drink to excess ; to revel. [Obs.]
Bhang (bang), n. [Per. bung ; cf. Skr. bhafigd hemp.]
An astringent and narcotic drug made from the dried
leaves and seed capsules of wild hemp {Cannabis Indi-
ca), and chewed or smoked in the East as a means of
intoxication. See Hasheesh.
llBhun'der (beSu'der), n. [Native name.] {Zo'dl.)
An Indian monkey {Macucus Rhesus), protected by the
Hindoos as sacred. See Khesus.
Bl- (bi-). [L. bis twice, which in composition drops
the -s, akin to E. two. See Bis-, Two, and cf. Di-, Dis-.]
1. In most branches of science bi- in composition de-
notes two, twice, or doubly ; as, fridentate, two-toothed ;
fttternate, doubly ternate, etc.
2. {Chem.) In the composition of chemical names
bi- denotes two atoms, parts, or equivalents of that con-
stituent to the name of which it is prefixed, to one of the
other component, or that such constituent is present in
double the ordinary proportion ; as, Jichromate, 6isul-
phide. Bi- and di- are often used interchangeably.
Bl-ac'id (bt-5s'Td), a. [Pref. bi- + acid.] {Chem.)
Having two hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by
negative atoms or radicals to form salts ; — said of bases.
See DiAciD.
Bi'a-bu'mi-nate (bi'a-ku'mt-nat), a. [Pref. bi- -f
acuminate.] {Bot.) Having points in two directions.
Bi-an'gU-lar (bt-5n'gii-ler), a. [Pref. i
Having two angles or corners.
. bi- + angular.]
Bl-an'gtu-late (-gil-lat), ) a. [Pref. bi--\- angulate,
Bi-an'gU-la'ted (-la'ted), j angulaled.] Biangular.
Bi-an'gU-IOUS (-lus), a. [Pref. bi- -f- angulous.] Bi-
angular. [R.]
Bi-an'ther-lf'er-OUS (bt-5n'ther-Tf'er-us), a. [Pref.
bi- -\- antheri/erous.] {Bot.) Having two anthers.
Bi'ar-Uc'U-late (War-tTk'ii-lat), a. [Pref. bi- -f ar-
ticulate.] {Zo'dl.) Having, or consisting of, two joints.
Bi'as (bi'as), n. ; pi. Biases (-5z). [F. biais, perh. fr.
LL. bifax two-faced ; 1i. bis -\- fades face. See Bi-, and
cf. Face.] 1. A weight on the side of the ball used in
the game of bowls, or a tendency imparted to the ball,
which turns it from a straight line.
Being ignorant that there is a concealed bias within the
spheroid, which will . . . swerve away. Sir TV. Scott.
2. A leaning of the mind ; propensity or prepossession
toward an object or view, not leaving the mind indiifer-
ent ; bent ; inclination.
Strong love is a &tas upon the thoughts. South.
Morality influences men's lives, and gives a bias to all their
actions. Loctce.
3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken ouv of a gar-
ment (as the waist of a dress) to diminish its circumfer-
ence.
4. A slant ; a diagonal ; as, to cut cloth on the bias.
Syn. —Prepossession; prejudice; partiality; inclina-
tion. See Bent.
Bi'as, a. 1.. Inclined to one side ; swelled on one side.
[Obs.] Shak.
2. Cut slanting or diagonally, as cloth.
Bi'as, adv. In a slanting manner ; crosswise ; oblique-
ly ; diagonally ; as, to cut cloth bias.
Bi'as, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Biased (bi'ast) ; p. pr. & vb.
n. Biasing.] To incline to one side ; to give a particular
direction to ; to influence ; to prejudice ; to prepossess.
Me it had not biased in the one direction, nor should it have
biased any just critic in the counter direction. l>e Quincey.
Bi'an-ric'a-Iate (bl'a-rik'ii-lat), a. [Pref. bi- -f au-
riculate.] 1. {Anat.) Having two auricles, as the heart
of mammals, birds, and reptiles.
2. {Bot. & Zo'dl.) Having two earlike projections at
its base, as a leaf.
Bl-ax'al (bi-Sks'al), ) a. [Pref. bi- -j- axal, axial.']
Bl-ax'I-al (-T-al), ( (Opt.) Having two axes; as,
biaxial polarization. Brewster. — Bi-ax'i-al-ly, adv.
Bib (bib), n. [From Bib, v., because the bib receives
the drink that the child slavers from the mouth.] 1. A
small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast, to
protect the clothes.
2. {Zo'dl.) An arctic fish {Gadus luscus), allied to the
cod ; — caUed also pout and whiting pout.
3. A bibcock.
Bib, Bibbe (bib), v. t. [L. bibere. See BEVEBAais,
and cf . Imbibe.] To drink ; to tipple. [06«.]
This miller hath . . . bibbed ale. Ckattcer.
Bib, V. i. To drink ; to sip ; to tipple.
He was constantly bibbing. Locke.
Bi-ba'cions (bt-ba'shiSs), a. [L. bibax, bibacis, fr.
bibere. See Bib.] Addicted to driuldng.
Bi-bao'i-ty (bi-bSs'I-ty), n. The practice or habit of
drinking too much ; tippling. Blount.
Bl-ba'sic (bi-ba'sfk), a. [Pref. bi- + basic.] {Chem.)
Having two hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by
positive or basic atoms or radicals to form salts ; — said
of acids. See Dibasic.
Bibb (bib), 71. A bibcock. See Bm, n., 3.
Blb'ber (blb'ber), n. One given to drinking alcoholic
beverages too freely ; a tippler ; — chiefly used in com-
position ; as, ■mnebibber.
Bib'bie-bab'ble (bib'b'l-bSb'b'I), n. [A reduplica-
tion of babble.] Idle talk ; babble. ' Shak.
Bibbs (bibz), n. pi. {A'aut.) Pieces of timber bolted
to certain parts of a mast to support the trestletrees.
Bib'cock' (bib'kSk'), n. A cock or faucet having a
bent down nozzle. Knight.
Bi-bi'rine (be-be'rTn), n. {Chem.) See Bebeerine
Blb'1-tO-ry (bTbT-to-ry), a. Of or pertaining to drink,
ing or tippling.
Bi'ble (bi'b'l), n. [F, bible, L. biUia. pi., fr. 6r.
/Si^Ai'a, pi. of /Si/SAi'of, dim. of (Si'^Xos, /3u/3\os, book, prop.
Egyptian papyrus.] 1. A book. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. The Book by way of eminence, — that is, the book
which is made up of the writings accepted by Christians
as of divine origin and authority, whether such writings
be in the original language, or translated ; the Scriptures
of the Old and New Testaments ; — sometimes in a re-
stricted sense, the Old Testament ; as, King James's
Bible; Douay Bible; Luther's Bible. Also, the book
which is made up of writings similarly accepted by the
Jews ; as, a rabbinical Bible.
3. A book containing the sacred writings belonging to
any religion ; as, the Koran is often called the Moham-
medan Bible.
ElWe Society, an association for securing the multiplica-
tion and wide distribution of the Bible. — Douay Bible.
See DoTjAY Bible. — Geneva Bible. See under Geneva.
BiVler (bib'ler), n. [See Bib, v. i.] A great drinker ;
a tippler. [Written also bibbler and bibbeler ]
Bib'li-cal (bib'lT-kal), a. Pertaining to, or derived
from, the Bible ; as, biblical learning ; biblical authority.
Blb'11-cal'i-ty (-kSl'i-ty), n. The quaUty of being
biblical ; a biblical subject. [R.]
Bib1i-cal-ly (-kal-ly), adv. According to the Bible.
Bib'li-Cism (bTb'lI-siz'm), n. [Cf. F. biblicisme.']
Learning or literature relating to the Bible. [R.]
Bibli-cist (-slst), n. One skilled in the knowledge
of the Bible ; a demonstrator of religious truth by the
Scriptures.
Bib'U-o-graph' (biblT-o-graf), n. Bibliographer.
Bib'll-Og'ra-pher (btb'll-og'ra-fer), n. [Gr. ^ijSAio-
ypdtjioi, fr. ^L^\iov book -|- ypo<|)eii' to write ; cf. F. biblio-
graphe.] One who writes, or is versed in, bibliography,
Bib'lf-o-graph'lc (-o-grSf'ik), I a. [Cf. F. biblio-
Bib'li-0-graph'Ic-al (-I-kal), ) graphique.] Per-
taining to bibliography, or the history of books. — Bib'-
li-o-graph'ic-al-ly, adv.
Blb'11-og'ra-phy (-Sg'ra-fJ^), n.; pi. Bibliogeaphies
(-f iz). [Gr. ^^^Alo■)/pa(^t'a : cf. F. bibliographic.] A his-
tory or description of books and manuscripts, with no-
tices of the different editions, the times when they were
printed, etc.
Bib'11-Ol'a-ter (-Sl'a-ter), \ n. [See Bibliolatey.] A
Bib'li-Ol'a-triSt (-trtst), ) worshiper of books ; es-
pecially, a worshiper of the Bible ; a believer in its ver-
bal inspiration. Be Quincey,
Blb'li-Ol'a-try (-trj), n. [Gr. pi.p\lov book + Xarpeia
service, worship, Karpeveiv to serve.] Book worship,
esp. of the Bible ; — applied by Roman Catholic divines
to the exaltation of the authority of the Bible over that
of the pope or the church, and by Protestants to an
excessive regard to the letter of the Scriptures.
Coleridge. F. W. Newman.
Bibll-O-lOg'lC-al (-lojT-kal), a. Relating to bibliology.
Bib'U-ol'O-gy (-61'6-jy), n. [Gr. Pi^Kiov book -f -logy.]
1. An account of books ; book lore ; bibliography.
2. The literature or doctrine of the Bible.
Bib'li-0-man'cy (bTb'lT-o-man'sJ), n. [Gr. PifiXCov
book -|- -money: cf. F. bibliomancie.] A kind of divina-
tion, performed by selecting passages of Scripture at
hazard, and drawing from them indications concerning
future events.
Bibli-O-ma'nl-a (bTb'lT-o-ma'nT-a), n. [Gr. ^i|8Aio>'
book -f- ii.avia. madness : cf. F. bibliomanie.] A mania
for acquiring books.
Bib'U-O-ma'ni-ac (-Sk), n. One who has a mania for
books. .— a. Relating to a bibliomaniac.
Bib'll-O-ma-nl'ac-al (-ma-ni'a-kal), a. Pertaining to
a passion for books ; relating to a bibliomaniac.
Bib'Ii-0-peg'iC (-pgj'Tk), a. [Gr. ^i^Kiov book -)-
ale, senate, cS^re, am, arm, ask, final, ^11 ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, jQl ; old, obey, 6rb, odd ;
BIBLIOPEGIST
143
BIER
irriyvvvai to make fast.] Relating to the binding of
books, [i?.]
Bib'U-op'e-glst (bib'lT-5p'e-jtst), n. A bookbinder.
Blb'U-op'e-gis'tlc (-5p'e-jTs'tik), a. Pertaining to
the art of binding books. [.R.] Dibdin.
Bib'll-op'e-gy (-op'e-jy), n. [See Bibliopeoic] The
art of binding books. [jK.]
Bib'll-O-phlle (bib'lT-o-fil), «. [Gr. ptfiXiov book +
<l>t\e'!v to love : cf. F. bibliophile.] A lover of books.
Blb'U-oph'I-lIsm (-Sf'i-llz'm), n. Love of books.
Blb'll-oph'i-list (-list), n. A lover of books.
Bib'li-0-pho'bi-a (-o-fo'bT-a), n. [Gr. j3tj3Aioi/ book +
<j>opet(T0ai. to fear.] A dread of books, [i?.]
Bib'li-0-pole (-6-poI), re. [L. bibliopola, Gr. j3i;8Ai-
OTrciArjs ; jSi^Aioi' book -)- moKeiv to sell : cf . F. bibliopole.]
One who sella books.
Bib'U-0-pol'ic (o-poi'Tk), Blb'li-op'o-lar (-5p'o-ler),
a. [See Bibliopole,] Of or pertaining to the sale of
books. ".SiftHojOoHc difficulties." Carlyle.
Bib'U-op'0-lism (-8p'6-lTz'm), n. The trade or busi-
ness of selling books.
Bib'11-op'o-llst (-list), m. Same as Bibliopole.
Bibli-op'O^lis'tlC (-5p'o-lTs'tTk), a. Of or pertaining
to bibliopolism. Dibdin.
Bib'U-0-taph (bib'li-S-tSf), ) n. [Gr. ^i^Xiov book +
Bib'li-Ot'a-phist (-ot'a-tTst), | 76.^^0^ a burial.] One
who hides away books, as in a tomb. [J?.] Crabb.
Bib1i-0-thec (-6-thek), n. A librarian.
II Bib'li-0-the'ca (bTb'lI-o-tlie'ka), n. [L. See Biblio-
THEKE.] A library.
Bib'li-0-the'cal (-o-the'kal ; 277), a. \\j. bibliotheca--
lis. See Bieliotheke.] Belonging to a library. Byrom.
Bib'li-Oth'e-ca-ry (-oth'e-ki-ry), re. [L. bibliolheca-
rius : ci.V. bibliotJiccaire.'] A librarian. [06*.] Ereli/n.
Bib'li-0-theke (blb'lT-o-thek), «. [L. bibliothecn, Gr.
^t/3Aco9T)Kj) ; pi^Aiov book + fl>(Kr) a case, box, fr. rifleVai
to place : cf. F. bibUol/iequc] A library. lObs.] Bale.
Bib'liSt (bib'lTst), n. [Of. F. bibl'iste. See Bible.]
1. One who makes the Bible the sole rule of faith.
2. A biblical scholar ; a biblicist. /. Taylor.
Bl-brac'te-ate (bt-brSk'te-at), a. [Pref. bi- + bracte-
ate.'] {Bot.) Furnished with, or liaving, two bracts.
Blb'u-lOUS (bib'iS-lus), a. [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to
drink See Bib, v. t.] 1. Readily imbibing fluids or
moisture ; spongy ; as, bibulous blotting paper.
2. Inclined to drink ; addicted to tippling.
Bib'U-lOUS-ly, adv. In a bibulous manner ; with pro-
fuse imbibition or absorption. De Quincey.
Bl-cal'ca-rate (bi-kSl'ka-rat), a. [Pref. bi- + calc'a-
ra/e.] Having two spurs, as the wing or leg of a bird.
Bi-cal'lOSe (-los), 1 a. [Pref. 61- + callose, callous.]
Bl-cal'lOUS (-liis), I {Sot.) Having two callosities or
hard spots. Gi-ay.
Bl-cam'er-al (bt-kSm'er-al), a. [Pref. bi- -\- camera.]
Consisting of, or including, two chambers, or legislative
branches. Benlham.
Bi-cap'SU-Iar (bt-kSp'sii-ler ; 135), a. [Pref. bi- +
capsular: cf. F. bicapsulaire.] {Bot.) Having two cap-
sules ; as, a bicapsular pericarp.
Bl-car'bon-ate (bt-kar'bSn-at), re. [Pref. bi- + car-
bonate.] (Chem.) A carbonate in which but haU the
hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or
radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the
positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal
carbonates ; an acid carbonate ; — sometimes called .saper-
carbonate.
Bi-car'bu-ret'ed or -ret'ted (bt-kar'bu-rgt'ed), a.
[Pref. hi- -\- carbureted.] {Chem.) Containing two atoms
or equivalents of carbon in the molecule. \_Obs. or R.]
Bi-car'1-nate (bt-kar'i-nat), a. [Pref. bi- + ca7-i-
nate.] {Biol.) Having two keel-like projections, as the
upper palea 01 grasses.
Bi-cau'dal (bt-ka'dal), a. [Pref. bi- + caudal.] Hav-
ing, or terminating in, two tails.
Bl-cau'date (-dat), a. [Pref. bi- + caudate.] Two-
tailed; bicaudal.
Bic'ched (bik'ked), (r. [Of unknown origin.] Pecked;
pitted; notched. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Bicched bones, pecked, or notched, bones ; dice.
Bice, Bise (bis), n. [F. bis, akin to It. bigio light
gray, tawny.] {Paint.) A pale blue pigment, prepared
from the native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt ;
— called also blue bice.
Green bice is prepared from the blue, by adding yel-
low orpiment, or by grinding down the green carbonate
of copper. Cooleij. Brande & C.
Bi-cen'te-na-ry (bt-sSn'te-na-ry), a. [Pref. bi- -f cen-
tenary.] Of or pertaining to two hundred, esp. to two
hundred years ; as, a bicentenai-y celebration. — re. The
two huncbredth anniversary, or its celebration.
Bi'cen-ten'ni-al (bl'sen-tSu'nl-ol). a. [Pref. bi- +
centennial.] 1. Consisting of two hundred years.
2. Occurring every two hmidred years.
Bi'cen-fen'ni-al, n. The two hundredth year or anni-
versary, or its celebration.
Bi-ceph'a-lous (bi-sef'a-l!is), a. [Pref. bi- + cepha-
lous : cf. F. bicephale.] Having two heads.
II Bl'ceps (bi'seps), re. [L., two-headed ; bis twice +
caput head. See Capfpal.] {Anat.) A muscle ha\ing
two heads or origins ; — applied particularly to a flexor in
the arm, and to another in the thigh.
II Bi-Chir' (be-sher'), re. [Native name.] {Zool.) A
remarkable ganoid fish {Polypterus bichir) found in the
Nile and other Africaij rivers. See BKAcraooANOiDEi.
_Bi-Chlo'l1de (bi-klo'rid or -rid), re. [Pref. bi- + chlo-
ride.] {Chem.) A compound consisting of two atoms of
chlorine with one or more atoms of another element ; —
called also dichloride.
Bichloride of mercury, mercuric chloride ; — sometimes
called corrosive sublimate.
II Bi'chO (be'chS), re. [Sp.] (.^ooZ.) See Jigger.
Bi-chlO'mate (bt-kro'mat), re. [Pref. bi- + chromate.]
(Chem.) A salt containing two parts of chromic acid to
one of the other ingredients ; as, potassium bichromate ;
— called also dichromale.
Bi-chro'ma-tlze (bt-kro'ma-tiz), v. t. To combine or
treat with a biclironiate, esp. with bichromate of potas-
sium ; as, bichromatized gelatine.
Bl-cip'1-tal (bi-sip'i-t«l), a. [L. biceps, bicipitis : cf.
F. bicipital. See Biceps.] 1. {A7iat.) {a) Having two
heads or origins, as a muscle, {b) Pertaining to a biceps
muscle ; as, bicipital furrows, tlie depressions on either
side of the biceps of the arm.
2. {Bot.) Dividing into two parts at one extremity;
having two heads or two supports ; as, a bicipital tree.
Bi-cip'1-tOUS (-tus), a. Having two lieads ; bicipital.
'■'■Bicipitous serpents." Sir T. Browne.
Bick'er, re. [See Beakek.] A small wooden vessel
made of staves and hoops, like a tub. '^Prov. Bng.]
Blck'er (bik'er), v. i. {imp. &p. p. Bickeued (-erd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bickering.] [OE. bikeren, perh. fr.
Celtic ; cf. W. bicra to figlit, bicker, bici-e conflict, skir-
mish; perh. akin to E. beak.] 1. To skirmish ; to ex-
change blows ; to fight. \_Obs.]
Two eagles had a conflict, and bickered together. Holland.
2. To contend in petulant altercation ; to wrangle.
Petty tilings about whicli men cark and bicker. Harrow.
3. To move quickly and unsteadily, or with a patter-
ing noise ; to quiver ; to be tremulous, like flame.
They [streamlets] bickered througli the sunny shade. Tltomson.
Blck'er, re. 1. A skirmish ; an encounter. lObs.]
2. A fight with stones between two parties of boys.
{Scot.] Jamieson.
3. A wrangle ; also, a noise, as in angry contention.
Blck'er-er (-er), re. One who bickers.
Bick'er-lng, re. 1. A skirmishing. " Frays and bick-
erings.^' Milton.
2. Altercation ; wrangling.
Bick'er-ment (-ment), ??. Contention. lObs.] Spenser.
Biok'ern (-ern), re. [F. bigorne. See EicoEN.] An
anvil ending in a beak or point (orig. in two beaks) ;
also, the beak or horn itself.
Bi-COl'li-gate (bt -kol'li-gat), a. [L. Jw twice + col-
ligatus, p, p. See Colligate, v. t.] {Zool.) Having the
anterior toes connected by a basal web.
Bi'col'or (bi'kul'er), 1 a. [L. bicolor ; bis twice -|- co-
Bl'ool'ored (-erd), ( lor color.] Of two colors.
Bl-con'cave (bt-kon'kav), a. [Pref. bi- -\- concave.]
Concave on botli sides ; as, biconcave vertebriE.
Bl-con'jn-gate (bt-kon'jS-gSt), a. [Pref. bi- + con-
jugate, a.] {Bot.) Twice paired, as when a petiole forks
twice. Gray.
Bl-con'veK (bi-k5n'veks), a. [Pref. bi- + convex.]
Convex on both sides ; as, a biconvex lens.
Bi'com (bi'kSrn), 1 a. [L. bicornis ; bis twice
Bi'corned (bi'kSmd), > + comu horn : cf. F. bi-
Bi-cor'nous (bt-kSr'nus), ) come. Cf. Bickern.]
Having two horns ; two-horned ; crescentlike.
Bl-cor'po-ral (bt-kOr'po-ral), a. [Pref. bi- + corpo-
ral.] Having two bodies.
Bl-COr'po-rate (-rat), a. [Pref. bi- + corporate.]
{Her.) Double-bodied, as a lion having
one head and two bodies.
Bi-COS'tate (bt-kos'tat), a. [Pref. bi-
-\- costate.] {Bot.) Having two princi-
pal ribs ryinning longitudinally, as a leaf.
Bl-cre'nate (bt-kre'nSt), a. [Pref.
bi- -\- CJ'enate.] {Bot.) Twice crenated,
as in the case of leaves whose crena^
tures are themselves crenate.
Bi'cres-cen'tlc (bl'krSs-sen'tik), a. Bicorporate.
[Pref. bi — |- crescent.] Having the form of a double
crescent.
Bl-cru'ral (bt-kru'ral), a. [Pref. bi- -\- crural.] Hav-
ing two legs. Hooker.
Bl-CUS'pld (bi-kus'pTd), \ a. [See pref. Bi-, and C0s-
Bl-CUS'pid-ate (-fit), J pidate.] Having two points
or prominences ; ending in two points ; — said of teeth,
leaves, fruit, etc.
Bl-CUS'pld, re. {Anat.) One of the two double-pointed
teeth which intervene between the canines (cuspids) and
the molars, on each side of each jaw. See Tooth, re.
Bl-cy'a-nide (bt-si'a-nld), re. {Chem.) See Dicyanide.
Bl'oy-ole (bi'sT-k'l), re. [Pref. bi- -f cycle.] A light
vehicle having two wheels one behind the other. It has
a saddle seat and is propelled by the rider's feet acting
on cranks or levers.
One form of Bicycle.
Bl'cy-Oler (-kler), n. One who rides a bicycle.
Bi-cyc'llc (bt-sTk'lik), a. Relating to bicycles.
Bl'cy-cllng (bl'sT-klTng), re. The use of a bicycle ;
the act or practice of riding a bicycle.
Bi'cy-olism (-klTz'm), re. The art of riding a bicycle.
Bi'cy-Clist (bi'sT-klist), re. A bicycler.
Bl-cyc'U-lar (bt-stk'ij-ler), a. Relating to bicycling.
Bid (bid), V. t. [imp. Bade (bSd), Bid, {Obs.) Bad ;
p. p. Bidden (bid'd'n), Bid; p. pr. & vb. re. Bidding.]
[OE. bidden, prop, to ask, beg, AS. biddan ; akin to OS.
hiddian, Icel. biSja, OHG. bittan, G. bitten, to pray,
ask, request, and E. bead, also perh. to Gr. veiBnv to
persuade, L. fidere to trust, E. faith, and bide. But this
word was early confused with OE. beden, beoden, AS.
beodan, to oft'er, command ; akin to Icel. bjotSa, Goth.
biudan (in comp.), OHG. biotan to command, bid, G. bie-
ten, D. bieden, to offer, also to Gr. Trvi'0dve(T9ai to learn
by inquiry, Skr. budh to be awake, to heed, present,
OSlav. budeti to be awake, E. bode, v. The word now
has the form of OE. bidden to ask, but the meaning of
OE. beden to command, except in " to bid beads." V30.]
1. To make an offer of ; to propose. Specifically : To
offer to pay (a certain price, as for a thing put up at
auction), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be
done under a contract).
2. To offer in words ; to declare, as a wish, a greeting,
a threat, or defiance, etc. ; as, to bid one welcome ; to
bid good morning, farewell, etc.
Neither bid him God speed. 2 John 10.
He bids defiance to the gaping crowd. GranviUe.
3. To proclaim ; to declare publicly ; to make known.
[Mostly obs.] " Our banns thrice bid I" Gay.
4. To order ; to direct ; to enjoin ; to command.
That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow. Pope.
Lord, if it be thou, hid me come unto thee. Ilait. xiv. 28.
I was bid to pick up shells. Z*. Jerrold.
5. To invite ; to call in ; to request to come.
As many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage. Matt. xxii. 9.
To bid beads, to pray with bead^, as the Roman Catho-
lics ; to distinguish eacli bead by a prayer. [Obs.] — To bid
defiance to, to defy openly ; to brave. — To bid fair, to offer
a good prospect ; to make fair promise ; to seem likely.
Syn. — To offer ; proffer ; tender ; propose ; order ;
command; direct; charge; enjoin.
Bid (bid), imp. & p.p. of Bm.
Bid, re. An offer of a price, especially at auctions ; a
statement of a sum which one will give for something to
be received , or will take for something to be done or fur-
nished ; that which is offered.
Bid, V. i. [See Bid, v. t.] 1. To pray. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2 . To make a bid ; to state what one will pay or take.
Bld'ale' (bTd'al'), re. [Bid + ale.] An invitation of
friends to drink ale at some poor man's liouse, and there
to contribute in charity for his relief. [Prov. Eng.]
Bid'da-ble (-da-b'l), a. Obedient ; docile. [Scot.]
Bld'den (-d'n),^. p. of Bid.
Bld'der (-der), n. [AS. biddere.] One who bids or
offers a price. Burke.
Bld'der-y ware' (bTd'der-y wtr'). [From Beder oi
Bidar a town in India.] A kind of metallic ware made
in India. The material is a composition of zinc, tin, and
lead, in which ornaments of gold and silver are inlaid or
damascened. [Spelt also bidry, bidree, bedery, beder.]
Bld'dlng, re. 1. Command ; order ; a proclamation or
notifying. "Do thou thy master's tjrfdirej;." Shak.
2. The act or process of making bids ; an offer ; a pro-
posal of a price, as at an auction.
Bld'dlng prayer' (prSr'). 1 {E. C. Ch.) The prayer
for the souls of benefactors, said ijef ore the sermon.
2. {Angl. Ch.) The prayer before the sermon, with
petitions for various specified classes of persons.
Bld'dy (bid'dy), re, [Etymology uncertain.] A name
used in calling a hen or chicken. Shak.
Bld'dy, n. [A familiar form of Bridget.] An Irish
serving woman or girl. [Colloq.]
Bide (bid), V. i. [imp. & p. p. BroED ; p. pr. & vb. n
Biding.] [OE. biden, AS. bidan ; akin to OHG. bitan,
Goth, beidan, Icel. blSa ; perh. orig., to wait with trust,
and akin to bid. See Bid, v. t., and cf. Abide,] 1. To
dwell ; to inhabit ; to abide ; to stay.
All knees to thee shall bow of them that hide
In heaven or earth, or, under earth, in hell. Milton.
2. To remain ; to continue or be permanent in a place
or state ; to continue to be. Shak,
Bide, V. t. 1. To encounter ; to remain firm under
(a hardship) ; to endure ; to suffer ; to undergo.
Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
That hide the pelting of this pitiless storm. Shak.
2. To wait for ; as, I bide my time. See Abide.
Bl'dent (bi'dent), re. [L. bidens, -entis, having two
prongs ; bis twice -)- dens a tooth.] An instrument or
weapon with two prongs.
Bi-den'tal (bt-dgn'tol), a. Having two teeth. Stvi/t.
Bl-den'tate (-tat), a. {Bot. & Zool.) Having two
teeth or two toothlike processes ; two-toothed.
Bi-det' (bi-def or be-da' ; 277), re. [F. bidet, perh. fr.
Celtic; cf. Gael, bideach very little, diminutive, bidein a
diminutive animal, W. bidan a weakly or sorry wretch.]
1. A small horse formerly allowed to each trooper or
dragoon for carrying his baggage. B. Jonson.
2. A kind of bath tub for sitting baths ; a sitz bath.
Bl-dlg'1-tate (bt-dTj'T-tat), o. [Vi-ei.bi-+ digitate.]
Having two fingers or fingerlike projections.
Bld'lng (bi'ding), re. Residence ; habitation. Howe.
Bleld (held), re. A shelter. Same as Beild. [Scot.]
Bield, V. t. To shelter, [Scot.]
Bl-en'ni-al (bt-en'nt-ol), a. [L, biennalis and biennis,
fr. bienni'um a space of two years ; Ms twice -|- a7inus
year. Cf. Annual.] 1. Happening, or taking place, once
in two years ; as, a biennial election.
2. {Bot.) Continuing for two years, and then perish-
ing, as plants which form roots and leaves the first year,
and produce fruit the second.
Bl-en'ni-al, n. 1. Something which takes place or
appears once in two years ; esp. a biennial examination.
2. {Bot.) A plant which exists or lasts for two years.
Bl-en'nl-al-ly, adv. Once in two years.
Bier (ber), re. [OE. bsere, beere, AS. bSr, bsere ; akin
to D. baar, OHG, bara, G. hahre, Icel. barar, Dan.
baare, L. feretmm, Gr. <l>epeTpov, from tlie same root as K.
bear to produce. See 1st Bear, and cf. Barrow.] 1. A
handbarrow or portable frame on which a corpse is placed,
or borne to the grave.
2. ( Weaving) A count of forty threads in the warp or
chain of woolen cloth. Knight.
F
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, iip, tlru ; pity; food, fcibt; out, oil; cJbair; go; Sing, ink; then, thin;
boN :
zli = z in azure.
M
BIERBALK
lU
BILGE
Bier'balk' (ber'bak'), n. [See Biek, and Balk, re.]
A church road (e. g., a path across fields) for fuuerals.
[04«.] Homilies.
Biest'ings, Beest'ings (best'Ingz), ?i. pi. [OE. best-
ynge, AS. bysting, fr. byst, beosl ; akin to D. biesl, OHG.
biost, G. biest ; of unknown origin.] The first milk given
by a cow after calving. B. Jonson.
The thick and curdy milk . . . commonly called biestiufj.^.
Newiuii (1574).
Bi-fa'cial (bt-fa'shal), a. [Pref. bi- + facial.'] Hav-
ing the opposite surfaces alike.
Bi-fa'ri-OUS (bt-fa'rT-iis), a. [L. bij'iirins ; bis twice
-\-farito speak. Cf. Gr. 5i(|)aa-to; twofold ; fit's twice +
ifiavixi. to say.] 1. Twofold ; arranged in two rows.
2. (Bot.) Pointing two ways, as leaves that grow only
on opposite sides of a branch ; in two vertical rows.
Bi-fa'ri-OUS-ly, adv. In a bifarious manner.
Bii'er-OUS (bTf'er-iis), a. [L. bifer ; bis twice +
ferre to bear.] Bearing fruit twice a year.
Bil'lln (-fin), re. [Cf. Beaufin.] 1. A sort of apple
peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. [Sometimes called beaufin ;
but properly beefin (it is said), from its resemblance to
raw beef.] Wright.
2. A, baked apple pressed down into a flat, round cake ;
a dried apple. Dickens.
Bi'Hd (bi'f id), a. [L. bifidus ; bis twice + root oifind-
ere to cleave or split : cf. F. bifide.'] Cleft to the mid-
dle or slightly beyond the middle ; opening with a cleft ;
divided by a linear sinus, with straight margins.
BU'i-date (bTf'T-dSt), a. [L. bifidaius.'] See Bifid.
Bi-fi'lar (bt-fl'ler oc bifl-ler), a. [Pref. bi-+ filar.']
Two-threaded ; involving the use of two threads ; as, bi-
filar suspension ; a bifilar lialance.
Bi£lar micrometer (often called a bifilar), an histrument
for measuring minute distances or angles by means of
two very minute threads (usually spider lines), one of
which, at least. Is movable ; — more commonly called a
filar micrometer.
Bi'fla-beiaate (bi'fla-bel'ltit), a. [Pref. bi- + fiabel-
Jate.] (Zo'dl.) Flabellate on both sides.
Bi'fla-gel'late (bi'tia-jel'lSt), a. [Pref. bi- + fiagel-
Jate.] Having two long, narrow, wliiplike appendages.
Bi-flo'rate (bt-flo'rat), I a. [L. bis twice -f fios, flo-
Bi-Qo'rous (-flo'rus), ( ris, flower.] {Bot.) Bear-
ing two flowers ; two-tlovvered.
Bi'f Old (bi'f old), a. [Pref. bi- -\- fold.] Twofold;
double ; of two kinds, degrees, etc. Shak.
Bi-fo'li-ate (bt-fo'lT-at), 0. [Vvei-bi--^ foliate.] {Bot.)
Having two leaves ; two-leaved.
Bi-fo'li-0-late (-o-lSt), a. [Pref. bi- -\- foliolate.]
{Bot. ) Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves.
Bif'O-rate (bTf'6-rat or bi'fo-rat), a. [L. bis twice
-\-foratus, p. p. oiforare to bore or pierce.] {Bot.) Hav-
ing two perforations.
Bif'O-rine (bTf'S-rin'), re. [L. biforis, biforus, having
two doors; bis tmce -\- foris ioor.] {Bot.) An oval sac
or cell, found in the leaves of certain plants of the order
Aracex. It has an opening at each end through which
raphides, generated inside, are discharged.
Bi'lorkea (bi'f6rkt), a. Bifurcate.
Bi'form (bi'fSrm), a. [L. bifonnis; bis twice -{- forma
shape : cf. F. biforme.] Having two fonns, bodies, or
shapes. Croxall.
Bl'formed (bi'fSrmd), a. [Pref. bi--{-form.] Having
two forms. Johnson.
Bl-form'l-ty (bt-fSrm'i-ty^), re. A double form.
Bi-fom' (bi-fSru'), prep. & adv. Before. [Obs.]
Bif'0-rous (bif'o-riis), a. [L. biforis having two
doors; 6w twice, two +/om door.] See Bifouate.
Bl-front'ed (bi-frunt'ed), a. li?rei. bi--^ front.] Hav-
ing two fronts. " Bif ranted Janus." Massinger.
Bi-fur'cate (bt-fQr'kat), I a. [Pref. bi- -\- furcate.]
Bi-fur'ca-ted (-ka-ted), ( Two-pronged ; forked.
Bi-fur'cate (-kat), v. i. To divide mto two branches.
Bi'fur-ca'tlon (bi'fur-ka'shtin), re. [Cf. F. bifurca-
tion.] A forking, or division into two branches.
Bi-fur'COUS (bt-fQr'kus), a. [L. bifurcus; 6w twice
-\-furr.a fork.] See Bifurcate, a. [iJ.] Coles.
Big (big), a. Icoiiipar. Bigger; superl. Biggest.]
[Peril, from Celtic ; cf. W. beichiog, beichiawg, pregnant,
with child, fr. batch burden. Arm. beac'h; or cf. OE.
bygly, Icel. biggiligr, (properly) habitable ; (then) mag-
nificent, excellent, fr. OE. biggen, Icel. byggja, to dwell,
build, akin to E. be.] 1. Having largeness of size ; of
much bulk or magnitude; of great size ; large. "He's
too big to go in there." Shak.
2. Great with young ; pregnant ; swelling ; ready to
give birth or produce ; — often figuratively.
[Day] big with the fate of Cato and of Rome. Addison.
3. Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation,
distention, etc., whether in a good or a bad sense ; as, a
big heart ; a big voice ; big looks ; to look big. As ap-
plied to looks, it indicates haughtiness or pride.
God hath not in heaven a bigger argument. Jer. Taylor.
II^°" Big is often used in self -explaining compounds ;
SB, 6/(/-boned ; 6iV/-sounding ; fti^-named; Si^-voiced.
To talk big, to talk loudly, arrogantly, or pretentiously.
I talked big to them at first. De Foe.
Syn. — Bulky ; large ; great ; massive ; gross.
Big, Bigg, re. [OE. big, bigge; akin to Icel. bygg,
Dan. byg, Sw. bjugg.] {Bot.) Barley, especially the hardy
four-rowed kind.
" Bear interchanges in local use, now with barley, now
with bigg.'" New English Diet.
Big, Bigg, V. i. [OE. biggen, fr. Icel. byggja to in-
habit, to build, bua (neut.) to dwell, (active) to make
ready. See Boon, and Bound.] To build. [Scot. & North
of Eng. Dial.] Sir W. Scott.
II Bi'ga (bi'ga), re. [L.] {Antiq.) A two-horse chariot.
Big'am (bTg'am), re. [L. bigamus twice married : cf.
F. bigame. See Bigamy.] A bigamist. \_Obs.]
Big'a-mist (-i-mTst), n. [Cf. Digamist.] One who is
_ guilty of bigamy. Ayliffe.
Big'a-mons (bTg'a-mtis), a. Guilty of bigamy ; in-
volving bigamy ; as, a bigamous marriage.
Big'a-my (-mj^), re. [OE. bigamie, fr. L. bigamus
twice married ; bis twice -}- Gr. yd/ao? marriage ; prob.
akin to Skr. jamis related, and L. gemini twins, the
root meaning to bind, join : cf. F. bigamie. Cf. Digamy.]
{Law) The offense of marrying one person when already
legally married to another. Wharton.
^^T'lt is not strictly correct to call this offense biga-
my: it is more properly denominated j3oZj/9((/HJ/,i. e., hav-
ing a plurality of wives or husbands at once, and m sev-
eral statutes in the United States the offense is classed
under the head of polygamy.
In the canon law bigamy was the marrying of two vir-
gins successively, or one after the death of the other, or
once marrying a widow. This disqualified a man for or-
ders, and for holding ecclesiastical offices. Shakespeare
uses the word in the latter sense. Jllackslone. Bouoier.
Base declension and loathed bigamy. Shak.
Big'ar-reau' (big'ar-ro'), I re. [F. bigarreau, fr. bi-
Big'a-roon' (blg'a-roon'), ( jran'e variegated.] {Bot.)
The large white-heart cherry.
Big'-bel'lied (big'bgl'lTd), a. Having a great belly ;
as, a big-bellied man or flagon ; advanced in pregnancy.
Bi-gem'i-nate (bt-jSm'i-nat), a. [Pref. bi- -\- gemi-
nate.] {Bot.) Having a forked petiole, and a pair of
leaflets at the end of each division ; biconjugate ; twice
paired ; — said of a decompound leaf.
Bi-gen'tial (bt-jen'shal), a. [Pref. bi- -f L. gens, gen-
tis, tribe.] {Zo'rjl.) Including two tribes or races of men.
Big'eye' (blg'i'), re. {Zo'dl.) A fiish of the genus Prio-
canthus, remarkable for the large size of the eye.
Bigg (big), 71. & V. See Big, re. & v.
Big'gen (btg'g'n), v. t. & i. To make or become big ;
to enlarge. lObs. or Dial.] Steele.
Big'ger (big'ger), a., compar. of Bio.
Big'gest (big'gest), o., superl. of Big.
Big'gin (big'gin), n. [F. beguin, prob. from the cap
worn by the Beguines. Cf. Beguine, Biggon.] A child's
cap ; a hood, or something worn on the head.
An old woman's biggin for a nightcap. 3£assinger.
Big'gin, re. A coffeepot with a strainer or perforated
metallic vessel for holding the ground coffee, through
which boiling water is poured ; • — so called from Mr. Big-
gin, the inventor.
Big'gin, 1 re. [OE. digging. See Big, Bigg, v. t.] A
Big'ging, ) building. lObs.]
Big'gon (big'gun), I re. [F. beguin and OF. beguinet,
Big'gon-net (-net), \ dim. of beguin. See Biggin a
cap.] A cap or hood with pieces covering the ears.
II Big'Iia (beg'ha), re. A measure of land in India, va-
rying from a third of an acre to an acre.
Big'horn' (big'hOm'), re. {Zo'dl.) The Rocky Moun-
tain sheep {Ovis or Caprovis
montana).
Bight (bit), re. [OE. bist
a bending ; cf. Sw. & Dan.
bugt bend, bay ; fr. AS. byht,
fr. bugan. v'88. Cf. Boot,
Bought a bend, and see Bow,
v.] 1. A corner, bend, or an-
gle ; a hollow ; as, the bight
of a horse's knee ; the bight
of an elbow.
2. {Geog.) A bend in a coast
forming an open bay ; as, the
Bight of Benin.
3. {Nant.) The double part
of a rope when folded, in dis-
tinction from the ends ; that
is, a round, bend, or coil not
including the ends ; a loop.
Bi-glan'du-lar (bt-glan'diS-ler), a. [Pref. bi- + glan-
dular.] Having two glands, as a plant.
Big'ly (big'ly), adv. [From Big, a.] In a tumid,
swelling, blustering manner ; haughtily ; violently.
He brawleth higly. Rohynson (.More^§ Utopia).
Big'ness, re. The state or quality of being big ; large-
ness ; size ; bulk.
Big-no'ni-a (btg-no'nl-a), re. [Named from the Abb6
Bignon.] {Bot.) A large genus of American, mostly
tropical, climbing shrubs, having compound leaves and
showy somewhat tubular flowers. B. capreolata is the
cross vine of the Southern United States. The trumpet
creeper was formerly considered to be of this genus.
Big-nCni-a'ceous (btg-no'nT-a'shiis), a. {Bot.) Of,
pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of
which the trumpet flower is an example.
Big'Ot (big'iit), n. [F. bigot a bigot or hypocrite, a
name once given to the Normans in France. Of unknown
origin ; possibly akin to Sp. bigote a whisker ; hombre de
bigote a man of spirit and vigor ; cf. It. s-bigottire to
terrify, to appall. Wedgwood and others maintain that
bigot is from the same source as Beguine, Beghard.]
1. A hypocrite ; esp., a superstitious hypocrite. \_Obs.]
2. A person who regards his own faith and views in
matters of religion as unquestionably right, and any
belief or opinion opposed to or differing from them as
unreasonable or wicked. In an extended sense, a person
who is intolerant of opinions which confiict with his own,
as in politics or morals ; one obstinately and blindly de-
voted to his own church, party, belief, or opinion.
To doubt, where bigots had been content to wonder and be-
lieve. Macaulay.
Big'Ot, a. Bigoted. lObs.]
In a country more bigot than ours. Dryden.
Big'ot-ed, a. Obstinately and blindly attached to
some creed, opinion, practice, or ritual ; unreasonably
devoted to a system or party, and illiberal toward the
opinions of others. " ^ij'O^ed to strife. " Byron.
Syn. — Prejudiced ; intolerant ; narrow-minded.
Big'Ot-ed-ly, adv. In the manner of a bigot.
Big'Ot-ry (-ilt-rj^), re. [Cf. F. bigoterie.] 1. The state
Bighorn of Rocky Mts.
[Pref
labiate.']
of mind of a bigot ; obstinate and unreasoning attach-
ment to one's own belief and opinions, with narrow-
minded intolerance of beliefs opposed to them.
2. The practice or tenets of a bigoi.
Big'wig' (big'wTg'), re. \_Big, a. + wig.'] A person of
consequence ; as, the bigwigs of society. [Jocose]
In our youtli we have heard him spoken of by the bigwigs with
extreme condescension. Dickens.
Big'-wigged' (-wTgd'), a. Characterized by pompos-
ity of manner. [Eng.]
Bi'hy-drog'U-ret (bi'ht-drog'ii-rgt), re. [Pref. bi- -\-
hydroguret.] {Chem.) A compound of two atoms of
hydrogen with some other substance. [Obs.]
II Bi-jou' (be-zhoo'), re. / pi. Bijoux (be-zhooz'). [F. ;
of uncertam origin.] A trinket ; a jewel ; — a word
applied to anything small and of elegant workmanship.
Bi-jou'try (be-zhoo'try), re. [F. bijouterie. See Bi-
jou.] Small articles of virtu, as jewelry, trinkets, etc.
Bij'U-gate (bij'ii-gat or bi'jii-gat), a. [L. bis twice +
jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] {Bot.) Having two
pairs, as of leaflets.
Bij'U-gOUS (-gus ; 277), a. [L. bijugus yoked two to-
gether ; iis twice -|-/«(7«»» yoke, pair.] (£o/.) Bijugate.
Bike (bik), re. [Etymol. unknown.] A nest of wild
bees, wasps, or ants ; a swarm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
II Bikh (bik), re. [Hind., fr. Skr. visha poison.]
{Bot.) The East Indian name of a virulent poison ex-
tracted from Aconitum ferox or other species of aconite ;
also, the plant itself.
Bi-la'bi-ate (bt-la'bt-at), a.
{Bot.) Havmg two lips, as the
corols of certain flowers.
Bi'la-cin'i-ate (bi'la-sTn'T-
at), a. [Pref. bi- + laciniate.]
Doubly fringed.
llBi-la'lO (be-la'lo), re. A
two-masted passenger boat or
small vessel, used in the bay of
Manila.
Bi-lam'el-late (bt-lSm'Sl-lat), i
Bi-lam'el-la'ted (-la'ted), i . .
Formed of two plates, as the stigma of the Mimulus;
also, having two elevated ridges, as in the lip of certain
flowers.
Bi-Iam'i-nar (-T-nar), ) a. [Pref. bi- -f- laminar, lam-
Bi-lam'i-nate (-nat), ) inate.] Formed of, or hav-
ing, two laminae, or thin plates.
Bi'land (bl'lSnd), re. A byland. [Obs.] Holland.
Bil'an-der (bil'Sn-der), re. [D. bijlander ; bij by -f
land land, country.] {JS'aut.) A small two-masted mer-
chant vessel, fitted only for coasting, or for use in ca-
nals, as in Holland.
Why choose we, then, like bilanders to creep
Along the coast, and land in view to keep ? Dryden,
Bi-lat'er-al (bt-iafer-al), a. [Pref. bi- + lateral : cf.
F. bilateral.] 1. Having two sides; arranged upon two
sides ; affecting two sides or two parties.
2. {Biol.) Of or pertaming to the two sides of a cen-
tral area or organ, or of a central axis ; as, bilateral sym-
metry in animals, where there is a similarity of parts ou
the right and left sides of the body.
Bi-lat'er-al'i-ty (-51'i-ty), re. State of being bilateral.
Bil'ber-ry (bTl'ber-ry),re. ; pi. Bilberries (-riz). [Cf.
Dan. b'ollebaer bilberry, where b'olle is peril, akin to E.
ball.] 1. (£o^) The European whortleberry (FaceiremOT
myrlillus) ; also, its edible bluish black fruit.
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry. Shak.
2. {Bot.) Any similar plant c" its fruit ; esp., in Amer-
ica, the species Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. cmspitosum,
and V. uliginosum.
Bil'bo (bil'bo), re. ; pi. Bilboes (-boz). 1. A rapier ;
a sword ; so named from Bilbao, in Spain. Shak.
2. pi. A long bar or bolt of iron with sliding shackles,
and a lock at the end, to confine the feet of prisoners
or offenders, esp. on board of ships.
Bilabiate Corolla.
[Pref. bi--\- lam-
ellate.] _ {Bot.)
Methout^ht I lay
Wor.se than the mutines in the bilboes.
Skak.
[F.] The
II BilllO-quet (bTl'b6-ket, or bil'bo-ka'), re
toy called cup and ball.
Bil'COCk (-kok), re. {Zo'dl.) The European water rail.
II Bild'stein (btld'stin), re. [6., fr. bild image, like-
ness + steiyi stone.] Same as Agalmatolite.
Bile (bH), re. [L. bilis: cf. F. bile.] 1. {Physiol.) A
yellow, or greenish, viscid fluid, usually alkaline in reac-
tion, secreted by the liver. It passes into the intestines,
where it aids in the digestive process. Its characteristic
constituents are the bile salts, and coloring matters.
2. Bitterness of feeling ; choler ; anger ; ill humor ; as,
to stir one's bile. Prescott.
(J^^ The ancients considered the bile to be the " hu-
mor " which caused irascibility.
Bile, re. [OE. byle, bule, bele, AS. byle, byl; akin to
D. bitil, G. beule, and Goth, ufbauljan to puff up. Cf.
Boil a tumor. Bulge.] A boil. [Obs. or Archaic]
Bi-lec'tion (bt-lgk'shun), M. {Arch.) That portion of
a group of moldings which projects beyond the general
surface of a panel ; a bolection.
Bile'stone' (bil'ston'), re. [Bile + stone.] A gall-
stone, or biliary calculus. See Biliaey. E. Darwin.
Bilge (bilj), re. [A different orthography of bulge, of
same origin as belly. Cf. Belly, Bulge.] 1. The pro-
tuberant part of a cask, which is usually in the middle.
2. {Naut. ) That part of a ship's hull or bottom which
is broadest and most nearly flat, and on which she would
rest if aground.
3. Bilge water.
Bilge free {Naut.), stowed in such a way that the bilge is
clear of everything ; — said of a cask. — Bilge pump, a pump
to draw the bilge water from the hold of a ship. — Bilge
water (Naut.), water whichcoUects in the bilge or bottom
of a ship or other vessel. It is often allowed to remain
till it becomes very offensive. — Bilge ways, the timbers
which support the cradle of a ship upon the ways, and
ale, senate, c&re, am, arm, ask, final, ^11 ; eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, drb, ddd ;
BILGE
145
BILLY GOAT
which slide upon the launching ways in launching the
vessel.
BUge (btlj), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bilqed (btljd) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Bilging.] 1. (Naul.) To suffer a fracture
ui the bilge ; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge.
2. To bulge.
Bilge, V. t. 1. (Naut.) To fracture the bilge of, or
stave in the bottom of (a ship or other vessel).
2. To cause to bulge.
BU'gy (bil'jy), a. Haxnng the smell of bilge water.
BU'fe-ry (bil'ya-ry ; 106), a. [L. bilis bile : cf. F.
hiliaire.'l {Physiol.) Relatiug or belonging to bile ; con-
veying bile ; as, biliary acids ; biliary ducts.
Biliary calculus ( Med. ), a caJlstone, or a concretion formed
in the gall bladder or its duct.
BiM-a'tlon (btl'I-a'shiin), n. {Physiol.) The produc-
tion and excretion of bile.
Bl-lil'er-OUS (bi-lif'er-iis), a. Generating bile.
Bil'l-fus'cln (btl'T-fus'sTn), n. [L. bilis bile -\-fuscus
darl£.'J (Physiol.) A brownish green pigment found in
human gallstones and in old bile. It is a derivative of
bilirubin.
II Bl-llm'bi (bT-lim'bi), ) n. [Malay.] Tlie ber-
II Bi-llm'bing (bl-lim'bing), I ries of two E.vst In-
dian species of A verrhoa, of the Oxaliilae or Sorrel family.
They are very acid, and highly esteemed when preserved
or pickled. The juice is used as a remedy for skin dis-
eases. [Written also blimbi and blimbing.^
Bll'1-ment (bil'i-ment), n. A woman's ornament;
habiliment. I0bs.~\
Bi'lln (bi'lTn), n. [Cf. F. biline, from L. bilis bile.]
(Physiol. Chem.) A name applied to the amorphous or
crystalline mass obtained from bile by the action of alco-
hol aud ether. It is composed of a mixture of the sodium
salts of the bUe acids.
Bi-lin'e-ar (bt-lTn'e-er), a. (Math.) Of, pertaining to,
or included by, two lines ; as, bilinear coordinates.
Bl-lln'gual (bi-lin'gwal), a. [L. bilinguis ; bis twice
-f- lingua tongue, Itinguage.] Containing, or consisting
of, two languages ; expressed in two languages ; as, a bi-
lingual inscription ; a bilingual dictionary. — Bi-lin'-
gTl'al-ly, adv.
Bl-Iln'gual-lsm (-Iz'm), n. Quality of being bilingual.
The bilingualism of King's English. Earie.
Bl-lln'guar (-gwer), a. See BiLmGUAi.
Bl-Iin'guist (-gwTst), n. One versed in two languages.
Bl-lin'gUOUS (-gwQs), a. [L. bilinguis.'] Having two
tongues, or speaking two languages. [06i.]
Bil'iOUS (bil'ySs), a. [L. biliosus, fr. bilis bile.] 1. Of
or pertaining to the bile.
2. Disordered in respect to the bUe ; troubled with an
excess of bile; as, a bilious patient; dependent on, or
characterized by, an excess of bile ; as, bilious symptoms.
3. Choleric ; passionate ; ill tempered. " A bilious old
nabob." Macaulay.
Bilious temperament. See Tempebament.
Bll'lous-ness, n. The state of being bilious.
Bil'i-pra'sin (btl'I-pra'sTn), n. [L. bilis bile -|- pra-
sinus gi-een.] (Physiol.) A dark green pigment found in
small quantity in human gallstones.
Bll'i-ru'l)in (-ru'bin), n. [L. bilis bile -\- ruber red.]
(Physiol.) A reddish yellow pigment present in human
bile, aud in that from carnivorous and herbivorous ani-
mals ; the normal biliary pigment.
Bi-lit'er-al (bt-lit'er-al), a. [L. bis twice -(- littera let-
ter.] Consisting of two letters ; as, a biliteral root of a
Sanskrit verb. Sir W. Jones. — n. A word, syllable, or
root, consisting of two letters.
Bi-lit'er-al-ism (-tz'm), n. The property or state of
being biliteral.
BU'i-ver'din (-ver'dm), «. [L. bilis bile + viridis
green. Cf. Verdure.] (Physiol.) A green pigment
present in tlie bile, formed from bilirubin by oxidation.
Bilk (bilk), V. t. limp. & p. p. Bilked (bilkt) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bilking.] [Origin imlinown. Cf. Balk.] To
frustrate or disappoint ; to deceive or defraud, by non-
f ulfUlment of engagement ; to leave in the lurch ; to give
the slip to ; as, to bilk a creditor. Thackeray.
Billz, n. X. A thwarting an adversary in cribbage by
spoiling his score ; a balk.
2. A cheat ; a trick ; a hoax. Hudibras.
.3. Nonsense; vain words. B. Jonson.
4- A person who tricks a creditor ; an untrustworthy,
tricky person. Marryai.
Bill (bil), n. [OE. bile, bille, AS. bile beak of a bird,
proboscis ; cf . Ir. & Gael, bil, bile, mouth, lip, bird's bill.
Cf. BilIj a weapon.] A beak, as of a bird, or sometimes
of a turtle or other animal. Hilton.
Bill, V. i. [imp. &p. p. Billed (bild) ; p. pr. & vb. n.
BrtiLiNG.] 1. To strike ; to peck. [Obs.']
2. To join bUls, as doves ; to caress in fondness. " As
pigeons bill." Shak.
To bill and coo, to interchange caresses ; — said of doves ;
also of demonstrative lovers. Thackeray.
Bill, n. The bell, or boom, of the bittern.
The bittern's hollow bill was heard. Wordsworth.
Bill, n. [OE. bil, AS. bill, bil; akin to OS. bU sword,
OHG. bill pickax, G. bille. Cf. Bill beak.] 1. A cut-
ting instrument, with hook-shaped point, and fitted with
a handle ; — used in pruning, etc. ; a billhook. When
short, called a hand bill, when long, a hedge bill.
2. A weapon of infantry, in the 14th and 15th centu-
ries. A common form of bill consisted of a broad, heavy,
double-edged, hook-shaped blade, having a short pike at
the back and another at the top, and attached to the
end of a long staff.
France had no infantry that dared to face the English bows
and bills. Macaulay.
3. One who wields a bill ; a bUlman. Strype.
4. A pickax, or mattock. [Obs.']
5. (IVaut.) The extremity of the arm of an anchor ;
the point of or beyond the fluke.
Bill (bTI), V. t. To work upon (as to dig, hoe, hack, or
chop anything) with a bill.
Bill, n. [OB. bill, bille, fr. LL. billa (or OF. bille), for
L. bulla anything rounded, LL., seal, stamp, letter, edict,
roU ; cf. F. bille a baU, prob. fr. Ger. ; cf. MHG. bickel,
D. biklcel, dice. Cf. Bull papal edict. Billet a paper.]
1. (Law) A declaration made in writing, stating some
wrong the complamant has suffered from the defend-
ant, or a fault committed by some person against a law.
2. A writing biudmg the signer or signers to pay a cer-
tain sum at a future day or on demand, with or without
interest, as may be stated in tlie document. [Eng.J
EE^^ In the United States, it is usually called a note, a
note of /land, ot apt'Oinissory note.
3. A form or draft of a law, presented to a legislature
for enactment ; a proposed or projected law.
4. A paper written or printed, and posted up or given
away, to advertise something, as a lecture, a play, or the
sale of goods ; a placard ; a poster ; a liandbill.
She put up the bill in her parlor window. Dickens.
5. An account of goods sold, services rendered, or work
done, with the price or cliarge ; a statement of a credit-
or's claim, in gross or by items ; as, a grocer's bill.
6. Any paper, containing a statement of particulars ;
as, a bill of charges or expenditures ; a weekly bill of
mortality ; a bill of fare, etc.
Bill of adventure. See under Adventure. — Bill of costs,
a statement of tlie items whicli form the total amount of
the costs of a party to a suit or action. — Bill of credit.
(«) Within the constitution of the United States, a paper
issued by a State, on tlie mere faith and credit of the
State, and designed to circulate as money. No State
shall emit ii7/i'o/cre(/i/." U. S. Con.ft. Peters. Whar-
ton. Boueier (i) Among merchants, a letter sent by an
agent or other person to a merchant, desiring him to give
credit to the bearer for goods or money. — Bill of divoree,
in the Jewish law, a writing given by the husband to the
wife, by wliich the marriage relation was dissolved. Jer.
iii. 8. — Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered
at the customlrouse, whether imported or intended for
exportation. — Bill of exceptions. See mider Exception. —
Bill of exchange ( Com.), a written order or request from one
person or house to another, desiring the latter to pay to
some person designated a certain sum of money therein
named, and charge it to the account of the drawer. It
generally is, and, to be negotiable, must be, made paya-
ble to order or to bearer. So also tlie order generally ex-
presses a specified time of payment, and that it is drawn
lor value. The person who draws the biU is called the
drawer, the person on whom it is draivn is, before accept-
ance, called the drawee, — after acceptance, the acceptor ;
the person to whom the money is directed to be paid is
called the payee. The person making the order may
liimself be the payee. The bill itself is frequently called
a draft. See Exchange. Cliitty. —Bill of fare, a writ-
ten or printed enumeration of the dishes served at a
public table, or of the dishes (with prices annexed)
wliich may be ordered at a restaurant, etc. —Bill ol
health, a certiiicate from the proper authorities as to the
state of health of a ship's company at the time of her
leaving port. — Bill of indictment, a written accusation
la\vfully presented to a grand jury. If the jury consider
the evidence sufficient to support the accusation, they
indorse it "A true bill," otherwise they write upon it
" Not a true bill," or " Not found," or " Ii/noramus," or
"Ignored." — BiU of lading, a written account of goods
shipped by any person, signed by the agent of the owner
of the vessel, or by its master, acknowledging the receipt
of the goods, and promising to deliver them sale at the
place directed, dangers of the sea excepted. It is usual
tor the master to sign two, three, or four copies of the
bill ; one of which he keeps in possession, one is kept by
the shipper, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods.
— Bill of mortaUty, an official statement of the number of
deaths in a place or district within a given time ; also, a
district required to be covered by such statement; as, a
place within the bills of mortality of London. —Bill of
pains and penalties, a special act of a legislature wliich
inflicts a punishment less than deatli upon persons sup-
posed to be guilty of treason or felony, without any con-
viction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings.
Boueier. Wharton. — Bill of parcels, an account given by
the seller to the buyer of the several articles purchased,
with the price of each. — Bill of particulars (Law), a de-
tailed statement of the items of a plaintiff's demand in
an action, or of the defendant's set-off. — Bill of rights, a
summary of rights and privileges claimed by a people.
Such was the declaration presented by the Lords and
Commons of England to the Prince and Princess of
Orange in 1638, and enacted in Parliament after they be-
came king and queen. In America, a bill or declaration
of rights is prefixed to most of tlie constitutions of the
several States. — Bill of sale, a formal instrument for the
conveyance or transfer of goods and chattels. — Bill of
sight, a form of entry at the customhouse, by which
goods, respecting whicli the importer is not possessed of
lull information, may be provisionally landed for exam-
ination. — Bill of store, a license granted at the custom-
house to merchants, to carry such stores and provisions
as are necessary for a voyage, custom free. Wliarton. —
Bills payable (pi.), the outstanding unpaid notes or ac-
ceptances made and issued by an individual or firm. —
Bills receivable (»?.), the unpaid promissory notes or ac-
ceptances held oy an individual or firm. McElralli. — A
true bill, a bill of mdictment sanctioned by a grand jury.
Bill, v.t. 1. To advertise by a bill or public notice.
2. To charge or enter in a bill ; as, to bill goods.
Bil'lage (btl'laj), n. and v. t. & i. Same as Bilge.
Bil'lard (-lard), ?i. (Zodl.) An English fish, allied to
the cod ; the coalfish. [Written also billet and billit.']
Bill'bee'Ue (-be't'l), or BilllJUg' (-biigOi «■ (Zodl.)
A weevil or curculio of various species, as the corn weevil.
See Curculio.
Bill'board' (-bord'), «. 1- (Naut.) A piece of thick
plank, armed with iron plates, and fixed on the bow or
fore channels of a vessel, for the bill or fluke of the an-
chor to rest on. Totlen.
2. A flat surface, as of a panel or of a fence, on which
bills are posted ; a bulletin board.
Bill' book' (book'). (Com.) A book in which a person
keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange,
etc., thus showing all that he issues and receives.
Billets. (Arch.)
Bill' bro'ker (btl' bro'ker). One who negotiates the
discount of bills.
Billed (bild), a. Furnished with, or having, a bill, as
a bird ; — used ui composition ; as, broad-Ji'Wed.
Billet (bil'lgt), re. [F. billet, dim. of an OF. billehiW..
See Bill a writing.] 1. A small paper; a note; a
short letter. "I got your melancholy 6i7/e)!." Sterne.
2. A ticket from a public ofliicer directing soldiers at
what house to lodge ; as, a billet of residence.
Bil'let, V. i. [imp. &p. p. Billeted ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Billeting.] [From Billet a ticket.] (Mil.) To direct,
by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence : To quarter,
or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses.
Billeted in so antiquated a mansion. W. Irving.
Bil'let, n. [F. billctte, bille, log ; of unknown origin ;
a different word from bille ball. Cf. Billiards, Bil-
lot.] 1. A small stick of wood, as for ill ewood.
They shall beat out my brains with billets. Shak.
2. (Metal.) A short bar of metal, as of gold or iron.
3. (Arch.) All or-
nament in Norman
work, resembling a
billet of wood either
square or round.
4. (Saddlery) (a) A
strap which enters a
buckle, (b) A loop
which receives the end of a buckled strap. Kn ight.
5. (Her.) A bearing in the form of an oblong rectangle.
II Bil'let-dOUX' (bil'la-doo'), n. ; pi. Billets-doux
(bil'la-dooz'). [F. billet note -|- doux sweet, L. dulcis."]
A love letter or note.
A lover chanting out a billet-doux. Spectator.
Bil'let-head' (btl'lgt-hgd'), n. (Naut.) A round piece of
timber at the bow or stem of a whaleboat, around which
the harpoon line is run out when the whale darts off.
Bill'fish' (-fish'), re. (Zodl.) A name applied to sev-
eral distinct fishes : (a) The
garfish (Tylosiirus, or Belone,
longirostris) and allied species.
(b) The saury, a slender fish of
the Atlantic coast (Scombere-
sox saurtis). (c) The Tetraptu-
rus albidus, a large oceanic
species related to the sword-
fish ; the spearfish. (d) The
American fresh-water garpike
(Lepidosteus osseus).
Bill'head' (-hSd'), n. A printed form, used by mer-
chants in making out bills or rendering accoimts.
Bill' hold'er (bil' hold'er). X. A person who holds a
bill or acceptance.
2. A device by means of which bills, etc., are held.
Bill'hOOk' (hook'), re. IBill -f hook.] A thick, heavy
knife with a hooked point,
used in pruning hedges, etc.
When it has a short handle,
it is sometimes called a hand
bill ; when the handle is long,
a hedge bill or scimiter.
Bil'liard (bTl'yerd), a. Of or pertaining to the game
of billiards. " Smooth as is a billiard ball." B. Jonson.
Bil'llardS (bTl'yerdz), re. [F. billard billiards, OF.
billart staff, cue for playing, fr. bille log. See Billet a
stick.] A game played wifh ivory balls on a cloth-cov-
ered, rectangular table, bounded by elastic cushions.
The player seeks to impel his ball with his cue so that it
shall either strike (carom upon) two otlier balls, or drive
another ball into one of the pockets with which the table
sometimes is furnished.
BlU'ing (bTl'ing), a. & n. Caressing ; kissing.
Bil'IingS-gate' (bTl'lingz-gaf), re. 1. A market near
the Billings gate in London, celebrated for fish and foul
Billfish ( Tiilosm-us longi-
rostris).
One form of Billhook.
2. Coarsely abusive, foul, or profane language; vitu-
peration ; ribaldry.
Bil'lion (bil'yiin), n. [F. billion, arbitrarily formed
fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of million a million. See
Million.] According to the French and American method
of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000 ; ac-
cording to the English method, a million millions, or
1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration.
Bill'man (-man), re. / pi. Billmen (-men). One who
uses, or is armed with, a bill or hooked ax. "A bitlman
of the guard." Savile.
II Bil'lon' (be'yoN' or billon), n. [F. Cf. Billet a
stick.] An alloy of gold and silver with a large propor-
tion of copper or other base metal, used in coinage.
Bil'let (bil'lot), re. [F. billot, dim. of bille. See Bil-
let a stick.] Bullion in the bar or mass.
Bil'low (bil'16), re. [Cf. Icel. bylgja billow, Dan.
bolge, Sw. biilja ; akin to MHG. bulge billow, bag, and to
E. bulge. See Bulge.] 1. A great wave or surge of the
sea or other water, caused usually by violent wind.
Whom the winds waft where'er the billows roll. Cowper.
2. A great wave or flood of anything. Milton.
Bil'low, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Billowed (-lod) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Billowing.] To surge ; to rise and roll in waves
or surges; to undulate. " The billotving snow." Prior.
Bil'lOW-y (-lo-y), a. Of or pertaining to billows;
swelling or swollen into large waves ; full of billows or
surges ; resembling billows.
And whitening down the many-tinctured stream,
Descends the billowy foam. Thomson.
Bill'post'er (bil'post'er), ) n. One whose occupation
Bill'Stick'er (bTl'stik'er), ) is to post handbills or
posters in public places.
Billy (bTl'15*), re. 1. A club ; esp., a policeman's club.
2. (Wool 3Ianxif.) A slubbing or rovuig machine.
Bil'ly-boy' (-boi'), «. A flat-bottomed river barge or
coastinc vessel, [^^rejr.]
Bil'ly goat' (got'). A male goat. [Colloq.']
H
K
use, vmite, rude, full, <ip, am; pity; food, fo~bt; out, oil; chair; go, sing, ink; tben, tliin ; boN; zh = z in az-ore.
U)
M
BILOBATE
146
BIOPLASM
Section of BUoc-
ular Pericarp.
Bl-lo'bate (bt-lo'bat or bl'16-bat), a. [Pref. U- + lo-
haie."\ Divided into two lobes or segments.
BilObed (bi'lobd), a. [Pref. 61- + lobe.^ Bilobate.
Bi'lO-ca'tion (bi'lo-ka'slitin), n. [Pref. 6i- + loca-
tion.'] Double location ; the state or power of being in
two places at the same instant ; — a miraculous power
attributed to some of the saints. Tylor.
BUoc'U-lar (bt-15k'ii-ler), a. [Pref. bi- -\- locular :
cf. F. bilociduire.~\ Divided into two
cells or compartments ; as, a bilocular
pericarp. Gray.
Bil'sted (bil'sted), n. {Bot.) See
Sweet gum.
II BU'tOng (bil'tong), n. [S. Afri-
can.] Lean meat cut into strips and
sun-dried. //. i?. Haggard.
Bl-mac'U-late (bt-mak'ti-lSt), a.
[Pref. hi — h iimculutc, a.] Having, or
marked with, t\\o spots.
II Bim'a-na (bTm'a-na or bi'raa-na),
n. pi. [NL. See Bimanoos.] (Zoul.)
Animals having two hands ; — a term applied by Cuvier
to man as a special order oiMaiitiiiulia.
Bim'a-nOUS (-nils or bi'ma-ntis), a. [L. bis twice -f
m«««.s' lianJ.] (Zool.) Having two hands ; two-handed.
Bi-mar'gin-ate (bt-miir'jTn-at), a. [Pref. bi- + mar-
ginaie.'] Having a double margin, as certain shells.
Bi-mas'tism (bt-mSs'tiz'm), n. [Pref. bi- + Gr.
fxaoTos breast.] {Anal.) The condition of having two
mammae or teats.
Bi-me'di-al (bt-me'dT-ol), a. [Pref. bi- + medial.]
{Geom.) Applied to a line which is the sum of two lines
commensurable only in power (as the side and diagonal
of a square).
Bi-mem'bral (bt-mem'brol), a. [L. bis twice -f mem-
brum member.] {Gram.) Having two members; as, a
bimembral sentence. J. W. Gibhs.
Bi-men'sal (bt-men'snl), a. [Pref. bi- -j- mensal.J
See Bimonthly, a. [Obs. or J?.]
Bi-mes'tri-al (bi-mes'tvT-ol), a. [L. bimestris ; bis
twice -j- me/isis month.] Continuing two months. [-R.]
Bi'me-tal'llC (bt'me-tal'llk), o. [Pref. bi- -f metallic:
cf. F. bimelalli'jiie.l Of or relating to, or using, a double
metallic standard (as gold and silver) for a system of
coins or currency.
Bl-met'al-lism (bt-m5t'ol-lTz'm), n. [F. bimetal-
lisme.'] The legalized use of two metals (as gold and
silver) m the currency of a country, at a fixed relative
value ; — in opposition to monometallism.
'^W^ The words biinelalUsme and monomelallisme are
due to M. Cernuschi [18B9]. littre.
Bi-met'al-list (-list), n. An advocate of bimetallism.
Bi-month'ly (bt-mttntli'ly), a. [Pref. bi- -f- monthly.']
Occurring, done, or coming, once in two months ; as, bi-
monthly visits ; bimonthly publications. ^ n. A bimonth-
ly publication.
Bi-month'ly, adv. Once in two months.
Bi-mU3'CU-lar (bt-mtis'kii-ler), a. [Pref. bi- + mus-
cular.] {Zool.) Having two adductor muscles, as a bi-
valve mollusk.
Bin (bin), n. [OE. binne, AS. binn manger, crib ; perh.
akin to D. ben, benne, basket, and to L. benna a kind of
carriage (a Gallic word), W. benn, inen, wain, cart.] A
box, frame, crib, or inclosed place, used as a receptacle
for any commodity ; as, a corn bin ; a wine bin ; a coal bin.
Bin, V. t. \_imp. &p. p. Binned (bind) ; p. pr. & vb.
n. Binning.] To put into a bin ; as, to bin wine.
Bin. An old form of Be and Been. [Obs.]
Bin-. A euphonic form of the prefix Bi-.
Bl'nal (bi'nal), a. [See Binary.] Twofold ; double.
[JJ.] " £in«Z revenge, all tills." Ford.
Bln'ar-se'nl-ate (bTn'ar-se'nT-at or bi'nar-), n. [Pref.
bin--\- arseniate.] {Chem.) Asalt having two equivalents
of arsenic acid to one of the base. Graham.
Bl'na-ry (bi'na-ry), a. [L. binarius, fr. bi}ii two by
two, two at a time, fr. root of bis twice ; akin to E. two :
cf. F. binaire.] Compounded or consisting of two things
or parts ; characterized by two (things).
Binary arithmetic, that in which numbers are expressed
according to the binary scale, or in which two figures
only, 0 and 1, are used, in Ueu of ten; the cipher multi-
plying everything by two, as in common arithmetic by
ten. Thus, 1 is one ; 10 is two ; 11 is three ; 100 is four, etc.
Da vies cf" Peck. — Binary compound {Chem.), a compomid
of two elements, or of an element and a compound per-
forming the function of an element, or of two compounds
performuig the function of elements. — Binary logarithms,
a system of logarithms devised by Euler for facilitating
musical calculations, in which 1 is the logaritlim of 2, in-
stead of 10, as in the common logarithms, and the modu-
lus 1.41269.5 instead of .13429148. — Binary measure (Mus.),
measure divisible by two or four ; common time. — Binary
nomenclature iNat. Hist.), nomenclature in which the
names designate both genus and species. — Binary scale
(.■irilh.), a imiform scale of notation whose ratio is two. —
Binary star (.Istron.), a double star whose members have
a revolution round their common center of gravity. — Bi-
nary theory (Chem.), the theory that all chemical com-
pounds consist of two constituents of opposite and unlike
qualities.
Bl'na-ry, n. That which is constituted of two figures,
things, or parts ; two ; duality. Fotherby.
Bi'nate (bi'nat), a. [L. bini two and two.] {Bot.)
Double ; growing in pairs or couples. Gray.
Bin-au'ral (bin-a'rfa or bi-na'rol), a. [Pref. bin- +
aural.] Of or pertaining to, or used by, both ears.
Bind (bind), v. t. [imp. Bound (bound) ; p.p. Bound,
formerly Bounden (bound"n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Binding.]
[AS. bindan, perfect tense band, bundon, p. p. bmiden ;
akin to D. & G. binden, Dan. binde, Sw. & Icel. binda,
Goth, bindan, Skr. bandh (for bkandh) to bind, cf. Gr.
nela-fi-a (for irevSiia) cable, and L. offendix. V90.] 1. To
tie, or confine with a cord, band, hgature, chain, etc. ;
to fetter ; to make fast ; as, to bind grain in bundles ; to
bind a prisoner.
2. To confine, restrain, or hold by physical force or In-
fluence of any kind ; as, attraction binds the planets to
the sun ; frost binds the earth, or the streams.
He hiiidetlt the floods from overflowing. Job xxviii. 11.
Whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years. Luke xiii. 16.
3. To cover, as with a bandage ; to bandage or dress ;
— sometimes with tip ; as, to bind up a wound.
4. To make fast (a thing) about or upoyi something, as
by tying ; to encircle with something ; as, to bind a belt
about one ; to bind a compress upon a part.
5. To prevent or restrain from customary or natural
action ; as, certain drugs bi7id the bowels.
6. To protect or strengthen by a band or binding, as
the edge of a carpet or garment.
7. To sew or fasten together, and inclose in a cover ;
as, to bind a book.
8. Fig. : To obUge, restrain, or hold, by authority, law,
duty, promise, vow, affection, or other moral tie ; as, to
bind the conscience ; to bind by kindness; bound by af-
fection ; commerce binds nations to each other.
Who made our laws to bind us, not himself. Jlilton.
9. {Law) {a) To bring (any one) imder definite legal
obligations ; esp. under the obligation of a bond or cove-
nant. Abbott, {b) To place under legal obligation to
serve ; to indenture ; as, to bind an apprentice ; — some-
times with out; as, bound out to service.
To bind over, to put under bonds to do something, as to
appear at court, to keep the peace, etc. — To bind to, to
contract ; as, to bind one's self to a wile. — To bind up in,
to cause to be wholly engrossed with ; to absorb in.
Syn. — To fetter ; tie ; fasten ; restrain ; restrict ; oblige.
Bind (bind), V. i. 1. To tie ; to confine by any ligature.
They that reap must sheaf and bind. Sliak.
2. To contract ; to grow hard or stiff ; to cohere or stick
together in a mass ; as, clay binds by heat. Mortimer.
3. To be restrained from motion, or from customary or
natural action, as by friction.
4. To exert a binding or restraining influence. Locke.
Bind, n. 1. That wliicli bmds or ties.
2. Ajiy twining or climbing plant or stem, esp. a hop
vine ; a bine.
3. {Metal.) Indurated clay, when much mixed with
the oxide of iron. Kirwan.
4. {Mus.) A ligature or tie for grouping notes.
Bind'er (-er), n. 1. One who binds ; as, a binder of
sheaves ; one whos6 trade is to bind ; as, abinderoi books.
2. Anythmg that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, or
band ; a bandage ; — esp. the principal piece of timber
intended to bind together any building.
Bind'er-y (-er-y), n. A place where books, or other
articles, are bound ; a bookbinder's establishment.
Bind'heim-ite (bTnd'him-ite), n. [From Bindheim,
a German who analyzed it.] {Min.) An amorphous anti-
monate of lead, produced from the alteration of other
ores, as from jamesonite.
Bind'ing (bind'Tng), a. That binds ; obligatory.
Binding beam {Arch.), the main timber in double floor-
ing. — Binding Joist (Arch.), the secondary timber in
double-framed flooring.
Syn. — Obligatory ; restraining ; restrictive ; stringent ;
astringent ; costive ; styptic.
Bind'ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or
that which, binds.
2. Anything that binds ; a bandage ; the cover of a
book, or the cover with the sewing, etc. ; something that
secures the edge of cloth from raveling.
3. pi. {Naut.) The transoms, knees, beams, keel-
son, and other chief timbers used for connecting and
strengthening the parts of a vessel.
Bind'ing-ly, adv. So as to bind.
Bind'lng-ness, n. The condition or property of being
binding ; obligatory quality. Coleridge.
Bind'weed' (-wed'), n. {Bot.) A plant of the genus
Convolvulus; as, greater bindweed {C. Sepium); lesser
bindweed {C. arvensis) ; the white, the blue, the Syrian,
bindweed. The black bryony, or Tamus, is called black
bindweed, and the Smilax aspera, rough bindweed.
The fragile bindweed bells and bryony rings. Tennyson.
Bine (bin), n. [Bind, cf . ■Woodbine.] The winding or
twining stem of a hop vine or other climbing plant.
Bl-nerv'ate (bt-nerv'tt), a. [L. bis twice -f- nervus
sinew, nerve.] 1. {Bot.) Two-nerved ; — applied-*)}
leaves which have two longitudinal ribs or nerves.
2. {Zo'ol.) Having only two nerves, as the wings of
some insects.
Bing (bing), n. [Cf. Icel. bingr, Sw. binge, G. beige,
beuge. Cf. Prov. E. bink bench, and bench coal the up-
permost stratum of coal.] A heap or pile ; as, a bing of
wood. "Potato bings." Burns. "A bing of com."
Surrey. [Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Scot.]
Bin-i'0-dide (bin-i'6-dTd), n. Same as DnoDiDE.
Bink (bink), n. A bench. [A^orth of Eng. & Scot.]
Bln'na-cle (bin'na-k'l), n. [For bittacle, corrupted
(perh. by influence of bin) fr. Pg. bita-
cola biimacle, fr. L. habitaculum dwell-
ing place, fr. hahitare to dwell. See
Habit, and cf. Bittacle.] {Naut.) A
case or box placed near the helmsman,
containing the compass of a ship, and a
light to show it at night. Totten.
Bin'ny (-ny), n. {Zool.) A large
species of barbel {Barbus bynni), found
in the Nile, and much esteemed for food.
Bln'O-cle (bin'o-k'l), re. [F. binocle ;
L. bini two at a^ time -f- oculus eye.]
{Opt.) A dioptric 'telescope, fitted with
two tubes joining, so as to enable a per-
son to view an object with both eyes at
once ; a double-barreled field glass or an Binnacle,
opera glass.
Bin-OC'U-lar (bTn-Sk'iS-ler or bi-nSk'-), a. [Cf. F.
binoculaire. See Binocle.] 1. Having two eyes. " Most
animals are binocular." Berham,
2. Pertaining to both eyes ; employing both eyes at
once ; as, binocular vision.
3. Adapted to the use of both eyes; as, a, binocular
microscope or telescope. Brewster.
Bin-OC'U-lar (bln-ok'iS-ler or bt-nok'-), n. A binocu-
lar glass, whether opera glass, telescope, or microscope.
Bln-OC'U-lar-ly, adv. In a binocular manner.
Bin-OC'u-late (-lat), a. Having two eyes.
Bi-no'ml-al (bt-no'mT-«l), n. [L. bis twice -j- nomen
name : cf . F. binome, LL. binomius (or fr. bi- + Gr. >/ojinj
distribution?). Cf. Monomial.] {Alg.) An expression
consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus (-(-)
or minus'( — ) ; as, a + i, or 7 — 3.
Bi-no'ml-al, a. 1. Consisting of two terms ; per-
taining to binomials ; as, a binomiid root.
2. {Nat. Hist.) Having two names ; — used of the sys-
tem by which every animal and plant receives two names,
the one indicating the genus, the other the species, to
which it belongs.
Binomial theorem (Alg.), the theorem which expresseft
the law of formation of any power of a bmomial.
Bl-nom'i-nal (bt-nom'i-nal), a. [See Binomial.] Of
or pertaining to two names ; binomial.
Bi-nom'1-nous (bt-nSm'i-nus), a. Binominal. [OJi.]
Bi-not'0-nous (bi-not'6-nus), a. [L. bini two at a time
+ tonus, fr. Gr. tovos, tone.] Consisting of two notes;
as, a binotonous cry.
Bl'nous (bi'nus), a. Same as BiNAlE.
Bin-OX'a-late (bTn-oks'a-lSt or bi-n5ks'-), n. [Pref.
bin- -[- oxalate.] {Chem.) A salt having two equivalents
of oxalic acid to one of the base ; an acid oxalate.
Bin-os'tde (-Td), n. [Pref. bin- + oxide.] {Chem.)
Same as Dioxide.
II Bin'tU-rong(bin'tii-r5ng),n. {Zool.) AsmallAsiatio
civet of the genus Arctitis.
Bi-nn'cle-ar (bt-nu'kle-er), ) a. [Pref. bi- -\- nuclear,
Bl-nu'ole-ate (bi-nu'kle-St), ( nucleate.] {Biol.) Hav-
ing two nuclei ; as, binvclcale cells.
Bl-nu'cle-0-late (-o-lfit), a. [Pref. bi- -\- nucleolus.]
{Biol. ) Having two nucleoli.
Bi'o-blast (bi'o-biast), n. [Gr. ^los life -|- -blast.'i
{Biol.) Same as Bioplast.
Bi-OC'el-late (bt-Ss'Sl-lat), a. [L. bis twice -|- ocella^
tus. See Ocellated.] {Zo'ol.) Having two ocelli (eye-
like spots) ; — said of a wing, etc.
Bl'o-ohem'is-try (bi'o-kem'is-try), re. [Gr. ^t'os life
-j- E. chemistry.] (Biol.) The chemistry of living organ-
isms ; tlie chemistry of the processes incidental to, and
characteristic of, life.
Bi'o-dy-nam'los (-dt-nam'Tks), n. [Gr. ^lot life + E.
dynamics.] {Biol.) The doctrine of vital forces or energy.
Bi'o-gen (bi'S-jSn), n. [Gr. /Si'os life -f -gen.] {Biol.)
Bioplasm.
Bi'o-gen'e-Sis (-j5n'e-sTs), ) n. [Gr. ^105 life -j- yeVt-
Bi-Og'e-ny (bt-Sj'e-ny), ) tri?,yeV05, birth.] (5io/.)
(a) The doctrine that the genesis or production of living
organisms can take place only through the agency of liv-
ing germs or parents ; — opposed to abiogenesis. (b) Life
development generally.
Bi'o-ge-net'lc (bi'o-je-nSt'itk), a. {Biol.) Pertaining
to biogenesis.
Bi-og'e-nist (bt-oj'e-ntst), n. A believer in the theory
of biogenesis.
II Bi'Og-no'sis (bi'Sg-no'sTs), re. [Gr. j3io9 life + yvSxni
investigation.] {Biol.) The investigation of life.
Bl-Og'ra-pher (bt-og'ra-fer), re. One who writes an
account or history of the life of a particular person ; a
writer of lives, as Plutarch.
Bi'o-graph'io (bi'o-grSf'Tk), ) a. Of or pertaining to
Bi'o-graph'ic-al (-T-kol), ( biography ; containing
biography. — Bi'o-graph'lC-al-ly, adv.
Bl-Og'ra-phlze (bi-6g'ra-fiz), v. t. To write a history
of the life of. Southey.
Bi-og^ra-phy (-fy ), n. ; pi. Biographies (-fiz). [Gr.
^Loypai^ia ; 3i'os life -f- ypa^mv to write ; cf. F. biographic.
See Graphic] 1. The written history of a person's life.
2. Biographical writings in general.
Bi'o-log'lc (bI'o-15j'Ik), ) a. Of or relating to biology.
Bi'o-log'lc-al (-i-kal), ) — Bl'o-log'lc-al-ly, adv.
Bl-ol'O-glst (bt-51'o-jTst), re. A student of biology ;
jOne versed in the science of biology.
Bl-Ol'O-gy (-jy), re. [Gr. /Si'o; life-f -logy: et. F. bio-
logic.] The science of life ; that branch of knowledge
which treats of living matter as distinct from matter
which is not living ; the study of living tissue. It has
to do with the origin, structure, development, function,
and distribution of animals and plants.
II Bi-Ol'y-sis (-t-sTs), n. [Gr. /Si'os life -|- Atio-is a dis-
solving.] {Biol.) The destruction of life.
Bi'O-lyt'ic (bi'S-lTt'Tk), a. [Gr. ^tos life -|- Auew t»
destroy.] Relating to the destruction of life.
Bi'O-mag-net'lC (-mag-nSt'Ik), a. Relating to bio-
magnetism.
Bi'o-mag'net-ism (-mSg'net-Tz'm), n. [Gr. jSt'os life
-j-E. magnetism.] Animal magnetism.
Bl-om'e-try (bi-5m'e-try ), n. [Gr. jSi'os life -j- -metry.']
Measurement of life ; calculation of the probable dura-
tion of human life.
Bi'on (Won), re. [Gr. jSiux living, p. pr. of Plovv to
live.] {Biol.) The physiological individual, characterized
by definiteness and independence of function, in distinc-
tion from the morphological individual or morphon.
Bl-on'O-my (bt-on'o-my), re. [Gr. ^I'os life + vo^os
law.] Physiology. [7?.] Dunglison.
Bi'O-phor' ) (bi'o-for'), re. [Gr. /3io9 life + <|)6poff
Bi'O-phore' ( bearing, fr. (jyepcLv to bear.] {Biol.)
One of the smaller vital units of a cell, the bearer of
vitality and heredity.
Bi'0-plasm (bi'o-pl3z'm)'; re. [Gr. ^I'os lif e -f- irAaajia
form, mold, fr. TrKda-treiv to mold.] {Biol.) A name .sug-
gested by Dr. Beale for the germinal matter supposed to
ale, senate, care, am, axm, ask, finol, gll ; eve, event, end, fern, recent; Ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, odd;
BIOPLASMIC
147
BIRD'S NEST
be essential to the functions of all living beings ; the ma-
terial through which every form of life manifests itself ;
unaltered protoplasm.
Bi'O-plas'mlc (bl'o-plSz'mlk), a. Pertaining to, or
consisting of, bioplasm.
Bl'O-plast (-plSst), n. [Gr. ^I'os lite -f jrAdo-<reii' to
form.] (Biol.) A tiny mass of bioplasm, in itself a liv-
ing unit and having formative power, as a living wliite
blood corpuscle ; bioblast.
Bl'o-plas'tlc (bi'6-plSs'tik), a. {Biol.) Bioplasmic.
Bl-or'gan (bt-Sr'gon), n. [Gr. ^I'os life -|- E. orgaji.']
{Biol.) A physiological organ ; a living organ ; an organ
endowed with function ; — distinguished from idorgan.
Bl'0-Stat'ics (bi'6-stSt'iks), n. [Gr. |3cos life -f- a-ra-
TiKTj. See Statics.] {Biol.) The physical phenomena of
organized bodies, in opposition to their organic or vital
phenomena.
Bl'0-sta-tis'tlcs (-sta-tTs'tTks), n. [Gr. jSi'os life -|- B.
statistics.^ {Biol.) Vital statistics.
Bl'O-taX'y (bi'o-taks'y), re. [Gr. jSi'os life -f- Td|is ar-
rangement.] {Biol.) The classification of living organ-
isms according to their structural character ; taxonomy.
Bi-Ot'lc (bi-ot'jk), a. [Gr. ^iutikos pert, to life.]
(Biol.) Relating to life ; as, the bio/ic principle.
Bl'0-tlte (bi'6-tit), re. [From Biot, a French natural-
ist.] {Min.) Mica containing iron and magnesia, gener-
ally of a black or dark green color ; — a common constit-
uent of crystalline rocks. See Mica.
Bl-pal'mate (bt-pal'mSt), a. [Pref. bi- -{- palmate.']
{Bot.) Palmately branched, with the branches again pal-
mated.
Bl'pa-rl'e-tal (bi'pa-rl'e-tnl), a. [Pref. bi- -\- parietal .'j
(Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium,
from one parietal fossa to the other.
Bip'a-rous (blp'a-rSs ; 277), a. [L. bis twice -\-parere
to bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth.
Bl-part'1-We (bt-part'T-b'l), a. [Cf . F. biportible. See
BiPAKTiTE.] Capable of being divided into two parts.
Bl-par'tient (bt-par'shent), a. [L. bis twice -f- ^or-
tiens, p. pr. of partire to divide.] Dividing into two
parts, ^n. A number that divides another into two
equal parts without a remainder.
Bi-par'tile (bt-par'tTl), a. Divisible into two parts.
Blp'ar-tite (btp'ar-tit or bi-par'tit ; 277), a. [L. bipar-
titus, p. p. of bipartire; bis twice + partire. See Par-
tite.] i. Being in two parts; having two correspondent
parts, as a legal contract or writing, one for each party ;
shared by two ; as, a bipartite treaty.
2. Divided into two parts almost to the base, as a leaf ;
consisting of two parts or subdivisions. Gray.
Bi'par-ti'tion (bi'par-tish'un), n. Tlie act of dividing
into two parts, or of making two correspondent parts, or
the state of being so divided.
Bl-pec'tl-nate (bt-pSk'tl-nat), ) a. [Pref. bi- -\-pecti-
Bl-pec'ti-na'ted (-na'tSd), ] nate.'] {Biol.) Hav-
ing two margins toothed like a comb.
Bl'ped (bi'pSd), re. [L. bipes ; bis twice -\-pes, pedis,
foot : cf. F. bipede.'} A two-footed animal, as man.
Bl'ped, a. Having two feet ; two-footed.
By which the man, when heavenly life was ceased,
Beoame a helpless, naked, biped beast. Byrom.
Blp'e-dal (bip'e-dal or bi'pe-dal ; 277), a. [L. bipe-
dalis: cf. F. bipedal. See Biped,
».] 1. Having two feet ; biped.
2. Pertaining to a biped.
Bl-pel'tate (bt-pgl'tat), a. [Pref.
bi- -\- peltate.'] Having a shell or cov-
ering like a double shield.
Bi-pen'nate (bt-pen'nfit), ) a. [Pref.
Bl-pen'na-ted (-na-tSd), J bi- +
pennate: cf. L. bipennis. Cf. Bi-
PINNATE.] Having two wings. " Bi-
pennated insects." Derhain.
II Bl-pen'niS (-nis), n. [L.] An ax
with an edge or blade on each side of
the handle.
Bl-pet'al-OUS (bt-pgt'al-iis), a. Bipinnaria of Star-
[Pref. bi- +petalous.] {Bot.) Having f^'ea™ ^ Anteri";
two petals. dorsal lobes) d
II Bl'pin-na'n-a (bi'pm-na'n-a), re. Dorsal lateral
[NL.,fr.L.6f«twice-(-pi«reafeather.] arms; n Lateral
{Zool.) The larva of certain starfishes 5™^ ' o Esopha-
^ , '' , J ■ AT. j: ; • gus ; s Stomach :
as developed in the free-swimming wwiu Water tubes,
stage.
Bl-pln'nate (bt-pm'nat), ) a. [Pref. bi- -f pinnate ; cf.
Bl-pin'na-ted (-nS-ted), ) F. bipinne.
Cf . BiPENNATE.] Twice pinnate.
Bi'pin-nat'1-fld (bi'pTn-nat'i-fid),
a. [Pxei. bi- -\- pinnatifid.] {Bot.)
Doubly piimatifid.
A bipinnatifid leaf is a pinnatifid
leaf having its segments or divisions
also pinnatifid. The primary divisions
are pinnx and the secondary pin-
nules.
Blp'll-cate (bipat-kat or bi'pli-
kat ; 277), a. [Pref. bi- -\- plicate.] Bipinnate Leaf of 8
Twice folded together. Henslow. pinnce and many
Bl-pUc'i-ty (bt-plTs'i-ty), n. The pinnules,
state of being twice folded ; reduplication. [iJ.1 Bailey.
Bl-po'lar (bt-poler), a. i^xet. bi- + polar. Cf. Di-
POLAK.] Doubly polar;
having two poles ; as, a
bipolar cell or corpuscle.
Bi'po-lar'i-ty (bi'pS-
15r'T-ty), n. Bipolar
quality.
Bipolar Ganglion Cell
(magnified).
Bl'pont (bi'pSnt), Bl-pont'lne (bt-pSnt'in), a. {Bib-
Hog.) Relating to books printed at Deuxponts, or Bi-
pontium (Zweibriicken), in Bavaria.
Bl-punc'tate (bt-punk'tSt), a. [Pref. bi- -f- punctate.]
Having two punctures, or spots.
Bl-ponc'tU-al (-t\5-ol ; 135), a. Having two points.
Bl-pu'pll-late (bi-pu'pTl-lat), a. [Pref. bi- -\- pupil
(of the eye).] {Zool.) Having an eyelike spot on the
wing, with two dots within it of a different color, as in
some butterflies.
Bi'py-ram'i-dal (bi'pT-rSm'I-dffl), a. [Pref. bi- -\-
pyramidal.] Consisting of two pyramids placed base to
base ; having a pyramid at each of the extremities of a
prism, as in quartz crystals.
Bl-quad'rate (bt-kwSd'rit), re. [Pref. bi- + quadrate.]
{3Iat/i-]i The fourth power, or the square of the square.
Thus 4 X 4 = 16, the square of 4, and IG X 16 = 256,
the biquadrale of 4.
Bl'quad-rat'ic (bi'kw5d-rat'Ik), a. [Pref. bi- -f- quad-
ratic : cf . F. biquadratique.] {3Iath.) Of or pertaining
to the biquadrate, or fourth power.
Biquadratic equation (A/(i,), an equation of the fourth
degree, or an equation in some term of which the un-
known quantit>' is raised to the fourth power. ~ Biquad-
ratic root of a number, the square root of the square root
of that number. Thus the square root of 81 is 9, and the
square root of 9 is 3, which is the biquadratic root of 81.
Hultoii.
Bl'quad-rat'lc, re. {Math.) {a) A biquadrate. (6) A
biquadratic equation.
Bi-quln'tUe (bt-kwln'ttl), re. [Pref. bi- -f- quintile :
cf. F. biquintUe.] {Astron.) An aspect of the planets
when they are distant from each other by twice the fifth
part of a great circle — that is, twice 72 degrees.
Bl-ra'di-ate (bt-ra'dT-at), ) a. [Pref. bi- -f- radiate.]
Bl-ra'dl-a'ted (-a'tgd), ) Having two rays ; as, a
biradiale fin.
Bi-ra'mous (bi-ra'mils), a. [Pref. bi- -f ramous.]
{Biol.) Having, or consisting of, two branches.
Birch (berch), n. ; pi. Birches (-Sz). [OE. birche,
birk, AS. birce, beorc ; akin to Icel. bjork, Sw. bfork,
Dan. birk, D. berk, OHG. piricha, MHG. birche, Urke,
6. birke, Russ. bereza, Pol. brzoza, Serv. breza, Skr.
bhUrja. V254. Cf. 1st Birk.] 1. A tree of several
species, constituting the genus Betula ; as, the white or
common birch {B. alba) (also called silver birch and lady
birch) ; the dwarf birch {B. glandulosa) ; the paper or
canoe birch {B. papyracea) ; the yellow birch {B. lutea) ;
the black or cherry birch {B. tenia).
2. Tlie wood or timber of the birch.
3. A birch twig or birch twigs, used for flogging.
t^^ The twigs of the common European birch (B. alba),
being tough and slender, were formerly much used for
rods in schools. They were also made into brooms.
The threatening twigs of birc/i. Shak.
4. A birch-bark canoe.
Birch of Jamaica, a species (Bursera giimmifera) of
turpentine tree. — Birch partridge. {Zodl.\ See Rtjfped
GROUSE. — Birch wins, wine made of the spring sap of the
birch. — Oil of birch, (a) An oil obtained from the bark
of the common European birch {Betula alba), and used in
the preparation of genuine (and sometimes of the imita-
tion) Russia leather, to which it gives its peculiar odor.
(b) An oil prepared from the black birch (B. lenta), said to
be identical with the oil of wintergreen, for which it is
largely sold.
Birch, a. Of or pertaining to the birch ; birchen.
Birch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Birched (bercht) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bibching.] To whip with a birch rod or twig ;
to flog.
Biroh'en (berch"n), a. Of or relating to birch.
He passed where Newark's stately tower
Looks out from Yarrow's birchen bower. Sir W. Scott.
Bird (herd), re. [OE. brid, bred, bird, young bird,
bird, AS. intifi young bird. V92.] 1. Orig. , a cMcken ;
the young of a fowl ; a young eaglet ; a nestling ; and
hence, a feathered flying animal (see 2).
That ungentle gull, the cuckoo's bird. Shak.
The brydds [birds] of the aier have nestes.
Tyndale {Matt. viii. 20).
a Forehead; b Crown or Vertex ;
c Occiput ; d Auriculars (the line
crosses the nape); e Cervix or Hind
neck ; /Tertiaries ; g Secondaries;
h Primaries ; i Under tail coverts;
k Tail ; I Outer or Fourth toe ; m
Inner or Second toe ; n Tarsus ;
o Tibia ; j) Abdomen or Belly ;
r Greaterwing
coverts ; 5 Me-
dia n coverts
(the hne cross-
es the breast
or pectoral re-
gion) ; t Lesser
coverts; «
Bastard wing
or Alula ; v
Jugular region
or the Lower
throat ; w Gu- /^
lar region or
Throat; x Nos-
'"!• Bird (External Parts).
2. {Zool.) A warm-blooded, feathered vertebrate pro-
vided mth wings. See AvES.
3. Specifically, among sportsmen, a game bird.
4. Fig. : A girl ; a maiden.
And by my word ! the bonny bird
In danger shall not tarry. Campbell.
Arabian bird, the
phenix. — Bird of
Jove, the eagle. —
Bird of B
Juno, the "^ f.
peacock. •'
r^ n 'J o Bird Louse ofTluck (Pliilopterus sqvnli
(ZoV),! ''"">• """='^ enlarged,
wingless insect of the group Mallophaga, of
which the genera and species are very numer-
ous and mostly parasitic upon birds. — Bird
mite i Zool.). a small mite (geneva, Derniaii;/.^-
siis, Uermaleichiis and allies) parasitic upon
birds. The species are numerous. — Bird of
passage, a migratory bird. — Bird spider ( Zo-
ol.), a veiy large South Americim spider
{Ml/pale avicularia). It is said sometimes to capture and
kill small birds. —Bird tick ( if oo/.), a dipterous insect par-
asitic upon birds (genus Ornithoimjia, and allies),usually
winged.
Bird (herd), v. i.
catch or shoot birds.
2. Hence : To seek for
game or plunder ; to
thieve. [iJ.] B. Jonson.
Blrd'l)olt'^(-bolt'), re. A
short blunt arrow for killing
birds without piercing
them. Hence : Anything
Ttrntl'n!'"'*^^ without pen- Bird Tick of the Owl' (//0*o
etratmg. Shak. boscububonis). x2
Bird' cage', or Blrd'-
cage' (-kaj'), re. A cage lor confining birds.
Blrd'caU' (-kal'), re. 1. A sound made in imitation
of the note or cry of a bird for the purpose of decoying
the bird or its mate.
2. An instrimient of any kind, as a whistle, used in
making the sound of a birdcall.
Bird'catch'er (-kach'er ; 224), re. One whose employ-
ment it is to catch birds ; a fowler.
Bird'catch'lng, n. The art, act, or occupation of
catching birds or wild fowls.
Bird' Cher'ry (chSr'i-y). (Bot.) A shrub {Prunus
Padus) found in Northern and Central Europe. It bears
small black cherries.
Bird'er (-er), ». A birdcatcher.
Blrd'-eyed' (-id'), a. Quick-sighted ; catching a glance
as one goes.
Bird' fan'cl-er (fSu'sT-er). 1. One who takes pleas-
ure in rearing or collecting rare or curious birds.
2. One who has for sale the various kinds of birds
which are kept in cages.
Blrd'ie (berd'y), n. A pretty or dear little bird ; — a
pet name. Tennyson.
Bird'1-kln (-i-kTn), n. A young bird. Thackeray.
Bird'lng, n. Birdcatching or fowling. Shak.
Blrding piece, a fowling piece. Shak.
Blrdlet, n. A little bird ; a nestling.
Bird'like' (-lik'), a. Resembling a bird.
Bird'lime' (-llm'), n. [Bird -J- lime viscous sub-
stance.] An extremely adhesive viscid substance, usually
made of the middle bark of the holly, by boiling, fer-
menting, and cleansing it. When a twig is smeared with
this substance it will hold small birds which may light
upon it. Hence : Anything which insnares.
Not birdlime or Idean pitch produce
A more tenacious mass of c!ummy juice. Dryden.
^S^ Birdlime is also made from mistletoe, elder, etc.
Bird'lime', v. t. To smear with birdlime ; to catch
with birdlime ; to insnare.
When the heart is thus birdlimed, then it cleaves to every
thing it meets with. Qoodwin.
Blrdllng, re. A little bird ; a nestling.
Blrd'man (-man), re. A fowler or birdcatcher.
Bird' of par'a-dise (ov par'a-dls). {Zool.) The name
of several very beautiful birds
of the genus Paradisea and al-
lied genera, inhabiting New
Guinea and the adjacent islands.
The males have brilliant colors,
elegant plumes, and often re-
markable tail feathers.
(8^°° The Great emerald (Paror
disea apoda) and the Lesser em-
erald (P. minor) furnish many o£
the plumes used as ornaments by
ladies ; the Red is P. rubra or
sanguinea; the 6olden\s,Parotia
aurea or sexsetacea ; the King is
Cincinnurus regius. t
The name is also applied to the <
longer-billed birds of another re- _. „. , „ v, , .
lated SIOU.P {Epimachinx) from ^}?.^„^"l2,l^,f^f;^^^
the same region. The Twelve- (.dncmnums regms).
wired (Selencides alba) is one of these. See Pabadisb
BIBD, and Note under Apod.
Bird' pep'per (pep'per). A species of capsicum {Cap-
sicum baccaium), whose small, conical, coral-red fruit is
among the most piquant of all red peppers.
Bird's'-beak' (berdz'bek'), n. (Arch.) A molding
whose section is thought to resemble a beak.
Bird'seed' (berd'sed'), n. Canary seed, hemp, millet,
or other small seeds used for feeding caged birds.
Blrd'S'-eye' (berdz'i'), a. 1. Seen from above, as if by
a flying bird ; embraced at a glance ; hence, general ;
not minute, or entering into details ; as, a bird's-eye view.
2. Marked with spots resembling bird's eyes; as,
bird's-eye diaper ; bird's-eye maple.
Bird's'-eye', re. (Bot.) A plant with a small bright
fiower, as the Adonis or pheasant's eye, the mealy prim-
rose (Primula Jarinosa), and species of Veronica, Gera-
nium, etc.
Bird's'-eye' Ka'ple (ma'p'l). See under Maple.
Blrd's'-Joot' (-foot'), n. (Bot.) A papilionaceous
plant, the Ornitliopus, having a curved, cylindrical pod
tipped with a short, clawlike point.
Bird's-foot trefoil. (Bof.) (a) A genus of plants (Lotus)
with clawlike pods. L. coi-niculatiis, with yellow flowers,
is very common in Great Britain, (b) The related plant,
Trigonella ornithopodioides, is also European.
Blrd's'-mouth' (-mouth'), n. (Arch.) An interior an-
gle or notch cut across a piece of timber, for the recep-
tion of the edge of anothei', as that in a rafter to be laid
on a plate ; — commonly called crow's-foot in the United
States.
Bird's' nest', or Bird's-nest (-nSsf), re. 1. The nest
in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young.
2. (Cookery) The nest of a small sw.allow (Collocalia
nidifica and several allied species), of China and the
neighboring countries, which is mixed with soups.
^W^ The nests are found in caverns and fissures of
H
K
ase, unite, r^de, full, up, firn ; pity; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing:, Ink; ttien, thin; bo^ ; zh = z in azure.
M
BIRD'S-NESTING
148
BISON
cliffs on rocky coasts, and are composed in part of algae.
They are of the size of a goose egg, and in substance re-
semble isinglass. See Ulust. under Edible.
3. {Sot.) An orchideous plant with matted roots, of
the genus Neottia (N. nidus-avis).
Bird'8-nest podding, a pudding containing apples whose
cores have been replaced by sugar. — Yellow bird's nest,
a plant, the Monotropa hypopitijs.
Bird's'-nest'ing (berdz'nest'ing), n. Hunting for,
or taking, birds' nests or their contents.
Bird's'-tongue' (-tiing')) n. {Bot.) The knotgrass
{Polygonum aviculare).
Bird'-wit'ted (berd'wif tSd), a. Flighty ; passing
rapidly from one subject to another ; not having the fac-
ulty of attention. Bacon.
Bl'rec-tan'gu-lar (Wrek-tan'gu-ler), a. [Pref. bi- +
rectangular.'] Containing or having two right angles ;
as, a birectangular spherical triangle.
Bi'reme (bi'rem), n. [L. biremis ; bis twice -\- remus
oar : cf . F. bireme.'] An ancient galley or vessel with
two banks or tiers of oars.
Bi-ret'ta (bl-ret'ta), n. Same as Bbkeetta.
Blr'gan-der (ber'gSn-der), n. See Beegandek.
Bilk (berk), n. [See BmcH, m.] A birch tree. \_Prov.
Eng.'] " The silver Wrf-. " Tennyson.
Birk, n. (Zo'dl.) A small European minnow {Leucis-
cus phoxinus).
Birk'en (berk"n), v. i. [From 1st Bibk.] To whip
with a birch or rod. [Ofe.]
Birk'en, a. Birchen ; as, birken groves. Burns.
Bir'kie (ber'kt), n. A lively or mettlesome fellow.
{Jocular, Scot.'] Burns.
Birl (berl), V. t. & i. To revolve or cause to revolve ;
to spm. lScot.2 Sir W. Scott.
Blrl (berl), V. t. & i. [AS. byrlian. y92.] To pour
(beer or wine) ; to ply with drink ; to drink; to carouse.
lObs. or Dial.] Skelton.
Blr1aw(ber'la),n. [See By-law.] (Law) A law made
by husbandmen respecting rural affairs ; a rustic or local
law or by-law. [Written also byrlaw, birlie, birley.]
Bi-ros'trate (bt-ros'trat), | a. [Pref. bi- + rostrate.]
Bi-ros'tra-ted (-tri-tSd), J Having a double beak, or
two processes resembling beaks.
The capsule is bilocular and hirostrated. Ed. Encyc.
Birr (ber), v. i. [imp. &p.p. Birred (berd); p. pr.
& vb. n. BiKRiNO.] [Cf . OE. bur, bir, wind, storm wind,
fr. Icel. byrr \vind. Perh. imitative.] To make, or move
with, a whirring noise, as of wheels m motion.
Birr, n. 1. A whirring sound, as of a spuming wheel.
2. A rush or impetus ; force.
Blr'niS (bir'riis), n. [LL., fr. L. birrus a kind of cloak.
See Bekretta.] A coarse kind of thick woolen cloth,
worn by the poor in the Middle Ages ; also, a woolen cap
or hood worn over the shoulders or over the head.
Birse (bers), 71. A bristle or bristles. [Scot.]
Blrt (bert), n. [OE. byrte ; cf. F. bertonneau. Cf.
Bret, Bukt.] {Zo'dl. ) A fish of the turbot kind ; the
brill. [Written also burt, bret, or brut.] [Prov. Eng.]
Birth (berth), n. [OE. burth, birth, AS. beorS, gebyrd,
fr. Veran to bear, bring forth ; akin to D. geboorte, OHG.
burt, giburt, G. geburt, Icel. burSr, Skr. bhrti bearing,
supporting ; cf. Ir. & Gael, beirthe bom, brought forth.
V92. See 1st Beab, and cf. Berth.] 1. The act or
fact of coming into life, or of being bom; — generally
appUed to human beings ; as, the birth of a son.
2. Lineage ; extraction; descent; sometimes, high
birth ; noble extraction.
Elected without reference to birth, but solely for qualifica-
tions. Frescott.
3. The condition to which a person is bom ; natural
state or position ; inherited disposition or tendency.
A foe by birth to Troy's unhappy name. Dryden.
4. The act of bringing forth ; as, she had two children
a.ta,birth. " At her next W7'tt." Milton.
5. That which is bom ; that which is produced, whether
animal or vegetable.
Poets are far rarer births than kings. B. Jonson.
Others hatch their eggs and tend the birth till it is able to
shift for itself. Addison.
6. Origin ; beginning ; as, the birth of an empire.
New birth (Tlieol.), regeneration, or the commencement
of a religious life.
Syn. — Parentage ; extraction; lineage; race; family.
Birth, n. See Beeth. [Obs.] De Foe.
Birth'day' (berth'da'), n. 1. The day in which any
person is born ; day of origin or commencement.
Tliose barbarous ages past, succeeded next
The birthday of invention. Cowper.
2. The day of the month in which a person was born.
In whatever succeeding year it may recur ; the anniver-
Bary of one's birth,
This is my birthday; as this very day
"Was Cassius bom.
Shak.
Birth'day, a. Of or pertaining to the day of birth,
or its armiversary ; as, birthday gifts or festivities.
Birth'dom (-diim), n. [_Birth -f -dom.] The land of
one's birth ; one's inheritance. [iJ.] Shak.
Birth'lng, n. {Naut.) Anything added to raise the
sides of a ship. / Bailey.
Birthless, a. Of mean extraction. [R.] Sir fV. Scott.
Birth'mark' (-mark'), n. Some peculiar mark or
blemish on the body at birth.
Most part of this noble lineage carried upon their body for a
natural birthmark, ... a snake. ^y y. ^orth.
Birth'night' (-nif), n. The night in which a person
is bom ; the anniversary of that night in succeeding years.
The angelic song in Bethlehem field.
On thy birthnight, that sung thee Savior bom. Milton.
Birtb'place' (-plas'), n. The town, city, or country,
where a person is bom ; place of origin or birth, in its
more general sense "The fizWApZaee of valor." Burns.
_ Birth'right' (-rlf), n. Any right, privilege, or posses-
sion to which a person is entitled by birth, such as an
estate descendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under
a free constitution ; esp. the rights or inheritance of the
first born.
Lest there be any . . . profane person, as Esau, who for one
morsel of meat sold his birthright. Heb. xii. 16.
Birth'root' (berth'roof), n. {Bot.) An herbaceous
plant {Trillium erectuni), and its astringent rootstock,
which is said to have medicinal properties.
Birth'WOrt' (-wflrf), n. A genus of herbs and shrubs
{Aristolochia), reputed to have medicinal properties.
Bis (bis), adv. [L. bis twice, for duis, fr. root of duo
two. See Two, and cf . Bi-.] Twice ; — a word showing
that something is, or is to be, repeated ; as a passage of
music, or an item in accounts.
Bis-, pref. A form of Bi-, sometimes used before s, c,
or a vowel.
Bi'sa an'te-lope (be'sa an'te-lop). {Zo'dl.) See Oeys.
Bi-sac'cate (bt-sak'kat), a. [Pref. bi- -\- saccate.]
{Bot. ) Having two little bags, sacs, or pouches.
Bis-cay'an (bis-ka'an), a. Of or pertaining to Bis-
cay in Spain. ^ n. A native or inhabitant of Biscay.
Bis'co-tin (bls'ko-tlu), n. [F. biscotin. See Biscuit.]
A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and eggs ;
a sweet biscuit.
Bis'cuit (bis'kit), n. [F. biscuit (cf. It. biscotto, Sp.
bizcocho, Pg. biscouto), fr. L. bis twice -{- cactus, p. p. of
coquere to cook, bake. See Cook, and cf. Bisque a kind
of porcelain.] 1. A kind of unraised bread, of many va-
rieties, plain, sweet, or fancy, formed into flat oikes, and
baked hard ; as, ship biscuit.
According to military practice, the bread or biscuit of the Ro-
mans was twice prepared in the oven. Gibbon.
2. A small loaf or cake of bread, raised and shortened,
or made light with soda or baking powder. Usually a num-
ber are baked in the same pan, foiining a sheet or card.
3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has undergone the
first baking, before it is subjected to the glazing.
4. {Sculp.) A species of white, unglazed porcelain, in
which vases, figures, and groups are formed in miniature.
Meat biscuit, an alimentary preparation consisting of
matters extracted from meat by boiling, or of meat
ground fine and combined with flour, so as to form bis-
cuits.
Bi-scn'tate (bt-sku'tat), a. [Pref. bi- + seutate.]
{Bot.) Resembling two bucklers placed side by side.
II Bise (bez), n. [F.] A cold north wind which pre-
vails on the northern coasts of the Mediterranean and in
Switzerland, etc. ; — nearly the same as the mistral.
Bise (bis), n. {Paint.) See Bice.
Bi-sect' (bt-sSkf), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bisected ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Bisecting.] [L. bis twice -f- secure, sectum,
to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts.
2. {Geom.) To divide into two equal parts.
Bi-sec'tlon (bt-sek'shiin), n. [Cf. F. bissection.] Di-
vision into two parts, esp. two equal parts.
Bi-sec'tor (-ter), n. One who, or that which, bisects ;
esp. {Geom.) a straight line which bisects an angle.
Bi-sec'trix (-triks), n. The line bisecting the angle
between the optic axes of a biaxial crystal.
Bi-seg'ment (bt-sgg'ment), n. [Pref. bU -f- segment.]
One of two equal parts of a line, or other magnitude.
Bi-sep'tate (bt-sep'tSt), a. [Pref. bi- + septate.] With
two partitions or septa. Gray.
Bi-se'ri-al (bt-se'rl-ol), ) a. [Pref. bi — f- serial, seri-
Bi-se'ri-ate (-se'rl-ttV j ate.] In two rows or series.
Bi-ser'rate (bt-ser'rat), a. [Pref. bi- -\- serrate.]
1. {Bot.) Doubly serrate, or having the serratures ser-
rate, as in some leaves.
2. {Zo'dl.) Serrate on both sides, as some antennae.
Bi-se'tose (bt-se'tos), ) a. [Pref. bi- -)- setose, setous.]
Bi-se'tOUS (bt-se'tiis), J Having two bristles.
Bi-sez'OOS (bt-seks'tis), a. [L. bis twice -j- sexus sex :
cf. F. bissexe.] Bisexual. [Obs."] Sir T. Browne.
Bi-sex'U-al (-sexs'iS-al ; 135), a. [Pref. bi- + sexual.]
{Biol.) Of both sexes; hermaphrodite; as a flower with
stamens and pistil, or an animal having ovaries and testes.
Bi-sex'U-OUS (-us), a. Bisexual.
Bi-seye' (be-sa'), p. p. of Besee. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Evil blseye, iU looking. [Obs.]
Bish (bish), n. Same as Bikh.
Bish'op (bish'iip), n. [OE. bischop, biseop, bisceop,
AS. bisceop, biseop, L. episcopus overseer, superintend-
ent, bishop, f r. Gr. eTrtV/coiro^ ; 67rt over -\- aKonoe inspect-
or, fr. root of aKowelv, trKeirrecTBaL, to look to, perh. akin
to L. specere to look at. See Spy, and cf. Episcopal.]
1. A spiritual overseer, superintendent, or director.
Ye were as sheep going astray ; but are now returned unto the
Shepherd and Bishop of your souls. 1 Fet. ii. 25.
It is a fact now generally reco^ized by theologians of all
shades of opinion, that in the language of "the New 'Testament
the same officer in the church is called indifferently *' bishop "
(eirt'tr/coTro?) and ** elder" or " presbyter." J. B. Lirjhtfoot.
2. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Anglican or
Protestant Episcopal churches, one ordained to the high-
est order of the ministry, superior to the priesthood, and
generally claiming to be a successor of the Apostles. The
bishop is usually the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese,
bishopric, or see.
Bishop in partibus [Infldelinm] {R. C. Oh.), a bishop of a
see which does not actually exist ; one who has the office
of bishop, without especial jurisdiction. Shipley. — Titu-
lar bishop {B. C. Ch.), a term officially substituted in 1882
for bishop in partibus. — Bench of Bishops. See under
Bench.
3. In the Methodist Episcopal and some other churches,
one of the highest church officers or superintendents.
4. A piece used in the game of chess, bearing a repre-
sentation of a bishop's miter ; — formerly called archer.
5 A beverage, being a mixture of wine, oranges or
lemons, and sugar. Swift.
6. An old name for a woman's bustle. [U. S.]
If, by her bishop, or her " grace " alone,
A genuine lady, or a church, is known. Saxe.
Bish'op, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BisHOPED (-upt) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. BisHOPiNG.] To admit into the church by con&r-
mation ; to confirm ; hence, to receive formally to favor,
Bish'op (bish'iip), V. t. [i7)ip. & p.p. Bishoped (-iSpt) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. BiSHOPiNG.] [From the name of the
scoundrel who first practiced it. Youatt.] {Far.) To
make seem younger, by operating on the teeth ; as, to
bishop an old horse or his teeth.
The plan adopted is to cut off: all the nippers with a saw to
the proper length, and tlien with a cutting instrument the oper-
ator scoops out an oval cavity in the corner nippers, which is
afterwards burnt with a hot iron until it is black. J. Ii. Walsh.
Bish'op-dom (-dtim), n. Jurisdiction of a bishop ;
episcopate. " 'D'lvine I'ight ot bishopdom." Milton.
Bish'op-like' (-lik'), a. Resembling a bishop ; be-
longing to a bishop. Fulke.
Bish'op-ly, a. Bishoplike ; episcopal. [Obs.]
Bish'op-ly, adv. In the manner of a bishop. [Obs.]
Bish'op-ric (-rTk), n. [AS. bisceoprice ; bisceop
bishop -j- »"fce dommion. See -Ric] 1. A diocese; the
district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends.
2. The office of a spiritual overseer, as of an apostle,
bishop, or presbj-ter. Acts i. 20.
Bish'op's cap' (bish'iips kap'). {Bot.) A plant of the
genus Milella ; miterwort. Longfellow.
Bish'op sleeve' (btsh'up slev'). A wide sleeve, once
worn by women.
Bish'op's length' (btsh'ups length'). A canvas for a
portrait measuring 58 by 9i inches. The half bishop
measures 45 by 56.
Bish'op-Stool' (-stool'), n. A bishop's seat or see.
Bish'op' S-weed' (-iSps-wed'), n. {Bot.) (a) An um-
belliferous plant of the genus Ammi. (J) Goutweed
{.3Sgopodium podagi-aria).
Bish'op's-wort' (bish'ups-wfirf), n. {Bot.) Wood
betony {Stachys betonica) ; also, the plant called fennel
flower ( Nigella Damascena), or devil-in-a-bueh.
Bis'ie (bizT), V. t. To busy ; to employ. [Ofts.]
Bi-sil'i-oate (bt-sTl'T-kit), n. {Min. Chem.) A salt
of metasilicic acid ; — so called because the ratio of the
oxygen of the silica to the oxygen of the base is as two
to one. The bisilicates include many of the most com-
mon and important minerals.
Bisk (bisk), n. [F. bisque.] Soup or broth made by
boiling several sorts of flesli together. King.
Bisk, n. [F. bisque.] {Te7mis) See Bisque.
Bi-smare' (bi-smSr'), Bi-smer' (-smer'), n. [AS. bi-
smer.] Shame; abuse. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Bis'mer (bTz'mer), n. 1. A rude steelyard. [Scot.]
2. {Zo'dl.) The fifteen-spined stickleback {Gasterosteus
spinachia).
II Bis-nUllah (bTs-mllla), interj. [Arabic, in the
name of God !] An adjuration or exclamation common
among the Mohammedans. [Written also Bizmillah.]
Bis'mite (bTz'mit), n. (Min.) Bismuth trioxide, or
bismuth ocher.
Bis'muth (btz'muth), n. [Ger. bismuth, wismuth : cf.
F. bismuth.] (Chem.) One of the elements; a metal of
a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons.
It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather britWe;
masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across.
It melts at 507° Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of
a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constit-
uent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic
weight 207.5. Symbol Bi.
(5^^ Chemically, bismuth (with arsenic and antimony)
is intermediate between the metals and nonmetals ; it is
used in thermo-electric piles, and as an alloy with lead
and tin in the fusible alloy or metal. Bismuth is the most
diamagnetic substance known.
Bismuth glance, bismuth sulphide ; bismuthinite. — Bia-
muth ocher, a native bismuth oxide ; bismite.
Bis'muth-al (biz'miith-al), a. Containing bismuth.
Bis'muth-ic (-Tk), a. {Chein.) Of or pertaining to
bismuth ; containing bismuth, when this element has its
higher valence ; as, bismuthic oxide.
Bis'muth-if'er-ous (-Tf'er-as), a. [Bismuth + -fer-
ous.'] Containing bismuth.
Bis'muth-ine (blz'miith-Tn), 1 n. Native bismuth
Bis'muth-in-ite (-miith-in-It), ) sulphide ; — some-
times called bismuthite.
Bis'muth-OUS (-iis), a. {Chem.) Of, or containing,
bismuth, when this element has its lower valence.
Bis'muth-yl' (-11'), n. {Chem.) [Bismuth + -yl.'\
A radical, BiO, regarded as existing in some of the basic
salts of bismuth.
Bis'mu-tite (-miS-tit), n. {Min.) Hydrous carbonate
of bismuth, an earthy mineral of a dull white or yellow-
ish color. [Written also bismuthite.]
Bi'SOn (bi'son ; 277), n. [L. bison, Gr. jSiVoji', a wild
ox ; akin to OHG. wisunt, wisani, G. loisent, AS. wesend,
Icel. vlsundr: cf. F. bison.] (Zo'dl.) {a) The aurochs or
European bison. (S) The American bison or buffalo {Bi-
son Americanvs), a large, gregarious bovine quadruped,
American Bison, male.
with shaggy mane and short black horns, which formerly
roamed in herds over most~of the temperate portion of
North America, but is now restricted to very limited
districts in the region of the Rocky Mountains, and is
rapidly decreasing in numbers.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, finol, ^U; eve, Svent, find, fern, recent; Ice, idea, ill; old, obey, drb, 5dd;
BISPINOSE
149
BITUMEN
[Pref. bi — \- spinose.']
Bl-spi'nose (bt-spi'nos),
[Zo'ul.) Having two spines.
li Bisque (btsk), n. [A corruption of hUcuit.'\ Un-
glazeJ white porcelain.
Bisque, n. [F.] A point taken by the receiver of
odds in the game of tennis ; also, an extra innings al-
lowed to a weaker player in croquet.
II Bisque, n. [F.] A white soup made of crayfish.
Bls-ses'tile (bls-seks'tll), n. [L. bissextiiis annus,
fr. bissexhts {bis + sexiits sixth, fr. sex six) the sixth of
the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of Febru-
.-iry, which was reckoned tvrice every fourth year, by the
intercalation of a day.] Leap year ; every fourth year,
in which a day is added to the month of February on ac-
count of the excess of the tropical year (3G5 d. 5 h. 48 m.
46 s.) above 365 days. But one day added every four
years is equivalent to six hours each year, wliich is 11 m.
14 s. more than the excess of the real year. Hence, it
is necessary to suppress the bissextile day at the end of
every century which is not divisible by 400, while it is
retained at the end of those which are divisible by 400.
Bis-sex'tile, a. Pertaining to leap year.
Bls'son (bis'sun), a. [OB. biscn, bisne, AS. bise7i,
prob. for blsene; bi by -|- sene clear, akin to sedn to see j
clear when near, hence short-sighted. See See.] Pur-
blind; blinding. [Ote.] " Bisson rheixm." Shak.
Bis'ter 1 (-ter), n. [F. bistre a color made of soot ; of
Bls'tre ) unknown origin. Cf., however, LG. iies^ec
frowning, dark, ugly.] (Paint.) A dark bro\vn pigment
extracted from the soot of wood.
Bi-stlp'uled (bi-stlp'fild), a. [Pref. bi- -\- stipule.']
(Boi.) Having two stipules.
Bls'tort (bis'tSrt), n. [L. bis -f tortus, p. p. of for-
quere to twist: cf. F. bistorte.J {Bot.)An herbaceous
plant of the genus Pohjgomim, section Bistorta ; snake-
weed ; adderwort. Its root is used in medicine as an
astringent.
Bis'tou-ry (bis't(56-ry), n. ; pi. Bistouries (-riz). [F.
bislouri.] A surgical instrument consisting of a slender
knife, either straight or curved, generally used by intro-
ducing it beneath the part to be divided, and cutting
towards the surface.
Bis'tre (bis'ter), n. See Bister.
Bi-sul'cate (bi-siil'kat), a. [Pref. bi- + sttlcate.}
1. Having two grooves or furrows.
2. {Zobl.) Cloven ; said of a foot or hoof.
Bi-sul'cous (-ktis), a. [L. bisukus; bis twice -|- sul-
cus furrow.] Bisulcate. Sir T. Browne,
Bi-SUl'phate (-f at), «. \J^xef.bi--\- sulphate.'] {Chem.)
A sulphate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid
is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making
the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion
twice what it is in the normal sulphates ; an acid sulphate.
Bi-sul'phide (-fid or -fid), n. [Pref. bi- -\- sulphide.]
{Chen}.) A sulphide having two atoms of sulphur in the
molecule; a disulphide, as in iron pyrites, FeS2 ; — less
frequently called bisulphuret.
Bi-sul'phite (-fit), ?;. {Chem.) A salt of sulphurous
acid in which the base replaces but half the hydrogen of
the acid ; an acid sulphite.
Bi-SUl'phu-ret (-fS-rgt), n. [Pref. bi- + sulphuret.]
{Chem.) See Bisulphide.
Bit (bit), re. [OE. bitt, bite, AS. bite, bite, fr. bitan to
bite. See Bite, n. &v., and cf. Bit a morsel.] 1. The
part of a bridle, usually of iron, which is inserted in the
mouth of a horse, and having appendages to which the
reins are fastened. Shak.
The foamy bridle with the bit of gold. Chaucer.
2. Fig. : Anything which curbs or restrains.
Bit, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bitted (-tSd) ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Bitting.] To put a bridle upon ; to put the bit in the
mouth of.
Bit, imp. & p. p. of Bite.
Bit, n. [OE. bite, AS. bita, fr. bitan to bite ; akin to
D. beet, G. bissen bit, morsel, Icel. biti. See Bite, v.,
and cf . Bit part of a bridle.] 1. A part of anything,
such as may be bitten off or taken into the mouth ; a
morsel ; a bite. Hence : A small piece of anything ; a
little ; a mite.
2. Somewhat ; something, but not very great.
My young companion was a bit of a poet. T. Hook.
5^°" Tins word is used, also, like jot and tohit, to ex-
press the smallest degree ; as, he is not a bit wiser.
3. A tool for boring, of various forms and sizes, usually
turned by means of a brace or bitstock. See Bitstock.
4. The part of a key which enters the lock and acts
upon the bolt and tumblers. Knight.
5. The cutting iron of a plane. Knight.
6. In the Southern and Southwestern States, a small
silver coin (as the real) formerly current ; commonly,
one worth about 12^ cents ; also, the sum of 12J cents.
Bit by bit, piecemeal. Pope.
Bit, Zd sing. pr. of Bid, for biddeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Bi-take' (bi-tak'), v. t. [See Betake, Betaught.]
To commend ; to commit. [06s.] Chaucer.
Bi-tan'gent (bt-tan'jent), a. [Pref. bi- -f- tangent.]
{Geom.) Possessing the property of touching at two
points. — ». A line that touches a curve in two points,
Bi-tar'trate (bt-tar'trSt), n. {Chem.) A salt of tar-
taric acid in wliich the base replaces but half the acid
hydrogen ; an acid tartrate, as cream of tartar.
Bitch (bich), n. [OE. biche, bicche, AS. bicce; cf.
Icel. bikkja, G. betze, petze.] 1. The female of the canine
kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox.
2. An opprobrious name for a woman, especially a
lewd woman. Pope.
Bite (bit), V. t. [imp. Bit (bTt) ; p. p. Bitten (-t'n),
'Bit; p.pr. & vb. n. Biting.] [OE. biten, AS. bitan;
akin to D. bijten, OS. bitan, OHG. bizan, G. beissen,
Goth, beitan, Icel. blta, Sw. bita, Dan. bide, L. findere
to cleave, Skr. bhid to cleave. V87. Cf. Fissure.]
, 1. To seize with the teeth, so that they enter or nip
the thing seized ; to lacerate, crush, or wound with the
teeth ; as, to bite an apple ; to bite a crust ; the dog bit a
man.
Such smiling rogues as these,
Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain. Shale.
2. To puncture, abrade, or sting with an organ (of
some msects) used in taking food.
3. To cause sharp pain, or smarting, to ; to hurt or in-
jure, in a literal or a figurative sense ; as, pepper bites
the mouth. "Frosts do ii7e the meads." Shak.
4. To cheat ; to trick ; to take in. [Colloq.] Pope.
5. To take hold of ; to hold fast ; to adhere to ; as,
the anchor bites the ground.
The last screw of the rack having been turned so often that
its purchase crumbled, ... it turned and turned with nothing
to bite. Uickens.
To bi*6 the dust, To bite the gronnd, to fall in the agonies
of death ; as, lie made liis enemy bite the dust. — To bite
In {Etching}, to corrode or eat into metallic plates by
means of an acid. — To bite the thumb at (any one), for-
merly a mark of contempt, designed to provoke a quar-
rel; to defy, ''lioyou bite your thu7nb at us 1 " fHhak.
— To bite the tongue, to keep silence. Shak.
Bite (bit), V. i. X. To seize something forcibly with the
teeth ; to wound with the teeth ; to have the habit of so
doing ; as, does the dog bite f
2. To cause a smarting sensation ; to have a property
which causes such a sensation ; to be pungent ; as, it
bites like pepper or mustard.
3. To cause sharp pain ; to produce anguish ; to hurt
or injure ; to have the property of so doing.
At the last it [winej biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an
adder. I'ron. xxiii. 32.
4. To take a bait into the mouth, as a fish does;
hence, to take a tempting offer.
5. To take or keep a firm hold ; as, the anchor bites.
Bite, n. [OE. bite, bit, bitt, AS. bite bite, fr. bitan
to bite, akin to Icel. bit, OS. biti, G. biss. See Bite, v.,
and cf. Bit.] 1. The act of seizing with the teeth or
mouth ; the act of wounding or separating with the teeth
or mouth ; a seizure with the teeth or mouth, as of a
bait ; as, to give anytliing a hard bile.
I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four or six
hours for a river carp, and not have a bite. Walton.
2. The act of puncturing or abrading with an organ
for taking food, as is done by some insects.
3. The wound made by biting ; as, the pain of a dog's
or snake's bite ; the bite of a mosquito.
4. A morsel ; as much as is taken at once by biting.
5. The hold which the short end of a lever has upon
the thing to be lifted, or the hold which one part of a
machine has upon another.
6. A cheat ; a trick ; a fraud. [Colloq.]
The baser methods of getting money by fraud and bite, by
deceiving and overreaching. Huiaorist.
7. A sharper ; one who cheats. [Slang] Johnson.
8. {Print.) A blank on the edge or comer of a page,
owing to a portion of the frisket, or something else,
intervening between the type and paper.
Bit'er (bit'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bites ;
that which bites often, or is inclined to bite, as a dog
or fish. "Great barkers are no biters.'''' Camden,
2. One who cheats ; a sharper. [Colloq.] Spectator.
Bl-ter'nate (bt-ter'nat), a. [Pref. W- + ternate.]
{Bot. ) Doubly ternate, as when a petiole has three ter-
nate leaflets. — Bl-ter'nate-ly, adv. Gray.
Bi'the-ism (bi'the-Tz'm), re. [Pref. 6i- -\- theism,,]
Belief in the existence of two gods ; dualism.
Blt'lng (biflng), a. That bites ; sharp ; cutting ; sar-
castic ; caustic. " A ftiHHO afaiction." " A fczttreg' jest."
Sfiak.
Bit'ing in' (blt'tng in'). {Etching) The process of
corroding or eating into metallic plates, by means of an
acid. See Etch. G. Francis.
Blt'ing-ly, adv. In a biting manner.
Bit'less (bitles), a. Not having a bit or bridle.
Bit'stock' (-stok'), re. A stock or handle for holding
and rotating a bit ; a brace.
Bitt (bit), n. (Naut.) See Bms.
Bitt (bit), V. i. [See Brrrs.] {Naut.)
To put round the bitts ; as, to bitt the
cable, in order to fasten it or to slacken
it gradually, which is called veering away,
Totten.
Bit'ta-cle (bit'ta-k'l), n. A biimacle.
[Obs.]
Bit'ten (bif t'n), p. p. of BrrE.
Bit'ten (btt't'n), a. {Bot.) Terminar
ting abruptly, as if bitten off ; premorse.
Bit'ter (-ter), «. [See Bitts.] {Naut.) A
turn of the cable which is round the bitts.
Bitter end, that part of a cable which is
abaft the bitts, and so within board, when
the ship rides at anchor.
Bit'ter (bit'ter), a, [AS. biter; akin
to Goth, baitrs, Icel. bitr, Dan., Sw., D.,
& G. bitter, OS. bittar, fr. root of E. bite.
See Bite, v. t.] 1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste,
like that of wormwood or an infusion of hops ; as, a bit-
ter medicine ; bitter as aloes.
2. Causing pain or smart ; piercing ; painful ; sharp ;
severe ; as, a bitter cold day.
3. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the
mind ; calamitous ; poignant.
It is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the Lord
thy God. Jer. ii. 19.
4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty;
harsh ; stern ; virulent ; as, bitter reproach.
Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them.
' Col. iii. 19.
5. Mournful ; sad ; distressing ; painful ; pitiable.
The Egyptians . . . made their lives bitter with hard bondage.
7iV. i. 14.
Bitter apple, Bitter cucumber, Bitter gourd. (Bot.) See
One form of
Bitstock and
Bit.
European Bittern (^Botaw.
rvs stellaris).
COLOOTNTH. — Bitter cress (Bot.), a plant of the genus
Cardamine, esp. C. amara. — Bitter earth (Min.\, talc
earth; calcined magnesia. — Bitter principles (Clieui.), a
class of substances, extracted from vegetable products,
having a strong bitter taste but with no sharply defined
chemical characteristics. — Bitter salt, Epsom salts ;
magnesium sulphate. — Bitter vetch (But.), a name given
to two European leguminous herbs, Vicia Orobu.t and
Ervum Ervitin. —To the bitter end, to the last extremity,
however calamitous.
Syn. — Acrid ; sliarp ; harsh ; pungent ; stmging ; cut-
ting ; severe ; acrimonious.
Bit'ter (bit'ter), re. Any substance that is bitter. See
BlTTERS.
Bit'ter, v. t. To make bitter. "Wolcott.
Bit'ter-bump' (-biimp'), n, (Zo'dl,) The butterbump
or bittern.
Bit'ter-ful (-ful), a, FuU of bitterness. [Obs,]
Bit'ter-ing, n. A bitter compound used in adultera-
tmg beer ; bittern.
Bit'ter-ish, a. Somewhat bitter. Goldsmith.
Bit'ter-ling (-Hug), n. [G.] (Zo'dl.) A roachlike
European fisb (Rhodima amarus).
Bit'ter-ly, adv. In a bitter manner.
Bit'tern (bit'tern), re. [OE. bitoure, betore, bitter, fr.
F. butor ; of unknown origin.] (Zo'dl.) A wading bird
of the genus Boiaurus, allied to
the herons, of various species.
. WW The common European
bittern is Botaurns sletiaris. It
makes, during the brooding sea-
eon, a noise called by Dryden
bumping, and by Goldsmith
booming. The American bittern
is B. lentiginosus, and is also
called stake-dricer and meadow
hen. See Stake-driver.
The name is applied to other
related birds, as tlie least bittern
(Ardetta exitis), and the sun bit-
tern.
Bit'tern, n. [From BrrTEH,
a.] 1. The brine which remains
in salt works after the salt is con-
creted, having a bitter taste from
the chloride of magnesium which it contains.
2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus Indi-
cus, etc., used by fraudulent brewers in adulterating
beer. ' Cooley,
Blt'ter-ness (bIt'ter-nSs), re. [AS. biternys ; biter
bitter + -nys =r -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being
bitter, sharp, or acrid, in either a literal or figurative
sense ; iniplacableness ; resentfulness ; severity ; keen-
ness of reproach or sarcasm ; deep distress, grief, or vex-
ation of mind.
The lip that curls with bitterness. Percival.
I will complain in the bitterness of my soul. Job vii. 11.
2. A state of extreme impiety or emnity to God.
Thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniq^uity.
Acts viii. 2.3.
3. Dangerous error, or schism, tending to draw per-
sons to apostasy.
Looking diligently, . . . lest any root of bitterness springing
up trouble you. Heb. xii. 15.
Blt'ter-nut' (-nfif), n. {Bot.) Tlie swamp liickory
(Carya amara). Its thin-shelled nuts are bitter.
Bit'ter-root' (-roof), n. (Bot.) A plant (Lewisia redi-
viva) allied to the purslane, but with fleshy, farinaceous
roots, growmg in the mountains of Idaho, Montana, etc.
It gives the name to the Bitter Root mountains and river.
The Indians call both the plant and the river Spset'lum.
Bit'ters (-terz), re. pi. A liquor, generally spirituous,
in which a bitter herb, leaf, or root is steeped.
Bit'ter spar' (spar'). A common name of dolomite ;
— so called because it contains magnesia, the soluble
salts of which are bitter. See Dolomite.
Blt'ter-sweet' (-swef), a. Sweet and then bitter;
or bitter and then sweet ; esp. sweet with a bitter after-
taste ; hence ( Fig. ), pleasant but painful.
Blt'ter-sweet', n. 1. Anything which is bittersweet.
2. A kind of apple so called. Gower.
3. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub, vrith oval coral-red
berries (Solanum dulcamara) ; woody nightshade. The
whole plant is poisonous, and has a taste at first sweetish
and then bitter. Tlie branches are the officinal dulcam-
ara, (b) An American woody climber (Celastrus scan-
dens), whose yellow capsules open late in autumn, and
disclose the red aril which covers the seeds; — also called
Roxbury waxwork.
Blt'ter-weed' (-wed'), re. (Bot.) A species of Ambro-
sia (A. artemisisefolia) ; Roman wormwood. Gray.
Blt'ter-WOOd' (-wood'), re. A West Indian tree (Pi-
crxna excelsa) from the wood of which the bitter drug
Jamaica quassia is obtained.
Bit'ter-wort' (-wfirf), n. (Bot.) The yellow gentian
(Gentiana lutea), which has a very bitter taste.
Bit'tock (-tiSk), re. [See Bit a morsel.] A small bit
of anything, of indefinite size or quantity ; a short dis-
tance. [Scot.] Sir ir. Scott.
Blt'tor ) (bit'ter), re. [See Bittern.] (Zo'dl.) The
Bit'tour I bittern. Dri/den.
Bitts (bits), re. pi. [Cf. F. bitte, Icel. biti, a beam.
V87.] (Naut.) A frame of two strong timbers fixed
perpendicularly in the fore part of a ship, on which to
fasten the cables as the sliip rides at anchor, or in warp-
ing. Other bitts are used for belaying (beliiying bitts),
for sustaining the windlass (car?-ick bitts, winch bitts, or
laindlass bitts), to hold the pawls of the windlass (pau-l
bitts), etc. _
Bi-tume' (bl-tum'), re. [F. See Bitumen.] Bitu-
men. [Poetic] _ 3Iay.
Bl-tumed' (bl-tumd'), a. Smeared with bitumen. [P.]
" Tlie hatches caulked and bitumed." Shak,
Bl-tU'men (bl-tu'mSn), «. [L. bitumen: cf. F. *!'-
tume. Cf . Beton.] 1. Mineral pitch ; a black, tarry
substance, burning with a bright flame ; Jew's pitch. It
H
K
Use, unite, mde, full, up, firn ; pity ; food, fo"ot ; out, oil ; chair ; bo ; sing, ink ; then, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
BITUMINATE
150
BLACK BOOK
occurs as an abundant natural product in many places,
as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is
used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc.
See Asphalt.
2. By extension, any one of the natural hydrocarbons,
including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt,
the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petro-
leums, and even the light, volatile naphthas.
Bi-tn'mi-nate (bi-tu'ml-nat), v. t. limp. & p. p. Bi-
TUMiNATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BiTUMiNATiNa.] [L. bitumi-
natus, p. p. of biluminare to bituminate. See Bitumen.]
To treat or impregnate with bitumen ; to cement mth
bitumen. " Bituminuted waUs of Babylon." Feltham.
Bi-tU'ml-nil'er-OUS (-nif'er-iis), a. [Bitumen -j- -fer-
ous.'\ Producing bitumen. Kirwan.
Bi-tH'ml-ni-za'tion (-ni-za'shiln), n. [Cf. F. bilumi-
nisalion.'] The process of bituminizing. Mantell.
Bi-tU'mi-nize (-niz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminized
(-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bittjminizlng.] [Cf. F. bitu-
miiiiser.'] To prepare, treat, impregnate, or coat with
bitumen.
Bi-tu'mi-nons (-nus), a. [L. bituminosus : cf. F. bi-
iumineux.'] Having the qualities of bitumen j com-
poimded with bitumen ; containing bitumen.
Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed. Milton.
Bituminous coal, a kind of coal which yields, when heat-
ed, a considerable amount of volatUe bituminous matter.
It bums with a yellow smoky flame. — BitominouB lime-
otone, a muieral of a brown or black color, emitting an
unpleasant smell when rubbed. That of DaJmatia is so
charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap. — Bi-
tomlnoas shale, an argillaceous shale impregnated with
bitumen, often accompanying coal.
Bi'u-ret (bi'ii-rgt), re. [Pref. bi- + urea.'] {Chem.)
A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, C2O2N3H5,
formed by heating urea. It is intermediate between urea
and cyanuric acid.
Biv'a-len-cy (blv'a-len-sy), to. {Chem.) The quality
of being bivalent.
Blv'a-lent (biv'a-lent), a. [L. bis twice -f valens, p.
pr. See Valence.] {Chem.) Equivalent in combining
or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen ; dyad.
Bl'valve (bi'valv), re. [F. bivalve; bi-{h. bis)-]- valve
valve.] 1. (Zo'dl.)
A mollusk having a
shell consisting of
two lateral plates
or valves joined to-
gether by an elastic
Ugament at the
hinge, which is
usually strength-
ened by promi-
nences called
teeth. The shell
Is closed by the
contraction of two
transverse muscles
attached to the in-
ner surface, as in
the clam, — or by
one, as in the oys-
ter. See MoLLUscA.
2. (So«.) A peri-
carp in which the seed case opens or splits into two parts
or valves.
Bl'valve (bi'vSlv), a. [Pref. bi- -\- valve.] {Zo'dl. &
Bot.) Having two shells or valves which open and shut,
as the oyster and certain seed vessels.
Bi'valvedi (bi'valvd), a. Having two valves, as the
oyster and some seed pods ; bivalve.
Bi-val'VOUS (bt-vSl'vfis), a. Bivalvular.
Bi-val'VU-lar (-viJ-ler), a. Having two valves.
. Bl-vaolt'ed (bt-valf ed), a. [Pref. bi- -\- vault.'] Hav-
ing two vaults or arches.
Bl-vec'tor (bt-vgk'tor), n. [Pref. bi- -\- vector.]
(Math.) A term made up of the two parts p -|- pi V — 1|
where p and pj are vectors.
Bl-ven'tral (bt-ven'tral), a. [Pref. bi- -f ventral]
(Anat.) Having two bellies or protuberances; as, a bi-
ventral, or digastric, muscle, or the biventral lobe of the
cerebellum.
Biv'i-al (bivT-al), a. Of or relating to the bivium.
Biv'i-ous (biv'i-iis oj-bi'vi-iis; 277), a. [L. bivius;
bis twice -|- via way.] Having, or leading, two ways.
Bivimis theorems and Janus-faced doctrines. Sir T. Broume.
II Biv'i-Uin (bi v'T-ilm), re. [L., a place with two ways.
See Brviotjs.] (Zo'dl.) One side of an echinoderm, in-
cluding a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the
opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra.
Biv'ouac (biv'wak or biv'dS-ak ; 277), n. [F. bivouac,
bivac, prob. fr. G. beiwache, or beiwacht ; bei by, near -f-
wachen to watch, wache watch, guard. See Br, and
Watch.] {mi. ) (a) The watch of a whole army by night,
when in danger of surprise or attack. (J) An encamp-
ment for the night without tents or covering.
Biv'ouac, v. i. [imp. & p. V. Bivouacked (-wakt) ;
p.pr. &vb. re. BrvouACKiNG.] '{Mil.) (a) To watch at
night or be on guard, as a whole army. (6) To encamp
for the night without tents or covering.
Bi'week'ly (bl'wek'ly), a. [Pref. bi- + weekly.]
Occurring or appearing once every two weeks ; fort-
nightly. — re. A publication issued every two weeks. —
Bi'week'ly, adv.
Bi-wreye' (be-rS'), v. t. To bewray ; to reveal. [Obs.]
Blz'an-tlne (bTz'an-tin). See Byzantihe.
Bi-zarre' (be-zar'), a. [F. bizarre odd, fr. Sp. bi-
zarro gallant, brave, liberal, prob. of Basque origin;
of. Basque bizarra beard, whence the meaning manly,
irave.] Odd in manner or appearance ; fantastic ; whlm-
aical ; extravagant ; grotesque. C. Kingsley.
Bl-zet' (bS-z5t'), re. [Cf. Bezel.] The upper faceted
jwrtion of a brilliant-cut diamond, which projects from
Inside of right valve of a Bivalve.
a at Anterior and Posterior abductor
muscle impressions : p Pallial line ; s
Sinus ; c Cardinal tooth ; t t Lateral
teeth ; h Ligament ; L Lunule ; u
Umbo ; v Ventral margin.
the setting and occupies the zone between the girdle and
the table. See Brilliant, re.
Blab (blSb), V. I. [imp. &p. p. Blabbed (blSbd); p.
pr. & vb. n. Blabbing.] [Cf. OE. blaberen, or Dan. blab-
bre, G. plappern, Gael, blabaran a stammerer ; prob. of
imitative origin. Cf. also Blubber, v.] To utter or tell
unnecessarily, or in a thoughtless maimer ; to publish
(secrets or trifles) without reserve or discretion. Udall.
And yonder a vile physician blabbing
The case of his patient. Tennyson.
Blab, V. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discre-
tion ; to tattle ; to tell tales.
She must burst or blah. Dryden.
Blab, re. [OE. blabbe.] One who blabs ; a babbler ; a
telltale. "Avoided as a 6Za6." Milton.
For who will open himself to s. blab or a babbler. Bacon.
Blab'ber (-ber), re. A tattler ; a telltale.
Black (blSk), a. [OE. blak, AS. blsec; akin to Icel.
blakkr dark, swarthy, Sw. black ink, Dan. blxk, OHG.
blach, LG. & D. blaken to burn with a black smoke. Not
akin to AS. blac, E. bleak pallid. y98.] 1. Destitute
of light, or incapable of reflecting it; of the color of
soot or coal ; of the darkest or a very dark color, the
opposite of white ; characterized by such a color ; as,
black cloth ; black hair or eyes.
O night, with hue so black .' Skak.
2. In a less literal sense : Enveloped or shrouded in
darkness ; very dark or gloomy ; as, a black night ; the
heavens black with clouds.
I spy a black, suspicious, threatening cloud. Shak.
3. Fig. : Dismal, gloomy, or forbidding, like dark-
ness ; destitute of moral light or goodness ; atrociously
wicked ; cruel ; mournful ; calamitous ; horrible. " This
day's black fate." "Black viUainy." "Arise, black
vengeance." " Black day." "JS/ac/t despair." Shak.
4. Expressing menace, or discontent ; threatening ;
sullen ; foreboding ; as, to regard one with black looks.
(5^°" Black is often used in self-explaining compound
words : as, black-eyed, black-ia,ced, 6^ac/t-haired, blaek-
visaged.
Black act, the English statute 9 George I., which makes
it a felony to appear armed in any park or warren, etc.,
or to liunt or steal deer, etc., with the face blackened or
di.sffuised. Subsequent acts inflicting heavy penalties for
malicious injuries to cattle and machinery have been
called black acts. — Black angel (Zo'dl.), a fish of the West
Indies and Florida {Hvlacaiitlius tricolor), ■mt\\t1\e\\e&d
and tail yellow, and the middle of the body black. — Black
antimony (Chem.), the black sulphide of antimony, SbjSs,
used in pyrotechnics, etc. — Black bear (Zo'ol.), the com-
mon American bear ( Ursits Americanus). — Black beast.
See Bete noire. — Black beetle (Zo'dl.), the common large
cockroach (Blatta oriental is). — Black and blue, the dark
color of a bruise in the flesh, which is accompanied vrith
a mixture of blue. " To pinch the slatterns black und
blue." Hudibras. — Black bonnet (^00^.), the black-headed
bunting (Emberiza tic/iGcnichis) of Europe. — Black can-
ker, a disease in turnips and other crops, produced by a
species of caterpillar. — Black cat (Zo'dl.), the fisher, a
quadruped of North America allied to the sable, but lar-
ger. See Fisher. — Black cattle, any bovine cattle reared
for slaughter, in distinction from dairy cattle. [Enrj.] —
Black cherry. See under Cheery. — Black cockatoo (Zo'ol.),
the palm cockatoo. See Cockatoo. — Black copper. Same
as Melaconite. — Black currant. (Bot.) See Currant. —
Black diamond, (ilin.) See Carbonado. — Black draught
died.), a cathartic medicine, composed of senna and mag-
nesia.— Black drop (Med.), vinegar of opium; a narcotic
preparation consisting essentially of a solution of opium
m vinegar. — Black earth, mold ; earth of a dark color.
Woodward. —Black flag, the flag of a pirate, often bearing
in white a skull and crossbones ; a signal of defiance. —
Black flea (Zo'dl.), a flea beetle (Haltica nemorum) injuri-
ous to turnips. — Black flux, a mixture of carbonate of
potash and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating tartar with
half its weight of niter. Brande & C. — Black fly. (Zo'dl.)
(a) In the United States, a small, ven-
omous, tv/o-winged fly of the genus Si-
mulium, of several species, exceedingly
abundant and troublesome in the nor-
thern forests. The larvae are aquatic.
(b) A black plant louse, as the bean
aphis (A. fab:c). — Black Forest [a
translation of G. Schioarcicald], a for-
est in Baden and Wiirtemburg, in Ger-
many ; a part of the ancient Hercynian
forest. — Black game, or Black grouse. _, , _., ,„.
(Zo'dh) See Blackcock, Grouse, and Sfek Fly (£;««-
Heath grouse. - Black grass (Bot.), a ^""«) eil^rged.
grasslike rush of the species Juncus Gerardi, growing on
salt marshes, and making good hay. — Black gam (Bot.),
an American tree, the tupelo or pepperidge. See Tupelo.
— Black Hamburg (grape) (Bot.), a sweet and juicy va-
riety of dark purple or " black " grape. — Black horse
(Zo'dl.), a fish of the Mississippi valley (Cycleptus elonaa-
tus),oi the sucker family; the Missouri sucker. — Black
lamai (Zo'dl.), the Lemurniger of Madagascar ; the acoum-
ho of the natives. — Black list, a list of persons who are
for some reason thought deserving of censure or punish-
ment ; — esp. a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or
untrustworthy, made for the protection of tradesmen or
employers. See Blacklist, v. t. — Black manganese
(Cliem.), the black oxide of manganese, MnOo. — Black
Maria, the close wagon in which prisoners are carried to
or from jail. —Black martin (Zo'dl.), the chimney swift.
See Swift. — Black moss (Bot.), the common so-called
long moss of the southern United States. See Tilland-
SiA. — Black oak. See under Oak. — Black ocher. See
Wad. — Black pigment, a very fine, light carbonaceous
substance, or lampblack, prepared chiefly for the manu-
facture of printers' ink. It is obtained by burning com-
mon coal tar. — Black plate, sheet iron before it is tinned.
Knight. — Black quarter, mahgnant anthrax with engorge-
ment of a shoulder or quarter, etc., as of an ox. — Black
rat (Zo'dl.), one of the species of rats (Mus rattus), com-
morily infesting houses. — Black rent. See Blackmail,
n., 3. — Black rust, a disease of wheat, in which a black,
moist matter is deposited in the fissures of the grain. —
Black sheep, one in a family or company who is unlike the
rest, and makes trouble. —Black silver. (Min.) See un-
der Silver. — Black and tan, black mixed or spotted with
tan Color or reddish brown ; — used in describing certain
breeds of dogs. — Black tea. See imder Tea. — Black tin
(Mining), tin ore (cassiterite), when dressed, stamped,
and washed, ready for smelting. It is in the form of a
black powder, like fine sand. Knight. — Black walnut. See
under Walnut. — Black warrior (Zo'dl.), an American
hawk (Butco liarlani).
Syn. — Dark ; murky ; pitchy ; inky ; somber ; dusky ;
gloomy ; swart ; Cimmerian ; ebon ; atrocious.
Black (blak), adv. Sullenly ; threateningly ; malicious-
ly ; so as to produce blackness.
Black, re. 1. That which is destitute of light or
whiteness ; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of
all color ; as, a cloth has a good black.
Black is the badge of hell,
The hue of dungeons, and the suit of night. Shak.
2. A black pigment or dye.
3. A negro ; a person whose skin is of a black color, or
shaded with black ; esp. a member or descendant of cer-
tain African races.
4. A black garment or dress ; as, she wears black
pi. (Obs.) Mourning garments of a black color ; funereal
drapery.
Friends weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like,
show death terrible. Bacon,
That was the full time they used to wear blacks for the death
of their fathers. Sir T. Horth.
5. The part of a thing which is distinguished from the
rest by being black.
The black or sight of the eye. Sir K. Dight/.
6. A stain ; a spot ; a smooch.
Defiling her white lawn ©f chastity with ugly blacks of lust.
Bowlei/.
Black and white, writing or print ; as, I must have that
statement in black and wliite. — Blue black, a pigment of a
blue black color. — Ivory black, a fine kind of animal
charcoal prepared by calcining ivory or bones. When
ground it is the chief ingredient of the ink used in cop-
perplate printing. — Berlin black. See under Berlin.
Black, V. t. [imp. &p.p. Blacked (blSkt) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Blacking.] [See Black, a., and cf . Blacken.]
1. To make black ; to blacken ; to soil ; to sully.
They have their teeth blacked, both men and women, for
they say a dog hath his teeth white, therefore they will black
theus. Hakluyt.
Sins which black thy soul. J. Fletcher.
2. To make black and shining, as boots or a stove, by
applymg blacking and then polishing with a brush.
Black'a-moor (-a-moor), re. [Black -\- Moor.] A
negro or negress. Shak.
Black' art' (art'). The art practiced by conjurers
and witches ; necromancy ; conjuration ; magic.
J^^ This name was given in the Middle Ages to nec-
romancy, under the idea that the latter term was derived
from niger black, instead of re/cpAs, a dead person, and
fiavTua, divination. Wright.
Black'-a-vlsed' (-a-visf), a. Dark-visaged ; swart.
Black'ball' (-bal'), re. 1. A composition for blacking
shoes, boots, etc. ; also, one for taking impressions of
engraved work.
2. A ball of black color, esp. one used as a negative in
voting ; — in this sense usually two words.
Black'ball', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackballed (-bald') ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Blackballing.] 1. To vote against, by
putting a black ball into a ballot box ; to reject or ex-
clude, as by voting against with black balls ; to ostracize.
He was blackballed at two clubs in succession. Thackeray.
2. To blacken (leather, shoes, etc.) with blacking.
Black'band' (-band'), re. (Min.) An earthy carbonate
of iron containing considerable carbonaceous matter ; —
valuable as an iron ore.
Black' bass' (bas'). (Zo'dl.) 1. An edible, fresh-water
fish of the United States, of the genus Micropterus.
The small-mouthed kind is M. dolomiei; the large-
mouthed is M. salmoides.
Black Bass (Micropterus salmoides), (J^)
2. The sea bass. See Blackfish, 3.
Black'ber-ry (bl5k'ber-ry), n. [OE. blakberye, A3.
blsecberie ; blsec black -\- berie berry.] The fruit of sev-
eral species of bramble (Rubus) ; also, the plant itself.
Rubus fruticosus is the blackberry of England ; R. villo-
sus and R. Canadensis are the high blackberry and low
blackberry of the United States. There are also other
kinds.
Black'blrd (blSk'berd), re.
cies of thrush (Turdus
{Zo'dl.) In England, a spe-
merula), a singing bird
with a fine note; the
merle. In America the
name is given to several
birds, as the Quiscalus ver-
sicolor, or crow blackbird ;
the Agelasus phceniceus,
or red-winged blackbird;
the cowbird ; the rusty
grackle, etc. See Redwing.
Black'board' (-bord'), re.
A broad board painted black, or any black surface on
which writing, drawing, or the working of mathematical
problems can be done with chalk or crayons. It is much
used in schools.
Black' book' (b66k'). l. One of several books of a
political character, published at different times and for
different purposes ; — so called either from the color of
the binding, or from the character of the contents.
Blackbird of Europe (Turdue
merula). (J^)
ale, senate, c^re, km, arm, ask, final, s^U; eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, dfb, ftdd;
BLACK-BROWED
151
BLADE
Blackburuiau Warbler,
2. A book compiled in the twelftli century, contain-
ing a description of the court of exchequer of England,
an official statement of the revenues of tlie crown, etc.
3. A book containing details of the enormities prac-
ticed in the English monasteries and religious houses,
compiled by order of their visitora under Henry VIII., to
hasten their dissolution.
4. A book of admiralty law, of the highest authority,
compiled in the reign of Edw. III. Bouvier. Whartuii.
6. A book kept for tlie purpose of registering tlie
names of persons liable to censure or punishment, as in
the Englisli universities, or the English armies.
6. Any book wliich treats of necromancy.
Black'-lwowed' (blak'broud'), a- Having black eye
brows. Hence : Gloomy ;
dismal ; threatening ; forbid-
dinsi. Shak. Z>ryden.
Black-bnr'ni-an war'-
Wer (blak-b(ir'ni-an war'-
bler). [Named from Mrs.
■Bliickbnrn, an English lady.]
{Zool.) A beautiful warbler
of the United States (Den-
droica Blnckbunnee). Tlie
male is strongly marked with
orange, yellow, and black on the head and neck, and has
an orange-yellow breast.
Black'cap' (-kSp'), «. 1. {Zool.) (a) A small Euro-
pean song bird (Si/lvia atrica-
pilla), with a black crown ; the
mock nightingale. (6) An
American titmouse (Par us
atficapiUiis) ; the cliickadee.
2. (Cookery) An apple
roasted till black, to be served
in a dish of boiled custard.
3. The black raspberry.
Black'coat' (-kof), n. A
clergyman; — familiarly so
<!alled, as a soldier is sometimes called a redcoat or a
bluecoat.
Black'cock' (-kok'), n. (Zodl.) The male of the
European black grouse (Tetrao tetrix, Liim.) ; — so called
by sportsmen. The female is called gray hen. See
Heath grouse.
Black' death' (dSth'). A pestilence which ravaged
■Europe and Asia in the fourteenth century.
Black'en (blak"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackened
■{-'nd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLACKENiNa.] [See Black, a.,
4ud of. Black, v. <.] 1. To make or render black.
While the long funerals blacken all the way. I'ope.
2. To make dark ; to darken ; to cloud. " Blackened
■the whole heavens." South.
3. To defame ; to sully, as reputation ; to make infa-
mous ; as, vice blackens the character.
Syn. — To denigrate ; defame ; vilify ; slander ; calum-
niate ; traduce ; malign ; asperse.
Black'en, v. i. To grow black or dark.
Black'en-er (blak"n-er), n. One who blackens.
Black'-eyed' (-id'), a. Having black eyes. Dryden.
Black'-faoed' (-fast'), a. Having a black, dark, or
gloomy face or aspect.
Black'feet' (blak'fef), n. pi. (Ethn.) A tribe of
North American Indians formerly inhabiting the country
-from the upper Missouri River to the Saskatchewan, but
now much reduced in numbers.
Black'fln' (-fin'), n. (Zodl.) See Bluefin.
Black'fish (-fish), n. X. (Zodl.) A small kind of
■whale, of
1
1
Blackcap of Europe iSyU'ia
atricapilla).
Blackfish ( Olobicephalus melas).
times applied to other whales of larger size.
2. (Zodl.) The tautog of New England (r«M<0(?a).
3. (Zodl.) The black sea bass (Centropristis airarius)
/Of the Atlantic coast. It is an excellent food fish ; —
locally called also black Harry.
4. (Zodl.) A fish of southern Europe (Centrolophus
pompilus) of the Mackerel family.
5. (Zodl.) The female salmon in the spawning season.
11^^ The name is locally applied to other fishes.
Black'fOOt' (-foot'), a. Of or pertaining to the Black-
'feet ; as, a Blackfoot Indian. — n. A Blackfoot Indian.
Black' fri'ar (fri'er). (Eccl.) A friar of the Domin-
■ioan order ; — called also predicant and preaching friar;
in France, Jacobin. Also, sometimes, a Benedictine.
Black'guard(blag'giird), re. [Black -^- guard.] 1. The
scullions and lower menials of a court, or of a nobleman's
household, who, iu a removal from one residence to an-
other, had charge of the kitchen utensils, and being smut-
ted by them, were jocularlj- called the " black guard ; "
also, the servants and hangers-on of an army. [06s.]
A lousy 6lave, that . . . rode ■with the black guard in the
duke'B carriage, 'mongst spits and dripping pans. Webster 06U).
2. The criminals and vagrants or vagabonds of a town
•or community, collectively. [Ofts.]
3. A person of stained or low character, esp. one who
uses scurrilous language, or treats others with foul abuse ;
a scoundrel ; a rough.
A man ■whose manners and sentiments are decidedly below
those of his class deserves to be called a blackrjuard. Macaulutj.
4. A vagrant; a bootblack; a gamin. [06s.]
Black'g^ard, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blackqcakded ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Blackouakdinq.] To revile or abuse in
scurrilous language. Southey.
Black' guard, a. Scurrilous ; abusive ; low ; worth-
less ; vicious ; as, blackguard language.
Black-'gnard-ism (bI5g'gard-Tz'm), n. The conduct
or language of a blackguard ; ruffianism.
Black'guard-ly, adv. & a. In the manner of or resem-
bling a blackguard; abusive; scurrilous; ruffianly.
Black'head' (-hSd'), n. (Zodl.) The scaup duck.
Black'heart' (-irarf), n. A heart-shaped cherry with
a very dark-colored skin.
Black'-heart'ed, a. Having a wicked, malignant
disposition ; morally bad.
Black' hole' (hoi'). A dungeon or dark cell in a
prison ; a military lock-up or guardroom ; — now com-
monly with allusion to the cell (the Black Hole) in a fort
at Calcutta, into which 14(j English prisoners were thrust
by the nabob Suraja Dowla on the night of June 20, 1750,
and in which 123 of the prisoners died before morning
from lack of air.
A discipline of unlimited autocracy, upheld by rods, and fer-
ules, and the black liole. II. Sjieucer.
Black'ing, re. 1. Any preparation for making things
black ; esp. one for giving a black luster to boots and
shoes, or to stoves.
2. The act or process of making black.
Black'lsb, a. Somewhat black.
Black' -jack' (-jak'), re. 1. (Min.) A name given by
English miners to sphalerite, or zinc blende ; — called
also J'ulse galena. See Blende.
2. Caramel or burnt sugar, used to color wines, spirits,
ground coftee, etc.
3. A large leather vessel for beer, etc. [06s.]
4. (Bot.) The Queccifsrei^ca, or barren oak.
5. The ensign of a pirate.
Black' lead' (led'). Plumbago; graphite. It leaves
a blackish mark somewhat like lead. See Graphite.
Black'lead', v. t. To coat or to polish with black lead.
Black'leg' (-leg'), re. 1. A notorious gambler. [Colloq.']
2. A disease among calves and sheep, characterized by
a settling of gelatinous matter in the legs, and sometimes
in the neck. [Eng.'\
Black' let'ter (Igt'ter). The old English or Gothic
letter, in which the early English manuscripts were
written, and tlie first English books were printed. It
was conspicuous for its blackness. See Type.
Black'-let'ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black let-
ter ; as, a black-letter manuscript or book.
2. Given to the study of books in black letter ; that is,
of old books ; out of date.
Kcrable, a black-letter man 1 J. Boaden.
3. Of or pertaining to the days in the calendar not
marked with red letters as saints' days. Hence : Un-
lucky ; inauspicious.
Black'llst' (blSkllsf), V. t. To put in a black list as
deserving of suspicion, censure, or punishment ; esp. to
put in a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or
untrustworthy, — as tradesmen and employers do for
mutual protection ; as, to blacklist a workman who has
been discharged. See Black list, under Black, a.
if you blacklist us, we will boycott you. John Swinton.
Black'ly, adv. In a black manner ; darkly, in color ;
gloomily ; threateningly ; atrociously. " Deeds so blackly
grim and horrid." Feltham.
Black'mail' (-mal'), n, [Black -\- mail a piece of
money.] 1. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or
other thing, anciently paid, in the north of England and
south of Scotland,, to certain men who were allied to
robbers, or moss troopers, to be by them protected from
piUage. Sir W. Scott.
2. Payment of money exacted by means of intimida-
tion ; also, extortion of money from a person by threats
of public accusation, exposure, or censure.
3. (Eng. Law) Black rent, or rent paid in com, flesh,
or the lowest coin, as opposed to " white rent," which
was paid in silver.
To levy blackmail, to extort money by threats, as of in-
jury to one's reputation.
Black'mail', v. t. [imp. &p.p. Blackmailed (-maid');
p. pr. & vb. n. Blackmailing.] To extort money from
by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as
injury to reputation, distress of mind, etc. ; as, to black-
mail a merchant by threatening to expose an alleged
fraud. [U. 5.]
Black'mail'er (-er), re. One who extorts, or endeavors
to extort, money, by blackmailing.
Black'mail'ing, re. The act or practice of extorting
money by exciting fears of injury other than bodily
harm, as injury to reputation.
Black' Mon'day (miin'da). 1. Easter Monday, so
called from the severity of that day in 1360, which was
so unusual that many of Edward III. 's soldiers, then be-
fore Paris, died from the cold. Stow.
Then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a bleeding
on Black Mondatf last. Sliak.
2. The first Monday after the holidays ; — so called by
English schoolboys. Hidliwell.
Black' monk' (munk'). A Benedictine monk.
Black'moor (-moor), re. See Blackamoor.
Black'-mouthed' (-mouthd'), a. Using foul or scur-
rilous language ; slanderous.
Black'ness, n. The quality or state of be'ing black ;
black color ; atrociousness or enormity in wickedness.
They 're darker now than blackness. Donne.
Black'poU' (-pol'), re. [Black + poll head.] (Zodl.)
A warbler of the United States (Dendn-oica striata).
Black' pud'ding (pud'dlng). A kind of sausage
made of blood, suet, etc., thickened with meal.
And fat black pndih'ngs, — proper food,
For warriors that delight in blood. Hudihras.
Black' Rod' (r5d'). (a) The usher to the Chapter of
the Garter, so called from the black rod which he car-
ries. He is of the king's chamber, and also usher to the
House of Lords. [Eng.'] (b) An usher in the legislature
of British colonies. Cowell.
Committed to the custody of the Black Hod. Macaulay.
Black'root' (blSk'roof), ». (Bot.) See Colicroot.
Blacks (blSks), re. pi. 1. The name of a kind of Ink
used in copperplate printing, prepared from the charred
husks of the grape, and residue of the wine press.
2. Soot flying in the air. [Eng.']
3. Black garments, etc. See Black, m., 4.
Black'salt'er (-salt'er), re. One who makes crude
potasli, or black salts.
Black' salts' (bl5k' salts'). Crude potash.
Be Colunge,
Black'smith' (-smith'), re. [Black (in allusion to thf
color of the metal) + smith. Cf. Whitesmith.] 1. A
smith who works in iron with a forge, and makes iror
utensils, horseshoes, etc.
The blacksmith may forge what he pleases. Howell.
2. (Zo'ol.) A fish of the Pacific coast (Chromis, or
Heliastes, punctipimiis), of a blackish color.
Black' snake' (snak') or Black'snake, re. (Zodl.) A
snake of a black color jf which two species are common
in the United Statec, the Bascaniiun constrictor, or racer,
sometimes six feet long, and the Scotophis Alleghanien-
sis, seven or eight feet long.
I^^The name is also applied to various other black
serpents, as Natrix atra of Jamaica.
Black'strap' (-strSp'), re. 1. A mixture of spirituous
liquor (usually rum) and molasses.
No blackstrap to-night; switchel, or ginger pop. Judd.
2. Bad port wine ; any comm«n wine of the Mediter-
ranean ; — so called by sailors.
Black'tall' (-tal'l, re. [Black ^ lail.'\ 1. (Zodl.) A
fish ; the ruff or pope.
2. (Zodl.) The black-tailed deer (CcTOUS or Can'acKS
Columbianus) of California and Oregon ; also, the mule
deer of the Kocky Mountains. See I\Iule deer.
Black'thom' (-th8rn'), re. (Bot.) (a) A spreading
thorny shrub or small tree (Primus spinosa), with black-
ish bark, and bearing little black plums, which are called
sloes ; the sloe. (6) A species of Cratiegus or hawthorn
(C. tomentosa). Both are used for hedges.
Black' vom'it (vom'Tt). (Med.) A copious vomiting
of dark-colored matter ; or the substance so discharged ;
— one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow fever.
Black' wash' (wo.sh') or Black'wash, re. 1. (Med.)
A lotion made by mixing calomel and lime water.
2. A wasli that blackens, as opposed to whitewash ;
hence, figuratively, calumny.
To remove as far as he can the modern layers of black wash,
and let the man himself, lair or foul, be seen. C. Kinasley.
Black'wood (-wood), re. A name given to several
dark-colored timbers. The East Indian blackwood is
from the tree Dalbergia laiifolia. Balfour.
Black'work' (-wfirk'), re. Work wrought by black-
smiths ; — so called in distinction from that wrought by
whitesmiths. Knight.
Blad'der (blSd'der), re. [OE. bladder, bleddre, AS.
blsbdre, blseddre ; akin to Icel. blaSra, Sw. bl'dddra, Dan.
blxre, D. blaar, OHG. blalara the bladder iu the body
of animals, G. blatter blister, pustule ; all fr. the same
root as AS. blawan, E. blow, to puft. See Blow to puff.]
1. (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, which serves as
the receptacle of some fluid ; as, the urinary bladder ;
the gall bladder ; — applied especially to the urinary
bladder, either within the animal, or when taken out
and inflated with air.
2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled with air,
or a thin, watery fluid.
3. (Bot.) A distended, membranaceous pericarp.
4. Anything inflated, empty, or unsound. "To swim
with bladders of philosophy." Bochester.
Bladder nut, or Bladder tree (Bot.), a genus of plants
(Staphylea) with bladderlike seed pods. — Bladder pod
(Bot.), a genus of low herbs ( Vesicariu) with inflated seed
pods. — Bladder senna (Bot.), a genus of shrubs (Coin tea),
with membranaceous, inflated pods. — Bladder worm
(Zodl.), the larva of any species of tapeworm (Twnia),
found m the flesh or other parts of animals. See Mea-
SLE, Cysticercus. — Bladder wrack (Bot.), the common
black rock weed of the seacoast (Fiicus nodo.ms and F,
vesiculosus) — called also bladder taiiide. See Wrack.
Blad'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bladdered (-derd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bladdering.] 1. To swell out like a
bladder with air ; to inflate. [06s.] G. Fletcher.
2. To put up in bladders ; as, bladdered lard.
Blad'der-WOrt' (-wfirf), re. (Bot.) A genus (Utricida-
ria) of aquatic or marshy plants, which usually bear nu-
merous vesicles in the divisions of the leaves. These
serve as traps for minute animals. See Ascidium.
Blad'der-y (bl5d'der-y), a. Having bladders; also,
resembling a bladder.
Blade (blad), n. [OE. blade, blad, AS. Used leaf ; akin
to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. blad, Icel. blaS, OHG. blat, 6.
blatt, and perh. to L. folium, Gr. i^vWov. The root is
prob. the same as that of AS. blowan, E. blow, to blos-
som. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Foil leaf of metal.]
1. Properly, the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of any
plant, especially of gramineous plants. The term is
sometimes applied to the spire of grasses.
The crimson dulse . . . with its waving blade. Percival.
First the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the
ear. Jlark iv. 28.
2. The cutting part of an instrument ; as, the blade of
a knife or a sword.
3. The broad part of an oar ; also, one of the project-
ing arms of a screw propeller.
4. The scapula or shoulder blade.
6. pi. (./I »'cA.) Tlie principal rafters of a roof. Weale.
6. pi. (Com.) The four large shell plates on the sides,
and the five large ones of the middle, of the carapace of
the sea turtle, which yield the best tortoise shell.
Be Celange.
7. A sharp-witted, dashing, wild, or reckless, fellow ;
— a word of somewhat indefinite meaning.
Coleriige.
H
K
He saw a turnkey in a trice
Fetter a troublesome blade.
Ose, unite, r^de, f^U, ilp, Om ; pity; food, fo^t-, out, oil; cHair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN; zh=:z in aaure-
M
BLADE
152
BLASE
Blade (blad), v. t. To furnish with a blade.
Blade, v. i. To put forth or have a blade.
As sweet a plant, as fair a flower, is faded
As ever in the Muses' garden hladed. P. Fletcher.
Blade'bone' (-bon'), n. The scapula. See Blade, 4.
Blad'ed (blad'ed), a. 1. Having a blade or blades ;
as, a two-bladed knife.
Decking with liquid pearl the hladed grass. Sliak.
2. Divested of blades ; as, bladed corn.
3. {3fm.) Composed of long and narrov? plates, shaped
like the blade of a knife.
Blade'f ish' (blad'f Tsh'), n. (Zool. ) A long, thin, marine
fish of Europe (Trichiurus leplurus) ; the ribbon fish.
Blade'smith' (-smith'), n. A sword cutler. \_Obs.'\
Blad'y (blad'y), a. Consisting of blades. [i2.]
".Btorf!/ grass." Drayton.
Bias (bla or ble), a. [See Bute.] Dark blue or bluish
gray ; lead-colored. [Scot.1
Blae1)er-ry (bla'b5r-r5r or ble'-), n. \_Blse + berry ;
akin to Icel. blaber, Sw. blab'dr, D. blaabxr. Cf. Blue-
berry.] The bilberry. [North of Eng. & Scot.']
II Blague (blag), n. [F.] Mendacious boasting ; false-
hood ; humbug.
Blain (blan), n. [OE. blein, bleyn, AS. blegen ; akin
to Dan. blegn, D. blein; perh. fr. the same root as E.
bladder. See Bladder.] 1. An inflammatory swelling
or sore ; a bulla, pustule, or blister.
Blotches and hlainA must all his flesh emboss. Milton.
2. (Far.) A bladder growing on the root of the tongue
of a horse, against the windpipe, and stopping the breath.
Blam'a-ble (blam'a-b'l), a. [Cf. F. blamable.'] De-
serving of censure ; faulty ; culpable ; reprehensible ; cen-
surable ; blameworthy. — Blam'a-l)le-ness, n. — Blam'-
a-bly {,-\>\y),mlv.
Blame (blam), V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLAMED_^(blanid) ;
p.pr. &vh. 11. Blaming.] [OE. bhtmeii, F. blamer, OF.
blasmer, fr. L. bla.yj/ieiiuire to blaspheme, LL. also to
blame, fr. Gr. p\a<r(f>yiiMeiv to speak ill, to slauder, to
blaspheme, fr. /3Ado-<|>r)nos evil speaking, perh. for pKatf/C-
(/njfios ; /3Aai|/is injury (f r ^Xoltttsiv to injure) -\- <(>i)ni) a
saying, fr. (Jjaroi to say. Cf. Blaspheme, and see Fame.]
1. To ceusure ; to express disapprobation of ; to find
fault with ; to reproach.
We have none to blame but ourselves. TUlotson.
2. To bring reproach upon ; to blemish. [Obs.]
She . . . blamed her noble blood. Sp&iser.
To blame, to be blamed, or deserving blame ; in fault ;
as, the conductor was to blame for the accident.
You were to blame, I must be plain with you. Sliak.
Blame, n. [OE. blame, fr. F. blame, OF. blasme, fr.
blamer, OF. blasmer, to blame. See Blame, v.] 1. An
expression of disapprobation for something deemed to be
wrong ; imputation of fault ; censure.
Let me bear the blame forever. Gen. xliii. 9.
2. That which is deserving of censtire or disapproba-
tion ; culpability ; fault ; crime ; sin.
Holy and without blame before him in love. Eph. i. i.
3. Hurt ; injury. [OJs.] Spenser.
Syn. — Censure ; reprehension ; condemnation ; re-
proach ; f a;ilt ; sin ; crime ; wrongdoing.
Blame'ful (-f yl), a. 1. Faulty ; meriting blame. Shah.
2. Attributing blame or fault ; implying or conveying
censure ; faultiinding ; censorious. Chaucer.
— Blame'ful-ly, adv. — Blame'ful-ness, n.
Blame'less, a. Free from blame ; without fault ;
innocent ; guiltless ; — sometimes followed by of.
A bishop then must be blameless. 1 Tim. iii. 2.
£lameless still of arts that polish to deprave. Mallet.
"We will be blameless of this thine oath. Josh. ii. 17.
Syn. — Irreproachable; sinless: unblemished; incul-
pable. — Blameless, Spotless, Faultless, Stainless.
We speak of a tiling as blameless when it is free from
blame, or the just imputation of fault ; as, a blameless life
or character- The others are stronger. We speak of a
thing as faultless, stainless, or spotless, only when we
mean that it is absolutely wilhoitt fault or blemish ; as, a
spotless or stainless reputation ; a faultless course of con-
duct. The last three words apply only to the general
character, while blameless may be used in reference to
particular points ; as, in this transaction he was wholly
blameless. We also apply faultless to personal appear-
ance ; as, 3, faultless figure ; which can not be done in re-
spect to any' of the other words.
Blame'less-ly, adv. In a blameless manner.
Blame'less-ness, n. The quality or state of being
blameless ; innocence.
Blam'er (blam'er), n. One who blames. Wyclif.
Blame'wor'thy (-wQr'thj^), a. Deserving blame ;
culpable ; reprehensible. — Blame'wor'thi-ness, ra.
Blan'card (blSn'kerd), n. [F., fr. blanc white.] A
kind of linen cloth made in Normandy, the thread of
which is partly blanched before it is woven.
Blanch (blanch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanched
(blancht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanchinq.] [OE. blanchen,
blaunchen, F. blanchir, fr. blanc white. See Blank, c]
1. To take the color out of, and make white ; to
bleach ; as, to blanch linen ; age has blanched his hair.
2. {Gardening) To bleach by excluding the light, as
the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up or
tying them together.
3. (Confectionery & Cookery) (a) To make white by
removing the skin of, as by scalding ; as, to blanch alm-
, ends. (5) To whiten, as the surface of meat, by plun-
' ging into boiling water and afterwards into cold, so as to
harden the surface and retain the juices.
4. To give a white luster to (silver, before stamping,
in the process of coining).
5. To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin.
6. Fig. : To whiten; to give a favorable appearance
to ; to whitewash ; to palliate.
Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things. TUlotson.
Syn. — To Blanch, Whiten. To whiten is the generic
term, denoting, to render white ; as, to whiten the walls
of a rooro. Usually (though not of necessity) this is sup-
posed to be done by placing some wliite coloring matter
m or upon the surface of the object in question. To blunch
is to wliiten by the removal of coloring matter; as, to
blanch linen. So the cheek is blaiuiied by fear, i. e., by
the withdrawal of the blood, which leaves it white.
Blanch (blanch), v. i. To grow or become white ; as,
his cheek blanched with fear ; the rose blanches in the sun.
[Bones] blanching on the grass. Tennyson.
Blanch, V. t. [See Blench.] 1. To avoid, as from
fear ; to evade ; to leave unnoticed. [Ofts.]
ifsand ands to qualify the words of treason, whereby every
man might express hie malice and blanch his danger. Bacon.
I suppose you will not blanch Paris in your way. Reliq. Wot.
2. To cause to turn aside or back ; as, to blanch a deer.
Blanch, v. i. To use evasion. [Obs.]
Books will speak plaiwi, when counselors blanch. Bacon.
Blanch, re. (Mining) Ore, not in masses, but mixed
with other minerals.
Blanch'er (-er), n. One who, or that which, blanches
or wliitens; esp., one who anneals and cleanses money;
also, a chemical preparation for this purpose.
Blanch'er, n. One who, or that which, frightens
away or turns aside. [06s.]
And Gyaecia, a blancher, which kept the dearest deer from
her. Sir P. Sidney.
And so even now hath he divers blanchers belonging to the
market, to let and stop the light of the gospel. Latimer.
Blanch' hold'lng (hold'ing). (Scots Laic) A mode
of tenure by the payment of a small duty in wliite rent
(silver) or otherwise.
Blanch-im'e-ter (-Tm'e-ter), n. [1st blanch + -meter.]
An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of
chloride of lime and potasli ; a chlorometer. Ure.
Blanc-mange' (bla-maNzh' ; 277), n. [F. blanc-
manger, lit. white food ; blanc white -\- manger to eat.]
(Cookery) A preparation for desserts, etc., made from
isinglass, sea moss, cornstarch, or other gelatinous or
starchy substance, witli milk, usually sweetened and
flavored, aud shaped in a mold.
Blanc-man'ger (bla-maN'zhi), n. [F. See Blanc-
mange.] A sort of fricassee with white sauce, variously
made of capon, fish, etc. [0J«.] Chaucer.
Bland (bl3nd), a. [L. blandus, of unknown origin.]
1. Mild ; soft ; gentle ; smooth and soothing in man-
ner ; suave ; as, a bland temper ; bland persuasion ; a
6/onrf sycophant. " Exhilarating vapor dZan(?. " Milton.
2. Having soft and soothing qualities; not drastic or
Irritating ; not stimulating ; as, a bland oil ; a bland diet.
Blan-da'tlon (blan-da'shiin), n. [Cf. L. blanditia,
blandities, fr. blandus. See Bland.] Flattery. [Obs.]
Blan-dll'o-quence (blan-dil'6-kwens), n. [L. blan-
diloquentia; blandus mild -\- loqui to speak.] Mild,
flattering speech.
Blan-dll'0-quous (-dTl'6-kwus), ) a. Fair-spoken ;
Blan-di-lo'qul-ous (-dT-lo'kwT-fis), ( flattering.
Blan'dise (blSn'dts), v. i. [Same word as Blandish.]
To blandish any one. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Blan'dish (blSn'dlsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blan-
dished (-disht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blandishino.] [OE.
blaundisen, F. blandir, fr. L. blandiri, fr. blandus mild,
flattering.] 1. To flatter with kind words or affection-
ate actions ; to caress ; to cajole.
2. To make agreeable and enticing.
Mustering all her wiles,
With blandished parleys. Milton.
Blan'dish-er (er), re. One who uses blandishments.
Blan'dish-ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. blandissement.]
The act of blandishing ; a word or act expressive of affec-
tion or kindness, and tending to win the heart ; soft
words and artful caresses ; cajolery ; allurement.
Cowering low with blandishment. Milton.
Attacked by royal smiles, by female blandishments. Macaulay.
Bland'ly (blSnd'lJ?), adv. In a bland manner ; mildly ;
suavely.
Bland'ness, re. The state or quality of being bland.
Blank (blSnk), a. [OE. blank, blonc, blaunc, blaunche,
it. F. blanc, fem. blanche, fr. OHG. blanch shining,
bright, white, G. blank ; akin to E. blink, cf . also AS.
blanc white. V98. See Blink, and cf. 1st Blanch.]
1. Of a white or pale color ; without color.
To the blank moon
Her office they prescribed. Milton.
2. Free from writing, printing, or marks ; having an
empty space to be filled in with some special writing ; —
said of checks, official documents, etc. ; as, blank paper ;
a blank check ; a blank ballot.
3. Utterly confounded or discomfited.
Adam . , . astonied stood, and blank. Milton.
4. Empty ; void ; without result ; fruitless ; as, a blank
space ; a blank day.
5- Lacking characteristics which give variety; as, a
blank desert ; a blank wall ; destitute of interests, affec-
tions, hopes, etc. ; as, to live a blank existence ; desti-
tute of sensations ; as, blank unconsciousness.
6. Lacking animation and intelligence, or their asso-
ciated characteristics, as expression of face, look, etc. ;
expressionless ; vacant. *' Blank and horror-stricken
faces." C. Kingsley.
The blank. . glance of a half returned consciousness. G. Eliot.
7. Absolute ; downright ; unmixed ; as, blank terror.
Blank bar {Law), a plea put in to oblige the plaintiff in
an action of trespass to assign the certain place where
the trespass was committed ; — called also common bar.
— Blank cartridge, a cartridge containing no ball. — Blank
deed. See Deed. — Blank door, or Blank window (Arch.), a
depression in a wall of the size of a door or window, either
for symmetrical effect, or for the more convenient inser-
tion of a door or window at a future time, should it be
needed. — Blank indorsement (Law), an indorsement which
omits the name of the person in whose favor it is made ; it
is usually made by simply writing the name of the in-
dorser on the back of the bUl. — Blank Une (Print.), a
vacant space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page ;
a line of ciuadrats. — Blank tire (Mech.), a tire without a
flange. — Blank tooling. See Blind tooling, under Blind.
— Blank verse. See under Verse. — Blank wall, a wall in
which there is no opening ; a dead wall.
Blank (blSnk), re. 1. Any void space ; a void space
on paper, or in any written instrument ; an interval void
of consciousness, action, result, etc. ; a void.
I can not write a paper full, as I used to do ; and yet I will not
forgive a blank of halt an inch from you. Swift.
From this time there ensues a long blank in the history of
French legislation. IJallam,
I was ill. I can't tell how long — it was a blank. G. Eliot.
2. A lot by which nothing is gained ; a ticket in a lot-
tery on which no prize is indicated.
In Fortune's lottery lies
A heap of blanks, like this, for one small prize, Drydcn.
3. A paper unwritten ; a paper without marks or char-
acters ; a blank ballot; — especially, a paper on which
are to be inserted designated items of information, for
which spaces are left vacant ; a blank form.
The freemen signified their approbation by an inscribed vote,
and their dissent by a blank. Palfrey.
4. A paper containing the substance of a legal instru-
ment, as a deed, release, writ, or execution, with spaces
left to be filled with names, date, descriptions, etc.
5. The point aimed at in a target, marked with a white
spot ; hence, the object to which anything is directed.
Let me still remain
The true blank of thine eye. Shak.
6. Aim; shot; range. [Obs.]
I have stood . . . within the blank of his displeasure
For my free speech. Shak.
7. A kind of base silver money, first coined in England
by Henry V. , and worth about 8 pence ; also, a French coin
of the seventeenth century, worth about 4 pence. Nares.
8. (3Iech.) A piece of metal prepared to be made into
something by a further operation, as a coin, screw, nuts.
9. (Dominoes) A piece or division of a piece, without
spots ; as, the "double blank " ; the " six blank."
In blank, with an essential portion to be supplied by
another ; as, to make out a check in blank.
Blank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanked (blSnkt) ; p. pr,
& vb. re. Blanking.] [Cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To make void ;
to annul. [Obs.] Spenser,
2. To blanch ; to make blank ; to damp the spirits of ;
to dispirit or confuse. [Obs.]
Each opposite that blanks the face of joy. Shak.
Blan'ket (blan'kSt), n. [F. blanchet, OF. also blan-
ket, a woolen waistcoat or shirt, the blanket of a print-
ing press ; prop, white woolen stuff, dim. of blanc white ;
blanqueite a kind of white pear, fr. blanc white. See
Blank, a.] 1. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually oif
wool, aud having a nap, used in bed clothing; also, a
similar fabric used as a robe ; or any fabric used as a
cover for a horse.
2. (Print.) A piece of rubber, felt, or woolen cloth,
used in the tympan to make it soft and elastic.
3. A streak or layer of blubber in whales.
^W^ The use of blankets formerly as curtains in thea-
ters explains the following figure of Shakespeare. Xares.
Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark,
Tocry, "Hold, hold 1" Shak.
Blanket sheet, a newspaper of folio size. — A wet blanket,
anything which damps, chills, dispirits, or discourages.
Blan'ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanketed ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Blanketing.] 1. To cover with a blanket.
I '11 . . . blanket my loins. Shak.
2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment.
We '11 have our men blanket 'em i' the halL B. Jonson,
3. To take the wind out of the sails of (another vessel)
by sailing to windward of her.
Blanketed cattle. See Belted cattle, under Belted.
Blan'ket-ing, re. 1. Cloth for blankets.
2. The act or punishment of tossing in a blanket.
That affair of the blanketing happened to thee for the fault
thou wast guilty of. Smollett.
Blank'ly (blank'lj^), adv. 1. In a blank manner ; with-
out expression ; vacuously ; as, to stare blankly. G. Eliot.
2. Directly ; flatly ; point blank. De Quincey.
Blank'uess, re. The state of being blank.
II Blan-quette' (blaN-kSf), re. [F. blanquette, from
fi^aree white.] (Cookery) A white fricassee.
II Blan-quil'lO (blan-kel'yo), re. [Sp. blanqtdllo whit-
ish.] (Zo'61.) A large fish of Florida and the W. Indies
(Caulolatilus chrysops). It is red, marked with yellow.
Blare (biar), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Blared (blSrd) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Blaring.] [OE. blaren, bloren, to cry, weep ;
cf . G. pldrren to bleat, D. blaren to bleat, cry, weep. Prob.
an imitative word, but cf. also E. bla.-ii. Cf. Blore.] To
sound loudly and somewhat harshly. " The trumpet
blared.''^ Tennyson.
Blare, v. t. To cause to sound like the blare of a
trumpet ; to proclaim loudly.
To blare its own interpretation. Tennyson,
Blare, n. The harsh noise of a trumpet ; a loud and
somewhat harsh noise, like the blast of a trumpet; a
roar or bellowing.
With blare of bugle, clamor of men. Tennyson.
His ears are stunned with the thunder's blare. J. E. Drake,
Blar'ney (blar'ny), n, [Blarney, a village and castle
near Cork.] Smooth, wheedling talk ; flattery. [Colloq.]
Blarney stone, a stone in Blarney Castle, Ireland, said to
make those who kiss it proficient in the use of blarney.
Blar'ney, v. t, [imp. & p. p. Blarneyed (-nid) ; p,
pr. & vb, re. Blarneying.] To influence by blarney ; to
wheedle with smooth talk; to make or accomplish by
blarney. " .BZarreeyecf the landlord. " Irving,
Had btai-neyed his way from liong Island. S. G. Goodrich.
II Bla-s6' (bla-za'), a. [F., p. p. of blaser.] Having
the sensibilities deadened by excess or frequency of en-
joyment ; sated or surfeited with pleasure ; used up.
ale, senate, care, am, axm, ask, final, gll ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, odd ;
BLASPHEME
153
BLAZONER
Blas-pheme' (bl5s-fem'), "■ t. [imp. & p. p. Blas-
phemed (-femd') ; p. pi: & vb. n. Blaspheming.] [OE.
blasfemeii, L. blasphemare, fr. Gr. /3Aa(r<(ir)/ieii' : cf. F.
blasphemer. See Blame, v.] 1. To speak of, or address,
with impious irreverence ; to revile impiously (anything
sacred) ; as, to blaspheme the Holy Spirit.
So Dagon shall be magnified , and God,
Besides whom is no Rod, compared with idols,
Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn. Hilton.
How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and
avenge thyself on all those who thus coutinually blaspheme thy
great and all-glorious name ? Dr. W. Beveridtje.
2. Figuratively, of persons and things not reUgiously
sacred, but held in high honor : To calumniate ; to re-
vile ; to abuse.
You do blaspheme the good in mocking me. Shak.
Those who from our labors heap their board,
Blaspheme their feeder and forget their lord. Pope.
Blas-pheme', v. i. To utter blasphemy.
He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never
forgiveness. Mark in. 29.
Blas-phem'er (blas-fem'er), n. One who blasphemes.
And each blaxphemer quite escape the rod.
Because the insult 's not on man, but God ? Pope.
Blas'phe-mous (blSs'fe-miSs), a. [L. blasphemus, Gr.
PAaa-<^7)fios.] Speaking or writing blasphemy; uttering
or exhibiting anything impiously irreverent ; profane ;
as, a blasphemous person ; containing blasphemy ; as, a
blasphemous book ; a blasphemous caricature. " Blas-
phemous pubUcations." Porteus.
Nor from the Holy One of Heaven
Refrained his tongue blasphemous. Milton.
^W' Formerly this word was accented on the second
Byllable, as in the above example.
Blas'phe-mous-ly, adv. In a blasphemous manner.
Blas'phe-my (blSs'fe-mj^), n. [L. blasphemia, Gr.
p\aa-^riij.i.a : cf. OF. blasphemie.^ 1. An mdignity offered
to God in words, writing, or signs ; impiously irreverent
words or signs addressed to, or used in reference to, God ;
speaking evil of God ; also, the act of claiming the attri-
butes or prerogatives of deity.
J^^ When used generally in statutes or at common
law, blasphemy is the use of irreverent words or signs in
reference to the Supreme Being in such a way as to pro-
duce scandal or provoke violence.
2. Figuratively, of things held in high honor : Calum-
ny ; abuse ; vilification.
Punished for his blasphemy against learning. Bacon.
-blast (-blast). [Gr. ^AaoTds sprout, shoot.] A suffix
or terminal formative, used principally in biological
terms, and signifying growth, Jormalion ; as, \Aoblast,
epifttosi!, mesoWarf, etc.
Blast (blast),_?7. [AS. bl3esi_a puff of wind, a blowing ;
aliin to Icel. blastr, OHG. blast, and fr. a verb akin to
Icel. blasa to blow, OHG. blasan, Goth, blesan (in
comp.) ; all prob. from the same root as E. blow. See
Blow to eject air.] 1. A violent gust of wind.
And see where surly Winter passes off.
Far to the north, and calls his ruffian blasts;
His blasts obey, and quit the howling hill. Tliomson.
2. A forcible stream of air from an orifice, as from a
bellows, the mouth, etc. Hence : The continuous blow-
ing to which one charge of ore or metal is subjected in a
furnace ; as, to melt so many tons of iron at a blast.
^W^ The terms hot blast and cold blast are employed
to designate whether the current is heated or not heated
before entering the furnace. A blast furnace is said to be
in blast while it is in operation, and out of blast when not
in use.
3. The exhaust steam from an engine, driving a col-
umn of air out of a boiler chimney, and thus creating an
intense draught through the fire ; also, any draught pro-
duced by the blast.
4. The sound made by blowing a wind instrument ;
strictly, the sound produced at one breath.
One blast upon his bugle horn
Were worth a thousand men. Sir W. Scott.
The blast of triumph o'er thy grave. Bryant.
6. A sudden, pernicious effect, as if by a noxious wind,
especially on animals and plants ; a blight.
By the blast of God they perish. Job iv. 9.
Virtue preserved from fell destruction's blast. Shak.
6. The act of rending, or attempting to rend, heavy
masses of rock, earth, etc., by the explosion of gunpow-
der, dynamite, etc. ; also, the charge used for this pur-
pose. "Large 6 to<s are often used." Tomlinson.
7. A flatulent disease of sheep.
Blast furnace, a furnace, usually a shaft furnace for
smelting ores, into which air is forced by pressure. —
Blast hole, a hole in the bottom of a pump stock through
which water enters. — Blast nozzle, a fixed or variable
orifice in the delivery end of a blast pipe ; — called also
blast orifice. — In full blast, in complete operation; in a
state of great activity. See Blast, ra., 2. \Colloq.'\
Blast, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasted ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Blasting.] 1. To injure, as by a noxious vrind ; to
cause to wither ; to stop or check the growth of, and
prevent from fruit-bearing, l^ some pernicious influence ;
to blight ; to shrivel.
Seven thin ears, and blasted with the east wind. Gen. xli. 6.
2. Hence, to affect with some sudden violence, plague,
calamity, or bUghting influence, which destroys or causes
to fail ; to visit with a curse ; to curse ; to ruin ; as, to
blast pride, hopes, or character.
I '11 cross it, though it blast me. Shale.
Blasted with excess of light. T. Gray.
3. To confound by a loud blast or din.
Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city's ear. Shak.
4. To rend open by any explosive agent, as gunpowder,
dynamite, etc. ; to shatter ; as, to blast rocks.
Blast, V. i. 1. To be blighted or withered ; as, the
bud blasted in the blossom.
poblast ; between these two layers is the
Mesoderm or Mesoblast.
2. To blow ; to blow on a trumpet. [06s.]
Toke his blake trumpe faste
Aud gan to puffen and to blaste. Chancer.
Blast'ed (blast'Sd), a. 1. Blighted ; withered.
Upon this blasted heath. Shak.
2. Confounded; accursed; detestable.
Some of her own blasted gypsies. Sir W, Scott.
3. Rent open by an explosive.
The blasted quarry thunders, heard remote. Wordsworth.
II Blas-te'ma (bl5s-te'ma), n.; pi. Blastbmata (-te'-
ma-ta). [Gr. ^Aao-r>)/j,a bud, sprout.] (Biol.) The struc-
tureless, protoplasmic tissue of the embryo ; the primi-
tive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows.
Blas-te'mal (-mal), a. {Biol.) Relating to the blas-
tema; rudimentary.
Blas'te-mat'ic (blSs'te-mSt'Tk), a. {Biol.) Connected
with, or proceeding from, tlie blastema ; blastemal.
Blast'er (blast'er), n. One who, or that which, blasts
or destroys.
Blas'tide (blSs'ttd or -tid), re. [Gr. (S^aa-ros sprout,
fr. /SAao-Tcii'ei:' to grow.] {Biol.) A small, clear space in
tlie segments of the ovum, the precursor of the nucleus.
Blast'lng (blast'ing), re-. 1. A blast; destruction by
a blast, or by some pernicious cause.
I have smitten you with blastiyig and mildew. Amos iv. 9.
2. The act or process of one who, or that which, blasts ;
the business of one who blasts.
Blast'ment (-ment), re. A sudden stroke or injury
produced by some destructive cause. [Obs.'j Shak.
Blas'tO-car'pous (bl3s'to-kar'pus), a. [Gr. /SAao-ros
sprout, germ -f- KapTros fruit.] {Bot.) Germinating in-
side the pericarp, as the mangrove. Brande & C.
Blas'tO-CCele (blSs'to-sel), n. [Gr. /SAatrros sprout -j-
KoiAo! hollow.] {Biol.) The cavity of the blastosphere,
or segmentation cavity.
Blas'tO-cyst (-sist), re. [Gr. /SAaords sprout -|- E.
0/51.2 {Biol.) , ,
The germinal _^.„.—
vesicle t^^m^^^L.2. ^ ^^-^^^^^'^^'*'5n!a&,
Blas'to-derm ~~--.,=»^-^"" "
(-derm), re. [Gr. e
^AaoTos sprout Blastoderm. (Transverse section through a
"1- E. derm.l rabbit embryo of seven days, X 105.) c d
{Biol.) The ger- Ectoderm or Epiblast ; e Entoderm or Hy-
minal mem-
brane in an
ovimi, from which the embryo is developed.
Blas'tO-fler-mafic (-mat'tk), ) a. Of or pertaining
BlaS'tO-der'miO (-der'milO, ) to the blastoderm.
Blas'tO-gen'O-siS (-jen'e-sis), re. [Gr. iSAao-Tos sprout
-f- B. ge7iesis.2 {Biol.) Multiplication or increaso by
gemmation or budding.
Blas'toid (-toidV re. {Zo'dl.) One of the Blastoidea.
II Blas-tOid'e-a(blas-toid'e-a),re.p?. [NL.,
fr. Gr. ^Aao-Tos sprout -j- -oid.'j {Zo'dl.) One
of the divisions of Crinoidea found fossil in
paleozoic rocks ; pentremites. They are so
named on account of their budlike form.
Blas'tO-mere (blas'to-mer), re. [Gr. ^Aa-
oTos sprout -f- -mere.] {Biol.) One of the
segments first formed by the division of the
ovum. Balfour.
Blas'toph'o-ral (-tof'o-ral), ) a. Relating
Blas'to-phor'ic (-to-f6r'Tk), ) to the
blastophore. A Blastoid
Blas'tO-phore (bl5s'tS-for), re. [Gr. (i;"f,rf™2f/
^Aao-Td5 sprout + ^epeiv to bear.] {Biol.) Pv^vonnts).
That portion of the spermatospore which
is not converted into spermatoblasts, but carries them.
Blas'tO-pore (-por), re. [Gr. iSAacTTot sprout -j- E.
jpore.] {Biol.) The pore or opening leading into the cav-
ity of Invagination, or archenteron. [See Illust. of In-
vagination.] Balfour.
Blas'tO-sphere (-sfer), re. [Gr. jSAaaro! sprout + E.
sphere.'^ {Biol.) The hollow globe or sphere formed by
the arrangement of the blastomeres on the periphery of
an impregnated ovum. [See Tllust. of Invagination.]
Blas'tO-style (-stn), re. [Gr. pKaaro^ sprout, bud -f-
o-rCAos a pillar.] {Zo'dl.) In certain hydroids, an imper-
fect zooid, whose special function is to produce medusoid
buds. See Hydkoidea, and Athecata.
Blast' pipe' (blast' pip')- The exhaust pipe of a
steam engine, or any pipe delivering steam or air, when
so constructed as to cause a blast.
II Blas'tU-la (blas'tu-la ; 135), re. [NL., dim. of Gr.
^Aao-Tos a sprout.] {Biol.) That stage in the develop-
ment of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula
become more defined and form the blastoderm.
Blas'tule (-tiil), re. {Biol.) Same as Blastula.
Blast'y (blast'y), a. 1. Affected by blasts ; gusty.
2. Causing blast or injury. [Obs.J Boyle.
Blat (blSt), V. i. To cry, as a calf or sheep ; to bleat ;
to make a senseless noise ; to talk inconsiderately. [Low']
Blat, V. t. To utter inconsiderately. HLow']
If I have anything on my mind, I have to blat it right out.
JF. Zl. Howells.
Bla'tan-cy (bla'tan-sj^), re. Blatant quality.
Bla'fiailt (bla'tant), a. [Cf. Bleat.] Bellowing, as
a calf ; bawling ; brawling ; clamoring ; disagreeably clam-
orous ; sounding loudly and harshly. " Harsh and bla-
tant tone,'" iJ. H^- Dana.
A monster, which the blatant beast men call. Spenser.
Glory, that blatant word, which haunts some military minds
like the bray of the trumpet. W. Irving.
Bla'tant-ly, adv. in a blatant manner.
Blath'er-Sldte (blath'er-skit), re. A blustering, talk-
ative fellow. ILocal slang, U. S.'] Barllett.
Blat'ter (blSt'ter), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Blattered
(-terd).] [li. blaterare to babble : cf. F. blaterer to
bleat.] To prate ; to babble ; to rail ; to make a sense-
less noise; to patter. [Archaic'] "The rain hlat-
tered.''' Jeffrey.
They procured . . . preachers to blatter against me, ... so
that they had place and time to belie me shamefully. Latimer.,
Blat'ter-a'tion (blSt'ter-a'shtin), re. [L. blaieratio s
babbling.] Blattering.
Blat'ter-er (-er), re. One who blatters ; a babbler ;
a noisy, blustering boaster.
Blat'ter-ing, n. Senseless babble or boasting.
Blat'ter-oon' (bl5t'ter-oon'), re. [L. blaiero, -onis.]
A senseless babbler or boaster. [Obs.] "I hate such
blatleroons.''^ Howell.
II Blau'bok (blou'bBk), re. [Ji.blauwboh.] (2o5/.) The
blue buck. See Blue buck, under Blue.
Blay (bla), re. [AS. blsege, f r. blsec, blac, bleak, white ;
akin to Icel. bleikja, OHG. bleicha, G. bleihe. See Bleak,
n. & a.] {Zo'dl.) A fish. See Bleak, re.
Blaze (blaz), re. [OE. blase, AS. blxse, blase ; akin to
OHG. blass whitish, G. blass pale, MHG. bias torch,
Icel. blys torch ; perh. fr. the same root as E. blast. Cf.
Blast, Blush, Blink.] 1. A stream of gas or vapor
emitting light and heat in the process of combustion ; a
bright flame. " To heaven the ftteze uproUed. " Croly.
2. Intense, direct light accompanied with heat ; as, to
seek shelter from the blaze of the sun.
O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon 1 Milton.
3. A bursting out, or active display of any quality ;
an outburst ; a brilliant display. "Fierce blaze of riot."
"Hia S/aze of wrath." Shak.
For what is glory but the blaze of fame ? Milton.
4. [Cf. D. bles; akin to E. blaze light.] A white spot
on the forehead of a horse.
5. A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the
bark, usually as a surveyor's mark.
Three blazes in a perpendicular line on the same tree indica-
ting a legislative road, the single blaze a settlement or neighbor-
hood road. Carllon.
In a blaze, on flre ; burning with a flame ; filled with,
giving, or reflecting light ; excited or exasperated. —
Like blazes, furiously ; rapidly. [Low] " The horses did
along like blazes tear." Poem in Essex dialect.
1^°° In low language in the U. S., blazes is frequently
used of something extreme or excessive, especially of
something very bad ; as, blue as blazes. Neal,
Syn. — Blaze, Flame. A blaze and a yZame are both
produced by burning gas. In blaze the idea of light rap-
idly evolved is prominent, with or witliout heat ; as, the
blaze ot the sun or of a meteor. Flam e includes a stronger
notion of heat ; as, he perished in the flames.
Blaze, V. i. [imp. &p. p. Blazed (blazd) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Blazing.] 1. To shine with flame ; to glow with
flame ; as, the fire blazes.
Z. To send forth or reflect glowing or briUiaut light ;
to show a blaze.
And far and wide the icy summit blazed. Wordsworth.
3. To be resplendent. 3Iacaulay.
To hlaze away, to discharge a firearm, or to continue
firing; — said esp. of a number of persons, as a line of
Boldier,5. Also used (/(?.) of speech or action. [Colloq.]
Blaze, V. t. 1. To mark (a tree) by chipping off a
piece of the bark.
I found my way by tlie blazed trees. Hoffman.
2. To designate by blazing ; to mark out, as by blazed
trees ; as, to blaze a line or path.
Champollion died in 1&32, having done little more than blaze
out the road to be traveled hy others. Nott.
Blaze, V. t. [OE. blasen to blow ; perh. confused
with blast and blaze a flame, OE. blase. Cf. Blaze, v. i.,
and see Blast.] 1. To make public far and wide; to
make known ; to render conspicuous.
On charitable lists he blazed his name. Pollok.
To blaze those virtues which the good would hide. Pope.
2. {Her.) To blazon. [Obs.] Peacham.
Blaz'er (blaz'er), re. One who spreads reports or
blazes matters abroad, "^faxera of crime." Spenser.
Blaz'ing, a. Burning with a blaze ; as, a blazing
fire ; blazing torches. Sir W. Scott.
Blazing star, (a) A comet. [06s.] (6) A brilhant cen-
ter of attraction, (c) (Bot.) A name given to several
plants ; as, to Cham^lirium luteum of the Lily family ;
Liatris squarrosa ; and Aletris farinosa, called also colic-
root and star grass.
Bla'zon (bla'z'n), n. [OE. blason, blasoun, shield, fr.
P. blason coat of arms, OF. shield, from the root of AS.
blxse blaze, i. e., luster, splendor, MHG. bias torch.
See Blaze, re.] 1. A shield. [Obs.]
2. An heraldic shield ; a coat of arms, or a bearing on
a coat of arms ; armorial bearings.
Their 6fa20n o'er his towers displayed. Sir W. Scott.
3. The art or act of describing or depicting heraldic
bearings in the proper language or manner. Peacham.
4. Ostentatious display, either by words or other
means ; publication ; show ; description ; record.
Obtrude the blazon of their exploits upon thecompany. Collier.
Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, actions, and spirit.
Do give thee fivefold blazon. Shak.
Bla'zon, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Blazoned (-z'nd) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Blazoning (-z'n-ing).] [From blazon, a. ; con-
fused with 4th blaze : cf. F. blasonner.] 1. To depict
in colors ; to display ; to exhibit conspicuously ; to put)-
llsh or make public far and wide.
Thyself thou blazon'st. Sliak.
There pride sits blazoned on th' unmeaning brow. TrumbulL
To blazon his own worthless name. Cowper.
2. To deck ; to embellish ; to adorn.
She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form. Garth.
3. (Her.) To explain in proper terms, as the figures
on armorial ensigns; also, to delineate (armorial bear-
ings) ; to emblazon.
The coat of arms, which I am not herald enough to blazon
into English. Addi.ion.
Bla'zon, v. i. To shine ; to be conspicuous, [i?.]
Bla'ZOn-er (bla'z'n-er), re. One who gives publicity,
proclaims, or blazons ; esp., one who blazons co.ats of
arms ; a herald. Burke.
use, -unite, rude, full, Up, firn ; pity ; food, fo'ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; then, thin ;
bON;
xtk = z in azure.
BLAZONMENT
154
BLESS
Bla'zon-ment (bla'z'u-m«nt), re. The act of blazon-
ing ; blazoning ; emblazonment.
Bla'zon-ry (bla'z'n-ry), re. 1. Same as Blazon, 3.
The principles of blazonry. reacham.
2. A coat of arms ; an armorial bearing or bearings.
The blazom-y of Argyle. Lord Dujferin.
3. Artistic representation or display.
Blea (ble), n. The part of a tree which lies imme-
diately under the bark ; the alburnum or sapwood.
Blea'ber-ry (-ber-ry), n. (Bot.) See Blaebekey.
Bleach (blech), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bleached (blecht) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bleaching.] [OE. blakien, blecfien, v.
t. & T. i., AS. bldcimii blxcan, to grow pale; akin to
Icel. bleikja, Sw. bleka, Dan. blege, D. bleeken, G.
bleichen, AS, Mac ■pale. See Bleak, a.] To make white,
or whiter ; to remove the color, or stains, from ; to
blanch ; to wliiten.
The destruction of the coloring matters attached to the bodies
to be bleached is effected either by the action of the air and
light, of chlorine, or of sulpliurous acid. O're.
Immortal liberty, whose look sublime
Hath bleached the tyrant's cheek in every varying clime.
Siiiotlett.
Bleach, v. i. To grow white or lose color ; to whiten.
Bleached (blecht), a. Whitened ; made white.
Let their bleached bones, and blood's unbleaching stain,
liOng mark the battlefield with hideous awe. Byron.
Bleach'er (blech'er), re. One who whitens, or whose
occupation is to wliiten, by bleaching.
Bleach'er-y i-f), re. ,- pi. Bleacheries (-Iz). A place
OT an establishment where bleaching is done.
Bleach'ing, re. The act or process of whitening, by
removing color or stains ; esp. the process of whitening
fabrics by chenjical agents. Ure.
Bleaching powder, a powder for bleaching, consisting of
chloride ot lime, or some other chemical or chemicals.
Bleak (blek), a. [OE. blac, bleyke, bleche, AS. blac,
Msec, pale, wan ; akin to Icel. bleikr, Sw. blek, Dan. bleg,
OS. blek, D. bleek, OHG. pleih, G. bleich; all from the
root of AS. bllcan to shine ; akin to OHG. blichen to
shine ; cf . L. flagrare to burn, Gr. 4>^iyeiv to burn, shine,
Skr. bhraj to shine, and E. flame. V98. Cf. Bleach,
Blink, Flame.] 1. Without color ; pale ; pallid. [Oi*.]
When she came out she looked as pale and asfcfcaAras one
.that were laid out dead. Foxe.
2. Desolate and exposed ; swept by cold winds.
Wastes too bl^ak to rear
The common growth of earth, the foodf ul ear. Wordsworth.
At daybreak, on the bleak sea beach. Longfellow.
3. Cold and cutting ; cheerless ; as, a bleak blast.
— Bleak'lsh, a. — Bleak'ly, arft;.— Bleak'ness, n.
Bleak, re. [From Bleak, a., cf. Blay.] {Zool.) A
small European river fish {Leuciscus alburnus), of the
family Cyprinidoe ; the blay. [Written also blick.'\
(8^°" The silvery pigment lining the scales of the bleak
is used in the manufacture of artificial pearls. Baird.
Bleak'y (-y), a. Bleak. [OJs.] Dryden.
Blear (bier), a. [See Bleak, t).] 1. Dim or sore
with water or rheum ; — said of the eyes.
Ris blear eyes ran in gutters to his chin. Dryden.
2. Causing or caused by dimness of sight ; dim.
Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion. Hilton.
Blear, v. t. [imp. &p.p. Bleared (blerd) ; p.pr. &
vb. n. Blearlno.] [OE. bleren ; cf. Dan. p?('re to blink,
Sw. plira to twinkle, wink, LG. plieren ; perh. from the
same root as E. blink. See Blink, and cf. Blue.] To
make somewhat sore or watery, as the eyes ; to dim, or
blur, as the sight. Figuratively : To obscure (mental or
moral perception) ; to blind ; to hoodwink.
That tickling rheums
Should ever tease the lungs and blear the sight. Cowper.
To blear the eye of, to deceive ; to impose upon. [Obs.]
Chaucer.
Bleared (blerd), a. Dimmed, as by a watery humor ;
affected with rheum. — Blear'ed-ness (bler'ed-nSs), n.
Dardanian wives,
With bleared visages, come forth to view
The issue of the exploit. Shak.
Blear'eye' (blerl'), re. (3fed.) A disease of the eyelids,
consisting in chronic infiammation of the margins, with
a gummy secretion of sebaceous matter. Dunglison.
Blear'-eyed' (-id')i o- 1. Having sore eyes ; having
the eyes dim with rheum ; dim-sighted.
The blear-eyed Crispin. Drant.
2. Lacking in perception or penetration ; short-sighted ;
. as, a blear-eyed bigot.
Blear'eyed'ness, re. The state of being blear-eyed.
Blear'y (bler'i^), a. Somewhat blear.
Bleat (Met), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bleated ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Bleatino.] [OE^ bleten, AS. blsetan ; akin to D.
blaien, bleeien, OHG. blazon, plazan ; prob. of imitative
origin.] To make the noise of, or one like that of, a
sheep ; to cry like a sheep or calf.
Then suddenly was heard along the main,
To low the ox, to bleat the^wooUy train. Pope.
The ewe that will not hear her lamb when it baas, will never
answer a calf when he bleats. Shak.
Bleat, re. A plaintive cry of, or like that of, a sheep.
The bleat of fleecy sheep. Chapman's Homer.
Bleat'er (blet'er), re. One who bleats ; a sheep.
In cold, stiff soils the bleaters oft complain
Of gouty ails. Dyer.
Bleat'lng, a. Crying as a sheep does.
Then came the shepherd back with his bleating flocks from
the seaside. Longfellow.
Bleat'ing, re. The cry of, or as of, a sheep. Chapman.
Bleb (blSb), re. [PrOF. E. bleb, bleib, blob, bubble,
blister. This word belongs to the root of blub, blubber,
blabber, and perh. blow to puff.] A large vesicle or bulla,
usually containing a serous fluid ; a blister ; a bubble, as
in water, glass, etc.
Arsenic abounds with air blebs. Kirwan.
BlebTiy (blSb'by), a. Containing blebs, or character-
ized by blebs ; as, blebby glass.
Bleck, Blek (blSk), v. t. To blacken ; also, to defile.
[Obs. or Dial.l Wyclif.
Bled (blSd), imp. & p. p. of Bleed.
Blee (ble), re. lAS.bleo,ble6h.'[ Complexion ; color ;
hue ; likeness ; form. [Archaic']
For him which Is so bright of blee. Lament, of Mary Magd.
That boy has a strong bice of his father. Forby.
Bleed (bled), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bled (blSd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bleeding.] [OE. bleden, AS. bledan, fr. Mod
blood; akin to Sw. bioda, Dan. Mode, D. bloeden, G. Mu-
ten. See Blood.] 1. To emit blood ; to lose blood ; to
run with blood, by whatever means ; as, the arm bleeds;
the wound hied freely ; to bleed at the nose.
2. To withdraw blood from the body ; to let blood ; as,
Dr. A. Meeds in fevers.
3. To lose or shed one's blood, as in case of a violent
death or severe wounds; to die by violence. "cJsesar
must Meed. " Shak.
The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day. Pope.
4. To issue forth, or drop, as blood from an incision.
For me the balm shall bleed. Pope.
5. To lose sap, gum, or juice ; as, a tree or a vine
Meeds when tapped or wounded.
6. To pay or lose money ; to have money drawn or
extorted ; as, to bleed freely for a cause. [Colloq.']
To make the heart bleed, to cause extreme pain, as from
sympathy or pity.
Bleed, v. t. 1. To let blood from ; to take or draw
blood from, as by opening a vein.
2. To lose, as blood ; to emit or let drop, as sap.
A decaying pine of stately size, bleeding amber. H. Miller.
3. To draw money from (one) ; to induce to pay ; as,
they Med him freely for this fund. [Colloq.']
Bleed'er (-er), re. (Med.) (a) One who, or that which,
draws blood. ( J) One in whom slight wounds give rise
to profuse or uncontrollable bleeding.
Bleed'ing, a. Emittmg, or appearing to emit, blood
or sap, etc. ; also, expressing anguish or compassion.
Bleed'ing, re. A running or issuing of blood, as from
the nose or a wound ; a hemorrhage ; the operation of
letting blood, as in surgery ; a drawing or running of sap
from a tree or plant.
Blem'lsh (blem'ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blemished
(-isht) ; p. pr. Si vb. n. Blemishing.] [OE. Memissen,
blemishen, OF. blemir, ble.'smir, to strike, injure, soil, F.
blemir to grow pale, fr. OF. bleme, blesme, pale, wan, F.
bleme, prob. fr. Icel. bldman the livid color of a wound, fr.
Mar blue ; akin to E. blue. OF. blemir properly signifies
to beat one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty.
See Blue.] 1. To mark with deformity ; to injure or Im-
pair, as anything which is well formed, or excellent ; to
mar, or make defective, either the body or mind.
Sin is a soil which blemisheth the beauty of thy soul.
Lrathicaitt
2. To tarnish, as reputation or character ; to defame.
There had nothing passed between ns that might blemish
reputation. Oldys.
Blem'ish, re. / pi. Blemishes (-ez). Any mark of de-
formity or injury, whether physical or moral ; anything
that diminishes beauty, or renders imperfect that v/hich
is otherwise well formed ; that which impairs reputation.
He shall take two he lambs without blemish, and one ewe
lamb of the first year without blejnish. Lev. siv. 10.
The reliefs of an envious man are those little blemishes and
imperfections that discover themselves in an illustrious char-
acter. Spectator.
Syn. — Spot ; speck ; flaw ; deformity ; stain ; defect ;
fault ; taint ; reproach ; dishonor ; imputation ; disgrace.
Blem'ish-less, a. Without blemish ; spotless.
A life in all so ble7nishless. Feltham.
Blem'ish-ment (-ment), re. The state of being blem-
ished ; blemish ; disgrace ; damage ; impairment.
For dread of blame and honor's blemishment. Spenser.
Blench (blench), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blenched
(blencht) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Blenching.] [OE. Menchen to
blench, elude, deceive, AS. Mencan to deceive ; akin to
Icel. blekkja to impose upon. Prop, a causative of Mink
to make to wink, to deceive. See Blink, and cf. 3d
Blanch.] 1. To shrink ; to start back ; to draw back,
from lack of courage or resolution ; to flinch ; to quail.
Blench not at thy chosen lot. Bryant.
This painful, heroic task he undertook, and never blenchrd
from its f uLfillment. Jeffrey.
2. To fly off ; to turn aside. [Obs.]
Though sometimes you do blench from this to that. Shak.
Blench, v. t. 1. To bafBe ; to disconcert ; to turn
away ; — also, to obstruct ; to hinder. [Obs.]
Ye should have somewhat blenched him therewith, yet he
might and would of likelihood have gone further. Sir T. More.
2. To draw back from ; to deny from fear. [OJs.]
He now blenched what before he affirmed. Fvetyn.
Blench, re. A looking aside or askance. [Obs.]
These bletiches gave ray heart another youth. Shak.
Blench, v. i. & t. [See 1st Blanch.] To grow or
make pale. Barbour.
Blench'er (-Sr), re. 1. One who, or that which, scares
another ; specifically, a person stationed to prevent the
escape of the deer, at a hunt See Blanchee. [Obs.]
2. One who blenches, flinches, or shrinks back.
Blench' hold'ing. (Law) See Blanch holding.
Blend (blend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blended or Blent
(blent) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Blending.] [OE. blenden, Man-
den, AS. Mandan to blend, mix ; akin to Goth, blandan
to mix, Icel. Manda, Sw. blanda, Dan. blande, OHG. Man-
tan to mix ; of unknown origin.] 1. To mix or mingle
together ; esp. to mingle, combine, or associate so that
the separate things mixed, or the line of demarcation,
can not be distinguished. Hence : To confuse ; to con-
found.
Blending the grand, the beautiful, the gay. Percivat.
Blenheim Spaniel.
[Gr. pkivva
2. To pollute by mixture or association ; to spoil or
corrupt ; to blot ; to stain. [Obs.] Spenser.
Syn. — To commingle ; combine ; fuse ; merge ; amal'
gamate ; liarmonize.
Blend (blSnd), V. i. To mingle ; to mix ; to unite inti-
mately ; to pass or shade insensibly into each other, as
colors.
There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that klends with
our conviviality. Irving.
Blend, re. A thorough mixture of one thing with an-
other, as colors, liquors, etc. ; a shading or merging of
one color, tint, etc., into another, so that it cannot be
known where one ends or the other begins.
Blend, v. i. [AS. blendan, from Mind blind. See
Blind, a.] To make blind, literally or figuratively ; to
dazzle ; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Blende (blend), n. [G., fr. blenden to blind, dazzle,
deceive, fr. Mind Jolind. So called either in allusion to
its dazzling luster; or (Dana) because, though often re-
sembling galena, it yields no lead. Cf. Sphalerite.]
(Slin.) (a) A mineral, called also sphalerite, and by
miners mock lead, Jalse galena, and black-jack. It is a
zinc sulphide, but often contains some iron. Its color
is usually yellow, brown, or black, and its luster resin-
ous. (6) A general term for some minerals, chiefly me-
tallic sulphides which have a somewhat brilliant but non-
metallic luster.
Blend'er (blSnd'er), n. One who, or that which,
blends ; an instrument, as a brush, used in blending.
Blend'ing, re. 1. The act of mingling.
2. (Paint.) The method of laying on different tints so
that they may mingle together while wet, and shade into
each other insensibly. Weale.
Blend'OUS (blgud'ils), a. Pertaining to, consisting of,
or containing, blende.
Blend'wa'ter (-wa'ter), re. A distemper incident to
cattle, in whicli their livers are affected. Crabb.
Blen'heim span'iel (blSn'Im spSn'ySl). [So called
from Blenheim House, the
seat of the duke of Marl-
borough, in England.] A
small variety of spaniel, kept
as a pet.
Blenk, v. i. To blink ; to
shine ; to look. [Obs.]
Blen'nl-old (Wgn'ntToid),
Blen'ni-id (blgn'nt-id),
a. [Blenny_-\- -oid.] (Zool.)
Of, pertaining to, or resem-
bling, the blennie«.
Blen-nog'e-nous (blSn-nBj'e-niis), a.
mucus -f- -genous.] Generating mucus.
II Blen'nor-rhe'a (blSn'nor-re'a), re. [Gr. jSXeVi/a mucua
-f- pelv to flow.] (3Ied.) (a) An inordinate secretion and
discharge of mucus, (b) Gonorrhea. Dunglison.
Blen'ny (blen'ny), re. / pi. Blennies (-niz). [L. Men-
nius, Mendius, blen-
dea, Gr. ^Aei/j/os, fr.
PAewa slime, mucus.]
(Zool.) A marine fish
of the genus Blen-
nius or family Blen-
niidx ; — so called
from its coating of
mucus. The species
are numerous.
Blent (blSnt), imp.
& p. p. of Blend to
mingle. Mingled;
mixed ; blended ; also, polluted ; stained.
Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial blent. Byron,
Blent, imp. & p. p. of Blend to blind. Blinded.
Also (Chaucer), 3d sing. pres. Blindeth. [Obs.]
11 Blesliok (bles'bok), re. [D., fr. bles a white spot on
the forehead -f- bok buck.] (Zool.) A South African
antelope (Alcelaphus albi/rons), having a large white spot
on the forehead.
Bless (bles), V. f. [imp. & p. p. Blessed (blSst) or
Blest ; p. pr. & vb. re. Blessing.] [OE. blessien, bletsen,
AS. bletsian, bledsian, bloedsian, fr. Mod blood; prob.
originally to consecrate by sprinkling with blood. See
Blood.] 1. To make or pronounce holy ; to consecrate.
And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it. Oen. ii. 3.
2. To make happy, blithesome, or joyous ; to confer
prosperity or happiness upon ; to grant divine favor to.
The quality of mercy is . . . twice blest ;
It blesscth him that gives and him that takes. Shak.
It hath pleased thee to bless the house of thy servant, that
it may continue forever before thee. 1 Chron, xvii. 2" (/f. V.).
3. To express a wish or prayer for the happiness of ; to
invoke a blessing upon ; — applied to persons.
Bless them which persecute you. Pom. xii. 14.
4. To invoke or confer beneficial attributes or qualities
upon ; to invoke or confer a blessing on, — as on food.
Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and look-
ing up to heaven, he blessed them. L-uke ix. 16.
5. To make the sign of the cross upon ; to cross (one's
self). [Archaic] Holinshed.
6. To guard ; to keep ; to protect. [Obs.]
7. To praise, or glorify ; to extol for excellences.
Bless the Lord, O my soul : and all that is within me, blesA
his holy name. Ps. ciii. 1.
8. To esteem or account happy ;.to felicitate.
The nations shall bless themselves in him. Jer.iy.2.
9. To wave ; to brandish. [Obs.]
And burning blades about their heads do bless. Spenser.
Round his armed head his trenchant blade he blest. Fairfoj:.
^W This is an old sense of the word, supposed by
Johnson, Nares, and others, to have been derived from
the old rite of blessing a field by directing the hands to
all parts of it. " In dravping [their bowl some fetch such
a compass as though they would turn about and Mess all *
the field." Ascham.
Ooellated Blenny or Butterfly Fish of
Europe CBlennius ocellaris).
ale, senate, c&re, am, arm, ask, final, gU ; eve, ^vent, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, ftbey, drb, 6dd ;
BLESSED
155
ELITE
Bleu me I Bless as I an exclamation of surprise. Milton.
— To bless from, to secure, defend, or preserve from.
"^' Bless me J rum marrying a usurer." Sliak.
To bless the doorsy>-o»i nightly harm. Milton,
— To bless with. To be blessed with, to favor or endow
with ; to be favored or endowed with ; as, God blesses us
V)Hh liealth ;l we ai'e blessed with happiness.
Bless'ed (bles'5d), a. 1. Hallowed ; consecrated ;
worthy of blessing or adoration ; heavenly ; holy.
O, run ; prevent them with thy humble ode,
And lay it lowly at his blessed feet. Milton.
2. Enjojnng happiness or bliss ; favored with blessings ;
happy ; highly favored.
All generations shall call me blessed. Luke i. 48.
Towards England's blessed shore. Shak.
3. Imparting happiness or bliss; fraught with happi-
ness ; blissful ; joyful. " Then was a blessed time."
" So blessed a disposition." Shak.
4. Enjoying, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness, or
ieavenly felicity ; as, the blessed iu heaven.
Reverenced like a blessed saint. Shak.
Cast out from God and blessed vision. Milton.
5. (iJ. C. Ck.) Beatified.
6. Used euphemistically, ironically, or intensively.
JNot a blessed man came to set her [a boat] free. H. D. Blackinore.
Bless'ed-ly, adv. Happily ; fortunately ; joyfully.
We shall blessedli/ meet agam never to depart. Sir P. Sidnej/-
Bless'ed-ness, «. The state of being blessed ; hap-
piness ; felicity ; bliss ; heavenly joys ; the favor of God.
The assurance of a future blessedness. Tillotson.
Single blessedness, the unmarried state. " Grows, lives,
and dies iu siuyie blessedness." Shak.
Syn. — Delight ; beatitude ; ecstasy. See Happiness.
Bless'ed this'tle (tMs'l). See under Thistle.
Bless'er (-er), n. One who blesses ; one who bestows
or invokes a blessing.
Bless'ing, n. [AS. bleisung. See Bless, v. <.] 1. The
act of one who blesses.
2. A declaration of divine favor, or an invocation im-
ploring divine favor on some one or something ; a bene-
diction ; a wish of happiness pronounced.
This is the blessing, wherewitli Moses the man of God blessed
the children of Israel. Dent, xxsiii. 1.
3. A means of happiness ; that which promotes pros-
perity and welfare ; a beneficent gift.
Nature's full blessings would be well dispensed. 3Iilton.
4. (Bib.) A gift. [_A HebraisTTi^ GeM.xxxiii.il.
5. Grateful praise or worship.
Blest, a. Blessed. " This patriarch 6Zes<." Blilton.
While these blest sounds my ravished ear assail. Ti-umluU.
Blet (blSt), n. [F. blet, bleite, a., soft from over ripe-
ness.] A form of decay in fruit which is overripe.
Ble'ton-ism (ble'ton-iz'm), n. The supposed faculty
of perceiving subterraneous springs and currents by sen-
sation ; — so called from one Bleton, of France.
Blet'ting (blSt'tlng), n. A form of decay seen in
fleshy, overripe fruit. Idndley.
Blew (blu), imp. of Blow.
Bleyme (blem), n. [F. bleime.'] (Far.) An inflam-
mation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and the
hone. [06^.]
Bleyn'te (blan'te), imp. of Blench. [06s.] Chaucer.
Blick'ey (bllk'y), n. I'D. blik tin.] A tin dinner pail.
[Local, U. S.'] Bartleit.
Blight (but), V. t. limp. &p. p. Blighted ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Blighting.] [Perh. contr. from AS. bllceltan to
glitter, fr. the same root as E. bleak. The meaning "to
blight " comes in that case from to glitter, hence, to be
white or pale, grow pale, make pale, bleach. Of. Bleach,
Bleak.] 1. To affect with blight ; to blast ; to prevent
the growth and fertility of.
[This vapor] blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruit, and is
sometimes injurious even to man. Woodward.
2. Hence : To destroy the happiness of ; to ruin ; to
mar essentially ; to frustrate ; as, to blight one's prospects.
Seared in heart and lone and blighted. Byron.
Blight, V. i. To be affected by blight ; to blast ; as,
this vine never blights.
Blight, n. 1. Mildew ; decay ; anything nipping or
blasting ; — applied as a general name to various injuries
or diseases of plants, causing the whole or a part to
wither, whether occasioned by insects, fungi, or atmos-
pheric influences.
2. The act of blighting, or the state of being blighted ;
a withering or mildewing, or a stoppage of growth in the
whole or a part of a plant, etc.
3. That which frustrates one's plans or withers one's
hopes ; that which impairs or destroys.
A blight seemed to have fallen over our fortunes. Disraeli.
4. (Zool.) A downy species of aphis, or plant louse, de-
structive to fruit trees, infest-
ing both the roots and branches ;
— also applied to several other
injurious insects.
5. pi. A rashlike eruption on
the human skin. [XJ. &]
BUght'lng, a. Causing blight.
Blight'lng-ly, adv. So as to
cause blight.
B 11m 'hi (blim'bi), Bllm'-
blng (blim'bTng), n. See Bi-
LIUBI, etc.
BUn (blTn), V. t. & i. [OE.
blinnen, AS. blinnan; pref. be-
-f linnan to cease.] To stop ; to Apple 'BlighHSchizoneura
CMKB! f.fxiooiaf Trih„-\ S^J^^^^ lamgera); a Mature m-
sect, sexual form ; c
Wingless, asexual form;
d The same with downy
secretion removed ; e
Piece of twie with the
insect in place, nat.
size; a cd are enlarged.
cease; to desist. Idbs.li Spenser.
Blln, re. [AS. blinn.^ Ces-
sation; end. lObs.^
Blind (blind), a. [AS. ; akin
to D., G., OS., Sw., & Dan. blind,
Icel. blindr, Goth, blinds ; of un-
certain origin.] 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing,
either by natural defect or by deprivation ; without sight.
He that is strucken blind can not forget
The precious treasure of his eyesight lost. Shak.
2. Not having the faculty of discenmient ; destitute
of intellectual light ; unable or unwUling to imderstand
or judge ; as, authors are blind to their own defects.
But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more.
That they may stumble on, and deeper fall. Milton.
3. Uudiscerning ; undiscriminating ; inconsiderate.
This plan is recommended neither to blind approbation nor to
blind reprobation. Jay.
4. Having such a state or condition as a thing would
have to a person who is blind ; not well marked or easily
discernible ; hidden ; unseen ; concealed ; as, a blind
path ; a blind ditch.
6. Involved ; intricate ; not easily followed or traced.
The blind mazes of this tangled wood. Milton.
6. Having no openings for light or passage ; as, a blind
wall ; open only at one end ; as, a bli?id alley ; a blind gut.
7. Unintelligible, or not easily intelligible ; as, a blind
passage iu a book ; illegible ; as, bli7td writing.
8. {Hort. ) Abortive ; failing to produce flowers or
fruit ; as, blind buds ; blind flowers.
Blind alley, an alley closed at one end ; a ciil-de-sac. —
Blind asle, an axle which turns but does not communicate
motion. Knight. — Blind beetle, one of the insects apt to
fly against people, esp. at uight. — Blind cat iZo'dl.), a spe-
cies of catfish {Gronias nigrolabris), nearly destitute of
eyes, living in caverns in Pennsylvania. — Blind coal, coal
that burns without flame; anthracite coal. Siinmonds.
— Blind door. Blind window, an imitation of a door or \vin-
dow, without an openingtor passage or light. See Blank
door or window, under Blank, a. —Blind level (Alining),
a level or drainage gallery which has a vertical shaft at
each end, and acts as an inverted siphon. Knight. — Blind
nettle iBot.), dead nettle. See Dead nettle, under Dead.
— Blind shell (Ounnery), a shell containing no charge, or
one that does not explode. — Blind side, the side which is
most easily assailed ; a weak or unguarded side ; the side
on which one is least able or disposed to see danger.
Swift. -Blind snake (Zool.), a small, harmless, burrovfing
snake, of the family Typldopidx, with rudimentary eyes.
— Blind spot (Anal.), the point iu the retina of the eye
where the optic nerve enters, and which is insensible to
light. — Blind tooling, in bookbinding and leather work,
the indented impression of heated tools, without gilding ;
— called also blank tooling, and blind blocking. — Bhni
wall, a wall without an opening ; a blank wall.
Blind (blind), v. t. limp. &p.p. Blinded ; p.pr. &vb.
n. Bunding.] 1. To make blind ; to deprive of sight or
discernment. " To Wind the truth and me. " Tennyson.
A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that
blinds those whom he should lead is ... a much greater. South.
2. To deprive partially of vision ; to make vision diffi-
cult for and painful to ; to dazzle.
Her beauty all the rest did bliTid. P. Fletcher.
3. To darken ; to obscure to the eye or understanding ;
to conceal ; to deceive.
Such darkness blinds the sky. Dryden.
The state of the controversy between us he endeavored, with
all his art,to blind and confound. Stillingfieet.
4. To cover with a thin coating of sand and fine gravel ;
as a road newly paved, in order that the joints between
the stones may be filled.
Blind (blind), n. 1. Something to hinder sight or
keep out light ; a screen ; a cover ; esp. a hinged screen
or shutter for a window ; a blinder for a horse.
2. Something to mislead the eye or the understanding,
or to conceal some covert deed or design ; a subterfuge.
3. [Cf. F. blindes, pi., fr. G blende, fr. blenden to
blind, fr. blind blind.] (3RI.) A blindage. See Blindage.
4. A halting place. [OJs.] Dryden.
Blind, Blinde (blind), n. See Blende.
Blind'age (blind'Sj), n. [Cf. F. blindage."] (Mil.) A
cover or protection for an advanced trench or approach,
formed of fascines and earth supported by a framework.
Blind'er (-er^, n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds.
2. (Saddlery) One of the leather screens on a bridle, to
hinder a horse from seeing objects at the side ; a blinker
Blind'fish' (-fish'), n. A small fish (Amblyopsis spe-
Ixus) destitute of eyes,
found In the waters of the
Mammoth Cave, in Ken-
tucky. Related fishes
from other caves take
the same name. „,. ,„,,,,,
Blind'fold' (-fold'), Blmdfish(^m!i?«ops«spe;asMs). 0^
V. t. limp. & p. p.
Blindfolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blutdfolding.] [OE.
blindfolden, blindfelden, blindfellen ; AS. blind blind -f-
prob./eHare, fyllan, to fell, strike dovm.] To cover the
eyes of, as with a bandage ; to hinder from seeing.
And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the
face. Luke xxii. 64.
Blind'fold', a. Having the eyes covered ; blinded ;
having the mental eye darkened. Hence : Heedless ;
reckless ; as, blindfold zeal ; blindfold fury.
Fate's blindfold reign the atheist loudly owns. Di-yden.
Blind'ing, a. Making blind or as if blind ; depriving
of sight or of understanding ; obscuring ; as, blinding
tears ; blinding snow.
Blind'ing, n. A thin coating of sand and fine gravel
over a newly paved road. See Blind, v. t., 4.
Blindly, adv. Without sight, discernment, or under-
standing ; without thought, investigation, knowledge, or
purpose of one's own.
By his imperious mistress blindly led. Dn/den.
Bllnd'man's bull' (bllnd'mSnz biif). [See Bupp a
buffet.] A play in which one person is blindfolded, and
tries to catch some one of the company and tell who it is.
Surely he fancies I play at blindniart's buff with him, for he
thinks I never have my eyes open. Stillingfieet.
• Bllnd'man's hol'i-day (h51'i-da). The time between
daylight and candle light. IHumorous']
Bllnd'ness (bllnd'nSs), n. State or condition of being
blind, literally or figuratively Darwin.
Color blindness, inability to distinguish certain colors.
See Daltonism.
Blind'StO'ry (blmd'sto'r5r), n. (Arch.) The triforium,
as opposed to the clearstory.
Bllnd'wonn' (-wfirm'),M. (Zodl.) A small, burrow-
ing, suakelike, limbless lizard (Anguis fragilis), with
minute eyes, popularly believed to be blind ; the slow-
worm ; — formerly a name for the adder.
Newts and blindwonns do no wrong. Sliai.
Blink (blink), V. i. limp. & p. p. Blinked (blTnkt) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Blinking.] [OE. blenken; akin to Dan.
blinke, Sw. blinka, G. blinken to shine, glance, wuik,
twinkle, D. blinken to shine ; and prob. to D. blikken to
glance, twinkle, G. blicken to look, glance, AS. blTcan
to shine, E. bleak. V98. See Bleak ; cf. 1st Blench.]
1. To wink ; to twinkle with, or as with, the eye.
One eye was blinking^ and one leg was lame. Pope.
2. To see with the eyes half shut, or indistinctly and
with frequent winking, as a person with weak eyes.
Show me thy chink, to blink tlirough with mine eyne. S/tak.
3. To shine, esp with mtermittent light ; to twinkle ;
to flicker ; to glimmer, as a lamp.
The dew was falling fast, the stars began to blink. Wordsworth.
The sun blinked fair on pool and stream. Sir W. Scott.
4. To turn slightly sour, as beer, milk, etc.
Blink, V. t. 1. To shut out of sight ; to avoid, or pur-
posely evade ; to shirk ; as, to blink the question.
2. To trick ; to deceive. IScot.] Jamieson.
Blink, n. [OE. blink. See Blink, v. i.} 1. A
glimpse or glance.
This is the first bli/ik that ever I had of him. Bp. Hall
2. Gleam; glimmer; sparkle. Sir W. Scott.
Not a blink of light was there. Wordsworth.
3. (Naut.) The dazzling whiteness about the horizon
caused by the reflection of light from fields of ice at sea ;
ice blink.
4. pi. [Cf. Blenoher.] (Sporting) Boughs cast where
deer are to pass, to turn or check them. IProv. Eng.]
Blink'ard (blTnk'erd), n. IBlink + -ard.] 1. One
who blinks with, or as with, weak eyes.
Among the blind the one-eyed blinkard reigns. MarveU.
2. That which twinkles or glances, as a dim star,
which appears and disappears. Mukewill.
Blink' beer' (ber'). Beer kept unbroached until it
is sharp. Crabb.
Blink'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, blinks.
2. A blinder for horses ; a flap of leather on a horse's
bridle to prevent him from seeing objects at his side;
hence, whatever obstructs sight or discernment.
Nor bigots who but one way see,
Through blinkers of authority. M. Oreen.
3. pi. A kind of goggles, used to protect the eyes from
glare, etc.
Blink'-eyed' (-id'), a. Habitually winking. Marlowe.
Blirt (blert), re. (Naut.) A gust of wind and rain.
Ham. Nav. Encyc.
Bliss (blis), n. ; pi. Blisses (-ez). [OE. blis, blisse,
AS. blis, bliSs, fr. bllSe blithe. See Blithe.] Orig.,
blithesomeness ; gladness ; now, the highest degree of
happiness ; blessedness ; exalted felicity ; heavenly joy.
And then at last our bliss
Full and perfect is. Milton.
Syn. — Blessedness ; felicity ; beatitude ; happiness ;
joy ; enjoyment. See Happiness.
Bliss'ful (-ful), a. Full of, characterized by, or caus-
ing) joy and felicity; happy in the highest degree.
" Blissful solitude." Milton. ■— BUss'ful-ly, adv. —
BUss'ful-ness, n.
Bliss'less, a. Destitute of bliss. Sir P. Sidney.
Blis'som (blTs'siim), v. i. [For blithesome : but cf.
also Icel. blcesma of a goat at heat.] To be lustful ; to
be lascivious. lObs."]
Blis'som, a. Lascivious ; also, in heat ; — said of ewes.
Blis'ter (-ter), re. [OE. ; aldn to OD. bluyster, fr. the
same root as blast, bladder, blow. See Blow to eject
wind.] 1. A vesicle of the skin, containing watery mat-
ter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn or other in-
jury, or by a vesicatory; a collection of serous fiuid
causing a bladderlike elevation of the cuticle.
And painful blisters swelled my tender hands. Qramger.
2. Any elevation made by the separation of the fihn
or skin, as on plants ; or by the swelling of the substance
at the surface, as on steel.
3. A vesicatory ; a plaster of Spanish flies, or other
matter, applied to raise a blister. Dunglison.
Blister beetle, a beetle used to raise blisters, esp. the
Lytta (or Ca?ilharis) vesicatoria, called
Cantharis or Spanish fly by druggists.
See Canthakis. — Blister fly, a blister
beetle. — Blister plaster, a plaster de-
signed to raise a bUster ; — usually
made of Spanish flies. — Blister steel,
crude steel formed from wrought iron by
cementation : — so called because of its
blistered surface. Called also blistered
steel. — Blood blister. See under Blood.
Blis'ter, v. i. limp. & p. p. Blis-
tered (-terd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blister-
ing.] To be affected with a blister or
blisters ; to have a blister form on.
Let my tongue blister. Shak.
Blis'ter, V. t. 1. To raise a blister
or blisters upon.
My hands were blistered. Franklin.
2. To give pain to, or to injure, as if by a blister.
This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongue. Shak.
Blls'ter-y (blTs'ter-y), a. Full of blisters. Hooker.
Bute (blit), n. [L. blitum, Gr. ^AiVoi'.] (Bot.) A
American Blister
Beetle (Lytta vit-
tata), nat. size.
H
K
ase, unite, njde, fuU, Gp, am ; pity ; fdbd, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; bo ; sine, ink ; ttien, thin ; boN ; zh = a in azure.
M
BLITHE
156
BLOOD
genus of herbs {Bliiiim) with a fleshy calyx. Blitum
capUatum is tlie strawberry blile.
Blithe (blith), a. [AS. bliSe blithe, kind ; akin to
Goth, hleips kind, Icel. bllSr mild, gentle, Dan. & Sw.
Mid gentle, D. blijd blitlie, OHG. bl'idi kind, blithe.]
Gay; merry; sprightly; joyous; glad; cheerful; as, a
blithe spirit.
The hlithe sounds of festal music. Prescolt.
A daughter fair.
So buxom, hlithe, and debonair. Milton.
Bllthe'ful (blith'ful), a. Gay ; full of gayety ; joyous.
Blithe'ly, adv. In a blithe manner.
Blithe'ncss, n. The state of being blithe. Chaucer.
Blitiie'some (-sum), a. Cheery ; gay ; merry.
The blithesome sounds o£ wassail gay. Sir W. Scott.
~ BUthe'some-ly, adv. — Blithe'some-ness, n.
Blive (bllv), itdv. [A contraction of Belive.] Quickly ;
fortlivvith. [Obs.J Cliaucer.
BllZ'zard (bllz'zerd), n. [Cf. Blaze to flash. For-
merly, in local use, a rattUng volley ; cf. " to blaze away "
to fire away.] A gale of piercingly cold wind, usually
accompanied with fine and blinding snow ; a furious blast.
iu. s.-]
Bloat (blot), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bloated; p. pr. &
vb. n. Bloating.] [Cf. Icel. blolna to become soft,
blaictr soft, wet, Sw. blot soft, biota to soak ; akin to G.
bloss bare, and AS. bleat wretched ; or perh. fr. root of
Eng. 5th blow. Cf. Blote.] 1. To make turgid, as witli
water or air ; to cause a swelling of the surface of, from
effusion of serum in tlie cellular tissue, producing a mor-
bid enlargement, often accompanied with softness.
2. To inflate ; to pull up ; to make vain. Dryden.
Bloat, V. i. To grow turgid as by effusion of liquid in
the cellular tissue ; to puff out ; to swell. Arbuthnot.
Bloat, a. Bloated, [i?.] Shak.
Bloat, n. A term of contempt for a worthless, dissi-
pated fellow. [Slang']
Bloat, V. t. To dry (herrings) in smoke. See Blots.
Bloat'ed (blot'ed), p. a. Distended beyond the nat-
ural or usual size, as by the presence of water, serum,
etc. ; turgid ; swollen ; as, a bloated face. Also, puffed
up with pride ; pompous.
Bloat'ed-ness, n. The state of being bloated.
Bloat'er (-er), ?!. [See Bloat, Blote.] Tlie common
herring, esp. wlien of large size, smoked, and half dried ;
— called also bloat herring.
Blob (blob), n. [See Bleb.] 1. Something blunt
and round ; a small drop or lump of something viscid or
thick ; a drop ; a bubble ; a blister. Wright.
2. {Zool.) A small fresh- water fish {Uranidea JRich-
ardsoni) ; the miller's thumb.
Blob'toer (blob'ber), n. [See Blubbek, Bldb.] A
bubble ; blubber. [Low} T. Carew.
Blobber Up, a thick, protruding lip.
His 6?o'j6er ?0's and beetle brows commend. Bryden.
BlOb'ber-lipped' (-lipt')> a. Having thick lips. " A
blobber-lipped sheM." Grew.
II BlO-cage' (bl6-kazh'), n. [F.] (Arch.) The rough-
est and cheapest sort of rubblework, in masonry.
Block (blok), n. [OE. blok ; cf. F. Woc(fr. OHG.), D.
& Dan. blok, Sw. & G. block, OHG. bloch. There is also
an OHG. bloch, biloh ; bi by -\- the same root as that of
E. lock. Cf. Block, v. i., Blockade, and see Lock.]
1. A piece of wood more or less bulky ; a solid mass of
wood, stone, etc., usually with one or more plane, or ap-
proximately plane, faces ; as, a block on which a butcher
chops his meat; a block by which to mount a horse;
children's playing blocks, etc.
Now all our neighbors* chimneys smoke,
And Christ. nas blocks are burnmg. Wither.
All her labor was but as a block
Left in the quarry. Tennyson.
2. The solid piece of wood on which condemned per-
sons lay their necks when they are beheaded.
Noble heads which have been brought to the block. E. Everett.
3. The wooden mold on which hats bonnets, etc., are
Bbaped. Hence : The pattern or shape of a hat.
He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat ; it ever
changes with the next block. Shak.
4. A large or long building divided into separate houses
or shops, or a number of houses or ahops built in contact
with each other so as to form one building ; a row of
houses or shops.
6. A square, or portion of a city inclosed by streets,
whether occupied by buildings or not.
The new city was laid out in rectangular blocks, each block
containing thirty building lots. Such an average block, com-
S rising 282 houses and covering nine acres of ground, exists in
ixford Street. Zond. Quart. £ev.
6. A grooved pulley or sheave incased in a frame or
shell which is provided with a
hook, eye, or strap, by which it
may be attached to an
object. It is used to
change the direction of
motion, as in raising a
heavy object that can
not be conveniently
reached, and also, when
two or more such
sheaves are compound-
ed, to change the rate of
motion, or to exert in-
creased force ; — used
especially in the rigging
of ships, and in tackles.
7. (Falconry) The
perch on which a bird
of prey is kept.
8. Any obstruction,
or cause of obstruc-
tion ; a stop ; a hin-
drance ; an obstacle ; as, a block in the way.
9. A piece of box or other wood for engravers' work.
A Block with single sheave; B Block
with double sheave ; c Clew-line
Block ; il Long Tackle Block ;
e Snatch Block.
10. (Print.) A piece of hard wood (as mahogany or
cherry) on which a stereotype or electrotype plate is
mounted to make it type high.
11. A blockhead ; a stupid fellow ; a dolt. [06s.]
What a block art thou I Shak.
12. A section of a railroad where the block system is
used. See Block system, below.
A block of shares ( Stock Exchange), a large number of
shares in a stock company, sold in a lump. Burtlett.—
Block printing, (a) A mode of printing (common in Cliina
and Japan) from enei'aved boards by means of a sheet of
p.aper laid on the inked surface and rubbed with a brush.
S. \V. Williams, (b) A metliod of printmg cotton cloth
and paper hangings witli colors, by pressing them upon an
engraved surface coated with coloring matter. — Block sys-
tem on railways, a system by whicli the track is divided
into sections of three or four miles, and trains are so rvm
by the guidance of electric signals that no train enters
a section or block before the preceding train has left it.
Block (bl5k), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Blocked (blokt) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Blocking.] [Cf. F. bloquer, fr. bloc block.
See Block, «.] 1. To obstruct so as to prevent passage
or progress; to prevent passage from, through, or into, by
obstructing the way ; — used botli of persons and tilings ;
— often followed by t<p / as, to block up a road or harbor.
With moles . . . would block the port. Eowe.
A city . . . besieged and blocked about. Milton.
2. To secure or support by means of blocks ; to secure,
as two boards at their angles of intersection, by pieces
of wood glued to eacii.
3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block ; as, to block a hat.
To block out, to begin to reduce to shape ; to mark out
roughly ; to lay out ; as, to block out a plan.
Block-ade' (blok-ad'), n. [Cf. It. bloccata. See
Block, v. t.} 1. The sliutting up of a place by troops or
ships, with the purpose of preventing ingress or egress,
or the reception of supplies ; as, the blockade ot the
ports of an enemy.
(3^°" Blockade is now usually applied to an mvestment
with ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment
by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing
power must be able to apply its force to every point of
practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt
to enter ; and tliere is no blockade of that port where its
force can not be brought to bear. Kent.
2. An obstruction to passage.
Xo raise a blockade. See under Raise.
Block-ade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Blockading.] 1. To shut up, as a town or for-
tress, by investing it with troops or vessels of war for
the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or tlie intro-
duction of supplies. See note under Blockade, n.
"Blockaded the place by sea." Gilpin.
2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress.
Till storm and driving ice blockade him theie. Wordsworth.
3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from.
Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door. Pope.
Block-ad'er (-ad'er),n. 1. One who blockades.
2. {Naut.) A vessel employed in blockading.
BlOCk'age (blok'Sj), n. The act of blocking up ; the
state of being blocked up.
Block' book' (bSok'). A book printed from engraved
wooden blocks instead of movable types.
Block'head' (-hSd'), n. [Block -f- head.} A stupid
fellow ; a dolt ; a person deficient in understanding.
The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
With loads of learned lumber in his head. Fope.
Block'head'ed, a. Stupid ; dull.
Block'head-ism (-iz'm), n. That which character-
izes a blockhead ; stupidity. Carlyle.
Block'house' (-hous'), n. [Block -f- house: cf. G.
blockhaus.~\ 1. (iI/a7.)An
edifice or structure of
heavy timbers or logs
for military defense,
having its sides loop-
holed for musketry, and
often an upper story
projecting over the low-
er, or so placed upon it
as to have its sides make
an angle with the sides
of the lower story, thus
enabling the defenders
to fire downward, and in all directions ; — formerly much
used in America and Germany.
2. A house of squared logs. [ West. & South. V. S.]
Block'ing, n. 1. The act of obstructing, supporting,
shaping, or stamping with a block or blocks.
2. Blocks used to support (a building, etc.) temporarily.
Block'ing course' (kors'). (Arch.) The finishing
course of a wall showing above a cornice.
BlOCk'ish, a. Like a block ; deficient in understand-
ing; stupid; dull. " Blockish A^scs.." Shak. — Block'-
Ish-ly, adv. — Block'ish-ness, n.
Blocklike' (-lik'), a. Like a block ; stupid.
Block' tin' (tin'). See under Tin.
Bloe'dite (blfi'dit), n. [From the chemist Blode.}
(Min.) A hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium.
Blom'a-ry (bloom'a-ry), n. See Bloomeet.
Blonc'ket, Blon'ket (blon'ket), a. [OF. Uanquet
whitish, dim. of blanc white. Cf. Blanket] Gray;
bluish gray. [Gbs.']
Our bloncket liveries been all too sad. Spenser.
Blond, Blonde (blSnd), a. [F., fair, light, of uncer-
tain origin ; cf . AS. blonden-feax gray-haired, old, prop,
blended-haired, as a mixture of white and brown or
black. See Blend, v. t.} Of a fair color ; light-colored ;
as, blond hair ; a blond complexion.
Blonde (blond), n. [P.] 1. A person of very fair
complexion, with light hair and light blue eyes. [Writ-
ten also blond."]
One form of Blockhouse.
8.
sions ;
2. [So called from its color.] A kind of silk lace orig-
inally of the color of raw silk, now sometimes dyed ; —
called also blond lace.
Blond' met'al (blSnd' mSt'al). A variety of clay iron-
stone, in Stiiffordshire, England, used for making tools.
Blond'ness, n. The state of being blond. G. Eliot.
Blood (bl&d), n. [OE. blod, blood, AS. blsd ; akin to
D. bloed, OHG. bluot, G. blid, Goth, blop, Icel. bloS, Sw.
& Dan. blod; prob. fr. the same root as E. blow to bloom.
See Blow to bloom.] 1. The fluid which circulates in
the principal vascular system of animals, carrying nour-
ishment to all parts of the body, and bringing away waste
products to be excreted. Sse under Aeterlal.
^^^ The blood consists of a liquid, the plasma, con-
tammg minute particles, the blood corpuscles. In the
invertebrate animals it is usually nearly colorless, and
contains only one kind of corpuscles ; but in all verte-
brates, except Amphioxus, it contains some colorless cor-
puscles, with many more wliicli are red and give tlie
blood its uniformly red color. See Corpuscle, Plasma.
2. Eelationsliip by descent from a common ancestor ;
consanguinity ; kinship.
To share the blood of Saxon royalty. Sir W. Scott.
A friend of our own fc/oorf. Waller.
Half blood (Late), relationsliip througli only one parent.—
Whole blood, relationsliip through both fatlier and mother.
In American Law, blood includes both half blood and
whole blood. Boucier. Peters,
3. Descent ; lineage ; especially, honorable birth ; the
highest royal lineage.
Give us a prince of blood, a son of Priam. Shak,
I am a gentleman of blood and breeding. Shak,
4. (Stock Breeding) Descent from parents of recog-
nized breed ; excellence or purity of breed.
S^^ In stock breeding half blood is descent showing
one half only of pure breed. Blue blood, full blood, or
warm blood, is the same as blood.
5. The fleshly nature of man.
Nor gives it satisfaction to our blood. Shak,
6. The shedding of blood ; the taking of life ; murder;
manslaughter ; destruction.
So wills the fierce, avenging sprite.
Till blood for blood atones. Hood*
7. A bloodthirsty or murderous disposition. [i2.]
He was a thing of blood, whose every motion
Was timed with dying cries. Shak,
Temper of mind ; disposition ; state of the paa-
— as if the blood were the seat of emotions.
When you perceive his blood inclined to mirth. Shak,
Often, in tliis sense, accompanied witli bud, cold,
tccrm, or other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an
act in cold blood, is to do it deliberately, and without
sudden passion ; to do it in bad blood, is to do it in anger.
Warm blood denotes a temper intiamed or irritated. To
warm or heat the blood is to excite the passions. Qual-
ified by up, excited feeling or passion is signified ; as, my
blood was up.
9. A man of file or spirit ; a fiery spark ; a gay, showy
man ; a rake.
Seest thou not . . . how giddily 'a turns about all the hot
bloods between fourteen and five and thirty ? Shak.
It was the morning costume of a dandy or blood. Tliackeray.
10. The juice of anything, especially if red.
He washed ... his clothes in the blood of grapes. Gen. xlix. U.
E^^ Blood ia often used as an adjective, and as the
first part of self-explaining compound words ; as, blood-he-
spotted, 6/ood-bought, 6^oot/-curdling, 6/oof/-dyed, blood-
red, 4/oorf-spilling, 6/oo(/-stained, 6/oo(/-warm, blood-won.
Blood baptism lEccl. Hist.), the martyrdom of those who
had not been baptized. They were considered as bap-
tized in blood, and this was regarded as a full substitute
for literal baptism. — Blood blister, a blister or bleb con-
taining blood or bloody serum, usually caused by an
injury. — Blood brother, brother by blood or birth. —
Blood clam iZo'dl.), a bivalve moUusk of the genus .4rco
and allied genera, esp. Argina pexata of the American
coast. So named from the color of its flesh. — Blood cor-
puscle. See Corpuscle. — Blood crystal (Physiol.), one of
the crystals formed by
the separation in aciys-
talliue form of the haemo-
globin of the red blood
corpuscles ; haematocrys-
talhn. All blood does
not yield blood crystals.
— Blood heat, heat equal
to the temperature of hu-
man blood, or about 9SX° i
Fahr. — Blood horse, a
horse whose blood or lin-
eage is derived from the
purest and most higlily
prized origin or stock. —
Blood money. See in tlie
Vocabulary. — Blood
orange, an orange with
dark red pulp. — Blood poi-
soning (Med.), a morbid
state of the blood caused
by the introduction of poisonous or infective matters from
without, or the absorption or retention of such as are
produced in the body itself ; toxasmia. — Blood padding, a
pudding made of blood and other materials. — Blood rela-
tion, one connected by blood or descent. — Blood spavin.
See under Spavin. — Blood vessel. See in the Vocabulary.
— Blue blood, the blood of noble or aristocratic families,
which, according to a Spanish proverb, has in it a tinge of
blue ; — hence, a member of an old and aristocratic fam-
ily. — Flesh and blood, (a) A blood relation, esp. a child.
(b) Human nature. — In blood (Uunlina), in a state of per-
fect health and vigor. ;S/(oA-. —To let blood. See under
Let. — Prince of the blood, the son of a sovereign, or the
issue of a royal family. The sons, brothers, and uncles
of the sovereign are styled princes of the blood royal ;
and the daughters, sisters, and aunts are princesses of
the blood royal.
Blood (blOd), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Blooded ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Blooding.] 1. To bleed. [Obs,] Cowper.
Blood Crystals.
a Crystals from blood of Guinea
pig ; h From blood of horse.
ale, senate, c&re, &m, arm, ask, final, gll ; eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, fibey, drb, odd :
BLOODBIRD
157
BLOTTER
Z. To stain, smear, or wet, with blood. lArchaic']
Resell out their spears afar,
And blood their points. Dnjden-
3. To give (hounds or soldiers) a first taste or sight of
blood, as in hunting or war.
It was most important too that his troops should be blooded.
Macaulay.
4. To heat the blood of ; to exasperate. [OJs.]
The auxiliarj^ forces of the Trench and English were much
blooded oue against another. Bacon,
BlOOd'bird' (blud'berd'), n. (ZoSl.) An Australian
houeysucker (Myzomela sangiiinolenta) ; — so called
from the bristht red color of the male bird.
BlOOd'-bol'tered (-bol'terd), a. \_Blood + 'BTCoy. E.
bolter to mat in tufts. Cf. Salter.]" Having the hair
matted with clotted blood. \_Obs. &M.']
The blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me. Shak.
Blood'ed, a. Having pure blood, or a large admixture
of pure blood ; of approved breed ; of the best stock.
13^°^ Used also in composition in phrases indicating a
particular condition or quality of blood ; as, cold-blooded ;
wsam-bluoded.
Blood'flow'er (-flou'er), n. [From the color of the
flower.] (Bol.) A genus of bulbous plants, natives of
Southern Africa, named Hxmanihus, of the Amaryllis
family. The juice of H. toxicarius is used by the Hot-
tentots to poison their arrows.
BlOOd'guilt'y (-gllt'y), a. Guilty of murder or
bloodshed. "A bloodguiity life." Fairfax. — BlOOd'-
guUt'1-ness (-gTlt'i-u6s), ». — Blood'g^t'less, a.
Blood'hound' (-hound'), re. A breed of large and
powerful dogs, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears,
and remarkable for acuteness
of smell. It is employed to
recover game or prey which
has escaped wounded from a
hunter, and for tracking crim-
inals. Formerly it was used
for pursuing runaway slaves.
Other varieties of dog are often
used for the same purpose and
go by the same name. The
Cuban bloodhound is said to be
a vai-iety of the mastiff.
BlOOd'i-ly (-T-ly), adv. In a
bloody manner ; cruelly ; with
a disposition to shed blood.
BlOOd'i-nesS, n. 1. The Head of Bloodhound,
state of being bloody.
2. Disposition to shed blood ; bloodthirstiness.
All that bloodiness and savage cruelty which was in our na-
ture. Holland.
BlOOd'less, a. [AS. blodleds.'] 1. Destitute of blood,
or apparently so ; as, bloodless cheeks ; lifeless ; dead.
The bloodless carcass of my Hector sold. Drijden.
2. Not attended with shedding of blood, or slaughter ;
as, a bloodless victory. Froude.
3. Without spirit or activity.
Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood I Shak.
— Blood'less-ly, adv. — Blood'less-ness, n.
_BIooa'let' (-let'), v.t. [AS. blodlsetan; blod blood +
Iselan to let.] To bleed ; to let blood. Arbuthnot.
BlOOd'let'ter (-let'ter), n. One who, or that which,
lets blood ; a phlebotomist.
BlOOdlet'ting, n. (Med.) The act or process of let-
tuig blood or bleeding, as by opening a vein or artery, or
by cupping or leeches ; — esp. applied to venesection.
Blood' mon'ey (miin'y). X. Money paid to the next
of Idn of a person who has been killed by another.
2. Money obtained as the price, or at the cost, of an-
other's life ; — said of a reward for supporting a capital
charge, of money obtained for betraying a fugitive or for
committing murder, or of money obtained from the sale
of that which will destroy the purchaser.
BlOOd'root' (-roof), n. (Bol.) A plant {Sanguinaria
Canadensis), with a red root and red sap, and bearing a
pretty, white flower in early spring ; — called also pue-
coon, redroot, bloodwort, (eiierwort, turmeric, and Indian
paint. It has acrid emetic properties, and the rootstoek
is used as a stimulant expectorant. See SANGUraAEiA.
1^°° In England the name is given to the tormentil,
once used as a remedy for dysentery.
Blood'shed' (-shed'), n. \_Blood + shed.'] The shed-
ding or spilling of blood ; slaughter ; the act of shedding
human blood, or taking life, as in war, riot, or murder.
Blood'shed'der (-der), n. One who sheds blood; a
manslayer ; a murderer.
Blood'shed'ding (-ding), n. Bloodshed. Shak.
Blood'shot' (-shot'), a. \_Blood -f shot, p. p. of shoot
to variegate.] Red and inflamed ; suffused with blood, or
having the vessels turgid with blood, as when the con-
junctiva is inflamed or irritated.
His eyes were bloodshot, . . , and his hair disheveled. D^ekens.
Blood'-Shot'ten (-shbt't'n), a. Bloodshot. [06«.]
Blood'Stick' (-stTk'), re. {Far.) A piece of hard wood
loaded at one end with lead, and used to strike the
fleam into the vein. Youatt.
Blood'stone' (-ston'), n. {Min.) {a) A green sUiceous
stone sprinkled with red jasper, as if vrith blood ; hence
the name; — called also heliotrope. (J>) Hematite, an
ore of iron yielding a blood red powder or " streak."
Blood'stroke' (-strok'), n. [Of. F. coup de saiig.]
Loss of sensation and motion from hemorrhage or con-
gestion in the brain. Dunglison.
BlOOd'SUCk'er (-suk'er), n. 1. (Zodl.) Any animal
that sucks blood ; esp. , the leech (Sirudo medicinalis),
and related species.
2. One who sheds blood ; a cruel, bloodthirsty man ;
one guilty of bloodshed ; a murderer. [06s.] Shak.
3. A hard and exacting master, landlord, or money
lender ; an extortioner.
BlOOd'thlrst'y (blSd'therst'S^), a. Eager to shed
blood ; cruel ; sanguinary ; murderous. — BlOOd'thlrst'l-
ness (-therst'T-nes), n.
BlOOd'uU (blud'ulf), n. (Zo'ol.) The European bull-
finch.
Blood' yes'sel (vSs'sSl). (Anat.) Any vessel or ca-
nal iu which blood circulates in an animal, as an artery
or vein.
Blood'wite' (-vvif), ) ?i. [AS. blodunte ; blod hlooi,
BlOOd'Vrit' (-wTf), | -\- tvlte wite, fine.] {Anc. Laio)
A fine or amercement paid as a composition for the
shedding of blood ; also, a riot wherein blood was spilled.
Blood'wood (-wo6d), n. {Bot.) A tree having the
wood or the sap of the color of blood.
Norfolk Island bloodwood is a euphorbiaceous tree
(Baloghia lucidu), from wliich the sap is collected for use
as a paint. Various other trees have the name, cliiefly on
account of the color of the wood, as Gordoiiia Ikemalox-
ylon of Jamaica, and several species of Australian Euca-
lyptus; also tlie true \ogwood (JJ:t'mato.tytoii Cumpeclii-
an am).
Blood'wort' (blM'wGrt'), n. (Bot.) A plant, Rumex
sanguineus, or bloody- veined dock. The name is applied
also to bloodroot {Sanguinaria Canadensis), and to an
extensive order of plants {HsemodoraccBe), the roots of
many species of which contain a red coloring matter use
ful in dyeing.
Blood'y Cblud'y), a. [AS. blodig.} 1. Containing or
resembling blood ; of the nature of blood ; as, bloody ex-
cretions ; bloody sweat.
2. Smeared or stained with blood; as, bloody hands;
a bloody handkerchief.
3. Given, or tending, to the shedding of blood ; hav-
ing a cruel, savage disposition ; murderous ; cruel.
Some bloody passion shakes your very frame. Shak.
4. Attended with, or involving, bloodshed ; sangui-
nary ; esp., marked by great slaughter or cruelty ; as, a
bloody battle.
5. Infamous ; contemptible ; — variously used for mere
emphasis or as a low epithet. [ Vulgar} Thackeray.
Blood'y, V. t. [imp. &p.p. Bloodied (-Id) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Bloodyins.] To stain with blood. Overbury.
Blood'y-bones' (-bonz'), n. A terrible bugbear.
Blood'y flux' (fliiks'). The dysentery, a disease in
which the flux or discharge from the bowels has a mix-
ture of blood. Arbuthnot.
Blood'y hand' (hSnd'). 1. A hand stained with the
blood of a deer, which, in the old forest laws of England,
was sufficient evidence of a man's trespass in the forest
against venison. Jacob.
2. {Her.) A red hand, as in the arms of Ulster, which
is now the distinguishing mark of a baronet of the
United Kingdom.
Blood'y-mlnd'ed (-mind'Sd), a. Having a cruel, fe-
rocious disposition ; bloodthirsty. Dryden.
Blood'y sweat' (swef ). A sweat accompanied by a
discharge of blood ; a disease, called sweating sickness,
formerly prevalent in England and other countries.
Bloom (bloom), n. [OE. blome, f r. Icel. blom, blomi ;
akin to Sw. blom, Goth, bloma, OS. blomo, D. bloem,
OHG. bluomo, bluoma, G. blume ; f r. the same root as
AS. blowan to blow, blossom. See Blow to bloom, and
cf. Blossom.] 1. A blossom ; the flower of a plant ; an
expanded bud ; flowers, collectively.
The rich blooms of the tropics. Prescott.
2. The opening of flowers in general ; the state of
blossoming or of having the flowers open ; as, the cherry
trees are in 6Zoom. " Sight of vernal 6Zoom." Milton.
3. A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor ; an
opening to higher perfection, analogous to that of buds
into blossoms ; as, the bloom of youth.
Every successive mother has transmitted a fainter bloom, a
more delicate and briefer beauty. Hawtltoinie.
4. The delicate, powdery coating upon certain grow-
ing or newly-gathered fruits or leaves, as on grapes,
plums, etc. Hence : Anything giving an appearance of
attractive freshness ; a flush ; a glow.
A n^vr, fresh, brilliant world, with all the bloom upon it.
TJiackeray.
5. The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes
takes upon the surface of a picture.
6. A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which ap-
pears on well-tanned leather. Knight.
7. {Min.) A popular term for a bright-hued variety of
some minerals ; as, the rose-red cobalt bloom.
Bloom, v. i. limp. &p. p. Bloomed (bloomd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bloomikg.] 1. To produce or yield blossoms ;
to blossom ; to flower or be in flower.
A flower which once
In Paradise, fast by the tree of life,
Began to bloom. Milton.
2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and
vigor ; to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers ; to
give promise, as by or with flowers.
A better country blooms to view.
Beneath a brighter sky. Logan.
Bloom, V. t. 1. To cause to blossom ; to make flour-
ish. lObs.']
Charitable affection bloomed them. Hooker.
2. To bestow a bloom upon ; to make blooming or ra-
diant. [JJ.] Milton.
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day. Keats.
Bloom, n. [AS. bloma a mass or lump, isenes bloma
a lump or wedge of iron.] {Metal.) (a) A mass of
wrought iron from the Catalan forge or from the pud-
dling furnace, deprived of its dross, and shaped usually
in the form of an oblong block by shingling, (i) A large
bar of steel formed directly from an ingot by hammering
or rolling, being a preliminary shape for further working.
Bloom'a-ry (bloom'a-ry), re. See Bloomery.
Bloom'er (-er), n. [From Mrs. Bloomer, an American,
who sought to introduce this style of dress.] 1. A cos-
tume for women, consisting of a short dress, with loose
trousers gathered round the ankles, and (commonly) a
broad-brimmed hat.
2. A woman who wears a Bloomer costume.
Bloom'er-y (blobm'er-y), ra. {Manuf.) A furnace and
forge in which wrought iron in the form of blooms ia
made directly from the ore, or (more rarely) from cast
iron.
Bloom'lng, n. {Metal.) The process of making blooms
from the ore or from cast iron.
Bloom'ing, a. 1. Opening in blossoms ; flowering.
2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor ; indicating the
freshness and beauties of youth or health.
Bloom'ing-ly, adv. In a blooming manner.
Bloom'ing-ness, re. A blooming condition.
Bloom'less, a. Without bloom or flowers. Shelley.
Bloom'y (-y), a. 1. Full of bloom ; flowery ; flourish-
ing with the vigor of youth ; as, a bloomy spray.
But all the bloomy flush of life is fled. Goldsmith.
2. Covered_\vith bloom, as fruit. Dryden.
Blooth (blooth), n. Bloom; a blossoming. \_Prov. Eng.'\
All that blooth means heavy autumn work for him and hia
hands. T. Hardy.
Blore (blor), re. [Perh. a variant of blare, v. i. ; or cf.
Gael. & Ir. blor a loud noise.] The act of blowing ; a
roaring wind ; a blast. \_Obs.]
A most tempestuous blore. Chapman.
BlOS'my (blSs'my), a. Blossomy. [06s.l Chaucer.
Blos'SOm (blSs'sum), re. [OE. blosme, blostme, A3.
blosma, blostma, blossom ; aMn to D. bloesem, L. flos,
and E. flower ; from the root of E. blow to blossom. See
Blow to blossom, and cf. Bloom a blossom.] 1. The
flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction,
with their appendages ; florescence ; bloom ; the flowers
of a plant, collectively ; as, the blossoms and fruit of a
tree ; an apple tree in blossom.
11^°° The term has been applied by some botanists, and
is also applied in common usage, to the corolla. It is
more commonly used than flower or bloom, when we have
reference to the fruit which is to succeed. Thus we use
flowers when we speak of plants cultivated for orna-
ment, and bloom in a more general sense, as of flowers
in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers.
Blossoms flaunting in the eye of day. Longfellow,
2. A blooming period or stage of development ; some-
thing lovely that gives rich promise.
In the blossom of my youth. 3fassinger,
3. The color of a horse that has white hairs inter-
mixed with sorrel and bay hairs ; — otherwise called
peach color.
In blossom, having the blossoms open; in bloom.
Blos'som, V. i. \imp. & p. p. Blossomed (-siimd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Blossoming.] [AS. blostmian. See
Blossom, re.] 1. To put forth blossoms or flowers ; to
bloom ; to blow ; to flower.
The moving whisper of huge trees that branched
And blossomed. Tennyson
2. To flourish and prosper.
Israel shall blossom and bud, and fill the face of the world
with fruit. Isa. xxvii. d
Blos'som-less, a. Without blossoms.
Blos'som-y (-y), a. Full of blossoms ; flowery.
Blot (blot), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Blotted (-ted) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Blottihg.] [Gi. Dan. plette. See 3d Blot.]
1. To spot, stain, or bespatter, as with ink.
The brief was writ and blotted all with gore. Gascoigne.
2. To impair ; to damage ; to mar ; to soil.
It blots thy beauty, as frosts do bite the meads. Shak.
3. To stain with infamy ; to disgrace.
Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood. Howe.
4. To obliterate, as writing with ink ; to cancel ; to
efface ; — generally with out ; as, to blot out a word or a
sentence. Often figuratively ; as, to blot out offenses.
One act like this blots out a thousand crimes. L>}'ydeiu
6. To obscure ; to eclipse ; to shadow.
He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane. Cowley,
6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper.
Syn. — To obliterate ; expunge ; erase ; efface ; cancel ;
tarnish ; disgrace ; blur ; sully ; smear ; smutch.
Blot, V. i. To take a blot ; as, this paper blots easily.
Blot, n. [Cf. Icel. blettr, Dan. plet.] 1. A spot or
stain, as of ink on paper ; a blur. " Inky blots and rot-
ten parchment bonds. " Shak.
2. An obliteration of something written or printed;
an erasure. Dryden.
3. A spot on reputation ; a stain ; a disgrace ; a re-
proach ; a blemish.
This deadly blot in thy digressing son. Shak.
Blot, n. [Cf. Dan. blot bare, naked, Sw. blott, D.
bloot, G. Moss, and perh. E. bloat."] 1. {Backgammon)
(a) A!n exposure of a single man to be taken up. (6) A
single man left on a point, exposed to be taken up.
He is too great a master of his art to make a blot which may
be so easily hit. Dryden.
2. A weak point ; a failing ; an exposed point or mark.
Blotch (blSch; 224), re. [Cf. OE. blacche in blacche-
pot blacking pot, akin to black, as bleach is akui to bleak.
See Black, a., or cf. Elot a spot.] X. A blot or spot,
as of color or of ink ; especially a large or irregular spot.
Also Fig. ; as, a moral blotch.
Spots and blotches . . . some red, others yellow. Harvey.
2. {Med.) A large pustule, or a coarse eruption.
Foul scurf and blotches him defile. Thomson.
Blotched (blocht), a. Marked or covered with blotches.
To give their blotched and blistered bodies ease. Drayton.
Blotch'y (blGch'Jf), a. Having blotches.
Blote (blot), V. t, [imp. & p. p. Bloted ; p. pr. S: vb.
n. Bloting.] [Cf. Sw. blot-fisk soaked fish, fr. biota to
soak. See 1st Bloat.] To cure, as herrings, by salting
and smoking them ; to bloat. [Obs.]
Blotless (blBt'lSs), a. Without blot.
BlOt'ter (blSt'ter), re. 1. One wh», or that which,
blots ; esp. a device for absorbing superfluous ink.
use, unite, rude, full, up, -Qin ; pity ; food, fo"bt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iijk ; men, tlvin ; bow ; zh = z in azure.
M
BLOTTESQUE
158
BLUE
2. {Com.) A wastebook, in which entries of transac-
tions are made as they take place.
Blot-tesque' (blot-tesk'), a. {Painting) Characterized
by blots or heavy touches ; coarsely depicted ; wanting
in delineation. ^ Euskin.
Blot'ting pa'per (pa'per). A kind of thick, bibulous,
unsized paper, used to absorb superfluous ink from
ireshly written manuscript, and thus prevent blots.
Blouse (blouz ; F. blooz), n. [P. blouse. Of unknown
origin.] A light, loose over-garment,
like a smock frock, worn especially by
workingmen in France ; also, a loose
coat of any material, as the undress uni-
form coat of the United States army._
Blow (bio), V. i. litnp. Blew (blu) ;
p. p. Blown (Won) ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Blowing.] [OE. bloiven, AS. hlowan to
blossom ; akin to OS. blojan, D. bloeijen,
OB.G. pluojan,M.T:lG. b!iicjen,G. bliUien,
L. fl07'ere to flourish, Olr. Math blossom.
Cf. Blow to puff. Flourish.] To flower ;
to blossom ; to bloom.
How blows the citron grove. Milton. Blouse.
Blow, V. i. To cause to blossom ; to put forth (blos-
soms or flowers).
The odorous banks, that blow
Flowers of more mingled hue. 3filton.
Blow, n. {Bot.) A blossom; a flower; also, a state
of blossoming ; a mass of blossoms. " Such a blow of
tulips." Taller.
Blow, n. [OE. blow, bloive ; cf. OHG. bliawan, pliu-
wan, to beat, G-. bliiuen, Goth, bllgtjwan.l X. A forcible
stroke with the hand, fist, or some instrument, as a rod,
a club, an ax, or a sword.
Well struck I there was blow for blow. Shak.
2. A sudden or forcible act or effort ; an assault.
A vigorous blow might win [Uanno's camp]. T. Arnold.
3. The infliction of evil; a sudden calamity; some-
thing which produces mental, physical, or financial suf-
fering or loss (esp. when sudden) ; a buffet.
A moat poor man, made tame to fortune's bloios. Shak.
At a blow, suddenly ; at one effort ; by a single vigorous
act. "They lose a province at a blow." Dryden. —To
come to blows, to engage in combat ; to fight ; — said of in-
dividuals, armies, and nations.
Syn. — Stroke ; knock ; shock ; misfortime.
Blow, V, i. \_imp. Blew (blii) ; p. p. Blown (blon) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [OE. blawen, blowen,AS. blawun
to blow, as wind; akinto OJIG. plujan, G. W«Ae7j,toblow
up, swell, L. flare to blow, Gr. e/c^AaiVeiv to spout out,
and to E. bladder, blast, inflate, etc., and perh. blow to
bloom.] 1. To produce a current of air ; to move, as air,
osp. to move rapidly or with power ; as, the wind blows.
Hark how it rains and blows ! Walton.
2. To send forth a forcible current of air, as from the
mouth or from a pair of bellows.
3. To breathe hard or quick ; to pant ; to puff.
Here is Mistress Page at the door, sweating and blowing. Shak.
4. To sound on being blown into, as a trumpet.
There let the pealing organ bloio. Milton.
6. To spout water, etc., from the blowholes, as a whale.
6. To be carried or moved by the wind ; as, the dust
blotus in from the street.
Tlie grass blows from their graves to thy own, M. Atmold,
7. To talk loudly ; to boast ; to storm. IColloq.}
You blow behind my back, but dare not say anything to my
face. Barlleti.
To blow hot and cold (a saying derived from a fable of
.ffisop's), to favor a thing at one time and treat it coldly
at another ; or to appear both to favor and to oppose. — To
blow off, to let steam escape through a passage provided
for the pui-pose ; as, the engine or steamer is blowitirr off.
— To blow out. (a) To be driven out by the expansive force
of a gas or vapor ; as, a steam cock or valve sometimes
blows out. (4) To talk violently or abusively. [Low] —
To blow over, to pass away without effect ; to cease, or be
dissipated ; as, the storm and the clouds have blo>cn over.
— To blow up, to be torn to pieces and thrown into the air
as by an explosion of powder or gas or the expansive force
of steam ; to burst ; to explode ; as, a powder mill or
steam boiler blows up. "The enemy's magazines blew
up." Taller.
Blow, V. t. 1. To force a current of air upon with
the mouth, or by other means ; as, to blow the fire.
2. To drive by a current of air ; to impel ; as, the tem-
pest bleiv the ship ashore.
01^ at sea northeast winds blow
Sabean odors from the spicy shore. Milton.
3. To cause air to pass through by the action of the
mouth, or otherwise ; to cause to sound, as a wind in-
strument ; as, to bloiv a trumpet ; to blotv an organ.
Hath she no husband
That will take pains to blow a horn before her ? Shak.
Boy, blow the ipipe until the bubble rise,
Then cast it off to iloat upon the skies. Pamell.
4. To clear of contents by forcing air through ; as, to
bloiD an egg ; to bloiu one's nose.
5. To burst, shatter, or destroy by an explosion ; —
usually with up, down, open, or similar adverb ; as, to
bloto up a building.
6. To spread by report ; to publish ; to disclose.
Through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryden.
His language does his knowledge blow. Whiting.
7. To form by inflation ; to swell by injecting air ; as,
to bloio bubbles ; to blow glass.
S. To inflate, as with pride ; to puff up.
Look how imagination blows him. Shak.
9. To put out of breath ; to cause to blow from fa-
tigue ; as, to bloio a horse. Sir W. Scott.
10. To deposit eggs or larvae upon, or in (meat, etc. ).
To suffer
The flesh fly blow my mouth. Shak.
To blow great guns, to blow furiously and with roaring
blasts ; — said of the wind at sea or along the coast. — To
Wow off, to empty (a boiler) of water through the blow-off
pipe, while under steam pressure ; also, to eject (steam,
water, sediment, etc.) from a boiler. — To blow one's own
trumpet, to vaunt one's own exploits, or sound one's
own praises. — To blow out, to extinguish by a current
of air, as a candle. — To blow up. (a) To fill with air ;
to swell ; as, to blow up a bladder or a bubble. (6) To
inflate, as with pride, self-conceit, etc. ; to puif up ; as,
to blow one up with flattery. " Blown up with liigh con-
ceits engendering pride." Milton, (c) To excite ; as, to
blow up a contention, {d) To burst, to raise into the
air, or to scatter, by an explosion ; as, to blow up a fort,
(c) To scold violently ; as, to blow h^j a person for some
offense. [CoUoq.]
I liave blott-n him up well — nobody can say I wink at what he
does. 6-'. Eliot.
— To blow upon, (a) To blast ; to taint ; to bring into dis-
credit ; to render stale, unsavory, or worthless. (6) To
inform against. [Colloq.]
How far the very custom of hearing anj^thing spouted witliers
and bloivs upon a "fine passage, may be seen in those specclies
from [Shakespeare's] Henry V. wliich are current in the mouths
of schoolboys. C. Lamb.
A lady's maid whose character had been blown upon. Macaulay.
Blow (bio), re. 1. A blowing, esp., a violent blowing
of the vrind ; a gale ; as, a heavy blow came on, and the
ship put back to port.
2. The act of forcing air from the mouth, or through
or from some instrument ; as, to give a hard bloio on a
whistle or horn ; to give the fire a blow with the bellows.
3. The spouting of a whale.
4. {Metal.) A single heat or operation of the Besse-
mer converter. Raymond.
5. An egg, or a larva, deposited by a fly on or in flesh,
or the act of depositing it. Chapman.
Bl0Wl)all' (-bal'), n. The downy seed head of a dan-
delion, which children delight to blow away. B. Jonson.
Blow'en (-en). In. A i^rostitute ; a courtesan ; a
Blow'ess (-5s), J strumpet. [ioi«] Smart.
Blow'er (-er), «. 1. One who, or that which, blows.
2. {Mech. ) A device for producing a current of air ;
as : (a) A metal plate temporarily placed before the up-
per part of a grate or open fire. (6) A machine for pro-
ducing an artificial blast or current of air by pressure, as
for increasing the draft of a furnace, ventilating a build-
ing or shaft, cleansing grain, etc.
3. A blowing out or excessive discharge of gas from a
hole or fissure in a mine.
4. The whale ; — so called by seamen, from the cir-
cumstance of its spoutiug up a column of water.
5. {Zo'ol.) A small fish of the Atlantic coast {Tetrodon
turgldus) ; the puffer.
6. A braggart, or loud talker. \_Slang'[ Bartlett.
Blow'fly' (-fli'), n. {Zo'ol.) Any species of fly of the
genus 3Iusca that de-
posits its eggs or young
larvse (called flyblows
and maggots) upon
meat or other animal
products.
BlOW'gun' (-giin'),
Larva of Blowfly, x 3
A tube, as of cane or reed, sometimes twelve feet long,
through which an arrow or other projectile may be im-
pelled by the force of the breath. It is a weapon much
used by certain Indians of America and the West Indies ;
— called also blowpipe, and blowtube. See Sumpitan.
BlOW'hOle' (-hoi'), n. 1. A cavern in a cliff, at the
water level, opening to the air at its farther extremity,
so that the waters rush in with each surge and rise in a
lofty jet from the extremity.
2. A nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of a
whale or other cetacean.
51^°' There are two spiracles or blowholes in the com-
mon whales, but only one in sperm whales, porpoises, etc.
3. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, etc., come
to breathe.
4. {Founding) An air hole in a casting.
Blown (blon), p. p. & a. 1. Swollen ; inflated ; dis-
tended ; puffed up, as cattle when gorged with green
food which develops gas.
2. Stale ; worthless.
3. Out of breath ; tired ; exhausted. " Their horses
much blown." Sir W. Scott.
4. Covered with the eggs and larvae of flies ; fly blown.
Blown, p. p. & a. Opened ; in blossom or having
blossomed, as a flower. Shak.
Blow'-Off' {hWoP ; 115), n. 1. A blowing off steam,
water, etc. — Also, adj. ; as, a blow-off cock or pipe.
2. An outburst of temper or excitement. \_Colloq.'\
Blow'-out' (-ouf ), re. The cleaning of the flues of a
boiler from scale, etc., by a blast of steam.
Blow'pipe' (-pipO) '"■■ 1. A tube for directing a jet of
air into a fire or into the flame of a lamp or
candle, so as to concentrate the heat on
some object.
^W" It is called a mouth blowpipe when
used with the mouth ; but for both chemical
and industrial purposes, it is often worked
by a bellows or other contrivance. The com-
mon mouth blowpipe is a papering tube with
a very small orifice at the end to be inserted
in the flame. The o.ryhydrogen blowpipe,
invented by Dr. Hare in 1801, is an instru-
ment in which oxygen and hydrogen, taken
from separate reservoirs, in the proportions
of two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxy- _
gen, are burned in a jet, under pressure. It Blowpipes,
gives a heat that will consume the diamond,
fuse platinum, and dissipate in vapor, or in gaseous forms,
most known substances.
2. A blowgun ; a blowtube.
Blowpipe analysis (Cliem.), analysis by means of the
blowpipe. — Blowpipe reaction (Chem.), the characteristic
behavior of a substance subjected to a test by means of
the blowpipe.
BlOW'polnt' (blo'poinf), re. A child's game. [Obs.l
Blewse (blouz), n. See Blowze.
(>
BlOWth (bloth), re. [From Blow to blossom; cf,
Gkowth.] a blossoming ; a bloom. [Obs. or ArchaicJ
"In the blowth and bud." Sir W. Raleigh.
Blow'tube' (blo'tub'), re. 1. A blowgun. Tylor.
2. A similar instrument, commonly of tin, used by boys
for discharging paper wads and other light missiles.
3. {Glassmaking) A long wrought iron tube, on the end
of wliich the workman gathers a quantity of " metal "
(melted glass), and through which he blows to expand
or shape it ; — called also blowingtube, and blowpipe.
Blow' valve' (v51v'). {Much.) See Snifting valve.
BlOW'y (blo'y ), a . Windy ; as, blowy weather ; a blowy
upland.
Blowze (blouz), re. [Prob. from the same root as
blush.'] A ruddy, fat-faced woman ; a wench. [06s.] Shak.
BlOWZed (blouzd), a. Having high color from expo-
sure to the weather ; ruddy-faced ; blowzy ; disordered.
Huge women blowzed with health and wind. Tennyson.
Blowz'y (blou'zy), a. Coarse and ruddy-faced ; fat
and ruddy ; high colored ; frowzy.
Blub (bliib), V. i. & i. [Cf. Bleb, Blob.] To swell;
to puff out, as with weeping. [06s.]
Blub'ber (blub'ber), re. [See Blobbeb, Blob, Bleb.3
1. A bubble.
At Ills mouth a blubber stood of foam. Henryson-
2. The fat of whales and other large sea animals from
which oil is obtained. It lies immediately under th&
skin and over the muscular flesh.
3. {Zo'ol.) A large sea nettle or medusa.
Blub'ber, v. i. limp. & p. p. Blubbered (-herd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Blubbering.] To weep noisUy, or so as
to disfigure the face ; to cry in a childish manner.
She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair. Swift.
Blub'ber, v. t. 1. To swell or disfigure (the face) with
weeping ; to wet with tears.
Dear Cloe, how blubbered is that pretty face I Prior.
2. To give vent to (tears) or utter (broken words or
cries) ; — with forth or out.
Blub'bered (-herd), p. p. & a. Swollen ; turgid ; as,
a blubbered lip. Spenser,
Blub'ber-ing, n. The act of weeping noisily.
He spake well save that his blubbering interrupted him, Winthrop.
Blub'ber-y (blub'ber-y), a. 1. Swollen ; protuberant.
2. Like blubber ; gelatinous and quivering ; as, a
blubbery mass.
Blu'cher (blu'ker), n. A kind of half boot, named
from the Prussian general Bliicher. Thackeray.
Bludg'eon (bluj'vin), re. [Cf. Ir. blocan a little block,
Gael, plocan a mallet, W. plocyn, dim. of ploc block ; or
perh. connected with E. blow a stroke. Cf. Block, Blow
a stroke,] A short stick, with one end loaded, or thicker
and heavier than the other, used as an offensive weapon.
Blue (blii), a. [Compar. Bluer (-er) ; stiperl. Bluest.]
[OE, bla, bio, blew, blue, livid, black, fr. leel. bldr livid ;
akin to Dan. blaa blue, Sw. bla, D. blauw, OHG. 6^50,
G. blau; but influenced in form by F. bleu, from OHG.
blao.'] 1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue
resembling it, whether lighter or darker ; as, the deep,
bhie sea ; as blue as a sapphire ; blue violets. " The blue
firmament." Milton.
2. Pale, without redness or glare, — said of a flame ;
hence, of the color of burning brimstone, betokening
the presence of ghosts or devils ; as, the candle burns
blue ; the air was bine with oaths.
3. Low in spirits ; melancholy ; as, to feel blue.
4. Suited to produce low spirits ; glooiny in prospect ;
as, things looked blue. [_Collog.'\
6. Severe or over strict in morals ; gloomy ; as, blue
and sour religionists ; suiting one who is over strict in
morals ; inculcating an impracticable, severe, or gloomy
morality ; as, blue laws.
6. Literary; — applied to women; — an abbreviation
of bluestocking. ICollog.']
The ladies were very blue and well informed. Tliackeray.
Blue asbestUB. See Crooidolite. — Blue black, of, or
having, a very dark blue color, almost black. — BIn»
blood. See under Blood. — Blue buck (Zo'ol.), a small South
African antelope ( Cephalophus pygmxus) ; also applied to
a larger species (.lEgoceras leucophxus) ; the blaubok. —
Bine cod (Zo'ol.), the buffalo cod. —Blue crab (Zo'ol.), the
common edible crab of the Atlantic coast of the United
States (Callinectes hastatus). — 'Bine curls (Bot.), a com-
mon plant (Trichostema dichotomum), resembling penny-
royal, and hence called also bastard pennyroyal. — Blue
devils, apparitions supposed to be seen by persons suffer-
ing with delirium tremens : hence, very low spirits. " Can
Gumbo shut the hall door upon blue devils, or lay them
all in a red sea of claret ? " Thackeray. — Blue gage. See
imder Gage, a plum. — Blue gum, an Australian myrta-
ceous tree (Eucalyptus globulus), of the loftiest propor-
tions, now cultivated in tropical and warm temperate re-
fions for its timber, and as a protection against malaria,
he essential oil is beginning to be used in medicine.
The timber is very useful. See Eucalyptus. — Blue jack.
Blue stone, blue vitriol ; sulphate of copper. — Blue jacket,
a man-of-war's man ; a sailor wearing a naval uniform. —
Blue jaundice. See under Jaundice. — Blue laws, a name
first used in the eighteenth century to describe certain
supposititious laws of extreme rigor reported to have
been enacted in New Haven ; hence, any puritanical laws.
tU. S.] — Blue light, a composition which bums with a
rilliant blue flame ; — used in pyrotechnics and as a night
signal at sea, and in military operations. — Blue mantle
(Her.), one of the four pursuivants of the English college
of arms ; — so called from the color of his official robes.
— Bine mass, a preparation of mercury from which is
formed the blue pill. McElrath. — Blue mold, or mould,
the blue fungus (Aspergillus glaucus) which grows on
cheese. Brande a: C. — Blue Monday, a Monday follow-
ing a Sunday of dissipation, or itself given to dissipa.
tion (as the Monday before Lent). -Blue ointment (Med.),
mercurial ointment. — Blue Peter (British Marine), a blue
flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal
for sailing, to recall boats, etc. It is a corruption of blue
repeater, one of the British signal flags. — Blue pill. (Med.)
(a) A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc.
(6) Blue mass. — Blue ribbon, (a) The ribbon worn by
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, gll ; eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, orb, odd ;
BLUE
159
BLUR
members of the order of the Garter ; — hence, a member of
that order. (6) Anything the attainment of whicli is an
object of great ambition ; a distinction ; a prize. " These
[scholarsliips] were the blue ribbon of the college. " Fur-
rar. (e) The distmctive badge of certain temperance or
total abstinence organizations, as of the illue ribbon
Army. —Blue ruin, utter ruin; also, gin. [i'Hi/. Slung}
Carlijle. — Blue spar (J/ire.), azure spar; lazidite. See
Lazulite. — Blue thrush (Zo'dl.), a European and Asiatic
thrush {Petroco:isf/p/ufs ct/anefts). — Blue verditer. See
Veroiter. — Blue vitriol (Clicin.), sulphate of copper, a
violet blue crystallized salt, used in electric batteries,
calico prmting, etc. — Blue water, the open ocean. — To
look blue, to look disheartened or dejected. — True blue,
genuine and thorough ; not modified, nor mixed ; not
spurious ; sjiecifically, of uncompromising Presbyterian-
ism, blue being the color adopted by the Covenanters.
For his religion ...
'T was Presbyterian, trite blue. Hudibras.
Blue(blu),«. 1. Oneof the seven colors into which the
rays of light divide tliemselves, when refracted through
a glass prism ; tlie color of tlie clear sky, or a color re-
sembling tliat, wliether lighter or darker ; a pigment hav-
ing such color. Sometimes, poetically, the sky.
2. A pedantic woni.an ; a bluestocking. \_Colloq.']
3. pi. [Short for blue devils.'] Low spirits; a fit of
despondency; melancholy. \_CoUoq.'\
Berlin blue, Prussian blue. — Mineral blue. See under
Mineral. — Prussian blue. See under Prussian.
Blue, V. t. \_imp. & p. p. Blued (blud) ; p. pr. &
vh. n. I3LUING.] To make blue ; to dye of a blue color ;
to make blue by heating, as metals, etc.
Blue'back' (-bak'), «. (Zodl.) (a) A trout {Salmo
oquassa) inhabiting some of the lakes of Maine, (b) A
salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of the Columbia River
and northward, (c) An American river herring (CT«^ea
asstivalis), closely allied to the alewife.
BlueOieard (-berd), ?^. The hero of a medifeval French
nursery legend, who, leaving liome, enjoined his young
wife not to open a certain room in his castle. She en-
tered it, and found the murdered bodies of his former
wives. — Also used adjectively of a subject which it is
forbidden to investigate.
The Bluebeard chamber of his mind, into which no eye but
his own must look. C'arlyle.
Bluebell' (-bel'), re. {Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus
Campanula, especially the Campanula rotundi/olia ,
which bears blue bell-shaped flowers ; the harebell. (6) A
plant of the genus Scilla (Scilla nutans).
Blue'berry (-bgr-ry), re. [Cf. Blaeberry.] (So<.) The
berry of several species of Vaccinluw , an ericaceous ge-
nus, differing from the American huckleberries in con-
taining numerous minute seeds instead of ten nutlets.
The commonest species are V. Pennsylvanicum and V.
vacillans. V. corymbosum is the tall blueberry.
Blue'bUl' (-bil'), re. {Zodl.) A duck of the genus Fu-
ligula. Two American species {F. marila and F. affinis)
are common. See Scaup duck.
Blue'bird' (blS'berd'), re.
(Zodl. ) A small song bird {Sia-
lia slalis), very common in the
United States, and, in the
north, one of the earliest to
arrive in spring. The male is
blue, with the breast reddish.
It is related to the European
robin.
Fairy bluebird (Zodl.)., a brilliant
Indian or East Indian bird of the
genus Irena, of several species.
Blue' bon'net or Blue'-
bon'net (-bon'net), re. 1. A
broad, flat Scottish cap of blue
woolen, or one wearing such
cap ; a Scotchman.
2. {Bot.) A plant. Same as Bluebottle.
3. {Zodl.) The European blue titmouse {Parus cceru-
leus) ; the bluecap.
Blue' book' (bS8k'). 1. A parliamentary publica-
tion, so called from its blue paper covers. \_Eng.']
2. The United States official "Biennial Register."
Blue'bot'tle (-bot't'l), n. \. (Bot.) A plant (Centau-
•rea cyanus) which grows in grain fields. It receives its
name from its blue bottle-shaped flowers.
2. (Zodl.) A large and troublesome species of blowfly
(Musca vomitoria). _ Its body is steel blue.
Blue'breast' (blu'bresf), re. (Zodl.) A small Eu-
ropean bird ; the blue-throated warbler.
Blue'cap' (-kap'), re. 1. (Zodl.) (a) The bluepoll.
(b) The blue bonnet or blue titmouse.
2. A Scot; a Scotchman; — so named from wearing a
blue bonnet. [Poetic] Shah.
Blue'coat' (-kof), re. One dressed in blue, aa a sol-
dier, a sailor, a beadle, etc.
Blue'-eye' (blu'i'), re. (Zodl.) The blue-cheeked
honeysucker of Australia.
Blue'-eyed' (blu'-id'), a. Having blue eyes.
Blue-eyed grass (Bot.), a. grasslike lAsaat (SisyrincMum
anceps), with small flowers of a delicate blue color.
Blue'fin' (-fin'), n. (Zodl.) A species of whitefish
(Coregonus nigripinnis) found in Lake Michigan.
Bluebird {^iatia sialic).
Blueflsh (Pomatomus sallatrix).
Blne'llsh' (-fTsV), n. (Zodl.) l. A large voracious
fish (Pomatomus sallatrix), of the family Carangidse,
Blue Jay (.Q/anocitta
cristata').
valued as a food fish, and widely distributed on the
American coast. On the New Jersey and Rhode Island
coast it is called the horse mackerel, in Virginia salt-
water tailor, or skipjack.
2. A West Indiim fish (Plaiyglossus radiatiis), of the
family Labridae.
^W^ The name is applied locally to other species of
fishes ; as the cmmer, sea bass, squeteague, etc.
Blue'gown' (blu'goun'), n. One of a class of pau-
pers or pensioners, or licensed beggars, in Scotland, to
whom annually on the king's birthday were distributed
certain alms, including a blue gown ; a beadsman.
Blue' grass' (gras'). (Bot.) A species of grass (Poa
compressa) with bluish green stems, valuable in thin
gravelly soils ; wire grass.
Kentucky blue grass, a species of grass (Poa. pratensis)
which has running rootstocks and spreads rapidly. It is
valuable as a pasture grass, as it endures both winter and
drought better than other kinds, and is very nutritious.
Blue' Jay (ja'). (Zodl.) The common jay of the
United States (Cyanocilta, or
Cyanura, cristata). The pre-
dominant color is bright blue.
Blue'-John' (-j5n'), re. A name
given to fluor spar in Derbyshire,
where it is used for ornamental
purposes.
Blne'ly, adv. With a blue
color. Swift.
Blue'ness, n. The quality of
being blue ; a blue color. Boyle.
Blue'nose (-noz), n. A nick-
name for a Nova Scotian.
Blue'poll' (-pol'), re. \_Blue +
poll head.] (Zodl.) A kind of
salmon (Salmo Cambricus) found
in Wales.
Blue'print. See under Print.
Blue'stock'lng (-stok'Tng), re.
1. A literary lady ; a female pedant. \_Colloq.]
15^°° As explained in Boswell's " Life of Dr. Johnson,"
this term is derived from the name given to certain meet-
ings held by ladies, in Jolmson's time, for conversation
with aistinguished literary men. An eminent attendant
of these assemblies was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always
wore blue stockings. He was so much distinguished for
his conversational powers that hia absence at any time
was felt to be a great loss, so that the remark became
common, " We can do nothing without the blue stock-
ings." Hence these meetings were sportively called
bluestocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them,
bluestockings.
2. (Zodl.) The AvaeTican a-vocet(Eecurv irostra Amer-
icana).
Blue'stOCk'lng-ism (-iz'm), n. The character or
manner of a bluestocking ; female pedantry. [Colloq.]
Blue'stone' (-ston'), re. 1. Blue vitriol. Dunglison.
2. A grayish blue building stone, as that commonly
used in the eastern United States.
Blue'throat' (-throf), re. (Zodl.) A singing bird of
northern Europe and Asia ( Cyanecula Suecica), related
to the nightingales ; — called also blue-throated robin and
blue-throated warbler.
Blu'ets (-ets), re. [P. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu blue.
See Blue, a.] (Bot.) A name given to several different
species of plants having blue flowers, as the Houstonia
ccerulea, the Centatirea cyanus or bluebottle, and the
Vaccinium angustifolium.
Blue'-veined' (-vand'), a. Having blue veins or blue
streaks.
Blue'wlng' (-wing'), re. (Zodl.) The blue-winged teal.
See Teal.
Blue'y (blu'y), a. Bluish. Southey.
Bluff (bliif), a. [Cf. CD. blaf flat, broad, blaffaert
one with a broad face, also, a boaster; or G. verbluffen
to confuse, LG. bluffen to frighten ; of unknown ori-
gin.] 1. Having a broad, flattened front; as, the bluff
bows of a ship. "5?m^ visages. " Irving.
2. Rising steeply with a flat or rounded front. "A
bluff or bold shore." Falconer.
Its banks, if not really steep, had a bluff and precipitous as-
pect. Judd.
3. Surly; churlish; gruff; rough.
4. Abrupt ; roughly frank ; unceremonious ; blunt ;
brusque ; as, a bluff answer ; a bluff manner of talking ;
a J^iyf sea captain. "^Zrejf King Hal. " Sir W. Scott.
There is indeed a bluff pertinacity which is a proper defense
in a moment of surprise. /. Taylor.
Bluff, n. 1. A high, steep bank, as by a river or the
sea, or beside a ravine or plain ; a cliff with a broad face.
Beach, bluff, and wave, adieu. Whittier.
2. An act of bluffing ; an expression of self-confidence
for the purpose of intimidation ; braggadocio ; as, that is
only bluff, or a bltiff.
3. A game at cards ; poker. lU. S.] Bartlett.
Bluff, V. i. limp. & p. p. Bluffed (bluft) ; p. pr. &
1)6. re. Bluffing.] 1. (PoA-er) To deter (an opponent) from
taking the risk of betting on his hand of cards, as the
bluffer does by betting heavily on his own hand although
it may be of less value. [(/. S.]
2. To frighten or deter from accomplishing a purpose
by making a show of confidence in one's strength or re-
sources; aa, he bhiffed me ofl. [Colloq.]
Bluff, V. i. To act as in the game of bluff.
Bluff'-bowed' (-bond'), a. (Naut.) Having broad and
flat bows ; — the opposite of lean.
Bluffer (bluf'er), re. One who bluffs.
Bluff'-head'ed (-hed'ed), a. (Naut.) Built with the
stem nearly straight up and down.
Bluff'ness, re. The quality or state of being bluff.
Bluff'y (-3?), a. 1. Having bluffs, or bold, steep banks.
2. Inclined to be bluff ; brusque.
Blu'lng (blu'Tng), re. 1. The act of rendering blue ;
as, the bluint] of steel. Tomlinson.
2. Something to give a bluish tint, as indigo, or prep-
arations used by washerwomen.
Blu'ish (blu'ish), a. Somewhat blue ; as, bluish
veins. ^'' Bluish mists.'" Di-yden. — Blu'ish-ly, adt;. —
Blu'ish-ness, re.
Blun'der (bliin'der), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blundered
(-derd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blundering.] [OE. blundcren,
blondren, to stir, confuse, blunder ; perh. allied to blend
to mix, to confound by mixture.] 1. To make a gross
error or mistake ; as, to blunder in writing or preparing
a medical prescription. ' Swift.
2. To move in an awkward, clumsy manner ; to floun-
der and stumble.
I was never distinguished for address, and have often even
blundered in making my bow. Ooldsmith.
Yet knows not how to iind the uncertain place,
And blunders on, and staggers every pace. Dryden.
To blunder on. (a) To continue blunderuig. (t) To find
or reacli as if by an accident involving more or less stu-
pidity,—aijpliea to something desirable; as, to blunder
on a useful discovery.
Blun'der, v. t. 1. To cause to blunder. [OJs.]^ " To
Wureder an adversary. " jDitton.
2. To do or treat in a blundering manner ; to confuse.
He blunders and confounds all these together. SiilliutjJIeet.
Blun'der, re. 1. Confusion ; disturbance. [Obs.]
2. A gross error or mistake, resulting from careless-
ness, stupidity, or culpable ignorance.
Syn. — Blunder, Error, Mistake, Bull. An eri-or is
a departure or deviation from that which is right or cor-
rect ; as, an error of the press ; an error of judgment. A
mistake is the interchange or taking of one thing for an-
other, through haste, inadvertence, etc. ; as, a careless
mistake. A blunder is a mistake or error of a gross kind.
It supposes a person to flounder on in his course, from
carelessness, ignorance, or stupidity. A bull is a verbal
blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas.
Blun'der-bUSS (-bus), re. [Either f r. blunder -j- D. bus
tube, box, akin to G. bilchse box, gun, E. box ; or corrupt-
ed fr. D. donderbus (literally) thunder box, gun, mus-
ket.] 1. A short gun or fire- j^
arm, with a large bore, capa- 1) '" ': ^-^j''°'| " '■ ''"" ii 1 1 "'"""iil
ble of holding a number of y|^
balls, and intended to do ex- 1^^ „, j u
ecution without exact aim. Blunderbuss.
2. A stupid, blundering fellow. Halliwell.
Blun'der-er (-er), re. One who is apt to blunder.
Blun'der-head' (-bed'), re. [Blunder -f head.] A
stupid, blundering fellow.
Blun'der-ing, a. Characterized by blunders.
Blun'der-ing-ly, adv. In a blundering manner.
Blunge (bliiiij), V. t. To amalgamate and blend ; to
beat up or mix in water, as clay.
Blun'ger (bltin'jer), n. [Corrupted from plunger.] A
wooden blade with a cross handle, used for mixing the
clay in potteries ; a plunger. Tomlinson.
Blun'ging (-jTng), re. The process of mixing clay in
potteries with a blunger. Tomlinson.
Blunt (blunt), a. [Cf. Prov. G. bludde a dull or blunt
knife, Dan. blunde to sleep, Sw. & Icel. bhmda ; or perh.
akin to E. blind.] 1. Having a thick edge or point, as
an instrument ; dull ; not sharp.
The murderous knife was dull and blunt. Shak.
2. DuU in understanding ; slow of discernment ; stu-
pid ; — opposed to acute.
His wits are not so blunt. Shak.
, 3. Abrupt in address ; plain ; unceremonious ; want-
ing the forms of civility ; rough in manners or speech.
" Hiding his bitter jests in blunt behavior." " A plain,
blunt man." Shak.
4. Hard to impress or penetrate. [P.]
I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions. Pope.
^W^ Blunt is much used in composition, as blunt-eisei,
6/Mn^-sighted, blunt-spoken.
Syn. — Obtuse ; dull; pointless; curt; short; coarse;
rude ; brusque ; impolite ; uncivil.
Blunt, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Blunted ; p. pr. &vb. n.
Blunting.] 1. To dull the edge or point of, by making
it thicker ; to make blunt. Shak.
2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or
power of the mind ; to impair the force, keenness, or
susceptibility, of ; as, to blunt the feelings.
Blunt, re. 1. A fencer's foil. [Obs.]
2. A short needle with a strong point. See Needle.
3. Money. [Cant] Beaconsfield.
Blunt'ish, a. Somewhat blunt. — Blunt'ish-ness, re.
Blunt'ly, adv. In a blunt manner ; coarsely ; plainly ;
abruptly ; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civility.
Sometimes after blvnthi giving his opinions, he would quietly
lay himself asleep until the end of their deliberations. Jeffrey.
Blunt'ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point ; dullness ;
obtuseness ; want of sharpness.
The multitude of elements and hhmlness of angles. Holland.
2. Abruptness of address ; rude plainness. " Blunt-
ree.M of speech. " Boyle.
Blunt'-wit'ted (-wTt'ted), a. Dull ; stupid.
Bhmt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanor I Slink.
Blur (blQr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurred (blfird) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Blurring.] [Prob. of same origin as blear. See
Blear.] 1. To render obscure by making the form or
outline of confused and uncertain, as by soiling ; to
smear ; to make indistinct and confused ; as, to blur
manuscript by liandling it while damp ; to bhir the im-
pression of a woodcut by an excess of ink.
But time hath nothing blurred tliose lines of favor
Which then he wore. Sliak.
2. To cause imperfection of vision in ; to dim ; to
darken.
Her eyes are blurred with the lightning's glare. J. Jl. Drake.
3. To sully ; to stain ; to blemish, as reputation.
Sarcasms may eclipse thine own.
But can not blur my lost renown. Nudibras.
Syn. — To spot; blot; disfigure; stain; sully.
D
H
K
Ose, unite, rude, full, iip, ftm ; pity; food, f<ibt; out, oil; chair; eo; sing, iulc; then, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
M
BLUR
160
BOAT
Blur (blQr), n. 1. That whic'n obscures without effa-
cing ; a stain ; a blot, as upon paper or other substance.
As for those "Who cleanse blurs with blotted fingers, they
make it worse. Fuller.
2. A dim, confused appearance ; indistinctness of
vision ; as, to see tilings with a blur; it was all blu7\
3. A moral stain or blot.
Lest she . . . will with her railing set a great blur on mine hon-
esty and good name. Vdall.
Blur'ry (blQr'ry), a. Full of blurs; blurred.
Blurt (blQrt), V. I. limp. &p. p. Blurted ; p. pr. H,
rJ. n. Blurting.] [Cf. Blare.] To utter suddenly and
unadvisedly ; to divulge inconsiderately ; to ejaculate ;
— commonly with out.
Others . . . can not hold, but blurt out, those words which
afterward they are forced to eat. Ilaleunll.
To blurt at, to speak contemptuously of . [06s.] Sliak.
Blush (blush), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Blushed (blusht) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Blushing.] [OE. blusc/ieti to shine, look,
turn red, AS. blyscan to glow ; akin to blysa a torch, ahly-
sian to blush, D. blozen, Dan. hlusse to blaze, blusli.]
1. To become suffused with red in the cheeks, as from
a sense of shame, modesty, or confusion ; to become red
from such cause, as the cheeks or face.
To the nuptial bower
I led her blusJmif/ like the morn. Jlilton.
In the presence of the shameless and unblushing, the young
offender is ashamed to blush. Bucfcminster.
He would stroke
The head of modest and ingenuous worth,
That blushed at its own praise. Cowper.
2. To grow red ; to have a red or rosy color.
The sun of heaven, methought, was loth to set.
But stayed, and made the western welkin blush. Shak.
3. To have a warm and delicate color, as some roses
and other flowers.
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen. T. Gray.
Blush, V. i. 1. To suffuse with a blush ; to redden ;
to make roseate. \_Obs.}
To blush and beautify the cheek again. Shak:
2. To express or make known by blushing.
I '11 blush you thanks. Shak.
Blush, n. 1. A suffusion of the cheeks or face with
red, as from a sense of shame, confusion, or modesty.
The rosy blu^h of love. Trumbull.
2. A red or reddish color ; a rosy tint.
Light's last blushes tinged the distant hills. Lyttleton.
At first blush, or At the first blush, at the first appear-
ance or view. " At the first blush, we tliought they had
been ships come from France." HaHuijt. This phrase
is used now more of ideas, opinions, etc., than of material
things. "All purely identical propositions, obviously,
and at first blusli, appear," etc. Locke. —To put to the
blush, to cause to blush with shame ; to put to shame.
Blush'er (blQsh'er), re. One that blushes.
Blush'et (-et), n. A modest girl. [06s.] B. Jonson.
Blush'ful (-ful), a. Full of blushes.
While from his ardent look the turning Spring
Averts her bhtsft/ul face. Thomson.
Blush'lng, a. Showing blushes ; rosy red ; having a
warm and delicate color like some roses and other flow-
ers ; blooming ; ruddy ; roseate.
The dappled pink and hlushiug rose. Prior.
Blush'lng, n. The act of turning red ; the appearance
of a reddish color or flush upon the cheeks.
Blush'ing-ly, adv. In a blushing manner ; with a
blush or blushes ; as, to answer or confess blushingly. .
Blush'less, a. Free from blushes ; incapable of blush-
ing ; shameless ; impudent.
Vice now, secure, her blushless front shall raise. Dodsley.
Blush'y (-y), a. Like ablush ; having the color of a
blush; rosy. [iJ.] " A 6fesAy color." Harvey.
Blus'ter (bliis'ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blustered
(-terd) ; p.pr. & vb. n. Blustering.] [Allied to blasl.l
1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind ;
to be windy and boisterous, as the weather.
And ever-threatening storms
Of Chaos blustenng round. Milton.
2. To talk with noisy violence ; to swagger, as a turbu-
lent or boasting person ; to act in a noisy, tumultuous
way ; to play the bully ; to storm ; to rage.
Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants. Burke.
Blus'ter, v. t. To utter, or do, with noisy violence ;
to force by blustering ; to bully.
He bloweth and blustereth out . . . his abominable blasphe-
my. Sir T. More.
As if therewith he meant to bluster all princes into a perfect
obedience to his commands. Fuller.
Blus'ter, «. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a
storm ; violent winds ; boisterousness.
To the winds they set
Their corners, when with bluster to confound
Sea, air, and shore. Hilton.
2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk ; noisy and
boastful language. VEstrange.
Syn. — Noise ; boisterousness ; tumult ; turbulence ;
confusion ; boasting ; swaggering ; bullying.
BlUS'ter-er (blus'tei-er), n. One who, or that which,
blusters ; a noisy swaggerer.
Blus'ter-lng, a. l. Exhibiting noisy violence, as the
wind ; stormy ; tumultuous.
A tempest and a blustering day. Shak.
2. Uttering noisy threats ; noisy and swaggering ; bois-
terous. " A blustering feWovr." L^ Estrange.
BlUS'ter-ing-ly, adv. In a blustering manner.
Blus'ter-OUS C-iis), a. Inclined to bluster ; given to
blustering; blustering. Mailer/.
Blus'trous (bliis'trus), a. Blusterous. Shak.
Bo (bo), interj. [Cf. W. bw, an interj. of threatening
or frightening ; n., terror, fear, dread.] An exclamation
used to startle or frighten. [Spelt also boh and 6oo.]
Bo'a (bo'a), re. / pi. Boas. [L. boa a kind of water ser-
pent. Perh. fr. bos an ox.] 1. (Zool.) A genus of large
American serpents, including the boa constrictor, the
emperor boa of Mexico (B. imperator), and the chevalier
boa of Peru (B, egues).
<SS^ The name is also applied to related genera ; as,
the dog-headed boa (Xtphosoma caninum).
2. A long, round fur tippet ; — so called from its re-
semblance in shape to the boa constrictor.
Bo'a COn-Strlo'tor (bo'a kou-strlk'ter). [NL. See
Boa, and Constrictor.] {Zool.) A large and powerful
serpent of tropical America, sometimes twenty or thirty
feet long. See Illusiration in Appendix.
<^^ It has a succession of spots, alternately black and
yellow, extending along the back. It kills its prey by
constriction. The name is also loosely applied to otlier
large serpents wliich crush tlieir prey, particularly to
those of the genus Python , found in Asia and Africa.
II Bo'a-ner'ges (bo'a-uer'jez). [Gr. ^oai/epyes, fr. Heb.
bne hargem sons of thunder, — an appellation given by
Christ to two of his disciples (James and John). See
Mark iii. 17.] Any declamatory and vociferous preacher
or orator.
Boar (bor), n. [OE. bar, bor, bore, AS. bar ; akin to
OHG. per, MHG. ber, G. bar, boar
(but not 6ar bear), and perh. Russ.
borov' boar.]' (Zool.) The uucastra- a^^^B^ i
ted male of swine ; specifically, the ^^gB^A^ u
wild hog.
Board (bord), n. [OE. bard, AS.
bord board, shipboard ■ akin to bred
plank, Icel. borS b- d, side of a
ship, Gotli. fotu-6a«)' footstool, D. „ , , ,,,., , „
bord board, G. brett, borl. See def . 8. "ead of Wild Boar.
V92.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, and of consid-
erable length and breadth as compared with the thick-
ness, — used for building, etc.
m^"" When sawed thick, as over one and a half or two
inches, it is usually called a,plauk.
2. A table to put food upon.
^W^ The term board answers to the modem table, but
it was often movable, and placed on trestles. JJalliwell.
Fruit of all kinds . . .
She gathers, tribute large, and on the board
Heaps with unsparing Tiaud. Milton.
3. Hence : What is served on a table as food ; stated
meals ; provision ; entertainment ; — usually as furnished
for pay ; as, to work for one's hoard; the price of board.
4. A table at which a council or court is' held. Hence :
A council, convened for business, or any authorized as-
sembly or meeting, public or private ; a number of per-
sons appointed or elected to sit in council for the man-
agement or direction of some public or private business
or trust ; as, the Board of Admiralty ; a board of trade ;
a board of directors, trustees, commissioners, etc.
Both better acquainted with affairs than any other who sat
then at that board. Clarendon.
We may judge from their letters to the board. Porteus.
5. A square or oblong piece of thin wood or other
material used for some special purpose ; as, a molding
board; a board or surface painted or arranged for a
game ; as, a chess6oarrf/ a backgammon board.
6. Paper made thick and stiff like a board, for book
covers, etc. ; pasteboard ; as, to bind a book in boards.
7. pi. The stage in a theater ; as, to go upon the
boards, to enter upon the theatrical profession.
8. [In this use originally perh. a different word mean-
ing border, margin ; cf. t>. board, G. bord, shipboard,
and G. borle trimming ; also F. bord (fr. G.) the side of a
ship. Cf. Border.] The border or side of anything.
{Naut.) (a) The side of a ship. "Now board to board
the rival vessels row. " Dry den. See On board, helow.
(6) The stretch which a ship makes in one tack.
m^^ Board is much used adjectively or as the last part
of a compound ; as, fir board, clap6oard, floor board,
ship6oarc/, side6onrd, ironing board, chessboard, card-
board, -pasteboar-d, seaboard ; board measure.
The American Board, a shortened form of " The American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions" (the for-
eign missionary society of the American Congregational
churches). — Bed and board. See under Bed. — Board and
board (Naut.), side by side. — Board of control, six privy
councilors formerly appointed to superintend the affairs
of the British East Indies. Stormonth. — Board rule, a
figured scale for finding without calculation the number
of square feet in a board. Haldeynan. — Boa,T6i of trade,
in England, a committee of the privy council appointed
to superintend matters relatmg to trade. In the United
States, a body of men appointed for the advancement and
protection of their business interests ; a chamber of com-
merce. — Board wages, (a) Food and lodging supplied
as compensation for services ; as, to work hard, and get
only board wages. (6) Money wages which are barely
sufficient to buy food and lodging, (c) A separate or
special allowance of wages for the procurement of food,
or food and lodging. Bryden. — By the board, over the
6oQ?'rf, or side. Themast went 62/ Wie6oa?'t/." Totten.
Hence (Fig.), To go by the board, to suffer complete de-
struction or overthrow. — To enter on the hoards, to liave
one's name inscribed on a board or tablet in a college as
a student. [Cambridge, England] "Having been en-
tered on the boards of Trinity college." Hallam. — la
make a good board (Naut.), to sail in a straight line when
close-hauled ; to lose little to leeward. — To make short
boards, to tack frequently. — On board, (a) On sliipboard ;
in a ship or a boat ; on board of ; as, I came on board early ;
to be on board ship. (6) In or into a railway car or train.
[Colloq. U. /S.] — Eetnmlng board, a board empowered to
canvass and make an official statement of the votes cast
at an election. [U.S.]
Board, V. I. [imp. &p. p. Boarded ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Boarding.] 1. To cover with boards or boarding ; as,
to board a house. " The boarded hovel." Cowper.
2. [Cf. Board to accost, and see Board, re.] To go on
board of, or enter, as a ship, whether in a hostile or a
friendly way.
You board an enemy to capture her, and a stranger to receive
news or make a communication. Totten.
3. To enter, as a railway car. [Colloq. U. S.]
Head of Australian Boarfish iffisti-
opterus recurvirostris).
4. To furnish with regular meals, or with nieals and
lodgings, for compensation ; to supply with daily meals.
5. To place at board, for compensation ; as, to board
one's horse at a livery stable.
Board (bord), v. i. To obtain meals, or nieals and
lodgings, statedly for compensation ; as, he boards at the
hotel.
We are, several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board in
the saine house. Spectator.
Board, v. t. [F. aborder. See Abord, v. Z.] To ap-
proach ; to accost ; to address ; hence, to woo. [06s.]
I will board her, though she cliide as loud
As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack. Shak.
Board'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. That can be boarded, as a ship.
Board'er (bord-er), re. 1. One who has food statedly
at another's table, or meals and lodgings in his house,
for pay, or compensation of any kind.
2. {Naut.) One who boards a ship ; one selected to
board an enemy's ship. Totten.
Board'ing, re. 1. (Xatil.) The act of entering a ship,
whether with a hostile or a friendly purpose.
Botii slain at one time, as they attempted the boarding of a
frigate. Sir F. Drake.
2. The act of covering with boards ; also, boards, col-
lectively ; or a covering made of boards.
3. The act of supplying, or the state of being sup-
plied, with regular or specified meals, or with meals and
lodgings, for pay.
Boarding house, a house in which boarders are kept. —
Boarding nettings (Naut.), a strong network of cords or
ropes erected at the side of a ship to prevent an enemy
from boarding it. — Boavding pike (^aut.), a pike used
by sailors in boarding a vessel, or in repelling an attempt
to board it. Totten. —Boarding school, a school in which
pupils receive board and lodging as well as instruction.
Boar'lish' (bor'fish'), re. {ZoU.) (a) A Mediterra-
nean fish ( Capros aper), of the fam-
ily Caproidse; — so called from the
resemblance of the extended
lips to a hog's snout. (6) An
Australian percoid fish (Hisli-
opterus recurvirostris), valued
as a food fish.
Boar'lsh, a. Swin-
ish ; brutal ; cruel.
In his anointed flesh
stick 6oa?-ti'/( fangs. Shak.
Boast (host), V. i.
[imp. & p. p. Boast-
ed ; p. pr. & vb. re.
Boasting.] [OE. 60s-
ten, boosten, v., host,
boost, n., noise, boasting ; cf. G. bausen, bauschen, to
swell, pusten, Dan. puste, Sw. pusta, to blow, Sw. p'dsa,
to swell ; or W. bostio to boast, bost boast, Gael. 6os<i.
But these last may be from English.] 1. To vaunt one's
self ; to brag ; to say or tell things which are intended
to give others a high opinion of one's self or of things
belonging to one's self ; as, to boast of one's exploits,
courage, descent, wealth.
By grace are ye saved through faith ; and that not of your-
selves: . . not of works, lest any man should boast. Eph. il. 8, 9.
2. To speak in exulting language of another ; to
glory ; to exult.
In God we boast all the day long. Ps. xliv. S
Syn. — To brag ; bluster ; vapor ; crow ; talk big.
Boast, V. t. 1. To display in ostentatious language ; to
speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a view to
self-commendation ; to extol.
Lest bad men should boast
Their specious deeds. Milton.
2. To display vaingloriously.
3. To possess or have ; as, to boast a name.
To boast one's self, to speak with unbecoming confi-
dence in, and approval of, one's self ; — followed hj oj
and the thing to which the boasting relates. [Archaic]
Boast not thyself ot to-morrow. Frov. xxvii. 1,
Boast, V. t. [Of uncertain etymology.] 1. (Ma-
sonry) To dress, as a stone, with a broad chisel. Weale.
2. [Sculp.) To shape roughly as a preparation for the
finer work to follow ; to cut to the general form required,
Boast, n. 1. Act of boasting ; vaunting or bragging.
Keason and morals ? and where live they most,
In Christian comfort, or in Stoic boast '? Byrom.
2. The cause of boasting ; occasion of pride or exulta-
tion, — sometimes of laudable pride or exultation.
The boast of historians. Maccmlay.
Boast'ance (-ans), n. Boasting. [Obs."] Chaucer.
Boast'er (-er), re. One who boasts ; a braggart.
Boast'er, re. A stone mason's broad-faced chisel.
Boast'ful (-ful), a. Given to, or full of, boasting;
inclined to boast ; vaunting ; vainglorious ; seU-praising.
— Boast'ful-ly, adv. — Boast'ful-ness, re.
Boast'ing, re. The act of glorying or vaunting ; vain-
glorious speaking ; ostentatious display.
When boasting ends, then dignity begins. Young.
Boast'ing-ly, adv. Boastfully ; with boasting. " He
boostingly teUs you." Burke.
Boast'ive (-Tv), a. Presumptuous. [iJ.]
Boast'less, a. Without boasting or ostentation.
Boat (bot), re. [OE. 600/, bat, AS. bat; akin to Icel.
bdtr, Sw. bat, Dan. baad, D. & G. boot. Cf. Bateau.]
1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved
by oars or paddles, but often by a sail.
S^^" Different kinds of boats have different names ; as,
canoe, yawl, wherry, pinnace, j^unt, etc.
2. Hence, any vessel ; usually with some epithet de-
scriptive of its use or mode of propulsion ; as, pilot boat,
packet boat, passage boat, advice 60a/, etc. The term is
sometimes applied to steam vessels, even of the largest
class ; as, the Cunard boats:
3. A vehicle, utensil, or dish, somewhat resembling a
boat in shape ; as, a stone boat ; a gravy boat.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ai ; old, Sbey, orb, Sdd ;
BOAT
161
BODILY
,_^ ' Boat is much used either adjectively or in combi-
nation ; as, boat builder or io«<builder ; bout building or
6oa<building ; boat hook or 6oa/liook ; ioo<house ; boat
keeper or Joa^keeper ; boat load ; boat race ; boat racing ;
boat rowing ; boat song ; ioa/Uke ; 600^-shaped.
Advice boat. See under Advice. — Boat hook (.Naut.), an
iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to
One form of Boat Hook.
pull or push a boat, raft, log, etc. Totten. — Boat rope, a
rope for fastening a boat ; —usually called a paiiitei: —
In the same boat, m the same situation or predicament.
ICo/loq.] F- •I'- Newman.
Boat (bot), V. i. Ii7np. & p. p. Boated ; p. pr. &vb.n.
Boating.] 1. To transport in a boat ; as, to boat goods.
2. To place in a boat ; as, to boat oars.
To boat the oars. See under Oak.
Boat, V. i. To go or row in a boat.
I boated over, ran my craft aground. Tennyson.
jSoat'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. 1. Such as can be transported
in a boat.
2. Navigable for
boats, or small river
craft.
The hoatable waters of
the Alleghany. J. Morae.
Boat'age (-Sj), n.
Conveyance by boat ;
also, a charge for such
conveyance.
Boat'biU' (-bil'), n.
{Zodl.) 1. A wading
bird {Cancroma coch-
leariu) of the tropical
parts of South Amer-
ica. Its bill is some-
what like a boat with
the keel uppermost.
2. A perching bird
of India, of the genus
Euri/laimus.
Boat' bug' (btlg').
Boatbill C Cancroma cochlea.-
ria.)
(Zodl.) An aquatic hemipterous
insect of the genus Notonecta ; — so called
from swimming on its back, which gives it the
appearance of a little boat. Called also boat
fly, boat insect, boatman, and water boatman.
Boat'ful (-ful), n. ; pi. BoATFULS. The
quantity or amount that fills a boat.
Boat'house' (-hous'), n. A house for shel-
tering boats.
Half the latticed boathouse hides. WordswortTi.
Boat'ing, n. l. The act or practice of
rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement ; car-
riage in boats.
2. In Persia, a punishment of capital of- Boat Bug
fenders, by laying them on the back in a {Notonecta
covered boat, where they are left to perish. undulata).
Bo-a'tion (b6-a'shun), n. [L. boatus, fr. ^'^*- '''^^■
boare to roar.] A crymg out ; a roaring ; a bellowing ;
reverberation. [06^.]
The guns were heard . . . about a hundred ItaUan miles, in
long boatioTis. Derham.
Boat'man (bot'man), n. ; pi. Boatmen (-men). 1. A
man who manages a boat ; a rower of a boat.
As late the boatman hies him home. Percival.
2. {Zodl.) A boat bug. See Boat bug.
Boat'man-Ship, n. The art of managing a boat.
Boat'-shaped' (-shapf), a. {Bot.) See Cymbifoem.
Boat' shell' (shgl'). {Zool.) {a) A marine gastropod
of the genus Crepidula. The species are
numerous. It is so named from its form
and interior deck. (6) A marine univalve
ehell of the genus Cymba.
Boats'man (bots'mon), n. A boatman.
l_Arckaic']
Boat'swain (bot'swan; collog., bo's'n), n.
[Boat + swain.'] 1. {Naut.) An officer who
has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, Boat Shell
anchors, cables, cordage, etc., of a ship, and {Crepidula
who also summons the crew, and performs convexa).
other duties. Nat. size.
2. {Zool.) (a) The jager gull. (6) The tropic bird.
Boatswain's mate, an assistant of the boatswain. Totten.
Boat'-tail' (bot'tal'), n. {Zool.) A large grackle or
blackbird {Quiscalus major), found in the Southern
United States.
Boat'wom'an (-w66m'an), n. ; pi. Boatwombn (-wim'-
5n). A woman who manages a boat.
Bob (bob), n. [An onomatopoetic word, expressing
quick, jerky motion ; OE. bob bunch, bobben to strike,
mock, deceive. Cf. Prov. Eng. bob, n., a ball, an engine
beam, bunch, blast, trick, taunt, scoff ; as a v., to dance,
to courtesy, to disappoint, OF. bober to mock.] 1. Any-
thing that hangs so as to play loosely, or vrith a short
abrupt motion, as at the end of a string ; a pendant ; as,
the bob at the end of a kite's tail.
In jewels dressed and at each ear a bob. Oryden.
2. A knot of worms, or of rags, on a string, used in
angling, as for eels ; formerly, a worm suitable for bait.
Or yellow hobs, turned up before the plow,
Are chiefest baits, with cork and lead enow. Lauson.
3. A small piece of cork or light wood attached to a
fishing line to show when a fish is biting ; a float.
4. The ball or heavy part of a pendulum ; also, the
ball or weight at the end of a plumb line.
5. A small wheel, made of leather, with rounded edges,
used in polishing spoons, etc.
6. A short, jerking motion ; act of bobbing ; as, a bob
of the head.
7. {Steam Engine) A working beam.
8. A knot or short curl of hair ; also, a bob wig.
A plain brown bob he wore. Shenstane.
9. A peculiar mode of ringing changes on bells.
10. The refrain of a song.
To bed, to bed, will be the hob of the song. L' Estrange.
11. A blow ; a shake or jog ; a rap, as with the fist.
12. A jeer or flout ; a sharp jest or taunt ; a trick.
He that a fool doth very wisely hit.
Doth very foolishly, altli:)Ugh"lie smart,
Not to seem senseless of the bob. Shak.
13. A shilling. ISlang, Eng.] Dickens.
Bob (bob), V. t. limp. &. p. p. Bobbed (b5bd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bobbing.] [OE. bobben. See Bob, n.] 1. To
cause to move iu a short, jerking manner ; to move (a
thing) with a bob. " He bobbed his head." W. Irving.
2. To strike with a quick, light blow ; to tap.
If any man happened by long sitting to sleep ... he was sud-
denly iwbbed on the face by the servants. Elyot.
3. To cheat ; to gain by fraud or cheating ; to filch.
Gold and jewels that I bobbed from him. Shak.
4. To mock or delude ; to cheat.
To play her pranks, and hob the fool.
The shrewish wife began. Turbervile,
5. To cut short ; as, to bob the hair, or a horse's tail.
Bob, V. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion ; to
play to and fro, or up and down ; to play loosely against
anything. " Bobbing and courtesy ing. ' ' Thackeray.
2. To angle with a bob. See Bob, n., 3.
He ne'er had learned the art to bob
For anything but eels. Saxe.
To bob at an apple, cherry, etc., to attempt to bite or
seize with the mouth an apple, cherry, or other round
fruit, while it is swinging from a string or floating in a
tub of water.
II Bo'bac (bo'bSk), n. {Zool.) The Poland marmot
{Arctomys bobac).
Bo-bance' (bo-bSns'), n. [OF. bobance, F. bombance,
boasting, pageantry, fr. L. bombus a humming, buzzing.]
A boasting. [OJs.] Chaucer.
Bob'ber (bob'ber), n. One who, or that which, bobs.
Bob'ber-y (bob'ber-5^), n. [Prob. an Anglo-Indian
form of Hindi bap re O thou father ! (a very disrespect-
ful address).] A squabble ; a tumult ; a noisy disturb-
ance ; as, to raise a bobbery. [Zow] Halliwell.
Bob'bin (-bin), n. [F. bobine ; of uncertain origin ;
cf. L. bombus a humming, from the noise it makes, or
Ir & Gael, baban tassel, or E. bob.] 1. A small pin, or
cylinder, formerly of bone, now most commonly of
wood, used in the making of pillow lace. Each thread is
wound on a separate bobbin which hangs down holding
the thread at a slight tension.
2. A spool or reel of various material and construc-
tion, with a head at one or both ends, and sometimes
with a hole bored through its length by which it may be
placed on a spindle or pivot. It is used to hold yarn or
thread, as in spinning or warping machines, looms, sew-
ing machines, etc.
3. The little rounded piece of wood, at the end of a
latch string, which is pulled to raise the latch.
4. (Haberdashery) A fine cord or narrow braid.
5. (Elec.) A cylindrical or spool-shaped coil of insu-
lated wire, usually containing a core of soft iron which
becomes magnetic when the wire is traversed by an elec-
trical current.
Bobbin and fly frame, a roving machine. — Bobbin lace,
lace made on a pillow with bobbms ; pillow lace.
Bob'bi-net' (bob'bl-net'), n. \_Bobbin + net.] A kind
of cotton lace which is wrought by machines, and not by
hand. [Sometimes written bobbin net.]
The English machine-made net is now confined to point net,
warp net, and bobbin net, so called from the pecuUar construc-
tion of the machines by which they are produced. Tomiinson.
Bob'bin-work' (bob'bin-wflrk'), n. Work woven
with bobbins.
Bob'bish (bob'btsh), a. Hearty ; in good spirits.
\_Low, Eng.] Dickens.
Bob'by (boVby), n. A nickname for a policeman ; —
from Sir Robert Peel, who remodeled the police force.
See Peeler. \_Slang, Eng.] Dickens.
Bob'— Oher'ry (-cher'ry), n. A play among children,
in which a cherry, hung so as to bob against the mouth,
is to be caught with the teeth.
Bob'fly (-fli'), n. {Fishing) The fly at the end of the
leader ; an end fly.
Bob'O-link' {hoVt-Wnk.'), n.
singing bird {Dolichonyx oryzi-
vorus). The male is black and
white ; the female is brown ; —
called also, ricebird, reedbird,
and Boblincoln.
The happiest bird of our spring is
the bobolink. W. Irving.
Bob'sled' (bSb'slgd'), Bob'-
Sleigh' (-sla'), n. A short sled,
mostly used as one of a pair
connected by a reach or cou-
pling; also, the compound sled
so formed. [{7. S.]
The long wagon body set on hoh-
sleds. IV. Z>. Howells.
Bob'stay' (-sta'), n. [Bob
+ stay.] {Naut.) A rope or Male Bobolink.
chain to confine the bowsprit of
a ship downward to the stem or cutwater ; — usually in
the pi.
Bob'tall' C-tal'), n. \_Boh -f tail.] An animal (as a
horse or dog) with a short tail.
Eag, tag, and bobtail, the rabble.
Bob'tall', a. Bobtailed. ^'Bobtail cur." Marryat.
Bob'talled' (-tald'), a. Having the tail cut short, or
naturally short ; curtailed ; as, a bobtailed horse or dog ;
a bobtailed coat.
{Zool.) An American
Bobwhite.
Bob'WhltO' (bSb'hwIf), n. {Zool.) The common quail
of North America {Colinus, or
Ortyx, Virginianus); — so
called from its note.
Bob' wig' (wig'). A short
wig with bobs or short curls ; —
called also bobtail wig.
Spectator.
Bo'cal (bo'kal), n. [F.] A
cylindrical glass vessel, with a
large and short neck.
Bo-car'do (bo-kar'd6), n.
[Amnemonic word.] 1. {Logic)
A form of syllogism of which
the first and third propositions
are particular negatives, and
the middle term a universal
affirmative.
Baroko and Bocardo have been
stumbling blocks to the logicians.
liowen.
2. A prison ; — originaHy the
name of the old north gate in Oxford, which was used
as a prison. \_Eng.] Latimer.
Boc'a-slue (bok'a-sen), n. [P. bocassin, boucassin.]
A sort of fine buckram.
II Boc'ca (bok'ka), n. [It., mouth.] The round hole
in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the
fused glass is taken out. Craig.
Boce (bos), n. [L. box, bocis, Gr. |36af, /3wf .] {Zool.)
A European fish {Box vulgaris), having a compressed
body and bright colors ;— called also box, and bogue.
Bock' beer' (bok' ber'). [G. bockbier; bock a buck -f-
bier beer ; — said to be so named from its tendency to
cause the drinker to caper like a goat.] A strong beer,
originally made in Bavaria. [Also written buck beer.] .^
Bock'e-let (-e-lSt), n. {Zool.) A kind of long-whigea
hawk ; — called also bockerel, and bockeret. [Obs.]
Bock'ey (bok'y), n. [D. bokaal.] A bowl or vessel
made from a gourd. \_Local, New York] Bartlett.
Bock'ing, n. A coarse woolen fabric, used for floor
cloths, to cover carpets, etc. ; — so called from the town
of Booking, in England, where it was first made.
Bock'Iand (bok'land), n. See Bookland.
Bod'dlce (bod'dis), n. See Bodice.
Bode (bod), 11. t. [imp. & p. p. Boded ; p. pr. & vb.
n. Boding.] [OE. bodien, AS. bodian to announce, tell,
from bod command, message, fr. the root of beSdan to
command ; akin to Icel. boSa to announce, Sw. buda to
announce, portend. V89. See Bid.] To indicate by
signs, as future events ; to be the omen of ; to portend ;
to presage ; to foreshow.
A raven that bodes nothing but mischief. Goldsmith.
Good onset bodes good end. Spenser.
Bode, V. i. To foreshow something ; to augur.
Whatever now
The omen proved, it boded well to you. Dryden.
Syn. — To forebode ; foreshadow ; augur ; betoken.
Bode, n. 1. An omen ; a foreshadowing. [Obs.]
The owl eke, that of death the bode bringeth. Cliavcer.
2. A bid ; an offer. [Obs. or Dial.] Sir W. Scott.
Bode, n. [AS. boda; akin to OFries. boda, AS. bodo,
OHG. boto. See Bode, v. t.] A messenger ; a herald.
Eobertson.
Bode, n. [See Abide.] A stop; a halting; delay. [06s.]
Bode, imp. &p. p. from Bide. Abode.
There that night they bode. Tennyson.
Bode, p. p. of Bid. Bid or bidden. [Gbs.] Chaucer.
Bode'lul (-ful), a. Portentous ; ominous. Carlyle.
Bode'ment (-ment), n. An omen ; a prognostic. [06s.]
This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl
Makes all these bodements. Shak.
Bodge (boj), n. A botch ; a patch. [Dial.'] Whitlock.
Bodge (boj), «. i. [imp. & p. p. BoDOtEO (b(Sid).] To
botch ; to mend clmnsUy ; to patch. [Obs. or Dial.]
Bodge, V. i. See Budge.
Bo'di-an (ho'di-an), n. {Zo'ol.) A large food fish
{Diagramma lineaium), native of the East Indies.
Bod'ice (bod'is), n. [This is properly the plural of
body, OE. bodise a pair of bodies, equiv. to a bodice.
Cf. Corset, and see Body.] 1. A kind of under waist
stiffened with whalebone, etc. , worn esp. by women ; a
corset; stays.
2. A close-fitting outer waist or vest forming the
upper part of a woman's dress, or a portion of it.
Her bodice half way she unlaced. Prior.
Bod'lced (bod'ist), a. Wearing a bodice. Thackeray.
Bod'ied (bSd'Td), a. Having a body ; — usually in
composition ; as, able-6orf?erf.
A doe . . . not altogether so fat, but very good flesh and good
bodied. liakluyt.
Bod'1-less (bodT-lgs), a. 1. Having no body.
2. Without material form ; incorporeal.
Phantoms bodiless and vain. Swift.
Bod'1-U-ness (-i-lT-nes), n. Corporeality. Minsheu.
Bod'i-ly (-i-iy), a. 1. Having a body or material
form ; physical ; corporeal ; consisting of matter.
You are a mere spirit, and have no knowledge of the bodily
part of us. Taller.
2. Of or pertaining to the body, in distmction from
the mind. " Bodily defects." L'' Estrange.
3. Real ; actual ; put in execution. [Obs.]
Be brought to bodily act. Shak.
Bodily fear, apprehension of physical injury.
Syn. — See Corporal.
Bod'l-ly, adv. 1. Corporeally ; in bodily form ;
united with a body or matter ; in the body.
For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily.
Col. ii. 9.
2. In respect to, or so as to affect, the entire body or
H
K
fflse, unite, rude, full, fip, ■am j pity; food, fdt>t; out, oil; chair; go; 6iug, ink; tUeo, tlUQi boNj zli=:z in azure
M
BODING
162
BOILER
mass ; entirely ; all at once ; completely ; as, to carry
away bodily. " Leapt iod;'??/ below. " Lowell.
Bod'ing (bod'ing), a. Foreshowing ; presaging ; omi-
nous. — Bod'ing-ly, adv.
Bod'ing, n. A prognostic ; an omen ; a foreboding.
Bod'kin (bSd'kin), n. [OE. boydekyn dagger ; o£
uncertain origin ; cf . W. bidog hanger, sliort sword, Ir.
bideog, Gael, biodag.2 1. A dagger. [06i.]
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin. Shak.
2. {Needlework) An implement of steel, bone, ivory,
etc., with a sharp point, for making holes by piercing ; a
stiletto ; an eyeleteer.
3. (Print.) A sharp tool, like an awl, used for picking
out letters from a column or page in making corrections.
4. A kind of needle with a large eye and a blunt point,
for drawing tape, ribbon, etc., through a loop or a hem ;
a tape needle.
Wedged whole ages in a bodkin^s eye. Pope.
5. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair.
To Bit, ride, or travel bodkin, to sit closely wedged be-
tween two persons. [Colloq.] Thackeray.
Bod'kin, n. See Baudekin. lObs.} Shirley.
Bo'dle (bo'd'l), n. A small Scotch coin worth about
one sixth of an English penny. Sir W. Scott.
Bod'lel-an (bod'le-on), a. Of or pertaining to Sir
Thomas Bodley, or to the celebrated library at Oxford,
founded by him in the sixteenth century.
BCHlOCk' (b6-d5k'), n. [Corrupt, fr. bois d'arc] The
Osage orange. {^Southwestern U. <?.]
Bod'rage (bod'rSj), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin: cf.
BoRDRAGE.] A raid. \_Obs.']
Bod'y (bSd'y), n. ; pi. Bodies (-iz). [OE. bodi, AS.
bodig; akin to OHG. botah. V257. Cf. Bodice.]
, X. The material organized substance of an animal,
whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit,
or vital principle ; the physical person.
Absent in body, but present in spirit. 1 Cor. v. 3.
For of the soul the body form doth take,
For soul is form, and doth the body make. Spenser.
2. The trunk, or main part, of a person or animal, as
distinguished from the limbs and head ; the main, cen-
tral, or principal part, as oi a tree, army, country, etc.
Who set the body and the limbs
Of this great sport together ? Shak.
The van of the king's army was led by the general ; ... in
the body was the king and the prince. Clarendon.
Kivers that run up into the body of Italy. Addison.
3. The real, as opposed to the symbolical; the sub-
stance, as opposed to the shadow.
Which are a shadow of tilings to come ; but the body is of
Christ. Col. ii. 17.
4. A person ; a human being ; — frequently in compo-
sition ; as, anybody, nobody.
A dry, shrewd kind of a body. W. Irving.
6. A number of individuals spoken of collectively,
usually as united by some common tie, or as organized
for some purpose ; a collective whole or totality ; a cor-
poration ; as, a legislative body ; a clerical body.
A numerous body led unresistingly to the slaughter. Frescott.
6. A number of things or particulars embodied in a
system ; a general collection ; as, a great body of facts ;
a body of laws or of divinity.
7. Any mass or portion of matter ; any substance dis-
tinct from others ; as, a metallic body ; a moving body ;
an aeriform 6odi/. " A tod?/ of cold air. " Huxley.
By collision of two bodies, grind
The air attrite to fire. MUton.
8. Amount ; quantity ; extent.
9. That part of a garment covering the body, as dis-
tinguished from the parts covering the limbs.
10. The bed or box of a vehicle, on or in which the
load is placed ; as, a wagon body ; a cart body.
11. (Print.) The shank of a type, or the depth of the
shank (by which the size is indicated) ; as, a nonpareil
face on an agate body.
12. (Geom.) A figure that has length, breadth, and
thickness ; any solid figure.
13. Consistency ; thickness ; substance ; strength ;
as, this color has body ; wine of a good body.
(J^^ Colors bear a body when they are capable of being
ground so fine, and of being mixed so entirely with oil,
as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color.
After body iNaut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead fiat.
— Body cavity (Anal.), the space between the walls of the
body and the inclosed viscera ; the coelum ; — in mam-
mals, divided by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdom-
inal cavities.— Body of a church, the nave. — Body cloth ; pi.
Body cloths ; a cloth or blanket for covering horses. —
Body clothes, (pi.) 1. Clothing for the body; esp. under-
clothmg. 2. Body cloths for horses. [Obs.] Addison.—
Body coat, a gentleman's dress coat. — Body color {Paint.),
a pigment that has consistency, thickness, or body, in
distinction from a tint or wash. — Body of a law (Law), the
main and operative part. —Body louse (Zool.), a species of
louse (Pediculus vestimenti), wliich sometimes infests
the human body and clothes. See Gkateack. — Body
plan (Shipbuilding), an end elevation, showing the con-
tour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length.
— Body politic, the collective body of a nation or state as
politically organized, or as exercising political functions ;
also, a corporation. Wharton.
As to the persons who compose the body politic or associate
themselves, they take collectively the name of "people," or
**nation." Bouvier.
—Body servant, a valet. —The bodies seven (Alchemy), the
metals corresponding to the planets. [ Obs.\
Sol gold is. and Luna silver we threpe (= call), Mars yren
(= jron), Mercurie quicksilver we clepe, Satumus lead, and
Jupiter is tin, and Venus coper. Chaucer.
— Body snatcher, one who secretly removes without right
or authority a dead body from a grave, vault, etc. ; a resur-
rectionist. — Body snatching (Law), the unauthorized re-
moval of a dead body from the grave ; usually for the
purpose of dissection.
Bod'y (bSd'J^), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodied (-td); p. pr,
& vb. n. lioDYiNG.] To furnish with, or as with, a body ;
to produce in definite shape ; to embody.
To body forth, to give form or shape to mentally.
Imagination bodies fortli
The forms of things unknown. Shak.
Bod'y-guard' (-gard'), n. 1. A guard to protect or
defend the person ; a lifeguard.
2. Retinue ; attendance ; following. Bp. Portent.
BOB-O'tlan (be-o'shan), a. [L. Boeotia, Gr. (Soimria,
noted for its moist, thick atmosphere, and the dullness
and stupidity of its inhabitants.] Of or pertaining to
Boeotia, or its inhabitants ; hence, stupid ; dull ; obtuse.^
n. A native of Boeotia ; also, one who is dull and ignorant.
II Boer (boor), n. [D., a farmer. See BooR.] A colo-
nist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch descent.
Bo'es (bo'Ss), 3d sing. pr. of Behove. Behoves or
behooves. [06«.] Chaucer.
Bog (bSg), n. [It. & Gael, bog soft, tender, moist :
cf. Ir. bogach bog, moor, marsh, Gael, bogan quagmire.]
1. A quagmire filled with decayed moss and other veg-
etable matter ; wet spongy ground where a heavy body
is apt to sink ; a marsh ; a morass.
Appalled with thoughts of bog, or caverned pit,
01 treacherous earth, subsiding where they tread. R. Jago.
2. A little elevated spot or clump of earth, roots, and
grass, in a marsh or swamp. \_Local, U. S.~\
Bog bean. See Buck bean. — Bog bumper (bump to
make a loud noise), Bog blitter, Bog bluiter, or Bog Jumper,
the bittern. [Prov.'\ — Bog butter, a hydrocarbon of but-
terlike consistence found in the peat bogs of Ireland. —
Bog earth (Min.), a soil composed for the most part of sUex
and partially decomposed vegetable fiber. P. Cyc. — Bog
mosB. (Bot?) Same as Sphagnum. — Bog myrtle (Bot.), the
sweet gale. — Bog ore. (Min.) (a) An ore of iron found in
boggy or swampy land ; a variety of brown iron ore, or
linionite. (6) Bog manganese, the hydrated peroxide of
manganese. — Bog rush (Bot.), any rush growing in bogs ;
saw grass. — Bog spavin. See under Spavin.
Bog, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bogged (b5gd) ; p. pr. & vb.
n. Bogging.] To sink, as into a bog ; to submerge in a
bog ; to cause to sink and stick, as in mud and mire.
At anothertime, he was bogged up to the middle in the slough
of Lochend. Sir W. Scott.
Bogljer'ry (-bSr'ry), n. (Bot.) The small cranberry
(Vacciniiim oxycoccus), which grows in boggy places.
Bo'gey (bo'gy), n. A goblin ; a bugbear. See Bogy.
Bog'gard (-gerd), n. A bogey. [Local, Eng.}
Bog'gle (bSg'g'l), 1). i. [imp. &p.p. Boggled (-g'ld);
p. pr. & vb. n. Boggling (-gllng).] [See Bogle, n.]
1. To stop or hesitate as if suddenly frightened, or in
doubt, or impeded by unforeseen diflSculties ; to take
alarm ; to exhibit hesitancy and indecision.
We start and boggle at every unusual appearance. Glanvill.
Boggling at nothing which serveth their purpose. Barrow.
2. To do anything awkwardly or unskillfully.
3. To play fast and loose ; to dissemble. Howell.
Syn. — To doubt ; hesitate ; shrink ; stickle ; demur.
Bog'gle, V. t. To embarrass with difficulties ; to make
a bungle or botch of. [Local, U. S.'\
Bog'gler (-gler), ra. One who boggles.
Bog'gllsh (-glish), a. Doubtful ; skittish. [Obs."]
Bog'gy (-gy), a. Consisting of, or containing, a bog or
bogs ; of the nature of a bog ; swampy ; as, boggy land.
Bo'gie (bo'gy), n. [A dialectic word. N. of Eng. &
Scot.'] A four-wheeled truck, having a certain amount
of play around a vertical axis, used to support in part a
locomotive on a railway track.
Bo'gie (hWg'l), n. [Scot, and North Eng. bogle, bogill,
hugill, specter ; as a verb, to terrify, f r. W. bwgwl threat-
ening, fear, bwg, bwgan, specter, hobgoblin. Cf. Bno.]
A goblin ; a specter ; a frightful phantom ; a bogy ; a
bugbear. [Written also boggle.]
Bog'snck'er (-siik'er), n. (Zool.) The American
woodcock ; — so called from its feeding among the bogs.
Bog'trot'ter (-trot'ter), n. One who lives in a boggy
country ; — applied in derision to the lowest class of
Irish. Halliwell.
Bog'trot'tlng (-trSt'ting), a. Living among bogs.
Bogue (bog), V. i. (Naut.) To fall off from the wind ;
to edge away to leeward ; — said only of inferior craft.
Bogue (bog), n. (Zo'al.) The boce ; — called also bogue
bream. See Boce.
Bo'gns (bo'gus), a. [Etymol. imcertain.] Spurious ;
fictitious ; sham ; — a cant term originally applied to
counterfeit coin, and hence denoting anything counter-
feit. [Colloq. U. S.}
Bo'gus, n- A liquor made of rum and molasses.
[Local, U. S.] Barilett.
Bog'wood' (-w56d'), n. The wood of trees, esp. of
oaks, dug up from peat bogs. It is of a shining black or
ebony color, and is largely used for making ornaments.
Bo'gy (bo'gy), n.; pi. Bogies (-giz). [See Bogle.]
A specter ; a hobgoblin ; a bugbear. " Death's heads and
bogies." J. H. Newman. [Written also bogey.]
There are plenty of such foolish attempts at playing bogy in
the history of savages. C. Kingsley.
Bo-hea' (b6-he'), n, [From Wv^i, pronounced by the
Chinese bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea
is grown.] Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea.
See under Tea.
^^^ The name was formerly applied to superior kinds
of black tea, or to black tea in general.
Bo-he'ml-a (bo-he'mT-a), n. 1. A country of central
Europe.
2. Fig. : The region or community of social Bohemians.
See Bohemian, n., 3.
She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia.
Compion lieade.
Bo-he'mi-an (bo-he'mi-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining
to Bohemia, or to the language of its ancient inhabitants
or their descendants. See Bohemian, «., 2.
2. Of or pertaining to a social gipsy or "Bohemian"
Bohemian Chatterer.
(see Bohemian, m., 3) ; vagabond ; unconventional; free
and easy. [Modern]
Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five and thirty.
Blaclcw. Mag.
Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and eustoms
nowadays. W- Black.
Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waswing (Zool,), a amaU
bird of Europe and Amer-
ica (Ampelis garrulus); the
waxwing. — Bohemian glass,
a variety of hard glass of
fine quality, made in Bohe-
mia. It is of variable com-
position, contahiing usually
silica, lime, and potash,
rarely soda, but no lead. It
is often remarkable for
bfcauty of color.
Bo-he'ml-an (b6-he'mT-
an), n. 1. A native of Bo-
hemia.
2. The language of the
Czechs (the ancient inhab-
it ants of Bohemia), the
richest and most developed
of the dialects of the Slav-
ic family.
3. A restless vagabond ;
— originally, an idle stroll-
er or gypsy (as in France) thought to have come from
Bohemia ; in later times often applied to an adventurer
in art or literature, of irregular, unconventional habits,
questionable tastes, or free morals. [Modern]
(!^°° In this sense from the French bohemien, a gypsy ;
also, a person of irregular habits.
She was of a wild, roving nature, inherited from father and
mother, who were both Bohemians by taste and circumstances.
Iliackeray.
Bo-he'ml-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. The characteristic con-
duct or methods of a Bohemian. [3Ioder7i]
II Bo'hun u'pas (byhtin u'pas). See Upas.
II Bo-lar' (bo-yiir' or boi'ar), n. See Boyak.
Boil (boil), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Boiled (bolld) •,p. pr.
& vb. n. Boiling.] [OE. boilen, OP. boillir, buillir, F.
bouillir, fr. L. bullire to be in a bubblhig motion, from
bulla bubble ; akin to Gr. jSojajSuAis, Lith. bumbuls. Cf.
Bull an edict. Budge, v., and Ebullition.] 1. To be
agitated, or tumultuously moved, as a liquid by the gen-
eration and rising of bubbles of steam (or vapor), or of
currents produced by heating it to the boiling pomt ; to
be in a state of ebullition ; as, the water boils.
2. To be agitated like boiling water, by any other
cause than heat ; to bubble ; to effervesce ; as, the boil-
ing waves.
He maketh the deep to boil like a pot. Job xli. 31.
3. To pass from a liquid to an aeriform state or vapor
when heated ; as, the water boils away.
4. To be moved or excited with passion ; to be hot or
fervid ; as, his blood boils with anger.
Then boiled my breast with flame and burning wrath. Surrey,
5. To be in boiling water, as in cooking ; as, the po-
tatoes are boiling.
To boil away, to vaporize ; to evaporate or be evapo-
rated by the action of heat. — To boll over, to run over the
top of a vessel, as liquid when tlirown into violent agita-
tion by heat or other cause of effervescence ; to be ex-
cited with ardor or passion so as to lose self-control.
Boil, V. t. 1. To heat to the boiling point, or so as
to cause ebullition ; as, to boil water.
2. To form, or separate, by boiling or evaporation ; as,
to boil sugar or salt.
3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid,
so as to produce some specific effect, as cooking, cleans-
ing, etc. ; as, to boil meat ; to boil clothes.
The stomach cook is for the hall,
And boileth meate for them all. Gower,
4. To steep or soak in warm water. [OJi.]
To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense can not in-
form ; but if you boil them in water, the new seeds will sprout
sooner. Bacon.
To boil down, to reduce in bulk by boiling ; as, to boil
down sap or sirup.
Boil, n. Act or state of boiling. [Colloq.]
Boil, n. [Influenced by boil, v. See Beal, Bile.] A
hard, painful, inflamed tumor, which, on suppuration,
discharges pus, mixed with blood, and discloses a small
fibrous mass of dead tissue, called the core.
A bUnd boil, one that suppurates imperfectly, or fails to
come to a head. — Delhi boil (Med.), a peculiar affection of
the skin, probably parasitic in origin, prevailing in India
(as among the British troops) and especially at Delhi.
Boil'a-ry (boil'a-rjf), n. See Boilery.
Boiled (boild ), a. Dressed or cooked by boiling ;
subjected to the action of a boiling liquid; as, boiled
meat ; a boiled dinner ; boiled clothes.
Boil'er (boil'er), n. 1. One who boils.
2. A vessel in which any thing is boiled.
1^°° The word boiler if) a generic term covering a great
variety of kettles, saucepans, clothes boilers, evaporators,
coppers, retorts, etc.
3. (il/ecA.) A strong metallic vessel, usually of wrought
iron plates riveted together, or a composite structure
variously formed, in which steam is generated for driv-
ing engines, or for heating, cooking, or other purposes.
8^^ The earliest steam boilers were usually spheres or
sections of spheres, heated whoUy from the outside. Watt
used the wagon boiler (shaped like the top of a covered
wagon) which is still used with low pressures. Most of tlie
boilers in present use may be classified as plain cylinder
boilers, flue boilers, sectional and tubular boilers.
Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part containing the
flues. — Boiler plate, Boiler iron, plate or rolled iron of
about a quarter to a half incli in thickness, used for mak-
ing boilers and tanks, for covering ships, etc. — Cylin-
der boiler, one which consists of a single iron cylinder. —
Flue boilers are usually single shells containing a small
ale, senate, c&re, Jim, arm, ask, final, ^M.; eve, event, Snd, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, dib, 5ddj
BOILERY
163
BOLT
number of large flues, through which the heat either
passes from the fire or returus to the cliimney, and some-
times contaiuiiig a fire box inclosed by water. — Locomo-
tive boiler, a boiler which contains an inclosed fire box and
a large number of small flues leading to tlie cliimney. —
Multillue boiler. Same as Tubular boiler, below. — Sec-
tional boiler, a boiler composed of a number of sections,
which are usually of small capacity and similar to, and
connected with, each otlier. By multiplication of tlie sec-
tions a boiler of any desired capacity can be built up. —
Tubular boiler, a boiler containing tulSes which form flues,
and are surrounded by the water contained in tlie boiler.
See Must, of Steam boiler, under Steam. — Tubuloua boiler.
See under Tubulous. See Tube, n., 6, and 1st Flue.
BoU'er-y (boil'er-y), n. [Cf. F. bouillerie.'] A place
and apparatus for boiling, as for evaporating briue in
salt making.
Boll'lng, a. Heated to the point of bubbling ; heav-
ing with bubbles ; in tumultuous agitation, as boiling
liquid ; surging ; seething ; swelling with heat, ardor,
or passion.
Boiling point, the temperature at which a fluid is con-
verted mto vapor, witli the plienomena of ebullition.
This is ditl'erent for different liquids, and for tlie same
liquid under different pressures. For water, at tlie level
of the sea, barometer 30 in., it is 212= Fahrenheit ; for al-
cohol, 172.96= ; for ether, 94.8" ; for mercury, about 675=.
The boiling point of water is lowered one degree Faliren-
heit for about S.50 feet of ascent above the level of tlie
sea. — Boiling spring, a spring wliicli gives out very hot
water, or water and steam, often ejecting it with much
force ; a geyser. — To be at the boiling point, to be very
angry. — To keep the pot boiling, to keep going on actively,
as in certain games. [Colloq.\
Boll'lng, n. 1. The act of ebullition or of tumultuous
agitation.
2. Exposure to the action of a hot liquid.
Boll'lng-ly, adv. With boiling or ebullition.
And lakes of bitumen rise boiUngly higher. Byron.
li Bols'd' arc' (bwa' dark'). [F., bow wood. So called
because used for bows by the Western Indians.] (Bot.)
The Osage orange (3Iaclura aurantiaca).
The bois rl'arc seems to be the characteriBtic growth of the
black prairies. U. S. Census (18SU).
II Bols' dur'ci' (dur'se'). [F., hardened wood.] A
hard, highly polishable composition, made of fine saw-
dust from hard wood (as rosewood) mixed with blood, and
Boist (boist), n. [OF. boiste, F. boite, from the same
root as E. Jox.] A box. [Obs.J Chaucer.
Bois'ter-OUS (bois'ter-us), a. [OE. boistotis ; of un-
certain origin ; cf. W. bwyst wild, savage, wildness, fe-
rocity, bwystus ferocious.] 1. Rough or rude ; unbend-
ing ; unyielding ; strong ; powerful. [06s.] " Boisterous
sword." " Boistei-ous hund." Shak.
2. Exhibiting tumultuous violence and fury; acting
with noisy turbulence ; violent ; rough ; stormy.
The waters swell before a boisterous storra. Sttak.
The brute and boisterous force of violent men. Hilton.
3. Noisy ; rough ; turbulent ; as, boisterous mirth ;
boisterous behavior.
I like not that loud, boisterous man. Addison.
4. Vehement; excessive, [i?.]
The heat becomes too powerful and boisterom for them.
Woodward.
Syn. — Loud ; roaring ; violent ; stormy ; turbulent ;
furious ; tumultuous ; noisy ; impetuous ; vehement.
Bols'ter-ous-ly, adv. In a boisterous manner.
Bols'ter-ous-ness, n. The state or quality of being
boisterous ; turbulence ; disorder ; tumultuousness.
Bois'tOUS (bois'tus), a. Rough or rude ; coarse ;
strong ; violent ; boisterous ; noisy. \Obs.'\ Chaucer. —
Bois'tous-ly, adv.— Bols'tOUS-ness, n. [06s.] Chaucer.
Bo-ja'nus Or'gan (bo-ya'niis Sr'gan). [From Boja-
retw, the discoverer.] {Zool.) A glandular organ of bi-
valve moUusca, serving in part as a kidney.
Bo'ka-dam' (bolia-diun'), n. (Zool.) See Ceebbrus.
Boke, V. t. & i. To poke ; to thrust. [Obs. or Dial.']
Bo'lar (bo'ler), a. [See Bole clay.] Of or pertaining
to bole or clay ; partaking of the nature and qualities of
bole ; clayey.
II B^las (bo'Uz), n. sing. & pi. [Sp.] A kind of
missile weapon consisting of one, two, or more balls of
stone, iron, or other material, attached to the ends of a
leather cord ; — used by the Gauchos of South America,
and others, for hurling at and entangling an animal.
Bold (bold), a. [OE. bald, bold, AS. bald, heald ;
akin to Icel. ballr, OHG. bald, MHG. bait, D. bond,
Goth, balpei boldness. It. baldo. In Ger. there remains
only bald, adv., soon. Cf. Ba^vd, )!.] 1. Forward to
meet danger ; venturesome ; daring ; not timorous or
shrinking from risk ; brave ; courageous.
Throngs of knights and barons bold. JIUton.
2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and contempt of dan-
ger ; planned with courage ; daring ; vigorous. " The
bold design pleased highly." 3Iilton.
3. In a bad sense, too forward ; taking undue liber-
ties ; over assuming or confident ; lacking proper mod-
esty or restraint ; rude ; impudent.
Thou art too wild, too rude and bold of voice. Shal(.
4. Somewhat overstepping usual bounds, or conven-
tional rules, as in art, literature, etc. ; taking liberties in
composition or expression ; as, the figures of an author
are bold. ^^ Bold tales." Waller.
The cathedral church is a very bold work. Addison.
5. Standing prominently out to view ; markedly con-
epicuous ; striking the eye ; in high relief.
Shadows in painting . . . make the figure bolder. Dryden.
6. Steep; abrupt; prominent.
Where the bold cape its warning lorehead rears. Trumhidl.
Bold eagle (Zool.), an Australian eagle (Aquila audrix),
which destroys lambs and even the kangaroo. — To make
bold, to take liberties or the liberty ; to venture.
Syn. — Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fear-
less ; dauntless ; valiant ; manful ; audacious ; stout-
hearted ; high-spirited ; adventurous ; confident ; stren-
uous ; forward ; impudent.
Bold (bold), 1). «. To make bold or daring. [06*.] SAaA.
Bold, V. i. To be or become bold. [06s.]
Bold'en (bold"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boldened
(-d'nd).] To make bold ; to encourage ; to embolden.
Ready speakers, being boldened with their present abilities to
say more, . . . use less help of diligence and study. Asdiam.
Bold'-faced' (bold'fasf), a. 1. Somewhat impudent;
lacking modesty ; as, a bold-faced woman.
I have seen enough to confute all the bold-faced atheists of
this age. Braiiiliall.
2. {Print.) Having a conspicuous or heavy face.
11^^ This line is bold-faced nonx>areil.
Bold'ly, adv. [AS. bealdllce.'] In a bold manner.
Bold'ness, n. Tlie state or quality of being bold.
Syn. — Courage ; bravery ; intrepidity ; dauntlessness ;
hardihood; assurance.
IIBol'dO (bol'do), \n. (Bot.) A fragrant evergreen
II Bol'dU (bol'doo), ) shrub of Chili (Peumus Boldus).
The bark is used in tanning, the wood for making char-
coal, the leaves in medicine, and the drupes are eaten.
^Bole (bol), n. [OE. bole, fr. Icel. 6o;)-/ akin to Sw.
bal, Dan. bul, trmik, stem of a tree, G. bohle a thick
plank or board ; cf . LG. 60?/ round. Cf. Bulge.] The
trunk or stem of a tree, or that which is like it.
Enormous elm-tree boles did stoop and lean. Tennyson.
Bole, n. [Etym. doubtful.] An aperture, with a
wooden shutter, in the wall of a house, for giving, occa-
sionally, air or light ; also, a small closet. [Sco/.]
Open the bole wi' speed, that I may see if this be the right Lord
Geraldin. sir W. Scott.
Bole, n. A measure. See Boll, n., 2. 3Iortimer.
Bole, n. [Gr. jSwAos a clod or lump of earth : cf. F.
bol, and also L. bolus morsel. Cf. Bolus.] 1. Any one
of several varieties of friable earthy clay, usually colored
more or less strongly red by oxide of iron, and used to
color and adulterate various substances. It was formerly
used in medicine. It is composed essentially of hydrous
silicates of alumina, or more rarely of magnesia. See
Clay, and Terra alba.
2. A bolus ; a dose. Coleridge.
Armenian bole. See under Armenlan. — Bole Armoniac,
0?" Armonlak, Armenian bole. [Obs.} Chaucer.
Bo-leo'tlon (bo-lek'shiin), n. {Arch.) A projecting
molding round a panel. Same as Bilection. Gwilt.
II Bo-le'ro (bS-la'ro), n. [Sp.] {Mus.) A Spanish
dance, or the lively music which accompanies it.
Bo-let'ic (bo-lgt'Tk), a. {Chem.) Pertaming to, or ob-
tamed from, the Boletus.
Boletlc acid, an acid obtained from the Boletus fomenta-
rius, variety pseudo-igniarius. Same as Fumaeic acid.
II Bo-le'tUS (bo-le'tus), n. [L. boletus, Gr. ^uAiVi)?.]
{Bot.) A genus of fungi having the mider side of the
pileus or cap composed of a multitude of fine separate
tubes. A few are edible, and others very poisonous.
Boley, Bolye (bo'ly), n. Same as Booly.
Bo'Ude (bolTd or boTid), n. [F. See Bolis.] A
kind of meteor ; a bolis.
II Bo'Us (byiis), n. [L., fr. Gr. jSoAt's missile, arrow,
fr. fidWeiv to throw.] A meteor or brilliant shooting
star, followed by a train of light or sparks ; esp. one
which explodes.
Bo-Uv'l-an (bS-Iiv'i-an), a. Of or pertaining to Bo-
livia. — n. A native of Bolivia.
Boll (bol), n. [OE. bolle boll, bowl, AS. bolla. See
Bowl a vessel.] 1. The pod or capsule of a plant, as of
flax or cotton ; a pericarp of a globular form.
2. A Scotch measure, formerly in use : for wheat and
beans it contained four Winchester bushels ; for oats,
barley, and potatoes, six bushels. A boU of meal is 140
lbs. avoirdupois. Also, a measure for salt of two bush-
els. [Sometimes spelled bole.']
Boll, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bolled (bold).] To form
a boU or seed vessel ; to go to seed.
The barley was in the ear, and the flax was boiled. Ex. ix. 31.
Bol'land-istS (bi5113nd-ists), re. pi. Tlie Jesuit edi-
tors of the " Acta Sanctorum," or Lives of the Saints ; —
named from John BoUand, who began the work.
Bollard (bSl'lerd), n. [Cf. Bole the stem of a tree,
and Pollard.] An upright wooden or iron post in a boat
or on a dock, used in veering or fastening ropes.
Bollard timber (iVoMZ.), a timber, also called a Tcnight-
head, rising just within the stem in a ship, on either side
of the bowsprit, to secure its end.
BoU'en (bol''n), a. See Boln, a.
BoU'lng (bol'ing), re. [Cf. Bole stem of a tree, and
Poll, v. t.] A tree from which the branches have been
cut ; a pollard.
BoU'WOrm' (-wflrm'), n. {Zool.) The larva of a moth
{Heliolhis arrnigera)
which devours the bolls
or unripe pods of the cot-
ton plant, often doing
great damage to the
crops.
Boln (boln), V. I. [OE.
bolncn, bollen ; cf. Dan.
bulne. Cf. Bulge.] To
swell ; to puff. Holland.
Boln (boln), ) „
BoU'en (boi''n), ( "•
Swollen ; putted out.
Thin, and boln out like a BoUworni and Adult Moth. (X)
sail. B. Jonson. ^°
Bo-lO'gna (bo-Io'nya or bo-lo'nA), n. 1. A city of
Italy which has given its name to various objects.
2. A Bologna sausage.
Bologna sausage [It. salsiccia di Bologna], a large sau-
sage made of bacon or ham, veal, and pork, chopped fine
and inclosed in a skin. — Bologna stone (Min.), radiated
barite, or barium sulphate, found in roundish masses,
composed of radiating fibers, first discovered near Bolo-
gna. It is phosphorescent when calcined. —Bologna vial, a
vial of unannealed glass which will fly into pieces when
its surface is scratched by a hard body, as by dropping
into it a fragment of flint ; whereas a bullet may be
dropped into it witliout injury.
Bo-lo'gnese' (bo-lo'nyez' or bo'lo-nez), a. Of or per-
taining to Bologna, — n. A native of Bologna.
Bolognese school {Paint.), a school of painting founded
by the Carracci, oi;herwise called the Lombard or Eclec-
tic school, the object of which was to unite the excel-
lences of the preceding schools.
Bo-lO'gnian (b6-lo'nyan or bo-lo'ni-an), a. & n. Bo-
lognese.
Bolognlan stone. See Bologna stone, under Bologna.
Bo-lom'e-ter (b6-13m'e-ter), re. [Gr. ^oX-q a stroke,
ray -j- -meter.] {Physics) An instrument for measuring
minute quantities of radiant heat, especially in different
parts of the spectrum; — called also actinic balance,
thermic balance. S. P. Langley.
Bol'ster (bol'ster ; 110), re. [AS. bolster ; akin to Icel.
holstr, Sw. & Dan. bolster, OHG. bolstar,polstar, G. pol-
ster ; from the same root as E. 60^6 stem, bowl hollow
vessel. Cf. Bulge, Poltroon.] 1. A long pillow or
cushion, used to support the head of a person lying on a
bed ; — generaUy laid under the pillows.
And here I'll fling the pillow, there the bolster,
This way the coverlet, another way the sheets. Shak.
2. A pad, quilt, or anything used to hinder pressure,
support any part of the body, or make a bandage sit easy
upon a wounded part ; a compress.
This arm shall be a bolster for thy head. Gay.
3. Anything arranged to act as a support, as in vari-
ous forms of mechanism, etc.
4. (Saddlery) A cushioned or padded part of a saddle.
5. (Naut.) (a) A cusliion or a piece of soft wood cov-
ered with tarred canvas, placed on the trestletrees and
against the mast, for the collars of the shrouds to rest on,
to prevent chafing. (6) Anything used to prevent chafing.
6. A plate of ipon or a mass of wood under the end of
a bridge girder, to keep the girder from resting directly
on the abutment.
7. A transverse bar above the axle of a wagon, on
which the bed or body rests.
8. The crossbeam forming the bearing piece of the
body of a railway car ; the central and principal cross
beam of a car truck.
9. {Mech.) The perforated plate in a punching ma-
chine on which anything rests when being punched.
10. {Cutlery) (a) That part of a knife blade which
abuts upon the end of the handle. (6) The metallic end
of a pocketknife handle. G. Francis.
H. {Arch.) The rolls forming the ends or sides of the
Ionic capital. G. Francis.
12. {Mil.) A block of wood on the carriage of a siege
gun, upon which the breech of the gun rests when
arranged for transportation. [See Illust. of Gun cab-
riage.]
Bolster work (.Arch.), members which are bellied or
curved outward like cushions, as in the friezes of certain
classical styles.
Bol'ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolstered (-sterd) ; p
pr. & vb. re. BoLSTEElNa.] 1. To support with a bolster
or pillow. S. Sharp.
2. To support, hold up, or maintain with difficulty or
unusual effort ; — often with up.
To bolster baseness. Drayton.
Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride.
Compton Reade.
Bol'ster, v. i. To lie together on the same bolster.
Mortal eyes do see them bolster. STiak.
Bol'stered (bol'sterd), a. 1. Supported ; upheld.
2. Swelled out.
Bol'Ster-er (bol'ster-er), re. A supporter.
Bolt (bolt ; 110), n. [AS. bolt ; akin to Icel. bolti, Dan.
bolt, D. bout, OHG. bolz, G. bolz, bolzen; of uncertain
origin.] 1. A shaft or missile intended to be shot from
a crossbow or catapult, esp. a short, stout, blunt-headed
arrow ; a quarrel ; an arrow, or that which resembles an
arrow ; a dart.
Look that the crossbowmen lack not bolts. Sir TV. Scott.
A fool's bolt is soon shot. Shak.
2. Lightning ; a thunderbolt.
3. A strong pin, of iron or other material, used
to fasten or hold sometliing in place, often hav-
ing a head at one end and a screw thread cut
upon the other end.
4. A sliding catch, or fast-
ening, as for a door or gate ;
the portion of a lock which
is shot or withdrawn by the
action of the key.
5. An iron to fasten
the legs of a prisoner ; a
shackle ; a fetter. [06s.]
Away with him to prison I
lay bolts enough upon him.
Shot:.
6. A compact package or gome forms of Bolts.
roll of cloth, as of canvas bolts B Stove bolt
or silk, often containing chine bolt ; ]) Carri
about forty yards. J^- f- "id D arc luruiilicd
7. A bundle, as of oziers. ■*''''" ""'"■
Bolt auger, an auger of large size ; an auger to make
Iioles for tlie bolts used by shipwrights. — Bolt and nut, a
metallic pin ^vith a head formed upon one end, and a mov-
able piece (the nut) screwed upon a thread cut upon the
other end. See B, C, and D, in Illust. above.
See Tap bolt. Screw bolt, and Stud bolt.
Bolt, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bolted ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Bolting.] 1. To slioot ; to discharge or drive forth.
A Tap
C Mil-
b,.lt
H
K
M
use, unite, rude, full, fip, am; pity; food, fo~ot; out, oil; chair; go; sinis, ink; then, thin;
boN ; Kh = z in azure.
BOLT
164
BOND
2> Xo utter precipitately ; to blurt or throw out.
I hate when Vice can bolt her arguments. Milton.
3. To swallow without chewing ; as, to bolt food.
4. ( U. S. Politics) To refuse to support, as a nomina-
tion made by a party to which one has belonged or by a
caucus in which one has taken part.
5. (Sporting) To cause to start or spring forth ; to dis-
lodge, as conies, rabbits, etc.
6. To fasten or secure with, or as with, a bolt or bolts,
as a door, a timber, fetters ; to shackle ; to restrain.
Let tenfold iron bolt my door. Langhoiti,
■Which shackles accidents and bolts up change. Shak.
Bolt (bolt ; 110), V. i. 1. To start forth like a bolt or
arrow ; to spring abruptly ; to come or go suddenly ; to
dart ; as, to bolt out of the room.
This Fuck seems but a dreaming dolt, . . .
And oft out of a bush doth tiolt. Draytoti.
2. To strike or fall suddenly like a bolt.
His cloudless thunder bolted on their beads. Jfilton.
3. To spring suddenly aside, or out of the regular
path ; as, the horse bolted.
4. ( U- S. Politics) To refuse to support a nomination
made by a party or a caucus with which one has been
connected ; to break away from a party.
Bolt, ndv. In the manner of a bolt ; suddenly ;
straight ; unbendingly.
[He] came holt up against the heavy dragoon. Thackeray.
Bolt apright. (a) Perfectly upright ; perpendicular ;
straight up ; unbendingly erect. Ad(iiS07i. (6) On the
back at full lengUi. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Bolt, n. [From Bolt, v. i.] 1. A sudden spring or
start ; a sudden spring aside ; as, the horse made a bolt.
2. A sudden flight, as to escape creditors.
This gentleman was so hopelesslj' involved that he contem-
plated a bolt to America — or anywhere. ijompion Reade.
3. ( U. S. Politics) A refusal to support a nomination
made by the party with which one has been connected ;
a breaking away from one's party.
Bolt, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Bolting.] [OE. bollen, boulten, OF. buleter, F. bhiter,
it. LL. buletare, buratai-e, cf. F. bure coarse woolen
stuff ; fr. L. burrus red. See Bokrel, and cf. Bultel.]
1. To sift or separate the coarser from the finer parti-
cles of, as bran from flour, by means of a bolter; to
separate, assort, refine, or purify by other means.
He now had bolted all the flour. Speiiser.
Ill schooled in bolted language. Sliak,
2. To separate, as if by sifting or bolting ; — with out.
Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things. V Estrange.
3. {Law) To discuss or argue privately, and for prac-
tice, as cases at law. Jacob.
To tolt to the bran, to examine thoroughly, so as to
separate or discover everything important. Chaucer.
This bolts the matter fairly to the bran. Harte.
The report of the committee was examined and sifted and
bolted to the bran. Burke.
Bolt, n. A sieve, esp. a long fine sieve used in milling
for bolting fiour and meal ; a bolter. £. Jonson.
Bol'tel (bol'tel), n. See Boultel.
Bolt'er (bolt'er), n. One who bolts ; esp. : (a) A horse
which starts suddenly aside. (6) A man who breaks away
from his party.
Bolt'er, n. 1. One who sifts flour or meal.
2. An instrument or macliine for separating bran from
flour, or the coarser part of meal from the finer ; a sieve.
Bolt'er, n. A kind of fishing line. See Boulter.
Bolt'head' (-hSd'), n. 1. (Chem.) A long, straight-
necked, glass vessel for chemical distillations ; — called
also a matrass or receiver.
2. The head of a bolt.
Bolt'lng, re. A darting away ; a starting off or aside.
Bolt'ing, n. 1. A sifting, as of flour or meal.
2. (Law) A private arguing of cases for practice by
students, as in the Inns of Court. [Ois.]
Bolthag cloth, wire, hair, silk, or other sieve cloth of
(Sfferent degrees of fineness ; — used by millers for sifting
flour. McElrath. — Bolting hutch, a bin or tub for the
bolted flour or meal ; (fig.) a receptacle.
Bol'ton-ite (bol'tiin-it), n. (Min. ) A granular mineral
of a grayish or yellowish color, found in Bolton, Massa-
chusetts. It is a silicate of magnesium, belonging to the
chrysolite family.
Solt'rope' (bolt'ropO, re. (Naut.) A rope stitched to
the edges of a sail to strengthen the sail.
Bolt'sprit' (-sprit'), re. [A corruption of bowsprit.^
(Naut.) See Bowsprit.
Bol'ty (bol'ty), n. (Zool.) An edible fish of the NUe
(genus Chromis). [Written also bulti.']
Bo'lUS (bo'lus), re. ; pi. Boluses (-gz). [L. bolus bit,
morsel; cf. G. jSiiAos lump of earth. See Bole, re., clay.]
A rounded mass of anything, esp. a large pill.
Bom (bom), n. (Zool. ) A large American serpent, so
called from the sound it makes.
Bomb (b5m or biim ; 277), n. [F. bombe bombshell,
f r. L. bombus a humming or buzzing noise, Gr. /36;u^o;. ]
1. A great noise; a hollow sound. [OJs.]
A pillar of iron . . . -which if you had struck, would make
... a great bomb in the chamber beneath. Bacon.
2. (Mil.) A shell; esp. a spherical shell, like those
fired from mortars. See Shell.
3. A bomb ketch.
Bomb chest (Mil.), a chest filled with bombs, or only
with gunpowder, placed under ground, to cause destruc-
tion by its e.Kplosion. — Bomb ketch. Bomb vessel (Naut.), a
small ketch or vessel, very strongly built, on which mor-
tars are mounted to be used in naval bombardments ; —
called also m.ortar vessel. — Bomb lance, a lance or har-
poon with an explosive head, used in whale fishing. — Vol-
canic bomb, a mass of lava of a spherical or pear shape.
*^ I noticed volcanic bombs.^^ Darwin.
Bomb, V. t. To bombard. [06i.] Prior.
Bomb, V. i. [Cf. Boom.] To sound; to boom; to
onake a humming or buzzing sovmd. [Obs.'] B. Jonson.
Bomnbace (bSm'bas), re. [OF.] Cotton ; padding. [Obs."]
Bom'bard (bom'berd or biini'berd), re. [F. bombarde,
LL. bombarda, fr. L. bombus -\- -ard. Cf. Bumper, and
see Bomb.] 1. (Gnn.) A piece of heavy ordnance for-
merly used for throwing stones and other ponderous mis-
siles. It was the earliest kind of cannon.
They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, where-
with they threw huge stones into the air, which, faUing down
into the city, might break down the houses. Knolles.
2. A bombardment. [Poetic & iJ.] J. Barlow.
3. A large drinking vessel or can, or a leather bottle,
for carrying liquor or beer. [Obs."]
Yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks like a foul
bombard that would shed his liquor. Sliak.
4. pi. Padded breeches. [Obs.]
Bombard phrase, inflated language ; bombast. [Obs.]
B. Jonson.
Bom'bard (bom'berd or btim'berd), re. [OE. bom-
barde, fr. F. bombarde] (Mus.) See Bombaedo. [Obs.]
Bom-bard' (bSm-bard' or bum-biird'), v. t. [imp. &
p. p. Bombarded; p. pr. & vb. re. Bombarding.] To
attack with bombards or with artillery; especially, to
throw shells, hot shot, etc., at or into.
Next, she means to bombard Naples. Burke.
His fleet bombarded and burnt down Dieppe. Wood,
Bom'bar-dler' (bom'ber-der' or biim'-), re. [F. bom-
bardier.] (Mil.) (a) One who used or managed a bom-
bard ; an artilleryman ; a gunner. [Archaic] (b) A non-
commissioned officer in the British artillery.
Bombardier beetle (Zool.), a kind of beetle (Brachinus
crepitans), so called because, when disturbed,
it makes an explosive discharge of a pungent
and acrid vapor from its anal glands. The
name is applied to other related species, as the
B. disjjtosor, which can produce ten or twelve
explosions successively. The common Ameri-
can species is B. fumans.
Bom'bard-man (bum'berd-man), n.
One who carried liquor or beer in a can Bombardier
or bombard. [Obs.] Beetle (£m-
Tliey . . . made room for a bombardman that matis). (K)
brought bouge for a country lady. B. Jonson.
Bom-bard'ment (bSm-bard'ment or biim-), n. [F.
bombardement.} Aji attack upon a fortress or forti-
fied town, with shells, hot shot, rockets, etc. ; the act of
throwing bombs and shot into a town or fortified place.
II Bom-bar'do (biim-biir'do), 1 re. [It. bombardo.]
Bom-bar'don (-bar'don), j (Mus.) Origmally, a
deep-toned instrument of the oboe or bassoon family ;
thence, a bass reed stop on the organ. The name bonv-
bardon is now given to a brass instrument, the lowest of
the saxhorns, in tone resembling the ophicleide. Grove.
Bom'ba-sine' (biim'ba-zen'), re. Same as Bombazine.
Bom'bast (bom'bast or bum'bast ; 277), re. [OF.
bombace cotton, LL. bombax cotton, bombasimn a doublet
of cotton ; hence, padding, wadding, fustian. See Bom-
bazine.] 1. Originally, cotton, or cotton wool. [Obs.]
A candle with a wick of bombast. Lupton.
2. Cotton, or any soft, fibrous material, used as stuffing
for garments; stuffing; padding. [Obs.]
How now, my sweet creature of bombast J Shak.
Doublets, stuffed with four, five, or six pounds of bomba.ft at
least. Stubbes.
3. Fig. : High-sounding words ; an inflated style ; lan-
guage above the dignity of the occasion ; fustian.
Yet noisy bombast carefully avoid. Dryden.
Bom'bast, a. High-sounding ; inflated ; big without
meaning ; magniloquent ; bombastic.
[He] evades them with a bombast circumstance,
Horribly stuffed with epithets of war. Shak.
Nor a tall metaphor in bombast -way. Cowley.
Bom-bast' (bom-basf or bum-bS,st'), v. t. To swell
or fill out ; to pad ; to inflate. [Obs.]
Not bombasted with words vain ticklish ears to feed. Drayton.
Bom-bas'tic (bom-bas'tTk or biim-bSs'tTk), Bom-bas'-
tic-al (-ti-kal), a. Characterized by bombast ; high-
sounding ; inflated. — Bom-bas'tlc-al-ly, adv.
A theatrical, bombastic, windy phraseology. Burke.
Syn. — Turgid ; tumid ; pompous ; grandiloquent.
Bom'bast-ry (bom'bast-ry or bum'bast-ry), re. Swell-
ing words without much meaning ; bombastic language ;
fustian.
Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, soar
highest of all. Sioift.
II Bom'bas (bom'bSks), n. [LL., cotton. See Bom-
bast, re.] (Bot.) A genus of trees, called also the silk-
cotton tree ; also, a tree of the genus Bombax.
Bom'ba-zet' 1 (biim'ba-zgf or bom'-), re. [Cf. Bom-
Bom'ba-zette' f bazine.] a sort of thin woolen cloth.
It is of various colors, and may be plain or twilled.
Bom'ba-zine' (biim'ba-zen' or bom'-), re. [F. bomba-
sin, LL. bombacinium, bambacinitim, L. bombycinus
silken, bombycinum a silk or cotton texture, fr. bombyx
silk, silkworm, Gr. j3ojii/3u^. Cf. Bombast, Bomeycinous.]
A twilled fabric for dresses, of which the warp is silk,
and the weft worsted. Black bombazine has been much
used for mourning garments. [Sometimes spelt bomba-
sin, and bombasine.] Tomlinson.
Bom'bic (bom'bik), a. [L. bombyx silk, silkworm :
cf. F. bombique.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the
silkworm ; as, bombic acid.
Bom'bi-late (bom'bT-lat), v. i. [LL. bombilare, for
Jj. bombitare. See Bomb, re.] To hum; to buzz. [R.]
Bom'bi-la'tion (bom'bi-la'shiin), n. A humming
sound ; a booming.
To . . . silence the bombilatioii of guns. Sir T. Browne.
Bom'bi-nate (bom'bT-nat), v. i. To hum ; to boom.
Bom'bi-na'tion (-na'shian), re. A humming or buzzing.
Bom'bo-lo (bom'bo-lo), n.;^Z. Bomboloes (-loz). [Cf.
It bombola a pitcher.] A thin spheroidal glass retort or
flask, used in the sublimation of camphor. [Written also
bnmbelo, and bumbolo.]
Bomb'proof' (bSm'pioof or bum'proof), a. Secure
against the explosive force of bombs. — re. A structure
which heavy shot and shell will not penetrate.
Bomb'shell' (-shgl'), re. A bomb. See Bomb, n.
Bom-by'oid (bom-bi'sid), a. (Zool.) Like or pertain-
ing to the genus Bombyx, or the family Bovibycidx.
Bom-byc'i-nOUS (bSm-bls'i-ntis), a. [L. bombycinus.
See Bombazine.] 1. Silken ; made of silk. [Obs.] Coles.
2. Being of the color of the silkworm ; transparent
with a yellow tint. E. Darwin.
Bom-byl'i-ous (bom-bil'i-us), a. [L. bombylius a
bumblebee, Gr. ^ofi^uAios.] Buzzing, like a bumblebee ;
as, the 6om6!/Zioi(s noise of the horsefly. [Obs.] Derham.
II Bom'byz (bom'blks), re. [L., silkworm. See Bom-
bazine.] (Zool.) A genus of moths, which includes the
silkworm moth. See Silkworm.
II Bon (bSN), a. [¥., fr. L. bonus.] Good; valid as
security for something.
Bon-ac-cord' (bon-Sk-kSrd'), n. Good will ; good fel-
lowship; agreement. [Scot.]
II Bo'na fi'de (bo'na fi'de). [L.] In or with good
faith ; without fraud or deceit ; real or really ; actual or
actually ; genuine or genuinely ; as, you must proceed
bona fide ; a bona fide purchaser or transaction.
Bo-nalr' (bo-nSr'), a. [OE., also bonere, OF. boil-
naire, Cotgr., abbrev. of debonnaire. See Debonair. j(
Gentle; courteous; complaisant; yielding. [Obs.]
Bo-nan'za (bo-nan'za), n. [Sp., prop, calm, fair
weather, prosperity, fr. L. bonus good.] In mining, a rich
mine or vein of silver or gold ; hence, anything which is
a mine of wealth or yields a large income. [Colloq. U. S.]
Bo'na-part'e-an (bo'na-piirt'e-an), a. Of or pertain-
ing to Napoleon Bonaparte or his family.
Bo'na-part'ism (bo'na-parf Iz'm), re. The policy of
Bonaparte or of the Bonapartes.
Bo'na-part'ist, re. One attached to the policy or fam-
ily of Bonaparte, or of the Bonapartes.
II Bo'na per'i-tU'ra (bo'na, per'I-tu'ra). [L.]^ (Law)
Perishable goods. Bouvier,
II Bo'na ro'ba (ro'ba,). [It., prop, "good stuflf.'"] A
showy wanton ; a courtesan. Shak.
Bo-na'sus (bo-na'sus). Bo-nas'sUS (-nSs'siis), re. [L.
bonasus, Gr. ^di-acros, ^oi/acraot.] (Zool.) The aurochs
or European bison. See Aurochs.
II Bon'bon' (boN'bSN'), n. [F. bonbon, fr. bon ban
very good, a superlative by reduplication, fr. bon good.]
Sugar confectionery ; a sugarplum ; hence, any dainty.
Bonee (bons), re. [Etymol. unknown.] A boy's game
played with large marbles.
II Bon'chr6'tien' (b8N'krafyaN'),re. [F., good Chris-
tian.] A name given to several kinds of pears. See
Bartlett.
Bon'ci-late (bon'sT-lat), re. [Empirical trade name.]
A substance composed of ground bone, mineral matters,
etc., hardened by pressure, and used for making billiard
balls, boxes, etc.
Bond (bond), re. [The same word as band. Cf. Eand,
Bend.] 1. That which binds, ties, fastens, or confines,
or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord,
chain, etc. ; a band ; a ligament ; a shackle or a manacle.
Gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder,
I gained my freedom. Shak.
2. pi. The state of being bound ; imprisonment ; cap-
tivity ; restraint. " This man doeth nothing worthy of
death or of bonds.^' Acts xxvi. 31.
3. A binding force or influence ; a cause of union ; a
uniting tie ; as, the bonds of fellowship.
A people with whom I have no tie but the common bond of
mankind. Burke.
4. Moral or political duty or obligation.
I love your majesty
According to my bo7ia, nor more nor less.
Shak.
5. (Law) A writing under seal, by which a person
binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators,
to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed.
This is a single bond. But usually a condition is added,
that, if the obligor shall do a certain act, appear at a
certain place, conform to certain rules, faithfully per-
form certain duties, or pay a certain sum of money, on or
before a time specified, the obligation shall be void ;
otherwise it shall remain in full force. If the condition
is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the
obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the
whole sum. Bouvier. Wliarton.
6. Au instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal
bond) made by a government or a corporation for the
purpose of borrowing money ; as, a government, city, or
railway bond.
7. The state of goods placed in a bonded warehouse
till the duties are paid ; as, merchandise in bond.
8. (Arch.) The union or tie of the several stones or
bricks forming a wall. The
bricks may be arranged for -^'S- 1-
this purpose in several dif-
ferent ways, as in English
or block bond (Fig. 1),
where one course consists
of bricks with their ends
toward the face of the
wall, called headers, and
the next course of bricks
with their lengths parallel
to the face of the wall,
called stretchers ; Flemish
bond (Fig. 2), where each
course consists of headers
and stretchers alternately, 80 laid as always to break
joints ; Cross bond, which differs from the English by
the change of the second stretcher line so that its joints
come in the middle of the first, and the same position
of stretchers comes back every fifth line; Combined
cross and English bond, where the inner part of the
wall is laid in the one method, the outer in the other.
1 1 1 1 1 i'"'
; 1 1 11
1 1 1 1 1 1 '■
1 1 1 1,
English Bond.
Fig. 2.
■ 1 1 J 1
II 11 1
' : 1 1 1 1 '
II II 1
Flemish Bond.
ale, senate, c&re, &in, arm, ask, final, ^11 ; eve, event, £nd, fern, recent ; Ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, ddd }
BOND
1(55
BOOBY
9. (Chem.) A unit of chemical attraction ; as, oxygen
has two bonds of affinity. It is often represented in
graphic formulse by a short line or dash. See Diagram
of Benzene nucleus, and Valence.
Arbitration bond. See under Arbitration. — Bond cred-
itor (Law), a creditor whose debt is secured by a bond.
Blaclstone.— Bond debt (Law), a debt contracted under
the obligation of a bond. Burroics. — Bond (or lap) of a
■late, the distance between the top of one slate and tlie
bottom or drip of tlie second shite above, /. e., the space
which is covered with tliree tliicknesses ; also, tlie dis-
tance between tlie nail of the under slate and the lower
edge of tlie upper slate. — Bond timber, timber worked
into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally.
Syn. — Chains; fetters; captivity; imprisonment.
Bond (bSnd), V. t. \imp. & p. p. Bonded ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Bondino.] 1. To place under the conditions of a
bond ; to mortgage ; to secure the payment of the duties
on (goods or merchandise]) by giving a bond.
2. (Arch.) To dispose in building, as the materials of
a wall, so as to secure solidity.
Bond, n. [OE. bond, bonde, peasant, serf, AS. bonda,
bunda, husband, householder, from Icel. bondi husband-
man, for buandi, fr. bua to dwell. See Boor, Husband.]
A vassal or serf ; a slave. lObs. or Archaic']
Bond, a. In a state of servitude or slavery ; captive.
Bv one Spirit are we all baptized . . . whether we be Jews or
Geiitiles, whether we be bond or free. 1 Cor. xii. 13.
Bond'age (-Sj), n. [LL. bondagium. See Bond, a.]
1. The state of being boimd ; condition of being under
restraint; restraint of personal liberty by compulsion;
involuntary servitude ; slavery ; captivity.
The King, when he designed you for my euard,
Resolved he would not make my bondage hard. Dryden,
2. Obligation ; tie of duty.
He must resolve by no means to be . . . brought under the
bondage of observing oaths. South.
3. (Old Eng. Law) Villenage ; tenure of land on con-
dition of doing the meanest services for the owner.
Syn. — Thralldom ; bondservice; imprisonment.
Bond'a-ger (-a-jer), n. A field worker, esp. a woman
who works in the field. [Scot.]
II Bon'dar (bSn'dar), n. [Native name.] (Zo'dl.) A
small quadruped of Bengal (Paradoxurus bondar), allied
to the genet ; — called also viusk cat.
Bond'ed (bond'Sd), a. Placed under, or covered by, a
bond, as for the payment of duties, or for conformity to
certain regulations.
Bonded goods, goods placed in a bonded warehouse ;
goods, for the duties on which bonds are given at the
customhouse.— Bonded warehouse, a warehouse in which
goods on wliich the duties are unpaid are stored under
bond and in the joint custody of the importer, or his
agent, and the customs officers.
Bond'er (-er), n. 1. One who places goods under bond
or in a bonded wareliouse.
2. (Masonry) A bonding stone or brick ; a bondstone.
Bond'er, n. [Norwegian bonde.'] A freeholder on a
email scale. [A'orwai/] Emerson.
BondOlOld'er (-liold'er), n. A person vrho holds the
bonds of a public or private corporation for the payment
of money at a certain time.
Bond'mald' (-mad'), n. \_Sojid, a. or n. + maid.] A
female slave, or one bound to service without wages, as
distinguished from a hired servant.
Bond'man (-mon), n. ; pi. Bondmen (-men). [Bond,
a. or n. -\- man.] 1. A man slave, or one bound to service
without wages. "To enfranchise ftonrfmera." ilacaulay.
2. (Old Eng. Law) A villain, or tenant in villenage.
Bond' serv'ant (serv'ant). A slave ; one who is
bound to service without wages.
If thy brother ... be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee ;
thou Shalt net compel him to serve as a bond servant : but as an
hired servant. Lev. xxv. 39, 40.
Bond' service (serv'Is). The condition of a bond
servant ; service without wages ; slavery.
Their children ... upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of
bond service. 1 Sings ix. 21.
Bond'slave' (-slav'), n. A person in a state of slavery ;
one whose person and Uberty are subjected to the author-
ity of a master.
Bonds'man (bSndz'man), re. ; pi. Bondsmen (-men)
[Bond, a. or n. -j- man.] 1. A slave ; a villain ; a serf ;
a bondman.
Carnal, greedy people, without such a precept, would have
no mercy upon their poor bondsmen. Derham.
2. (Laio) A surety ; one who is bound, or who gives
security, for another.
Bond'Stone' (bond'ston'), n. [Bond, n. -I- stone.] (3Ia-
tonry) A stone running through a wall from one face to
another, to bind it together ; a binding stone.
Bonds'wom''an (bondz'wdSm'an), n. See Bondwoman.
II Bon'dUO (bon'duk), re. [F. bonduc, fr. Ar. bunduq
hazel nut, filbert nut.] (Bot^ See Nicker tree.
Bond'wom'an (bond'woom'an), re./ pi. Bondwomen
(-wim'6n). IJiond, a. or n. -j- woman.] A woman who
is a slave, or in bondage.
He who was of the bondwoman. Gal. iv. 23.
Bone (bon ; 110), re. [OE. bon, ban, AS. ban; akin to
Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg;
cf. Icel. beinn straight.] 1. (Anat.) The hard, calcified
tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting
very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and
gelatine ; as, blood and bone.
IJ^^ Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many
mmute cavities containing living matter and connected
by minute canals, some of whicli connect with larger ca-
nals through which blood vessels ramify.
2. One of the pieces or parts of an animal skeleton ;
as, a rib or a thigh bone ; a bone of the arm or leg ;
also, any fragment of bony substance, (pi.) The frame
or skeleton of the body.
3. Anything made of bone, as a bobbin for weaving
bone lace.
4. pi. Two or four pieces of bone held between the
fingers and struck together to make a kind of music.
5. pi. Dice.
6. Whalebone ; hence, a piece of whalebone or of steel
for a corset.
7. Fig. : The framework of anything.
A bone of contention, a subject of contention or dispute.
— A bone to pick, something to investigate, or to Dusy
one's self about ; a dispute to be settled (with some one).
— Bone ash, the residue from calcined bones; — used for
making cupels, and for cleaning jewelry. — Bone black
(ChemT), the black, carbonaceous substance into which
bones are converted by calcination in close vessels ; —
called also on im(d charcoal. It is used as a decolorizing
material in filtering sirups, extracts, etc., and as a black
pigment. See Ivory black, under Black. —Bone cave,
a cave in which are found bones of extinct or recent ani-
mals, mingled sometimes with the works and bones of
man. Am. Cijc. — Bone dust, ground or pulverized bones,
used as a fertilizer. — Bone earth (Cliem.), the earthy
residuum after the calcination of bone, consisting cliiefly
of phosphate of calcium. — Bone lace, a lace made of linen
thread, so called because woven with bobbins of bone.
— Bone oil, an oil obtahied by heating boues (as in the
manufacture of bone black), and remarkable for con-
taining the nitrogenous bases, pyridine and quinoline, and
their derivatives ; — also called DippcVs oil. — Bone set-
ter. Same as Bonesetter. See in the Vocabulary. —
Bone shark (Zo'dl.), the basking shark. —Bone spavin. See
under Spavin. — Bone turjnolse, fossil bone or tooth of a
delicate blue color, sometimes used as an imitation of true
turquoise.— Bone whale (^oo/.), a right whale. — To be upon
the bones of, to attack. [Obs.] — To make no bones, to make
no scruple ; not to hesitate. [Low] — To pick a bone with,
to quarrel with, as dogs quarrel over a bone ; to settle a
disagreement. [Colloq.\
Bone (bon), V. t. limp. &p. p. Boned (bond) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. BoNiNO.] 1. To withdraw bones from the flesh
of, as in cookery. " To bone a turkey." Soyer.
2. To put whalebone into ; as, to bone stays. Ash.
3. To fertilize with bone.
4. To steal ; to take possession of. {Slang]
Bone, V. t. [F. bornoyer to look at with one eye, to
sight, fr. borgne one-eyed.] To sight along an object or
set of objects, to see if it or they be level or in line, as in
carpentry, masonry, and surveying. Knight.
Joiners, etc., bone their work with two straight edges.
IV. M. Buchanan.
Bone'ache' (-ak'), re. Pain in the bones. Shak.
Bone'black' (-blak'), n. See Bone black, under Bone, re.
Boned (bond), a. 1. Having (such) bones; — used in
composition ; as, hig-boned ; stiong-bo7ied.
No big-5o«crf men framed of the Cyclops' size. Shak,
2. Deprived of bones ; as, boned turkey or codfish.
3. Manured with bone ; as, boned land.
Bone'dog' (-dSg'), re. (Zo'dl.) The spiny dogfish.
Bone'fish' (-fish'), n. (Zo'dl.) See Ladypish.
Bone'less, a. Without bones. " Boneless guma." Shak.
Bone'set' (-set'), n. (Bat.) A medicinal plant, the
thoroughwort (Eupatorium per/oliatum). Its properties
are diaphoretic and tonic.
Bone'set-tej (-set-ter), n. One who sets broken or
dislocated bones; — commonly applied to one, not a reg-
ular surgeon, who makes an occupation of setting bones.
— Bone'set-ting, m.
Bone'shaw (-sha), re. (Med.) Sciatica. lObs.]
Bo-net'ta (bo-net'ta), n. See Bonito. Sir T. Herbert.
Bon'fire' (bon'fir'),m. [OE. bonefire, banefire, orig. a
fire of bones ; 6oree -f- fire ; but cf . also Prov. E. bun a
dry stalk.] A large fire built in the open air, as an ex-
pression of public joy and exultation, or for amusement.
Full soon by bonfire and by bell,
We learnt our liege was passing well. Gay.
Bon'grace' (bon'gras'), re. [P. bon good -|- grace
grace, charm.] A projecting bonnet or shade to protect
the complexion ; also, a wide-brimmed hat. \_Obs.]
II Bon'ho-mie', II Bon'hom-mie' (bou'o-me'), n. [F.]
Good nature ; pleasant and easy manner.
Bon'1-bell (-I-bel), re. See Bonnibel. \_Obs.] Spenser.
Bon'i-face (bon'I-fas), n. [From the sleek, jolly land-
lord in Farquhar's comedy of "The Beaux' Stratagem."]
An innkeeper.
Bon'i-fonn (-fSrm), a. [L. bonus good -j- -form.] Sen-
sitive or responsive to moral excellence. Dr. H. More.
Bon'i-fy (-fi), v. t. [L. bonus good + -fy : cf. F. boni-
fier.] To convert into, or make, good.
To bonify evils, or tincture them with good. Cudivorih.
Bon'i-ness (bo'nt-nes), n. The condition or quality
of being bony.
Bon'ing, re. [Senses 1 and 2 fr. 1st Bone, sense 3 fr.
3d Bone.] 1. The clearing of bones from fish or meat.
2. The manuring of land with bones.
3. A method of leveling a line or surface by sighting
along the tops of two or more straight edges, or a range
of properly spaced poles. See 3d Bone, v. t.
Bon'l-ta-ry (bCn'i-tfi-ry), a. Beneficial, as opposed
to statutory or civil ; as, bonitary dominion of land.
Bo-ni'tO (bo-ue'to), n.; pi. BoNrroES (-toz). [Sp. &
Pg. bonito, fr. Ar. bainit and bainltlt.] [Often incor-
rectly written bonita.] (Zo'dl.) 1. A large tropical fish
(Orcynus pelamys) allied to the tunny. It is about three
feet long, blue above, with four brown stripes on the
sides. It is sometimes found on the American coast.
2. The skipjack (Sarda Mediterranea) of the Atlantic,
an important and abundant food
fish on the coast of the
Bonito (Sarda Mediterranea).
United States, and (S. Chilensis) of the Pacific, and
other related species. They are large and active fishes,
of a blue color with black oblique stripes.
3. The medregal {Seriola fasciata), an edible fish of the
southern part of the United States and the West Indies.
4. The cobia or crab eater (Elacate Canada), an edible
fish of the Middle and Southern United States.
II Bon'mot' (bSN'mo'), n. ; pi. Bonsmots (-mSz'). [F.
bon good -|- mot word.] A witty repartee ; a jest.
II Bonne (bBu), re. (P., prop, good woman.) A female
servant charged with the care of a young child.
II Bonne' bouche' (bon' boosh') ; pi. Bonnes bocchei
(b6n' bobsh'j. [F. bon, fem. bonne, good + louche
mouth.] A delicious morsel or mouthful; a tidbit.
Bon'net (bSn'nSt), re. [OE. bonet, OF. bonet, bonete,
P. bonnet, f r. LL. bonneta, bonelum ; orig. the name of
a stuff, and of unknown origin.] 1. A headdress for
men and boys ; a cap. \_Obs.] 3Iilton. Shak.
2. A soft, elastic, very durable cap, made of thick,
seamless woolen stuff, and worn by men in Scotland.
And plaida and bonnets waving high. Sir W. Scott.
3. A covering for the head, worn by women, usually
protecting more or less the back and sides of the head,
but no part of the forehead. The shape of the bonnet
varies greatly at different times ; formerly the front part
projected, and spread outward, like the mouth of a funnel.
4. Anything resembling a bonnet in shape or use ; aa,
(a) (Fort.) A small defense work at a salient angle; or
a part of a parapet elevated to screen the other part from
enfilade fire, (b) A metallic canopy, or projection, over an
opening, as a fireplace, or a cowl or hood to increase the
draught of a chimney, etc. (c) A frame of wire netting
over a locomotive chimney, to prevent escape of sparks.
(d) A roofing over the cage of a mine, to protect its occu-
pants from objects falling down the shaft, (e) In pumps,
a metal covering for the openings in the valve chambers.
5. (Naut.) An additional piece of canvas laced to the
foot of a jib or foresail in moderate winds. Hakluyt.
6. The second stomach of a ruminating animal.
7. An accomplice of a gambler, auctioneer, etc., who
entices others to bet or to bid ; a decoy. \_Cant]
Bonnet head (Zo'dl.), a shark (Sphyrna tibiirio) of the
southern United States and West Indies. — Bonnet limpet
(Zodl.),a, name given, from their shape, to various species
of shells (family Calyplr,Tidse). — Bonnet monkey (Zo'dl.),
an East Indian monkey (Macacus sinicus), with a tuft of
hair on its head ; the munga. — Bonnet piece, a gold coin
of the time of James V. of Scotland, the king's head on
which wears a bonnet. Sir W. Scott. — To have a bee In
the bonnet. See under Bee. — Black bonnet. See under
Black. — Blue bonnet. See in the Vocabulary.
Bon'net, v. i. To take off the bonnet or cap ag a
mark of respect ; to uncover. {Obs.] Shak.
Bon'net-ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. "Bonneted
and shawled." Howiit.
2. (Fort.) Protected by a bonnet. See Bonnet, 4 (a).
Bon'net-less, a. Without a bonnet.
Bon'ni-tiel (bon'nt-bSl), n. [P. bonne et belle, good
and beautiful. Cf. Bellibone.] A handsome girl, tubs.]
Bon'nie (-ny), a. IScot.] See Bonny, a.
Bon'ni-lass' (-Us'), n. \Bonny -J- lass.] A " bonny
lass " ; a beautiful girl. [Obs.] Spenser.
Bon'nl-ly, adv. Gayly ; handsomely.
Bon'ni-ness, re. The quality of being bonny ; gayety ;
handsomeness. [iJ.]
Bon'ny (-ny), a. [Spelled Jorereie by the Scotch.] [OE.
boni, prob. fr. F. bon, fem. bonne, good, fr. L. bonus good.
See Bounty, and cf. Bonus, Boon.] 1. Handsome ; beau-
tiful ; pretty ; attractively lively and graceful.
Till bonny Susan sped across the plain. Gay.
Far from the bonnie banks of Ayr. Bums.
2. Gay ; merry ; frolicsome ; cheerful ; blithe.
Be you blithe and bonny. Shak.
Report speaks you a bonny monk, that would hear the matin
chime ere he quitted his bowl. Sir W. Scott.
Bon'ny, n. (3Iining) A round and compact bed of
ore, or a distinct bed, not communicating with a vein.
Bon'ny -clab'ber (-kiab'ber), re. [Ir. bainne, baine,
milk -|- clabar mud, mire.] Coagulated sour milk ; lop-
pered milk ; curdled milk ; — sometimes called simply
clabber. B. Jonson.
II Bon' Sl'lfene' (b8N' se'lan'). [P.] (Bot.) A very
fragrant tea rose with petals of various shades of pink.
Bon'spiel (bou'spel), re. [Scot. ; of uncertain origin.]
A curling match between clubs. [Scot.]
II Bon'te-bok (bon'te-bi5k), re. [D. botit a sort of skin
or fur, prop, variegated + bok buck,] (Zodl.) The pied
antelope of South Africa (Alcelaphus pygarga). Its face
and rump are white. Called also nunni.
II Bon' ton' (bSN' tSN'). [P., good tone, manner.]
The height of the fashion ; fashionable society.
Bo'nus (bo'nQs), n. ; pi. Bonuses (-Sz). [L. bonus
good. Cf. Bonnt.] 1. (Laxo) A premium given for a
loan, or for a charter or other privilege granted to a com-
pany ; as, the bank paid a bonus for its charter. Bouvier.
2. An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint
stock company, out of accumulated profits.
3. Money paid in addition to a stated compensation.
II Bon' Vl'vant' (bSN' ve'vaN') ; pi. BoNs vivants
(-vaNz'). [F. bon good -(- vivant, p. pr. of vivre to live.]
A good fellow ; a jovial companion ; a free liver.
Bon'y (bo'ny), a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones ;
full of bones ; pertaining to bones.
2. Having large or prominent bones.
Bony fish (Zo'dl.), the menhaden. — Bony pike (Xo'dl.),
the gar pike (Lepidosteus).
Bon'ze (bSn'ze; 277), n. [Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan
liozu a Buddhist priest : cf. F. bonze.] A Buddhist or
Foliist priest, monk, or nun.
<^W^ The name was given by the Portuguese to the
priests of Japan, and has since been applied to the priests
of China, Cochin China, and the neighboring countries.
Boo'by (boo'by), n. ; pi. Boobies (-bTz). [Sp. bobo
dunce, idiot ; cf. L. balbus stammering, E. barbarous.]
1. A dunce ; a stupid fellow.
2. (Zo'dl.) (n) A swimming bird (Sula fiber or S. sula),
related to the common gauuet, and found in the West
H
use, unite, rude, full, fip, <im ; pity; food, frfbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN ; zh — z in azure.
M
BOOBY
166
BOOST
ludies, nesting on the bare rocks. It is so called on ac-
count of its apparent stupidity. The name is also some-
times applied to other species of gannets ; as, S. piscator,
the red-footed booby. (6) A species of penguin of the
antarctic seas.
Booby hatch (.Naut.), a kind of wooden hood over a hatch,
readily removable. — Booby hot, a carriage body put upon
sleigh runners. [Local, (I. S.\ Jiartleti.— Booby hutch,
a clumsy covered carriage or seat, used in the eastern
part of England. Forby. — Booby trap, a schoolboy's
practical joke, as a shower bath when a door is opened.
Boo'by (boo'by), a. Having the characteristics of a
booby ; stupid.
Boo'by-isb, a. Stupid ; dull.
Boodh (bobd), re. Same as Buddha. Malcom.
Boodh'lsm (-Iz'm), n. Same as Buddhism.
Boodh'ist, re. Same as Buddhist.
Boo'dle (beo'd'l), re. [Origin uncertain.] 1. The
whole collection or lot ; caboodle. l_Low, U. S.'] Bartlett.
2. Money given in payment for votes or political in-
fluence ; bribe money ; swag. IPolit. slang, IT. S.]
Boo'hOO' (boo'hoo'), V. i. limp. & p. p. Boohooed
(-hood') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boohooino.] [An imitative
word.] To bawl ; to cry loudly. \_Low1 Bartlett.
Boo'llOO' (boo'hob'), n. [Zool.) The saiMsh ; —called
also woohoo.
Book (bSSk), n. [OE. book, boh, AS. boc ; akin to
Goth, bolea a letter, in pi. book, writing, Icel. bok, Sw.
bok, Dan. bog, OS. bok, D. boek, OHG. puoh, G. buch;
and f r. AS. boc, bece, beech ; because the ancient Saxons
and Germans in general wrote runes on pieces of beechen
board. Cf. Beech.] 1. A collection of sheets of paper,
or similar material, blank, written, or printed, bound
together ; commonly, many folded and bound sheets con-
taining continuous printing or writing.
^W^ When blank, it is called a blank book. When
pnnted, the term often distinguishes a bound volume, or
a volume of some size, from a pamphlet.
S^°°° It has been held that, under the copyright law, a
boelc is not necessarily a volume made of many sheets
bound together ; it may be printed on a single sheet, as
music or a diagram of patterns. Abbott.
2. A composition, written or printed ; a treatise.
A good hook is the precious life blood of a master spirit, em-
balmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond Uf e. MUlon.
3. A part or subdivision of a treatise or literary work ;
as, the tenth book of " Paradise Lost."
4. A volume or collection of sheets in which accounts
are kept ; a register of debts and credits, receipts and
expenditures, etc.
5. Six tricks taken by one side, in the game of whist ;
in certain other games, two or more corresponding cards,
forming a set.
^ff" Book is used adjectively or as a part of many com-
pounds ; as, book buyer, ftooirack, boole club, book lore,
booh sale, book trade, memorandum book, cashfcooi.
Book account, an account or register of debt or credit
in a book. — Book debt, a debt for items charged to the
debtor by the creditor in his book of accounts. — Book
learning, learning acquired from books, as distinguished
from practical knowledge. " Neither does it so muclx re-
quire book learn ing and scholarship, as good natural sense,
to distinguish true and false." Burnet.— Boo^ \onio(Zonl.),
one of several .species of mmute, wingless insects injurious
to books and papers. They belong to the Pseudonetirojj-
lera. —Book moth (Zool.), the name of several species of
moths, the larvse of which eat books. — Book oath, an oath
made on The Book, or Bible. — The Book of Books, tlie Bi-
ble. — Book post, a system under which books, bulky man-
uscripts, etc. , may be transmitted by mail. — Book scorpion
(Zool.), one of the false scorpions (Cheli-
fer cancroides) found among books and
papers. It can run sidewise and back-
ward, and feeds on small insects. — Book
stall, a stand or stall, often in the open
air, for retailing books. — Canonical books.
See Canonical. — In one's books, in one's
favor. " I was so much in his books, that
at his decease he left me his lamp." Ad-
dison. — To bring to book, (a) To compel to
give an account, (b) To compare vnth an
admitted authority. " To i)in3 it mani-
festly lo book is impossible." M. Ai-nold.
— To curse by bell, book, and candle. See
under Bell. —To make a book (Horse Racing), to lay bets
(recorded in a pocket book) against the success of every
horse, so that the bookmaker wins on all the unsuccess-
ful horses and loses only on the winning horse or horses.
— To speak by the book, to speak with minute exactness.
—Without book, (a) By memory, (b) Without authority.
Book, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booked (b66kt) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. BooKiNO.] 1. To enter, write, or register in a
book or list.
Let it be booked with the rest of this day's deeds. Shak.
2. To enter the name of (any one) in a book for the
purpose of securing a passage, conveyance, or seat ; as,
to be booked for Southampton ; to book a seat in a theater.
3. To mark out for ; to destine or assign for ; as, he is
booked for the valedictory. IColloq.l
Here I am booked for three days more in Paris. Charles Reade.
Book'blnd'er (-blnd'er), n. One whose occupation is
to bind books.
Bookllilld'er-y (.-f), n. A bookbinder's shop ; a place
or establishment for binding books.
Book'blnd'lns, re. The art, process, or business of
binding books.
Book'case' (-kas'), «. A case with shelves for hold-
ing books, esp. one with glazed doors.
Book'craft' (-kraff), n. Authorship ; literary skill.
Booked (bSokt), a. 1. Registered.
2. On the way ; destined. [Colloq.']
BOOk'er (bSSk'er), re. One who enters accounts or.
names, etc. , in a book ; a bookkeeper.
Book'fnl (-ful), n. As much as will fill a book ; a
book full. Shak. — a. Pilled with book learning, [i?.]
" The bookfiil blockhead." Pope.
Book'hold'er (-hold'er), n. 1. A prompter at a thea-
ter. [06*.] Beau. & Fl.
Book Scorpion.
X5
2. A support for a book, holding it open, while one
reads or copies from it.
Book'ing clerk' (bSBk'ing klerk' ; Eng. klark'). A
clerk who registers passengers, baggage, etc., for convey-
ance, as by railway or steamship, or who sells passage
tickets at a booking office.
Book'ing office (Sf'fTs). 1. An office where passen-
gers, baggage, etc., are registered for conveyance, as by
railway or steamship.
2. An office where passage tickets are sold. [Eng-I
Book'lsh, a. 1. Given to reading ; fond of study ;
better acquainted with books than with men ; learned
from books. "A bookish man." Addison. "Bookish
skill." Bp. Hall.
2. Characterized by a method of expression generally
found in books ; formal ; labored ; pedantic ; as, a book-
ish way of talking ; bookish sentences.
— Book'ish-Iy, adv. — Book'ish-ness, n.
Book'keep'er (-kep'er), re. One who keeps accounts ;
one who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts
in an office.
Book'keep'lng, n. The art of recording pecuniary or
business transactions in a regular and systematic man-
ner, so as to show their relation to each other, and the
state of the busmess in which they occur ; the art of
keeping accounts. The books commonly used are a day-
book, cashbook, joui-nal, and ledger. See Daybook,
Cashbook, Journal, and Ledgek.
Bookkeeping by single entry, tlie method of keeping books
by carrying the record of each transaction to tlie debit or
credit of a single account. — Bookkeeping by double entry,
a mode of bookkeeping in whicli two entries of every
transaction are carried to the ledger, one to the Dr., or
left hand, side of one account, and the other to tlie Or. , or
right hand, side of a corresponding account, in order that
the one entry may check the other ; — sometimes called,
from the place of its origin, the Italian method.
Book'land' (bSok'litnd'), Bockland' (bSk'-), re. [AS.
bocland; hoc book ~\- land laud.] (0. Eng. Law) Char-
ter land held by deed under certam rents and free serv-
ices, which differed in nothing from free socage lands.
This species of tenure has given rise to the modem free-
holds.
Book'-learned' (booklemd' or -lern'Sd), a. Versed
in books ; having knowledge derived from books. [Often
in a disparaging sense.]
Whate'er these hook-learned blockheads eay,
Solon '3 the veriest fool in all the play. Ztryden.
Bookless, a. Without books ; unlearned. Shenstone.
Booklet (-15t), re. A little book. T. Arnold.
Book'mak'er (-mak'er), re. 1. One who writes and
publishes books ; especially, one who gathers his mate-
rials from other books ; a compiler.
2. {Horse Racing) A betting man who "makes a
book." See To make a book, under Book, n.
Book'man (-mSn), re. ; pi. Bookjien (-mSn). A stu-
dious man ; a scholar. Shak.
Book'mark' (-mark'), n. Something placed in a book
to guide in finding a particular page or passage ; also, a
label in a book to designate the owner ; a bookplate.
Book'mate' (-mat'), n. \_Book -\- mate.} A school-
fellow ; an associate in study.
Book'mon'ger (-mfin'ger), n. A dealer in books.
Book' mus'lin (-muz'lin). 1. A kind of muslin used
for the covers of books.
2. A kind of thin wliite muslin for ladies' dresses.
Book'plate' (-plat'), re. A label, placed upon or in a
book, showing its ownership or its position in a library.
Book'sell'er (-sel'er), re. One who sells books.
Book'sell'ing, re. The employment of selling books.
Book'shelt' (-shSlf), re. / pi. Bookshelves (-shelvz').
A shelf to hold books.
Book'shop' (-sh5p'), re. A bookseller's shop. {.Eng.'\
Book'stall' (-stal'), re. A stall or stand where books
are sold.
Book'Stand' (-stSnd'), re. 1. A place or stand for the
sale of books in the streets ; a bookstall.
2. A stand to hold books for reading or reference.
Book'store' (-stor'), n. A store where books are kept
for sale ; — called in England a bookseller's shop.
Book'work' (-wfirk'), re. 1. Work done upon a book
or books (as in a printing office), in distinction from
newspaper or job work.
2. Study ; application to books.
Book'worm' (-wflrm'), n. 1. (Zool.) Any larva of a
beetle or moth, which is injurious to books. Many spe-
cies are known.
2. A student closely attached to books or addicted to
study ; a reader without appreciation.
I wanted but a black gown and a salary to be as mere a book-
worm as any there. Fope.
Book'y (bSSk'jr), a. Bookish.
Booly (bobly), re. / pi. Boolies (-ITz). [Ir. buachail
cowherd ; bo cow + giolla boy.] A company of Irish
herdsmen, or a single herdsman, wandering from place
to place with flocks and herds, and living on their milk,
like the Tartars ; also, a place in the mountain pastures
inclosed for the shelter of cattle or their keepers. [_Obs.']
[Written also boley, bolye, bouillie.'] Spenser.
Boom (boom), re. [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar. See
Beam.] 1. (Naut.) A long pole or spar, run out for the
purpose of extending the bottom of a particular sail ; as,
the jib boom, the studding-sail boom, etc.
2. (Mech.) A long spar or beam, projecting from the
mast of a derrick, from the outer end of which the body
to be lifted is suspended.
3. A pole with a conspicuous top, set up to mark the
channel in a river or harbor. \_Obs.']
4. (3Iil. & Naval) A strong chain cable, or line of spars
bound together, extended across a river or the mouth of
a harbor, to obstruct navigation or passage.
5. (Lumbering) A line of connected floating timbers
stretched across a river, or inclosing an area of water, to
keep saw logs, etc. , from floating away.
Boom Iron, one of the iron rings on fhe yards through
which the studding-sail booms traverse. — The booma, that
space on the upper deck of a ship between the foremast
and mainmast, where the boats, spare spars, etc., are
stowed. Totten.
Boom (boom), V. t. (Nazd.) To extend, or push, with
a boom or pole ; as, to boom out a sail ; to boom off a boat.
Boom (boom), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Boomed (bobmd) ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Booming.] [Of imitative origin ; cf. OE.
Dommere to hum, D. bommen to drum, sound as an empty
barrel, also W. bwmp a hollow sound ; aderyn y bu'mp,
the bird of the hollow soimd, i. e., the bittern. Cf . Bum,
Bump, v. i.. Bomb, v. «'.] 1. To cry with a hollow note ; to
make a hollow sound, as the bittern, and some insects.
At eve the beetle boometh
Athwart the thicket lone. Tennyson.
2. To malie a hollow sound, as of waves or cannon.
Alarm guns booming through the night air. W. Irving.
3. To rush with violence and noise, as a ship under a
press of sail, before a free wind.
She comes booming down before it. Totten.
4. To have a rapid growth in market value or in popu-
lar favor ; to go on rushingly.
Boom, re. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon ;
also, the hollow cry of the bittern ; a booming.
2. A strong and extensive advance, vnt)\ more or less
noisy excitement ; — applied colloquially or humorously
to market prices, the demand for stocks or commodities,
and to political chances of aspirants to office ; as, a boom
in the stock market ; a boom in coffee. [Colloq. U. <S.]
Boom, V. t. To cause to advance rapidly in price ; as,
to boom railroad or mining shares; to create a "boom"
for ; as to boom Mr. C. for senator. \_Collog. U. S.]
II Boom'das (bom'das), re. [Native name.] (Zool.) A
small African hyracoid mammal (Dendrohyrax arbore-
«s) resembling the daman.
Boom'er (-er), re, 1, One who, or that which, booms.
2. (Zool.) A Nojth American rodent, so named because
it is said to make a booming noise. . See Sewellel.
3. (Zool.) A large male kangaroo.
4. One who works up a " boom." \_Slang, U. S]
Boom'er-ang (boom'er-ang), n. A very singular mis-
sile weapon used by the natives of Australia and in soma
parts of India. It is usually a curved st'ck of hard wood,
from twenty to thirty inches in length, from two to three
inches wide, and half or three quarters of an inch thick.
When thrown from the hand with a quick rotary motion,
it describes very remarkable curves, according to the
shape of the instrument and the manner of throwing it,
often moving nearly horizontally a long distance, then
curving upward to a considerable height, and finally tak-
ing a retrograde direction, so as to fall near the place
from which it was thrown, or even far in the rear of it.
Boom'ing, a. 1. Rushing with violence ; swelling
with a hollow sound ; making a hollow sound or note ;
roaring ; resounding.
O'er the sea-beat ships the booming waters roar. Falconer.
2. Advancing or increasing amid noisy excitement ; aS|
booming prices ; booming popularity. \_Colloq. XI. S."]
Boom'ing, re. The act of producing a hollow or roar-
ing sound ; a violent rushing with heavy roar ; as, the
booming of the sea ; a deep, hollow sound ; as, the boom-
ing of bitterns. Howitt,
Boom'kin (-kin), n. (Naut.) Same as Bumkin.
II Boo'mo-rah (b5'm6-ra), re. [Native name.] (Zool.)
A small West African chevrotain (Hysemoschus aquati-
cus), resembling the musk deer.
II Boom'slaug-e (boom'slang-e), re. [D. boom tree +
slang snake.1 (Zool.) A large South African tree snake
(Bucephalus Capensis). Although considered venomous
by natives, it has no poison fangs.
Boon (boon), n. [OE. bone, boin, a petition, fr. Icel.
bon ; akin to Sw. & Dan. bon, AS. ben, and perh. to E.
ban ; but influenced by P. bon good, f r. L. bonus, \iS.
See 2d Ban, Bounty.] 1. A prayer or petition. [0J«.]
For which to God he made so many an idle boon. Spenser.
2. That which is asked or granted as a benefit or fa-
vor ; a gift ; a benefaction ; a grant ; a present.
Every good gift and every perfect boon is from above.
James i. 17 (Rev. Ver.),
Boon, a. [F. Sore. See Boon, n,] 1. Good ; prosper-
ous ; as, boon voyage. [06i.] Heywood.
2. Kind ; bountiiul ; benign.
Which . . . Nature 5oon
Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain. Milton.
3. Gay ; merry ; jovial ; convivial.
A boon companion, loving his bottle. Arbuthnot.
Boon, n. [Scot, boon, bune, been, Gael. & Ir. bunach
coarse tow, fr. bun root, stubble.] The woody portion of
flax, which is separated from the fiber as refuse matter
by retting, braking, and scutching.
Boor (boor), re. [D. boer farmer, boor ; akin to AS.
gebUr countryman, G. bauer ; ir. the root of AS. Iman
to inhabit, and akin to E. bower, be. Cf. Nkighbob,
BoEE, and Big to build.] 1. A husbandman ; a peasant ;
a rustic ; esp. a clownish or unrefined countryman.
2. A Dutch, German, or Russian peasant ; esp. a Dutch
colonist in South Africa, Guiana, etc. ; a boer.
3. A rude ill-bred person ; one who Is clownish in man-
ners.
Boor'lsh, a. Like a boor ; clownish ; uncultured ; un-
mannerly. — Boor'ish-ly, adv. — Boor'ish-ness, n.
Which is in truth a gross and boorish opinion. JUUion.
Boort (boort), re. See Boet.
Boose (boos), re. [AS. bos, bosig ; akin to Icel. bats,
Sw. bas,_ Dan. baas, stall, G. banse, Goth, bansts bam,
Skr. bhasas stall. V252.] A stall or a crib for an ox,
cow, or other animal, [Prov. Eng.J HaXliwell.
Boose (booz), V. i. To dyink excessively. See BoozB.
Boos'er (-er), re. A toper ; a guzzler. See Boozee.
Boost (boost), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Boosted ; p.pr. &
vb. re. Boosting.] [Cf. Boast, v. i.'] To lift or push
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^\l; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent; Ice, idea, HI; old, obey, 6rb, Sdd;
BOOST
167
BORE
Byron.
Soutliey.
lObs.-\
Shak,
from behind (one who is eudeavoriug to climb) ; to pueh
up ; hence, to assist in overcoming obstacles, or in mak-
ing advancement. [_Colloq. U. /S.]
Boost (boost), n. A push from behind, as to one who
is endeavoring to climb ; help. \_CoUoq. tl. -S.]
Boot (boot), n. [OE. Jo/, bote, advantage, amends,
cure, AS. but ; akin to Icel. bot, Sw. boi, Dan. bod, Gotli.
bsta, D. boete, O. biisse; prop., a making good or better,
from the root of E. belter, adj. V265.] 1. Remedy ;
relief ; amends ; reparation ; hence, one who brings relief.
He gnf the sike man kis boote. Chaucer.
Thou art boot for many a bruist
And liealest many a wound. Sir W. Scott.
Next her Son, our Boul's best boot, Wordsworth.
2. That which is given to make an exchange equal, or
to make up for the deficiency of value in one of the
things exchanged.
I '11 give you boot, I 'II give you three for one. Sliak.
3. Profit; gain; advantage; use. lObs.']
Then talk no more of flight, it is no boot, Shak.
To boot, in addition ; over and above ; besides ; as a
eompensation for the difference of value between things
bartered.
Helen, to change, would give an eye to boot. Shah.
A man's heaviness is refreshed long before he conies to
drunkenness, for when he arrives thither he hath but changed
his heaviness, and taken a crime to boot. Jer. Taylor.
Boot, V, t. [imp. & p. p. Booted ; p. pr. & vb. n.
BoOTiNo.] 1. To profit; to advantage ; to avail; — gen-
erally followed by it ; as, what boots it ?
What booteih it to others that we wish them well, and do noth-
ing for them ? Hooker.
"Wliat subdued
To change like this a mind so far imbued
With scorn of man, it little boots to know.
What boot& to us your victories ?
2. To enrich ; to benefit ; to give in addition.
And I will boot thee with what gift beside
Thy modesty can beg.
Boot, n. [OE. bote, OF. bote, F. boite, LL. botta; of
uncertain origin.] 1. A covering for the foot and lower
part of the leg, ordinarily made of leather.
2. An instrument of torture for the leg, formerly used
to extort confessions, particularly in Scotland.
So he was put to the torture, which in Scotland they call the
hoots ; for tliey put a pair of iron boots close on the leg, and
drive wedges between them ai.d the leg. Bp, Burnet.
3. A place at the side of a coach, where attendants
rode ; also, a low outside place before and behind the
body of the coach. \_Obs.'\
4. A place for baggage at either end of an old-fashioned
stagecoach.
5. An apron or cover (of leather or rubber cloth) for
the driving seat of a vehicle, to protect from rain and
mud.
6. [Plumbing) The metal casing and fiauge fitted
about a pipe where it passes through a roof.
Boot catcher, the person at an inn whose business it was
to pull off boots and clean them. [Obs.] Swift. — Boot
closer, one who, or that which, sews the uppers of boots.
— Boot crimp, a frame or device used by bootmakers for
drawing and shaping the body of a boot. — Boot hook, a
hook with a handle, used for pulling- on boots. — Boots and
t&idlea (Cavalry Tactics), the trumpet cail which is the
first signal for mounted drill. — Sly boots. See Slyboots,
in the Vocabulary.
Boot, V. t. limp. & p. p. Booted ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Booting.] 1. To put boots on, esp. for riding.
Coated and booted for it. B. Jonson.
2. To punish by kicking with a booted foot. ^JJ. S.'\
Boot, V. i. To boot one's self ; to put on one's boots.
Boot, n. Booty; spoil. [Obs. ox E.'] Shak.
Boot'black^(-blSk')i «• One who blacks boots.
Boot'ed (boot'gd), a. 1. Wearing boots, especially
boots with long tops, as for riding ; as, a booted squire.
2. {Zool.) Having an undivided, homy, bootUke cov-
ering ; — said of the tarsus of some birds.
Boot-ee' (bob-te'), n. A half boot or
short boot.
llBo-ii'tes (bo-o'tez), n. [L. Bootes,
Gr. jSocirijs herdsman, fr, /Sous, gen. ^oos,
ox, cow.] (Astron.) A northern constel-
lation, containing the bright star Arctu-
ms.
Booth (booth), n. [OE. bothe; cf. ,
Icel. bus, Dan. & Sw. bod, MHG. buode, \
G. bude, bandCf from the same root as
AS. bUan to dwell, E. boor, bower, be;
cf. Bohem. bauda, Pol. luda, Russ. budka,
Idth. buda, W. bwth, pi. bythod, Gael.
Imth, Ir. both.'] 1. A house or shed built
of boards, boughs, or other slight mate-
rials, for temporary occupation. Camden.
2. A covered stall or temporary struc-
ture in a fair or market, or at a polling
place.
Boot'hale' (bootTial' or -hal'), v. t. &
i. [Boot, for booty -f- hale.'] "To forage
for booty ; to plunder. [Obs.'] Beau. & Fl.
Boot'hose' (-hoz'), n. 1. Stocking hose, or spatter-
dashes, in lieu of boots. Shak.
2. Hose made to be worn with boots, as by travelers
on horseback. Sir W. Scott.
Booth'y (booth'y), n. See Botht.
Boot'1-kln (boot'i-kln), n. [Boot + -kin.] 1. A little
boot, legging, or gaiter.
2. A covering for the foot or hand, worn as a cure for
the gout. H, Walpole.
Boot'lng, n. Advantage ; gain ; gain by pliuuler ;
booty. [Obs.'] Sir. J. Harrington.
Boot'ing, n. 1. A kind of torture. See Boot, m., 2.
2. A kicking, as with a booted foot. [U. S.]
Boot'Jacfe' (-jSk'), n. A device for pulling off boots.
Booted Tarsus
h to !') of
Bobin.
Bootless (booties), a. [From Boot profit.] Una-
vailing ; miprofitable ; useless ; without advantage or
success. Chaucer.
I 'II follow him no more witli bootless prayers. Sliak.
— Boot'less-ly, adv. — Boot'less-ness, n.
Boot'llck' (-lik'), n. A toady. [Low, U.S.] Bartlett.
Boot'mak'er (-niSk'er), n. One who makes boots. —
Boot'mak'lng, n.
Boots (boots), n. A servant at a hotel or elsewhere,
who cleans and blacks the boots and slices.
Boot'top'plng (-tBp'pTng), n. 1. (Naut.) The act or
process of daubing a vessel's bottom near the surface of
the water 'With a mixture of tallow, sulphur, and resin,
as a temporary protection against worms, after the
slime, shells, etc., have been scraped otf.
2. (JVaut.) Sheathing a vessel with planking over felt.
Boot'tree' (-tre'), n. [Boot + tree wood, timber.]
An instrument to stretch and widen the leg of a boot,
consisting of two pieces, together shaped like a leg, be-
tween which, when put into the boot, a wedge is driven.
The pretty boots trimly stretched oa boottrets. Thackeray.
Boo'ty (boo'tjr), n. [Cf. Icel. byti exchange, barter,
Sw. byte barter, booty, Dan. bytte; akin to D. buit
booty, G. beute, and fr. Icel. byta, Sw. byta, Dan. bytte,
to distribute, exchange. The Scandinavian word was in-
fluenced in English by boot profit.] That which is seized
by violence or obtained by robbery, especially collective
spoil taken in war ; plunder ; pillage. Hilton.
To play booty, to play dishonestly, with an intent to
lose ; to allow one's adversary to win at cards at first, in
order to induce him to continue playing and victimize
him afterwards. [Obs.] L' Eslramje.
Booze (booz), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Boozed (boozd) ; p.
pr. &vb. n. Boozing.] [D. buizen ; akin to G. bausen,
and perh. fr. D. buis tube, channel, bus box, jar.] To
drink greedily or immoderately, esp. alcoholic liquor;
to tipple. [Written also bouse, and boose.] Landor.
This is better than boozing in public houses. H. R. IJaweis.
Booze, re. A carouse ; a drinking. Sir W. Scott.
Booz'er (boo'zer), n. One who boozes ; a toper ; a
guzzler of alcoholic liquors ; a bouser.
Booz'y (boo'zy), a. A little intoxicated ; fuddled ;
stupid with liquor ; bousy. [Collog.] C. Kingsley.
Bo-peep' (bo-pep'), n. [Bo + peep.] The act of
looking out suddenly, as from behind a screen, so as to
startle some one (as by chUdreu in play), or of looking
out and drawing suddenly back, as if frightened.
I for sorrow sung.
That such a king should play bopeep.
And go the fools among. Shak.
Bor'a-ble (bor'a-b'l), a. Capable of being bored. [B.]
Bo-rach'lo (bo-rSch'yS), n. [Sp. borracha a leather
bottle for wine, borracho drunk, fr. borra a lamb.] A
large leather bottle for liquors, etc., made of the skin of
a goat or other animal. Hence : A drunkard. [Obs.]
You 're an absolute borachio. Congreve,
Bo-rac'lc (bo-ras'ik), a. [Cf. F. boraciqtce. See Bo-
rax.] Pertaining to, or produced from, borax ; contain-
ing boron ; boric ; as, boracic acid.
Bo'ra-oite (bo'ra-sit), n. {Min.) A mineral of a white
or gray color occurring massive and in isometric crys-
tals ; in composition it is a magnesium borate with mag-
nesium chloride.
Bo'ra-cous (-kiis), a. {Chem.) Relating to, or ob-
tained from, borax ; containing borax.
Bor'age (bilr'aj ; 277), n. [OE. borage (cf. F. bonr-
rache. It. borraggine, borruce, LL. borago, borrago, LGr.
TTOvpaKcov), fr. LL. borra, F. bourre, hair of beasts, flock ;
so called from its hairy leaves.] (Boi.) A mucilaginous
plant of the genus Borago (B. officinalis), which is used,
esp. in France, as a demulcent and diaphoretic.
Bor'age-wort' (wflrt'), n. Plantof the Borage family.
Bo-rag'1-na'ceous (bo-raj'i-na'shiis), a. (Bot.) Of,
pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants (Boragi-
nacese) which includes the borage, heliotrope, beggar's
lice, and many pestiferous plants.
Bor'a-gin'e-oas (bor'a-jin'e-tis), a. (Bot.) Relating
to the Borage tribe ; boraginaceous.
Bor'a-mez (bor'a-mSz), n. See Bakometz.
Bo'rate (bo'rat), n. [From Boric] (Chem.) A salt
formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or
positive radical.
Bo'rax (bo'rSks), n. [OE. boras, fr. F. borax, earlier
spelt borras; cf. LL. borax, Sp. borraj; all fr. Ar. buraq,
fr. Pers. burah.] A white or gray crystalline salt, with
a slight alkaline taste, used as a flux, in soldering metals,
making enamels, fixing colors on porcelain, and as a soap.
It occurs native in certain mineral springs, and is made
from the boric acid of hot springs in Tuscany. It was
originally obtained from a lake in Thibet, and was sent
to Europe under the name of iincal. Borax is a pyro-
borate or tetraborate of sodium, Na2B4O7.10H2O.
Boras bead. (Chem.) See Bead, n., 3.
Bor'bO-rygin (bSr'bo-rTm), n. [F. borborygme, fr.
6r. ^op/3opvw6;, fr. jSopjSopv'feii/ to rumble in the bow-
els.] (Med!) A rumbling or gurgling noise produced by
wind in the bowels. Dunglison.
Bord (bord), n. [See Board, n.] 1. A board ; a table.
[Obs.] Chaucer.
2. (Mining) The face of coal parallel to the natural
fissures.
Bord (bSrd), n. See Bourd. [Obs.] Spenser.
Bord'age (bord'aj), n. [LL. bordagium.] The base
or servile tenure by which a bordar held his cottage.
Bord'ar (bord'er), re. [LL. bordarius, fr. borda a
cottage ; of uncertain origin.] A villein who rendered
menial service for his cottage ; a cottier.
The cottar, the bordar, and the laborer were bound to aid in
the work of the home farm. X E. Green.
Bor-deauH' (b8r-do'), a. Pertaining to Bordeaux in
the south of France. — re. A claret wine from Bordeaux.
Bor'del (bSr'dSl), 1 re. [F. hordel, orig. a little
Bor-del'lo (-dei'16), I hut, OF. borde hut, cabin ; of
German origin, and akin to E. board, n. See Board, n."]
A brothel ; a bawdyhouse ; a house devoted to jirostitu-
tion. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
II Bor'de-lals' (b6r'de-la'), a. [F.] Of or pertainiug to
Bordeaux, in Frauce, or to the district around Bordeaux.
Bor'del-ler (bSr'dSl-ler), n. A keeper or a frequenter
of a brothel. [06«.] Goiver.
Bor'der (bSr'der), n. [OE. bordure, F. lordure, fr.
border to border, f r. bord a border ; of German origin ;
cf. MHG. borte border, trimming, G. borte trimming, rib-
bon ; akin to E. board in sense 8. See Board, n., and cf.
Bordure.] 1. The outer part or edge of anything, as of
a garment, a garden, etc. ; margin ; verge ; brink.
Upon the borders of tliese solitudes. Bcntham.
In the borders of deoth. Burrow.
2. A boundary ; a frontier of a state or of the settled
part of a country ; a frontier district.
3. A strip or stripe arranged along or near the edge of
something, as an ornament or finish.
4. A narrow flower bed.
Border land, land on the frontiers of two adjoining coim-
tries; debatable land ; — often used figuratively; as, the
border land of science. — The Border, The Borders, specif-
ically, the frontier districts of Scotland and England
which lie adjacent. — Over the border, across the bound-
ary Ime or frontier.
Syn. — Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim;
boundary; confine.
Bor'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bordered (-derd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bordering.] 1. To touch at the edge or bound
ary ; to be contiguous or adjacent ; — with on or upon ;
as, Connecticut borders on Massachusetts.
2 To approach ; to come near to ; to verge.
Wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded
as folly. Jlbp. Tillotson.
Bor'der, v. t. 1. To make a border for ; to furnish
with a border, as for ornament ; as, to border a garment
or a garden.
2. To be, or to have, contiguous to ; to touch, or be
touched, as by a border ; to be, or to have, near the lim-
its or boundary ; as, the region borders a forest, or is bor-
dered on the north by a forest.
The country ia bordered by a broad tract called the " hot re-
gion." Brcscott.
Shebah and Eaamah . . . border the sea called the Persian
gulf. ^iV IK. Rahigh.
3. To confine within bounds ; to limit. [Obs.]
That nature, which contemns its origin,
Cau not be bordered certain in itself. Shak.
Bor'der-er (-er), n. One who dwells on a border, or at
the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tract
of land ; one who dwells near to a place or region.
Borderers of the Caspian. Dyer.
Bordland' (bordland'), re. [Bordar (or perh. bord a
board) -j- land.] (0. Eng. Law) Either land held by a
bordar, or the land which a lord kept for the maintenance
of his board, or table. Spelman,
Bord'lode' (-lod'), re. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board)
-{- lode leading.] (0. Eng. Lain) The service formerly
required of a tenant, to carry timber from the woods to
the lord's house. Bailey. 3Iozley & W.
Bord'man (-man), n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a boardi
-f-m«re.] A bordar; a tenant in bordage.
Bord'rag (bSrd'rSg), 1m. [Perh. from OE.
Bord'ra'glng (bSrd'rg'jTng), ) bord, for border +
raging. Cf. Bodrage.] An incursion upon the borders
of a country; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser.
Bord' serv'Ioe (bord' serv'is). [Bordar (or perh.
bord a board) + service.] (0. Eng. Law) Service due
from a bordar ; bordage.
Bor'dure (bSr'diSr ; 135), n. [F. bordure. See Bor-
der, re.] (Her.) A border one fifth the
width of the shield, surrounding the
field. It is usually plain, but may be
charged.
Bore (bor), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bored
(bord) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boring.] [OE.
borien, AS. borian; akin to Icel. bora,
Dan. bore, D. boren, OHG. poron, G.
bohren, L. forare, Gr. (papav to plow,
Zend bar. V91-] 1- To perforate or Bordure.
penetrate, as a solid body, by turning
an auger, gimlet, drill, or other instrument ; to make a
round hole in or through ; to pierce ; as, to bore a plank.
I 'U believe as soon this whole earth may be bored. Shak.
2. To form or enlarge by means of a boring instru-
ment or apparatus ; as, to bore a steam cylinder or a gun
barrel ; to bore a hole.
Short but very powerful jaws, by means whereof the insect
can bore, as with a centerbit, a cylindrical passage through the
most eohd wood. T. tV. Barris.
3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort, as in bor-
ing ; as, to bore one's way through a crowd ; to force a
narrow and difficult passage through. " What bustling
crowds I bored." Gay.
4. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness ; to
tire ; to trouble ; to vex ; to annoy ; to pester.
He bores me with some trick. Shak.
Used to come and bore me at rare intervals. Carlgle.
6. To befool ; to trick. [Obs.]
I am abused, betrayed; I am laughed at, scorned.
Baffled and bored, it seems. Beau, if FL
Bore, V. i. 1. To make a hole or perforation with, or
as with, a boring instrument ; to cut a circular hole by
the rotary motion of a tool ; as, to bore for water or oU
(j. e., to sink a well by boring for water or oil) ; to bore
with a gimlet ; to bore into a tree (as insects).
2. To be pierced or penetrated by au instrument that
cuts as it turns ; as, this timber does not bore well, or ia
hard to bore.
3. To push forward in a certain direction with labo-
jious effoi't.
They take their flight . . . boring to the west. Dryden.
K
use. unite, rude, full, up, am; pity; food, fo'ot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tben, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
M
BORE
168
BOSS
4. (Man. ) To shoot out the nose '^r toss it in the air ;
— said of a horse. Crabb.
Bore (hor), 71. 1. A hole made by boring ; a perforation.
2. The internal cylindrical cavity of a gun, cannon,
pistol, or other firearm, or of a pipe or tube.
The bores of wind instruments. Bacon.
Love's counselor should fill the bores of hearing. Shak.
3. The size of a hole ; the interior diameter of a tube
or gun barrel ; the caliber.
4. A tool for making a hole by boring, as an auger.
5. CaUber ; importance. [Ois.]
Yet are they much too light for the bore of the matter. Shak.
6. A person or thing that wearies by prolixity or dull-
ness ; a tiresome person or affair ; any person or thing
which causes ennui.
It is as great a bore as to hear a poet read his own verses.
Hawtkome,
Bore, n. [Icel. hara wave : cf. G. cmpor upwards,
OHG. bor height, bun-en to lift, perh. allied to AS. be-
ran, E. Ist hear. V92.] (Physical Geog.) (a) A tidal
flood which regularly or occasionally rushes into certain
rivers of peculicx configuration or location, in one or
more waves which present a very abrupt front of consid-
erable height, dangerous to shipping, as at the mouth of
the Amazon, in South America, the Hoogly and Indus, in
India, and the Tsien-tang, in China, (b) Less properly,
a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt,
such as occurs at the Bay of Fundy and in tho British
Channel.
Bore, imp. of 1st & 2d Bear.
Bo're-al (bo're-al), a. [L. borealis : cf. F. boreal.
See BoBEAS.] Northern ; pertaining to the north, or to
the north wind ; as, a boreal bird ; a boreal blast.
So from their own clear north in radiant streams,
Bright over Europe bursts the boreal morn. Thomson.
li Bo're-as {.-as.), n. [L. boreas, Gr. Bopeas.] The
north wind ; — usually a personification.
Bore'cole' (bor'kol'), n. [Cf. D. boerenkool (lit.) hus-
bandman's cabbage.] A brassicaceous plant of many va-
rieties, cultivated for its leaves, which are not formed
into a compact head like the cabbage, but are loose, and
are generally curled or wrinkled ; kale.
Bore'dom (-dOm), n. 1. The state of being bored, or
pestered ; a state of ennui. Dickens.
2. The realm of bores ; bores, collectively.
Bo-ree' (bo-re'), n. Same as I5oure6e. [06i.] Swift.
Bor'el (bor'el), n. See Borkel.
Bor'e-le (b5r'e-le), n. (Zo'61.) The smaller two-homed
rhinoceros of South Af-
rica {Aielodus bicornis).
Bor'er (bor'er), re.
1. One that bores ; an
instrument for boring.
2. (Zool.) (a) A ma-
rine, bivalve moUusk, of
the genus Teredo and
allies, which burrows
in wood. See Teredo.
ib) Any bivalve mollusk
(Saxicava, Lithodomus,
etc.) which bores into
limestone and similar
substances, (e) One of
the larvae of many species of insects, which penetrate
trees, as the apple, peach, pine, etc.
See Apple borer, under Apple, (d)
The hagfish (Myxine).
Bo'rfc (bo'rik), a. (Chem.) Of,
pertaining to, or containing, boron.
Boric acid, a white crystalline sub-
stance B(0H)3, easily obtained from
its salts, and occurring in solution in
the hot lagoons of Tuscany.
Bo'rlde (bo'rld), re. (Chem.) A
binary compound of boron with a Adult male of the
more positive or basic element or (yEgeriaariiima).
radical ; — formerly called boruret. Nat. size.
Bor'ing (bor'ing), re. 1. The act
or process of one who, or that which, bores ; as, the bor-
ing of cannon ; the boring of piles and ship timbers by
certain marine moUusks.
One of the most important applications of boring is in the for-
mation of artesian wells. Tomlinson.
2. A hole made by boring.
3. pi. The chips or fragments made by boring.
Boring bar, a revolving or stationary bar, carrying one
or more cutting tools for dressing round holes. — Boring
tool (Metal Working), a cutting tool placed in a cutter
head to dress round holes. Knight.
Born (bSrn), p. p. & a. [See Bear, v. f\ 1. Brought
forth, as an animal ; brought into life : introduced bv
birth. ^
No one could be born into slavery in Mexico. Frescott.
2. Having from birth a certain character ; by or from
birth; by nature; innate; as, a bom liar. "A born
matchmaker." w. D. Howells.
Born again ( Theol.), regenerated ; renewed ; having re-
ceived spiritual life. " Except a man be born again, he
can not see the kmgdom of God." John iii. 3. — Born
days, days since one was born ; lifetime. [Colloq.]
Borne (bom), p. p. of Bear. Carried ; conveyed ; sup-
ported ; defrayed. See Bear, v. t.
Bor'ne-Ol (b8r'ne-a), n. ^Borneo + -ol.'] {Chem.) A
rare variety of camphor, CjoHjj.OH, resembling ordinary
camphor, from which it can be produced by reduction.
It is said to occur in the camphor tree of Borneo and
Sumatra {Dryobalanops camphora), but the natural bor-
neol is rarely found in European or American commerce,
being in great request by the Chinese. Called also Bor-
neo camphor, Malay camphor, and camphol.
Bor'mte (bSr'nlt), re. [Named after Von Born, a
Head of Borele.
mineralogist.] {Min.) A valuable ore of copper, contain-
ing copper, iron, and sulphur ; — also called purple copper
ore (or erubescite), in allusion to the colors shown upon
the slightly tarnished surface.
Bo'ro-flu'or-lde (bo'ro-flii'6r-td or -Id), n. [Boron -f
fluoride.'\ {Chem.) A double fluoride of boron and hy-
drogen, or some other positive element, or radical ; —
called aiso fluoboride, and ioTmerly fluoborate.
Bo'ro-glyc'er-ide (-glTs'er-id or -id), re. [Boron +
glyceride.} {Chem.) A compound of boric acid and
glycerin, used as an antiseptic.
Bo'ron (bo'ron), n. [See Borax.] {Chem.) A non-
metallic element occurring abundantly in borax. It is
reduced with difficulty to the free state, when it can be
obtained in several different forms ; viz., as a substance
of a deep olive color, in a semimetallic form, and in col-
orless quadratic crystals similar to the diamond in hard-
ness and other properties. It occurs in nature also in
boracite, datolite, tourmaline, and some other minerals.
Atomic weight 10.9. Symbol B.
Bo'ro-sil'i-cate (bo'ro-sil'T-kat), n. [Boron -f- sili-
cate.l {Chem.) A double salt of boric and silicic acids,
as in the natural minerals tourmaline, datolite, etc.
Bor'OUgh (bilr'o), re. [OE. burgh, burw, boru, port,
town, burrow, AS. burh, burg ; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan.
borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, pure, MHG. burc, G.
burg, Goth, baiirgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan
to hide, save, defend, G. bergen ; or perh. from that of
AS. Je(»(7 liill, mountain. V96. See Bury, v. t., and
cf. Burrow, Burg, Bdey, n.. Burgess, Iceberg, Borrow,
Harbor, Hauberk.] 1. In England, an incorporated
town that is not a city ; also, a town that sends mem-
bers to parliament ; in Scotland, a body corporate, con-
sisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected
by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction ; in Amer-
ica, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania
and Connecticut. Burrill. Erskine.
2. The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a
borough ; as, the borough voted to lay a tax.
Close boron^h, or Pocket borough, a borough having the
right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomina-
tion is in the hands of a single person. — Rotten borough,
a name given to any borough which, at the time of the
passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, contained but few
voters, yet retained the privilege of sending a member to
Parliament.
Bor'OUgh, re. [See Borrow.] (O. Eng. Law) {a) An
association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the
king for the good behavior of each other. (6) The pledge
or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins.
Bor'ough-Engllsh (-Tn'glTsh), n. {Eng. Law) A
custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and
tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the
eldest ; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest
brother. Blackstone.
Bor'ough-head' C-hSd'), TO. See Headboeough. [OJs.]
Bor'OUgh-hold'er (-hold'er), re. A headborough; a
borsholder.
Bor'ough-mas'ter (-mas'ter), n. [Cf. Burgomaster.]
The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough.
Bor'OUgh-mon'ger (-miin'ger), re. One who buys or
sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs.
Bor'ougb-mon'ger-lng, Bor'ough-mon'ger-y (-J), n.
The practices of a boroughmonger.
Bor-rach'O (bor-rach'o), re. See BoRAcmo. [Obs.^
Bor'rage (bor'raj), re., Bor-rag'1-na'ceous (bSr-rSj'if-
na'shus), a., etc. See Borage, re., etc.
Bor'rel (bor'rgl), n. [OF. bui-el a Idnd of coarse wool-
en cloth, fr. F. btire drugget. See Bureau. Rustic and
common people dressed in this cloth, which was prob. so
called from its color.] 1. Coarse woolen cloth ; hence,
coarse clothing ; a garment. [Ote.] Chaucer.
2. A kind of light stuff, of silk and wool.
Bor'rel, a. [Prob. from Borrel, re.] Ignorant ; un-
learned ; belonging to the laity. [Obs.'] Chaucer.
Bor'row (bor'ro), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Borrowed
(-rod) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Borrowing.] [OE. borwen, AS.
borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge ; akin to D. borg, G.
borg; prob. fr. root of AS. beorgan to protect. VSS.
See 1st Borough.] 1. To receive from another as a loan,
with the implied or expressed intention of returning the
identical article or its equivalent in kind ; — the opposite
of lend.
2. {Arith.) To take (one or more) from the next higher
denomination in order to add it to the next lower ; — a
term of subtraction when the figure of the subtrahend
is larger than the corresponding one of the minuend.
3. To copy or imitate ; to adopt ; as, to borrow the
style, manner, or opinions of another.
Kites borrowed from the ancients. Macaulay.
It is not hard for any man, who hath a Bible in his hands, to
borrow good words and holy sayings in abundance ; but to
make them his own is a work of grace only from above. Milton.
4. To feign or coimterfeit. '^Borrowed hair." Spenser.
The borrowed majesty of England. Shak.
5. To receive ; to take ; to derive.
Any drop thou borrowedst from thy mother. Shak.
To borrow trouble, to be needlessly troubled ; to be over-
apprehensive.
Bor'row, re. 1. Something deposited as security; a
pledge ; a surety ; a hostage. [Obs.]
Ye may retain as borrows my two priests. Sir W. Scott.
2. The act of borrowing. [Obs.']
Of your royal presence I '11 adventure
The borrow of a week. Shak.
Bor'row-er (-er), re. One who borrows.
Neither a borrower nor a lender be. Shak.
Bors'hold'er (bSrs' hold'er), re. [OE. borsolder ;
prob. fr. AS. borg, gen. borges, pledge -|- ealdor elder.
See Borrow, and Elder, a.] {Eng. Law) The head or
chief of a tithing, or borough (see 2d Borough) ; the
headborough ; a parish constable. Spelman.
Bort (b5rt), re. Imperfectly crystallized or coarse
diamonds, or fragments made in cutting good diamonds,
whicli are reduced to powder and used in lapidary work.
Bo'ru-ret (bo'ru-rSt), re. (Chem.) A boride. [Obs.]
Bor'we (bor'we), re. Pledge ; borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer,
II Bos (bSs), re. [L., ox, cow.] (Zo'dl.) A genus of
ruminant quadrupeds, including the wild and domestic
cattle, distinguished by a stout body, hoUow horns, and
a large fold of skin hanging from the neck.
II Bo'sa (bo'za), re. [Ar. bUza, Pers. bUzah: cf. F.
bosan.] A drink, used in the East. Sea BozA.
Bos'cage (bos'kaj), n. [OF. boscage grove, F. bocage,
fr. LL. boscus, btiscus, thicket, wood. See 1st Bush.]
1. A growth of trees or shrubs ; underwood ; a thicket ;
thick foliage ; a wooded landscape.
2. (0. Eng. Law) Food or sustenance for cattle, ob.
tained from bushes and trees ; also, a tax on wood.
Bosh (bSsh), re. [Cf . G. posse joke, trifle ; It. bozzo a
rough stone, bozzetto a rough sketch, s-bozzo a rough
draught, sketch.] Figure ; outline ; show. [Obs.]
Bosh, re. [Turk.] Empty talk ; contemptible non-
sense ; trash ; humbug. [Collog.]
Bosh, re. ; pi. Boshes (-Sz). [Cf. G. boschung a slope.]
1. One of the sloping sides of the lower part of a blast
furnace ; also, one of the hollow iron or brick sides of
the bed of a puddling or boiling furnace.
2. pi. The lower part of a blast furnace, which slopes
inward, or the widest space at the top of this part.
3. In forging and smelting, a trough in which tools
and ingots are cooled.
II Bosh'bok (-bok), re. [D. bosch wood -f bok buck.]
(Zobl.) A kind of antelope. See BusH buck.
II Bosh'vark (bBsh'vark), re. [D. bosch wood + varken
pig. ] (Zool. ) The bush hog. See under Bush, a thicket.
II Bos']es-man (bSs'ySs-mau), re. / pi. Bosjesmaks.
[D. boschjesman.] See Bushman.
Bosk (bSsk), re. [See Bosket.] A thicket ; a small
wood. "Tlirough ftoift and dell." Sir W. Scott.
Bss'kage (bSs'kaj), re. Same as Boscage.
Thridding the somber boskage of the wood. Tennyson.
Bos'ket, Bos'quet (bSs'kSt), re. [F. bosquet a little
wood, dim. fr. LL. boscus. See Boscage, and cf. Bou-
quet.] (Gardening) A grove ; a thicket ; shrubbery ; an
inclosure formed by branches of trees, regularly or irreg-
ularly disposed.
Bosk'i-ness (bSs'kt-nSs), n. Boscage ; also, the state
or quality of being bosky.
Bosk'y (bBs'ky), o. [Cf. Bushy.] 1. Woody or bushy ;
covered with boscage or thickets. Milton.
2. Caused by boscage.
Darkened over by long bosky shadows. H. James.
BOS'om (bSoz'um; 277), n. [AS. bosm; akin to D.
bozem. Fries, bosm, OHG. puosum, G. busen, and prob,
E. bough.] 1. The breast of a human being; the part,
between the arms, to which anything is pressed when
embraced by them.
You must prepare your bosom for his knife. Shak.
2. The breast, considered as the seat of the passions,
affections, and operations of the mind; consciousness;
secret thoughts.
Tut, I am in their bosoms, and 1 know
■Wherefore they do it. Shak.
If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my in-
iquity in my bosom. Job xxxi. 33.
3. Embrace ; loving or affectionate inclosure ; fold.
Within the bosom of that church. Hooker.
4. Any thing or place resembling the breast ; a sup-
porting surface ; an inner recess ; the interior ; as, the
bosom of the earth. " The bosom of the ocean." Addison.
5. The part of the dress worn upon the breast j an ar-
ticle, or a portion of an article, of dress to be worn upon
the breast ; as, the bosom of a shirt ; a linen bosom.
He put his hand into his bosom : and when he took it out, be-
hold, his hand was leprous as snow. £x. iv. 6.
6. Inclination ; desire. [Obs.] Shak.
7. A depression round the eye of a millstone, knight.
Bos'om, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the bosom.
2. Intimate ; confidential ; familiar ; trusted ; cher-
ished ; beloved ; as, a bosom ifriend.
Bos'om, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bosomed (-iimd) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Bosoming.] 1. To inclose or carry in the bosom ;
to keep with care ; to take to heart ; to cherish.
Bosom up my counsel,
You 'II find it wholesome. Shak.
2. To conceal; to hide from view ; to embosom.
To happy convents bosomed deep in vines. Pope.
Bos'omed (bSSz'umd), a. Having, or resembling, a
bosom ; kept in the bosom ; hidden.
Bos'om-y (-f), a. Characterized by recesses or shel-
-tared hollows.
Bo'son (bo's'n), re. See Boatswain. [Obs.] Bryden.
Bos-po'rl-an (bos-po'ri-<zn), a. [L. Bosporus, Gr.
Bdo-TTopos, lit., ox-ford, the ox's or heifer's ford, on ac-
count of lo's passage here as a heifer ; fr. ^oO; ox, heifer
-f- irdpo! ford.] Of or pertaining to the Thracian or the
Cimmerian Bosporus.
The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them tribute,
and exterminated the Taurians. Tooke
Bos'po-rus (bos'po-rus), re. [L.] A strait or narrow
sea between two seas, or a lake and a sea ; as, the Bos-
porus (formerly the Thracian Bosporus) or Strait of Con-
stantinople, between the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora ;
the Cimmerian Bosporus, between the Black Sea and Sea
of Azof. [Written also Bosphorus.]
Bos'quet (bos'ket), re. See Bosket.
Boss (bos ; 11.5), re. ; pi. Bosses (-gz). [OE. boce,
bose, boche, OF. boce, boche, basse, F. bosse, of G. origin ;
cf . OHG. bozo tuft, bunch, OHG. bozan, MHG. bozen, to
beat. See Beat, and cf. Botch a swelling.] 1. Any
protuberant part ; a round, swelling part or body ; a
knoblike process ; as, a boss 6i wood.
2. A protuberant ornament on any work, either of dif-
ferent material from that of the work or of the same, as
ale. senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, all ; eve, event, 6nd, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, 6bey, orb, odd ;
BOSS
169
BOTTLING
<i
npon a buckler or bridle ; a stud ; a knob ; the central
projection of a shield. See Umbilicus.
3. (Arch.) A projecting ornament placed at the inter-
sections of tlie ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat,
and in other situations.
4. [Cf. D. bus box, Dan. bosseS] A wooden vessel for
the mortar used in tiling or masonry, hung by a hook
from the laths, or from the rounds of a ladder. Crwilt.
5. (3Iech.) (a) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which
a wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to
another, (b) A swage or die used for shaping metals.
6. A head or reservoir of water. \_Obs.']
Boss (bSs), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bossed (bBst) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bossing.] [OE. bocen, fr. OF. bocier. See the
preceding word.] To ornament with bosses ; to stud.
Boss, n. [D. baas master.] A master workman or
superintendent ; a director or manager ; a political dic-
tator. ISlang, U. S.']
Boss, V. t. To hold mastery over ; to direct or super-
intend ; as, to boss the house. [Slang, U. 5.] Barilett.
Boss, V. i. To be master ; to act the boss. [Slang, U. 5.]
Boss'age (-£j), n. [F. bossage, fr. basse. See Boss a
stud.] 1. (Arch.) A stone in a building, left rough and
projecting, to be afterward carved into shape. Gwilt.
2. (Arch.) Rustic work, consisting of stones wliich
seem to advance beyond the level of the building, by rea-
son of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Gwilt.
Bossed (bSst), a. Embossed ; also, bossy.
Bos'set (bSs'sgt), n. [Cf. Boss a stud.] (Zool.) A ru-
dimental antler of a young male of the red deer.
Boss'lsm (bSs'Tz'm), n. The rule or practices of
bosses, esp. political bosses. [Slang, U. <S.]
Boss'y (-^), a. Ornamented with bosses ; studded.
His head reclining on his bossy shield. Pope.
Bos'sy (bSs'sy), n. [Cf. Bos.] A cow or calf ; —
familiarly so called. [U. S.'\ Barilett.
Bos'ton (bSs'tiSn ; 115), re. A game at cards, played
by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each ;
— said to be so called from Boston, Massachusetts, and
to have been invented by officers of the French army in
America during the Revolutionary war.
Bos-well'l-an (boz-w51'i-an), a. Relating to, or char-
acteristic of, Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson.
Bos'well-lsm (-Tz'm), n. The style of Boswell.
Bot (bSt), n. (Zool.) See Bots.
Bo-tan'io (bo-tSn'Tk), ) a. [Cf. F. botanique. See
Bo-tan'lc-al (-T-kal), ( Botany.] Of or pertaining
to botany ; relating to the study of plants ; as, a botan-
ical system, arrangement, textbook, expedition. — Bo-
tan'lc-al-ly, adv.
Botanic garden, a garden devoted to the culture of
plants collected for the purpose of illustrating the sci-
ence of botany. — Botanic physician, a physician whose
medicines consist chiefly of herbs and roots.
Bot'a-nlst (bSt'a-nist), n. [Cf. F. boianisie."] One
skilled in botany ; one versed in the knowledge of plants.
Bot'a-nlze (-niz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. BoTAKizED
(-nizd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Botanizing (-ni'zing).] [Cf. F.
botaniser.1 To seek after plants for botanical investiga^
tion ; to study plants.
Bot'a-nlze, v. t. To explore for botanical purposes.
Bot'a-ni'zer (-ni'zer), n. One who botanizes.
Bot'a-nol'o-ger (bot'a-nol'o-jer), re. A botanist. [Obs.'\
Bot'a-nol'0-gy (-jy), n. [Botany + -logy: cf. F.
boianologie.'] The science of botany. [Obs.~\ Bailey.
Bot'a-no-man'cy (b5t'a-no-m5n'sJ), re. [Botany +
■mancy: cf. F. botanomantie.'] An ancient species of
divination by means of plants, esp. sage and fig leaves.
Bot'a-ny (bSt'a-n^), re. ; pi. Botanies (-niz). [F.
botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. /SoTaviKO! botanic, fr. PoTavr)
herb, plant, fr. (Sotr/ceii/ to feed, graze.] 1. The science
which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of
their parts, their places of growth, their classification,
and the terms which are employed in their description
and denomination. See Plant.
2. A book which treats of the science of botany.
51^= Botany is divided into various departments ; as.
Structural Botany, which investigates the structure and
organic composition of plants ; Physiological Botany, the
study of their functions and life ; and Systematic Botany,
which has to do with their classification, description,
nomenclature, etc.
Bot'a-ny Bay' (ba'). A harbor on the east coast of
Australia, and an English convict settlement there; —
BO called from the number of new plants found on its
shore at its discovery by Cook in 1770.
Hence, any place to which desperadoes resort.
Botany Bay kino (Med.), an astringent, reddish sub-
stance consisting of the inspissated juice of several Aus-
tralian species of Eucalyptus. — Botany Bay resin (Med.),
a resin of reddish yellow color, resembling gamboge, the
product of different Australian species of Xanthorrhcea,
esp. the grass tree (X. hastilis).
Bo-tar'gO (bo-tar'go), re. [It. bottarga, bottariea ; or
Sp. botarga; a kind of large sausages, a sort of wide
breeches: cf. F. boutargue.'] A sort of cake or sausage,
made of the salted roes of the mullet, much used on the
coast of the Mediterranean as an incentive to drink.
Botob (bSch ; 224), re. ; pi. Botches (-5z). [Same as
Boss a stud. For senses 2 & 3 cf . D. boisen to beat, akin
to E. beat.l 1. A swelling on the skin ; a large ulcerous
affection ; a boil ; an eruptive disease. [Obs. or Dial.^
Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Milton.
2. A patch put on, or a part of a garment patched or
mended in a clumsy manner.
3. Work done in a bungling manner ; a clumsy per-
formance ; a piece of work, or a place in work, marred
in the doing, or not properly finished ; a bungle.
To leave no rubs nor botches in the work. STiak.
Botch, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Botched (biScht) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Botching.] [See Botch, n.] 1. To mark with,
or as with, botches.
Young Hylas, botched with stains. Garth.
Botfly of Horse (GastropJiilus equi). a Larva
or Bot ; b Adult female Botfly. Somewhat
enlarged.
2. To repair ; to mend ; esp. to patch in a clumsy or
imperfect manner, as a garment ; — sometimes with up.
Sick bodies ... to be kept and botc/ied up for a time.
Jiobr/mon (_More's Utopia).
3. To put together unsuitably or unskillf uUy ; to ex-
press or perform in a bungling maimer ; to spoil or mar,
as by unskillful work.
For treason botched in rhyme will be thy bane. Dryden.
Botch'ed-ly (b5ch'Sd-ly), adv. In a clumsy manner.
Botch'er (-er), re. 1. One who mends or patches, esp.
a tailor or cobbler. Shak.
2. A clumsy or careless workman ; a bungler.
3. (Zool.) A young salmon ; a grilse.
BotCh'er-ly, a. Bungling; awkward. [iJ.]
Botch^er-y (-y), re. A botching, or that which is done
by botching ; clumsy or careless workmanship.
Botch'y (-f), a. Marked with botches ; full of botches ;
poorly done. "This ftoicAj/ business." Bp. Watson.
Bote (bot), re. [Old form of boot ; — used in compo-
sition. See 1st Boot.] (Law) (a) Compensation ;
amends ; satisfaction ; expiation ; as, man bote, a com-
pensation for a man slain, (b) Payment of any kind.
Bouvier. (c) A privilege or allowance of necessaries.
(J^p°" This word is still used in composition as equiva-
lent to the French estovers, supplies, necessaries ; as,
house6o/e, a sufficiency of wood to repair a house, or for
fuel, sometimes called firebote ; so plow6o/e, ca,Ttbote,
wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry ;
haybote or heagebote, wood for hedges, fences, etc.
These were privileges enjoyed by tenants under the
feudal system. Burrill. Bouvier. Blackstone.
Bote'less, a. Unavailing ; in vain. See Bootless.
Bot'Ily' (bSt'fli'), n. (Zool.) A dipterous insect of
the family CEs-
tridse, of many
different spe-
cies, some of
which are par-
ticularly trou-
blesome to do-
mestic animals,
as the horse, ox,
and sheep, on
which they de-
posit their eggs.
A common spe-
cies is one of the
botflies of the
horse (Gastro-
philus equi),
the larvae of which (bots) are taken into the stomach of
the animal, where they live several months and pass
through their larval states. In tropical America one
species sometimes lives under the human skin, and an-
other in the stomach. See Gadfly.
Both (both), a. or pron. [OE. bothe, bape, fr. Icel.
baSir ; akin to Dan. baade, Sw. bada, Goth, bajops, OHG.
beide, bede, G. & D. beide, also AS. begen, ba, bit, Goth.
bai, and Gr. a.ij.<j>io, L. ambo, Lith. aba, OSlav. oba, Skr,
ubha. V310. Cf. Amb-.] The one and the other ; the
two ; the pair, without exception of either.
1^°° It is generally used adjectively with nouns ; as,
both horses ran away ; but with pronouns, and often vrith
nouns, it is used substantively, and followed by of.
It frequently stands as a pronoun.
She alone is heir to both of us. Shak.
Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abime-
lech ; and both of them made a covenant. Gen. xxi. 27.
He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear
the loss of hia estate ; but he will bear both, because he is pre-
pared for both. Bolingbroke.
It is often used in apposition with nouns or pronouns.
Thy weal and woe are both of them extremes. Sliak.
This said, they both betook them several ways. Milton.
Both now always precedes any other attributive words ;
as, both their armies ; both our eyes.
Both of is used before pronouns in the objective case ;
as, both of us, them, whom, etc. ; but before substantives
its use is colloquial, both (without of) being the preferred
form ; as, both the brothers.
Both, conj. As well ; not only ; equally.
Both precedes the first of two coordinate words or
phrases, and is followed by and before the other, both
. . . and . . . ; as well the one as the other ; not only this,
but also that ; equally the former and the latter. It is
also sometimes followed by more than two coordinate
words, coimected by and expressed or understood.
To judge both quick and dead. 3!iUon.
A masterpiece ?JoM for argument anf/ style. Goldsmith.
To whom bothe heven and erthe and see is sene. Chancer.
Both mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound. Goldsmith.
He prayeth well who loveth well
Both man and bird and beast. Coleridge.
Both'er (both'er), V. t. [imp. & p.p. Bothered (-erd) ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Bothering.] [Cf . Jr. buaidhirt trouble,
buaidhrim I vex.] To annoy ; to trouble ; to worry ; to
perplex. See Pother.
i^^ The imperative is sometimes used as an exclama-
tion mildly imprecatory.
Both'er, V. i. To feel care or anxiety; to make or
take trouble ; to be troublesome.
Without bothering about it. H. James.
Both'er, re. One who, or that which, bothers ; state
of perplexity or annoyance ; embarrassment ; worry ;
disturbance ; petty trouble ; as, to be in a bother.
Both'er-a'tion (both'er-a'shtin), re. The act of both-
ering, or state of being bothered ; cause of trouble ; per-
plexity; annoyance; vexation. [Colloq.']
Both'er-er (botli'er-er), re. One who bothers.
Both'er-some (-sum), a. Vexatious ; causing bother ;
causing trouble or perplexity ; troublesome.
Both'-hands' (both'hSndz'), re. A factotum, [i?.]
He is his master's bofh-haiir/s. I assure you. B.Jonson.
Both'le (biith'T), n. Same as Bothy. [Scot.'\
Both'nl-an (bSth'nT-an), ) a. Of or pertaining to
Both'nic (b5th'nTk), ) Bothnia, a country of
northern Europe, or to a gulf of the same name which
forms the northern part of the Baltic sea.
II Both-ren'chy-ma (b5th-rSn'ki-ma), n. [Gr. jSoflpoj
pit -|- eyxu^ia something poured in. Formed like paren-
chyma.] (Bot.) Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels form-
ing the pores seen in many kinds of wood.
Both'y (both'y), Booth'y (bobth'y), re. / pi. -ies (-Tz).
[Scottish. Cf. Booth.] A wooden hut or humble cot,
esp. a rude hut or barrack for unmarried farm servants ;
a shepherd's or hunter's hut ; a booth. [Scot.}
II Bo'tO-ou'dos (bo'to-koo'doz), re. pi. [Pg. hotoque
stopple. So called because they wear a wooden plug in
the pierced lower lip.] A Brazilian tribe of Indians,
noted for their use of poisons ; — also called Aymbores.
Bo' tree' (bo' tre'). (Bot.) The peepul tree ; esp.,
the very ancient tree standing at Anurajahpoora in Cey-
lon, grown from a slip of the 'tree under which Gautama
is said to have received the heavenly light and so to have
become Buddha.
The sacred ho tree of the Buddhists (Ficus religiosa'), which
is planted close to every temple, and attracts almost as much
veneration as the statue of the eod himself. ... It differs
from the banyan (.Ficus Indica) by sending down no roots
from its branches. Tennent.
Bot'ry-0-gen (bSt'rT-o-jSn), n. [Gr. Corpus cluster
of grapes -|- -gen.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of iron
of a deep red color. It often occurs in botryoidal form.
Bot'ry-Old (bSt'rt-oid), ) a. [Gr. /Sorpvs a cluster of
Bot'ry-Old'al (-oi'dal), ( grapes -)- -oid.] Having
the form of a bunch of grapes ; like a cluster of grapes,
as a mineral presenting an aggregation of small spherical
or spheroidal prominences.
Bot'ry-O-Ute (bot'rT-6-lit), re. [Gr. porpv^ cluster of
grapes -|- -lite.] (3fin.) A variety of datolite, usually
having a botryoidal structure.
Bot'ry-ose' (-os'), a. (Bot.) (a) Having the form of a
cluster of grapes, (b) Of the racemose or acropetal type
of inflorescence. Gray.
Bots (b3ts), re. pi. [Cf. Gael, botus belly ,worm, boi-
ieag maggot.] (Zool.) The larvae of several species of
botfly, especially those larvse which infest the stomach,
throat, or intestines of the horse, and are supposed to be
the cause of various ailments. [Written also 6oK«.] See
Bot-tine' (bot-'ten'), re. [F. See Boot (for the foot).]
1. A small boot ; a lady's boot.
2. An appliance resembling a small boot, furnished
with straps, buckles, etc., used to correct or prevent dis-
tortions in the lower extremities of children. Dunglison.
Bot'tle (bSt't'l), re. [OE bold, botelle, OF. botel, bou-
teille, F. bouieille, fr. LL. buticula, dim. of butis, butiis,
bulla, AdiSk. Cf. Butt a cask.] 1. A hollow vessel, usu-
ally of glass or earthenware (but formerly of leather),
with a narrow neck or mouth, for holding liquids.
2. The contents of a bottle ; as much as a bottle con-
tains ; as, to drink a bottle of wine.
3. Fig. : Intoxicating liquor ; as, to drown one's reason
in the bottle.
^W^ Bottle is much used adjectively, or as the first part
of a compoimd.
Bottle ale, bottled ale. [Obs.] Shak. —Bottle brush, a
cylindrical brush for cleansing the interior of bottles. —
Bottle fish (^ooZ.), a kind of deep-sea eel i^Saccopharynx
ampullaceus), remarkable for its baglike gullet, which
enables it to swallow fishes two or three times its own
size. — Bottle flower. (Bot.) Same as Bluebottle. — Bot-
tle glass, a coarse, green glass, used in the manufacture
of bottles. Vre. — Bottle gourd (Bot.), the common gourd
or calabash (Lagenaria Vvhiaris), whose .shell is used for
bottles, dippers, etc. —Bottle grass (Bot.), a nutritious
fodder grass (Setaria glanca and S. riridis) ; — called also
foTtailtani green foxtail.— 'Bottle tit (Zool.), the Euro-
pean long-tailed titmouse : — so called from the shape of
its nest. — Bottle tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Sterculia
rupestris), with a bottle-shaped, or greatly swollen, trunk.
— Feeding bottle, Nursing bottle, a bottle with a rubber
nipple (generally with an intervening tube), used in
feeding infants.
Bot'tle, V. ■ t. [imp. & p. p. Bottled (-t'ld) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Bottling (-tlTng).] To put into bottles ; to in-
close in, or as in, a bottle or bottles ; to keep or restrain
as in a laottle ; as, to bottle wine or porter ; to bottle up
one's wrath.
Bot'tle, re. [OE. bo/el, OF. botel, dim. of F. botte; cf.
OHG. boso bunch. See Boss stud.] A bundle, esp. of
hay. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Shak.
Bot'tlsd (-t'ld), a. 1. Put into bottles ; inclosed in
bottles; pent up in, or as in, a bottle.
2. Having the shape of a bottle ; protuberant. Shak.
Bot'tle green' (bot't'l gren'). A dark shade of
green, like that of bottle glass. — Bot'tle-green', a.
Bot'tle-head' (-hSd'), re. (Zool.) A cetacean allied to
the grampus ; — called also bottle-nosed whale.
Ifi^ There are several species so named, as the pilot
whales, of the genus Globicephaliis, and one or more spe-
cies of Hyperoodon (H. bidens, etc.), found on the Euro-
pean coast. See Blackfish, 1.
Bot'tle-hold'er (-hold'er), re. 1. One who attends a
pugilist in a prize fight ; — so called from the bottle of
water of which he has charge.
2. One who assists or supports another in a contest ;
an abettor ; a backer. [Colloq.]
Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottleholder of op-
pressed states. Tlie London Times.
Bot'tle-nose' (-noz'), re. (Zool.) 1. A cetacean of
the Dolphin family, of sever.il species, as Dclphinus
Tursio and Lngenorhynchus leucopleurus, of Europe.
2. The puffin.
Bot'tle-nosed' (-nozd'), a. Having the nose bottle-
shaped, or Large at the end. Dickens.
Bot'tler (bot'tler), re. One who bottles wine, beer,
soda water, etc.
Bot'tle-screw' (bSt't'l-skru'),n. A corkscrew. Strift.
Bot'tling (bBt'tlTng), n. The act or the process of
H
K
Cse, unite, rude, full, iip, tan; pity; food, fo'bt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tlien, thin; boN; zh = z in azure.
M
BOTTOM
170
BOUNDEN
putting anything into bottles (as beer, mineral water,
etc.) and corking the bottles.
Bot'tom (bot'tijm), n. [OE. boium, botme, AS. botm;
akin to OS. bodom, IX bodem, OHG. podam, G. boden,
Icel. botn, Sw. botten, Dan. bund (for budn), L. fundus
(for fudnus), Gr. Tni6iJ.i^v (for (|)u9n7Ji'), Slir. budhna (for
bhudhna), and Ir. 6oh» sole of the toot, W. bon stem,
base. V257. Cf. 4th Found, Fund, m.] 1. The lowest
part of anything ; the foot ; as, the bottom of a tree or
well ; the bottom of a hill, a lane, or a page.
Or dive into the bottom of the deep. Shak.
2. The part of anything wliich is beneath the contents
and supports them, as the part of a chair on which a per-
son sits, tlie circular base or lower head of a cask or tub,
«r the plank floor of a ship's hold ; the under surface.
Barrels with the bottoms knocked out. Macaulay.
No two chairs were alike ; such high backs and low backs
and leather bottoms and worsted bottoms. W, Irving.
3. That upon which anything rests or is fotmded, in
a literal or a figurative sense ; foundation ; groimdwork.
4. The bed of a body of water, as of a river, lake, sea.
5. The fundament ; the buttocks.
6. An abyss. \_Obs.'\ Dryden.
7. Low land formed by alluvial deposits along a river ;
low-lying ground ; a dale ; a valley. "The bottoms and
the high grounds." Stoddard.
8. (Naut.) The part of a ship which is ordinarily under
water ; hence, the vessel itself ; a ship.
My ventures are not in one bottom trusted. Shak.
Not to sell the teas, but to return them to London in the same
bottoms in which they were shipped. Bancroft.
Full bottom, a hull of such shape as. permits carrying a
large amount of merchandise.
9. Power of endurance ; as, a horse of good bottom.
10. Dregs or grounds ; lees ; sediment. Johnson.
At bottom, At the bottom, at tho foundation or basis ; in
reality. "He was at the bottom a good man." /. F.
Cooper. — To be at the bottom of, to be the cause or origi-
nator of ; to be the source of. [Usually in an opprobrious
sense.] J. H. Newman.
He was at the bottom o/many excellent counsels. Addison.
— To go to the bottom, to sink ; esp. to be wrecked. — To
touch bottom, to reach the lowest point ; to find something
on which to rest.
Bot'tom, a. Of or pertaining to the bottom ; funda-
mental ; lowest ; under ; as, boiiom rock ; the bottom
board of a wagon box ; bottom prices.
Bottom glade, a low glade or open place; a vaUey; a
dale. Milton. — Bottom grass, grass growing on bottom
lands. —Bottom land. See 1st Bottom, ;;., 7.
Bot'tom, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottomed (-tumd) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. BoTTOMiNO.] 1. To found or build upon ;
to fix upon as a support ; — followed by on or vpon.
Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle. Atterbury.
Those false and deceiving grounds upon which many bottom
their eternal state. South.
2. To furnish with a bottom ; as, to bottom a chair.
3. To reach or get to the bottom of. Smiles.
Bot'tom, V. i. 1. To rest, as upon an ultimate support ;
to be based or grounded ; — usually with ore or vpon.
rind on what foundation any proposition bottoms. Locke.
2. To reach or impinge against the bottom, so as to
impede free action, as when the point of a cog strikes the
bottom of a space between two other cogs, or a piston
the end of a cylinder.
Bot'tom, n. [OE. botme, perh. corrupt, for button. See
Buxton.] A ball or skein of thread ; a cocoon. [06i.]
Silkworms finish their bottoms in . . . fifteen days. Mortimer,
Bot'tom, V. t. To wind round something, as in making
a ball of thread. lObs.1
As you unwind her love from him.
Lest it should ravel and be good to none.
You must provide to bottom it on me. Shak.
Bot'tomed (bSt'ttimd), a. Having at the bottom, or as
a bottom; resting upon a bottom; grounded; — mostly
in composition ; as, sUarp-bottomed ; well-bottomedt
Bot'tom-less, a. Without a bottom ; hence, fathom-
less ; baseless ; as, a bottomless abyss. " Bottomless
speculations." Burke.
Bot'tom-ry (-ry), re. [From 1st Bottom in sense 8 :
cf. D. bodemerij. Cf. Bummery.] (Mar. Lavi) A con-
tract in the nature of a mortgage, by which the owner of
a ship, or the master as his agent, hypothecates and binds
the ship (and sometimes the accruing freight) as security
for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use
of the ship, if she terminates her voyage successfully.
If the ship is lost by perils of the sea, the lender loses
the money ; but if the ship arrives safe, he is to receive
the money lent, with the interest or premium stipulated,
although it may, and usually does, exceed the legal rate
of interest. See Hypothecation. .
Bot'ton-y (-tQn-y), 1 a. [F. boutonni,
Bot'to-nl (-to-na), ) fr. boutonner
to bud, button.] (Her.') Having a bud
©r button, or a kind of trefoil, at the
end ; furnished with knobs or buttons.
Cross bottony (Her.), a cross havini
each arm terminating m three rounde*
lobes, forming a sort of trefoil.
Botts (bots), n. pi. {Zo'ol.) See
BOTS.
Cross Bottony.
Bot'U-li-torm' (bSt'iS-lT-fSrm' or b$-tu'li-fSrm), a.
[L. botulus sausage -{• -form.2 {Bat.) Having the shape
of a sausage. Henslow.
II Bouche (boosh), n. [F.] Same as Bush, a lining.
Bouche, V. t. Same as Bush, to line.
II Bouche 1 (boosh), n. [F. bovche mouth, victuals.]
Bouoh ) 1. A mouth. [Oft*.]
2. An allowance of .meat and drink for the tables of
inferior officers or servants in a nobleman's palace or at
court. [Obs-I
II Bou'ch^es' (boo'sha'), n. pi. [F., morsels, mouth-
fuls, fr. ftoKcAe mouth.] (Cookery) Small patties.
Bond (bond or bood), n. A weevil ; a worm that breeds
in malt, biscuit, etc. [Ofo.] Tusser.
II Bou'dolr' (boo'dw8r'), re. [F., fr. bonder to pout, be
sulky.] A small room, esp. if pleasant, or elegantly
furnished, to which a lady may retire to be alone, or to
receive intimate friends ; a lady's (or sometimes a gen-
tleman's) private room. Cowper.
W BoufiEe (bobf), n. [F., buffoon.] Comic opera. See
Opeka boufpe.
II Bon'gain-vU-Ise'a (boo'gTn-vtl-le'a), n. [Named
from Bougainville, the French navigator.] (Bat.) A
genus of plants of the order Nyctoginacese, from tropical
South America, having the flowers surrounded by large
bracts.
Bouge (booj), V. i. [imp. &p. p. Bouged (boojd).]
[Variant of bulge. Cf. Bowge.] I. To swell out. [06^.]
2. To bilge. [Ofo.] " Their ship Sow jerf." Hakluyt.
Bouge, V. i. To stave in ; to bilge. [Ois.] Holland.
Bouge, re. [F. bouche mouth, victuals.] Bouche (see
Bouche, 2) ; food and drink ; provisions. [06s.]
[Theyl made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a
country lady or two, that fainted . . . with fasting. B. Jortson,
Bou'get (boo'jSt), re. [Cf. F. bougette sack, bag. Cf.
Budget.] (Her.) A charge representing a leather ves-
sel for carrying water ; — also called water bouget.
Bough (bou), n. [OE. bogh, AS. bog, boh, bough,
shoulder ; akin to Icel. bSgr shoulder, bow of a ship, Svv.
bog, Dan. bov, OHG. buog, G. bug,_ and to Gr. Trijxus (for
•iifixv;) forearm, Skr. bahu (for bhaghu) arm. V88, 261.
Cf. Bow of a ship.^ 1. An arm or branch of a tree, esp.
a large arm or mam branch.
2. A gallows. [Archaic'] Spenser.
Bought (bout), re. [Cf. Dan. bugl bend, turning,
Icel. bugSa. Cf. Bight, Bout, and see Bow to bend.]
1. A flexure ; a bend ; a twist ; a turn ; a coil, as in a
rope ; as, the boughts of a serpent. [06j.] Spender.
The boughts of the fore legs. Sir T. Browne.
2. The part of a sling that contains the stone. [06i.]
Bought (bat), imp. &p. p. of Bur.
Bought, i:*! a. Purchased ; bribed.
Bought'en (baf'n), a. Purchased; not obtained or
produced at home. Coleridge.
Bought'y (bout'3^), o. Bending. [06«.] Sherwood.
II Bou-gie' (boo-zhe'), n. [F. bougie wax candle, bou-
gie, fr. Bougie, Bugia, a town of North Africa, from
which these candles were first imported into Europe.]
1. (Surg.) A long, flexible instrument, that is intro-
duced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., to remove ob-
structions, or for other. purposes. It was originally made
of waxed Unen rolled into cylindrical form.
2. (Pharm.) A long slender rod consisting of gelatin
or some other substance that melts at the temperature
of the body. It is impregnated with medicine, and de-
signed for introduction into the urethra, etc.
II Bou'llli' (boo'ye' or bool'ye'), n. [F., fr. bouillir to
boil.] (Cookery) Boiled or stewed meat ; beef boiled
with vegetables in water from which its gravy is to be
made ; beef from which bouillon or soup has been made.
II Bou'lllon' (bob'ySN' or bool'ySN'), re. [F., fr. bov^
illir to boU.] 1. A nutritious liquid food made by boil-
ing beef, or other meat, in water ; a clear soup cr broth.
2. (Far.) An excrescence on a horse's frush or frog.
Bouk (book), n. [AS. bUc belly ; akin to G. bauch,
Icel. bUkr body.] 1. The body. [06s.] Chaucer,
2. Bulk; volume. [Scot.l
Boul (bool), n. A curved handle. Sir W. Scott.
Bou-lan'ger-lte (boo-lan'jer-Tt), n. [From Boulanger,
a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of a bluish
gray color and metallic luster, usually in plumose masses,
also compact. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead. .
Boul'der (bol'der), re. Same as Bowlder.
Boul'der-y (-3?), a. Characterized by bowlders.
Boule (bool), Boule'work' (-wflrk'), re. Same as
Buhl, Buhlwork.
II Boule-vard' (boole-var' or bob'le-vard'), n. [F.
boulevard, boulevart, fr. G. bollwerk. See Bulwark.]
1. Originally, a bulwark or rampart of a fortification
or fortified town.
2. A public walk or street occupying the site of de-
molished fortifications. Hence : A broad avenue in or
around a city.
II Boule'verse'ment' (beol'vSrs'maN'), re. [F., fr.
bouleverser to overthrow.] Complete overthrow ; dis-
order ; a turning upside down.
Boult (bolt), n. Corrupted from Bolt.
Boul'tel (bol'tSl), Boul'tin (bol'ttn), n. (Arch.) (a)
A molding, the convexity of which is one fourth of a cir-
cle, being a member just below the abacus In the Tus-
can and Roman Doric capital ; a torus ; an ovolo. (6) One
of the shafts of a clustered column. [Written also bow-
iel, boltel, boullell, etc.]
Boul'ter (bol'ter), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A long,
stout fishing line to which many hooks are attached.
Boun (boun), a. [See Bound ready.] Ready; pre-
pared; destined; tending. [Obs.'] Chaucer.
Boun, V. t. To make or get ready. Sir W. Scott.
Bounce (bouns), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bounced
(bounst) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Bouncing (boun'sing).] [OE.
bunsen ; cf. D. bonzen to strike, bounce, 6ores blow, LG.
bunsen to knock ; all prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To
strike or thump, so as to rebound, or to make a sudden
noise ; to knock loudly.
Another bounces as hard as he can knock. Swift.
Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart. Dryden.
2. To leap or spring suddenly or unceremoniously ; to
bound ; as, she bounced into the room.
Out bounced the mastiff. Swift.
Bounced off his arm-chair. Thackeray.
3. To boast; to talk big; to bluster. [06s.]
Bounce, v. t. 1. To drive against anything suddenly
and violently ; to bump ; to thump. Swift.
2. To cause to bound or rebound ; sometimes, to toss.
3. To eject violently, as from a room ; to discharge
unceremoniously, as from employment. [Colloq. U. S.]
4. To biUly ; to scold. [Colloq.'] J. Fletcher.
Bounce (bouns), n. 1. A sudden leap or bound ; a
rebound.
2. A heavy, sudden, and often noisy, blow or thump.
The bounce burst open the door. Dryden.
3. An explosion, or the noise of one. [06s.]
4. Bluster ; brag ; untruthful boasting ; audacious ex-
aggeration ; an impudent lie ; a bouncer.
Johnson. De Quincey.
5. (Zo'ol.) A dogfish of Europe (Scyllium caiulus).
Bounce, adv. With a sudden leap ; suddenly.
This impudent puppy comes bounce in upon me. Bickerstaff.
Boun'cer (boun'ser), n. 1. One whe bounces ; a
large, heavy person who makes much noise in moving.
2. A boaster ; a bully. [Colloq.'] Johnson.
3. A bold lie ; also, a liar. [Colloq.] MarryaU
4. Something big ; a good stout example of the kind.
The stone must be a bouncer. De Quincey.
Boun'cing (boun'sing), a. 1. Stout ; plump and
healthy ; lusty ; buxom.
Many tall and bouncing young ladies. Thackeray.
2. Excessive; big. " A 6o!«jem5r reckoning." B. & Ft.
Bouncing Bet (Bot.), the common soapwort (Ssponaria
officinalis). Harper''s Mag.
Boun'cing-ly, adv. With a bounce.
Bound (bound), n. [OE. bounde, bunne, OF. bonne,
bonde, bodne, F. borne, fr. LL. bodina, bodena, bonna ;
prob. of Celtic origin ; cf. Arm. bonn boundary, limit,
and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of trees, by which a
boundary or limit could be marked. Cf. Bourne.] The
external or limiting line, either real or imaginary, of
any object or space ; that which limits or restrains, or
within which something is limited or restrained ; limit ;
confine ; extent ; boundary.
He hath compassed the waters with bounds. Job xxvi. 10.
On earth's remotest bounds. Campbell
And mete the bounds of hate and love. Ttnnyson.
To keep within bounds, not to exceed or pass beyond
assigned limits ; to act with propriety or discretion.
Syn. — See Boundary.
Bound, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bounded : p. pr. & vb. n.
Bounding.] 1. To limit ; to terminate ; to fix the fur-
thest point of extension of ; — said of natural or of moral
objects ; to lie along, or form, a boundary of ; to inclose ;
to circumscribe ; to restrain ; to confine.
Where full measure only bounds excess. Milton.
Phlegethon . , .
Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds. Dryden,
2. To name the boundaries of ; as, to bound France.
Bound, V. i. [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir, bnndir,
to leap, resound, fr. L. bombitare to buzz, hum, fr. 6om.
bus a humming, buzzing. See Bomb.] 1. To move with
a sudden spring or leap, or with a succession of springs
or leaps ; as, the beast bounded from his den ; the herd
bounded across the plain.
Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds. Pope,
And the waves fiouud beneath me as a steed
That knows his rider. Byron.
2. To rebouna, as an elastic ball.
Bound, V. t. 1. To make to bound or leap ; as, to
bound a horse. [B.] Shak,
2. To cause to rebound ; to throw so that it will re-
bound ; as, to bound a ball on the floor. [Colloq.]
Bound, 71. 1. A leap ; an elastic spring ; a jump.
A bound of graceful hardihood. Wordsworth.
2. A rebound ; as, the bound of a ball. Johnson.
3. (Dancing) A spring from one foot to the other.
Bound, imp. &p.p, of Bind.
Bound, p. p, & a. 1. Restrained by d band, rope,
chain, fetters, or the like.
2. Inclosed in a binding or cover ; as, a iound volume.
3. Under legal or moral restraint or oWigation.
4. Constrained or compelled ; destined ; certain ; —
followed by the infinitive ; as, he is bound to succeed ;
he is bound to fail.
5. Resolved ; as, I am bound to <Jo^it. [Colloq. U. S.]
6. Constipated; costive.
([I^°* Used also in composition ; as. Icebound, wind-
bound, hidebound, etc.
Bound bailiff (Bng. Laiv), a sheriff's officer who serves
writs, makes arrests, etc. The sheriff being answerable
for the bailiff's misdemeanors, the bailiff is usually under
bond for the faithful discharge of his trust. —Bound up
in, entirely devoted to ; inseparable from.
Bound, a. [Past p. of OE. bounen to prepare, fr. boun
ready, prepared, fr. Icel. bUinn, p. p. of bua to dwell,
prepare ; akin to E. boor and bower. See Bond, a., and
cf. Busk, v.] Ready or intending to go; on the way
toward ; going ; — with to or for, or with an adverb of
motion ; as, a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. " The
mariner bound homeward. " Cowper.
Bound'a-ry (bound'a-rj^), n. ; pi. Boundaries (-rlz).
[From Bound a limit ; cf. LL. bonnarium piece of land
with fixed limits.] That which indicates or fixes a limit
or extent, or marks a bound, as of a territory ; a bound-
ing or separating line ; a real or Imaginary limit.
But still his native country lies
Beyond the boundaries of the skies. IT. Cotton.
That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of Louth and
Meath. Macaulay,
Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our thoughts.
L«cke.
Syn.— Limit ; bound ; border ; term ; termination ; bar-
rier ; verge ; confines ; precinct. Bound, Boundary.
Boundary, in its original and strictest sense, is a visible
object or mark indicating a limit. Bound is the limit it-
self. But in ordinary usage the two words are made in-
terchangeable.
Bound'en (bound''n), p. p. & a. [Old p. p. of bind."]
1. Bound ; fastened by bonds. [Obs.]
ale, senate, c&re, am, arm, ask, final, g,ll; eve. event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, 6l3ey, orb, odd;
BOUNDER
171
BOWER
2. Under obligation ; bound by some favor rendered ;
obliged; beholden.
This holy word, that teacheth us truly our bounden duty to-
ward our Lord God in every point. Rlaley.
3. Made obligatory ; imposed as a duty ; binding.
I am much bounden to your majesty. Shak.
Bonnd'er (bound'er), n. One who, or that which, lim-
its ; a boundary. Sir T. Herbert.
Bound'lng, a. Moving with a bound or bounds.
The bounding pulse, the languid limb. Montgomery.
Boundless, a. Without bounds or confines ; illimit-
able; vast; unl-mited. "The ftOMwdiess sky." Bryant.
"The boundless ocean." Dryden. " J?o«Md/eis rapac-
ity." " .fio«»jdto5 prospect of gain." Macaulay.
Syn. — Unlimited ; unconfined ; immeasurable ; illim-
itable ; infinite.
— Bound'less-ly, adv. — Boundless-ness, n.
Boun'te-ous (boun'te-us), a. [OE. bountevous, fr.
bounte boanty.] Liberal in charity; disposed to give
freely ; generously Uberal ; munificent ; beneficent ; free
in bestowing gifts ; as, bounteous production.
But O, thou bounteous Giver of all good. Cowper.
— Boun'te-ous-ly, adv. — Boun'te-ous-ness, n.
Boun'tl-ful (boun'tl-ful), a. 1. Free in giving ; lib-
eral in bestowing gifts and favors.
God, the bountiful Author of our being. Locke.
2. Plentiful ; abundant ; as, a bountiful supply of food.
Syn. — Liberal; munificent; generous; bounteous.
— Boun'tl-ful-ly, adv. — Boun'tl-ful-ness, n.
Boon'tl-head (-hSd), ) n. Goodness ; generosity.
Boun'ty-hood (-he6d), 1 \_Obs.'] Spenser.
Boun'ty, n. ; pi. Bounties (-tiz). [OE. bou7ite good-
ness, kindness, F. bonte, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good,
for older duonus ; cf . Skr. duvas honor, respect.] 1. Good-
ness ; kindness ; virtue ; worth. [06i.]
Nature set in her at once beauty with bounty. Oower.
2. Liberality in bestowing gifts or favors ; gracious or
liberal giving ; generosity ; mtmificence.
My bounty is as boundless as the sea. Shak.
3. That which is given generously or liberally. " Thy
moTning bounties." Cowper.
4. A premium offered or given to induce men to enlist
into the public service ; or to encourage any branch of
industry, as husbandry or manufactures.
Bounty Jumper, one who, during the latter part of the
Civil War, enlisted in the United States service, and de-
serted as soon as possible after receiving the bounty.
[Colloq.] — Qaeen Anne's bounty (Eng. Hist.), a provision
made m Queen Anne's reign for augmenting poor clerical
livings.
Syn. — Munificence; generosity; beneficence.
Bou-quet' (boo-ka'; 277), n. [F. bouquet bunch,
bunch of flowers, trees, feathers, for bousguet, bosquet,
thicket, a little wood, dim. of LL. hoscus. See Bush
thicket, and cf. Bosket, Busket.] 1. A nosegay ; a bunch
of flowers.
2. A perfume ; an aroma ; as, the bouqiiet of wine.
II Bou'qne-tln' (boo'ke-tSN' or boo'ke-tin), n. [F.]
iZodl.) The ibex.
Bonr (hour), n. [See Boweb a chamber.] A chamber
or a cottage. [06jf.] Chaucer.
Bouillon (boor'bun), n. [From the castle and seign-
iory of Bourbon in central France.] 1. A member of
a famUy which has occupied several European thrones,
and whose descendants still claim the throne of France.
2. A politician who is behind the age ; a ruler or poli-
tician who neither forgets nor learns anything ; an obsti-
tiate conservative.
BoUT'bon-lsm (-Tz'm), n. The principles of those ad-
hering to the house of Bourbon ; obstinate conservatism.
Bour'bOH-lst, n. One who adheres to the house of
Bourbon ; a legitimist.
Bour'bon wbls'ky. See under Whiskt.
Bourd (boord), n. [F. bourde fib, lie, OF. borde, bourde,
jest, joke.] A jest. [Ofo.] Chaucer.
Bourd (boord), v. i. To jest. [Ofe.] Chaucer.
Bourd'er (-er), n. A jester. [06s.]
Bour'don (boor'dSn), n. [F., fr. L. burdo mule, esp.
one used for carrying litters. Cf. Sp. muleta a young
she mule ; also, crutch, prop.] A pilgrim's staff.
II Bour'don' (boor'ddN'), «. [F. See Bcbden a re-
frain.] (Jftts.) (a) A drone bass, as in a bagpipe, or a
hurdy-gvirdy. See Btjbden (of a song). (6) A kind of
organ stop.
Bour-geols' (biir-jois'), n. [From a French type
founder named Bourgeois, or fr. F. bourgeois of the
middle class ; hence applied to an intermediate size of
type between brevier and long primer : cf . G. bourgeois,
borgis. Cf. Bukoess.] (Print.) A size of type between,
long primer and brevier. See Type.
(I^^ This line is printed in bourgeois type.
II Bour-geols' (bijor-zhwa'), re. [F., fr. bourg town;
of German origin. See Bueoess.] A man of middle
rank in society ; one of the shopkeeping class. [France']
— a. Characteristic of the middle class, as in France.
Jl Bour-geoi-sle'(boor-zhwa-ze'), n. [F.] The French
middle class, particularly such as are concerned in, or
dependent on, trade.
Boui'geon (bfir'jun), v. i. [OE. burjoun a bud, bur-
jounen to bud, F. bourgeon a bud, bourgeonner to bud ;
cf. OHG. burjan to raise.] To sprout ; to put forth
buds ; to shoot forth, as a branch.
Gayly to bourgeon and broadly to grow. Sir W. Scott.
II Bou'ri (boyre), re. [Native name.] (.^ooZ.) A mul-
let (Mugil capita) found in the rivers of Southern Europe
and in Africa.
Bourn t (bom), n. [OE. burne, borne, AS. burna ;
Bourne ( akin to OS. brunno spring, G. born,
hrunnen, OHG. pnMno, Goth, brunna, Icel. brunnr.
and perh. to Gr. i^pe'ap. The root is prob. that of burn,
v., because the source of a stream seems to issue forth
bubbling and boiling from the earth. Cf. Toebent, and
see Bukn, v.] A stream or rivulet ; a burn.
My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn. Spenser.
Bourn 1 (born or boom ; 277), n. [F. borne. See
Bourne I Bound a limit.] A bound; a boundary;
a limit. Hence : Point aimed at ; goal.
Where the land slopes to its watery bourn. Cowper.
The undiscovered country, from whose bourn
No traveler returns. Sltak.
Sole bourn, sole wish, sole object of my song. Wordsworth.
To make the doctrine . . their intellectual bourne. Tyndall.
Boum'less, a. _Without a bourn or limit.
Bour'non-ite (boor'non-it), n. [Named after Count
Bournon, a mineralogist.] {Min.) A mineral of a steel-
gray to black color and metallic luster, occurring crys-
tallized, often in twin crystals shaped like cogwheels
(wheel ore), also massive. It is a sulphide of antimony,
lead, and copper.
Bour-nous' (b56r-noos'), n. See Buenoose.
II Bour-r6e' (boor-rS'), n. [F.] {Mus.) An old French
dance tune in common ti)ue.
II Bourse (boors), re. [F. bourse purse, exchange, LL.
bursa, fr. Gr. jSuptra skin, hide, of which a purse was
usually made. Cf. Puese, Bokse.] An exchange, or
place where merchants, bankers, etc., meet for business
at certain hours ; esp., the Stock Exchange of Paris.
Bouse (bobz), V. i. To drink immoderately; to ca-
rouse ; to booze. See BoozE.
Bouse, n. Drink, esp. alcoholic drink ; also, a ca-
rouse; a booze. " A good Jouifi of Uquor." Carlyle.
Bous'er (booz'er), re. A toper ; a boozer.
II Bou'Stro-phe'dOn (bou'stro-fe'd5n), n. [Gr. jSou-
(TTpo<f>riS6v turning like oxen in plowing ; (Sous ox -}-
<npe(j)ei.v to turn.] An ancient mode of writing, in alter-
nate directions, one line from left to right, and the next
from right to left (as fields are plowed), as in early Greek
and Hittite.
Bou-stroph'e-don'ic (-strSfe-dBnlk), a. Relating to
the boustrophedon mode of writing.
Bou-Stroph'ic (-strof'ik), a. [Gr. /ioutrrpdc^os ox-
guiding.] Boustrophedonic.
Boos'y ihob'zf), a. Drunken ; sotted ; boozy.
In his cups the bousy poet sings. Dryden.
Bout (bout), re. [A different spelling and application
of bought bend.] 1. As much of an action as is per-
formed at one time ; a going and returning, as of work-
men in reaping, movring, etc. ; a turn ; a round.
In notes with many a winding bout
Of linked sweetness long drawn out. Milton.
The prince . . . has taken me in his train, so that I am in no
damger of starving for this bout. Goldstnitli.
2. A conflict ; contest ; attempt ; trial ; a set-to at any-
thing ; as, a fencing bout; a drinking bout.
The gentleman will, for his honor's sake, have one bout with
you ; he can not by the duello avoid it. Shak.
Bou-tade' (bob-tad'), re. [F., fr. bouter to thrust.
See Butt.] An outbreak ; a caprice; a whim. [06s.]
Boute'feu (boot'ffi), n. [F. ; bouter to thrust, put -f-
Jeu fire.] An incendiary ; an inciter of quarrels. \_Obs.']
Animated by . . . John a Chamber, a very boute/eu, . . . they
entered Into open rebellion. Bacon.
II Bou'ton'nlfere' (boo'ton'nySr'), n. [F., buttonhole.]
A bouquet worn in a buttonhole.
II BoutS'-rl-m6s' (boo/re-ma'), re. pi. [F. bout end -f-
rime rhymed.] Words that rhyme, proposed as the ends
of verses, to be filled out by the ingenuity of the person
to whom they are offered.
Bo'vate (bo'vat), re. [LL. bovata, fr. bos, bovis, ox.]
(0. Eng. Law) An oxgang, or as much land as an ox
can plow in a year ; an ancient measure of land, of indef-
inite quantity, but usually estimated at fifteen acres.
Bo'vey coal' (byvy T^ol'). (Min.) A kind of min-
eral coal, or brown lignite, burning vrith a weak flame,
and generally a disagreeable odor ; — found at Bovey Tra-
cey, Devonshire, England. It is of the geological age of
the oolite, and not of the true coal era.
Bo'vid (bo'vTd), a. [L. bos, bovis, ox, cow.] (Zool.)
Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals of which
the genus Bos is the type.
Bo'vi-form (bo'vi-fSrm), a. [L. bos, bovis, ox -f-
-form.'] Resembling an ox in form ; ox-shaped. [iJ.]
Bo'vlne (bo'vin), a. [LL. bovinus, fr. L. bos, bovis,
ox, cow: cf. F. bovine. See Cow.] 1. (Zool.) Of or
pertaining to the genus Bos; relating to, or resembling,
the ox or cow ; oxlike ; as, the bovine genus ; a bovine
antelope.
2. Having qualities characteristic of oxen or cows ;
sluggish and patient ; dull ; as, a bovine temperament.
The bovine gaze of gaping rustics. W. Black.
Bow (bou), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bowed (boud) ; jo. pr.
& vb. re. Bowing.] [OE. bowen, bogen, bugen, AS. bugan
(generally v. i.); akin to D. buigen, OHG. biogan, G.
biegen, beugen, Icel. boginn bent, beygja to bend, Sw.
bdja, Dan. b'die, bugne, Goth, biugan; also to L. fugere
to flee, Gr. <^euyeii/, and Skr. bhuj to bend. y88. Cf .
Fugitive.] 1. To cause to deviate from straightness ;
to bend : to inflect ; to make crooked or curved.
We bow things the contrary way, to make them come to their
natural straightness. Milton.
The whole nation bowed their necks to the worst kind of tyr-
anny. Prescott.
2. To exercise powerful or controlling influence over ;
to bend, figuratively ; to turn ; to incline.
Adversities do more boiv men's minds to religion. Bacon.
Not to bow and bias their opinions. Puller.
3. To bend or incline, as the head or body, in token of
respect, gratitude, assent, liomage, or condescension.
They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground
before him, 2 Kings ii. 15,
4. To cause to bend down ; to prostrate ; to depress ;
to crush ; to subdue.
Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave. ShaJc.
5. To express by bowing ; as, to bow one's thanks.
Bow (bou), V. i. 1. To bend ; to curve. [06s.]
2. To stoop. [Archaic]
They stoop, they bow down together, 7s, sivi. 2^
3. To bend the head, knee, or body, in token of rever-
ence or submission ; — often with down.
O come, let us worship and bow down : let us kneel before
the Lord our maker. Ps. xcv. 6o
4. To incline the head in token of salutation, civility,
or assent ; to make a bow.
Admired, adored by all the circling crowd.
For wheresoe'er she turned lier face, they bowed. Dryden.
Bow (bou), re. An inclination of the head, or a bending
of the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or
submission ; an obeisance ; as, a 6o«' of deep humility.
Bow (bo), n. [OE. bowe, boge, AS, boga, fr. AS. bU-
gan to bend ; akin to D. 6005', G. bogen, Icel. bogi. See
Bow, V. t.] 1. Anything bent, or in the form of a curve,
as the rainbow.
I do set my bow in the cloud. Gen. ix. 13.
2. A weapon made of a strip of wood, or other elastic
material, with a cord connecting the two ends, by means
of which an arrow is propelled.
3. An ornamental knot, with projecting loops, formed
by doubling a ribbon or string.
4. The U-shaped piece which embraces the neck of an
ox and fastens it to the yoke.
5. (Mus.) An appUance consisting of an elastic rod,
with a number of horse hairs stretched from end to end
of it, used in playing on a stringed instrument.
6. An arcograph.
7. (Mech. & Manuf.) Any instrument consisting of an
elastic rod, with ends connected by a string, employed
for giving reciprocating motion to a drill, or for prepar-
ing and arranging the hair, fur, etc. , used by hatters.
8. (Naut.) A rude sort of quadrant formerly used for
taking the sun's altitude at sea.
9. (Saddlery) sing, or pi. Two pieces of wood which
form the arched forward part of a saddletree.
Bow bearer (0. Eng. Law), an under officer of the forest
who looked after trespassers. — Bow drill, a drill worked by
a bow and string. — Bow instrument (Mus.), any stringed
instrument from which the tones are produeed by the
bow. — Bow window {Arch.) See Bay window. — To
draw a long bow, to lie ; to exaggerate. [Colloq.^
Bow (bo), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowed (bod) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Bowing.] To play (music) with a bow. — v. i. To
manage the bow.
Bow (bou), n. [Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship,
See Bough.] 1. (Naui.) The bending or rounded part of
a ship forward ; the stem or prow.
2. (Naut.) One who rows in the forward part of a
boat ; the bow oar.
Bow chaser (Naut.), a gun in the bow for firing while
chasing another vessel. Totten. — Bow piece, a piece ol
ordnance carried at the bow of a ship, — On the bow
(Naut.), on that part of the horizon witliin 45° on either
side of the line ahead. Totten.
Bow'a-ble (bou'a-b'l), a. Capable of being bowed 01
bent ; flexible ; easily influenced ; yielding. I06s,]
Bow'bell' (bo'bSl'), re. One bom within hearing dis-
tance of Bow-bells ; a cockney. Salliwell.
Bow'-bells' (bo'belz'), n.pl. The bells of Bow Church
in London ; cockneydom.
People born within the sound of Bow-bells are usually called
cockneys. Murray^ s Handbook of London.
Bow'bent' (bo'benf), a. Bent, like a bow. Milton.
Bow'-com'pass (b5'kum'pas), re. ; pi. Bow-coMPASsii
(-ez). 1. An arcograph.
2. A small pair of
compasses, one leg of
which carries a pencil, „„, „ „ „ „ „
J, 1 • Bow-compass, or Bow-pen.
or a pen, for drawmg ^ ' "
circles. Its legs are often connected by a bow-shaped
spring, instead of by a joint.
3. A pair of compasses, with a bow or arched plate
riveted to one of the legs, and passing through the other.
Bow'el (bou'Sl), re. [OE. bouel, bouele, OF. boel,
boele, F. boyau, fr. L. botellus a small sausage, in LL.
also intestine, dim. of L. 60/ufcs sausage.] 1. One of the
intestines of an animal ; an entrail, especially of man ; a
gut ; — generally used in the plural.
He burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.
Acts i. 18.
2. pi. Hence, figuratively: The interior part of any-
thing; as, the bowels of the earth.
His soldiers . . . cried out amain,
And rushed into the bowels of the battle. Shak,
3. pi. The seat of pity or kindness. Hence : Tender-
ness ; compassion. "Thou thing of no ioweZs." Shak,
Bloody Bonner, that corpulent tyrant, full (as one said) of
guts, and empty of bowels. Fuller,
4. pi. Offspring. [06s.] Shak.
Bow'el, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BowELED or Bowelled
(-Sid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boweling or Bowelling.] To
take out the bowels of ; to eviscerate ; to disembowel.
Bow'eled (-Sid), a. [Written also bowelled.] Having
bowels; hollow. " The 60 Jce/eii cavern. " Thojnson.
Bow'el-less, a. Without pity. Sir T. Broivne.
Bow'en-ite (bo'5n-it), re. [From 6, T. Bowen, who
analyzed it in 1822.] (Min.) A hard, compact variety o£
serpentine found in Rhode Island. It is of a light green
color and resembles jade.
Bow'er (bou'er), re. [From Bow, v. & re.] 1. One
who bows or bends.
2. (Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a ship.
3. A muscle that bends a limb, esp. the arm. [06s.]
His rawbone arms, whose mighty brawned bowers
Were wont to rive steel plates and helniota lu-w. Spenser,
Beat bower. Small bower. See the Note uudei Anchsb.
H
K
fise, unite, njde, fijOl, fip, Om ; pity ; food, fo'bt ; out. oil ; chair j go ; sing, iok j tlien, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
BOWER
172
BOXBERRY
Bow'er (bou'er), n. [G. bauer a peasant. So called
from the figure sometimes used for the knave in cards.
See Boor.] One of the two highest cards in the pack
commonly used in the game of euchre.
Eight bower, the knave of the trump suit, the highest
card (except the " Joker ") in the game. — Left bower, the
knave of the other suit of the same color as the trump,
being the next to the right bower in value. — Best bower
or Joker, in some forms of euchre and some other games,
an extra card sometunes added to the pack, which takes
precedence of all others as the highest card.
Bow'er, re. [OE. hour, bur, room, dwelling, AS. bur,
fr. the root of AS. buan to dwell ; akin to Icel. bur cham-
ber, storehouse, Sw. bur cage, Dan. buur, OHG. pur
room, G. bauer cage, bauer a peasant. V97- Cf. Boos,
Btke.] 1, Anciently, a chamber ; a lodging room ; esp.,
a lady's private apartment.
Give me my lute in bed now as I lie,
And lock the doors of mine unlucky bower, Gascoigne,
2. A rustic cottage or abode ; poetically, an attractive
abode or retreat. Shenstone. B. Jonson.
3. A shelter or covered place in a garden, made with
boughs of trees or vines, etc., twined together ; an arbor ;
a shady recess.
Bow'er, v. t. To embower ; to inclose. Shak.
Bow'er, V. i. To lodge. \_Obs.'] Spenser.
Bow'er, n. [From Bough, cf. Branchek.] (Falconry)
A young hawk, when it begins to leave the nest. [06s.]
Bow'er bird'
(Piilonorhyn-
chus violaceus
or holoseri
ceus), allied to
the starling
which con
structs singu
lar bowers or
playhouses of
twigs and dec
orates them
with bright
colored ob
jects ; the satm
bird.
(!^= The
name is also
applied to oth-
related
(herd'). (Zo'ul.) An Australian bird
Satin Bower Bird U'tilonorhynchus holO'
sei^ceiis).
birds of the same region, having similar habits ; as, the
spotted boiver bird (Chalmydoaera maculaia), and the
regent bird (Serieidus melinus).
Bow'er-y(-3^),a. Shading, like a bower; full of bowers.
A boicery maze that shades the purple streams. Trumbull.
Bow'er-y, n. ; pi. Boweries (-iz). [D. bouwerij.'] A
form or plantation with its buildings. [U. S. Hist.']
The emigrants [in New York] were scattered on bowmes or
plantations ; and seeing the evils of this mode of living widely
apart, they were advised, in 1643 and 1646, by the Dutch autlior-
ities, to gather into " villages, towns, and hamlets, as the Eng-
lish were in the habit of doing." Bancroft.
Bow'er-y, a. Characteristic of the street called the
Bowery, in New York city ; swaggering ; flashy.
Bow'ess (bou'gs), n. (Falconry) Same as Boweb.
[06s.]
Bow'fln' (bo'fln'), n. (Zodl.) A voracious ganoid fish
(Amia calva) found in the fresh waters of the United
States ; the mudfish ; — called also
Johnny Grindle, and dogfish.
Bowfin iAmia calva). (}0 a Gular Plates.
Bowge (bouj), V. i. To swell out. See Bouge. [Obs."]
Bowge, V. t. To cause to leak. [06jt.] See Bouge.
Bow'graoe' (bou'gras'), n. (Naut. ) A frame or fender
of rope or junk, laid out at the sides or bows of a vessel
to secure it from injury by floating ice.
Bow' hand' (bo' hand'). 1. (Archery) The hand
that holds the bow, i. e. , the left hand.
Surely he shoots wide on the bow hand. Spenser.
2. (3Ius.) The hand that draws the bow, i. e., the
right hand.
Bow'head' (bo'hgd'), n. (Zodl.) The great Arctic or
Greenland whale (Balxna mysticetus). See Baleen, and
Whale.
BOW'ie knife' (bo'e nif'). A knife with a strong
blade from ten to fifteen inches long, and double-edged
near the point ; — used as a himting knife, and formerly
as a weapon in the southwestern part of the United
States. It was named from its inventor. Colonel James
Bowie. Also, by extension, any large sheath knife.
BOW'lng (bo'ing), n. (Mus.) X. The act or art of
managing the bow in playing on stringed instruments.
Bourino constitutes a principal part of the art of the violinist,
the vioUst, etc. j, jy. Moore.
2. In hatmaking, the act or process of separating and
distributing the fur or hair by means of a bow, to pre-
pare it for felting.
Bow'ing-ly (boutng-Ij^), adv. In a bending manner.
Bow'knot' (bo'nof), n. A knot in which a portion of
the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow,
60 as to be readily untied.
Bowl (bol), n. [OE. bolle, AS. bolla ; akin to Icel.
bolli, Dan. bolle, G. bolle, and perh. to E. boil a tumor.
Of. Boll.] 1. A concave vessel of various forms (often
approximately hemispherical), to hold liquids, etc.
Brought them food in bowls of basswood. Longfellow.
2. Specifically, a drinking vessel for wine or other
spirituous liquors ; hence, convivial drinking.
3. The contents of a full bowl ; what a bowl will hold.
4. The hollow part of a thing ; as, the bowl of a spoon.
Bowl (bol), n. [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud.
Cf. Bull an edict. Bill a writing.] 1. A ball of wood or
other material used for rolling on a level surface in play ;
a ball of hard wood having one side heavier than the
other, so as to give it a bias when rolled.
2. pi. An ancient game, popular in Great Britain,
played with biased balls on a level plat of greensward.
Like an uniustructed bowler, . . . who thinks to attain the jack
by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it. Sir W. Scott.
3. pi. The game of tenpins or bowling. [f7. S.]
Bowl (bol), V. t. limp. & p. p. Bowled (bold) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. BowLLNO.] 1. To roU, as a bowl or cricket ball.
Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel,
And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven. Shak.
2. To roU or carry smoothly on, or as on, wheels ; as,
we were bowled rapidly along the road.
3. To pelt or strike with anything rolled.
Alas, I had rather i3e set quick i' the earth.
And bowled to death with turnips ! Shak.
To bowl (a player) out, in cricket, to put out a striker by
knocking down a bail or a stump m bowling.
Bowl, V. i. 1. To play with bowls.
2. To roll a ball on a plane, as at cricket, bowls, etc.
3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball ; as, the
carriage bowled along.
BowI'der, Boul'der (bol'der), n. [Cf. Sw. bullra to
roar, rattle, Dan. 6w/dr-e, dial. Sw. bullersteen larger kind
of pebbles; perh. akin to E. bellow.] 1. A large stone,
worn smooth or rounded by the action of water ; a large
pebble.
2. (Geol.) A mass of any rock, whether rounded or
not, that has been transported by natural agencies from
its native bed. See Drift.
Bowlder clay, the unstratified clay deposit of the Gla-
cial or Drift epoch, often containing large numbers of
bowlders. — Bowlder wall, a wall constructed of large
stones or bowlders.
Bowl'der-y (-J), a. Characterized by bowlders.
Bowleg' (bo'lSg'), n. A crooked leg. Jer. Taylor.
Bow'-legged' (bo16gd'), a. Having crooked legs,
esp. with the knees bent outward. Johnson.
Bowl'er (bol'er), n. One who plays at bowls, or who
rolls the ball in cricket or any other game.
Bow'less, a. Destitute of a bow.
Bowline (bo'lin ; 277), n. [Cf. D. boelijn, Icel. bog-
Una, Dan. bovline; properly the line attached to the
shoulder or side of the sail. See Bow (of a ship), and
Line.] (Naut.) A rope fastened near the middle of the
leech or perpendicular edge of the square sails, by subor-
dinate ropes, called bridles, and used to keep the weather
edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is close-
hauled.
Bowline bridles, the ropes by which the bowline is fas-
tened to the leech of the sail. — Bowline knot. See Ulust.
under Knot. — On a bowline, close-hauled or sailing close
to the wind ; — said of a ship.
Bowl'lng (bol'ing), re. The act of playing at or roll-
ing bowls, or of rolling the ball at cricket ; the game of
bowls or of tenpins.
Bowling alley, a covered place for playing at bowla or
tenpins. — Bowling green, a level piece of greensward or
smooth ground for bowling, as the small park in lower
Broadway, New York, where the Dutch of New Amster-
dam played this game.
Bowls (bolz), n. pi. See Bowl, a ball, a game.
Bow'man (bo'man), n. ; pi. Bowmen (-men). A man
who uses a bow ; an archer.
The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and
bowmen. Jer. iv. 29.
Bowman's root. (Bat.) See Indian physic, under In-
dian.
Bow'man (bou'man), n. (Naut.) The man who rows
the foremost oar in a boat ; the bow oar.
Bowne (boun), v. t. [See BouN.] To make ready ;
to prepare ; to dress. [06s.]
We will all bowne ourselves for the banquet. Sir W. Scott.
Bow' net' (by nSt'). 1. A trap for lobsters, being a
wickerwork cylinder with a funnel-shaped entrance at
one end.
2. A net for catching birds. J. H. Walsh.
Bow' oar' (bou'or'). 1. The oar used by the bowman.
2. One who rows at the bow of a boat.
Bow'-pen' (bo'pen'), n. Bow-compasses carrying a
drawing pen. See Bow-compass.
Bow'-pen'cll (bo'pSn'sil), n. Bow-compasses, one leg
of which carries a pencil.
Bow'— saw' (bo'sa'), n. A saw with a thin or narrow
blade set in a strong frame.
Bowse (bouz), V. i. [See BoozE, and Bouse.] 1. To
carouse ; to bouse ; to booze. De Quincey.
2. (Naut.) To pull or haul hard ; as, to bowse upon a
tack ; to bowse away, i. e., to puU all together.
Bowse, n. A carouse ; a drinking bout ; a booze.
Bow'shot' (bo'shof), n. The distance traversed by
an arrow shot from a bow.
Bow'sprlt (bo'sprit), n. IBotv -\- sprit; akin to D.
boegspriet ; boeg bow of a ship + spriet, E. sprit, also
Sw. bogsprot, G. bugspriet.] (Naut.) A large boom or
spar, which projects over the stem of a ship or other
vessel, to carry sail forward.
Bows'sen (bou's'n), v. t. To drench ; to soak ; espe-
cially, to immerse (in water believed to have curative
properties). [06s.]
There were many bowssening places, for curing of mad men.
... If there appeared small amendment he was bowssened again
and again. Carew.
Bow'string' (bo'strtng'), re. 1. The string of a bow.
2. A string used by the Turks for strangling offenders.
Bowstring bridge, a bridge formed of an arch of timber
or iron, often braced, the thrust of which is resisted by a
tie forming a chord of the arch. — Bowstring girder, an
arched beam strengthened by a tie connecting its two
ends. — Bowstring hemp (Bot.), the tenacious fiber of the
Sanseviera Zeylanica, growing in India and Africa, from
which bowstrings are made. Balfour.
Bow'string' (bo'string'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bow-
stringed (-stringd') or Bowstruno (-strung') ; p. pr. &
vb. n. BowsTRiNGiNG.] To strangle with a bowstring.
Bow'stringed' (-stringd'), p. a. 1. Furnished with
bowstrings.
2. Put to death with a bowstring ; strangled.
Bow'tel (bytel), n. See Boultel.
Bow'WOW' (bou'wou'), re. An onomatopoetic name
for a dog or its bark. — a. Onomatopoetic ; as, the bow-
wow theory of language ; a bowwnw word. [Jocose']
Bow'yer (bo'yer), re. [From Bow, like lawyer fron
law.] 1. An archer ; one who uses a bow.
2. One who makes or sells bows.
Box (bSks), n. [AS. box, L. buxus, fr. Gr. Tnj^ot. Se&
Box a case.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub, flourishing in differ-
ent parts of the world. The common box (Buxus sem-
pervirens) has two varieties, one of which, the dwarf
box (B. suffruticosa), is much used for borders in gar-
dens. The wood of the tree varieties, being very hard
and smooth, is extensively used in the arts, as by turn-
ers, engravers, mathematical instrument makers, etc.
Box elder, the ash-leaved maple (Negundo aceroides), ot
North America. — Box holly, the butcher's broom (Rus-
cus aculeatus). —Box thorn, a shrub (Lycium barbarum).
— Box tree, the tree variety of tlie common box.
Box, n.; pi. Boxes (-Sz). [AS. box a small case or ves-
sel with a cover ; akin to OHG. buhsa box, G. biichse ;
fr. L. buxus boxwood, anything made of boxwood. See
Pyx, and cf. Box a tree, Bushel.] 1. A receptacle or
case of any firm material and of various shapes.
2. The quantity that a box contains.
3. A space with a few seats partitioned off in a thea-
ter, or other place of public amusement.
Laughed at by the pit, box, galleries, nay, stage. Dorset.
The boxes and the pit are sovereign judges. 2>rydeiu
4. A chest or any receptacle for the deposit of money ;
as, a poor box ; a contribution box.
Yet, since his neighbors give, the churl unlocke^^
DamniLg the poor, his triple-bolted box. J, Warton,
6. A small country house. "A shooting 6oz." Wiisore.
Tight boxes neatly sashed. Camper.
6. A boxlike shed for shelter ; as, a sentry hex.
7. (3Iach.) (a) An axle box, journal box, journal bear-
ing, or bushing. (6) A chamber or section of tube in
which a valve works ; the bucket of a lifting pump.
8. The driver's seat on a carriage or coach.
9. A present in a box ; a present ; esp. a Christmas
box or gift. " A Christmas 6oa:." Dickens-
10. (Baseball) The square in which the pitcher stands.
11. (Zo'ol. ) A Mediterranean food fish ; the bogue.
^S" Box is much used adjectively or in composition ;
asTooi Ud, box maker, box circle, etc. ; also with modi-
f ymg substantives ; as, money 602:, letter 601, band6oz,
hat602; or hat box, snuft box or snuffooa;.
Box, beam {Arch.), a beam made of metal plates so as
to have the form of a long box. — Box car (Railroads), a
freight car covered with a roof and inclosed on the sides
to protect its contents. — Box chronometer, a ship's chro-
nometer, mounted in gimbals, to preserve its proper posi-
tion. — Box coat, a thick overcoat for driving ; sometimes
with a heavy cape to carry off tlie rain. — Box coupling, a
metal collar uniting the ends of shafts or other parts in
machinery. — Box crab {Zo'ol.), a crab of the genus Cal-
appa, which, when at rest witli the legs retracted, resem-
bles a box. — Box drain (Arch.), a drain constructed with
upright sides, and with flat top and bottom. — Box girder
(Arch.), a box beam. — Box groove (Metal Working), a
closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on
one roll fitting between collars on another. R. W. Ray-
mond. — Box metal, an aUoy of copper and tin, or of zinCi
lead, and antimony, for the bearings of journals, etc. —
Box plait, a plait that doubles both to the right and the
left. — Box turtle or Box tortoise (Zo'ol.), a laua tortoise or
turtle of tlie genera Cis-
tudo and Em,ys; — so
named because it can
withdraw entirely within
its shell, wiuch can be
closed by hinged joints
in the lower shell. Also,
humorously, an exceed-
ingly reticent person.
Emerson. — In a box, in
a perplexity or an embar-
rassing position; in diffi-
culty. (Co«og.) — In the
wrong box. out of one's
place; out of one's ele-
ment; awkwardly situated. (Colloq.) Ridley (155t).
Box, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxed (bSkst) ; p. pr. & vb,
n. Boxing.] 1. To inclose in a box.
2. To furnish with boxes, as a wheel.
3. (Arch.) To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so
as to bring to a required form.
To box a tree, to make an incision or hole in a tree for
the purpose of procuring the sap. — To box off, to divide
into tight compartments. — To box up. (a) To put into a
box in order to save ; as, he had boxed up twelve score
pounds. (6) To confiiie ; as, to be boxed tip in narrow
quarters.
Box, n. [Cf . Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow. Cf.
Pash.] a blow on the head or ear with the hand.
A good-humored box on the ear. W. Irving.
Box, V. i. To fight with the fist ; to combat with, or
as with, the hand or fist ; to spar.
Box, V. t. To strike with the hand or fist, especially
to strike on the ear, or on the side of the head.
Box, V. ^. [Cf. Sp. 6o2;ar, now spelt 607'ar.] Toboxhaul.
To box off (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel either
way by bracing the headyards aback. — To box the com-
pass (iVaM<.), toname the thirty-two points of the com-
pass in their order.
Box'ber'ry (-bfir'ry), n. (Bot.) The wintergreen
(Gauliheriaprocumbens). [Local, U. S.]
Box Turtle ( Cistudo Carolina).
ale, senate, cSie, aci, *rm, ask, final, all; eve, event, 6nd, fem, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb, odd;.
BOXEN
173
BRACING
Box'en (b5ks''n), a. Made of boxwood ; pertaining to,
or resembling, the box {Buxus). [iJ.]
The faded Ixue of sapless boxen leaves. Drt/den.
Box'er (bSlss'er), n. One who packs boxes.
Box'er, n. One who boxes ; a pugilist.
Box'Jish' (boks'f ish'), n. (Zodl.) The tninkfish.
Box'haul' (-hal'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxhauled
(-hald').] (Naul.) To put (a vessel) on the other tack by
veei-iug lier short round on her heel ; — so called from
the circumstance of bracing the head yards abox (i. «.,
sharp aback, on tlie wind). Totten.
Box'haul'lns, n. {Naut.) A method of going from
one tack to anotlier. See Boxhaul. Totten.
Box'lng, n. 1. The act of inclosing (anything) in a
box, as for storage or transportation.
2. Material used in making boxes or casings.
3. Any boxlike inclosure or recess ; a casing.
4. {Arch.) Tlie external case of thin material used to
bring any member to a required form.
Box'ing, n. The act of fighting with the flst ; a com-
bat witli the fist ; sparring. Blackstone.
Boxing glove, a large padded mitten or glove used in
sparring for exercise or amusement.
Box'-l'ron (-iTirn), n. A hollow smoothing iron con-
taining a heater within.
Box'keep'er (-kep'er), n. An attendant at a theater
who has charge of tlie boxes.
Box'thorn' (-thSrn'), n. {Bot.) A plant of the genua
Lycium^ esp. Lycium harbarum.
Box'WOOd' (-wood'), n. The wood of the box (Buxus).
Boy (boi), n. [Cf. D. boef, Fries, boi, boy ; akin to 6.
biibe, Icel. bofi rogue.] A male child, from birth to the
age of puberty ; a lad ; hence, a son.
My only boy fell by the side of great Dundee. Sir W. Scott.
^^^ Boy is often used as a term of comradeship, as in
college, or in the army or navy. In the plural used collo-
quially of members of an association, fraternity, or party.
Boy bishop, a boy (usually a chorister) elected bishop, in
old Christmas sports, and invested with robes and other
insigiiia. He practiced a kind of mimicry of the ceremo-
nies in wliich the bishop usually officiated. — The Old Boy,
the Devil. [Slang] — Yellow boys, guineas. [Slang, E7ig.]
— Boy's love, a popular English name for Southernwood
(Artemisia abrotonum); — called also !ad''s love.— Boy'a
play, childish amusements ; anything trifliug.
Boy, V. i. To act as a boy ; — in allusion to the former
practice of boys acting women's parts on the stage.
I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness. Shak.
Bo-yar' (bo-yar' or boi'ar), Bo-yard' (bo-yar' or boi'-
erd), n. [Russ. boiarin'.'\ A member of a Russian aris-
tocratic order abolished by Peter the Great. Also, one
«f a privileged class in Koumania.
(11^^ English writers sometimes call Russian landed
proprietors boyars.
II Boy'au (bwa'yo or boi'o), n. ; pi. Boyaux or Boyaus
(bwa'yo or boi'oz). [F. boyau gut, a long and narrow
place, and (of trenches) a branch. See Bowel.] {Fort.)
A winding or zigzag trench forming a path or communi-
cation from one siegework to another, to a magazine, etc.
Boy'cott' (boi'kSt'), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Boycotted ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Boycotting.] [From Captain Boycott,
a land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] To
combine against (a landlord, tradesman, employer, or
other person), to withhold social or business relations
from him, and to deter others from holding such rela-
tions ; to subject to a boycott.
Boy'cott, n. The process, fact, or pressure of boycott-
ing ; a combining to withhold or prevent dealings or so-
cial intercourse with a tradesman, employer, etc. ; social
and business interdiction for the purpose of coercion.
Boy'COtt'er (-er), n. A participant in boycotting.
Boy'COtt-ism (-iz'm), ?». Methods of boycotters.
Bby'de-kln (-de-kin), ra. A dagger ; a bodkin. [Obs."]
Boy'er (boi'er), n. [D. boeijer ; — so called because
these vessels were employed for laying the boeijen, or
buoys: cf. P. boyer. See Buoy.] {Naut.) A Flemish
sloop with a castle at each end. Sir W. Raleigh.
Boy'hood (-h68d), n. [_Boy -[- -hoed.'] The state of
being a boy ; the time during which one is a boy. Hood.
Boy'ish, a,. Resembling a boy in manners or opinions ;
belonging to a boy ; childish ; trifling ; puerile.
A boyish, odd conceit. Baillie.
Boy'ish-ly, adv. In a boyish manner ; like a boy.
Boy'ish-ness, n. The manners or behavior of a boy.
Boy'ism (-Iz'm), n. 1. Boyhood. [Obs.] T. Warton.
2. The nature of a boy ; childislmess. Dryden.
Boyle's' law' (boilz' la'). See under Law.
II Bo'za (bo'za), n. [See Bosa.] An acidulated fer-
mented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from
millet seed and various astringent substances ; also, an
intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel
meal, and water. [Written also bosa, bozah, bouza.]
Bra-bant'ine (bra-bant'In), a. Pertaining to Brabant,
an ancient province of the Netherlands.
Brab'ble (brab'b'l), V. i. [D. brabbelen to talk con-
fusedly. VSS- Cf. Blab, Babble.] To clamor ; to con-
test noisily. [i2.] Beau. & Fl.
Brab'ble, n. A broil ; a noisy contest ; a wrangle.
This petty brabble will undo us all. Shak.
Brab'ble-ment (-meut'), n. A brabble. [iJ.] Holland.
Brab'bler (-bier), n. A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy
fellow; a wrangler. [iJ.] Shak.
Brao'cate (brak'kat), a. [L. bracalus wearing
breeches, fr. bracae breeches.] {Zodl.) Furnished with
feathers which conceal the feet.
Brace (bras), n. [OF. brace, brasse, the two arms,
embrace, fathom, P. brasse fathom, fr. L. bracchia the
arms (stretched out), pi. of bracchium arm ; cf. Gr.
^paxiMv.] 1. That which holds anything tightly or sup-
ports it fimdy ; a bandage or a prop.
2. A cord, ligament, or rod, for producing or main-
taining tension, as a cord on the side of a drum.
The little bones of the ear drum do in straining and relaxing
it as the braces of the war drum do in that. Derham.
3. The state of being braced or tight ; tension.
The laxness of the tympanum, when it has lost its brace or
tension. Holder.
4. (Arch. & Engin.) A piece of material used to trans-
mit, or change the direction of, weight or pressure ; any
one of the pieces, in a frame or truss, which divide the
structure into triangular parts. It may act as a tie, or as
a strut, and serves to prevent distortion of the structure,
and transverse strains iu its members. A boiler brace is
a diagonal stay, connecting the head with the shell.
5. {Print.) A vertical curved line connecting two or
more words or lines, which are to be taken together ;
thus, ■ ° , [ ; or, in music, used to connect staves.
6. {Naut.) A rope reeved through a block at the end
of a yard, by which the yard is moved horizontally ; also,
a rudder gudgeon.
7. {Mech.) A curved instrument or handle of iron or
wood, for holding and turning bits, etc. ; a bitstock.
8. A pair ; a couple ; as, a brace of ducks ; now rarely
applied to persons, except familiarly or with some con-
tempt. " A trace of grey liounds. " Shak.
lie is said to have shot . . . lif ty brace of pheasants. Addison.
A brace of brethren, both bishops, both eminent for learning
and religion, now appeared in ^le church. Fidler.
But you, my brace of lords. Slicih.
9. pi. Straps or bands to sustain trousers ; suspenders.
I embroidered for you a beautiful pair of braces. Thackeray.
10. Harness; warlike preparation. [Obs.]
For that it stands not in such warlike brace. Shak.
11. Armor for the arm ; vantbrace. Shak.
12. {Mining) The mouth of a shaft. [CornwaWl
Angle brace. See under Angle.
Brace (bras), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braced (brast) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bracing.] 1. To furnish with braces ; to
support ; to prop ; as, to brace a beam in a building.
2. To draw tight ; to tighten ; to put in a state of ten-
sion ; to strain ; to strengthen ; as, to brace the nerves.
And welcome war to brace her drums. Campbell.
3. To bind or tie closely ; to fasten tightly.
The women of China, by bracing and binding them from
their infancy, have very little feet. Loctce.
Some who spurs had first braced on. Sir W. Scott.
4. To place in a position for resisting pressure ; to hold
firmly ; as, he braced himself against the crowd.
A sturdy lance in his right hand he braced. Fairfax.
5. {Naut. ) To move around by means of braces ; as, to
brace the yards.
To brace about {Naut.), to turn (a yard) round for the
contrary tack. —To brace a yard (Naut.), to move it hor-
izontally by means of a brace. —To brace in (Naut.), to
turn (a yard) by hauling in the weather brace. — To brace
one's self, to call up one's energies. " He braced himself
for an effort which he was little able to make." /. D.
Forbes. — 1o brace to (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by check-
ing or easing off the lee brace, and hauling in the weather
one, to assist in tacking. — To brace up (Naut.), to bring
(a yard) nearer the direction of the keel by hauling in the
lee brace. —To brace up sharp (Naut.), to turn (a yard)
as far forward as the rigging will permit.
Brace, v. i. To get tone or vigor ; to rouse one's en-
ergies ; — with up. [Colloq.']
Brace'let (-let), ». [P. bracelet, dim. of OP. braeel
armlet, prop, little arm, dim. of bras arm, fr. L. brac-
chium. See Brace, re.] 1. An ornamental band or ring,
for the wrist or the arm ; in modern times, an ornament
encircling the wrist, worn by women or girls.
2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. Johnson.
Bra'cer (bra'ser), n. 1. That which braces, binds, or
makes firm ; a band or bandage.
2. A covering to protect the arm of the bowman from
the vibration of the string ; also, a brassart. Chaucer.
3. A medicine, as an astringent or a tonic, which gives
tension or tone to any part of the body. Johnson.
Brach (brSk), n. [OE. brache a kind of scenting hound
or setting dog, OF. brache, P. braque, fr. OHG. braccho,
G. bracke ; possibly akin to E. fragrant, f r. L. fragrare
to smell.] A bitch of the hound kind. Shak.
II Brach-el'y-tra (brSk-el'i-tra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
Ppaxus short 4" eAuTpof a covering.] {Zodl.) A group of
beetles having short elytra, as the rove beetles.
II Brach'i-a (brSk'i-a), n. pi. See Beachium.
Brach'i-al (brakT-al or bra'kl-al ; 277), a. [L. brachi-
alis {bracch-), from brachium {bracch-) arm : cf. F. bra-
chial.] 1. ^Anat.) Pertaining or belonging to the arm ;
as, the brachial artery ; the brachial nerve.
2. Of the nature of an arm ; resembling an arm.
II Brach'i-a'ta (-a'ta), n. pZ. [SeeBRACHLiiE.] {Zodl.)
A division of the Crinoidea, including those furnished
vrith long jointed arms. See Ceinoidea.
Brach'i-ate (-at), a. [L. brachiatus {bracch-) with
boughs or branches like arms, from brachium {bracch-)
arm.] {Bot.) Having branches in pairs, decussated, all
nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the
next, as iu the maple and lilac. Gray,
Brach'1-og'a-noid (brak'I-og'a-noid), n. One of the
Brachioganoidei.
II Brach' i-o-ga-
ncid'e-1 (brak'I-o-ga-
noid'e-i), K._pZ. [NL.,
from L. brachium
{bracch-) arm + NL.
ganoidei."] {Z ool.)
An order of ganoid
fishes of which the
bichir of Africa is a
living example.
CEOSSOPTEETOn.
II Brach'1-o-la'ri-a
(-6-la'rT-il), n. pi.
[NL., fr. L. bf-achio-
lum {bracch-,, dim.
See Brachiolaria of Starfish. Side view,
niuch enlarged. 1, 2, 3, Anterior
pairs of Arms ; 4, 5, Posterior pairs ;
6, Dorsal ])iiirs ; m Moutli ; o Esoplia-
fus : s Stoinuch ; t Intestine ; r Young
tarfish i a Ambulacra ; c d Ciliated
Bands.
Two of the Brachiopoda.
Nat. size.
A One of the Lyopomata
(Linr/ida pyramidata).
j> Peduncle partly cov-
ered by its sand tube t;
V Valves opened.
B Diagram showing struc-
ture of one of the Ar-
thropomata ( Wald/tei-
mia). n Dorsal Valve ; v
Ventral Valve ; h
Hinge; c Ciliated Arms ;
a Adductor Muscles ;
d Divaricator Muscles ;
p Peduncle.
of brachium {bracch-). arm.] {Zodl.) A peculiar early
larval stage of certain starfishes, having a bilateral struc-
ture, and swimming by means of bands of vibrating cilia.
Brach'1-O-pod (br5k'i-6-pod), )J. [Cf. F. brachiopode.]
{Zodl.) One of the Brachiopoda, or its shell.
II Brach'1-op'O-da (-5p'o-da), n. pi. [NL., from Gr.
Ppa.xMva.y:ra.-\--poda.] {Zodl.)
A class of MoUuscoidea having
a symmetrical bivalve shell,
often attached by a fleshy pe-
duncle.
(j^= Within the shell is a
pair of " arms," often long
and spirally coiled, bearing
rows of ciliated tentacles by
which a current of water is
made to flow into the mantle
cavity, bringing the micro-
scopic food to the mouth be-
tween the bases of the arms.
The shell is both opened and
closed by special muscles.
They form two orders; Byo-
ponia, in which the shell is
thin, and without a distinct
hiuge, as in Lingula ; and A7'-
thropoma, in wliich the firm
calcareous shell has a regular
hinge, as in Ehynchonella. See
Aetheopomata.
II Brach'i-um (brak'i-ilm),
n. ; pi. Brachia (-a). [L.
brachium or bracchium, arm.]
{Anat.) The upper arm ; the seg-
ment of the fore limb between
the shoulder and the elbow.
Brach'man (brak'man), n.
[L. Brachmanae, pi., Gr. Ppax-
juai'es.] See Beahhan. [Obs.]
Brach'y-cat'a-lec'tic (brak'i-kSt'a-lek'tik), n. [Gr.
/3paxu/caTdAi7KT0s ; ^fiaxv? short -|- KaTaXriyeLV to leave
off; cf. KaTaA.r)KTiK65 incomplete.] {Gr. & Lat. Pros.)
A verse wanting two syllables at its termination.
Brach'y-ce-phal'ic (-se-tal'ik), ) a. [Gr. jSpaxw's
Brach'y-ceph'a-lous (-sef'a-liis), ) short -\- Ke^cMj
head.] {Anat.) Having the skull short in proportion to
its breadth ; shortheaded ; — in distinction from dolicho-
cephalic.
Brach'y-ceph'a-ly (-sgf'a-lj?), ) n. [Cf. P. brachy-
Brach'y-ceph'a-lism (-llz'm), ( cephalie.] {Anat.)
The state or condition of being brachycephalic ; short-
ness of head.
Bra-chyc'er-al (br3,-kTs'er-al), a. [Gr. /Spaxus short
-f- Ke'pas horn.] {Zodl.) Having short antennae, as cer-
tain insects.
Brach'y-d3-ag'0-nal (brak'i-dt-Sg'o-nol), a. [Gr.
/Spaxus short -f-E. diagonal.] Pertaining to the shorter
diagonal, as of a rhombic prism.
Brachydlagonal axis, the shorter lateral axis of an ortho-
rhombic crystal.
Brach'y-di-ag'O-nal, n. The shorter of the diagonals
in a rhombic prism.
Brach'y-dome (-dom), n. [Gr. Ppax^s short + E.
dome.] {Crystallog.) A dome parallel to the shorter
lateral axis. See Dome.
Bra-chyg'ra-pher (bra-kig'ra-fer), n. A writer in
short hand ; a stenographer.
He asked the brachygrapher whether he wrote the notes of
that sermon. Gayton.
Bra-chyg'ra-phy (-fi^), re. [Gr. ppaxvi short +
-graphy : ci.'E'.brachygraphie.] Stenography. B.Jonson.
Bra-Chyl'O-gy (-kU'o-jj^), n. [Gr. ^pax^Aoyta; Ppa-
XU! short -|- Aoyos discourse : cf. F. brachylogie.] {Rhet.)
Conciseness of expression ; brevity.
Brach'y-pin'a-COid (brak'l-pln'a-koid), re. [Gr. Ppaxii
short -(- B. pinacoid.] {Crystallog.) A plane of an ortho-
rhombic crystal which is parallel both to the vertical
axis and to the shorter lateral (brachydlagonal) axis.
11 Bra-Chyp'te-ra (bra-klp'te-ra), n. pi. [NL., fr.
Gr. PpaxvTTepoi short-winged ; fipaxiJ^ short + irrepdi'
feather, wing.] {Zodl.) A group of Coleoptera having
short wings ; the rove beetles.
||,Bra-chyp'te-res (-rez), n. pi. [NL. See Beachyp-
tera.] {Zodl.) A group of birds including the auks,
divers, and penguins.
Bra-chyp'ter-ous (-kip'ter-iis); a. [Gr. /SpoxuTrrepos :
cf. F. brachyptere.] (Zodl.) Having short wings.
Bra-chys'to-chrone (br4-kTs't6-kron), n. [Incorrect
for brachistochrone, fr. Gr. ppaxi-aTOi shortest (superL
of Ppa.xv9 short) -J- xp°^°'> time : cf. F. brachistochrone.^
(Math.) A curve, in which a body, starting from a given
point, and descending solely by the force of gravity,
wiU reach another given point In a shorter time than it
could by any other path. This curve of quickest descent,
as it is sometimes called, is, in a vacuum, the same as
the cycloid.
Braoh'y-ty'pous (brSk'T-ti'pus), a. [Gr. /Spctxu'c
short -\- tu'ttos stamp, form.J {Min.) Of a short form.
II Brach'y-U'ra (brak'i-u'ra), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
/Spaxu's short -J- ovpa. tail.] {Zodl.) A group of decapod
Crustacea, including the common crabs, characterized by
a small and short abdomen, which is bent up beneath the
large cephalo-thorax. [Also spelt Brachyoura.] See
Cbab, and Illustration iu Appendix.
Brach'y-u'ral (-vi'toI), ) a. [Cf. F. brachyure.}
Brach'y-u'rous (-u'rQs), ) (Zooi.) Of or pertaining
to the Brachyura.
Brach'y-n'ran (-ran), n. One of the Brachyura.
Bra'cing (bra'sTng), a. Imparting strength or tone;
strengthening ; invigorating ; as, a bracing north wind.
Bra'cing (bra'sTng), n. 1. The act of strengthening,
supporting, or propping, with a brace or braces ; the
state of being braced.
2. (Engin.) Any system of braces; braces, collective-
ly ; as, the bracing of a truss.
H
Ose, unite, rude, full, iip, Orn ; pity ; food, f<^t ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iQk ; tbeu, thin ; boN ; zb = z in aziure.
M
BKACK
174
BRAKE
One form of Bracket.
Brack (brSk), n. [Cf. D. braak, Dan. brask, a break-
ing, Sw. & Icel. brak a crackling, creaking. Cf. Breach.]
An opening caused by the parting of any solid body ; a
crack or breach ; a flaw.
Stain or brack in her sweet reputation. J. Fletrher,
Brack, n. [D. brak, adj., salt ; cf. LG. wrak refuse,
G. brack.'] Salt or brackish water. \_Obs.'] Drayton.
Brack'en (-'n), n. [OE. braken, AS. bracce. See
2d Brake, re.] A brake or fern. Sir W. Scott.
Brack'et (-§t), n. [Cf. OF. braguette codpiece, F.
brayette, Sp. braguela, also a
projecting mold in arcliitec-
ture ; dim. fr. L. bracae breech-
es ; cf. also, OF. bracon beam,
prop, support ; of unknown ori-
gin. Cf. Breeches.] 1. {Arch.)
An architectural member, plain
or ornamental, projecting from
a wall or pier, to support weight
falling outside of the same ; also,
a decorative feature seeming to
discharge such an office.
I^^ This is the more generaJ
word. See Brace, Cantaleveb,
Console, Corbel, Strut.
2. (Engin. & 3Iech.) A piece
or combination of pieces, usu-
ally triangular in general shape, projecting from, or
fastened to, a wall, or other surface, to support heavy
bodies or to strengthen angles.
3. (Naut. ) A short, crooked timber, resembling a knee,
used as a support.
, 4. {Mil.) The cheek or side of an ordnance carriage.
6. (Print.) One of two characters [ ], used to inclose
a reference, explanation, or note, or a part to be excluded
from a sentence, to indicate an interpolation, to rectify
a mistake, or to supply an omission, and for certain other
purposes ; — called also crotchet.
6. A gas fixture or lamp holder projecting from the
face of a wall, column, or the like.
Bracket light, a gas fixture or a lamp attached to a
wall, column, etc.
Brack'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bracketed ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Bracketlnq.] To place within brackets ; to con-
nect by brackets ; to furnish with brackets.
Brack'et-ing, n. {Arch.) A series or group of brack-
ets ; braclcets, collectively.
Brack'ish (-Tsh), a. [See Brack salt water.] Saltish,
or salt in a moderate degree, as water in saline soil.
Springs in deserts found seem sweet, all brackish though they
be. Byron.
Brack'lsh-ness, n. The quality or state of being brack-
ish, or somewliat salt.
Brack'y (brSk'J), a. Brackish. Drayton.
Bract (brSkt), n. [See Bractea.] (go<.) (a) Aleaf,
usually smaller than the true leaves of a plant, from the
axil of which a fiower stalk arises. (J) Any modified
leaf, or scale, on a flower stalk or at the base of a flower.
ISS^r^ Bracts are often inconspicuous, but are sometimes
large and showy, or highly colored, as in many cacta-
ceous plants. The spathes of aroid plants are conspicu-
ous forms of bracts.
II Brac'te-a (brSk'te-a), n. [L., a thin plate of metal
or wood, gold foil.] {Bot.) A bract.
Brac'te-al (brSk'te-al), a. [Cf. F. bracteal.1 Having
the i>ature or appearance of a bract.
Brac'te-ate (brSk'te-at), a. [Cf. L. bracteatus covered
with gold platej {Bot.) Having a bract or bracts.
Bract'ed (brakt'Sd), a. {Bot.) Furnished with bracts.
Brac'te-0-late (brSk'te-o-lat), a. {Bot.) Furnished
with bracteoles or bractlets.
Brac'te-Ole (brSk'te-ol), re. [L. bracteola, dim. of
bractea. See Bractea.] {Bot.) Same as Bracilet.
Bractless, a. {Bot.) Destitute of bracts.
Braot'let (brSkt'lgt), n. [Bract + -lei.) {Bot.) A
bract on the stalk of a single flower, which is itself on a
main stalk that supports several flowers. Gray.
Brad (brSd), n. [Cf. OE. brod, Dan. broad prick,
sting, brodde ice spur, frost naU, Sw. brodd frost nail,
Icel. broddr any pointed piece of iron or steel ; akin to
AS. brord point, spire of grass, and perh. to E. bristle.
See Bristle, re.] A thin nail, usually small, with a slight
projection at the top on one side instead of a head ; also,
a small wire nail, with a flat circular head ; sometimes, a
small, tapering, square-bodied finishing nail, with a coun-
tersunk head.
Brad' awl' (aV). A straight awl with chisel edge,
used to make holes for brads, etc. Weale.
Bia-doon' (bra-dobn'), re. Same as Bridoon.
II Brae (bra), n. [See Bray a hill.] A hillside ; a
slope; a bank; a hill. [Scot.] Bums.
Brag' (brSg), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bragged (brSgd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bragging.] [OE. braggen to resound,
blow, boast (cf. F. braguer to lead a merry life, flaunt,
boast, OF. brogue merriment), from Icel. braka to creak,
brak noise, f r. the same root as E. break ; properly then,
to make a noise, boast. V95.] To talk about one's
self, or things pertaining to one's self, in a manner in-
tended to excite admiration, envy, or wonder ; to talk
boastfully ; to boast ; — often foDowed by of ; as, to brag
ef one's exploits, courage, or money, or of the great
tilings one intends to do.
Conceit, more rich in matter than in words,
Brags of his substauce, not of ornament. Shdk.
Syn. — To swagger ; boast ; vapor ; bluster ; vaunt ;
flourish ; talk big. .
Brag, V. t. To boast of. [Obs.] Shak.
Brag, re. 1. A boast or boasting ; bragging ; ostenta-
tious pretense or self glorification.
Csesar . . . made not here his brag
Of *' came," and *' saw," and "overcame." Shak.
2. The thing which is boasted of.
Beauty is Nature's brag. Milton.
3. A game at cards similar to bluff. Chesterfield.
Brag (brSg), a. [See Brag, v. i.] Brisk ; full of
spirits ; boasting ; pretentious ; conceited. [Archaic]
A brag young fellow. £. Jonson
Brag, adv. Proudly ; boastfully. [Obs.] Fuller.
Brag'ga-do'cio (-ga-do'sho), re. [From Braggadoc-
chio, a boastful character iu Spenser's " Faerie Queene."]
1. A braggart ; a boaster ; a swaggerer. Dryden.
2. Empty boasting ; mere brag ; pretension.
Brag'gard-lsm (brSg'gerd-Iz'm), re. [See Braggart.]
Boastf ulness ; act of bragging. Shak.
Brag'gart (brSg'gSrt), re. [OF. bragard flaunting,
vain, bragging. See Brag, v. i.] A boaster.
O, I could piny the woman with mine eyes.
And braggart with my tongue. Shak.
Brag'gart, a. Boastful. — Brag'gart-ly, adv.
Brag'ger (brSg'ger), re. One who brags ; a boaster.
Brag'get (brSg'gSt), «. [OE. braket, bragot, fr. "W.
bragawd, bragod, fr. brag malt.] A liquor made of ale
and honey fermented, with spices, etc. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
Brag'ging-ly (brag'ging-Iy), adv. Boastmgly.
Brag'less, a. Without bragging. [B.] Shak.
Brag'ly , adv. In a manner to be bragged of ; finely ;
proudly. [Obs.] Spenser.
Brah'ma (bra'ma), n. [See Brahman.] 1. (Hindoo
Myth.) The One First Cause ; also, one of the triad of
Hindoo gods. The triad consists of Brahma, the Creator,
Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer.
11^^ According to the Hindoo religious books, Brahma
(with the final a short), or Brahm, is the Divine Essence,
the One First Cause, the All in All, while the personal
gods, Bralima (witli the final a long), Vishnu, and Siva,
are emanations or manifestations of Brahma the Divine
Essence.
2. {Zo'61.) A valuable variety of large, domestic fowl,
peculiar in having the comb divided lengthwise into three
parts, and the legs well feathered. There are two breeds,
the dark or penciled, and the light ; — called also Brah-
Tnapootra.
Brah'man (bra'man), ) re. ; pi. Brahjians, Brahmins.
Brah'min (brii'min), f [Skr. Brahmana (cf. Brah-
man worship, holiness ; the God Brahma ; also a Brah-
man) : cf. P. Brahniane, Brachmane, Bramine, L. Brach-
manae, -manes, -mani, pi., Gr. /3pax/xa^es, pi.] A person
of the highest or sacerdotal caste among the Hindoos.
Brahman bull (Zo'ol.), the male of a variety of the zebu,
or Indian ox, considered sacred by the Hindoos.
Brah'man-ess (bra'man-Ss), re. A Brahmani.
Brah'man-1 (brii'mau-e), n. [Fern, of Brahman.] Any
Brahman woman. [Written also Brahmanee.]
Brah-man'lc (brA-mSn'ik), -ic-al (-t-kai), Brah-min'-
Ic (-min'ik), -Ic-al (-i-kal), a. Of or pertauiing to the
Brahmans or to their doctrines and worship.
Brah'man-lsm (bra'mon-iz'm), 1 re. The religion or
Brah'mln-lsin (bra'mln-Tz'm), ) system of doctrines
of the Brahmans ; the religion of Brahma.
Brah'man-lst, 1 n. An adherent of the religion of
Brath'tnln-lst, ) the Brahmans.
Brah'mo-lsm (-mo-iz'm), n. The religious system of
the Brahmo-somaj. Balfour.
Brah'mo-SO-ma]' (-so-maj'), n. [Bengalese, a wor-
shiping assembly.] A modem reforming theistic sect
among the Hindoos. [Written also Brama-samaj.]
Braid (brad), v. t. [jimp. & p. p. Braided ; p. pi: &
vb. n. Braiding.] [OE. braiden, breiden, to pull, reach,
braid, AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to weave ; akin
to Icel. bregSa, D. breiden to knit, OS. bregdan to weave,
OHG. breitan to brandish. Cf. Bhoid.] 1. To weave,
interlace, or entwine together, as three or more strands
or threads ; to form into a braid ; to plait.
Braid your locks with rosy twine. Milton.
2. To mingle, or to bring to a uniformly soft consist-
ence, by beating, rubbing, or straining, as in gome culi-
nary operations.
3. To reproach. [Obs.] See Upbraid. Shak.
Braid, re. 1. A plait, band, or narrow fabric formed
by intertwining or weaving together different strands.
A braid of hair composed of two different colors twined to-
gether. Scott.
2. A narrow fabric, as of wool, silk, or linen, used for
binding, trimming, or ornamenting dresses, etc.
Braid, n. [Cf. Icel. bregSa to move quickly.] 1. A
quick motion ; a start. [Obs.] Sackville.
2. A fancy ; freak ; caprice. [Obs.] R. Hyrde.
Braid, v. i. To start ; to awake. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Braid, a. [AS. brisd, bred, deceit ; akin to Icel. bragS
trick, AS. bredan, bregdan, to braid, knit, (hence) to knit
a net, to draw into a net, i. e., to deceive. See Braid,
V. t.] Deceitful. [Obs.]
Since Frenchmen are so braid.
Marry that ^vill, I live and die a maid. Slidk.
Braid'lng, n. 1. The act of making or using braids.
2. Braids, collectively ; trimming.
A gentleman enveloped in mustachios, whiskers, fur collars,
and braiding. Thackeray.
Brail (bral), n. [OE. brayle furling rope, OP. braiol
a band placed around the breeches, fr. F. braies, pi.,
breeches, fr. L. braca, bracae, breeches, a Gallic word ;
cf. Arm. bragez. Cf. Breeches.] 1. {Falconry) A thong
of soft leather to bind up a hawk's wing.
2. pi. {N'aut.) Ropes passing through pulleys, and
used to haul in or up the leeches, bottoms, or corners of
sails, preparatory to furling.
3. A stock at each end of a seine to keep it stretched.
Brail, V. t. {Naut.) To haul up by the brails ; — used
with up ; as, to brail up a sail.
Brain (bran), n. [OE. brain, brein, AS. bragen, brss-
gen; akin to L(J. bi-'dgen, bregen, D. brein, and perh. to
Gr. ppdyij.a, /SpexA^os, the upper part of the head, if /3
^ (f>. V95.] X. {Anat.) The whitish mass of soft mat-
ter (the center of the nervous system, and the seat of
consciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the car-
tilaginous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. It
is simply the anterior termination of the spinal eord»
and is developed, from three embryonic vesicles, whos»
cavities are connected with the central canal of the cord ;
the cavities of the vesicles become the central cavities, or
ventricles, and the walls thicken unequally and become
the three segments, the fore-, mid-, and hind-brain.
11^°° In the brain of man the cerebral lobes, or largest
part of the f orebrain, are enormously developed so as to
overhang the cerebelhun, the great lobe of the hindbrain,
and completely cover the lobes of the midbrain. The
surface of the cerebrum is divided into irregular ridges,
or convolutions, separated by grooves (the so-called fis-
sures and sulci), and the two hemispheres are connected
at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure by a great trafis-
verse band of nervous matter, the corxms callosum, while
the two halves of the cerebellum are connected on the'
under side of the brain by the bridge, oi pons Varalii.
a
Fig. 1.
Brais of Man.
Fig. 1. Upper surface, showing Eight and Left Cerebral Hemi-
spheres A B, separated bv the Longitudinal Fissure aa ; 6 Fis-
sure of Sylvius ; c c c c Convolutions, or Gyri, separated by
Sulci.
Fig. 2. Right half, shown by vertical section through the Longi-
tudinal Fissure ; AA Cerebrum; BB Cerebellum ; aa Corpus
Callosum ; c c c Convolutions ; d Third Ventricle ; e Pitui-
tary Body ;/01factory Lobe ; g Optic Nerve : i Pons Varolii :
k Medulla Oblongata, which connects the brain with the spinal
cord.
2. (Zool.) The anterior or cephalic ganglion in Insects
and other invertebrates.
3. The organ or seat of intellect ; hence, the under,
standing. "My brain is too dull." Sir W. Scott.
I^" In this sense, often used in the plural.
4. The affections ; fancy; imagination. [R.] Shak.
To have on the brain, to have constantly in one's
thoughts, as a sort of monomania. [Low]
Brain box or case, the bony or cartilaginous case inclos-
ing the brain. — Brain coral, Brain stone coral (Zool.), a
massive reef-building coral having the surface covered by
ridges separated by furrows so as to resemble somewhat
the surface of the brain, esp. such corals of the gener?
Afxandrina and Diplmia. — Brain fag (iled.), brain weari.
ness. See Cerebropathy. — Brain (ever (Med.), fever in
which the brain is specially affected ; any acute cerebral
affection attended by fever. —Brain sand, calcareous mat-
ter found in the pineal gland.
Brain (bran), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Eeained (brand) ; p.
pr.&vb. re. Braining.] 1. To dash out the brains of ; to
kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig. : To destroy ;
to put an end to ; to defeat.
There thou mayst brain him. Shak,
It was the swift celerity of his death . • •
That brained my purpose. Shak.
2. To conceive ; to understand. [Obs.]
'T is still a dream, or else such stuff as madmen
Tongue, and brain not. Shak.
Brained (brand), p. a. Supplied with brains.
If th' other two be brained like us. iS^aA:.
Brain'lsh, a. Hot-headed ; furious. [R.] Shak.
Brain'less, a. Without understanding ; silly ; thought-
less ; witless. — Bralh'less-ness, n.
Brain'pan' (-pSn'), n. [Brain + pan.] The bones
which inclose the brain ; the skull ; the cranium.
Braln'slck' (-slk'), a. Disordered in the understands
ing ; giddy ; thoughtless. — Braln'slck-ness, re.
Braln'slck'ly, adv. In a brainsick manner.
Braln'y (bran'j^), a. Having an active or vigorous
mind. [Collog.]
Braise, Braize (braz), n. [So called from its irides-
cent colors.] (Zool.) A European marine fish (Pagrus
vulgaris) allied to the American scup ; the becker. The
name is sometimes applied to other related species. [Also
written brazier.]
Braise, Braize, n. [F.] 1. Charcoal powder ; breeze.
2. (Cookery) Braised meat.
Braise, v. t. [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] (Cookery)
To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan.
A braising kettle has a deep cover which holds coals ; conse-
quently the cooking is done from above, as well as below.
31rs. Henderson.
Brals'er (braz'er), n. A kettle or pan for braising.
Brait (brat), re. [GtW. braith vaiiegated,lT. breath,
breagh, fine, comely.] A rough diamond.
Braize (braz), n. See Braise.
Brake (brak), imp. of Break. [Archaic] Tennyson.
Brake, n. [OE. brake fern ; cf. AS. bracce fern, LG.
brake willow bush, Dan. bregne fern, G. brach fallow ;
prob. orig. the growth on rough, broken ground, fr. the
root of E. break. See Break, v. t., and cf. Bracken, and
2d Brake, re..] 1. (Bot.) A fern of the genus Pteris, esp.
the P. aqwilina, common in almost all countries. It has
solitary stems dividing into three principal branches.
Less properly : Any fern.
2. A thicket ; a place overgrown with shrubs and
brambles, with undergrowth and ferns, or with canes.
Round rising hiUockg, brakes obscure and rough.
To shelter thee from tempest and from rain. Shak.
He stayed not for brake, and he stopped not for stoBe.
Sir W. Scam.
Cane brake, a thicket of canes. See Canebrake.
ale, senate, care, am, ann, ask, final, ail; eve, event, 6nd, tern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, 6rb, Sdd;
BRAKE
175
BRANSLE
Brake (brak), n. [OE. brake ; of. LG. hrake an instru-
ment for breaking flax, G. breche, fr. tlie root of E. break.
See Break, v. t., and cf. Breach.] 1. An instrument or
macliine to break or bruise tlie woody part of flax or
hemp so tliat it may be separated from the fiber.
2. An extended liandle by means of wliicli a number
of men can unite in working a pump, as in a fire engine.
3. A bakeJ-'s kneadiug trough. Johnson.
4. A sharp bit or snaffle.
Pampered jades . . . which need nor brake nor bit. Gascoigne,
5. A frame for confining a refractory horse wliile the
smith is shoeing him ; also, an inclosure to restrain cat-
tle, horses, etc.
A horse . . . which Philip had bought . . . o.nd because of
his fierceness kept him within a brake of iron bars. J. Brende.
6. That part of a carriage, as of a movable battery, or
engine, wliicli enables it to turn.
7. (Mil.) An ancient engine of war analogous to the
crossbow and ballista.
8. (Agric.) A large, heavy harrow for breaking clods
after plowing ; a drag.
9. A piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping
motion by friction, as of a carriage or railway car, by the
pressure of rubbers against the wheels, or of clogs or
ratchets against the track or roadway, or of a pivoted
lever against a wlieel or drum in a macliine.
10. (Engin.) An apparatus for testing the power of a
Bteam engine, or other motor, by weigliing the amount of
friction tliat the motor will overcome ; a friction brake.
11. A cart or carriage without a body, used in break-
ing in horses.
12. An ancient instrument of torture. Holinshed.
Air brake. See AiR BRAKE, in the Vocabulary. — Brake
beam or Brake bar, tlie beam tliat connects tlie brake
blocks of opposite wlieels. — Brake block, (a) The part
of a brake holding tlie brake shoe. (6) A brake shoe. —
Brake shoe or Brake rubber, tlie part of a brake against
whicli tlie wlieel ruljs. — Brake wheel, a wheel on the
platform or top of a car by wliich brakes are operated. —
flontinuous brake. See under Continuous.
Brake'man (brSk'man), »?.; pi. Brakemen (-men).
1. (Ra ilroads) A man in charge of a brake or brakes.
2. (Mining) The man in charge of the winding (or
hoisting) engine for a mine.
Brak'y (brak'y), «. Full of brakes ; abounding with
brambles, shrubs, or ferns ; rough ; thorny.
In the woods and braky glens. TV. Brotcne.
Bra'ma (bra'mfi.), re. See Bkahma.
Bra'mah press' (bra'ma prSs'). A hydrostatic press
of immense power, invented by Joseph Bramah of Lon-
don. See under Hydrostatic.
Bram'ble (brSm'b'l), n. [OE. brembil, AS. bremel,
brembel, brxmbel (aldn to OHG. brdmal), fr. the same
root as E. broom, AS. brom. See Broom.] 1. (Bot.)
Any plant of thd genus Bubus, including the raspberry
ind blackberry. Hence : Any rough, prickly shrub.
The thorny brambles, and embracing bushes. Shak.
2. (Zoiil.) The brambling or bramble finch.
Bram'ble bush' (bush'). (Bot.) The bramble, or a
ocdleotion of brambles growing together.
He jumped into a bramble busk
And scratched out both his eyes. Mother Ooose.
Bram'bled (-bl'd), a. Overgrown with brambles.
Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor. T. Warton.
Bram'ble net' (-b'l nSf). A net to catch birds.
Bram'bltag (-bling),n. [OE. bramline. See Bramble,
n.] (2odl.) The European mountain
finch (Fringilla mont if ring ilia) ; —
called also bramble finch and bramble.
Bram'bly (-biy), a. Pertaining to,
resembling, or full of, brambles. " In
brambly wildernesses." Tennyson.
Brame (bram), re. [Cf. Breme.]
Sharp passion ; vexation. \Obs.'\
Heart-burnmg 6rame. Spenser, gjambling (VO
Bra'min (brii'min), Bra-mln'ic '
(bri-min'Tk), etc. See Bkahman, Brahmanic, etc.
Bran (bran), n. [OE. bren, bran, OF. bren, F. bran,
from Celtic ; cf. Armor, brenn, W. bran, Ir. bran bran,
chaff. ] 1. The broken coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or
other cereal grain, separated from the flour or meal by
sifting or bolting ; the coarse, chaffy part of ground grain.
2. (Zo'dl. ) The European carrion crow.
Bran'card (brSn'kerd), ra. [F.] A litter on which a
person may be carried. [065.] Cotgrave.
Branch (branch), re. / pi. Branches (-§z). [OE.
braunche, F.-branche, fr. LL. branca claw of a bird or beast
of prey ; cf. Armor, brank branch, bough.] 1. (Bot.)
A shoot or secondary stem growing from the main stem,
or from a principal limb or bough of a tree or other plant.
2. Any division extending like a branch ; any arm or
part connected with the main body of a thing ; a ramifi-
cation ; as, the branch of an antler ; the branch of a
chandelier ; a branch of a river ; a branch of a railway.
Most of the branches, or streams, were dried up. W. Irving.
3. Any member or part of a body or system ; a dis-
tinct article ; a section or subdivision ; a department.
" Branches of knowledge. " Prescott.
It is a branch and parcel of mine oath. Shak.
4. (Geom.) One of the portions of a curve that extends
outward to an indefinitely great distance ; as, the
branches of an hyperbola.
5. A line of family descent, in distinction from some
other line or lines from the same stock ; any descendant
hi such a line ; as, the English branch of a family.
His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock. Carew.
6. (Naut.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot,
authorizing him to pilot vesnpls in certain waters.
Branches of a bridle, two pisccj -if bent iron, which bear
the bit, the cross chains, and the ciirli, — Branch herring.
See Alewife. — Root and branch, totally, wholly.
Syn. — Bough ; limb ; shoot ; offshoot ; twig ; sprig.
Branch (brinch), a. Diverging from, or tributary to,
a main stock, line, way, theme, etc. ; as, a branch vein ;
a branch road or line ; a branch topic ; a bra^ich store.
Branch, v. i. limp. &p. p. Branched (branclit) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Branching.] 1. To shoot or spread in
branches ; to separate into branches ; to ramify.
2. To divide into separate parts or subdivisions.
To branch off, to form a branch or a separate part ; to
diverge. — To branch out, to speak diffusively ; to extend
one's discourse to otlier topics than the mam one ; also,
to enlarge the scope of one's business, etc.
To branch out into a long disputation. Spectator.
Branch, v. t. 1. To divide as into branches ; to make
subordinate divisions in. Bacon.
2. To adorn with needlework representing branches,
flowers, or twigs.
The train whereof loose far behind her strayed.
Branched with gold and pearl, most richly wrought. Spenser.
Branch'er (branch'Sr), n. 1. Tliat which shoots forth
branches ; one wlio 'shows grovvtli in various directions.
2. {Falconry) A young hawk when it begins to leave
the nest and take to the branches.
Branch'er-y (-y), re. A system of branches.
II Bran'chi-a (brSn'kt-a), ?^. / pi. Branchle (-e). [L.,
fr. Gr. Ppayxt-a, pi. of j3pd|yxioi/.] (Anat.) A gill ; a res-
piratory organ for breathing tlie air contained in water,
such .as many aquatic and semiaquatic animals have.
Bran'chl-al (bran'kl-al), a. (Anal.) Of or pertaining
to branchiue or gills.
Branchial arches, the bony or cartilaginous arches which
support tlie gills on each side of the throat of fishes and
amphibians. See Illustration in Appendix. — Branchial
clefts, the openings between the brancliial arches througli
which water passes.
Bran'chl-ate (-kT-at), a. (Anat.) Furnished with
brancliiae ; as, branchiate segments.
Bran-Chlf'er-OUS (brau-klfer-us), a. (Anat.) Having
gills; branchiate; as, fcrancAi/erou^ gastropods.
Branch'1-ness (branch'I-ngs), n. Fullness of branches.
Branch'ing, a. Furnislied with branches ; shooting
out branches ; extending in a branch or branches.
Shaded with branching palm. Milton.
Branch'ing, n. The act or state of separation into
branches ; division into branches ; a division or branch.
The sciences, with their numeroua branchings. I. Watts.
II Bran'chl-o-gas-trop'o-da (br5n'kT-6-g5s-tr8p'6-d4),
re. pi. [NL., from Gr. Ppayxi-ov gill + E. gastropoda.]
(Zo'dl.) Those Gastropoda that breathe by brancliiiE, in-
cluding the Prosobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata.
Bran'Chi-om'er-ism (-5m'er-iz'm), ra. [Gr. Ppdyxt-ov
giU -j- -mere.} (Aiiat.) The state of being made up of
branchiate segments. B. Wiedersheim.
Bran'Chl-0-pod (brSnlcI-o-pSd), ra. One of the Bran-
chiopoda.
II Bran'Chl-op'O-da (br2n'kI-op'o-d4), re. pi. [Gr.
Ppdyx^ov gill -\- -poda : cf. F. branchiopode.'] (Zo'dl.)
An order of Entomostraca ; — so named from the feet of
branchiopods having been supposed to perform the func-
tion of gills. It includes the fresh-water genera Branchi-
pus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found
in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyl-
L0P*DA, Cladoceba. It is sometimes used in a broader
sense.
Bran'chl-OS'te-gal (br5n'ki-3s'te-gal), a. [Gr. /Spdy-
Xi-ov gill -|- a-reyeiv to cover : cf. F. branchiostige.']
(Anat.) Pertaining to the membrane covering the gills of
fishes. ^ ra. (Anat.) A branchiostegal ray. See Illustra-
tion of Branchial arches in Appendix.
I^^This term was formerly applied to a group of
fishes having boneless branchiae. But the arrangement
was artificial, and has been rejected.
Bran'Chl-OS'tege C-tej), «. (Andt.) The branchioste-
gal membrane. See Illustration in Appendix.
Bran'chl-os'te-goos (brSn'ki-5s'te-giis), a. (Anat.)
Branchiostegal.
II Bran'chl-OS'tO-ma (-to-ma), ra. [NL., fr. Gr. Ppiy-
XtOK gill -|- (TToixx mouth.] (Zo'dl.) The lancelet. See
Abshioxus.
II Bran'chl-n'ra (brSn'kt-u'ra), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr.
/Spdyx'O" gill + owpa tail.] (Zo'dl.)
A group of Entomostraca, with
suctorial mouths, including spe-
cies parasitic on fishes, as the carp
lice (Argulus).
Branchless (branch'lSs), a.
Destitute of branches or shoots;
without any valuable product ;
barren ; naked.
Branchlet (-let), re. \_Branch s;
"l" ■lei.'] A little branch ; a twig.
Branch' pi'lot (pi'liit). A pi-
lot who has a branch or commis-
sion, as from Trinity House, Eng-
land, for special navigation.
Branch'y (branch'y), a. Full of
branches ; having wide-spreading
branches ; consisting of branches.
Beneath thy branchy bowers of
thickest gloom. J. Scott.
Brand (brSnd), re. [OE. brand,
brand, AS. brand, brand, brand,
sword, from byrnan, beornan, to
burn; akin to D., Dan., Sw., & G. brand brand, Icel.
brandr a brand, blade of a sword. V32. See Burn,
V. t., and cf. Brandish.] 1. A burning piece of wood;
or a stick or piece of wood partly burnt, whether burn-
ing or after the fire is extinct.
Snatching a live brand from a wigwam, Mason threw it on a
matted roof. Palfrey.
2. A sword, so called from its glittering or flashing
brightness. \_Poetic'] Tennyson.
Paradise, so Inte their happy seat,
Waved over by that flaming brand. Milton.
One of the Branchi-
lira {Ai'gulus folia-
celts), ventral sur-
face of male, .f/"
Swimming feet : T
Tail, with testes.
Much enlarged.
3. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as upon a
cask, to designate the quality, manufacturer, etc., of the
contents, or upon an animal, to designate ownership ;^
also, a mark for a similar purpose made in any other way,
as with a stencil. Hence, figuratively : Quality ; kind ;.
grade ; as, a good brand of flour.
4. A mark put upon criminals with a hot iron. Hence t
Any mark of infamy or vice ; a stigma.
Tlie brand of private vice. Channing.
5. An instrument to brand with ; a branding iron.
6. (Bot.) Any minute fungus which produces a burnt
appearance in plants. The brands are of many species
and several genera of the order Puccinisei.
Brand (brSnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Branded ; p. pr.
& vb. re. BrAndins.] 1. To burn a distinctive mark into
or upon with a hot iron, to indicate quality, ownership,
etc., or to mark as infamous (as a convict).
2. To put an actual distinctive mark upon in any other
way, as with a stencil, to show quality of contents, nam»
of manufacturer, etc.
3. Fig. : To fix a mark of infamy, or a stigma, upon.
The Inquisition branded its victims with infamy. Prescott.
There were the enormities, branded and condemned by the-
first and most natural verdict of common humanity. South.
4. To mark or impress indelibly, as with a hot iron.
As if it were branded on my mind. Geo. Eliot.
Brand'er (brSnd'er), re. 1. One who, or that which,,
brands ; a branding iron.
2. A gridiron. HScoi.]
Brand' goose' (goes'). [Prob. fr. 1st brand -f goose:
cf. Sw. brandgds. Cf. Brant.] (Zo'dl.) A species of
wild goose (Brania bernicla) usually called in America
brant. See Be ant.
Bran'dled (bran'dtd), a. Mingled with brandy ; made
stronger by the addition of brandy ; flavored or treated
with brandy ; as, brandied peaches.
Brand'ing I'ron (i'iirn). An iron to brand with.
Brand' I'ron. 1. A branding iron.
2. A trivet to set a pot on. Huloet.
3. The horizontal bar of an andiron.
Bran'dish (brJin'dish), v. t. limp. & p. p. Bran.
DISHED (-disht) ; p. pr. & vb. ra. Brandishing.] [OE.
braundisen, F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, fr. OHG.
brant brand. See Brand, ra.] 1. To move or wave, ai
a weapon ; to raise and move in various directions ; to
shake or flourish.
The quivering lance which he brandished bright. Dralce^
2. To play with ; to flouxish ; as, to brandish syllo*
gisms. Locke.
Bran'dish, ra. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip,
etc. '■^Brandishes of the fan." Taller.
Bran'dish-er (brSu'dtsh-er), n. One who brandishes.
Bran'dle (-d'l), i;. t & i. \¥.brandiller.'\ To shake;
to totter. [04«.] Bacon.
Brand'llng (brSndling), ) ra. (Zodl.) SameasBBAN-
Brand'lin (brSndQTn), J LIN, fish and worm.
Brand'-new' (-nu'), a. [See Brand, and cf. Bean.
NEW.] Quite new ; bright as if fresh from the forge.
Brand' spore' (spor'). (Bot.y One of several spores
growing in a series or chain, and produced by one of the
fungi called brand.
Bran'dy (brSn'dy), ra. ; pi. Brandies (-dlz). [From
older brandywine, brandwine, fr. D. brandewijn, fr. p.
p. of branden to bum, distill -)- wij7i wine, akin to G.
branntwein. See Brand.] A strong alcoholic liquor dis*
tiUed from wine. The name is also given to spirit dis.
tilled from other liquors, and in the United States to
that distilled from cider and peaches, In northern Eu'
rope, it is also applied to a spirit obtained from grain.
Brandy fmit, fruit preserved in brandy and sugar.
Bran'dy-wlne' (-win'), re. Brandy. [06s.] Wiseman,
Bran'gle (brSn'g'l), re. [Prov. E. brangled confused,
entangled, Scot, brangle to shake, menace ; probably a
variant of wrangle, confused with brawl. VSS.] A wran-
gle ; a squabble ; a noisy contest or dispute. [iJ.]
A brangle between him and his neighbor. Swift,
Bran'gle, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Brangled (-g'ld) ; p. pr, -
& vb. ra. Beangling (-glTng).] To wrangle ; to dispute
contentiously ; to squabble, [i?.]
Bran'gle-ment (-rnent), re. "Wrangle ; brangle. [Obs.'}\
Bran'gler (brSn'gler), re. A quarrelsome person.
Bran'gling (-gling), re. A quarrel. [iJ.] Whitlock.
Brank (brSnk), ra. [Prob. of Celtic origin; of. L.
brance, brace, the Gallic name of a particularly white
kind of com.] Buckwheat. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell.
Brank, ) re. [Cf. Gael, brungus, brangas, a sort of
Branks, ) piUory, Ir. brancas halter, or D. pranger
fetter.] 1. A sort of bridle with wooden side pieces.
[Scot. & Prov. Eng.'] Jamieson.
2. A scolding bridle, an instrument formerly used for
correcting scolding women. It was an iron frame sur-
rounding the head and having a triangular piece enter-
ing the mouth of the scold.
Brank, v. i. 1. To hold up and toss the head ; — ap-
plied to lioi-Ties as spurning the bit. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.y
2. Toprauce; to caper. [Scot.] Jamieson.
Brank'ur-sine (brank'iir-sin), re. [F. branc-tirsine,
branche-ursine, fr. LL. branca claw -|- L. vrsinvs belong-
ing to a bear (fr. ursus bear), i. e., bear's claw, because
its leaves resemble the claws of a bear. Cf . Branch.]
(Bot.) Bear's-breecli, or Acanthus.
Bran'lln (briln'lTn), re. [Scot, branlie, fr. brand.]
(Zo'dl.) A young salmon or parr, in the stage in which it
has tr.<insverse black bauds, as if burned by a gridiron.
Bran'lln, re. [See Brand.] A small red wonn or
larva, used as bait for small fresh-water fish ; — so called
from its red color.
Bran'-new' (brSn'nu'), a. See Beand-new.
Bran'ny (britn'ny), a. Having the appearance of
bran ; consisting of or containing bran. Wiseman.
Bran'sle (britn's'I), re. [See Brawl a dance.] A
brawl or dance. [Obs.] Spenser.
H
K
use, iinite, rude, iifli, ftp, Om ; pity; food, to'ct; out, oil; chair; so; sine, ink; theo, tbin; boN ; zlii = z in azure.
IVL
BRANT
176
BRAZENLY
Brant (brSnt), n. [Cf. Bkand goose, Brent, Bekni-
CLE.] {Zoal.) A species
of wild goose (Sranla ber-
nicla) — called also breiU
and brand goose. The
name is also applied to
other related species.
Brant, a. [See Bkent.]
Steep. i^Prvv. Eng.']
Bran'tail' (bran'tal'),
n. {Zodl.) The European
redstart; — • so called from Brant, a liranta bernicia ;
the red color of its tail. * Black Brant (B. nigricans).
Brant'-fox' (brant'foks'), 71. [For brand-fox; cf.
G. brandfuchs, Sw. brandrdf. So called from its yellow-
ish brown and somewhat black color. See Brand.]
(Zool.) A kind of fox found in Sweden (Vulpes aloper),
smaller than the common fox { V. vulgaris), but proba-
bly a variety of it.
Bran'U-Iar (bran'u-ler), a. Relating to the brain ;
cerebral. [7?.] /. Taylor.
Bra'sen (bra'z'n), a. Same as Brazen.
Brash (brash), a. [Cf. Gael, bras or G. barsch harsh,
Bharp, tart, impetuous, D. barsch, Sw. & Dan. barsk.l
Hasty in temper ; impetuous. Grose.
Brash, a. [Cf. Arm. bresk, brnsk, fragile, brittle.]
Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Colloq., U. S.} Bartlett.
Brash, re. [See Brash brittle.] 1. A rash or erup-
tion ; a sudden or transient fit of sickness.
2. Refuse boughs of trees ; also, the clippings of
hedges. \_Prov. Eng.'] Wright.
3. (Geol.) Broken and angular fragments of rocks
underlying alluvial deposits. Lyell.
4. Broken fragments of ice. Kane.
Water IraBh (Med.), an affection characterized by a
spasmodic pain or hot sensation in the stomach with a
rising of watery liquid into tlie mouth ; pyrosis. — Wean-
ing brash (Med.).^ a severe form of diarrhea which some-
times attacks children just weaned.
Bra'sier, Bra'zier (bra'zher), n. [OE. brasiere, F.
braise live coals. See Brass.] An artificer who works
in brass. Frayiklin.
Bra'sier, Bra'zier, re. [F. brasier, braisier, fr. braise
live coals. See Brass.] A pan for holding burning coals.
Brass (bras), re. / pi. Brasses (-ez).] [OE. bras, bres,
AS. brses ; akin to Icel. bras cement, solder, brasa to
harden by fire, and to E. braze, brazen. Cf. 1st & 2d
Braze.] 1. An alloy (usually yellow) of copper and zinc,
in variable proportions, but often containing two parts
of copper to one of zinc. It sometimes contains tin, and
rarely other metals.
2. (Mach.) A journal bearing, so called because fre-
quently made of brass. A brass is often lined with a
softer metal, when the latter is generally called a white
metal tin ing. See Axle box. Journal box, and Bearihq.
3. Coin made of copper, brass, or bronze. [06^.]
Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, nor
ecrip for your journey. Matt. x. 9.
4. Impudence ; a brazen face. [_CoUoq.']
6. pi. Utensils, ornaments, or other articles of brass.
The very scullion who cleans the brasses. Bopkinson.
6. A brass plate engraved with a figure or device.
Specifically, one used as a memorial to the dead, and gen-
erally having the portrait, coat of arms, etc.
7. pi. (Mining) Lumps of pyrites or sulphuret of
iron, the color of which is near to that of brass.
II^°" The word brass as used in Scripture language is
a translation for copper or some kind of bronze.
I^^ Brass is often used adjectively or in self-explain-
ing compounds ; as, brass button, brass kettle, brass
founder, brass foundry or brasstowuity .
Brass band (Mus.), a band of musicians who play upon
wind instruments made of brass, as trumpets, cornets,
etc. — Brass foil, Brass leaf, brass made into very thin
sheets ; — called also .Dutch gold.
Bras'sage (bras'saj), n. [F.] A sum formerly levied
to pay the expense of coinage ; — now called seigniorage.
Bras'sart (-sert), n. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm. See
Brace, «.] Armor for the arm ; — generally used for the
whole arm from the shoulder to the wrist, and consist-
ing, in the 15th and 16th centuries, of many parts.
Brasse (bras), re. [Perh. a transposition of barse; but
cf. LG. brasse the bream, G. brassen. Cf. Bream.]
{Zo'fjl.) A spotted European fish of the genus Lucio-
perca, resembling a perch.
Bras'set (bras'set), re. See Brassakt.
II Bras'si-ca (bras'si-ka), re. [L., cabbage.] (Boi.) A
genus of plants embracing several species and varieties
differing much in appearance and qualities : such as the
common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers,
etc. ; the wild turnip (B. campestris) ; the common tur-
nip {B. rapa) ; the rape or coleseed {B. napiis), etc.
Bras'si-ca'ceous (brSs'sT-ka'shiis), a. [L. brassica
cabbage.] (Bot.) Related to, or r'isembling, the cabbage,
or plants of the Cabbage family.
Brass'i-ness (bras'I-nSs), re. The state, condition, or
quality of being brassy. IColloq.]
Brass'-vis'aged (-vlz'Sjd), a. Impudent ; bold.
Brass'y (bras'y), a. 1. Of or pertaining to brass;
having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass.
2. Impudent ; impudently bold. ICollog.]
Brast(brast),tJ. «. &i. [See Burst.] To burst. [Obs."]
And both his yen braste out of his face. Chaucer.
Dreadful furies which their chains have brast. Spertser.
Brat (brat), re. [OE. bratt coarse garment, AS. bralt
cloak, fr. the Celtie ; cf. W. brat clout, rag, Gael, brat
cloak, apron, rag, Ir. brat cloak ; properly then, a child's
bib or elout ; hence, a child.] 1. A coarse garment or
cloak ; also, coarse clothing, in general. [06i.] Chaucer.
2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes
clean ; a bib. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright.
3. A child ; an offspring ; — formerly used in a good
Bacon.
Fepys.
Shak.
sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. "This
brat is none of mine." Shak. "A beggar's brat." Swift.
O Isiael ! O household of the Lord !
O Abraham's brats ,' O brood of blessed seed ! Gascotgne.
4. The young of an animal. [Ofts.] L'Estra?ige.
Brat (brSt), re. (Mining) A thin bed of coal mixed
with pyrites or carbonate of lime.
II Brat'sche (brat'she), n. [G., fr. It. viola da braccio
viola held on the arm.] The tenor violin, or viola.
Brat'tice (brSt'tis), n. [See Brettice.] {Mining)
(a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery used for
ventilation. (6) Planking to support a roof or wall.
Brat'tish-ing (-tish-Ing), re. 1. See Brattice, n.
2. (Arch.) Carved openwork, as of a shrine, battle-
ment, or parapet.
Braun'lte (broun'it), re. (J/m.) A native oxide of
manganese, of dark brownish black color. It was named
from a Mr. Braun of Gotha.
Bra-vade' (bra-vsd'), re. Bravado. iObs."] Fanshawe.
Bra-va'do (bra-va'dS), n. ; pi. Bravadoes (-doz). [Sp.
bravada, bravata, boast, brag : cf. F. bravade. See
Bravp,.] Boastful and threatening behavior ; a boastful
menace.
In spite of our host's bravado. Irving.
Brave (brav), a. \_Compar. Braver ; superl. Bravest.]
[F. brave. It, or Sp. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, savage,
prob. from L. barbarus. See Barbarous, and cf. Beavo.]
1. Bold ; courageous ; daring ; intrepid ; — opposed to
cowardly ; as, a brave man ; a brave act.
2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence ; —
especially such as is conspicuous. [Obs. or Archaic as
applied to material things.]
Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth.
It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall.
3. Making a fine show or display. [Archaic]
Wear my dagger with the braver grace.
For I have gold, and therefore will be brave.
In silks I 'llrattle it of every color. Robert Greene.
Froo; and lizard in holiday coats
And turtle brave in his golden spots. Emerson.
Syn. — Courageous ; gallant ; daring ; valiant ; valor-
ous ; bold ; heroic ; intrepid ; fearless ; dauntless ; mag-
nanimous ; liigh-spirited ; stout-hearted. See Gallant.
Brave, re. 1. A brave person ; one who is daring.
The star-spangled banner, O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. F. S. Key.
2. Specifically, an Indian warrior.
3. A man daring beyond discretion ; a bully.
Hot braves like thee may fight. Dryden.
4. A challenge ; a defiance ; bravado. [Obs.]
Demetrius, thou dost overween in all ;
And so in this, to bear me down with braves. Sliak.
Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braved (bravd) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. Braving.] 1. To encounter with courage and
fortitude ; to set at defiance ; to defy ; to dare.
These I can brave, but those I can not bear. Dryden.
2. To adorn ; to make fine or showy. [Obs,]
Thou [a tailor whom Grunio was browbeating] hast braved
many men ; brave not me ; I *li neither be faced nor braved.
Sliak.
Brave'ly, adv. l. in a brave manner ; courageously ;
gallantly ; valiantly ; splendidly ; nobly.
2. Finely ; gaudily ; gayly ; showily.
And [she) decked herself bravely to allure the eyes of all men
that should see her. Judith x. 4.
3. Well ; thrivingly ; prosperously. [Colloq.]
Brave'ness, n. The quality or state of being brave.
Brav'er-y (brav'er-y), re. [Cf. F. braverie.] 1. The
quality of being brave ; fearlessness ; intrepidity.
Remember, sir, my liege, , . .
The natural bravery of your isle. Shak.
2. The act of braving ; defiance ; bravado. [Obs.]
Reform, then, without bravery or scandal of former times and
persons. Bacon.
3. Splendor ; magnificence ; showy appearance ; osten-
tation ; fine dress.
With scarfs and fans and double change of bravery. Shak.
Like a stately ship . . .
With all her bravery on, and tackle trim. Milton.
4. A showy person ; a fine gentleman ; a beau. [Obs.]
A man that is the bravery of his age. jBcaii. A- Ft.
Syn. — Courage ; lieroism ; intrepidity ; gallantry ;
valor ; fearlessness ; dauntlessness ; hardihood ; manful-
ness. See Courage, and Heroism.
Brav'lng (braving), re. A bravado ; a boast.
With so proud a strain
Of threats and bravings. Chapman.
Brav'ing-ly, adv. In a defiant manner.
Bra'VO (bra'vo ; 277), re. ; pi. Bravoes (-voz). [It.
See Brave, a.] A daring villain ; a bandit; one who sets
law at defiance ; a professional assassin or murderer.
Safe from detection, seize the unwary prey,
And stab, like bravoes, all who come that way. ChurchiU.
Bra'vo (bra'vo), interj. [It. See Brave.] Well done !
excellent ! an exclamation expressive of applause.
II Bra-VU'ra (brarvob'ra), re. [It., (properly) bravery,
spirit, from bravo. See Brave.] (Miis.) A florid, bril-
hant style of music, written for effect, to show the range
and flexibility of a singer's voice, or the technical force
and skill of a performer ; virtuoso music.
Aria di bravura (a're-a de bra-vob'ra) [It.], a florid air
demanding brilliant execution.
Brawl (bral), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Brawled (braid) ;
p. pr. & vb.'n. Brawling.] [OE. braulen to quarrel,
boast, brallen to cry, make a noise ; cf. LG. bralleii to
brag, MHG. pralen, G. prahlen, F. brailler to cry, shout,
Pr. brailar, braillar, W. bragal to vociferate, brag. Ar-
mor, bragal to romp, to strut, W. broliaw to brag, brawl
boast. VSS.] 1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously.
Let a man that is a man consider that he is a fool that brawl-
eth openly with his wife. Golden Bake.
2. To complain loudly ; to scold.
3. To make a loud confused noise, ?.b the water of a
rapid stream running over stones.
Where the brook brawls along the painful road. Wordsworth.
Syn. — To wrangle; squabble; contend.
Brawl (bral), re. A noisy quarrel ; loud, angry con-
tention ; a wrangle ; a tumult ; as, a drunken brawl.
His sports were hindered by thy brawls. Sfiak,
Syn. — Noise; quarrel; uproar; row; tumult.
Brawl, n. [I', branle a sort of dance, shake. Cf.
Brandish.] A kind of sprightly dance. [Obs.] Shak.
Brawl'er (-er), re. One that brawls ; a wrangler.
Common brawler (Law), one who disturbs a neighbor-
hood by brawling (and is therefore indictable at common
law as a nuisance). Wharton.
Brawl'ing, a. l. Quarreling ; quarrelsome ; noisy.
She is an irksome brawling scold. Shak.
2. Making a loud confused noise. See Brawl, v. i., 3.
A brawling stream. J. C. Shairp,
Brawl'ing-ly, adv. In a brawling manner.
Brawn (bran), re. [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle,
fr. OHG. brato flesh, G. braten roast meat ; akin to Icel.
braS flesh, food of beasts, AS. brsede roast meat, brsedan
to roast, G. braten, and possibly to E. b7eed.] 1. A
muscle ; flesh. [Obs.]
Formed well of brawns and of bones. Chaucer.
2. Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or leg ; mus-
cular strength ; a protuberant muscular part of the
body ; sometimes, the arm.
Brawn without brain is t'nine. Dryden*
It was ordained that murtherers should be brent on the
brawn of the left hand. £. Hall.
And in my vantbrace put this withered bi-awn. Shak,
3. The flesh of a boar ; also, the salted and prepared
flesh of a boar.
The best age for the boar is from two to five years, at which
time it is best to geld him, or sell him for brawn, Mortimer,
4. A boar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl
Brawned (brand), a. Brawny ; strong ; muscular.
[Obs.] " Spenser.
Brawn'er (bran'er), re. A boar killed for the table.
Brawn'i-ness (bran'i-nes), re. The quality or state of
being brawny. Locke.
Brawn'y (-J'), a. Having large, strong muscles ; mus-
cular; fleshy ; strong. " Brawny limhs." W. Irving.
Syn. — Muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky; sinewy;
athletic ; stalwart ; powerful ; robust.
Bras'y (brSks'y), re. [Cf. AS. breac rheum, broc sick-
ness, Ir. bracha corruption. Jamieson.] 1. A disease of
sheep. The term is variously applied in different local-
ities. [Scot.]
2. A diseased sheep, or its mutton.
Bray (bra), V. t, [imp. &p.p. Brayed (brad) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Braying.] [OE. brayen, OF. breier, F. broyer, to
pound, grind, fr. OHG. brehhan to break. See Break.]
To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine.
Though thou shouldest hray a fool in a mortar, . . . yet will
not his toolisliness depart from him. Prov. xxvii. 22.
Bray, v. i. [OE. brayen, F. braire to bray, OF. braire
to cry, fr. LL. bragire to whinny ; perh. fr. the Celtic
and akin to E. break; or perh. of imitative origin.]
1. To utter a loud, harsh cry, as an ass.
Laugh, and they
Return it louder than an ass can hray, Dryden.
2. To make a harsh, grating, or discordant noise.
Heard ye the din of battle bray ? Gray,
Bray, v. t. To make or utter with a loud, discordant,
or harsh and grating sound.
Arms on armor clashing, brayed
Horrible discord. Milton.
And varying notes the war pipes brayed. Sir W. Scott,
Bray, re. The harsh cry of an ass ; also, any harsh,
grating, or discordant sound.
The bray and roar of multitudinous London. Jerrold,
Bray, re. [OE. braye, brey, brew, eyebrow, brow of a
hill, hill, bank, Scot, bra, brae, bray, fr. AS. brxw eye-
brow, influenced by the allied Icel. bra eyebrow, bank,
also akin to AS. brU eyebrow. See Brow.] A bank;
the slope of a hill ; a hiU. See Brae, which is now the
usual spelling. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Fairfax.
Bray'er (-er), n. An implement for braying and
spreading ink in hand printing.
Bray'er, n. One that brays like an ass. Pope.
Bray'ing, a. Making a harsh noise ; blaring. " Bray-
ing trumpets." Shak.
Braze (braz), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Brazed (brazd) ; p. pr,
& vb. re. Brazing.] [F. braser to solder, fr. Icel. brasa
to harden by fire. Cf. Brass.] 1. To solder with hard
solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc ; as, to braze
the seams of a copper pipe.
2. To harden. "Now I am ironed to it." Shak.
Braze, v. t. [AS. brxsian, fr. brses brass. See Brass.]
To cover or ornament with brass. Chapman,
Bra'zen (bra'z'n), a. [OE. brasen, AS. brsesen. Sep
Brass.] 1. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass.
2. Sounding harsh and loud, like resounding brass.
3. Impudent ; immodest ; shameless ; having a front
like brass ; as, a brazen countenance.
Brazen age. (a) (Myth.) The age of war and lawlessness
which succeeded the silver age. (b) (Archseol.) See un-
der Bronze. — Brazen sea (Jewish Antiq.), a large laver of
brass, placed in Solomon's temple for the use of the priests.
Bra'zen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brazened (-z'nd) ; p.
pr. & vb. re. Brazening.] To carry through impudently
or shamelessly ; as, to brazen the matter through.
Sabina brazened it out before Mrs. Wygram, but inwardly she
was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect. W, Black.
Bra'zen-hrowed' (-broud'), a. Shamelessly impu-
dent. Sir T. Browne.
Bra'zen-face' (-fas'), n,^ An impudent or shameless
person. " Well said, ftrozere/aee ; hold it out." Shak.
Bra'zen-faced' (fast'), a. impudent ; shameless.
Bra'zen-iv; ^-dv. in a bnld, impudent manner.
ale, senate, care, &m, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, 6nd, feia^, recent; ice, idea, Hlj old, &bey, drb, 5dd;
BRAZENNESS
177
BREAK
Bra'zen-neSS (bra'z'n-nSs), n. The quality or state of
I)8mg brazen. Johnson.
Bra'zier (bra'zher), n. Same as Brasier.
II Braz'l-let'tO (braz'T-lSt'to), n. [Cf. Pg, & Sp. brasi-
lete, It. brasiletto.'] See Brazil wood.
Bra-zU'ian (bra-zll'ynu), ii. Of or pertaining to Bra-
zil. — n. A native or an inliabitant of Brazil.
Brazilian pebble. See Pebble, n., 2.
Braz'Mln (braz't-lTn), re. [Cf. F. bresiline. See Bra-
zil.] {Chem.)\ substance contained in both Brazil wood
and Sapan wood, from which it is extracted as a yellow
crystalline substance which is white when pure. It is col-
ored intensely red by alkalies. [Written also brezUin.']
Bra-zil' nut' (niSf). (Bot.) An oily, three-sided nut,
the seed of the Bertholletia excelsa; the cream nut.
J^^Prom eighteen to twenty-four of the seeds or
" nuts " grow in a hard and nearly globular shell. •
Bra-Zll' wood' (w68d'). [OE. bmsil, LL. brasile (cf.
Pg. & Sp. bi-asiU Pr. bresil) ; perh. from Sp. or Pg.
brusa a live coal (cf. Braze, Brasier) ; or Ar. vars plant
for dyeing red or yellow. This name was given to the
wood from its color ; and it is said that King Emanuel,
of Portugal, gave the name Brazil to the country in
South America on account of its producing this wood.]
1. The wood of the oriental Caisnlpinia Sapan ; — so
called before the discovery of America.
2. A very heavy wood of a reddish color, imported
from Brazil and other tropical countries, for cabinet-
work, and for dyeing. The best is the heartwood of Cas;?-
alpinia ecliinala, a leguminous tree; but other trees .also
jield it. An inferior sort comes from Jamaica, the tim-
ber of C. Brmiliensis and C crista. This is often dis-
tinguished as Brasileiio, but the better kind is also fre-
quently so named.
Breach (brech), «. [OE. brefce, breche, AS. brice, ge-
brice, gebrece (in comp.), fr. brecan to break; akin to
Dan. brsek, MH6. breche, gap, breach. See Break, and
cf. Brake (the instrument), Brack a break.] 1. The
act of breaking, in a figurative sense.
2. Specifically : A breaking or infraction of a law, or
of any obligation or tie ; violation ; non-fulfillment ; as, a
breach of contract ; a breach of promise.
3. -4 gap or opening made by breaking or battering,
as in a wall or fortification ; the space between the parts
of a solid body rent by violence ; a break ; a rupture.
Once more unto the hreacli, dear friends, once more ;
Or close the wall up with our English dead. Shak.
4. A breaking of waters, as over a vessel ; the waters
themselves ; surge ; surf.
The Lord hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me,
as the breach of waters. 2 Sam. v. 20.
A clear breach implies that the waves roll over the ves-
sel without breaking. — A clean breach implies that every-
thing on deck is swept away. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
5. A breaking up of amicable relations ; rupture.
There 's fallen between him and my lord
An unkind breach. Shak.
8. A bruise ; a wound.
Breach for breach, eye for eye. Lev. xxiv. 20.
7. {Med.) A hernia; a rupture.
8. A breaking out upon ; an assault.
The Lord had made a breach upon JJzza. 1 Chron. xiii. 11.
Breach of faith, a breaking, or a failure to keep, an ex-
pressed or implied promise ; a betrayal of confidence or
trust. — Breach of the peace, disorderly conduct, disturb-
ing the public peace. — Breach of privilege, an act or
default in violation of the privilege of either house of
Parliament, of Congress, or of a State legislature, as, for
instance, by false swearing before a committee. Mozley.
Abbott. — Breach of promise, violation of one's plighted
word, esp. of a promise to marry. — Breach of trust, vio-
lation of one's duty or faith in a matter entrusted to one.
Syn. — Rent ; cleft ; chasm ; rift ; aperture ; gap ;
break ; disruption ; fracture ; rupture ; infraction ; in-
fringement ; violation ; quarrel ; dispute ; contention ;
■difference ; misunderstanding.
Breach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breached (brecht) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Breaching.] To make a breach or opening
in ; as, to breach the walls of a city.
Breach, v. i. To break the water, aa by leaping out ;
— said of a whale.
Breach'y (-y ), a. Apt to break fences or to break out
■of pasture ; unruly ; as, breachy cattle.
Bread (brgd), v. t. [AS. brsedan to make broad, to
spread. See Broad, a.] To spread. [0J«.] Ray.
Bread (brgd), n. [AS. bread; akin to OPries. brad,
OS. brod, D. brood, G. brod, brot, Icel. brauS, Sw. & Dan.
hrod. The root is probably that of E. brew. V93. See
Brew.] 1. An article of food made from flour or meal
by moistening, kneading, and baking.
11^°" Raised bread is made with yeast, salt, and some-
times a little butter or lard, and is mixed with warm milk
or water to form the dough, which, after kneading, is
given time to rise before baking. — Cream of tartar bread
is raised by the action of an alkaline carbonate or bicar-
bonate (as saleratus or ammonium bicarbonate) and cream
of tartar (acid tartrate of ijotassium) or some acid. —Un-
leavened bread is usually mixed vnHh water and salt only.
Aerated bread. See under Aerated. — Bread and butter
(fig.), means of living. [Colloq.] —Brown bread, Indian
bread, Graham bread, Rye and Indian bread. See Brown
bread, under Brown. — Bread tree. See Breadfeott.
2. Pood ; sustenance ; support of life, in general.
Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11.
Bread, v. t. {Cookery) To cover with bread crumbs,
preparatory to cooking ; as, breaded cutlets.
Bread'bas'ket (-bas'kSt), n. The stomach. IHu-
morousl S. Foole.
Bread' corn' (kSm'). Com or grain of which bread
is made, as wheat, rye, etc.
Bread'ed, a. Braided. [06s.] Spenser.
Bread'en (br6d"n), a. Made of bread. [iJ.]
Breadfruit. A branch with
fruit and a spike of flowers.
Bread'frult' (brgd'fruf), n. {Bol.) 1. The fruit of
a tree {Arlocarpus incisa)
found in the islands of
the Pacific, esp. the South
Sea islands. It is of a
roundish form, from four
to six or seven inches
in diameter, and, when
baked, somewhat resem-
bles bread, and is eaten
as food, whence the name.
2. {Bot.) The tree itself ,
whicli is one of considera-
ble size, with large, lobed
leaves. Cloth is made
from the bark, and the
timber is used for many
purposes. Called also
breadfruit tree and bread
tree.
Breadless, a. Without bread ; destitute of food.
Plump peers and ftreadlcss bards alike are dull. F. Whiteliead.
Bread'root' (-roof), n. (Bot.) The root of a legumi-
nous plant (Psoralea esculenta), found near the Rocky
Mountains. It is usually oval in form, and abounds in
farmaceous matter, affording sweet and palatable food.
IB^*^ It is the Pomme blanche of Canadian voyageurs.
Bread'stuff' (-stiSf), n. Grain, flour, or meal of
which bread is made.
Breadth (brSdth),_TO. [OE. brede, breede, whence
later bredethe, AS. brxdu, fr. brad broad. See Broad, a.]
1. Distance from side to side of any surface or thing ;
measure across, or at right angles to the length ; width.
2. (Fine Arts) The quality of having the colors and
shadows broad and massive, and the arrangement of ob-
jects such as to avoid too great multiplicity of details,
producing an impression of largeness and simple gran-
deur ; — called also breadth of effect.
Breadth of coloring is a prominent character in the painting
of all great masters. Weale.
Breadth'less, a. Without breadth.
Breadth'ways (-waz), adv. Breadthwise. Whewell.
Breadth'wise (-wtz), adv. In the direction of the
breadth.
Bread'win'ner (brSd'wTn'ner), n. The member of a
family whose labor supplies the food of the family ; one
who works for his living. H. Spencer.
Break (brak), v. t. [imp. Broke (brok), (Obs. Brake) ;
p. p. Broken (bro'k'n), (Obs Broke) ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Breaking.] [OE. breken, AS. brecan; akin to OS. bre-
kan, D. breken, OHG. brehhan, G. brechen, Icel. braka
to creak, Sw. braka, brakka, to crack, Dan. brxkke to
break, Goth, brikan to break, L. frangere. Cf. Brat to
pound, Breach, Fragile.] 1. To strain apart ; to sever
by fracture ; to divide with violence ; as, to break a rope
or chain ; to break a seal ; to break an axle ; to break
rocks or coal ; to break a lock. Stiak.
2. To lay open as by breaking ; to divide ; as, to
break a package of goods.
3. To lay open, as a purpose ; to disclose, divulge, or
communicate.
Katharine, break thy mind to me. Shak.
4. To infringe or violate, as an obligation, law, or
promise.
Out, out, hyena ! these are thy wonted arts . . .
To break all faith, all vows, deceive, betray. Milton.
B. To interrupt ; to destroy the continuity of ; to dis-
solve or terminate ; as, to break sUence ; to break one's
sleep ; to break one's journey.
Go, release them, Ariel ;
My charms I '11 break, their senses 1 '11 restore. Shak.
6. To destroy the completeness of ; to remove a part
from ; as, to break a set.
7. To destroy the arrangement of ; to throw into dis-
order ; to pierce ; as, the cavalry were not able to break
the British squares.
8. To shatter to pieces ; to reduce to fragments.
The victim broke in pieces the musical instruments with
which he had solaced the hours of captivity. Prescott.
9. To exchange for other money or currency of smaller
denominations ; as, to break a five dollar bill.
10. To destroy the strength, firmness, or consistency
of ; as, to break flax.
11. To weaken or impair, as health, spirits, or mind.
An old man, broken with the storms of state. Shak.
12. To diminish the force of ; to lessen the shock of,
as a fall or blow.
I 'U rather leap down first, and break your fall. Dryden.
13. To impart, as news or information ; to broach ; —
with to, and often with a modifying word implying some
reserve ; as, to break the news gently to the vridow ; to
break a purpose cautiously to a friend.
14. To tame ; to reduce to subjection ; to make tract-
able ; to discipline ; as, to break a horse to the harness
or saddle. " To break a coif." Spenser.
Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute ? Shak.
15. To destroy the financial credit of ; to make bank-
rupt ; to ruin.
With arts like these rich Matho, when he speaks.
Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks. Dnjden.
16. To destroy the official character and standing of ;
to cashier ; to dismiss.
1 see a great ofRcer broken. Swift.
With prepositions or adverbs : —
To break down, (a) To crush ; to overwhelm ; as, to break
down one's strength ; to break down opposition, (b) To
remove, or open a way through, by breaking ; as, to
break down a door or wall. — To break in. (a) To force in ;
as, to break in a door. {!•) To train ; to discipline ; as, a
horse well broken in. — To break of, to rid of ; to cause to
abandon ; as, to break one of a haljit. — To break off. (a)
To separate by breaking ; as, to break off a twig, (b) To
stop suddenly : to abandon. " Break off thy sins by
righteousness.'* Dan. iv. 27. — To break open, to open by
breaking. "Open the door, or I will break it open."
Shak. — To break out, to take or force out by breaking ;
as, to break out a pane of glass.— To break out a cargo, to
unstow a cargo, so as to unload it easily. — To break
through, (a) To make an opening through, as by violence
or tlie force of gravity ; to pass violently through ; as, to
break through the enemy's lines ; to break through the
ice. (b) To disregard ; as, to break through all ceremony.
— To break up. (a) To separate into parts ; to plow (new
or fallow ground). '^Break up this capon.'' Shak.
"Break up your fallow ground." Jer. iv. 3. (fc) To dis-
solve ; to put an end to. ''''Break up the court." Shak.
To break (one) all up, to unsettle or disconcert completely ;
to upset. [ColloqJ]
With an immediate object : —
To break the back, (a) To dislocate the backbone;
hence, to disable totally, (b) To get through the worst
part of ; as, to break the back of a difficult undertaking.
— To break bulk, to destroy the entirety of a load by re-
moving a portion of it ; to begin to unload ; also, to trans-
fer in detail, as from boats to cars. — To break cover, to
burst forth from a protecting concealment, as game when
hunted. — To break a deer or stag, to cut it up and ajipor-
tion the parts among those entitled to a share. — To break
fast, to partake of food after abstinence. See Break-
fast. — To break ground, (a) To open the earth as for
planting ; to commence excavation, as for building, siege
operations, and the like ; as, to break ground for a foun-
dation, a canal, or a railroad. (6) Fig. : To begin to exe-
cute any plan, (c) (Navt.) To release the anchor from
the bottom. — To break the heart, to crush or overwhelm
(one) with grief.— To break a house (ioitO, to remove or
set aside with violence .and a felonious intent any part of
a house or of the f astenmgs provided to secure it. — To
break the ice, to get through first difficulties; to over-
come obstacles and make a beginning ; to introduce a sub-
ject. — To break Jail, to escape from confinement in jail,
usually by forcible means. — To break a Jest, to utter a
jest. Patroclus . . . the livelong day breaks scurril
jests." Shak. — To break joints, to lay or arrange bricks,
shingles, etc., so that the joints in one course shall not
coincide with those in the preceding course. — To break a,
lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. — To break the neck,
to dislocate the joints of the neck. — To break no squares,
to create no trouble. [Obs.]—1o break a path, road, etc.,
to open a way through obstacles by force or labor. — To
break upon a wheel, to execute or torture, as a criminal
by stretching him upon a wheel, and breaking his limbs
with an iron bar ; — a mode of punishment formerly em-
ployed in some countries. — To break wind, to give vent
to wind from the anus.
Syn. — To dispart ; rend : tear ; shatter ; batter ; vio-
late ; infringe ; demolish ; destroy ; burst ; dislocate.
Break (brak), V. i. 1. To come apart or divide into
two or more pieces, usually with suddenness and vio-
lence ; to part ; to burst asunder.
2. To open spontaneously, or by pressure from within,
as a bubble, a tumor, a seed vessel, a bag.
Else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out. Matt. ix. 17.
3. To burst forth ; to make its way ; to come to view
to appear ; to dawn.
The day begins to break, and night is fled. Shah.
And from the turf a fountain broke.
And gurgled at our feet. Wordswqrth.
4. To burst forth violently, as a storm.
The clouds are still above ; and, while I speak,
A second deluge o'er our heads may tireak. Dryden.
5. To open up ; to be scattered ; to be dissipated ; as,
the clouds are breaking.
At length the darkness begins to break. Macaulay,
6. To become weakened in constitution or faculties ;
to lose health or strength.
See how the dean begins to break;
Poor gentleman 1 he droops apace. Swifl.
7. To be crushed, or overwhelmed with sorrow or
grief ; as, my heart is breaking.
8. To fail in business ; to become bankrupt.
He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break, and
come to poverty. Bacon.
9. To make an abrupt or sudden change ; to change
the gait ; as, to break into a run or gallop.
10. To fail in musical quality ; as, a singer's voice
breaks when it is strained beyond its compass and a
tone or note is not completed, but degenerates into an
unmusical sound instead. Also, to change in tone, as a
boy's voice at puberty.
11. To fall out ; to terminate friendship.
To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be mean
and narrow-spirited. Collier.
With prepositions or adverbs : —
To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; to
come or go away against resistance.
Fear me not, man ; I will not break away. Shak.
— To break down, (a) To come down by breaking ; as, the
coach broke down, (b) To fail in any undertaking.
He had broken down almost at the outset. Thackeray.
— To break forth, to issue ; to come out suddenly, as
sound, light, etc. " Then shall thy light break forth as
the morning. " Jsa. Iviii. 8 ; — often with into in express-
ing or giving vent to one's feeUngs. " Break forth into
singing, ye mountains." Isa. xliv. 23. — To break from,
to go away from abruptly.
Thus radiant from the circling crowd he broke. Dri/dfn.
— To break into, to enter by breaking ; as, to break into a
house. — To break in upon, to enter or approach violently
or unexpectedly. " This, this is he ; softly awhile ; let us
not Jreo^m;;;)OHhim." jl/» Wore. —To break loose. (<i)To
extricate one's self forcibly. " Who would not, finding
way, break loose from hell Y " ililtoti. (?>) To cast oil re-
straint, as of morals or propriety. —To break off. (a) To
become separated by rupture, or witli suddenness and
violence, (o) To desist or cease suddenly. " Nay, forward,
old man ; donot break off no." Shak. — To break off from,
to desist from ; to abandon, as a habit. — To break out. (a)
To burst forth ; to escape from restraint ; to .ipiH'ar sud.
denly, as a fire or an epidemic. " For in tho wilderness
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, tip, firn ; pity ,' food, f<>bt ; out, oil ; chair ;
12
go i sing, ink ; tlien, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
BREAK
178
BREATHING
shall waters break out, and streams in the desert." Isa.
ixxv. 6. (b) To show itself in cutaneous eruptions ; —
said of a disease, (c) To have a rash or eruption on the
skin ; — said of a patient. — To break over, to overflow ;
to go beyond limits. — To break up. (o) To become sepa-
rated into parts or fragments : as, the ice breaks up in
the rivers ; the wreck will break up in the next storm.
(b) To disperse. " The company breaks ttj}." I- Walts. —
To break upon, to discover itself suddenly to ; to dawn
upon. — To break with. («) To fall out ; to sever one's re-
lations with; to part friendship. "It can not be the
Volsces dare break with us." Shak. "If she did not
Intend to marry Clive, she should have broken with liim
altogether." Thackeray. (6) To come to an explanation ;
to enter into conference ; to speak. [Obs.] "lyiiM. break
with her and with her father." Shak.
Break (brak), n. [See Break, v.t., and cf . Brake (the
instnunent), Breach, Brack a crack.] 1. An opening
made by fracture or disruption.
2. An interruption of continuity ; change of direction ;
as, a break in a wall ; a break in the deck of a ship.
Specifically : (a) (Arch.) A projection or recess from the
face of a building. (6) (Elec.) An opening or displace-
ment in the circuit, interrupting the electrical current.
3. An interruption ; a pause ; as, a break in friendship ;
a break in the conversation.
4. An interruption in continuity in writing or print-
ing, as where there is an omission, an unfilled line, etc.
All modern trash is
Set forth with numerous breaks and dashes. Swift.
5. The first appearing, as of light in the morning ; the
dawn ; as, the break of day ; the break of dawn.
6. A large four-wheeled carriage, having a straight
body and calash top, with the driver's seat in front and
the footman's behind.
7. A device for checking motion, or for measuring fric-
tion. See Brake, «., 9 & 10.
8. {Teleg.) See Commutator.
Break'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being broken.
Break'age (-aj), n. 1. The act of breaking ; a break ;
a breaking ; also, articles broken.
2. An allowance or compensation for things broken
accidentally, as in transportation or use.
Break'bone' fe'ver (brak'bon' fe'ver). (Med.) See
Densue.
Break'-clr'cait (-ser'kit), n. (Elec.) A key or other
device for breaking an electrical circuit.
Break'down' (-doun'), n. 1. The act or result of
breaking down, as of a carriage ; downfall.
2. (a) A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in com-
petitively by a number of persons or pairs in succession,
as among the colored people of the Southern United
States, and so called, perhaps, because the exercise is
continued until most of those who take part in it break
down, (b) Any rude, noisy dance performed by shuf-
fling the feet, usually by one person at a time. [_U. S.']
Don't clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are Koing
to have a breakdown to wind up with. yew Kny. Tales.
Bieak'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks.
I 'II be no breaker of the law. Shak.
2. Specifically : A machine for breaking rocks, or for
breaking coal at the mines ; also, the buUding in which
such a machine is placed.
3. (Naut. ) A small water cask. ToUen.
4. A wave breaking into foam against the shore, or
against a sand bank, or a rock or reef near the surface.
The breakers were right beneath her bows. Lovgfellow.
Break'fast (brgk'fast), n. [Break +/os<.] 1. The first
meal in the day, or that which is eaten at the first meal.
A sorry breakfast for my lord protector. Shak.
2. A meal after fasting, or food in general.
The wolves will get a breakfast by my death. Dnjden.
Break'fast, v. i. [imp. &p. p. Breakfasted ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Breakfastinq.] To break one's fast in the
morning ; to eat the first meal in the day.
First, sir, I read, and then I breakfast. Prior,
Break'fast, v. t. To furnish with breakfast. Sfilton.
Break'man (brak'man), n. See Brakeman.
Break'neck' (-nek'), n. 1. A fall that breaks the neck.
2. A steep place endangering the neck.
Break'neck', a. Producing danger of a broken neck ;
as, breakneck speed.
Break'-up' (-iip'), «• Disruption ; a separation and
dispersion of the parts or members ; as, a break-up of an
assembly or dinner party ; a break-up of the government.
Break'wa'ter (-wa'ter), n. Any structure or contriv-
ance, as a mole, or a wall at the mouth of a harbor, to
break the force of waves, and afford protection from their
violence.
Bream (brem), n. [OE. breme, brem, F. breme, OF.
bresme, of German
origin ; cf . OHG.
brahsema, brah-
sina, OLG. bres-
semo, G. brassen.
Cf. Brasse.]
1. (Zool.) A
European fresh-
water cyprinoid
fish of the genus
Abramis, little
valued as food.
Several species are
known.
2. (Zool.) An American fresh-water fish, of various
species of Pomotis and allied genera, which are also
called sunflshes and pondfishes. See Pondfish.
3. (Zool.) A marine sparoid fish of the genus Pagel-
lus, and allied genera. See Sea bream.
Bream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEEAirED (bremd); p.
pr. & vb. n. Breamino.] [Cf . Broom, and G. ein schiff
trennen.l (Naut.) To clean, as a ship's bottom of ad-
herent shells, seaweed, etc., by the application of fire
and scraping.
European Carp Bream (Abramis
brama). y^)
Breast (brBst), n. [OE. brest, breast, AS. breSst ; akin
to Icel. brjost, Sw. brost, Dan. bryst, Goth, brusts, OS.
briost, D. borst, G. brust.'] 1. The fore part of the body,
between the neck and the belly ; the chest ; as, the
breast of a man or of a horse.
2. Either one of the protuberant glands, situated on
the front of the chest or thorax in the female of man and
of some other mammalia, in which milk is secreted for
the nourishment of theyoimg; a mamma; a teat.
Jly brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother. Cant. viii. 1.
3. Anything resembling the human breast, or bosom ;
the front or forward part of anything ; as, a chimney
breast; a plow breast; the breast of a hill.
Mountains on whose barren breast
The laboring clouds do often rest. Milton.
4. (Mining) (a) The face of a coal working, (b) The
front of a furnace.
5. The seat of consciousness ; the repository of
thought and self-consciousness, or of secrets ; the seat
of the affections and passions ; the heart.
He has a loyal breast. Shak.
6. The power of singing ; a musical voice ; — so called,
probably, from the connection of the voice with the
lungs, which lie within the breast. [Obs.']
By my troth, the fool has an excellent breast. Shak.
Breast drill, a portable drilling machine, provided with
a breastplate, for forcing the drill against the work. —
Breast pang. See Angina pectoris, under Angina. — To
make a clean breast, to disclose the secrets which weigh
upon one ; to make full confession.
Breast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breasted ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Breasted.] To meet, with the breast ; to struggle with
or oppose manfully ; as, to breast the storm or waves.
The court breasted the popular current by sustaining the de-
murrer. Wirt.
To breast np a hedge, to cut the face of it on one side so
as to lay bare the principal upright stems of the plants.
Bieasfband' (-bSnd'), n. A band for the breast.
Specifically : (Kaitt.) A band of canvas, or a rope, fas-
tened at both ends to the rigging, to support the man who
heaves the lead in sounding.
Breasfbeam' (brSst'bem'), n. (Mach.) The front
transverse beam of a locomotive.
Breast'bone' (brgsf bon'), n. The bone of the breast ;
the sternum.
Breast'-deep' (brSst'dep'), a. Deep as from the breast
to the feet ; as high as the breast.
Set him breast-deep in earth, and famish him. Shak.
Breast'ed, a. Having a breast; — used in composi-
tion with qualifying words, in either a literal or a meta-
phorical sense ; as, a s,mg\&-breasted coat.
The close minister is buttoned up, and the brave officer open-
breasted, on these occasions. Spectator.
Breast'fast' (-fast'), n. (Naut.) A large rope to fasten
the midship part of a ship to a wharf, or to another
vessel.
Breast'helght' C-hlf), n. The interior slope of a for-
tification, against which the garrison lean in firing.
Breast'-hlgh' (-hi'), a. High as the breast.
Breast'hOOk' (-hook'), n. (Naut.) A thick piece of
timber in the form of" a knee, placed across the stem of a
ship to strengthen the fore part and unite the bows on
each side. Totten.
Breast'lng, n. (Mach. ) The curved chaimel in which
a breast wheel turns. It is closely adapted to the curve
of the wheel through about a quarter of its circumfer-
ence, and prevents the escape of the water until it has
spent its force upon the wheel. See Breast wheel.
Breasfknot' (brSst'nSf), n. A knot of ribbons worn
on the breast. Addison.
Breast'pin' (brSst'pin'), n. A pin worn on the breast
for a fastening, or for ornament ; a brooch.
Breast'plate' (brSsf plaf ), n. 1. A plate of metal
covering the breast as defensive armor.
Before his old rusty breastplate could be scoured, and his
cracked headpiece mended. Swift.
2. A piece against which the workman presses his
breast in operating a breast drill, or other similar tool.
3. A strap that runs across a horse's breast. Ash.
4. (Jewish Antiq. ) A part of the vestment of the high
priest, worn upon the front of the ephod. It was a dou-
ble piece of richly embroidered stuff, a span square, set
with twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the
names of the twelve tribes of Israel. See Ephod.
Breast'ploW 1 (brSst'plou'), n. A kind of plow,
Breast'plOUgh' I driven by the breast of the work-
man ; — used to cut or pare turf.
Breast'rail' (-ral'), n. The upper rail of any parapet
of ordinary height, as of a balcony ; the railing of a quar-
ter-deck, etc.
Breast'rope' (brest'rop'), re. See Breastband.
Breast'sum'mer (-siim'mer), n. (Arch.) A summer
or girder extending across a building flush with, and sup-
porting, the upper part of a front or external wall ; a
long lintel ; a girder ; — used principally above shop win-
dows. [Written also brestsummer and bres summer. 2
Breast' wheel' (bresf hwel'). A water wheel, on
which the stream
of water strikes
neither so high as
in the overshot
wheel, nor so low
as in the under-
shot, but generally
at about half the
height of the
wheel, being kept
in contact with it
by the breasting.
The water acts on
the float boards
partly by impulse,
partly by its weight,
Section of Breast "Wheel.
Breast'WOrk' (brSst'wflrk'), «. l. (Fort.) A defen-
sive work of moderate height, hastily thrown up, of earth
or other material.
2. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter-deck and forecastle.
Breath (brSth), n. [OE. breth, breelh, AS. brieS odor,
scent, breath ; cf. OHG. bradam steam, vapor, breath,
G. brodem, and possibly E. Brawn, and Breed.] 1. The
air inhaled and exhaled in respiration ; air which, in the
process of respiration, has parted with oxygen and has
received carbonic acid, aqueous vapor, warmth, etc.
Melted as breath into the wind. Shak.
2. The act of breathing naturally or freely; the power
or capacity to breathe freely ; as, I am out of breath.
3. The power of respiration, and hence, life. Hood.
Thou takest away their breath, they die. Ps. civ. 29,
4. Time to breathe ; respite ; pause.
Give me some breath, some little pause. Shak.
6. A single respiration, or the time of making it ; a
single act ; an instant.
He smiles and he frowns in a breath. Dryden.
6. Fig. : That which gives or strengthens life.
The earthquake voice of victory.
To thee the breath of life. Byron.
7. A single word ; the slightest effort ; a trifle.
A breath can make them, as a breath has made. Goldsmith.
8. A very slight breeze ; air in gentle motion.
Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea,
"When not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface. Addison.
9. Fragrance ; exhalation ; odor ; perfume. Tennyson.
The breath of flowers. Bacon.
10. Gentle exercise, causing a quicker respiration.
An after dinner's breath. Shak.
Oot of breath, breathless ; exhausted ; breathing with
difficulty. — Under one's breath, in low tones.
' Breath'a-ble (breth'^b'l), a. Such as can be breathed.
Breath'a-ble-ness, n. State of being breathable.
Breathe (breth), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Breathed
(brethd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Breathing.] [From Breath.]
1. To respire ; to inhale and exhale air ; hence, to
live. "I am in health, lirea^Ae." Shak.
Breathes there a man with soul so dead ? Sir W. Scott.
2. To take breath ; to rest from action.
Well 1 breathe awhile, and then to it again I Shak.
3. To pass like breath, noiselessly or gently ; to exhale ;
to emanate ; to blow gently.
The air breathes upon us here most sweetly. Shak.
There breathes a living fragrance from the shore." Byron.
Breathe, v. t. 1. To inhale and exhale in the process
of respiration ; to respire.
To view the light of heaven, and breathe the vital air. Dryden,
2. To inject by breathing ; to infuse ; — with into.
Able to breathe life into a stone. Shak.
And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground,
and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. Gen. ii. 7.
3. To emit or utter by the breath ; to utter softly ; to
whisper ; as, to breathe a voW.
He softly breathed thy name. Dryden.
Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse,
A mother's curse, on her revolting son. Shak.
4. To exhale ; to emit, as breath ; as, the flowers
breathe odors or perfumes.
6. To express ; to manifest ; to give forth.
Other articles breathe the same severe spirit. Milner.
6. To act upon by the breath ; to cause to sound by
breathing. "They 6?"eo<Ae the flute." Prior.
7. To promote free respiration in ; to exercise.
And every man should beat thee. I think thou wast created
for men to breathe themselves upon thee. Shak.
8. To suffer to take breath, or recover the natural
breathing ; to rest ; as, to breathe a horse.
A moment breathed his panting steed. Sir W. Scott.
9. To put out of breath ; to exhaust.
Mr. Tulkinghom arrives in his turret room, a little breathed
by the journey up. Dickens.
10. (Phonetics) To utter without vocality, as the non-
vocal consonants.
The same sound may be pronounced either breat/ied, voiced,
or whispered. H. Sweet.
Breathed elements, being already voiceless, remain unchanged
[in whispering]. H. Sweet,
To breathe again, to take breath ; to feel a sense of re-
lief, as from danger, responsibility, or press of business.
— To breathe one's last, to die; to, expire. — To breathe a
vein, to open a vein ; to let blood. Dryden.
Breath'er (breth 'er), re. 1. One who breathes. Hence:
(a) One who lives, (b) One who utters, (c) One who
animates or inspires.
2. That which puts one out of breath, as violent exer-
cise. [CoUoq.']
Breath'ful (breth'ful), a. Pull of breath; full ot
odor ; fragrant. [Obs.'] Spenser.
Breath'ing (breth'Ing), re. 1. Respiration ; the act ot
inhaling and exhaling air.
Subject to a difficulty of breathing. JTelmoth,
2. Air in gentle motion.
3. Any gentle influence or operation ; inspiration ; as,
the breathings of the Spirit.
4. Aspiration; secret prayer. "Earnest desires and
breathings after that blessed state." Tillotson,
5. Exercising ; promotion of respiration.
Here is a lady that wants breathing too;
And I have heard, you knights of Tyre
Are excellent in making ladies trip. ShaK,
6. Utterance ; communication or publicity by words.
I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose. Shak^
7. Breathing place ; vent. Drydeiu
8. Stop ; pause ; delay.
You shake the head at so long a breathing. Shak,
9. Also, in a wider sense, the sound caused by the
ale. senate, cftre, am, arm, ask, final, 3,11 ; eve, event, gnd, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, orb, 6dd;
BREATHLESS
179
BREVET
friction of the outgoing breatli iu the throat, mouth, etc.,
when the glottis is wide open ; aspiration ; the sound ex-
pressed by tlie letter h,
10. (Gr. Gram.) A mark to indicate aspiration or its
absence. See Rough breathing. Smooth breathing, below.
Breathing place, (o) A pause. " That cigsura, or breath-
ing place, in the midst of the verse." Sir P. Sidneii.
(b) A vent. — Breathing time, pause : relaxation. Bp.Hall.
— Breathing whUe, time sufficient for drawing breath ; a
short time. Shak. — Eough breathing {spiritus asper) (").
See 2d Asper, n. — Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), a
mark (') indicating the absence of the sound of h, as
in teVai {ienai).
Breath'less (brSthISs), a. 1. Spent with labor or
violent action ; out of breath.
2. Not breathing; holding the breath, on account of
fear, expectation, or intense interest ; attended with a
holding of the breath ; as, breathless attention.
But breathless, as we grow when feeling most Byron.
3. Dead ; as, a breathless body.
Breathless-ly, adv. In a breathless manner.
Breathless-ness, n. The state of being breathless
or out of breath.
IIBrec'cla (bret'cha,), re. [It., breach, pebble, frag-
ments of stone, fr. F. briche; of German origin. See
Breach.] (Geol.) A rock composed of angular frag-
ments either of the same mineral or of different miner-
als, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting
a variety of colors.
Bone breccia, a breccia containing bones, usually frag-
mentary. — Coin breccia, a breccia containing coins.
Brec'cl-a'ted (brSt'chl-a'tSd or brSk'shi-a'tSd), a.
Consisting of angular fragments cemented together ; re-
sembling breccia in appearance.
The brecciated appearance of many specimens [of meteorites].
H. A. yewt<m.
Bred (brSd), imp. & p. p. of Breed.
Bred ont, degenerated. " j.'he strain of man 's bred out
into baboon and monkey." Shak. — Bred to arms. See
under Arms. — Well bred, (a) Of a good family ; having
a good pedigree. " A gentleman u-ell bred and of good
name." Shak. [06s., except as applied todomestic ani-
mals.] (b) Well brought up, as shown in having good man-
ners ; cultivated ; refined ; polite.
Brede, or Breede (bred), n. Breadth. [06i.] Chaucer.
Brede (bred), re. [See Braid wovencord.] Abraid. [i?.]
Half lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede. Tennyson.
Breech (brech or brich ; 277), n. [See Breeches.]
1. The lower part of the body behind ; the buttocks.
2. Breeches. [06s.] Shak.
3. The hinder part of anything ; esp., the part of a
cannon, or other firearm,, behind the chamber.
4. {Naut.) The external angle of knee timber, the
inside of which is called the throat.
Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breeched (brecht or
bricht) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Breeching (brech'Tng or
brlch'Tug).] 1. To put into, or clothe with, breeches.
A great man . . . anxious to know whether the blacksmith's
youngest boy was breecned. Macaulay.
2. To cover as with breeches. {Poetic'\
Their daggers unmannerly breeched with gore. Shak.
3. To fit or furnish with a breech ; as, to breech a gun.
4. To whip on the breech. [06s.]
Had not a courteous serving man conveyed me away, whilst
he went to fetch whips, I think, in my conscience, he would
have breeched me. Qi^i piay.
5. To fasten with breeching.
Breeoh'block (-blok), n. The movable piece which
closes the breech of a breech-loading firearm, and resists
the backward force of the discharge. It is withdrawn
for the insertion of a cartridge, and closed again before
the gun is fired.
Breech'cloth' (brechTiloth' or brich'- ; 115), re. A
cloth worn around the breech.
Breech'es (brich'Sz), n. pi. [OE. brech, brek, AS.
brec, pi. of broc breech, breeches; akin to Icel. brok
breeches, ODan. brag, D. broek, G. bruch ; of. L. bracae,
braccae, which is of Celtic origin. Cf. Brail.] 1. A
garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs;
smallclothes.
His jacket was red, and his breeches were blue. Coleridge.
2. Trousers; pantaloons. [Colloq.^
Breeches buoy, in the life-saving service, a pair of can-
vas breeches depending from an annular or beltlike life
buoy which is usually of cork. This contrivance, inclos-
ing the person to be rescued, is hung by short ropes from
a block which runs upon the hawser stretched from the
ship to thel shore, and is drawn to land by ha'iling lines.
— Breeches pipe, a forked pipe forming two branches
united at one end. — Knee breeches, breeches commg to
the knee, and buckled or fastened there ; smallclothes. —
To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the hus-
band ; — said of a wife. iColloq.J
Breech'ing (brToh'ing), n. 1. A whipping on the
breech, or the act of whipping on the breech,
lyiew the prince with Aristarchus' eyes.
Whose looks were as a breeching to a hoy. Marlowe.
2. That part of a harness which passes round the
breech of a horse, enabling him to hold back a vehicle.
3. (Naut.) A strong rope rove through the cascabel of
a cannon and secured to ringbolts in the ship's side, to
limit the recoil of the gun when it is discharged.
4. The sheet iron casing at the end of boilers to con-
vey the smoke from the flues to the smokestack.
Breech'load'er (brech'lod'er or brich'-), re. A fire-
arm which receives its load at the breech.
For cavalry, the revolver and breechloader will supersede the
™'"^>'- Mep. Sec. War (1860).
Breech'-load'ing, a. Receiving the charge at the
breech instead of at the muzzle.
Breech' pin' (pTn'), Breech' screw' (skru'). A
strong iron or steel plug screwed into the breech of a
musket or other firearm, to close the bottom of the bore.
Breech' sight' (brech' sit'). A device attached to the
breech of a firearm, to guide the eye, in conjunction with
the front sight, iu taking aim.
Breed (bred), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Bred (bred) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Breeding.] [OE. breden, AS. bredan to nour-
ish, cherish, keep warm, from brod brood ; akin to D.
broeden to brood, OHG. bruoten, G. briiten. See Brood.]
1. To produce as offspring ; to bring forth ; to bear ;
to procreate ; to generate ; to beget ; to hatch.
Yet every mother breeds not sons alike. Shak.
If the sun breed maggots in a dead dog. Shak.
2. To take care of in infancy, and through the age of
youth ; to bring up ; to nurse and foster.
To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed. Dryden.
Born and bred on the verge of the wilderness. Everett.
3. To educate ; to instruct ; to form by education ; to
train ; — sometimes followed by up.
But no care was taken to breed him a Protestant. Bp. Burnet.
His farm may not remove his children too far from him, or
the trade he breeds them up in. Locke.
4. To engender ; to cause ; to occasion ; to originate ;
to produce ; as, to breed a storm ; to breed disease.
Lest the place
And my quaint habits breed astonishment. Milton.
5. To give birth to ; to be the native place of ; as, a
pond breeds fish ; a northern country breeds stout men.
6. To raise, as any kind of stock.
7. To produce or obtain by any natural process. [06s.]
Children would breed their teeth with less danger. Locke.
Syn. — To engender; generate; beget; produce;
hatch ; originate ; bring up ; nourish ; train ; instruct.
Breed, v. i. l. To bear and nourish young ; to repro-
duce or multiply itself ; to be pregnant.
That they may breed abundantly in the earth. Gen. viii. 17.
The mother had never bred before. Carpenter.
Ant. Is your gold and silver ewes and rams ?
Shy. I can not tell. I make it breed as fast. Shak.
2. To be formed in the parent or dam ; to be generated,
or to grow, as young before birth.
3. To have birth ; to be produced or multiplied.
Heavens rain grace
On that which breeds between them. Shak.
4. To raise a breed ; to get progeny.
The kind of animal which you wish to breed from. Gardner.
To breed In and In, to breed from animals of the same
stock that are closely related.
Breed, re. 1. A race or variety of men or other ani-
mals (or of plants), perpetuating its special or distinctive
characteristics by inheritance.
Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England's breed. Shak.
Greyhounds of the best breed. Carpenter.
2. Class ; sort ; kind ; — of men, things, or qualities.
Are these the breed of wits so wondered at ? Shak.
This courtesy is not of the right breed. Shak.
3. A number produced at once ; a brood. [06s.]
^ff^ Breed is usually applied to domestic animals ; spe-
cies or variety to wild animals and to plants ; and race to
men.
Breed'bate (-bat), re. One who breeds or originates
quarrels. [06s.] '^ No teiltaie nor no breedbate." Shak.
Breed'er (-er), n. 1. On^ who, or that which, breeds,
produces, brings up, etc.
She was a great breeder. Dr. A. Carlyle.
Italy and Rome have been the best breeders of worthy men.
Ascham.
2. A cause. " The 6?"ee(fer of my sorrow. " Shak.
Breed'ing (bred'Ing), re. 1. The act or process of
generating or bearing.
2. The raising or improving of any kind of domestic
animals ; as, farmers should pay attention to breeding.
3. Nurture ; education ; formation of manners.
She had her breeding at my father's charge. Shak.
4. Deportment or behavior in the external offices and
decorums of social life ; manners ; knowledge of, or train-
ing in, the ceremonies, or polite observances of society.
Delicacy of breeding, or that polite deference and respect
which civility obliges us either to express or counterfeit to-
wards the persons with whom we converse. Hume.
5. Descent ; pedigree ; extraction. [Obs."]
Honest gentlemen, I know not your breeding. Shak.
Close breeding, In and in breeding, breeding from a male
and female of the same parentage. — Cross breeding,
breeding from a male and female of different lineage. —
Good breeding, politeness ; genteel deportment.
Syn. — Education ; instruction ; nurture ; training ;
manners. See Education.
Breeze (brez), re.. Breeze' fly' (fli'). [OE. brese, AS.
briSsa; perh. akin to OHG.
brimissa, G. breme, bremse,
D. brems, which are akin to
G. brummen to growl, buzz,
grumble, L. fremere to mur-
mur ; cf. G. brausen, Sw.
brusa, Dan. bruse, to roar,
rush.] (Zo'dl.) A fly of vari-
ous species, of the family -, -c, ,« t. /•v
/Ti^i^Jl-j™ i.t..!*.. , :_i. Breeze Fly of Europe (ra-
banus bovinus).
Tabanidas, noted for buzzing
about animals, and torment-
ing them by sucking their blood ; — called also horsefly,
and gadfly. They are among the largest of two-winged
or dipterous insects. The name is also given to different
species of bottties. [Written also breese and brize.}
Breeze, n. [F. brise ; akin to It. brezza breeze, Sp.
brisa, brisa, a breeze from northeast, Pg. briza northeast
wind; of uncertain origin; cf. F. bise, Pr. 6i'so, OHG.
bisa, north wind. Arm. biz northeast wind.] 1. A light,
gentle wind ; a fresh, soft-blowing wind.
Into a gradual cnlm the breezes sink. Woj-dsworth.
2. An excited or ruffled state of feeling ; a flurry of
excitement ; a disturbance ; a quarrel ; as, the discovery
produced a breeze. IColloq.']
Land breeze, a wind blowing from (the land, generally
at night. — Sea breeze, a breeze or wind blowing, generally
in the daytime, from the sea.
Breeze (brez), «. [F. braise cinders, live coals. See
Brasier.] 1. Refuse left in the process of making coke
or burning charcoal.
2. (Brickmaking) Refuse coal, coal ashae, and cinders,
used in the burning of bricks.
Breeze, v. i. To blow gently. [iJ.] J. Barlow.
To breeze np (Naut.), to blow with increasing fresliness.
Breeze'less, a. Motionless ; destitute of breezes.
A stagnant, breezelass air becalms my soul. Shenstone.
Breez'i-ness (-T-nSs), n. State of being breezy.
Breez'y (brez'J), a. l. Characterized by, or having,
breezes; airy. " A 6j-eez2/ day in May. " Coleridge.
'Mid lawns and shades by breezy rivulets fanned. Wordsworth.
2. Fresh ; brisk ; full of life. IColloq.']
II Breg'ma (brSg'md), n. [Gr. ^peyij-a the front part
of the head : cf. F. bregma.] (Anat.) The/point of junc-
tion of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull.
Breg-mat'io (brgg-mSf Ik), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to
the bregma.
Bre'hon (bre'hSn), n. [Ir. breitheamh judge.] An
ancient Irish or Scotch judge.
Brehon laws, the ancient Irish laws, — unwritten, like
the common law of England. They were abolished by
statute of Edward III.
Breme (brem), a. [OE. breme, brime, fierce, impet-
uous, glorious, AS. breme, bryme, famous. Cf. Brim, a.]
1. Fierce; sharp; severe; cruel. [06s.] Spenser,
From the septentrion cold, in the breme freezing air. Braytoru
2. Famous ; renowned ; well known. Wright.
[Written also brim and brimme.]
Bren (br5u), )v.t.& i. [imp. &p.p. Brent (brSnt) ;
Bren'ne (-ne), J p. pr. & vb. n. Brbnnins.] [See
Burn.] To burn. [06s.] Chaucer.
Consuming fire brent his shearing house or stall. W. Browne.
Bren, re. Bran. [06s.] Chaucer.
Bren'nage (-naj), n. [OF. brenage; cf. LL. bren-
nagium, brenagium. See Bran.] (Old Eng. Law) A
tribute which tenants paid to their lord, in lieu of bran,
which they were obliged to furnish for his hounds.
Bren'nlng-Iy, adv. Bumingly ; ardently. [06s.]
Brent (brent). Brant (brSnt), a. [AS. brant; akin
to Dan. 6ra<, Icel. 6raft»-, steep.] 1. Steep; high. [06s.]
Grapes grow on the brant rocks so wonderfully that ye will
marvel how any man dare climb up to them. Ascham.
2. Smooth; unwrinkled. [Scot.]
Your bonnie brow was brent. Bums.
Brent, imp. &p.p. of Bren. Burnt. [06s.]
Brent, n. [Cf. Brant.] A brant. See Brant.
Breq'uet chain' (brgk'et chan') A watch-guard.
Brere (brer), n. A brier. [Archaic] Chaucer.
Brest (brest), 3d sing. pr. for Burst eth. [Obs.l
Brest, Breast (brSst), n. (Arch.) A torus. [06s.]
BrSB'te (brSs'te), v. t. & i. [imp. Bhast ; p. p. Brus-
TEN, Borsten, Bhrsten.] To burst. [06s.] Chaucer.
Brest'sum'mer (-sum'mer), n. See Breastsummee.
Bret (brgt), re. (Zool.) See Birt.
Bret'Illl (bret'ful), a. [OE. also brerdful, fr. brerd
top, brim, AS. brerd.] Brimful. [06s.] Chaucer.
Breth'ren (brSth'ren), re. ; pi. of Brother.
^ff^ This form of the plural is used, for the most part,
in solemn address, and in speaking of religious sects or
fraternities, or their members.
Bret'on (brlt'iin), a. [F. breton.] Of or relating to
Brittany, or Bretagne, in France. ^ re. A native or in-
habitant of Brittany, or Bretagne, in France; also, the
ancient language of Brittany ; Armorican.
Brett (bret), re. Same as Britzska.
Bret'tice (bret'tis), n. ; pi. Brettices (-ti-sSz). [OE.
breiasce, bretage, parapet, OF. bretesche wooden tower,
F. breteche, LL. breteschia, beriresca, prob. fr. OHG.
bret, G. brett board; akin to E. board. See Board, re.,
and cf. Bartizan.] The wooden boarding used in sup-
porting the roofs and walls of coal mines. See Brattiob.
Bret'wal-da (bret'wal-da), re. [AS. Bretwalda, bry-
tenwalda,a, powerful ruler.] (Eng. Hist.) The oflacial
title applied to that one of the Anglo-Saxon chieftains
who was chosen by the other chiefs to lead them in their
warfare against the British tribes. Brande cfc C.
Bret'zel (bret'sel), re. [G.] See Pretzel.
Breve (brev), n. [It. & (in sense 2) LL. breve, fr. L.
brevis short. See Brief.] i. (Mus.) A note or charac-
ter of time, equivalent to two semibreves or four minims.
When dotted, it is equal to three semibreves. It was for-
merly of a square figure (as thus : r~~i ), but is now
made oval, with a line perpendicular to the staff
on each of its sides ; — formerly much used for llstt
choir service. Moore.
2. (Law) Any writ or precept under seal, issued out
of any court.
3. (Print.) A curved mark [^] used commonly to in-
dicate the short quantity of a vowel.
4. (Zool.) The great ant thrush of Sumatra (Pitta
gigas), which has a very short tail.
Bre-vet' (bre-vgf ; 277), re. [P. brevet, th. brevetum,
fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. A warrant from
the government, granting a privilege, title, or dignity,
[French usage].
2. ( Jl/iZ. ) A commission giving an officer higher rank
than that for which he receives pay ; an honorary pro-
motion of an officer.
11^°° In the United States army, rank by brevet is con-
ferred, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
for "gallant actions or meritorious services." A brevet
rank ^ives no right of command in the particular corps
to which the officer brevetted belongs, and can be exer-
cised only by special assignment of the President, or on
court martial, and detachments composed of different
corps, with pay of the brevet rank wlieu on such duty.
H
K
use, unite, rude, full, fip, tirn ; pity; food, fifot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; ttien, tliin;
bON;
zli = z in azure.
M
BREVET
180
BRIDGE
Bre-vet' (bre-vSf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brevetted j
p. pr. & vb. n. Bbevettino.] (Mil.) To confer rank
upon by brevet.
Bre-vet', a. (3Iil. ) Taking or conferring rank by bre-
vet ; as, a brevet colouel ; a brevet commission.
Bre-vet'cy (bre-vet'sy), n. ; pi. Bkevetcies (-siz).
(filil. ) The rank or condition of a brevet officer.
Bre'vl-a-ry (bre'vI-S-ry), n. ; pi. Breviakies (-riz).
[F. breviaire, L. breviarium summary, abridgment, neut.
noun fr. breviarius abridged, fr. brevis sliort. See Brief,
and cf. Brevier.] 1. An abridgment ; a compend ; an
epitome ; a brief account or summary.
A book entitled the abridgment or breviary of those roots
that are to be cut up or gathered. Jiollaiid.
2. A book containing the daily public or canonical
prayers of the Roman Catholic or of the Greek Church
for the seven canonical hours, namely, matins and lauds,
the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours, vespers, and com-
pline ; — distinguished from the missal.
Bre'vl-ate (bre'vt-at), n. [L. breciaius, p. p. of bre-
viare to shorten, brevis short.] 1. A short compend ; a
summary ; a brief statement.
I omit in this breviate to rehearse. Hakluyt.
The same \ilt\e breviates oi infidelity have. . . been published
and dispersed with great activity. Bp. J*orteus.
2. A lawyer's brief. [iJ.] Hudibras.
Bre'vl-ate (-at), v. t. To abbreviate. \_Obs.']
Bre'vi-a-ture (-a-tiJr ; 135), n. An abbreviature ; an
abbreviation. [OJjf.] Johnson.
Bre-Vler' (bre-ver'), re. [Prob. from being originally
used in printing a breviary. See Breviary.] (Print.)
A size of type between bourgeois and minion.
Jl^^ This line is printed in brevier type.
Bre-vll'o-quence (-vTl'S-kwens), n. [L. brevihquen-
Ha.'\ A brief and pertinent mode of speaking, [i?.]
Brev'1-ped (brlv'I-ped), a. [L. brevis short -J- pes,
pedis, foot : cf. F. brevipede.~\ {Zo'dl.) Having short legs.
^ ». A breviped bird.
Brev'1-pen (-p5n), n. [L. brevis short + penna wing :
cf. F. brevipenne-l [Zo'dl.) A brevipennate bird.
Brev'l-pen'nate (-pgn'nat), a. [L. brevis short -f- E.
pennate.'\ (Zo'dl.) Short-winged; — applied to birds
which can not fly, owing to their short wings, as the
ostrich, cassowary, and emu.
Brev'l-ros'tral (-rSs'trSl), ) a. [L. brevis short -f
Brev'i-ros'trate (-r5s'trat), ) E. rostral, rostrate.2
{Zo'dl.) Short-billed ; having a short beak.
Brev'1-ty (brev'I-ty), n. ; pi. Brevities (-tTz). [L.
hrevitas, fr. brevis short : cf. P. briivete. See Brief.]
1. Shortness of duration ; briefness of time ; as, the
brevity of human life.
2. Contraction into few words ; conciseness.
Brevity is the soul of wit. ShaJ:.
This argument is stated by St. John with his usual elegant
brevity and simplicity. £p. Porteus.
Syn.— Shortness ; conciseness ; succinctness ; terseness.
Brew (bru), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brewed (brud) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Brewing.] [OE. brewen, AS. bredwan ; akin to
D. brouwen, OHG. priuwan, MHG. briuwen, brUwen,
G. brauen, Icel. brugga, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and
perh. to L. defrutum must boiled down, Gr. ^pirov (for
^puTOi' ?) a kind of beer. The original meaning seems
to have been to prepare by heat. V93. Cf. Broth,
Bread.] 1. To boil or seethe ; to cook. [Obs.'\
2. To prepare, as beer or other liquor, from malt and
hops, or from other materials, by steeping, boiling, and
fermentation. "She ireuii good ale." Shak.
3. To prepare by steeping and mingling ; to concoct.
Go, hreiv me a pottle of sack finely. Shak.
4. To foment or prepare, as by brewing ; to contrive ;
to plot ; to concoct ; to hatch ; as, to brew mischief.
Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver I Milton.
Brew (bru), V. i. 1. To attend to the business, or go
through the processes, of brewing or malring beer.
I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour. Shak.
2. To be in a state of preparation ; to be mitring, form-
ing, or gathering ; as, a storm brews in the west.
There is some ill a.-brewing towards my rest. Shak.
Brew (bru), n. The mixture formed by brewing ; that
which is brewed. Bacon.
Brew'age (bru'aj), n. Malt liquor ; drink brewed.
" Some well-spiced brewage." Milton.
A rich brewage, made of the best Spasish wine. Macaulay.
Brew'er (bru'er), n. One who brews ; one whose oc-
cupation is to prepare malt liquors.
Brew'er-y (bru'er-J), n. A brewhouse ; the building
and apparatus where brewing is carried on.
Brew'house' (bru'hous'), n. A house or building ap-
propriated to brewing ; a brewery.
Brew'lng (bni'Ing), n. 1. The act or process of pre-
paring liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale.
2. The quantity brewed at once.
A brewing o£ new beer, set by old beer. Bacon.
3. A mixing together.
I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such a brew-
ing and sophistication of them they make. Holland.
4. (Naut. ) A gathering or forming of a storm or squall,
indicated by thick, dark clouds.
Brew'ls (bru'Is), n. [OE. brewis, brouwys, browesse,
brewet, OP. brouet, -s being the OF. endmg of the nom.
sing, and ace. pi. ; dim. of OHG. brod. V 93. See
Broth, and cf. Brose.] 1. Broth or pottage. [06^.]
Let them of their Bonner's " beef " and " broth " make what
brewis they please for their credulous guests. Bp. Hall.
2. Bread soaked in broth, drippings of roast meat,
milk, or water and butter.
Brews'ter-lte (brus'ter-it), re. [Named after Sir Da-
vid Brewster.'] A rare zeolitic mineral occurring in white
monoclinic crystals with pearly luster. It is a hydrous
silicate of alumina, baryta, and strontia.
Brez'1-Un (brez'I-lTn), re. See Brazilin.
Bli'ar (brl'er), re. Same as Brier.
Brl-a're-an (brt-a're-nn), a. [L. Briareius, fr. Bri-
areus a mythological hundred-handed giant, Gr. /Spiopetoj,
fr. ^piapos strong.] Pertaining to, or resembling, Bria-
reus, a giant fabled to have a hundred hands; hence,
hundred-handed or many-handed.
Brib'a-ble (brlVa^b'l), a. Capable of being bribed.
A more bribable class ot electors. .5. Edwards.
Bribe (brib), re. [F. bribe a lump of bread, scraps,
leavings of meals (that are generally given to a beggar),
LL. briba scrap of bread ; cf. OF. briber, brifer, to eat
gluttonously, to beg, and OHG. bilibi food.] 1. A gift
begged ; a present. [Ote.] Chaucer.
2. A price, reward, gift, or favor bestowed or prom-
ised with a view to pervert the judgment or corrupt the
conduct of a judge, witness, voter, or other person in a
position of trust.
Undue reward for anything against justice is a bribe. Hobart.
3. That which seduces ; seduction ; allurement.
Not the bribes of sordid wealth can seduce to leave these ever-
blooming sweets. Akenxide.
Bribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brieed (brlbd) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Bribing.] 1. To rob or steal. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. To give or promise a reward or consideration to (a
judge, juror, legislator, voter, or other person in a posi-
tion of trust) with a view to pervert the judgment or cor-
rupt tlie conduct ; to induce or influence by a bribe ; to
give a bribe to.
Neither is he worthy who bribes a man to vote against his
conscience. F. IV. Hobertson.
3. To gain by a bribe ; to induce as by a bribe.
Bribe, v. i. 1. To commit robbery or theft. [Obs."]
2. To give a bribe to a person ; to pervert the judg-
ment or corrupt the action of a person in a position of
trust, by some gift or promise.
An attempt to brilie, though unsuccessful, has been holden to
be criminal, and the offender may be indicted. Bouvier.
The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe. Goldsmith.
Brlbe'less, a. Incapable of being bribed ; free from
bribes.
From thence to heaven's bribeless hall. Sir W. Raleigh.
Brib'er (brib'er), re. 1. A thief. [Obs.] Ijydgate.
2. One who bribes, or pays for corrupt practices.
3. That which bribes ; a bribe.
His service . . . were a sufficient briber for his life. Shak.
Brib'er-y (brib'er-y), re. ; pi. Briberies (-Tz). [OE.
brybery rascality, OF. briberie. See Bribe, re.] 1. Rob-
bery ; extortion. [Obs.'j
2. The act or practice of giving or taking bribes ; the
act of influencing the official or political action of another
by corrupt inducements.
Bribery oath, an oath taken by a person that he has not
been bnbed as to voting. [Eng.]
Brlc'-a-brac' (brlk'a-brSk'), n. [F.] Miscellaneous
curiosities and works of decorative art, considered col-
lectively.
A piece of bric-a-brac, any curious or antique article of
virtu, as a piece of antiquated furniture Q{ metal work,
or an odd knicliknack.
Brick (brlk), re. [OE. brik, F. brique; of Ger. origin ;
cf. AS. brice a breaking, fragment, Prov. F. brique piece,
brique de pain, equiv. to AS. hlafes brice, fr. the root of
E. break. See Break.] 1. A block of clay tempered
with water, sand, etc., molded into a regular form, usu-
ally rectangular, and sun-dried, or burnt in a kiln, or in
a heap or stack called a clamp.
The Assyrians appear to have made much less use of bricks
baked in the furnace than the Babylonians. Layard.
2. Bricks, collectively, as designating that kind of ma-
terial ; as, a load of brick ; a thousand of brick.
Some of Palladio's finest examples are of brick. Weale.
3. Any oblong rectangular mass ; as, a brick of maple
sugar ; a penny brick (of bread).
4. A good feUow ; a merry person ; as, you 're a brich.
[Slang] " He 's a dear little brick." Thackeray.
To have a brick In one's hat, to be drunk. [Slang]
5^°° Brick is used adjectively or in combination ; as,
fincKwall; brick clay; brick color; brick red.
Brick clay, clay suitable for, or used in making, bricks.
—Brick dust, dust of potmded or broken bricks. —Brick
earth, clay or earth suitable for, or used in making, bricks.
— Brick loaf, a loaf of bread somewhat resembling a brick
in shape. — Brick nogging (Arch.), rough brickwork used
to fill in the spaces between the uprights of a wooden par-
tition ; brick filling. — Brick tea, tea leaves and yoimg
shoots, or refuse tea, steamed or mixed with fat, etc.,
and pressed into the form of bricks. It is used in North-
em and Central Asia. S. 'W. Williams. — Brick trimmer
(Arch."), abrickarcii under a hearth, usually within the
tliickness of a wooden floor, to guard against accidents
byfire.— Brick trowel. SeeTROWEL. — Brick works, a place
where bricks are made. — Bath brick. See under Bath,
a city. — Pressed brick, bricks which, before burning, have
been subjected to pressure, to free them from the imper-
fections of shape and texture which are common in
molded bricks.
Brick, V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bricked (brikt) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Bricking.] 1. To lay or pave with briclis; to
surround, line, or construct with bricks.
2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on, as by
smearing plaster with red ocher, making the joints with
an edge tool, and pointing them.
To brick up, to fill up, inclose, or line, with brick.
Brick'bat' (brTk'bSt'), re. A piece or fragment of a
brick. See Bat, 4. Bacon.
Brick'klln' (brik'ktl'), re. A kUn, or furnace, in which
bricks are baked or burnt ; or a pile of green bricks,
laid loose, with arches underneath to receive the wood
or fuel for burning them.
Brlcklay'er (brik'la'er), re. [Brich -\- lay.] One
whose occupation is to build with briolis.
Bricklayer's itch. See under Itch.
Bricklay'ing, re. The art of building with bricks, or
of uniting them by cement or mortar into various forms;
tlie act or occupation of laying bricks.
Bric'kle (brlk'k'l), a. [OH. brekil, brnkel, bruchd,
fr. AS. brecan, E. break. Cf. Brittle.] Brittle ; easily
broken. [Obs. or Brov.] Spenser.
As stubborn steel excels the brickie glass. Turbervile.
Bric'kle-ness, n. Brittleness. [Obs.]
Brlck'mak'er (-mak'er), re. One whose occupation is
to make bricks. — Brick'mak-ing, n.
Brick'work' (-wflrk'), re. 1. Anything made of bricks.
Niches in brickwork form the most diflicult part of the brick-
layer's art. Tomlinson,
2. The act of building with or laying bricks.
Blick'y (brik'y ), a. FuU of bricks ; formed of bricks ;
resembling bricks or brick dust. [B.] Spenser.
Brlck'yard' (-yard'), re. A place where bricks are
made, especially an inclosed place.
II Bri-COle' (brl-kol'), re. [F.] {3fil.) A kind of tracea
with hooks and rings, with which men drag and maneu-
ver guns where horses can not be used.
Brld (brid), re. A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Brld'al (brid'al), a. [From Bride. Cf. Bridal, re.]
Of or pertaining to a bride, or to a wedding ; nuptial ; as,
bridal ornaments ; a bridal outfit ; a bridal chamber.
Brld'al, re. [OB. bridaie, brudale, AS. brydealo bride-
ale, bridal feast. See Bride, and Ale, 2.] A nuptial fes-
tival or ceremony ; a marriage.
Sweet day. so cool, so calm, so bright,
The bridal of the earth and sky. Herbert.
Brid'al-ty (brid'al-ty), re. Celebration of the nuptial
feast. [Obs.] "In honor of this Jn'daHy." B. Jonson.
Bride (brid), re. [OE. bride, brid, brude, brud, burd,
AS. bryd; akin to OFries. breid, OSax. brud, D. bruid,
OHG. prat, brat, 6. braut, Icel. brUSr, Sw. & Dan.
brud, Goth, brups ; cf. Attuot. pried spouse, 'W. primod
a married person.] 1. A woman newly married, or about
to be married.
Has by his own experience tried
How much the wife is dearer than the bride. LytteUon.
I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. Rev. zxi. 8.
2. Fig. : An object ardently loved.
Bride of the sea, the city of Venice.
Bride, V. t. To make a bride of. [Obs.]
Bride'-ale' (-al'), re. [See Bridal.] A rustic wedding
feast ; a bridal. See Ale.
The man that 's bid to bride-ale, if he ha' cake.
And drink enough, he need not fear his stake. B. Jonson.
Bride'bed' (-bed'), n. The marriage bed. [Poetic]
Bride'cake' (-kak'), re. Rich or highly ornamented
cake, to be distributed to the guests at a wedding, or sent
to friends after the wedding.
Bride'cham'ber (-cham'ber), re. The nuptial apart-
ment. Matt. ix. 15.
Brlde'groom' (-groom'), re. [OE. bridegome, brud-
gume, AS. brydguma (akin to OS. brudigumo, D. bruide-
gom, bruigom, OHG. prutigomo, MHG. briutegome, G.
br'dutigam) ; AS. bryd bride -{- guma man, akin to
Goth, guma, Icel. gumi, OHG. gomo, L. homo ; the in-
sertion of r being caused by confusion with groom. See
Bride, and cf. Groom, Homage.] A man newly married,
or just about to be married.
Bride'knot' (-not'), re. A knot of ribbons worn by a
guest at a wedding ; a wedding favor. [Obs.]
Brlde'maid' (-mad'), re., Bride'man (-man), re. Sea
Bridesmaid, Bridesman.
Brides'mald' (bridz'mad'), re. A female friend who
attends on a bride at her wedding.
Brides'man (-man), re.; pi. Bridesmen (-men). A
male friend who attends upon a bridegroom and bride at
their marriage; the "best man." Sir IF. Scott.
Bride'stake' (brid'stak'), re. A stake or post set in
the ground, for guests at a wedding to dance round.
Divide the broad bridecake
Round about the bridestake. B. Jonson.
Bllde'well (brid'wSl), re. A house of correction for
the confinement of disorderly persons ; — so called from a
hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride''s (or Bridget's) well,
in London, which was subsequently a penal workhouse.
Bridge (brlj), re. [OE. brig, brigge, brug, brugge,
AS. brycg, bricg; akin to Fries, bregge, D. brug, OHG.
brucca, G. brilcke, Icel. bryggja pier, bridge, Sw. brygga,
Dan. brygge, and prob. Icel. bra bridge, Sw. & Dan. bro
bridge, pavement, and possibly to E. brow.] 1. A struc-
ture, usually of wood, stone, brick, or iron, erected over
a river or other water course, or over a chasm, railroad,
etc., to make a passageway from one bank to the other.
2. Anything supported at the ends, which serves to
keep some other thing from resting upon the object
spanned, as in engraving, watchmaking, etc., or wliich
forms a platform or staging over which something passes
or is conveyed.
3. (3fus.) The small arch or bar at right angles to the
strings of a violin, guitar, etc., serving to raise them and
transmit their vibrations to the body of the instrument.
4. (Elec.) A device toTneasure the resistance of a wire
or other conductor forming part of an electric circuit.
5. A low wall or vertical partition in the fire chamber
of a furnace, for deflecting flame, etc. ; — usually called
a bridge wall.
Aqueduct bridge. See AQUEDUCT. — Asses' bridge, Bascule
bridge. Bateau bridge. See under Ass, Bascule, Bateau.
— Bridge of a steamer (Naut. ), a narrow platform across
the deck, above the rail, for the convenience of the offi-
cer in charge of the ship ; in paddlewlieel vessels it con-
nects tlie paddle boxes. — Bridge of the nose, the upper,
bony part of the nose. — Cantalever bridge. See under
Cantalever. — Draw bridge. See Drawbridge. — Flying
bridge, a temporary bridge suspended or floating, as for
the passage of armies ; also, a floating structure con-
nected by a cable with an anchor or pier up stream, and
made to pass from bank to blink by the action of the cur-
rent or other means. — Girder bridge or Truss bridge, a
bridge formed by girders, or by trusses resting upon abut-
ments or piers. — Lattice bridge, a bridge formed by lattice
ale, senate, c&re, &m, axm, ask, final, sjllj eve, event, end, fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, obey, drb, 5dd;
BRIDGE
181
BRILLIANCY
grirders. — Pontoon bridge, Ponton bridge. See under Pon-
toon. — Skew bridge, a bridge built obliquely irom bank
to bauk, as sometimes required iu railway engineering. —
Suspension bridge. See under Suspension. — Trestle bridge,
a bridge formed of a series of short, simple girders resting
on trestles. — Tubular bridge, a bridge in the form of a hol-
low trunk or rectangular tube, with cellular walls made of
iron plates riveted togetlier, as the Britannia bridge over
the Menai Strait, and the Victoria bridge at Montreal.
— Wheatstone's bridge {Eke), a device for the measure-
ment of resistances, so called because the balance be-
tween the resistances to be measured is indicated by the
absence of a current in a certain wire forming a bridge
Of connection between two points of the apparatus ; —
invented by Sir Charles Wlieatstone.
Bridge (brlj), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bkidqed (brijd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bridqing.] 1. To build a bridge or
bridges on or over ; as, to bridge a river.
Their simple engineering bridged with felled trees the streams
which could not be forded. Faljrey.
2. To open or make a passage, as by a bridge.
Xerxes . . . over Hellespont
Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined. Milton.
3. To find a way of getting over, as a difficulty ; — gen-
erally with over.
Bndge'board' (brij'bord'), n. 1. (Arch.) A notched
board to which the treads and risers of the steps of
wooden stairs are fastened.
2. A board or plank used as a bridge.
Bridge'head' (-hSd'), «. A fortification commanding
the extremity of a bridge nearest the enemy, to insure
the preservation and usefulness of the bridge, and pre-
vent the enemy from crossing ; a t®te-de-pont.
Bridgeless, a. Having no bridge ; not bridged.
Bridge'pot' (brTj'pSf), n. (Milling) The adjustable
socket, or step, of a millstone spindle. Knight.
Bridge'tree' (-tre'), n. [Bridge -f- l>'ee a beam.]
(Milling) The beam which supports the spindle socket of
the runner iu a grinding mill. Knight.
Bridge'-ward' (-ward'), n. 1. A bridge keeper ; a
warden or a guard for a bridge. [Obs.'] Sir W. Scott.
2. The principal ward of a key. Knight.
Bridg'lng (brlj'ing), re. (Arch.) The system of
bracing used between floor or other timbers to distribute
the weight.
■ Bridging Joiat. Same as Binding joist.
Bridg'y (-y), a. Full of bridges. [-R.] Sherwood.
Bri'dle (bri'd'l), n. [OE. bridel, AS. bridel; akin to
OHG. britil, brittil, D. breidel, and possibly to E. braid.
Cf. Beidoon.] 1. The head gear with which a horse is
governed and restrained, consisting of a headstall, a bit,
and reins, with other appendages.
2. A restraint ; a curb ; a check. Z. Watts.
3. (Gun.) The piece in the interior of a gun lock,
which holds in place the tumbler, sear, etc.
4. (Naut.) (a) A span of rope, Ime, or chain made fast
at both ends, so that another rope, line, or chain may be
attached to its middle, (b) A mooring hawser.
Bowline bridle. See under Bowline. — Branches of a bri-
dle. See under Branch. — Bridle cable (Naut.), a cable
which is bent to a bridle. See 4, above. — Bridle hand, the
hand which holds the bridle in riding ; the left hand. —
Bridle path. Bridle way, a path or way for saddle horses
and pack horses, as distinguished from a road for vehicles.
— Bridle port (Naut.), a porthole or opening in the bow
through which hawsers, mooring or bridle cables, etc.,
are passed. — Bridle rein, a rein attached to the bit. — Bri-
dle road, (a) Same as Bridle path. Lowell. (6) A road in
a pleasure park reserved for horseback exercise. — Bridle
track, a bridle path. — Scolding bridle. See Branks, 2.
Syn. — A check ; restraint.
Bri'dle, V. t. \imj>. & p. p. Bridled (-d'ld) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. BRiDLiNa (-dling).] 1. To put a bridle upon ; to
equip with a bridle ; as, to bridle a horse.
He bridled her mouth with a silkweed twist. Drake.
2. To restrain, guide, or govern, with, or as with, a
bridle ; to check, curb, or control ; as, to bridle the pas-
sions ; to bridle a muse. Addison.
Savoy and Nice, the keys of Italy, and the citadel in her
hands to bridle Switzerland, are in that consolidation. Burke.
Syn. — To check; restrain; curb; govern; control;
repress ; master ; subdue.
Bri'dle, V. i. To hold up the head, and draw in the
chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment ; to
assume a lofty manner ; — usually with up. " His bri-
dling neck." Wordsworth.
By her bridling up I perceived she expected to be treated
hereafter not as Jenny Distaff, but Mrs. Tranquillus. Tatler.
Bri'dle i'ron (i'tim). (Arch.) A strong flat bar of
iron, so bent as to support, as in a stirrup, one end of a
floor timber, etc., where no sufficient bearing can be
had ; — called also stirrup and hanger.
Bri'dler (bri'dler), n. One who bridles ; one who re-
strains and governs, as with a bridle. Milton.
Bri-doon' (brt-doon'), n. [F. bridon, from bride ; of
German origin. See Bridle, n.] (Mil.) The snaffle and
rein of a military bridle, which acts independently of the
bit, at the pleasure of the rider. It is used in connec-
tion with a curb bit, which has its own rein. Campbell.
Brief (bref), a. [OE. bref, P. brief, bref, fr. L. bre-
vit ; akin to Gr. ^paxu; short, and perh. to Skr. barh to
tear. Cf. Breve.] 1. Short in duration.
How bri^ the life of man I Shah.
2. Concise ; terse ; succinct.
The 6ri^ style is that which expresseth much in little.
B. Jonson.
3. Rife ; common ; prevalent. [Prov. Eng."]
In brief. See under Brief, n.
Syn. — Short ; concise ; succinct ; summary ; compen-
dious; condensed; terse; curt ; transitory; short-lived.
Brief, adv. 1. Briefly. [Obs. or Poetic']
Adam, faltering long, thus answered bri^. Milton.
2. Soon; quickly. [OJj.] Shak.
Brief (bref), re. [See Brief, a., and cf. Breve.] 1. A
short concise writing or letter ; a statement iu few words.
Bear this sealed brief.
With winged haste, to the lord marshal. Shak.
And she told me
In a sweet, verbal brief, Shak.
2. An epitome.
£ach woman is a brief of womankind. Overbury.
3. (Law) An abridgment or concise statement of a
client's case, made out for the instruction of counsel in
a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement
of the heads or points of a law argument.
It was not without some reference to it that I perused many
a brief. Sir J. Stephen.
(IHi^ In England, the brief is prepared by the attor-
ney ; in the United States, counsel generally make up
their own briefs.
4. (Law) A writ ; a breve. See Bkeve, re., 2.
5. (Scots Law) A writ issuing from the chancery,
directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and author-
izing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case,
and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence.
6. A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing
a collection or charitable contribution of money in
churches, for any public or private purpose. [Eng-I
Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope written on fine
parchment in modern characters, subscribed by the sec-
retary of briefs, dated "a die Nativitatis," t. c, "from
the day of the Nativity," and sealed with the ring of the
fisherman. It differs from a bull, in its parchment, writ-
ten character, date, and seal. See Bull. —Brief of title,
an abstract or abridgment of all the deeds and other pa-
pers constituting the chain of title to any real estate. —
In brief, in a few words ; in short ; briefly. " Open the
matter m brief." Shak.
Brief, V. t. To make an abstract or abridgment of ;
to shorten ; as, to brief pleadings.
Briefless (bref'les), a. Having no brief ; without
clients ; as, a briefless barrister.
Brief'ly (bref'ly), adv. Concisely ; in few words.
Brief'man (-man), n. 1. One who makes a brief.
2. A copier of a manuscript.
Briefness (bref'nSs), n. The quality of being brief ;
brevity ; conciseness in discourse or writing.
Bri'er, Bri'ar (bri'er), n. [OE. brere, brer, AS. brer,
brser; cf. Ir. briar prickle, thorn, brier, pin, Gael, preas
bush, brier, W. prys,prysg.2 1. A plant with a slender
woody stem bearing stout prickles ; especially, species of
Rosa, Eubus, and Smilax.
2. Fig. : Ajiything sharp or unpleasant to the feelings.
The thorns and briers of reproof. Cowper.
Brier root, the root of the southern Smilax laurifolia
and S. Widteri ; — used for tobacco pipes. — Cat brier.
Green brier, several species of Smilax (S. rotundifolia,
etc.) — Sweet brier (Rosa rubiginosa). See Sweetbreer.
— Yellow brier, the Rosa Eglantina.
Bri'ered (bri'erd), a. Set with briers. Chatterton.
Bri'er-y (bri'er-y), a. Full of briers ; thorny.
Bri'er-y, re. A place where briers grow. Huloet.
Brig (brig), n. A bridge. [Scot.'] Bums.
Brig, re. [Shortened
from Beigantine.]
(Naut.) A two -masted,
square-rigged vessel.
Hermaphrodite brig, a
two-mastedvessel square-
rigged forward and
schooner-rigged aft. See
Illustration in Appendix.
Bri-gade' (brt-gad'),
re. [F. brigade, fr. It.
brigata troop, crew, bri-
gade, originally, a con-
tending troop, fr. briga
trouble, quarrel. See
Brigand.] 1. (Mil.) A body of troops, whether cavalry,
artillery, infantry, or mixed, consisting of two or more
regiments, under the command of a brigadier general.
^W^ Two or more brigades constitute a division, com-
manded by a major general ; two or more divisions con-
stitute an army corps, or corps d'armee. [ U. S.]
2. Any body of persons organized for acting or march-
ing together under authority ; as, a fire brigade.
Brigade inspector, an officer whose duty is to inspect
troops in companies before they are mustered into serv-
ice. — Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to
a brigade to assist the brigadier in his duties.
Bri-gade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brigaded ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Brigading.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or
into brigades.
Brig'a-dler' gen'er-al (brlg'a-der' jSn'er-al). [F.
brigadier, fr. brigade.] (Mil.) An officer in rank next
above a colonel, and below a major general. He com-
mands a brigade, and is sometimes called, by a shorten-
ing of his title, simply brigadier.
Brig'and (brtg'and), n. [F. brigand, OF. brigant
light-armed soldier, fr. LL. brigans light-armed soldier
(cf. It. briganie), fr. brigare to strive, contend, fr. briga,
quarrel; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. break;
cf. Goth, brikan to break, brakja strife. Cf. Brique.]
1. A light-armed, irregular foot soldier. [Obs.]
2. A lawless fellow %vho lives by plunder ; one of a
band of robbers ; especially, one of a gang living in moun-
tain retreats ; a highwayman ; a freebooter.
Giving them not a little the air of brigands or banditti. Je^rerj.
Brig'and-age (-aj), re. [F. brigandage.] Life and
practices ot brigands ; highway robbery ; plunder.
Brig'an-dine (-Sn-din), n. [F. brigandine (of. It.
brigantina), fr. OF. brigant. See Brigand.] A coat of
armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates, some-
times overlapping each other, generally of metal, and
sewed to linen or other material. It was worn in the
Middle Ages. [Written also brigantine.] Jer. xlvi. 4.
Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet,
And brigandine of nrnss. Milton.
Brig.
Brig'and-lsh (brTg'and-Tsh), a. Like a brigand or
freebooter ; robberlike.
Brig'and-lsm (brig'and-Iz'm), n. Brigandage.
Brig'an-tine (-an-tin), re. [F. brigantin, fr. It. brl-
gantino, originally, a piratical vessel. See Brigand, and
cf. Brig.] 1. A piratical vessel. [Obs.]
2. A two-masted, square-rigged vessel, differing from
a brig in that she does not carry a square mainsail.
3. See Brigandine.
Brig'ge (brlg'ge), re. A bridge. [Obs.'\ Chaucer.
Bright (brit), V. i. See Beite, v. i.
Bright (brit), a. [OE. bi-iht, AS. beorht, briht ; akin
to OS. berlit, OHG. beraht, Icel. bjartr, Goth, bairhts.
V94.] 1. Radiating or reflecting light ; shedding or
having much light ; shining ; luminous ; not dark.
The sun was bright o'erhead. Longfellow.
The earth was dark, but the heavens were bright. Drake,
The public places were as bright as at noonday. Macaulay*
2. Transmitting light ; clear ; transparent.
From the brightest wines
He 'd turn abhorrent. Thomsoru
3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or attract-
ive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye ; re-
splendent vrith charms ; as, bright beauty.
Bright as an angel new-dropped from the sky. Parnell.
t. Having a clear, quick intellect ; intelligent.
. Sparkling with wit ; lively ; vivacious ; shedding
cheerfulness and joy around ; cheerful ; cheery.
Be bright and jovial among your guests. Shak.
6. Illustrious ; glorious.
In the brightest annals of a female reign. Cotton.
7. Manifest to the mind, as light is to the eyes ; clear ;
evident; plain.
That he may with more ease, with brighter evidence, and with
surer success, draw the learner on. /. Watts,
8. Of briUiant color ; of lively hue or appearance.
Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew. Pope,
(J^^ Bright is used in composition in the sense of bril-
liant, clear, sunny, etc. ; as, bright-eyed, bright-hnivei,
bright-hued,
Syn. — Shining ; splendid; luminous; lustrous; bril-
liant ; resplendent ; effulgent ; refulgent ; radiant ; spar-
kling ; glittering ; lucid ; beamy ; clear ; transparent ;
illustrious ; witty ; clever ; vivacious ; sunny.
Bright, re. Splendor; brightness. [Poetic]
Dark with excessive bright thy skirts appear. Milton,
Bright, adv. Brightly. Chaucer.
I say it is the moon that shines so bright. Shak.
Bright'en (brif'n), V. t. [imp. & p. p. Brightened
(brif'nd) ; p. pr. &vb. re. Brightening.] [From Bright,
a.] 1. To make bright or brighter ; to make to shine ;
to increase the luster of ; to give a brighter hue to.
2. To make illustrious, or more distinguished ; to add
luster or splendor to.
The present queen would brighten her character, if she would
exert her authority to instili virtues into her people. Sw(/'t.
3. To improve or relieve by dispelling gloom or re-
moving that which obscures and darkens ; to shed light
upon ; to make cheerful ; as, to brighten one's prospects.
An ecstasy, which mothers only feel.
Plays round my heart and brightens all my sorrow. Philips,
4. To make acute or witty ; to enliven. Johnson,
Bright'en, v, i. [AS. beorhtan,] To grow bright, or
more bright ; to become less dark or gloomy ; to clear up ;
to become bright or cheerful.
And night shall bHghten into day. N. Cotton,
And, all his prospects brightening to the last.
His heaven commences ere the world be past. Goldsmith,
Bright'-har'nessed (brifhar'nest), a. Having glit-
tering ai-mor. [Poetic] Milton.
Brightly, adv. 1. Brilliantly ; splendidly ; with
luster ; as, brightly shining armor.
2. With lively intelligence ; intelligently.
Looking brightly into the mother's face. JTawthome,
Bright'ness, n. [AS. beorhtnes. See Bright.]
1. The quality or state of being bright ; splendor ;
luster ; brilliancy ; clearness.
A sudden brightness in his face appeared. Crabbe,
2, Acuteness (of the faculties) ; sharpness of wit.
The brightness of his parts . . . distinguished him. Prior.
Syn. — Splendor ; luster ; radiance ; resplendence ; bril-
liancy; effulgence; glory; clearness.
Bright's' dls-ease' (brlts' dtz-ez'). [From Dr.
Bright of London, who first described it.] (Med,) An
affection of the kidneys, usually inflammatory in charac-
ter, and distinguished by the occurrence of albumin and
renal casts in the urine. Several varieties of Bright's
disease are now recognized, differing in the part of the
kidney involved, and in the intensity and course of the
morbid process.
Bright'some (brit'svim), a. Bright ; clear ; lumi-
nous ; brilliant, [i?.] Marlotoe.
Bri-gose' (bri-gos'), a. [LL. brigosus, It. brigoso. See
Brigcte, «.] Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Puller.
Brigae (breg), re. [F. brigue, fr. LL. briga quarrel.
See Brigand.] A cabal, intrigue, faction, contention,
strife, or quarrel. [Obs.] Chesterfield.
Brigue, V. i. [F. briguer. See Brigue, re.] To con-
tend for ; to canvass ; to solicit. [Obs.] 'Bp. Hurd.
BriJie (brek), re. [AS. brice.] A breach ; ruin ; down-
fall; peril. [Obs.] Chaucer,
Brill (bril), re. [Cf. Corn, hrilli mackerel, fr. brith
streaked, speckled.] (Zool,) A fish allied to the turbot
(Rhombtis levis), much esteemed in England for food ;
— called also bret, pearl, prill. See Bret.
II Bril-lan'te (brel-lan'ta), oAi. [It. See Brilliant, o.]
(Mils. ) In a gay, showy, and sparkling style.
Bril'liance (brTl'yous), re. Brillian<^y. Tenny.^on,
Brll'llan-cy (brll'yan-sj^), re. [See BRaLiANT.] The
quality of being brilliant ; splendor ; glitter ; great bright-
ness, whether in a literal or figurative sense.
With many readers bHlliancy of style passes for affluence of
thought. LmiaI'Mow,
M
use, unite, rude, full, up, Oru ; pity ; food, fo'ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; Sing, inlc ; tlien, thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure.
BRILLIANT
182
BRITTLENESS
original stone),
and Top view, t
Table ; a Bizet ; b
Collet! c Girdle ;
d Pavilion.
Brll'llant (brTl'yont), a. [F. brillant, p. pr. oibriller
to shine or sparkle (cf. Pr. & Sp. briUar, It. brillare), fr.
L. beryllus a precious stone of sea-green color, Prov. It.
brill. See Beeyl.] 1. Sparkling with luster ; glitter-
ing ; very bright ; as, a brilliant star.
2. Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration ;
splendid ; shining ; as, brilliant talents.
Washington was more solicitous to avoid fatal mistakes than
to pertorm brilliant exploits. Fisher Ames.
Syn. — See Shining.
Erll'liant, n. [F. brillant. See Beilliant, o.] 1. A
diamond or other gem of the finest
cut, formed into faces and facets, so
as to reflect and refract the light, by
which it is rendered more brilliant.
It has at the middle, or top, a princi-
pal face, called the table, which is
surrounded by a number of sloping
facets formmg the bizet ; below, it has
a small face or collet, parallel to the
table, connected with the girdle by
a. pavilion of elongated facets. It is
tlms distinguished from the rose dia-
mond, which is entirely covered with
facets on the surface, and is fiat below.
This snuffbox — on the hinge see bril-
liants shine. Pope. Brilliant. Side view
2. (PnV.) The smallest size of type (with outline of
used in English printing.
EST Thi« line is printed in the type called Brilliant.
3. A kind of cotton goods, figured
in the weaving.
Bril'llant-ly, adv. In a brilliant manner.
Btil'Ilant-ness, ra. Brilliancy ; splendor ; glitter.
BrlllB (brilz), n. pi. [Cf. G. brille spectacles, D.
bril, fr. L. beryllus. See Brilliant.] The hair on the
eyelids of a horse. Bailey.
Brim (brim), n. [OE. brim, brimme, AS. brymme
edge, border ; akin to Icel. barmr, Sw. brum, Dan.
brsemme, G. brame, brame. Possibly the same word as
AS. brim surge, sea, and properly meaning, the line of
surf at the border of the sea, and akin to h. fremere to
roar, murmur. Cf. Breeze a fly.] 1. The rim, border,
or upper edge of a cup, dish, or any hollow vessel used
for holding anything.
Saw I that insect on this goblet's brim,
I would remove it with an anxious pity. Coleridge.
2. The edge or margin, as of a fountain, or of the water
contained in it ; the brink ; border.
The feet of the priests that bare the ark were dipped in the
brim of the water. Josh. iii. 15.
3. Tha rim of a hat. Wordsworth.
Brim, V. i. limp. & p. p. Brimmed (brlmd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Brimhung.] To be full to the brim. "The
hrimming Btte&'m." Milton.
To brim over (literally or figuratively), to be so full that
some of the contents flows over the brim ; as, a cup brim-
ming overwiVa wine ; a man brimming over with fun.
Brim, v. t. To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top.
Arrange the board and brim the glass. Tennijson.
Brim, a. Fierce ; sharp ; cold. See Breme. [06*.]
Brlm'ful' (brim'f 111'), a. Full to the brim ; completely
full; ready to overflow. "Her ftrim/«Z eyes. " Dryden.
Brim'less, a. Having no brim ; as, brimless caps.
Brimmed (brimd), a. 1. Having a brim; — usually
in composition. " BToad-brimmed hat." Spectator.
2. Full to, or level with, the brim. Milton.
Brlm'mer (-mer), n. A brimful bowl ; a bumper.
Brlm'ming, a. Full to the brim ; overflowing.
Brlm'Stone (brTm'ston ; 110), n. [OE. brimston,
bremston, bernston, brenslon ; cf. Icel. brennisteinn. See
Burn, ■;;. i., and Stone.] Sulphur. See Solphur.
Brlm'Stone, a. Made of, or pertaining to, brimstone ;
as, brimstone matches.
From his brimstone bed at break of day
A-walking the devil has gone. Coleridge.
Brlm'stO'ny (-sto'ny), a. Containing or resembling
brimstone ; sulphurous. B. Jonson.
Brln (brin), n. [F.] One of the radiating sticks of
a fan. The outermost are larger and longer, and are
called panaches. Knight.
Brin'ded (brTn'dSd), a. [Cf. Icel. brondottr brindled,
fr. brandr brand; and OE. bernen, brinnen, to bum. See
Brand, Burn.] Of a gray or tawny color with streaks
of darker hue ; streaked ; brindled. " Three brinded
cows." Dryden. "The brinded cat." Shak.
Brln'dle (brtn'd'l), n. [See Brindled.] 1. The state
of being brindled.
2. A brindled color ; also, that which is brindled.
Brln'dle, a. Brindled.
Brin'dled (brln'd'ld), a. [A dim. form of brinded."]
Having dark streaks or spots on a gray or tawny ground ;
brinded. " With a brindled lion played." Churchill.
Brine (brin), n. [AS. brijne a burning, salt liquor,
brine, fr. brinnan, byrnan, to burn. See Burn.] 1. Wa-
ter saturated or strongly impregnated with salt ; pickle ;
hence, any strong saline solution ; also, the saline residue
or strong mother liquor resulting from the evaporation
of natural or artificial waters.
2. The ocean ; the water of
an ocean, sea, or salt lake.
Not long beneath the whelming
brine . . . ne lay. Cowper.
3. Tears; — so called from
their saltness.
What a deal of brine
Hath washed thy sallow cheeks for
Rosaline I Shak.
Brine fly (2odl.), a fly of the
genus Ephydra, the larvae of
which live in artificial brines
and in salt lakes. — Brine gaage,
an instrument for measuring the saltness of a liquid. -
Brine Fly (Ephydra
hnlophila). (X 6)
b Pupa. (X 1)4)
Brine pan, a pit or pan of salt water, where salt is formed
by crystallization. — Brine pit, a salt spring or well, from
which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for mak-
ing salt. —Brine pump (Marine Engin.), a pump for chan-
ging the water in the boilers, so as to clear them of the
brine wliich collects at the bottom. — Brine shrimp. Brine
worm {Zo'61.), a phyllopod crustacean of the genus Arte-
VI iu, inhabiting the strong brines of saltworks and nat-
ural salt lakes. See Artemia. — Brine spring, a spring of
salt water. — Leach brine ( Saltmaking), brine which drops
from granulated salt in drymg, and is preserved to be
boiled again.
Brine (brin), V. t. 1. To steep or saturate in brine.
2. To sprinkle with salt or brine ; as, to brine hay.
Bring (bring), V. t. limp. &,p.p. Brought (brat);
p. pr. & vb. n. Bringing.] XOE. bringen, AS. bringan;
akin to OS. brengian, D. brengen. Fries, brenga, 0H(}.
bringan, G. bringen, Goth, briggan."] 1. To convey to
the place where the speaker is or is to be ; to bear from
a more distant to a nearer place ; to fetch.
And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said.
Bring me, 1 pray thee, a morsel of bread. 1 Kings xvii. 11.
To France shall we convey you safe,
And bring you back. Shak.
2. To cause the accession or obtaining of ; to procure ;
to make to come ; to produce ; to draw to.
There is nothing will bring you more honor . . . than to do
what right in justice you may. Bacon.
3. To convey ; to move ; to carry or conduct.
In distillation, the water . . . brings over with it some part
of the oil of vitriol. Sir I. A'ewton.
4. To persuade ; to induce ; to draw ; to lead ; to guide.
It seems so preposterous a thing . . . that they do not easily
b]-ing themselves to it. Locke.
The nature of the things . . . would not suffer him to tliink
otherwise, how, or whensoever, he is brought to reflect on them.
Lucke.
5. To procure in exchange ; to sell for ; to fetch ; as,
what does coal bring per ton ?
To bring about, to bring to pass ; to effect ; to accom-
plish.—To bring back, (a) To recall. (6) To restore, as
something borrowed, to its owner. — To bring by the lee
(.Naut.), to incline so rapidly to leeward of the course,
when a ship sails large, as to bring the lee side suddenly
to the windward, <ind by laying the sails aback, expose
her to danger of upsetting. — To bring down, (a) To cause
to come down, (b) To humble or abase ; as, to bring
down high looks. — To bring down the honse, to cause tre-
mendous applause. [Colloii.] — To bring forth, (a) To pro-
duce, as young or fruit. (o)To bring to liglit; to make
manifest. — To bring forward, (a) To exhibit ; to introduce ;
to produce to view, (b) To hasten ; to promote ; to for-
ward, (c) To propose ; to adduce ; as, to bring forward
arguments. — To bring home, (a) To bring to one s house,
(i) To prove conclusively ; as, to bring home a charge of
treason, (c) To cause one to feel or appreciate by per-
sonal experience, (d) (Naiit.) To lift to its place, as an
anchor. — To bring in. (a) To fetch from without ; to im-
port, (b) To introduce, as a bill in a deliberative assem-
bly, (c) To return or report to, or lay before, a court or
other body ; to render ; as, to brinq in a verdict or a re-
port, (d) To take to an appointed place of deposit or col-
lection ; as, to bring in provisions or money for a specified
object, (e) To produce, as income. (/) To induce to
join. — To bring ofE, to bear or convey away ; to clear from
condemnation ; to cause to escape. — To bring on. (a) To
cause to begin, (b) To originate or cause to exist ; as, to
bri7ig on a disease. — To bring one on one's way, to accom-
pany, guide, or attend one. — To bring ont, to expose ; to
detect ; to bring to light from concealment. — To bring
over, (a) To fetch or bear across, (b) To convert by per-
suasion or other means ; to cause to change sides or an
opinion. — To bring to. (a) To resuscitate ; to bring back
to consciousness or life, as a fainting person. (6) {Naut.)
To check the course of, as of a ship, by dropping the an-
chor, or by counterbraeing the sails so as to Keep her
nearly stationary (she is then said to lie to), (c) To cause
(a vessel) to lie to, as by firing across her course, id) To
apply a rope to the capstan. — To bring to light, to dis-
close ; to discover ; to make clear ; to reveal, — To bring
a sail to (Naut.), to bend it to the yard. — To bring to pass,
to accomplish ; to effect. " Trust also in Him ; and He
shall bring it to pass." Fs. xxxvii. 5. — To bring under,
to subdue ; to restrain ; to reduce to obedience. — To
bring up. (a) To carry upward ; to nurse ; to rear ; to
educ3,te. (i) To cause to stop suddenly, (c) [i'. i. by
dropping the reflexive pronoun] To stop suddenly ; to
come to a standstill. [Colloq.] — To bring up (any one)
with a rotmd turn, to cause (any one) to stop abruptly.
[Colloq.] — To be brought to bed. See under Bed.
Syn. — To fetch ; bear ; carry ; convey ; transport ;
import ; procure ; produce ; cause ; adduce ; induce.
Brlng'er (bring'er), n. One who brings.
Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news
Hath but a losing office. Sliak.
Bringer In, one who, or that which, introduces.
Brln'l-ness (brin'i-nes), n. The state or quality of
being briny ; saltness ; brinislmess.
Brin'lsh (brin'ish), a. Like brine; somewhat salt;
saltish. " Bi-inish tears." Shak.
Brin'ish-ness, n. State or quality of being brinish.
II Brln'ja-ree' (brtn'ja-re'), n. [Native name.] (Zo'ol.)
A rough-haired East Indian variety of the greyhound.
Brink (brink), n. [Dan. brink edge, verge ; akin to
Sw. brink declivity, hill, Icel. brekka; cf. LG. brink a
grassy hill, W. bryn hill, bryncyn hillock.] The edge,
margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice ; a
bank or edge, as of a river or pit ; a verge ; a border ; as,
the SrinA; of a cliasm. Also Pig. "The 6Wreft of vice."
Bp. Porteus. " The brink of ruin." Burke.
The plashy brink of weedy lake. Bryant.
Brln'y (brln'J^), a. [From Beine.] Of or pertaining
to brine, or to the sea ; partaking of the nature of brine ;
salt ; as, a briny taste ; the briny flood.
Brl'O-ny (bri'o-ny), n. See Beyont. Tennyson.
Brisk (brisk), a. [Cf. W. brysg, fr. brys haste, Gael.
briosg quick, lively, Ir. briosg a start, leap, jerk.] 1. Full
of liveliness and activity ; characterized by quickness of
motion or action ; lively ; spirited ; quick.
Cheerly, boys ; be brisk awhile. Shak.
Brisk toil alternating with ready ease. Wordsworth.
2. Full of spirit or life ; effervescing, as liquors ; spar-
kling ; as, brisk cider.
Syn. — Active; lively; agile; alert; nimble; quick;
sprightly ; vivacious ; gay ; spirited ; animated.
Brisk (brisk), V. t. & i. limp. &p.p. Brisked (brTskt) ;
p.pr. & vb. n. Brisking.] To make or become lively ;
to enliven ; to animate ; to take, or cause to take, an
erect or bold attitude ; — usually with up.
BrlS'ket (bris'ket), n. [OE. bruskette, OF. bruschet,
F. brechet, brichet ; prob. of Celtic origin ; cf. W. brysced
the breast of a slain animal, brisket. Com. vrys breast,
Armor, brusk, bruched, the front of the chest, Gael, bris-
gein the cartilaginous part of a bone.] That part of the
breast of an animal which extends from the fore leg.s
back beneath the ribs ; also applied to the fore part of
a horse, from the shoulders to the bottom of the chest.
[See lllust. of Beef.]
Briskly (brtsk'ly ), adv. In a brisk manner ; nimbly.
Brisk'neSS, n. Liveliness ; vigor in action ; quick-
ness ; gayety ; vivacity ; effervescence.
Brls'tle (bris's'l), n. [OE. brisiel, brustel, AS. bristl,
byrst; akin to D. borstel, OHG. burst, G. borste, Icel.
burst, Sw. borst, and to Skr. bhrshti edge, point, and
prob. L. fastigium extremity, Gr. acftKairrov stem of a
ship, and E. brush, burr, perh. to brud. V96.] 1. A
short, stiff, coarse hair, as on the back of swine.
2. (Bot.) A stiff, sharp, roundish hair. Gray.
Brls'tle, V. t. limp. & p. p. Bristled (-s'ld) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bristling (-slTng).] 1. To erect the bristles
of ; to cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog;
— sometimes with up.
Now for the bare-picked bone of majesty
Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest. Shak.
Boy, bristle thy courage up. Stiak.
2. To fix a bristle to ; as, to bristle a thread.
Brls'tle, V. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles.
His hair did bristle upon his head. Sir W. Scott.
2. To appear as if covered with bristles ; to have stand-
ing, thick and erect, like bristles.
The hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bay-
onets. Thackeray.
Ports bristling with thousands of masta. Macaulai/.
3. To show defiance or indignation.
To bristle up, to show anger or defiance.
Brls'tle-point'ed (-point'ed), a. {Bot.) Terminating
in a very fine, sharp point, as some leaves.
Brls'Ue-Shaped' (-shapf), a. Kesembling a bristle
in form ; as, a bristle-shaped leaf.
Brls'tle-tall' (-tal'), n. (Zool.) An insect of the genera
Lepisma, Campodea, etc., belonging to the ,
Thysanura.
Brls'tll-ness (brls'slT-nSs), n. The quality
or state of having bristles.
Brls'tly (bris'siy), a. Thick set with bris-
tles, or with hairs resembling bristles ; rough.
The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat
bristly. Bacon.
Brls'tol (bris'tul), n. A seaport city in the
west of England.
Bristol board, a kind of fine pasteboard, made
with a smooth but usually unglazed surface. —
Bristol brick, a brick of siliceous matter used
for polishing cutlery ; — originally manu- Bristletail
f actured at Bristol. — Bristol stone, rock ( Campodea).
crystal, or brilliant crystals of quartz, found x 2)i
in the mountain limestone near Bristol, and
used in making ornaments, vases, etc. When polished, it
is called Bristol diamond.
Brl-sure' (brt-zur'), n. [F.] 1. (Fort.) Any part of
a rampart or parapet which deviates from the general
direction.
2. (Her.) A mark of cadency or difference.
Brit, Britt (brit), n. (Zool.) (a) The young of ths
common herring ; also, a small species of herring ; the
sprat. (6) The minute marine animals (chiefly Entomos-
traca) upon which the right whales feed.
Brl-tan'nl-a (bri-tSn'ni-a), re. [From L. Britannia
Great Britain.] A white-metal alloy of tin, antimony,
bismuth, copper, etc. It somewhat resembles silver, and
is used for table ware. Called also Britannia metal.
Brl-tan'nlc (brl-tSn'nlk), a. [L. Britannicus, fr. Bri-
tannia Great Britain.] Of or pertaining to Great Brit-
ain ; British ; as, her Britannic Majesty.
Brlte, Bright (brit), v. i. To be or become overripe,
as wheat, barley, or hops. IProv. Eng.]
Brit'1-cism (brifi-sTz'm), n. A word, phrase, or idiom
peculiar to Great Britain ; any manner of using a word
or words that is peculiar to Great Britain.
Brit'ish (brit'ish), a. [AS. Brittisc, Bryttisc] Of or
pertaining to Great Britain or to its inhabitants ; — some-
times restricted to the original iiihabitants.
British gum, a brownish substance, very soluble in cold
water, formed by heating dry starch at a temperature of
about 600° Fahr. It corresponds, in its properties, to dex-
trin, and is used, in solution, as a substitute for gum in
stiffening goods. — British lion, the national emblem of
Great Britain. — British seas, the four seas which surround
Great Britain.
Brit'ish, n. pi. People of Great Britain.
Brlt'lsh-er, re. An Englishman ; a subject or inhab-
itant of Great Britain, esp. one in the British militarv
or naval service. INow used jocosely]
Brlt'on (brit'tin), a. [AS. Bryten Britain.] British.
lObs.] Spenser, ^n. A native of Great Britain.
Brlt'tle (brit't'l), a. [OE. britel, brutel, AS. bryttian
to dispense, fr. breSlan to break ; akin to Icel. brytja,
Sw. bryta, Dan. bryde. Cf. Brickle.] Easily broken ;
apt to break ; fragile ; not tough or tenacious.
Farewell, thou pretty, brittle piece
Of fine-cut crystal. -^ Cotton.
Brittle sliver ore, the mineral stephanite.
Brlt'tle-ly, adv. In a brittle manner. Sherwootl.
Brlt'tle-ness, re. Aptness to break ; fragility.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^U i eve, event, 6nd, fern,, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, Sbey, orb, odd ;
BRITTLE STAR
183
BROKE
Brlt'tle star' (brTt't'I star'). {Zo'dl.) Any species of
ophiurau startishes. See
Ophiuroidea.
BrltZ'ska (bris'ka), n.
[Russ. britslika; cf. Pol.
brijczka, dim. of bryka
freight wagon.] A long
carriage, with a calasli
top, so constructed as to
give space for reclining at
uiglit, when used on a
journey.
Btize (briz), n. The
breeze fly. See Breeze.
Shak.
Broach(broch), ?J. [OE. to-.., (.» ,n,-
hrnohe F hrnfhe fr LL 0°« f°™ °* Brittle Star (Op/lt-
biocca ; prob. of Celtic on- -^ ' ^
gin ; cf. W. proc thrust, stab, Gael, brog awl. Cf.
Brooch.] 1. A spit. [_Obs.]
He turned n broach that had worn a crown. Bacon.
2. An awl ; a bodkin ; also, a wooden rod or pin, sharp-
ened at each end, used by thatchers. IPiov. Btig-J
Forbtj.
3. (Mech.) (a) A tool of steel, generally tapering, and
of a polygonal form, with from four to eight cutting
edges, for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal ; some-
times made smooth or without edges, as for burnishing
pivot holes in watches ; a reamer. The broach for gun
barrels is commonly square and without taper. (J) A
straight tool with file teeth, made of steel, to be pressed
tlirough irregular holes in metal that cannot be dressed
by revolving tools ; a drift.
4. (Masonry) A broad chisel for stonecutting.
6. (.-1 rcA. ) A spire rising from a tower. \_Local,Eng.'\
6. A clasp for fastening a garment. See Brooch.
7. A spitlike start, on the head of a young stag.
8. The stick from which candle wicks are suspended
for dipping. Knight.
9. The pin in a lock which enters the barrel of the key.
Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broached (brocht) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Broaching.] [F. brocher, fr. broche. See
Broach, n.] 1. To spit ; to pierce as with a spit.
I 'U broach the tadpole on m^^ rapier's point. Shak.
2. To tap ; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the
liquor. Hence : To let out ; to shed, as blood.
Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,
He bravely broached his boiling'bloody breast. Shak.
3. To open for the first time, as stores.
You shall want neither weapons, victuals, nor aid ; I will
open the old armories, 1 will broach my store, and will bring
forth my stores. Knolles.
4. To make public ; to utter ; to publish first ; to put
forth; to introduce as a topic of conversation.
Those very opinions themselves had broached. Swift.
5. To cause to begin or break out. [06*.] Shak.
6. (Masonry) To shape roughly, as a block of stone, by
chiseling with a coarse tool. \Scot. & North of Eng.']
7. To enlarge or dress (a hole), by using a broach.
To broach to (Ifaut.), to incline suddenly to windward,
80 as to lay the sails aback, and expose the vessel to the
danger of oversetting.
Broach'er (broch'er), n. 1. A spit ; a broach.
On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they turned. Vryden.
2. One who broaches, opens, or utters ; a first pub-
lisher or promoter.
Some such broacher of heresy. Atterbury.
Broad (brad), a. \_Compar. Broader (-er) ; superl.
Broadest.] ' [OE. brod, brad, AS. brad; akin to OS.
bi'Sd, D. breed, G. breit, Icel. breiSr, Sw. & Dan. bred,
Goth, braids. Cf. Breadth.] 1. Wide ; extended in
breadth, or from side to side ; — opposed to narrow ;
as, a broad street ; a broad table ; an inch broad.
2. Extending far and wide ; extensive ; vast ; as, the
broad expanse of ocean.
3. Extended, in the sense of diffused ; open ; clear ;
full. " Broad and open day." Bp. Porieus.
4. Fig. : Having a large measure of any thing or qual-
ity ; not limited ; not restrained ; — applied to any sub-
ject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly,
the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive.
A broad mixture of falsehood. Locke.
Hence : —
5. Comprehensive ; liberal ; enlarged.
The words in the Constitution are broad enough to include
the case. D. Daggett.
In a broad, statesmanlike, and masterly way. E. Everett.
6. Plain ; evident ; as, a broad hint.
7. Free ; unrestrained ; unconflned.
As broad and general as the casing air. Shak.
8. (i^OTe.i4)'fa) Characterized by breadth. See Breadth.
9. Gross ; coarse ; indelicate ; as, a broad compliment ;
a broad joke ; broad humor.
10. Strongly marked ; as, a broad Scotch accent.
(J^^" Broad is often used in compounds to signify wide,
large, etc. ; as, 6)'oorf-chested, iroad-shouldered, broad-
spreading, broad-vnns&i.
Broad acres. See under Acre. — Broad arrow, originally
a pheon. See Pheon, and Broad arrow under Arrow. — As
hroad as long, having the length equal to the breadth ;
hence, the same one way as another ; coming to the same
result by different ways or processes.
It is as broad as long, whether they rise to others, or bring
others down to them. L' Estrange.
— Broad pennant. See under Pennant.
Syn. — Wide ; large ; ample ; expanded ; spacious ;
roomy ; extensive ; vast ; comprehensive ; liberal.
Broad, n. 1. The broad part of anything ; as, the
broad of an oar.
2. The spread of a river into a sheet of water ; a
flooded fen. [Local, Eng.'\ Southey.
3. A lathe tool for turning down the insides and bot-
toms of cylinders. Knight.
Broad'as' Kbrad'Sks'), n. 1. An ancient miUtary
Broad'axe' ( weapon ; a battle-ax.
2. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing timber.
Broad'bill' (-bTl'), n. 1. (Zodl.) A wild duck [Aylhya,
or Fuligul'i, marilii), wliicli appears in large numbers on
the eastern coast of the United States, in autumn ; —
called also bluebill, blackhead, raft duck, and scaup duck.
See Scaup duck.
2. (Zool.) The shoveler. See Shoveler.
Broad'brim' (-brim'), n. 1. A hat with a very broad
brim, like tliose worn by men of the society of Friends.
2. A member of the society of Friends ; a Quaker.
[Sporlife~}
Broad'-brimmed' (-brlmd'), a. Having a broad brim.
A broad-brimmed flat silver plate. Tatter.
Broad'cast' (-kasf), n. (Agric.) A casting or throw-
ing seed iu all directions, as from the hand in sowing.
Broad'cast', a. 1. Cast or dispersed in all directions,
as seed from the hand in sowing ; widely diffused.
2. Scattering in all directions (as a method of sowing) ;
— opposed to planting in hills, drills, or rows.
Broad'cast', adv. So as to scatter or be scattered in
all directions ; so as to spread widely, as seed from the
hand in sowing, or news from the press.
Broad' Church' (chfirch'). (iicc-/.) A portion of the
Church of Englaud, consisting of persons who claim to
hold a position, in respect to doctrine and fellowship,
intermediate between the High Church party and the
Low Church, or evangelical, party. The term has been
applied to other bodies of men holding liberal or com-
prehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellowship.
Side by side with these various shades of High and Low
Church, another party of a different cliaractcr has always ex-
isted in the Church of England. It is called by dilterent
names : Moderate, Catholic, or Broad Church, by its friends ;
Latitudinarian or Indifferent, by its enemies. Its distinctive
character is tlie desire of comprehension. Its watchwords are
charity and toleration. Conybeare.
Broad'ClOth (brad'klSth ; 115), n. A fine smooth-
faced woolen cloth for men's garments, usually of double
width (i. e., a yard and a half) ; — so called in distinc-
tion from woolens three quarters of a yard wide.
Broad'en (-'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Broadened (-'nd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Broadening (-'n-Tng).] [From Bboad,
a.] To grow broad ; to become broader or wider.
The broadeyiing sun appears. Wordsworth.
Broad'en, v. t. To make broad or broader ; to render
more broad or comprehensive.
Broad' gauge' (gaj'). (Railroad) A wider distance
between the rails than the " standard " gauge of four
feet eight inches and a half. See Gauge.
Broad'-horned' (-hSmd'), a. Having horns spread-
ing widely.
. Broad'lsh, a. Rather broad ; moderately broad.
Broad'leaf' (brad'lef), ». (Bot.) A tree (Terminalia
lalifoUa) of Jamaica, tlie wood of which is used for
boards, scantling, shingles, etc. ; — sometimes called the
almond tree, from the shape of its fruit.
Broad'-leaved' (brad'-ievd'), Broad'-leafed' (-left'),
a. Having broad, or relatively broad, leaves. Keats.
Broadly, adv. In a broad manner.
Broad'mouth' (brad'mouth'), n. (Zobl.) One of the
Eurylaimidx, a family of East Indian passerine birds.
Broad'ness, n. [AS. brddnes.'] The condition or
quality of being broad ; breadth ; coarseness ; grossness.
Broad'piece' (-pes'), n. An old English gold coin,
broader than a guinea, as a Carolus or Jacobus.
Broad' seal' (brad' sel'). The great seal of England ;
the public seal of a country or state.
Broad'seal', v. t. To stamp with the broad seal ; to
make sure ; to guarantee or warrant. [06s.]
Thy presence broadseals our deUghts for pure. B. Jonson.
Broad'slde' (brad'sid'), n. 1. (Naut.) The side of a
ship above the water line, from the bow to the quarter.
2. A discharge of or from all the guns on one side of a
ship, at the same time.
3. A volley of abuse or denunciation. [Colloq.l
4. (Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page,
or printed on one side only ; — called also broadsheet.
Broad'spread' (brad'spred'), a. Widespread.
Broad'spread'ingJ'o. Spreading widely.
Broad'sword' (brad'sord'), n. A sword with a broad
blade and a cutting edge ; a claymore.
I heard the broadsword's deadly clang. Sir W. Scott.
Broad'wlse' (-wiz'), adv. Breadthwise. [Archaicl
Brob (brob), 71. [Cf. Gael, brog, E. brog, n.] (Carp.)
A peculiar brad-shaped spike, to be driven alongside
the end of an abutting timber to prevent its slipping.
Brob'dlng-nag'i-an (brob'ding-n5g'i-an), a. [From
Brobdingnag, a country of giants in " Gulliver's Trav-
els."] Colossal ; of extraordinary heiglit ; gigantic.
— n. A giant, [^•pelt otten Brobdignagia7i.\
Bro-cade' (br6-kad'), n. [Sp. brocado (cf. It. broc-
cato, F. brocart), fr. LL. brocare to prick, to figure (tex-
tile fabrics), to emboss (linen), to stitch. See Broach.]
Silk stuff, woven with gold and silver, threads, or orna-
mented with raised flowers, foliage, etc. ; — also applied
to other stuffs thus wrought and enriched.
A gala suit of faded brocade. W. Innng.
Bro-cad'ed (-kad'Sd), a. 1. Woven or worked, as bro-
cade, with gold and silver, or with raised flowers, etc.
Brocaded flowers o'er the gay mantua shine. Gay.
2. Dressed in brocade.
Bro'cage (bro'kaj), n. See Brokerage.
Broc'ard (brSk'erd), n. [Perh. fr. Brocardica, Bro-
cardicorum opus, a collection of ecclesiastical canons by
Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, called, by tlie Italians and
French, Brocard.] An elementary principle or maxim ;
a short, proverbial rule, in law, ethics, or metaphysics.
The legal hrocarif, " Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus," is a
rule not more applicable to other witnesses than to conscious-
ness. Sir W. Nainilton.
Bro'ca-tel (bro'k4-tSl), n. [P. brocatelle, fr. It. broc-
catello : cf. Sp. brocalel. See Brocade.] 1. A kind of
coarse brocade, or figured fabric, used chiefly for tapes-
try, linings for carriages, etc.
2. A marble, clouded and veined with white, gray, yel-
low, and red, in whicli the yellow usually prevails. It is
also called Siena marble, from its locality.
Bro'ca-tel'lO (-tel'16), n. Same as Bkocatel.
Broc'CO-Il (brok'ko-lT), n. [It. broccoli, pi. of broc-
colo sprout, cabbage sprout, dim. of brocco splinter. See
Broach, n.] (Bot.) A plant of the Cabbage species (Bras-
sica oleracea) of many varieties, resembling the cauli-
flower. The " curd," or flowering head, is the part used
for food.
Broch'an-tlte (brSk'Sn-tlt), n. [From Brochant de
Villiers, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A basic sul-
phate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals.
II Bro'ch^' (bro'sha'), a. [F.] Woven with a figure ;
as, broche goods.
II Broche (broch)^ n. [F.] See Broach, n.
II Bro-Chure' (bro-shur'), n. [F., fr. brocher to stitch.
See Broach, v. t.'\ A printed and stitched book con-
taining only a few leaves ; „ pamphlet.
Brock (br5k), n. [AS. broc, fr. W. broch ; akin to Ir.
& Gael, broc. Corn. & Armor, broch ; cf. Ir. & Gael.
breac speckled.] (Zool.) A badger.
Or with pretense of chasing thence the brock. B. Jonsotu
Brock, n. [See Brocket.] (Zool.) A brocket. Bailey.
Brock'et (brok'St), n. [OE. broket, F. broquart fallow
deer a year old, fr. the same root as E. broach, meaning
point (hence tine of a horn).] 1. (Zool.) A male red
deer two years old ; — sometimes called brock,
2- (Zool.) A small South American deer, of several
species ( Coussus superciliaris, C. rufvs, and C. auritus).
Brock'ish, a. Beastly ; brutal. [Obs.'] Bale.
Brode'kln (brod'kTn), n. [F. brodequin, OF. brosse-
quin, fr. OD. broseken, brosekin, dim. of broos buskin,
prob. fr. LL. byrsa leather, Gr. ^vpcra skin, hide. Cf.
Buskin.] A buskin or half-boot. [Written also brode-
quin.'] [Obs.]
Brog (brog), n. [Gael. Cf. Brob.] A pointed instru-
ment, as a joiner's awl, a brad awl, a needle, or a small
sharp stick.
Brog, V. t. To prod with a pointed instrument, aa a
lance ; also, to broggle. [Scot. & Prov.~\ Sir W. Scott.
Bro'gan (bro'gSn), n. A stout, coarse shoe ; a brogue.
Brog'gle (brSg'g'l), V. i. [Dim. of Prov. E. brog to
broggle. Cf . Brog, m.] To sniggle, or fish with a brog.
[Prov. Eng.] WrigJa.
Brogue (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog shoe, hoof.]
1. A stout, coarse shoe ; a brogan.
11^^ In the Highlands of Scotland, the ancient brogue
was made of horsehide or deerskin, untanned or tanned
with the hair on, gathered round the ankle with a thong.
The name was afterward given to any shoe worn as a part
of the Highland costume.
Clouted brogues, patched brogues ; also, brogues stud-
ded with nails. See under Clout, v. t.
2. A dialectic pronunciation ; esp. the Irish manner
of pronoimcing English.
Or take, Hibernia, thy still ranker brogue. Lloyd.
Brogues (brogz), n. pi. [Cf. Breeches.] Breeches.
[Obs.] Shenstone.
Broid (broid), v. t. To braid. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Brold'er (-er), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Broidered (-erd).]
[OE. broiden, brouden, F. broder, confused with B.
braid ; F. broder is either the same word as border to
border (see Border), or perh. of Celtic origin ; cf. W.
brathu to sting, stab, Ir. & Gael, brod goad, prickle, OE.
brod a goad ; and also Icel. broddr a spike, a sting, AS.
brord a point.] To embroider. [Archaic]
They shall make a broidered coat. Ex. xxviii. 4.
Broid'er-er (-er), n. One who embroiders. [Archaic]
Broid'er-y (broid'er-y), n. Embroidery. [Archaic]
The golden broidery tender Milkah wove. Tickell.
Broil (broil), n. [F. brouiller to disorder, from LL.
brogilus, broilus, brolium, thicket, wood, park ; of un-
certain origin ; cf. W. brog a swelling out, OHG. proil
marsh, G. briihl, MHG. brogen to rise. The meaning
tumult, confusion, comes apparently from tangled un-
dergrowth, thicket, Ani this possibly from the meaning
to grow, 7'ise, sprout.] A tumult; a noisy quarrel; a
disturbance ; a brawl ; contention ; discord, either be-
tween individuals or in the state.
I will own that there is a haughtiness and fierceness in hu-
man nature which will cause innumerable broils, place men in
what situation you please. Burke.
Syn. — Contention ; fray ; affray ; tumult ; altercation J
dissension ; discord ; contest ; conflict ; brawl ; uproar.
Broil, V. t. [imp. Si p. p. Broiled (broild) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Broiling.] [OE. broilen, OF. bruillir, fr.
bruir to broil, burn ; of Ger. origin ; cf. MHG. briiejen, Q.
briihen, to scald, akin to E. brood.] 1. To cook by direct
exposure to heat over a fire, esp. upon a gridiron over coals.
2. To subject to great (commonly direct) heat.
Broil, V. i. To be subjected to the action of heat, as
meat over the fire ; to be greatly heated, or to be made
uncomfortable with heat.
The planets and comets had been broiling in the sun. Clieyne.
Broil'er (broil'er), n. One who excites broils ; one
who engages in or proWtes noisy quarrels.
Wlmt doth he but turn broiler, . . . make new libels against
the church ? Jlaunnond.
Broil'er, n. 1. One who broils, or cooks by broiling.
2. A gridiron or other utensil used in broiling.
3. A chicken or other bird fit for broiling. [Colloq.]
Broll'ing, a. Excessively hot ; as, a broiling sun. —
n. The act of causing anything to broil.
Bro'kage (bro'kSjl, n. See Brokerage.
Broke (brok), v. i. [See Broker, and cf. Brook.]
1. To transact business for another. [/>'.] Brome.
K
use, unite, rude, full, iip, ftrn ;
pity ; food, fo~ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; tben, thin ; bON ; zh = z iu azure.
BROKE
184
BROOD
2. To act as procurer in love mattere ; to pimp. [OJs.]
We do want a certain necessary woman to broke between
them, Cupid said. Fanshawe.
And brakes with all that can in such a suit
Corrupt the tender honor of a maid. iihak.
Broke (brok), imp. & p. p. of Break.
Bro'ken (bro'k'n), a. [From Bkeak, v. i.! 1. Sepa-
rated into parts or pieces by violence ; divided into frag-
ments ; as, a broken chain or rope ; a broken dish.
2. Disconnected ; not continuous ; also, rough ; un-
even ; as, a broken surface.
3. Fractured ; cracked ; disunited ; sundered ; strained
apart ; as, a broken reed ; broken friendship.
4. Made infirm or weak, by disease, age, or hardships.
The one being who remembered him as he had been before
, Ms mind was broken. G. Eliot.
The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay.
Sat by his fire, and talked the night away. Goldsmith.
6. Subdued ; humbled ; contrite.
The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit. Ps. li. 17.
6. Subjugated ; trained for use, as a horse.
7. Crushed and ruined as by something that destroys
hope ; blighted. " Her broken love and life." G. Eliot.
8. Not carried into effect ; not adhered to ; violated ;
as, a broken promise, vow, or contract ; a broken law.
9. Ruined financially ; incapable of redeeming prom-
ises made, or of paying debts incurred ; as, a broken
bank ; a broken tradesman.
10. Imperfectly spoken, a- by a foreigner ; as, broken
English ; imperfectly spoken on account of emotion ; as,
to say a few broken words at parting.
Amidst the broken words and loud weeping of those grave
ienators. Macautay.
Broken ground, (a) (Mil.) Rough or uneven ground ; as,
the troops were retarded in tneir advance by broken
ground, (b) Ground recently opened with the plow. —
Broken line (ffeom.), the straight lines which join a num-
ber of given points taken in some specified order. — Broken
meat, fragments of meat or other tood. — Broken number,
a fraction. — Broken weather, unsettled weather.
Bro'ken-'backed' (bro'k'n-bSkt'), a. l. Having a
broken back ; as, a broken-backed chair.
2. (Naut.) Hogged; so weakened in the frame as to
droop at each end ; — said of a ship. Totten.
Bro^en-bel'lled (bro'k'n-bSl'lid), a. Having a rup-
tured belly. [iJ.]
Bro'ken-heart'ed (-hart'Sd), a. Having the spirits
depressed or crushed by grief or despair.
She left her husband almost broken-hearted. UfacauJay.
Syn. — Disconsolate ; heart-broken ; inconsolable ; com-
fortless ; woe-begone ; forlorn.
Bro'ken-ly, adv. In a broken, interrupted manner ;
in a broken state ; in broken language.
The pagans worship God ... as it were brokenly and by
piecemeal. Cudworth.
Bro'ken-ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being
Swoken ; uneveuness. Macaulay.
2. Contrition ; as, brokenness of heart.
Broken wind' (wind'). (Far.) The heaves.
Bro'ken-wlnd'ed, a. {Far.) Having short breath or
disordered respiration, as a horse.
Bro'ker (bro'ker), n. [OE. brocour, from a word
akin to broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, possess, digest, fr.
AS. brUcan to use, enjoy ; cf. Fries, broker, F. brocan-
teur. See Beook, v. i-l 1. One who transacts business
for another ; an agent.
2. (Law) An agent employed to effect bargains and
contracts, as a middleman or negotiator, between other
persons, for a compensation commonly called brokerage.
He takes no possession, as broker, of the subject matter
of the negotiation. He generally contracts in the names
of those who employ him, and not in his ovni. Story.
3. A dealer in money, notes, bills of exchange, etc.
4. A dealer in secondhand goods. \_Eng.']
5. A pimp or procurer. [06*.] Skak.
Bill broker, one who buys and sells notes and bills of
exchange. — Cnrbatone broker or Street broker, an operator
In stocks (not a member of the Stock Exchange) who ex-
ecutes orders by running from office to office, or by
transactions on the street. [O. S.] — Exchange broker,
one who buys and sells uncurrent money, and deals in ex-
changes relating to money. — Insurance broker, one who is
agent in procurmg insurance on vessels, or against fire. —
fawn broker. See Pawnbrokeb. — Eeal estate broker, one
who buys and sells lands, and negotiates loans, etc. , upon
mortgage. — Ship broker, one who acts as agent in buying
and selling ships, procuring freight, etc. — Stock broker.
See Stockbroker.
Bro'ker-age (bro'ker-aj), re. 1. The business or em-
ployment of a broker. Burke.
2. The fee, reward, or commission, given or charged
for transacting business as a broker.
BroTser-ly, a. Mean ; servile. [06^.] B. Jonson.
Bro'ker-y (-y), n. The business of a broker. [Obs.^
And with extorting, cozening, forfeiting.
And tricks belonging uutobrokery. Marlowe.
Bro'klng (broking), a. Of or pertaining to a broker
5r brokers, or to brokerage. [06i.]
Redeem from broking pawn the blemished crown. Shal.
Bro'ma (bro'ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. PpSi/jia food, jSi^pci-
iTK6iv to eat.] 1. (Med.) Aliment ; food. Dunglison.
2. A light form of prepared cocoa (or cacao), or the
drink made from it.
BlO'mal (bro'mal), n. [Promine -f- aMehyde.]
iChem.) An oily, colorless fluid, CBrg.COH, related to
bromoform, as chloral is to chloroform, and obtained by
the action of bromine on alcohol.
Bro'mate (-mat), n. (Chem.) A salt of bromic acid.
Bro'mate (bro'mat), v. t. (Med.) To combine or im-
pregnate with bromine ; as, bromated camphor.
BrCma-tol'O-glst (bro'ma-tSl'S-jIst), re. One versed
In the science of foods.
Bro'ma-tol'0-gy (-J3^), n. [Gr. PpCifxa, /SpwMaTo?,
food -{- -logy.'] The science of aliments. Dunglison.
II Brome (brom), re. [F.] (CAem.) See Bromike.
Brome' grass' (brom' gras'). [L. bromos a kind of
oats, Gr. ^po^ios.] (Bot.) A genus (Bromus) of grasses,
one species of which is the chess or cheat.
Bro-me'U-a'ceous (bro-me'li-a'shtis), a. [Named
from the Scottish physician Bromelius.l (Bot.) Per-
taining to, or resembling, a family of endogenous and
mostly epiphytic or saxicolous plants of which the genera
Tillandsia and Billbergia are examples. The pineapple,
though terrestrial, is also of this family.
Bro'mlC (bro'mik; 277), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining
to, or containing, bromine ; — said of those compounds of
bromine in which this element has a valence of five, or
the next to its highest; as, bromic acid.
Bro'mlde (bro'mid or br^mid ; 277), re. (Chem.) A
compound of bromine with a more positive radical.
Bro'mi-nate (bro'mt-nat), V. t. See Bromate, v. t.
Bro^mllie (brymTn or -men), n. [Gr. /3pa)/iios bad
smell, stink. Cf. Bromb.] (Chem.) One of the elements,
related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine.
Atomic weight 79.8. Symbol Br. It is a deep reddish
brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor, emitting a
brownish vapor at the ordinary temperatiu-e. In combi-
nation it is found in minute quantities in sea water, and
in many saline springs. It occurs also in the mineral
bromyrite.
Bro'inisin (bro'mTz'm), re. (Med.) A diseased condi-
tion produced by the excessive use of bromine or one
of its compounds. It is characterized by mental dullness
and muscular weakness.
Bio'mlze (bro'miz), v. t. (Photog.) To prepare or
treat with bromine ; as, to bromize a silvered plate.
Brom'lite (brSm'lit), re. [From Bromley Hill, near
Alston, Cumberland, England.] (Min.) A carbonate of
baryta and lime, intermediate between witherite and
strontianite ; — called also alstonite.
Bro'mo-lonn (bro'mo-fSrm),re. [bromine -^/ormyl."]
(Chem.) A colorless liquid, CHBrs, having an agreeable
odor and sweetish taste. It is produced by the simul-
taneous action of bromine and caustic potash upon wood
spirit, alcohol, or acetone, as also by certain other reac-
tions. In composition it is the same as chloroform, with
the substitution of bromine for chlorine. It is somewhat
similar to chloroform in its effects. Watts.
Brom-pl'crin (brom-pi'krln or -pTk'rin), re. [G.
brompikrin ; brom bromine + j9tA:nresaure picric acid.]
(Chem.) A pungent colorless explosive liquid, CNOjBrg,
analogous to and resembling chlorpicrin. [Spelt also
brompikrin.']
Brom'U-ret (brSm'u-rSt), re. See Bromide. [06«.]
Brom'y-llte (-i-nt), re. ^Bromine + Gr. apyupos sil-
ver.] (Min.) Silver bromide, a rare mineral; — called
also bromargyrite.
II Bron'chl (bronlcl), re. pi. {Anat^ See Beonchtis.
II Bron'cbl-a (brSn'kT-a), re. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. /SpAyxia,
pi. Cf. Bronchus.] (Anat.) The bronchial tubes wliich
arise from the branching of the trachea, esp. the subdi-
visions of the bronchi. Dunglison.
Bron'Cbl-al (brSn'ki-al), a. [Cf. P. bronchial. See
Bronchia.] (Anat.) Belonging to the bronchi and their
ramifications in the lungs.
Bronchial arteries, branches of the descending aorta, ac-
companying the bronchia in all their ramifications. —
Bronchial cells, the air cells terminating the bronchia. —
Bronchial glands, glands whose functions are unknovm,
seated along the bronchia. — Bronchial membrane, the
mucous membrane lining the bronchia. —Bronchial tubes,
the bronchi, or the bronchia.
Bron'chlc (brSnTiik), a. (Anat.) Bronchial.
Bron'Chl-Ole (brSn'ki-al), re. (Anat.) A minute bron-
chial tube.
Bron-chlt'lC (brSn-klfik), a. Of or pertaining to
bronchitis ; as, hronchitic inflammation.
Bron-Chl'tls (brSn-ki'tts), re. {Bronchus -Y -itis.l
(Med.) Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the bronchial
tubes or any part of them.
Bron'cbo (brSn'ko), re. [Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A
native or a Mexican horse of small size. IWestem If. S.]
Bron'chO-cele (bron'ko-sel), re. [Gr. PpoyxoKifiKri ;
^p6vxo5 windpipe -\- K-qK-r] tumor.] (Med.) See Goitek.
Bron-choph'O-ny (brSn-kSf'o-n^), re. [Gr. /Spoyxos
windpipe -f- <i>wvri sound.] A modification of the voice
sounds, by which they are intensified and heightened in
pitch ; — observed in auscultation of the chest in certain
cases of intro-thoracic disease.
Bron'ChO— pneu-mo'nl-a (brSn'ko-nia-mo'nT-a), re.
{_Bronchus -\- pneumonia.'] (Med.) Inflammation of the
bronchi and lungs ; catarrhal pneumonia.
Bron'ChO-tome (bron'ko-tom), re. [Gr. Ppoyxo^ vfinA-
pipe + Teni/eti/ to cut.] (Surg.) An Instrument for cut-
ting into the bronchial tubes.
Bron-chot'O-my (bron-kot'6-my), re. (Surg.) An in-
cision into the windpipe or larynx, including the opera^
tions of tracheotomy and laryngotomy.
li Bron'clius (bron'kiis), re. ; p/. Bronchi (-kl). [NL.,
fr. Gr. ^poyxos windpipe. Cf. Bronchia.] (Anat.) One
of the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe ; esp. one
of the two primary divisions.
Bron'co (brSn'ko), re. Same as Broncho.
Brond (brond), n. [See Brand.] A sword. [Obs."]
Bron'to-lite (bron'to-lit), ) re. [Gr. Ppovrq + -lite,
Bron'tO-lith (bron'to-llth), ( -lith.'] An aerolite, [i?.]
Bron-tol'0-gy (bron-tol'6-jy), re. [Gr. ppovnij thun-
der + -logy.] A treatise upon thunder. Dyche.
II Bron'tO-sau'ms (bron'to-sa'rus), re. [NL., fr. Gr.
PpovTTJ thunder -f- <rai)pos lizard.'] (Paleon.) A genus of
American Jurassic dinosaurs. A length of sixty feet is
believed to have been attained by these reptiles.
II Bron'tO-the'ri-um (bron't6-the'ri-iJm), re. [NL., fr.
Gr. ppovrq thunder + B-qpCov beast.] (Paleon.) A genus
of large extinct mammals from the miocene strata of
western North America. They were allied to the rhi-
noceros, but the skuU bears a pair of powerful horn cores
in front of the orbits, and the fore feet were four-toed.
See Illustration in Appendix.
Footprint of Brontozoum
giganteum. (^j)
II Bron'tO-ZO'lim (brSn'tS-zo'Dm), n. [NL., fr. Gr.
Ppovrri thunder + fujof an-
imal.] (Paleon.) An ex-
tinct animal of large size,
known from its tliree-toed
footprints in Mesozoic sand-
stone.
^ff^ The tracks made by
these reptiles are found '
eighteen inches in length,
and were formerly referred
to gigantic birds ; but the
discovery of large bipedal
three-toed dinosaurs has
suggested that they were
made by those reptiles.
Bronze (brSnz or bronz ;
277), re. [F. bronze, fr. It.
bronzo, prob. from bruno
brown, fr. OHG. brun, G.
braun. See Brown, o.]
1. An alloy of copper
and tin, to which small pro-
portions of other metals,
especially zinc, are some-
times added. It is hard and
sonorous, and is used for statues, bells, cannon, etc. , the
proportions of the ingiedients being varied to suit the
particular purposes. The varieties containing the higher
proportions of tin are brittle, as in bell metal and specu-
lum metal.
2. A statue, bust, etc., cast in bronze.
A print, a bronze, a flower, a root. Prior.
3. A yellowish or reddish brown, the color of bronze;
also, a pigment or powder for imitating bronze.
4. Boldness; impudence; "brass."
Imbrowned with native bronze, lo I Henley stands. Pope.
Aluminium bronze. See under AnnnNnjM. — Bronze age,
an age of the world which followed the stone age, and waa
characterized by the use of implements and ornaments of
copper or bronze. — Bronze powder, a metallic powder, used
with size or In combination with painting, to give the ap-
pearance of bronze, gold, or other metal, to any surface.
— Phosphor bronze and Sillcions or Sillcium bronze are
made by adding phosphorus and silicou respectively to
ordinary bronze, and are characterized by great tenacity.
Bronze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bronzed (brSnzd or
bronzd) ; p. pr. & vb. re. Bronzing.] [Cf. F. bronzer.
See Bronze, re.] 1. To give the appearance of bronze to,
by a coating of bronze powder, or by other means ; to
make of the color of bronze ; as, to bronze plaster casts ;
to b> onze coins or medals.
The tall bronzed black-eyed stranger. W. Black.
2. To make hard or unfeeling ; to brazen.
The lawyer who bronzes his bosom instead of his forehead.
Sir W. Scott.
Bronzed skin disease. (Pathol.) See Addison's disease,
Bronze'wlng' (-wtng'), re. (Zo'ol.) An Australian
pigeon of the germs Phaps, of several species; — so called
from its bronze plumage.
Bronz'ine (brSuztn), re. A metal so prepared as to
have the appearance of bronze. ^ a. Made of bronzine ;
resembling bronze ; bronzelike.
Bronz'mg, re. 1. The act or art of communicating to
articles in metal, wood, clay, plaster, etc., the appear-
ance of bronze by means of bronze powders, or imitative
painting, or by chemical processes. Tomlinson.
2. A material for bronzing.
Bronz'lst, n. One who makes, imitates, collects, or
deals in, bronzes.
Bronz'lte (-it), n. [Cf. F. bronzite.'] (Min.) A vari-
ety of enstatite, often having a bronzelike luster. It is a
silicate of magnesia and iron, of the pyroxene family,
Bronz'y (br5nz'j^), a. Like bronze.
Brooch (broch ; 277), re. [See Broach, re.] 1. An
ornament, in various forms, with a tongue, pin, or loop
for attaching it to a garment ; now worn at the breast by
women ; a breastpin. Formerly worn by men on the hat.
Honor 's a good brooch to wear in a man's hat. B. Jonson.
2. (Paint.) A painting all of one color, as a sepia
painting, or an India ink painting.
Brooch, V. ^ [imp. &». p. Beooched (brocht).] To
adorn as with a brooch. [i2.] Shak^
Brood (brood), re. [OE. brod, AS. brod ; akin to D.
broed, OHG. bruot, G. brut, and also to G. briihe broth,,
MHG. briieje, and perh. to E. brawn, breath. Cf. Beeed^
V. t.] 1. The young birds hatched at one time ; a hatch ;.
as, a brood of chickens.
As a hen doth gather her brood under her wings. Zvke xiii. 34..
A hen followed by a brood of ducks. Spectator.
2. The young from the same dam, whether produced
at the same time or not ; young children of the same-
mother, especially it nearly of the same age ; offspring ;
progeny ; as, a woman with a brood of children.
The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood. Wordsworth..
5. That which is bred or produced ; breed ; species.
Flocks of the airy brood,
(Cranes, geese or long-necked swans). Chapman.^
4. (Mining) Heavy waste in tin and copper ores.
To Bit on brood, to ponder. [Poetic] Shale
Brood, a. 1. Sitting or inclined to sit on eggs.
2. Kept for breeding from ; as, a brood mare ; brood
stock ; having young ; as, a brood sow.
Brood (brood), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Beooded ; p. pr.
& vb. re. Brooding.] 1. To sit on and cover eggs, as a
fowl, for the purpose of warming them and hatching the
young ; or to sit over and cover young, as a hen her
chickens, in order to warm and protect them ; hence, to
sit quietly, as if brooding.
Birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed wave. Milton.
2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on
ale, senate, c&re, &ia, arsa, ask, final, g,Ui eve, event, Sud, fern, recent; Ice, idea, illj old. Obey, drb, fidd;
BROOD
185
BROWSE
a subject ; to tliink long and anxiously ; to be in a state
of gloomy, serious thought ; — usually followed by over
or on ; as, to brood over misfortunes.
Brooding on unprotitable gold. Dryden.
Brooding over all these matters, the mother felt like one who
has evoked a spirit. Hawthorne.
When with downcast eyes we muse and brood. Tennyson.
Brood (brood), v. t. 1. To sit over, cover, and cher-
ish ; as, a hen broods her chickens.
2. To cherish with care, [ii.]
3. To think anxiously or moodily upon.
You '11 sit and brood your sorrows on a throne. Driiden.
Brood'y (brood'y), a. Inclined to brood, [i?.] Ray.
Brook (br56k), n. [OE. brok, broke, brook, AS. broc ;
akin to D. broek, LG. brok, marshy ground, OHG. pruoh,
a. bruch marsh ; prob. fr. the root of E. break, so that it
signifies water breaking through the earth, a spring or
brook, as well as a marsh. See Break, v. t.'\ A natural
stream of water smaller than a river or creek.
The Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of
brooks of water. Ihut. viii. 7.
Empties itself, as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters. Shak.
Brook, V. t. {imp. & p. p. Brooked (brSokt) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Brookinq.] [OE. broken, bruken, to use, en-
joy, digest, AS. brucan ; akin to D. gcbruiken to use,
OHG. pruhhan. Or. brauchen, gebrauctien, Icel. bruka,
Goth, brukjan, and L. frui, to enjoy. Cf. Fedit, Bro-
ker.] 1. To use ; to enjoy. [06s.] Chaucer.
2. To bear ; to endure ; to put up with ; to tolerate ;
as, young men can not brook restraint. Spenser.
Shall we, who could not brooL- one lord.
Crouch to the wicked ten ? Macaulay.
3. To deserve ; to earn. [06s.] Sir J. Hawkins.
Brook'lte (-it), «. [Named from the English miner-
alogist, H. J. .BrooAe.] {Min.) A mineral consisting of
titanic oxide, and hence identical with rutile and octa-
hedrite in composition, but crystallizing in the ortho-
rhombic system.
Brook'let (brSoklSt), n. A small brook.
Brook'llme' (-lim'), ». (Bot.) A plant (Veronica
Beccabungci), with flowers, usually blue, in axillary ra-
cemes. The American species is V. Americana. [For-
merly written broklempe or brokJympe.']
Brook' mint' (mint'). (Bot.) See Water mint.
Brook'side' (-sid'), n. The bank of a brook.
Brook'weed' (-wed'), «■ (Bot.) A small white-
flowered herb (Samolus Valerandi) found usually in wet
places ; water pimpernel.
Broom (broom), n. [OE. brom, brome, AS. brom;
akin to LG. bram, D. brem, OHG. bramo broom, thorn-
bush, G. brombeere blackberry. Cf. Bramble, m.]
1. (Bot.) A plant having twigs suitable for making
brooms to sweep with when bound together ; esp., the
Cytisus scoparius of Western Europe, which is a low
shrub with long, straight, green, angular branches, mi-
nute leaves, and large yellow flowers.
No gypsy cowered o'er fires of furze and broom. Wordsworth.
2. An implement for sweeping floors, etc. , commonly
made of the panicles or tops of broom corn, bound to-
gether or attached to a long wooden handle ; — so called
because originally made of the twigs of the broom.
Bntcher's broom, a plant {Ruscus acjdeatus) of the Smi-
lax family, used by butchers for brooms to sweep their
blocks ; — called also knee holhj. See Cladophtll. —
Dyer'B broom, a species of mignonette (Reseda luteola),
used for dyemg yellow; dyer's weed; dyer's rocket. —
Spanish broom. See under Spanish.
Broom, v. t. (Naut.) See Bream.
Broom' corn' (kSm'). (Bot.) A variety of Sorghum
vuJgare, having a jointed stem, like maize, rising to the
height of eight or ten feet, and bearing its seeds on a
panicle with long branches, of which brooms are made.
Broom' rape' (rap'). (Bot.) A genus (Orobanche) of
parasitic plants of Europe and Asia. They are destitute
of chlorophyll, have scales instead of leaves, and spiked
flowers, and grow attached to the roots of other plants,
as furze, clover, flax, wild carrot, etc. The name is
sometimes apphed to other plants related to this genus,
as Aphyllon unifiorum and A. Ludovicianum.
Broom'Statl' (-staf'), n. A broomstick. [Ofts.] Shak.
Broom'Stlck' (-stlk'), n. A stick used as the handle
of a broom.
Broom'y (broom'y), a. Of or pertaining to broom ;
overgrown with broom ; resembling broom or a broom.
If land grow mossy or broomy. Mortimer.
Brose (broz), n. [Cf. Gael, brothas. Cf. Beewis,
Broth.] Pottage made by pouring some boiling Uquid
on meal (esp. oatmeal), and stirring it. It is called beef
brose, water brose, etc., according to the nature of the
liquid (beef broth, hot water, etc.) used. [Scot.l
Brot'el (brof'l), a. Brittle. [06s.] Chaucer.
Brot'el-ness, n. Brittleness. [06s.] Chaucer.
Broth (brBth; 115), n. [AS. brod ; akin to OHG.
brod, brot ; cf. Ir. broth, Gael. brot. V93. Cf. Bkewis,
Brew.] Liquid in which ilesh (and sometimes other sub-
stances, as barley or rice) has been boiled ; thin or sim-
ple soup.
I am sure by your unprejudiced discourses that you love
broth better than soup. Addison.
Broth'el (broth'el), n. [OE. brothel, brodel, brethel,
a prostitute, a worthless feUow, fr. AS. breoSan to ruin,
destroy ; cf. AS. breotan to break, and E. brittle. The
term brothel house was confused with bordel brothel.
Cf. BORDEL.] A house of lewdness or ill fame ; a house
frequented by prostitutes ; a bawdyhouse.
Broth'el-er (-er), n. One who frequents brothels.
Broth'el-ry (brSth'Sl-ry), n. Lewdness ; obscenity ;
a brothel. ^ B. Jonson.
Broth'er (bruth'er), n. ; pi. Brothers (-erz) or Breth-
ren (breth'ren). See Brethren. [OE. brother, AS. brS-
Sor ; akin to OS. brothar, D. broeder, OHG. pruodar, G.
bruder, Icel. broSir, Sw. & Dan. broder, Goth. brOpar,
Iv. brathair, W. brawd, pi. brodyr, Lith. brolis, Lett.
brahlis, Russ. braV, Pol. & Serv. brat, OSlav. bratrii, L.
frater, Skr. bhratr, Zend bratar brother, Gr. 4>pdrqp,
^pdrcop, a clansmau. The common plural is Brothers ;
in the solemn style. Brethren, OE. pi. brether, brelheren,
AS. dat. sing. breSer, nom. pi. broSor, broSru. V258.
Cf. PRIAR, Fraternal.] 1. A male person who has the
same father and mother with another person, or who has
one of them only. In the latter case he is more defi-
nitely called a half brother, or brother of the half blood.
Two of us in the churchyard lie.
My sister and my brotlter. Wordsioorth.
2. One related or closely united to another by some
common tie or interest, as of rank, profession, member-
ship in a society, toil, suffering, etc.; — used among
judges, clergymen, monks, physicians, lawyers, profess-
ors of religion, etc. " A 6ro<.^er of your order." Shak.
We few, we happy few, we band of bratherst
For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
Shallbemy VciMer. Shak.
3. One who, or that which, resembles another in dis-
tinctive qualities or traits of character.
He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a
great waster. 2^rov. xviii. 9.
That April morn
Of this the very brother. Wordsworth.
II^P^ In Scripture, the term brother is applied to a kins-
man by blood more remote than a son of the same par-
ents, as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob and La-
ban. In a more general sense, brother or brethren is used
ioi fellow-man or fello w->n en.
For of whom such massacre
Make they but of their brethren, men of men ? Milton.
Brother Jonathan, a humorous designation for the peo-
ple of the United States collectively. The phrase is said
to have originated from Wasliington's referring to the
patriotic Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, as
Brother Jonathan. ' ' — Blood brother. See under Blood.
_Broth'er (briith'er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beothered
(-erd).] To make a brother of ; to call or treat as a
brother ; to admit to a brotherhood. Sir W. Scott.
Broth'er ger'man (jer'man). {Law) A brother by
both the father's and mother's side, in contradistinction
to a uterine brother, one by the mother only. Bouvier.
Broth'er-hood (briJth'er-hdod), ra. {Brother -\- -hood.l
1. The state of being brothers or a brother.
2. An association for any purpose, as a society of
monks ; a fraternity.
3. The whole body of persons engaged in the same
business, — especially those of the same profession; as,
the legal or medical brotherhood.
4. Persons, and, poetically, things, of a like kind.
A brotherhood of venerable trees. Wordsworth.
Syn.— Fraternity ; association; fellowship; sodality.
Broth'er-ln-law' (-in-\&'),n.; pi. Brothers-in-law
(bruth'erz-). The brother' of one's husband or wife ;
also, the husband of one's sister ; sometimes, the hus-
band of one's wife's sister.
Broth'er-ll-ness (brtith'er-li-nSs), n. The state or
quality of being brotherly.
Broth'er-ly (brtith'er-ly), a. Of or pertaining to
brothers ; such as is natural for brothers ; becoming to
brothers ; kind ; affectionate ; as, brotherly love.
Syn. — Fraternal; kind; affectionate; tender.
Broth'er-ly, adv. Like a brother ; affectionately ;
kindly. "I speak but firotterZy of liim." Shak.
Brond'ed (broud'Sd), ^. a. Braided ; broidered. [06s.]
Alle his clothes branded up and down. Chaucer,
Brongh'am (broo'am or broom), n. A light, close
carriage, with seats inside for two or four, and the fore
wheels so arranged as to turn short.
Brow (brou), n. [OE. broioe, bruwe, AS. bru; akin
to A&.br sew, bre&w, eyelid, OFries. bre,'D.braauw, Icel.
bra, brun, OHG. prawa, G. braue, OSlav. bruvi, Russ.
brove, Ir. brai, Ir. & Gael, abhra. Armor, abrant, Gr.
oc^pvs, Skr. bhru. Cf. Brat a bank. Bridge.] 1. The
prominent ridge over the eye, with the hair that covers
it, forming an arch above the orbit.
And his arched brow, pulled o'er his eyes.
With solemn proof proclaims him wise. Churchill.
2. The hair that covers the brojv (ridge over the eyes) ;
the eyebrow.
'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair. Shak.
3. The forehead ; as, a feverish brow.
Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow. Shak.
4. The general air of the countenance.
To whom thus Satan with contemptuous brow. MUton.
He told them with a masterly brow. Milton.
5. The edge or projecting upper part of a steep place ;
as, the brow of a precipice ; the brow of a hill.
To bend the brow. To knit the brows, to frovm ; to scowl.
Brow, V. t. To bound ; to limit ; to be at, or form, the
edge of. [iJ.]
Tending my ilocks hard by i* the hilly crofts
That brow this bottom glade. Milton.
Brow'beat' C-bet'^, ■;;. t. [imp. £rowbeat ; p. p.
Beowbeaten (-bef'n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Browbeating.]
To depress or bear down with haughty, stern looks, or
with arrogant speech and dogmatic assertions ; to abash
or disconcert by impudent or abusive words or looks ; to
bully ; as, to browbeat witnesses.
My grandfather was not a man to be browbeaten. W. Irving.
Brow'beat'ing, n. The act of bearing down, abash-
ing, or disconcerting, with stern looks, supercilious man-
ners, or confident assertions.
The imperious browbeatings and scorn of great men. L' Estrange.
Brow1)OUnd' (-bound'), a,. Crowned ; having the
head encircled as with a diadem. Shak,
Browd'yng (broud'Ing), n. Embroidery. [06s.]
Of goldsmithrye, of browdyng, and of steel. Chancer.
Browed (broud), a. Having (such) a brow ; — used in
composition ; as, dark-6)'owe(/, stern-6rou.'e(i.
Brow'less (brou'lSs), a. Without shame. L.Addison.
Brown (broun), a. [Compar. Browner (-er) ; superl.
Brownest.] [OE. brun, broun, AS. brUn; akin to D.
bruin, OHG. brUn, Icel. brUnn, Sw. britn, Dan. bruun,
G. braun, Lith. brunas, Skr. babhru. V93, 253. Cf.
Brdin, Beaver, Burnish, Brunette.] Of a dusky color,
of various shades between black and red or yellow.
Clieeks brown as the oak leaves. Longfellcnv.
Brown Beas, the old regulation flintlock smoothbore
musket, with bronzed barrel, formerly used in the Brit-
ish army. — Brown bread, (n) Dark colored bread ; esp. a
kuid made of unbolted wheat flour, sometimes called in
the United States Graham breiid. " He would mouth
with a beggar though she smelt brown bread and garlic."
Shak. (6) Dark colored bread made of rye meal and
Indian meal, or of wheat and rye or Indian; rye and
Indian bread. [U'. S.] — Brown coal, wood coal. See Lio-
NITE. — Brown hematite or Brown iron ore (Min.), the
hydrous iron oxide, limonite, which has a brown streak.
See Limonite. — Brown hoUand. See under Holland. —
Brown paper, dark colored paper, esp. coarse wrapping
paper, made of unbleached materials.— Brown spar iitin.),
a ferruginous variety of dolomite, in part identical with
ankerite. — Brown stone. See Brownstone. — Brown stout,
a strong kind of porter or malt liquor. — Brown study, a
state of mental abstraction or serious reverie. W. Irving,
Brown, n. A dark color Inclining to red or yellow,
resulting from the mixture of red and black, or of red,
black, and yellow ; a tawny, dusky hue.
Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browned (bround) ; p.
pr. & vb. n. Browning.] 1. To make brown or dusky.
A trembling twilight o'er the welkin moves,
Browns the dim void and darkens deep the groves. Barlow.
2. To make brown by scorching slightly ; as, to browri
meat or flour.
3. To give a bright brown color to, as to gun barrels,
by forming a tliin coat of oxide on their surface. Ure,
Brown, V. i. To become brown.
Brownliack' (-bSk'), n. (Zool.) The dowitcher or
red-breasted snipe. See Dowitcher.
Brown' bill' (bil'). [Brown + bill cutting tool.] A
bill or halberd of the 16th and 17th centuries. See 4th
Bill.
Many a time, but for a sallet, my brainpan had been cleft
with a brown bill. Sliak.
<^W^ The black, or as it is sometimes called, the brown
biltZwa.a a kind of halberd, the cutting part hooked like a
woodman's bill, from the back of which projected a
spike, and another from the head. Grose,
Brown'1-an (-i-an), a. Pertaining to Dr. Robert
Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the com-
monness of the motion described below.
Brownian movement, the peculiar, rapid, vibratory
movement exhibited by the microscopic particles of sub-
stances when suspended in water or other fluids.
Brown'le (broun'i), n. [So called from its supposed
tawny or swarthy color.] An imaginary good-natured
spirit, who was supposed often to perform important
services around the house by night, such as thrashing,
churning, sweeping. [Scot."]
Brown'ing, )i. 1. The act or operation of giving a
brown color, as to gun barrels, etc.
2. (Masonry) A smooth coat of brown mortar, usually
the second coat, and the preparation for the finishing
coat of plaster.
Brown'ish, a. Somewhat brown.
Brown'lsm (broun'iz'm), n. (Bed. Jlist.) The view*
or teachings of Robert Brown or the Brownists. Milton,
Brown'lsm, n. (Med.) The doctrines of the Bruno-
niau system of medicine. See Brunonian.
Brown'lst, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert
Brown, of England, in the 16th century, who taught that
every church is complete and independent in Itself when
organized, and consists of members meeting in one place,
having full power to elect and depose its officers.
Brown'lst, n. {Med.) One who advocates the Bruno-
nian system of medicine.
Brown'nesB, n. The quality or state of being brown.
Now like I brown (0 lovely brown thy hair) ;
Only in brownness beauty dwelleth there. Drayton.
Brown'Stone' (-ston'), n. A dark variety of sand-
stone, much used for building purposes.
Brown' thrush' (thrQsh'). (Zool.) A common Amer-
ican singing bird (Harporhyn-
chus rufus), allied to the mocking
bird; — a.\soca\le.Abrown thrasher,
Brown'wort' (-wflrf), n. (Bot.)
A species of fig^vort or Scrophula-
ria (S. vernalis), and other species
of the same genus, mostly peren-
nials with inconspicuous coarse
flowers.
Brown'y (broun'5?), a. Brown,
or somewhat brown. " Broicny
locks." [06s.] Shak.
Brow'post' (brou'posf), n.
(Carp.) A beam that goes across
a biiilding. b„wu Thrush (X).
Browse (brouz), n. [OF. brost, ^
broitst, sprout, shoot, F. brotit browse, browsewood, prob.
fr. OHG. burst, G. borste, bristle ; cf. also Armor, brousta
to browse. See Bristle, n., Brush, ?;.] The tender
br-anches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of
cattle and other animals ; gi-een food. Spetiser,
Sheep, goats, and oxen, and the nobler steed,
On browse, and corn, and flowery meadows feed. Dryden.
Browse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browned (brouzd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Browsing.] [For broust, OF. brofistcr, brttsler,
P. brouter. See Beowse, re., and cf. Brut.] 1. To eat
or nibble off, as the tender branches of trees, shrubs, etc. ,
— said of cattle, sheep, deer, and some other animals.
Yea, like the .^tag, when snow, the pasture sheets,
The barks of trees thou browsedst. Shak,
D
G
K
K
use, unite, ri;de, full, »lp, Orn ; pity ; food, fo^ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iQk ; tben, tliia ; boN ; sch = ^ in azure.
M
BROWSE
186
BRYONIN
2. To feed on, as pasture ; to pasture on ; to graze.
Fields . . . browsed by deep-uddered kine. 7'eitiiyson.
Browse (brouz), v. i. 1. To feed on the tender branches
or shoots of shrubs or trees, as do cattle, sheep, and deer.
2. To pasture ; to feed ; to nibble. Shak.
Brows'er (brouz'er), n. An animal that browses.
Browse'WOOd' (brouz'wood'), n. Shrubs and bushes
upon \\ liicli animals browse.
Brows'ing, n. Browse ; also, a place abounding with
shrubs where animals may browse.
Broxcsings for the deer. Howell.
Brow'spot' (brou'spSf), n. {Zo'dl.) A rounded organ
between the eyes of the frog ; the interocular gland.
II Bru-ang' (broo-5ng'), n. [Native name.] {Zo'dl.) The
Malayan sun bear.
Bru'clne (bru'sin), n. [Cf. F. bntcine, fr. James
Bruce, a Scottish traveler.] (Chem.) A powerful vege-
table alkaloid, found, associated with strychnine, in the
seeds of different species of Stryclmos, especially in the
Nux vomica. It is less powerful than strychnine. Called
also brucia and brucina.
Bru'clte (-sit), n. [Named after Dr. A. Bruce of New
York.] (il/m.) (a) A white, pearly mineral, occurring
thin and foliated, like talc, and also fibrous ; a native
magnesium hydrate, (fi) The mineral chondrodite. [i?.]
Bnick'eled (briik"ld), a. Wet and dirty ; begrimed.
iObs. or Dial.'] Herrick.
II Bruh (brfl), n. (Zo'dl.) [Native name.] The rhesus
monkey. See Rhesus.
Bru'in (bru'in), n. [D. br^dn brown. In the epic
poem of "Reynard the Pox" the bear is so called from
his color. See Brown, a.] A bear ; — so called in pop-
ular tales and fables.
Bruise (bnjz), V. t. limp. & p. p. Bruised (bruzd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bruising.] [OE. brusen, brisen, brosen,
bresen, AS. brysan; or fr. OF. bruiser, bruisier, bi-user,
to bre.ak, shiver, perh. from OHG. brochison. Cf. Break,
V. t.'] 1. To injure, as by a blow or collision, without
laceration ; to contuse ; as, to bruise one's finger with a
hammer ; to bniise the bark of a tree with a stone ; to
bruise an apple by letting it fall.
2. To break, as in a mortar; to bray, as minerals,
roots, etc. ; to crush.
Nor bruise her flowerets with the armed hoofs. Shak.
Syn. — To pulverize ; bray ; triturate ; pound ; contuse.
Bruise, v. i. To fight with the fists ; to box.
£7^uising was considered a fine, manly, old English custom.
T/iackeray.
Bruise, n. An injury to the flesh of animals, or to
plants, fruit, etc., with a blunt or heavy instrument, or
by colhsion with some other body ; a contusion ; as, a
bruise on the head ; bruises on fruit.
From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no sound-
ness in it ; but wounds, and bruises. Isa. i. 6.
Bruls'er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises.
2. A boxer ; a pugilist. i?. Browning.
Ijike a new bruiser on Broughtonic sand,
Amid the lists our hero takes his stand. Tt 'Warton.
3. A concave tool used in grinding lenses or the spec-
ulums of telescopes. Knight.
Brulse'wort' (-wflrf), n. A plant supposed to heal
bruises, as the true daisy, the soapwort, and the comfrey.
Bruit (brut), n. [OE. bruit, brut, noise, bruit, F.
bruit, f r. LL. brugitus ; cf . L. rugire to roar ; perh. in-
fluenced by the source of E. bray to make a harsh noise,
Armor, brud bruit.] 1. Report ; rumor ; fame.
The bruit thereof will bring you many friends. Sheik.
2. \_Frenc'h pron. brwe.] (Med.) An abnormal sound
of several kinds, heard on auscultation.
Bruit, V. t. limp. & p. p. Bruited ; p. pr, & vb. n.
Bruiting.] To report ; to noise abroad.
I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited. Shak.
II Bru'malre' (bru'mSr'), n. [F. , f r. L. bruma win-
ter.] The second month of the calendar adopted by the
first French republic. It be^an thirty days after the
autumnal equinox. See Vendemiaire.
Bru'mal (bni'mal), a. [L. brumalis, fr. bruma win-
ter : cf. F. brumal.~\ Of or pertaining to \vinter. " The
brumal solstice." Sir T. Browne.
Brume (brum), re. [F. brume winter season, mist, L.
Jram a winter.] Mist; fog; vapors. "The drifting
brume.'''' Longfellow.
Brurn'ma-gem (briim'ma^jgm), a. IBirmingham
(formerly Bromwycham), Eng., " the great mart and
manufactory of gilt toys, cheap jewelry," etc.] Coim-
•terfeit; gaudy but worthless; sham. ISlang'] "These
Brummagem gentry." Lady £). Hardy.
Bru'mcus (bru'miis), a. Foggy ; misty.
Brun (brun), n. [See Bourn a brook.] Same as Buen,
a brook. IScot.']
Bru-nette' (bru-nef), n. [F. brunet, brunette, brown-
ish, dim. of brun, brune, brown, fr. OHG. bi^Un. See
Brown, a.] A girl or woman with a somewhat brown or
dark complexion. — a. Having a dark tint.
Bnin'lon (bran'yiJn), m. [F. brugnon (cf . It. brugna,
prugna), fr. L. prunum. See Prune, ?;.] A nectarine.
Bru-no'nl-an (bru-no'ni-an), a. Pertaining to, or in-
Tented by. Brown ; — a term apphed to a system of
medicine promulgated in the ISth century by John
Brown, of Scotland, the fundamental doctrine of which
"was, that life is a state of excitation produced by the
normal action of external agents upon the body, and
that disease consists in excess or deficiency of excitation.
Bruns'wick black' (blak'). See Japan black.
Brnns'wlCk green' (briinz'wTk gren'). [G. Braun-
schweiger griin, first made at Brunswick, in Germany.]
An oxychloride of copper, used as a green pigment ; also,
a carbonate of copper similarly employed.
Brunt (brunt), n. [OE. brunt, bront, fr. Icel. bruna
to rush ; cf. Icel. brenna to bum. Cf. Burn, v. t."]
1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an 'onset ; the
strength or greatest fury of any contention ; as, the
brunt of a battle.
2. The force of a blow ; shock ; collision. " And
heavy brunt of cannon ball. " Hudibras.
It is instantly and irrecoverably scattered by our first brunt
with some real affair of common life. 1. Taylor.
Brush (briish), re. [OE. brusehe, OF. broche, broce,
brosse, brushwood, P. brosse brush, LL. brustia, bruscia,
fr. OHG. brusta, burst, bristle, G. borste bristle, biirste
brush. See Bristle, M., and cf. Browse.] 1. An instru-
ment composed of bristles, or other like material, set in
a suitable back or handle, as of wood, hone, or ivory,
and used for various purposes, as in removing dust from
clothes, laying on colors, etc. Brushes have different
shapes and names according to their use ; as, clothes
brush, paint brush, tooth brush, etc.
2. The bushy tail of a fox.
3. (Zo'ol.) A tuft of hair on the mandibles.
4. IJranches of trees lopped off ; brushwood.
5. A thicket of shrubs or small trees ; the shrubs and
small trees in a wood ; underbrush.
6. {Elec.) A bundle of flexible wires or thin plates of
metal, used to conduct an electrical current to or from
the commutator of a dynamo, electric motor, or similar
apparatus.
7. The act of brushing ; as, to give one's clothes a
brush ; a rubbing or grazing with a quick motion ; a light
touch ; as, we got a brush from the wheel as it passed.
[As leaves] have with one winter's brush
Fell from their boughs.
Shak.
8. A skirmish ; a slight encounter ; a shock or col-
lision ; as, to have a brush with an enemy.
Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong,
And tempt not yet the brusites of the war. Shak.
9. A short contest, or trial, of speed.
Let us enjoy a brush across the country. ComJiill Mag.
Electrical bmah, a form of the electric discharge charac-
terized by a brushlike appearance of luminous rays di-
vergmg from an electrified body.
Brush, V. t. limp. &p. p. Brushed (brilsht) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Brushing.] [OE. bruschen; cf. P. brosser.
See Brush, ?;.] 1. To apply a brush to, according to its
particular use ; to rub, smopth, clean, paint, etc., with a
brush. " A' brushes his hat o' mornings." Shak.
2. To touch in passing, or to pass lightly over, as with
a brush.
Some spread their sailes, some with strong oars sweep
The waters sniootli, and brush the buxom wave. Fairfax.
Bruslied with the kiss of rustling wings. Jililton.
3. To remove or gather by brushing, or by an act like
that of brushing, or by passing lightly over, as wind ; —
commonly with off.
As wicked dew as e'er my mother brushed
"With raven's feather from unwholesome fen. Shak.
And from the boughs brush off the evil dew. Miltcm.
To brush aside, to remove from one's way, as vrith a
brush. — To brush away, to remove, as with a brush or
brushing motion. — To brush up, to paint, or make clean
or bright with a brush ; to cleanse or improve ; to renew.
You have commissioned me to paint your shop, and I have
done my best to brush you vp like your neighbors. l^ope.
Brush, V. i. To move nimbly in haste ; to move bo
lightly as scarcely to be perceived ; as, to brush by.
Snatching his hat, he brushed off Uke the wind. Goldsmith.
Brush'er (-er), re. One who, or that which, brushes.
Brush'1-ness (-I-nes), n. The quality of resembling a
brush ; brushlike condition ; shagginess. Br. H. More.
Brush'lng, a. 1. Constructed or used to brush
with ; as, a brushing machine.
2. Brisk ; light; as, a brushing gallop.
Brush'lte (-it), n. [Prom George J. Brush, an Amer-
ican mineralogist.] (Sfin.) A white or gray crystalline
mineral, consisting of the acid phosphate of calcium.
Brush' tur'key (tflr'kj^). {Zo'dl.) A large, edible,
gregarious bird of Australia
{Talegalla Lathavn) of the
family Megapodidse. Also
applied to several allied spe-
cies of New Guinea.
^^°' The brush turkeys live
in the "brush," and con-
struct a common nest by col-
lecting a large heap of decay-
ing vegetable matter, which
generates heat suflScient to
hatch the numerous eggs (sometimes half a bushel) de-
posited in it by the females of the flock.
Brush' wheel' (hwel'). 1. A wheel without teeth,
used to turn a similar one
by the friction of bristles or
something brushlike or soft
attached to the circumfer-
Brush Turkey (Talegalla
Zathami).
Brush Wheel (1).
Brush ; a thicket or
ence.
2. A circular revolving
brush used by turners, lap-
idaries, silversmiths, etc.,
for polishing.
Brush'wood (-wS6d), n,
coppice of small trees and shrubs,
2. Small branches of trees cut off.
Brush'y, a. Resembling a brush ; shaggy ; rough.
Brusk (briisk), a. Same as Brusque.
BruSQUe (br55sk), a. [F. brusque, from It. brusco
brusque, tart, sour, perh. fr. L. (vitis) labrusea wild
(vine) ; or cf. OHG. bruttisc grim, fr. brutti terror.]
Rough and prompt in manner ; blunt ; abrupt ; bluff ;
as, a brusque man ; a brusque style.
BrusC[Ue'ness, n. Quality of being brusque ; rough-
ness joined with promptness ; bluntness. Brit. Quar.
Brus'sels (briis'selz), n. A city of Belgium, giving
its name to a kind of carpet, a kind of lace, etc.
EmsselB carpet, a kind of carpet made of worsted yam
fixed in a foundation web of strong linen thread. The
Brussels Sprouts.
worsted, which alone shows on the upper surface, is drawn
up in loops to form the pattern. — Brussels ground, a name
given to the handmade ground of real Brussels lace. It
is very costly because of the extreme fineness of the
threads. — Brussels lace, an expensive kind of lace of sev-
eral varieties, originally made in Brussels ; as, Bnissels
point, Brussels ground, Brussels wire ground. — Emssela
net, an imitation of Brussels ground, made by machinery.
— Brussels point. See Point LACE. — Brussels sprouts (£o^),
a plant of the Cabbage family, which
produces, in the axils of the upright
stem, numerous small green heads, or
" sprouts," each a cabbage in minia-
ture, of one or two inches in diame-
ter ; the thousand-headed cabbage. —
Brussels wire ground, a ground for
lace, made of silk, with meshes partly
straight and partly arched.
Brus'tle (brus's'l), v. i. [imp. &
p. p. Brustled (-s'ld) ; ». pr. & vb.
n. Brustling (-sling).] [OE. brustlien
and brastlien, AS. brastlian, fr. berstan
to burst, akin to G. prasseln to
crackle. See Burst, v. i.] 1. To
crackle ; to rustle, as a sUk garment.
[Ois.] Gower.
2. To make a show of fierceness or defiance ; to bris-
tle. lObs.']
To brustle up, to bristle up. [Obs.] Otway.
Brus'tle, n. A bristle. lObs. or Prov."] Chaucer.
Brut (brat), V. i. [F. brouter, OP. brousler. Sea
Browse, re.] To browse. [065.] Evelyn.
Brut, re. {Zo'dl.) See Birt.
II Bru'ta (bru'ta), n. [NL., neuter pi., fr. L. bruius
heavy, stupid.] {Zo'dl.) See Edentata.
Bru'tal (bru'tal), a. [Cf . P. brutal. See Brute, a.]
1. Of or pertaming to a brute; as, brutal nature.
" Above the rest of brutal kind." Milton.
2. Like a brute ; savage ; cruel ; inhuman ; brutish ;
unfeeling; merciless; gross; as, 6»-«iaZ manners. "Bru-
tal intemperance." MacBulay.
Bru'tal-lsm (-iz'm), n. Bmtish quality ; brutality.
Bru-tal'1-ty (bru-tai'T-ty), n. ; pi. Brutalities (-tiz).
[Cf. F. brutalite.'] ' 1. The quality of being brutal ; inhu-
manity ; savageness ; pitilessnesa.
2. An inhuman act.
The . . . brutalities exercised in war. Brougham.
Bru'tal-l-za'tlon (bru'tal-I-za'shun), n. The act or
process of making brutal ; state of being brutaUzed.
Bru'tal-lze (-Iz), v. t, limp. & p. p. Brutalized
(-izd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutalizing.] [Cf . P. brutaliser.l
To make brutal, beastly, unfeeling, or inhuman.
Bru'tal-lze, v. i. To become brutal, inhuman, bar<
barous, or coarse and beastly. [i2.]
He mixed . . . with his countrymen, brutaUzed with them in
their habits and manners. Addison.
Bru'tal-ly, adv. In a brutal manner ; cruelly.
Brute (brut), a. [F. brut, masc, brute, fem., raWp
rough, rude, brutish, L. brutus stupid, irrational: cf.
It. & Sp. bruto."] 1. Not having sensation ; senseless ;
inanimate ; unconscious ; without intelligence or voli-
tion ; as, the brute earth ; the brute powers of nature,
2. Not possessing reason ; irrational ; unthinking ; as,
a brute beast ; the brute creation.
A creature . . . not prone
And brute as other creatures, but endued
With sanctity of reason. Milton.
3. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a brute beast.
Hence : Brutal ; cruel ; fierce ; ferocious ; savage ; piti-
less ; as, brute violence. Macaulay.
The influence of capital and mere brute labor. Playfair,
4. Having the physical powers predominating over the
mental ; coarse ; unpoUshed ; unintelligent.
A great brute farmer from Liddesdale. Sir W. Scott.
5. Rough ; uncivilized ; unfeeling, [i?.]
Brute, re. 1. An animal destitute of human reason ;
any animal not human ; esp. a quadruped ; a beast.
Bi-utts may be considered as either aerial, terrestrial, aquatic,
or amphibious. Lodiit*
2. A brutal person ; a savage in heart or manners ; an
unfeehng or coarse person.
An ill-natured brute of a husband. Franklin,
Syn. — See Beast.
Brute, V. t. [For bruif] To report ; to bruit. lObs."]
Brutely, adv. In a rude or violent manner.
Brute'ness, re. 1. Brutality. [06s.] Spenser.
2. Insensibility. " The bruteness of nature." Emerson,
Bru'tl-fy (bru'ti-fi), V. t. limp. & p. p. Brutified
(-fid) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutifying.] IBrute -f- -fy : cf.
F. bi'utijier.'] To make like a brute ; to make senseless,
stupid, or unfeeling ; to brutalize.
Any man not quite brutified and void of sense. Barrow,
Bm'tlsh (bru'tish), a. Pertaining to, or resembling,
a brute or brutes ; of a cruel, gross, and stupid nature ;
coarse ; unfeeling ; unintelligent.
O, let all provocation
Take every bru^is/i shape it can devise. Leigh Hunt
Man may . . . render himself brutish, but it is in vain that he
would seek to take the rank and destiny of the brute. J. Taylor.
Syn. — Insensible; stupid; unfeeling; savage; cruel;
brutal ; barbarous ; inhuman ; ferocious ; gross ; carnal ;
sensual; bestial.
— Bru'tish-ly, orff. — Bru'tish-ness, n.
Bru'tism (bru'tTz'm), n. The nature or characteris-
tic qualities or actions of a brute ; extreme stupidity, or
beastly vulgarity.
Brut'ting (brQt'ting), re. Brovrsing. [Ofo.] Evelyn.
Bry-0-log1C-al (brt-o-lojl-kol), a. Relating to bry-
ology ; as, bryological studies.
Bry-Ol'O-gist (-ol'o-jist), re. One versed in bryology.
Bry-Ol'O-gy (brt-ol'o-jy), ii. [Gr. fipaov moss -f- -logy.']
That part of botany which relates to mosses.
Bry'O-nin (bri'S-nln), n. {Chem.) A bitter principle
obtained from the root of the bryony {Bryonia alba and
ale, senate, care, Sun, arm, ask, final,
I i eve, event, end, fern, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, 6dd ;
BRYONY
187
BUCKLE
One of the Bryozoa
(Btiffula avicularia),
tip of branch, much
enlarged. ssZocecia;
o o Ooecia, or Obtheca ;
aaa Avicularia; tt
Tentacles ; e Esopha-
gus ; ss Stomachs; i
Arms ; r Retractor
Muscles ; /Funiculus.
B. di«iea). It is a white, or slightly colored, substance,
aud is emetic and cathartic.
Bry'O-ny (brl'S-ny), n. [L. bryonia, Gr. ppvwvCa, fr.
Ppveif to swell, esp. of plants.] (Boi.) The common
name of several cucurbitaceous plants of the genus Bry-
enia. The root of B. alba (rough or w/iile bryony) and
of B. dioica is a strong, irritating cathartic.
Black bryony, a plant (TomjM coinmxmis) so named from
its dark glossy leaves and black root ; black bindweed.
II Bry-oph'y-ta (brt-oi'I-ta), n. pi. See Ckyptoqamia.
II Bry'0-ZO'a (bri'o-zo'a), n. pi. [NL., fr. Gr. ^piioi'
moss -f- ^tuoi' animal.] (Zodl.) A
class of Molluscoidea, including
minute animals which by budding
form compound colonies ; — called
also Polyzoa.
^S^ They are often corallike in
form and appearance, each small
cell containing an individual zooid.
Other species grow in delicate, flex-
ible, branched forms, resembling
moss, whence the name. Some are
found in fresh water, but most are
marine. The three principal divi-
sions are Ectoprocta, £ntO)jrocla,
and Pterobranchia. See Cyclosto-
MA, Chilostoma, and Phylaotole-
UA.
Bry'o-ZO'an (-an), a. {Zodl.) Of
or pertaining to the Bryozoa. — n.
One of the Bryozoa.
II Bry'o-zo'um (-iim), n. [NL.
See Bkyozoa.] (Zoo/. ) An individ-
ual zooid of a bryozoan coralline,
of which there may be two or more
kinds in a single colony. The zooe-
cia usually have a wreath of tenta-
cles around the mouth, and a well
developed stomach and intestinal
canal ; but these parts are lacking
in the other zooids (Avicularia,
Ooecia, etc.).
II Bu'an-su'ah (bob'an-soo'a,), n.
[Native name.] (2ool.) The wild dog of northern India
(Cuon primxviis), supposed by some to be an ancestral
species of the domestic dog.
II Bu'at (boo'at), re. [Scot., of uncertain origin.] A
lantern ; also, the moon. [5co/.] Sir W. Scott.
Bub (bSb), re. Strong malt hquor. \_Cant'] Prior.
Bnb, re. [Cf. 2d BUBBY.] A young brother ; a little
boy ; — a familiar term of address to a small boy.
Bub, V. t. [Abbrev. from Bubble.] To throw out in
bubbles; to bubble. [06s.] Sackville.
BuOia-le (buTja-le), re. [Of. P. bubale. See BcPFAio,
«.] (Zodl.) A large antelope (Alcela-
phus bubalis) of Egypt and the Des-
ert of Sahara, supposed by some to
be the fallow deer of the Bible.
Bu'ba-llne (-Itn or -lin), a. (Zo-
ol.) Resembling a buffalo.
Enbaline antelope (Zodl.), the
bubale.
Bub'ble(bub'-
b'l), re. [Cf. D.
bobbel, Dan. bo-
ble, Sw. bubbla.
Cf. Blob, re.]
1. A thin film
of liquid inflated
with air or gas;
as, a soap bubble ;
bubbles on the
surface of a river.
^V Beads of sweat
have stood upon
thy brow,
Like bubbles in a
Bubale. late disturbed
stream. Shak.
2. A small quantity of air or gas within a liquid body ;
as, bubbles rising in champagne or aerated waters.
3. A globule of air, or a globular vacuum, in a trans-
parent solid ; as, bubbles in window glass, or in a lens.
4. A small, hollow, floating bead or globe, formerly
used for testing the strength of spirits.
5. The globule of air in the spirit tube of a level.
6. Anything that wants firmness or solidity ; that
which is more specious than real ; a false show ; a cheat
or fraud ; a delusive scheme ; an empty project ; a dis-
honest speculation ; as, the South Sea bubble.
Then a soldier . . .
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. Shak.
7. A person deceived by an empty project; a gull.
[OJs.] " Ganny 's a cheat, and I 'm a 6«6Sfe" Prior.
Bub'ble, V. i. [imp. & p. p. Bubbled (-b'ld) ; p. pr.
& vb. re. BuBBLiNo (-blTng).] [Cf. D. bobbelen, Dan.
boble. See Bubble, re. ] 1. To rise in bubbles, as liquids
when boiling or agitated ; to contain bubbles.
The milk that bubbled in the pail. • Tennyson.
2. To run with a gurgling noise, as if forming bub-
bles ; as, a bubbling stream. Pope.
3. To sing with a gurgling or warbling sound.
At mine ear
Bubbled the nightingale and heeded not. Tennyson.
Bub'ble, V. t. To cheat ; to deceive
She has bubbled him out of his youth. Addison.
The great Locke, who was seldom outwitted by false sounds,
was nevertheless bubbled here. Stenie.
BubOjler (-bier), re. 1. One who cheats.
All the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, etc. Pope.
2. (Zodl.) A fish of the Ohio river ;-
the noise it makes.
- so called from
Bubble Shell
(^Haiidnea sol-
itaria). Nat.
size.
Bub'ble shell' (bab'b'l shgl'). (Zodl.) A marine
univalve shell of the genus Bulla and allied
genera, belonging to the Tectibranchiata.
Bub'bllng Jock' (biib'blTng jok'). (Zodl.)
The male wild turkey, the gobbler ; — so called
in allusion to its notes.
Bub'bly (-bly), a. Abounding in bub-
bles ; bubbling. Nash.
Bub'by (bub'b^), re. [Cf. Prov. G. biib-
bi, or It. poppa, Pr. popa, OF. poupe, a
woman's breast.] A woman's breast,
[ioio]
Bub'by, re. [A corruption of brother.} Bub; — a
term of familiar or affectionate address to a small boy.
Bu'bO (bil'bo), re. ; pi. Buboes (-boz). [LL. bubo
the groin, a swelling in the groin, Gr. jSov/Swi'.] (Med.)
An inflammation, with enlargement, of a lymphatic
gland, esp. in the groin, as in syphilis.
Bu-bon'lc (bii-bon'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a
bubo or buboes ; characterized by buboes.
Bu-bon'O-cele (bii-bSn'o-sel), re. [Gr. fiovPutv groin
-|- KijAr; tumor: cf. F. bubonocele.'] (Med.) An inguinal
hernia ; esp. that incomplete variety in which the hernial
pouch descends only as far as the groin, forming a swell-
ing there like a bubo.
Bu'bU-kle (bu'bii-k'l), re. A red pimple, [i?.] Shak.
Buc/cal (btik'kol), a. [L. bucca cheek : cf. F. buc-
cal.'] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mouth or cheeks.
Bucyca-neer' (biik'ka-uer'), re. [F. boucanier, fr.
boucaner to smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild
beasts for their skins, boucan a smoking place for meat
or fish, gridiron for smoking : a word of American ori-
gin.] A robber upon the sea ; a pirate ; — a term applied
especially to the piratical adventurers who made dep-
redations on the Spaniards in America in the 17th and
18th centuries. [Written also bucanier.]
UJ^-* Primarily, one who dries and smokes flesh or fish
after the manner of the Indians. The name was first
given to the French settlers in Hayti or Hispaniola,
whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine.
Buc'ca-neer', v. i. To act the part of a buccaneer ;
to live as a piratical adventurer or sea robber.
Buc'ca-neer'ish, a. Like a buccaneer ; piratical.
Buc'cl-nal (buk'sT-nol), a. [L. bucina a crooked
horn or trumpet.] Shaped or sounding like a trumpet ;
trumpetlike.
II Buc'cl-na'tor (buk'sT-na'ter), re. [L., a trumpeter,
fr. bucinare to sound the trumpet.] (Anat.) A muscle
of the cheek ; — so called from its use in blowing wind
instruments.
Bnc'cl-noid (bilk'sY-noid), a. [_Buccinum •{■ -oid."]
(Zodl. ) Resembling the genus Buccinum, or pertaining
to the Buccinidse, a family of marine univalve shells. See
Whelk, and Proso-
BRANCHIATA.
II Buc'cl-num
(-nOm), re. [L., a
trumpet, a trumpet
shell.] (Zodl.) A ge-
nus of large univalve
moUusks abundant in
the arctic seas. It
includes the com-
mon whelk (B.
undatum).
Bu-cen'taur
(b\i-s5n'tar), re.
[Gr. jSoCs ox +
/ceVravpos c e n -
taur.] 1. A fab-
ulous monster,
half ox, half
One species
of Bucci-
num (/?.
und atum,
or Whelk)
with soft
parts ex-
panded as
in life. Nat. size. 2" Left
tentacle, with left eye {E)
man, at base ; 5 Siphon ; i^ Foot ; M Mantle.
2. [It. bucentoro.'] The state barge of Venice, used
by the doge
like an ox ; ^oCs ox -\- xepas horn.] (Zo'dl.) A genus of
large perching birds ; the hornbills.
Buch'ol-zlte (biik'Sl-zit), re. [So called from Bu-
cholz, a German chemist.] (Min.) Same as Fibeolite.
Bu'chU (bu'kii), re. (Bot.) A South African shrub
(Barosma) with small leaves that are dotted with oil
glands ; also, the leaves themselves, which are used in
medicine for diseases of the urinary organs, etc. Several
species furnish the leaves.
Buck (bilk), re. [Akin to LG. biike, Dan. hjg, Sw.
byk, G. bauche : cf. It. bucato, Prov. Sp. bugada, F. bu6e.]
1. Lye or suds in which cloth is soaked in the opera-
tion of bleaching, or in which clothes are washed.
2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. [Obs.] Shak.
Buck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. Bucked (bukt) ; p. pr. & vb.
re. Bucking.] [OE. bouken; akin to LG. biiken, Dan.
byge, Sw. byka, G. bauchen, beuchen; cf. OF. buer. Cf.
the preceding noun.] 1. To soak, steep, or boil, in lye
or suds ; — a process in bleaching.
2. To wash (clotlies) in lye or suds, or, in later usage,
by beating them on stones in running water.
3. (Blining) To break up or pulverize, as ores.
Buck, re. [OE. buk, bucke, AS. bucca, buc, he-goat ;
akin to D. bok, OHG. pocch, G. bock, Ir. boc, W. block.
Corn, byk; cf. Zend bUza, Skr. bukka. V266. Cf.
Butcher, re.] 1. The male of deer, especially fallow
deer and antelopes, or of goats, sheep, hares, and rabbits.
m^^" A male fallow deer is called a fmm in his first
vear ; a pricket in his second ; a sorel in his third ; a sore
in his fourth ; a Imck of the Jir.it head in his fifth ; and a
great buck in his sixth. The female of the fallow deer is
termed a doe. The male of the red deer is termed a stag
or hart and not a buck, and the female is called a hind.
Brandc & €.
2. A gay, dashing young fellow ; a fop ; a dandy.
The leading bucks of the day. Thackeray.
3. A male Indian or negro. [Colloq. U. S.]
^^^ The word buck is much used in comijosition for
the names of antelopes ; as, bush buck, spring buck.
Blue buck. See imder Blue. — Water buck, a South
African variety of antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). See
lllust. of Antelope.
Buck (bilk), V. i. 1. To copulate, as bucks and does.
2. To spring with quick phuigiug leaps, descending
■with the fore legs rigid and the head held as low down
as possible ; — said of a vicious horse or mule.
Buck, V. t. 1. (Mil.) To subject to a mode of punish-
ment which consists in tying the wrists together, passing
the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across
the arms and in the angle formed by the knees.
2. To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i. , 2.
The brute that he was riding had nearly buckerl him out of
the saddle. W. E. Morris.
Buck, 11. A frame on which firewood is sawed ; a saw-
horse ; a sawbuck.
Buck saw, a saw set in a frame and used for sawing
wood on a sawhorse.
Buck, re. [See Beech, re.] The beech tree. [Scot.]
Buck mast, the mast or fruit of the beech tree. Johnson.
Buck'-bas'ket (-bas'ket), re. [See 1st Buck.] A bas-
ket in wliich clothes are carried to the wash. Shak.
Buck' bean' (ben'). (Bot.) A plant (Menyanthes tri-
foliata) which grows in moist and boggy places, having
racemes of white or reddish flowers and intensely bitter
leaves, sometimes used in medicine ; marsh trefoil ; —
called also bog bean.
Buck'board' (-bord'),re. A four-wheeled vehicle, hav-
ing a long elastic board or frame resting on the bolsters
or axletrees, and a seat or seats placed transversely upon
it ; — called also buck wagon.
Buck'er (-er), re. (Mini7ig) 1. One who bucks ore.
2 . A broad-headed hammer used in bucking ore.
Buck'er, re. A horse or mule that bucks. [U. S.]
Buck'et (buk'St), re. [OE. boket ; cf. AS. buc pitcher,
or Corn, buket tub.] 1. A vessel for drawing up water
from a well, or for catching, holding, or carrying water,
sap, or other liquids.
The old oaken bucl-et, the iron-bound bucl-et,
The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well.
JVoodworth.
2. A vessel (as a tub or scoop) for hoisting and con-
veying coal, ore, grain, etc.
3. (Mach. ) One of the receptacles on the rim of a water
wheel into which the water rushes, causing the wheel to
revolve ; also, a float of a paddle wheel.
4. The valved piston of a lifting pump.
Fire bucket, a bucket for carrying water to put out
fires. — To kick the bucket, to die. [Low]
Buck'et shop' (shop'). An office or a place where
facilities are given for betting small sums on current
prices of stocks, petroleum, etc. [Slang, U. S.]
Buck'et-y (-y), re. [A corruption of buckwheat.]
Paste used by weavers to dress their webs. Buchanan.
Buck'eye' (biikl'), re. 1. (Bot.) A name given to
several American trees and shrubs of the same genus
(^sculus) as the horse chestnut.
The Ohio buckeye, or Fetid buckeye, is .iSscidus glabra.
— Red buckeye is ^. Pavia. — Small buckeye is ^. parvi-
flora. — Sweet buckeye, or Yellow buckeye, is JE. flava.
2. A cant name for a native of Ohio. [C. S.']
Buckeye State, Ohio ; — so called because buckeye trees
abound there.
Buck'-eyed' (-id'), a. Having bad or speckled eyes.
" A buck-eyed horse." James White.
Buck'hound' (-hoimd'), n. A hound for hunting deer.
Master of the bnckhotmds, an officer in the royal house-
hold. [Eng.]
Buck'le (biik'y), re. (Zodl.) A large spiral marine
shell, esp. the common whelk. See Buccinum. [Scot.]
Dell's buckle, a perverse, refractory youngster. [Slang'\
Buck'lng, re. 1. The act or process of soaking or
boiling cloth in an alkaline liquid in the operation of
bleaching ; also, the liquid used. Tomlinson.
2. A washing.
3. The process of breaking up or pulverizing ores.
Bucking Iron (Mining), a broad-faced hammer, used in
bucking or breaking up ores. — Bucking kier (Manuf.), a
large circular boiler, or kier, used in bleaching. — Buck-
ing stool, a washing block.
Buck'ish, a. Dandified ; foppish.
Buo'kle (buk'k'l), re. [OE. bode buckle, boss of a
shield, OF. bode, F. boucle, boss of a shield, ring, fr. L.
buccula alittle cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca cheek ; this
boss or knob resembling a cheek.] 1. A device, usually
of metal, consisting of a frame with one or more movable
tongues or catches, used for fastening things together,
as parts of dress or harness, by means of a strap passing
through the frame and pierced by the tongue.
2. A distortion, bulge, bend, or kink, as in a saw blade
or a plate of sheet metal. Knight.
3. A curl of hair, esp. a kind of crisp curl formerly
worn ; also, the state of being curled.
Earlocka in tight buckles on each side of a lantern face.
W. h'ving.
Lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole hall year. Addison,
4. A contorted expression, as of the face. [iJ.]
'Gainst nature armed bv gravity,
His features too in buc/de see. ChurcMU.
Buc'kle (bfik'k'l), V. t. [imp. 3t p. p. Buckled (-k'ld) ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Buckling.] [OE. boclen, F. bonder.
See Buckle, re.] 1. To fasten or confine with a buckle
or buckles ; as, to buckle a liarness.
2. To bend ; to cause to kink, or to become distorted.
H
K
use, unite, r^ide, full, fi.p, tlm j pity; food, fo^ot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN ; zh = z in azure.
M
BUCKLE
188
BUFFALO
3. To prepare for action ; to apply with vigor and ear-
nestness ; — generally used reflexively .
Cartwriglit buckled kimself to the employment. Fuller.
4. To join in marriage. \_Scot.'] Sir W. Scott.
Buc'kle (biik'k'l), v. i. 1. To bend permanently ; to
become distorted ; to bow ; to curl ; to kink.
Buckled with the heat of the fire like parchment. Fepys.
2. To bend out of a true vertical plane, as a wall.
3. To yield ; to give way ; to cease opposing. [06s.]
The Dutch, as high as they seem, do begin to buckle. Pepys.
4. To enter upon some labor or contest ; to join in
close fight ; to struggle ; to contend.
The bishop was as able and ready to buckle with the Lord
Protector as he was with him. Zatituer.
In single combat thou shalt buckle with me. Shak.
To buckle to, to bend to ; to engage with zeal.
To make our sturdy humor buckle thereto. Barrow.
Before buckling to my winter's work. J. D. Forbes.
Buctler (biik'kler), n. [OE. bocler, OP. bocler, P. bou-
clier, a shield with a boss, from OF. bo»le, boucle, boss.
See Buckle, m.] 1. A kind of shield, of various shapes
and sizes, worn on one of the arms (usually the left) for
protecting the front of the body.
^W^ In the sword and buckler play of the Middle Ages
in England, the buckler was a small shield, used, not to
cover the body, but to stop or parry blows.
2. {Zool.) (a) One of the large, bony, external plates
found on many ganoid fishes. (6) The anterior segment
of the shell of trilobites.
3. (Naut.) A block of wood or plate of iron made to
fit a hawse hole, or the circular opening in a half-port, to
prevent water from entering when the vessel pitches.
Blind buckler (Naut.), a solid buckler. — Buckler mustard
(Bot.), a genus of plants (Biscutella) with small bright
?ellow flowers. The seed vessel on bursting resembles
wo bucklers or shields. — Buckler thorn, a plant with seed
vessels shaijed like a buckler. See Ohrist's thorn. —
Riding buckler {Naut.), a buckler with a hole for the pas-
eage of a cable.
Buckler, v. t. To shield ; to defend. [06s.]
Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right,
Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree ? Shak.
Buc'kler-bead'ed (biik'kler-hSd'Sd), a. Having a
head like a buckler.
Buc'kling (-kling), a. Wavy ; curling, as hair. Latham.
Buck'ra (biik'ri), n. [In the language of the Calabar
coast, buckra means " demon, a powerful and superior
being." J.L.Wilson.'] Awhiteman; — atermusedby
negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc.
Buck'ra, a. White ; white man's ; strong ; good ; as,
buckra yam, a white yam.
Buck'ram (btik'ram), n. [OE. bokeram, bougeren,
OF. boqueran, F. bougran, MHG. buckeram, LL. buchi-
ranus, boquerannus, fr. MHG. boc, G. bock, goat (as be-
ing made of goat's hair), or fr. F. bouracan, by transpos-
ing the letter r. See Buck, Barracan.] 1. A coarse
cloth of linen or hemp, stiffened with size or glue, used
in garments to keep them in the form intended, and
lor wrappers to cover merchandise.
^ff^ Buckram was formerly a very different material
from that now kno^vn by the name. It was used for
wearing apparel, etc. Beck (Draper''! Bid.).
2. (Bot.) A plant. See Eamson. Dr. Prior.
Buck'ram, a. 1. Made of buckram ; as, abuckram suit.
2. Stiff; precise. " £uckram dumes." Brooke.
Buck'ram, v. t. To strengthen with buckram ; to
make stiff. Cowper.
Buck'S'-horn' (bQks'hSm'), n. (Bot.) A plant with
leaves branched somewhat like a buck's horn {Plantago
Coronopus) ; also. Lobelia coronopifolia.
Buck'shOt' (biik'shof), n. A coarse leaden shot, larger
than swan shot, used in himting deer and large game.
Buck'skin' (buk'sktn'), ra. 1- The skin of a buck.
2. A soft strong leather, usually yellowish or grayish
In color, made of deerskin.
3. A person clothed in buckskin, particularly an
American soldier of the Revolutionary war.
Cornwallis fought as lang's he dought,
An' did the buclcskins claw, mac . Bums.
4. pi. Breeches made of buckskin.
I have alluded to his buckskins. Thackeray.
Buck'stall' (biik'stal'), n. A toil or net to take deer.
Buck'thom' (biik'tiiSm'), n. (Bot.) A genus (Rham-
v,us) of shrubs or trees. The shorter branches of some
species terminate in long spines or thorns. See Rhamntjs.
Sea buckthorn, a plant of the genus Hippophae.
Buck'tOOtll' (-tooth'), n. Any tooth that juts out.
When he laughed, two white buckteeth protruded. Thackeray.
Buck'wheat' (-hwef), n. IBuck a beech tree -f
wheat; akin to D. boekweit, G. buchweizen.'] 1. (Bot.)
A plant (Fagopyrum esculentum) of the Polygonum
family, the seed of which is used for food.
2. The triangular seed used, when ground, for grid-
dle cakes, etc.
Bu-COl'io (bu-kol'Tk), a. [L. bucolicus, Gr. /Souko-
AtKos, fr. jSouKoAos cowherd, herdsman ; jSoCs ox -|- (perh.)
Ke'Arjs race horse ; cf. Skr. kal to drive : cf. F. bucolique.
Bee Cow the animal.] Of or pertaining to the life and
occupation of a shepherd ; pastoral ; rustic.
Bu-COl'iC, n. [L. Bucolicon poiima.] A pastoral
poem, representing rural affairs, and the life, manners,
and occupation of shepherds ; as, the Bucolics of Theoc-
ritus and Virgil. Dryden.
Bu-col'ic-al (-i-kai), a.
Bucolic.
II Bu-cra'lU-um(bi5-kra'-
ni-iim), n. ; pi. L. Buckania
(-ni-a). [L., fr. Gr. ^ov-
KpavLov ox head.] A sculp-
tured ornament, represent-
ing an ox skull adorned
with wreaths, etc.
Bucranium and Festoon.
Bud (bud), n. [OE. budde; cf. D. bot, G. butze, huts,
the core of a fruit, bud, LG. butte in hageiaWe, havabutte,
a hip of the dog-rose, or OF. baton, F. bouton, bud, button,
OF. boter to bud, push ; all akin to E. beat. See Button.]
1. (Bot.) A small protuberance on the stem or branches
of a plant, containing the rudiments of future leaves,
flowers, or stems ; an mideveloped branch or flower.
2. (Biol.) A small protuberance on certain low forms
of animals and vegetables which develops into a new
organism, either free or attached. See Hydra.
Bud moth (Zool.), a lepidopterous insect of several spe-
cies, which destroys the buds of fruit trees ; esp. Tnieto-
cera ocellana and Eccopsis malana on the apple tree.
Bud, V. i. limp. & p. p. Budded ; p. pr. & vb. n.
Budding.] 1. To put forth or produce buds, as a plant ;
to grow, as a bud does, into a flower or shoot.
2. To begin to grow, or to issue from a stock in the
manner of a bud, as a horn.
3. To be like a bud in respect to youth and freshness,
or growth and promise ; as, a budding virgin. Shak.
Syn. — To sprout; germinate; blossom.
Bud, V. t. To graft, as a plant with another or into
another, by inserting a bud from the one into an opening
in the bark of the other, in order to raise, upon the
budded stock, fruit different from that which it would
naturally bear.
The apricot and the nectarine may be, and usually are,
budded upon the peach ; the plum and the peach are budded on
eacli other. Farm. Vict.
Bud'dha (bood'da), n. [Skr. buddha wise, sage,
fr. budh to Imow.] The title of
an incarnation of self-abnegation,
virtue, and wisdom, or a deified
religious teacher of the Bud-
dliists, esp. Gautama Siddartha
or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the
founder of Buddhism.
Bud'dhism (bood'dtz'm ; 277),
n. The religion based upon the
doctrine originally taught by the
Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha,
sumamed Buddha, " the awak-
ened or enlightened," in the sixth
century b. c, and adopted as a
religion by the greater part of the
inhabitants of Central and Bast-
em Asia and the Indian Islands.
Buddha's teaching is believed to
have been atheistic ; yet it was
characterized by elevated human- ^^ „£ Buddha,
ity and moraUty. It presents re-
lease from existence (a beatific enfranchisement, Nirva-
na) as the greatest good. Buddhists believe in transmi-
gration of souls through aU phases and forms of life.
Their number wjis estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000.
Bud'dhlst (bood'dist), n. One who accepts the teach-
ings of Buddhism.
Bud'dhlst, a. Of or pertaining to Buddha, Bud-
dhism, or the Buddhists. .
Bud-dhis'tlc (bobd-dTs'tlk), a. Same as Buddhist, a.
Bud'ding (biid'ding), n. 1. The act or process of
producing buds.
2. (Biol.) A process of asexual reproduction, in which
a new organism or cell is formed by a protrusion of a
portion of the animal or vegetable organism, the bud
thus formed sometimes remaining attached to the parent
stalk or cell, at other times becoming free ; gemmation.
See Hydroidea.
3. The act or process of ingraftmg one kind of plant
upon another stock by inserting a bud under the bark.
Bud'dle (-d'l), n. [Prov. E., to cleanse ore, also a ves-
sel for this purpose ; cf. G. buiteln to shake.] (Mining)
An apparatus, especially an inclined trough or vat, in
which stamped ore is concentrated by subjecting it to
the action of running water so as to wash out the lighter
and less valuable portions.
Bud'dle, V. i. (Mining) To wash ore in a huddle.
Bude' bum'er (bud' bfim'er). [See Bude light.] A
burner consisting of two or more concentric Argand
burners (the inner rising above the outer) and a central
tube by which oxygen gas or common air is supplied.
Bude' light' (biid' lit'). [Prom Bude, in ComwaU,
the residence of Sir G. Gumey, the inventor.] A light
in which high illuminating power is obtained by intro-
ducing a jet of oxygen gas or of common air into the cen-
ter of a flame fed with coal gas or with oil.
Budge (biij), V. i. limp. & p. p. Budged (bujd) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Budging.] [P. bouger to stir, move
(akin to Pr. bojar, bolegar, to stir, move, It. bulicare to
boU, bubble), fr. L. bullire. See Boil, v. i.] To move
off ; to stir ; to walk away.
I '11 not budge an inch, boy. Shak.
The mouse ne'er shunned the eat -as they did budge
From rascals worse than they. Shak.
Budge, a. [See Budge, w.] Brisk ; stirring ; jocimd.
[06s.] South.
Budge, n. [OE. bouge bag, OP. boge, bouge, fr. L.
bulga a leathern bag or knapsack ; a Gallic word ; cf . Olr.
bole, Gael. bolg. Cf. Bulge, to.] A kind of fur prepared
from lambskin dressed with the wool on ; — used formerly
as an edging and ornament, esp. of scholastic habits.
Budge, a. 1. Lined with budge ; hence, scholastic.
".BMrf^re gowns." Milton.
2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics.
Those budge doctors of the stoic fur. Milton.
Budge bachelor, one of a company of men clothed in
long gowns lined with budge, who formerly accompa-
nied the lord mayor of London in his inaugural proces-
sion.—Budge barrel (Mil.), a small copper-hooped barrel
with only one head, the other end being closed by a
piece of leather, which is drawn together with strings
like a purse. It is used for carrying powder from the
magazine to the battery, in siege or seacoast service.
Budge'ness (biij'ngs), n. Sternness ; severity. [Obs.'}
A Sara for goodness, a great Bellona for budgeness. Stanyhurst.
Budg'er (biij'er), n. One who budges. Shak.
II Budg'e-row (biij'e-r6), n. [Hindi. bajra.J A large
and commodious, but generally cumbrous and sluggish
boat, used for journeys on the Ganges.
Budg'et (biij'St), n. [OE. bogett, bouget, F. bougetti
bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See
Budge, n., and cf. Bouget.] 1. A bag or sack with its
contents ; hence, a stock or store ; an accvuuulation ; as,
a budget of inventions.
2. The annual financial statement which the British
chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House of Com-
mons. It comprehends a general view of the finances of
the country, with the proposed plan of taxation for the
ensuing year. The term is sometimes applied to a sim-
ilar statement in other countries.
To open the budget, to lay before a legislative body the
financial estimates and plans of the executive govern-
ment.
Budg'y,a. [From Bodge, n.] Consisting of fur. [Ois.]
Bud'let (bud'let), n. IBud -j- -let.'\ A little bud
springing from a parent bud.
We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or
the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its off-
spring. E. Darwin.
Buff (buf), n. [OE. buff, buffle, buff, buffalo, F. huf-
fle buffalo. See Buffalo.] 1. A sort of leather, pre-
pared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, liko
chamois; also, the skins of oxen, elks, and other ani-
mals, dressed in Uke maimer. " A suit of buff." Shak.
2. The color of buff ; a light yellow, shading toward
pink, gray, or brown.
A visage rough.
Deformed, uuf eatured, and a skin of buff. Dryden,
3. A military coat, made of buff leather. Shak.
4. (Med.) The grayish viscid substance constituting
the huffy coat. See Buffy coat, under Bupft, a.
5. (3fech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, and
used in polishing cutlery, spoons, etc.
6. The bare skin ; as, to strip to the buff. ICollog.']
To be in buff is equivalent to being naked. Wrighw
Buff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. Goldsmith.
2. Of the color of buff.
Buff coat, a close, military outer garment, with short
sleeves, and laced tightly over the chest, made of buffalo
skin, or other thick and elastic material, worn by soldiers
in the 17th century as a defensive covering. — Buff jerkin,
originally, a leather waistcoat ; afterward, one of cloth of
a buff color. [06s.] JVares. — Buff stick (J/ecA.), a strip
of wood covered with buff" leather, used in polishmg.
Buff, V. t. To polish with a buff. See Burr, m. , 5.
Buff, V. t. [OF. bufer to cuff, buffet. See Buffet 8
blow.] To strike. [06s.] B. Jonson.
Bute, n. [See Buffet.] A buffet ; a blow ; — obso-
lete except in the phrase " Blindman's buff."
Nathless so sore a buff to him it lent
That made him reel. SpeJieer.
Buff, a. [Of uncertain etymol.] Firm ; sturdy.
And for the good old cause stood buff,
'Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff. Hudibras.
II Buf'fa (boof'f a), «. /em. (Mus.) [It. See Buffoon.]
The comic actress in an opera. ^ a. Comic, farcical.
Aria bofia, a droU or comic air, — Opera bafia, a comic
opera. See Opera bouffe.
Buf'fa-lo (biif'fa-lo), n. ; pi. Buffaloes (-loz). [Sp.
bufalo (cf. It. bufalo, F. buffle), fr. L. bubalus, bufalua,
a kind of African stag or gazeUe ; also, the buffalo or
wild ox, fr. Gr. j3ov|3aAot buffalo, prob. fr. jSoCt ox. Se*
Cow the animal, and cf. Buff the color, and Bubale.]
1. (Zool.) A species of the genus Bos or Bubalus (B.
bubalus), originaUy from India, but now found in most
of the warmer countries of the eastern continent. It is
larger and less docile than the common ox, and is fond
of marshy places and rivers.
2. (Zool.) A very large and sav-
age species of the same genus (B.
Caffer) found in South Africa ; —
called also Cape buffalo. ^^mm^^kml^
3. (Zool.) Any species of wild I^BP^^^'^tJ'?
4. (Zool.) The bison of North Head of Cape Buffalo.
America.
5. A buffalo robe. See Buffalo robe, below.
6. (Zool.) The buffalo fish. See Buffalo fish, below.
Buffalo berry (Bot.), ashrub of the Upper Missouri (Shep-
herdia argentea) with acid edible red berries. — Buff^o
bird (Zool.), an African bird of the genus Buphaga, of two
species. These birds perch upon buffaloes and cattle,
in search of parasites. — Buffalo bug. (Zool.) See Carpet
moth, under Carpet. — Buffalo chips, dry dung of the buf-
falo, or bison, used for fuel. [U. <S.] — Buffalo clover (5oZ.),.
a kind of clover ( Trifolium reflexum and T. stoloniferumy
found in the ancient grazing grounds of the American,
bison. — Buffalo cod (Zool. ), a large, edible, marine fish.
(Ophiodon elongatus) ot the northern Pacific coast: —
called also blue cod, and cultus cod. — Buffalo fish (Zool.),
one of several large fresh-water fishes of the family Ca-
tostomidx, of the Mississippi valley. The red-mouthed
or brown (Icliobus bubalus), the big-mouthed or black
(Bubalic/h-
thys urus),
and the
small-
mouthed
(B. alius),
are among
the more
i m p or-
tant spe-
cies used
as food. —
Buffalo fly,
or Buffalo
gnat (Zool.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Simu-
lium, aUied to the black fly of the North. It is often
Red-mouthed Bu&lo Fish (.Ictiobus bubalus-).
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, f^l ; eve, event, end, fera, recent ; ice, idea, ill ; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd ;
BUFFEL DUCK
189
BULAU
jxtremely abundant in the lower part of the Mississippi
valley and does great injury to domestic animals, often
killing large numbers of cattle and horses. In Europe
tlie Columbatz fly is a species with similar habits. — Buf-
falo gia.eB (Bo/.), a species of short, sweet grass {Buc/doe
tlaclj/JoiJes), from two to four inches liigh, coverine the
prairies on which the buffaloes, or bisons, feed. [U. S.]
— Buffalo nut (Bol.), the oily and drupelike fruit of an
American shruh (Pi/riilan'a oleij'era); also, the shrub it-
self ; oilnut. — Buffalo robe, tlie sldn of the bison of Nortli
America, prepared \vith the hair on ; — much used as a lap
robe in sleighs.
Buf'fel duck (buf'fSl dnk'). [See
Bdpfaio.] (Zo'dl.) A small duck (CVtc-
ritonetta albeola); the spirit duck, or
butterball. The head of the male is cov-
ered with numerous elongated feathers,
and thus appears
large. Called also
bufflehead.
Buffer (btlf'er),
n. [Prop, a striker.
See BnppET a blow.]
1. (Mech.){a)Kn
elastic apparatus or
fender, for deaden-
ing the jar caused
by the collision of
•r, « , T^ , D oi u - ,-,^ bodies; as, a buffer
Buffel Duck or Buffleheaa. QQ ^^ j,^^ '^^^ ^^ ^ ,-^i,.
road car. (ft) A pad or cusliion forming the end of a
fender, which receives the blow ; — sometimes called
buffing apparatus.
2. One who polishes with a buff.
3. A wheel for buffing ; a buff.
4. A good-humored, slow-witted fellow ; — usually
said of an elderly man. IColloq.^ Dickens.
Buff'er-head' (-h6d'), n. The head of a buffer, which
receives the concussion, in railroad carriages.
Bul-fet' (b66f-fa'), n. [F. buffet, LL. bufetum; of
uncertain origin ; perh. fr. the same source as E. buffet a
blow, the root meaning to puff', hence (cf. puffed up) the
idea of ostentation or display.] 1. A cupboard or set of
shelves, either movable or fixed at one side of a room,
for the display of plate, china, etc. ; a sideboard.
Not when a gilt bttfet's reflected pride
Turns you from sound philosophy aside. Fope.
2. A counter for refreshments ; a restaurant at a rail-
road station, or place of public gathering.
Buffet (buf'fSt), n. [OE. buffet, boffet, OF. buffet a
slap in the face, a pair of bellows, fr. buffe blow, cf. F.
bouffer to blow, puff ; prob. akin to E. puff'. For the
meaning slap, blow, cf. P. soufflet a ala.^, souffler to blow.
See Puff, v. i., and cf. Bdpfet sideboard. Buffoon.]
1. A blow with the hand ; a slap on the face ; a cufi.
When on his cheek a buffet fell. Sir W. Scott.
2. A blow from any source, or that which affects like
a blow, as the violence of winds or waves ; a stroke ; an
adverse action ; an affiiction ; a trial ; adversity.
Those planks of tough and hardy oak that used for years to
6ravc the biiffets of the Bay of Biscay. Burke.
Fortune's buffets and rewards. Shak.
3. A small stool ; a stool for a buffet or counter.
Go fetch us a Ught buffet. Towneley Myst.
Buffet, f. t. limp. &p.p. BtTFFETED; p. pr. & vb.
n. Buffeting.] [OE. buffeten, OF. buffeter. See the
preceding noun.] 1. To strike with the hand or fist ; to
box ; to beat ; to cuff ; to slap.
They spit in his face and buffeted him. Matt. xxvi. 6r.
2. To affect as with blows ; to strike repeatedly ; to
strive with or contend against ; as, to buffet the billows.
The sudden hurricane in thunder roars.
Buffets the bark, and whirls it from the shores. Broome.
You are lucky fellows who can live in a dreamland of your
own, instead of being buffeted about the world. W. Black.
3. [Cf. BUPPEB.] To deaden the sound of (bells) by
muiHing the clapper.
Buffet, V. i. 1. To exercise or play at boxing ; to
strike ; to smite ; to strive ; to contend.
If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her favors,
I could lay on like a butcher. Shak.
2. To make one's way by blows or struggling.
Strove to buffet to land in vain. Tennyson.
Bnf fet-er (-er), n. One who buffets ; a boxer. Johnson.
Buffet-lug, n. 1. A striking with the hand.
2. A succession of blows ; continued violence, as of
winds or waves ; aiBictions ; adversity.
He seems to have been a plant of slow growth, but . . . fitted
to endure the buffetings of tne rudest storm. }Virt.
Buffln (biiffin), n. [So called from resembling jMjf
leather.] A sort of coarse stuff ; as, buffin gowns. [Oftjt.]
Buffing ap'pa-ra'tUS (bilf'ing Sp'pa^ra'tiis). See
Buffie'(biif'f'l), n. [OE., fromF. buffle. See Buf-
falo.] The buffalo. lObs.} Sir T. Herbert.
Buf'fle, V. i. To puzzle ; to be at a loss. [Obs.'] Swift.
Buf fle-head' (-hSd'), n. [Buffle + head.) 1. One who
has a large head ; a heavy, stupid fellow. [Oftjt.]
What makes you stare so, bufflehead f PJautus (Trans. 1694).
2. {Zo'dl.) The buffel duck. See Buffel duck.
Buf fle-head'ed, a. Having a large head, like a buf-
falo ; dull ; stupid ; blundering. [06s.]
So fell this buffle-headed giant. Gayton.
II Buffo (bd5f'f6), n. masc. [It. See Buffoon.] {Mus.)
The comic actor in an opera.
Buf-foon' (biif-foon'), n. [P. bouffon (cf. It. buffone,
buffo, buffa, puft of wind, vanity, nonsense, trioli), fr.
bouffer to puff out, because the buffoons puffed out their
cheeks for the amusement of the spectators. See Buf-
fet a blow.] A man who makes a practice of amusing
others by low tricks, antic gestures, etc. ; • a droll ; a
munic ; a harlequin ; a clown ; a merry-andxew.
Buf-foon' (biif-foon'), a. Chai^acteristic of, or like, a
butfoon. ^^ Buffoon stories." 3Iaeaulay.
To divert the audience with buffoon postures and antic
dances. Melnujili.
Buf-foon', V. i. To act the part of a buffoon. [iJ.]
Buf-foon', V. t. To treat with buffoonery. Glanvill.
Buf-f oon'er-y (-er-y), n. ; pi. Buffooneries (-Tz). [P.
bouffonnerie.'] The arts and practices of a buffoon, as
low jests, ridiculous pranks, vulgar tricks and postures.
Nor that it will ever conbtitute a wit to conclude a tart piece
of buffoonery with a "What makes you blush 'I " Spectator.
Buf-foon'lsh, o. Like a bulioon ; consisting in low
jests or gestures. Blair.
Buf-f oon'ism (-Iz'm), n. The practices of a buffoon ;
buffoonery.
Buf-foonly, a. Low ; vulgar. [iJ.]
Apish tricks and buffoonly discourse. Goodman.
Buffy (biif'fj?), a. {Med.) Eesembling, or character-
ized by, buff.
Buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red
corpuscles have so settled out that the coagulum appears
nearly colorless. This is common in diseased conditions
where the corpuscles run together more rapidly and in
denser masses than usual. Iluxlei/.
II Bu'fo (bu'fo), n. [L. bu/o a toad.] {Zo'dl.) A genus
of Ampliibia including various species of toads.
Bu'fon-ite (bu'fSu-It), n. [L. bufo toad : cf. P. biifo-
nite.^ {Paleon.) An old name for a fossil consisting of
the petrified teeth and palatal bones of fishes belonging
to the family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose remains
occur in the oolite and chalk formations ; toadstone ; —
so named from a notion that it was originally formed in
the head of a toad.
Bug (biig), n. [OE. bugge, fr. "W. bwg, bwgan, hob-
goblin, scarecrow, bugbear. Cf. Bogey, Boggle.] 1. A
bugbear; anything which terrifies. [Ofti.]
Sir, spare your threats :
The hug which you would fright me with I seek. ShaJc.
2. {Zo'dl.) A general name applied to various insects
belonging to the Hemiptera; as, the
squash bug ; the chinch bug, etc.
3. {Zo'dl.) An insect of the genus
Cimex, especially the bedbug (C lec-
tularius). See Bedbug.
4. {Zo'dl.) One of various species of
Coleoptera; as, the \3.Aybug ; potato
bug, etc. ; loosely, any beetle.
5. {Zo'dl.) One of certain kinds of
Crustacea ; as, the sow bug ; pill bug ;
bait bug ; salve bug, etc.
^^^ According to present popular
usage in England, and among house- One form of Bug
keepers in America, bug, when not iLygus lineolaris).
jomed with some qualifying word, is ^ 3
used specifically for bedbug. As a
general term it is used very loosely in America, and was
formerly used still more loosely in England. " God's rare
workmanship in the ant, the poorest bug that creeps."
Rogers {Naaman). "This ftwj' with gilded wings." Pope.
Bait bug. See under Bait. — Bug word, swaggering or
threatening language. [Obs.] Beau. & Ft.
Bug'a-bOO' (-a-bo6'), Bugliear' (-bSr'), n. [See Bug.]
Something frightful, as a specter; anything imaginary
that causes needless fright ; something used to excite
needless fear ; also, something really dangerous, used to
frighten children, etc. " Bugaboos to fright ye." Lloyd.
But, to the world no bugbear is so great
As want of figure and a small estate. Pope.
The bugaboo of the liberals is the church party. S. B. Griffin.
The great bugaboo of the birds is the owl. J. BurraugJis.
Syn. — Hobgoblin ; goblin ; specter ; ogre ; scarecrow.
Bng'bane' (-ban'), n. {Bot.) A perennial white-flow-
ered herb of the order Ranunculacese and genus Cimici-
fuga ; bugwort. There are several species.
Bug'bear' (biig'bar'), n. Same as Bugaboo. — a.
Causing needless fright. Locke.
Bug'bear', v. t. To alarm vrith idle phantoms.
Bug'fish' (-f Ish;;), re. {Zo'dl.) The menhaden. \JJ. S.I
Bug'ger (biig'ger), n. [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus,
a Bulgarian, and also a heretic ; because the inhabitants
of Bulgaria were infected with heresy. Those guilty of
the crime of buggery were called heretics, because in the
eyes of their adversaries there was nothing more heinous
than heresy, and it was therefore thought that the origin
of such a vice could only be owing to heretics.] ].. One
guilty of buggery or unnatural vice ; a sodomite.
2. A wretch ; — sometimes used humorously or in
playful disparagement. [Lowl
Bug'ger-y {-f), n. [OF. bougrerie, bogrerie, heresy.
See Bugger.] Unnatural sexual intercourse ; sodomy.
Bug'gi-neSS (biig'gi-nes), n. [From Buggy, a.] The
state of being infested with bugs.
Bug'gy (biig'gy), a. [From Bus.] Infested or
abounding with bugs.
Bug'gy, n. ; pi. Buggies. 1. A light one horse two-
wheeled vehicle. [Bng.']
Villebeck prevailed upon Flora to drive with him to the race
in a buggy. Beaconsjield.
2. A light, four-wheeled vehicle,
usually with one seat, and with or
without a calash top. \U. 5.]
Buggy without and with Top.
Buggy cultivator, a cultivator with a seat for the driver.
— Bug^jy plow, a plow, or set of plows, having a seat for
the driver ; — called also sulky plow.
Bu'gle (bu'g'l), n. [OE. bugle buffalo, buffalo's bom,
OF. bugle, fr. L. buculus a young bullock, steer, dim. of
bos ox. See Cow the animal.] A sort of wild ox ; a buf-
falo. E. Phillips.
Bu'gle, n. [See Bugle a wild ex.] 1. A horn used
by hunters.
2. {Mus.) A copper instrument
of the horn quality of tone, shorter /
and more conical than the trumpet,
sometimes keyed ; formerly much
used in military bands, very rarely
in the orchestra ; now superseded
by the cornet ; — called also the
Kent bugle. Huntsman's Bugle.
Bu'gle, n. [LL. bttgulus a wom-
an's ornament: cf. G. biigel a bent piece of metal or
wood, fr. the same root as 6. biegen to bend, E. bow to
bend.] An elongated glass bead, of various colors, though
commonly black.
Bu'gle, a. [Prom Bugle a bead.] Jet black. " Bu-
gle eyeballs." Shak.
Bu'gle, n. [F. bugle; of. It. bugola, L. bugillo.'}
{Bot.) A plant of the genus Ajuga of the Mint family, a
native of the Old World.
Tellow bugle, the Ajuga charmepitys.
Bu'gled (bS'g'ld), a. Ornamented with bugles.
Bu'gle horn' (bu'g'l hSrn'). 1. A bugle.
One blast upon his bugle horn
Were worth a thousand men. Sir W. Scott,
2. A drinking vessel made of horn. [Obs."}
And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine. (Saucer,
Bu'gler (bii'gler), n. One who plays on a bugle.
Bu'gle-weed' (bu'g'l-wed'), n. {Bot.) A plant of the
Mint family and genus Lycopus ; esp. L. Virginicus,
wliich has mild narcotic and astringent properties, and
is sometimes used as a remedy for hemorrhage.
Bu'glOSS (bu'glos ; 115), n. ; pi. Buglosses (-5z). [P.
buglosse, L. buglossa, buglossus, fr. Gr. ^ovyKuxrao^ ox-
tongue; /Soils ox -j- ykHiaaa tongue.] {Bot.) A plant of
the genns Anchusa, and especially the .4. officinaUs, some-
times called at.toree!; oxtongue.
Small wild bnj;l0B«, the Asperugo procumbens and the
Lycopsis arvensis. — Viper's bugloss, a species of Echium.
Bug'wort' (biig'wQrf ), n. {Bot.) Bugbane.
Buhl (bul), Buhl'work (biil'wQrk), n. [Prom A. Ch.
Boule, a French carver in wood.] Decorative woodwork
in which tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc.,
are inlaid, forming scrolls, cartouches, etc. [Written also
boule, bouleivork.^
Buhl'buhl (bul'bul), n. {Zo'dl.) See Bulbul.
Buhr'stone' (bOr'ston'), n. [OE. bur a whetstone for
scythes.] (il/m.) A cellular, ffinty rock, used for mill
stones. [Written also burrstone.']
Build (bild), V. i. [imp. & p. p. Built (bilt) ; p. pr,
& vb. n. Building. The regular imp. & p. p. Builded'
is antiquated.] [OE. bulden, bilden, AS. byldan to buUd,
fr. bold house ; cf. Icel. bol farm, abode, Dan. bol small
farm, OSw. bol, b'dle, house, dwelling, fr. root of Icel.
bua to dwell ; akin to E. be, bower, boor. V97-] !• To
erect or construct, as an edifice or fabric of any kind ; to'
form by uniting materials into a regular structure ; te
fabricate ; to make ; to raise.
Nor aught availed him now
To have huilt in heaven high towers. Milton,
2. To raise or place on a foundation ; to form, estab-
lish, or produce by using appropriate means.
Who builds his hopes in air of your good looks. Shak,
3. To increase and strengthen ; to increase the power
and stability of ; to settle, or establish, and preserve ; —
frequently with up ; as, to build up one's constitution.
I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which
is able to 6ia7cr you up. Acts ■x.s.. 32.
Syn. — To erect; construct; raise; found; frame.
Build (bild), V. i. 1. To exercise the art, or practice
the business, of building.
2. To rest or depend, as on a foundation ; to ground
one's self or one's hopes or opinions upon something
deemed reliable ; to rely ; as, to bvMd on the opinions
or advice of others.
Build, n. Form or mode of construction ; general
figure ; make ; as, the build of a ship.
Build'er (btWer), n. One who builds; one whose
occupation is to build, as a carpenter, a shipwright, or a
mason.
In the practice of civil architecture, the builder comes between
the architect who designs the work and the artisans who exe-
cute it. Eng. Cyc.
Bulld'ing, n. 1. The act of constructing, erecting, or
establishing.
Hence it is that the building of our Sion rises no faster. Bp. Hall.
2. The art of constructing edifices, or the practice ol
civil architecture.
The execution of works of architecture necessarily includes
building; but h!(i7(/"iff is frequently employed when the result
is not architectural. Ilosking.
3. That which is built ; a fabric or edifice constructed,
as a house, a church, etc.
Thy sumptuous buildings and thy wife's attire
Have cost a mass of public treasury. Shak.
Built (bilt), n. Shape ; build ; form of structure ; as,
the built of a ship. [06s.] Dryden,
Built, a. Formed ; shaped ; constructed ; made ; —
often used in composition and preceded by the word d&,
noting the form ; as, frigate-6w)7/, clipper-ftHiW, etc.
Like the generaUty of Genoese countrywomen, stronglv built,
jCandor,
Buke' mus'lin (buk' rnHzatn). See Book muslin.
II Bnk'shish (brik'shesh), n. See Backsheesh.
II Bulau (boo'lou), n. [Native name.] {Zo'dl.) An
East Indian insectivorous mammal {Gyvimira Bafficsii),
somewhat like a rat in appearance, but allied to the
liedgehog.
H
K
use. unite, rude, fuU, up, ftra ; pity; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; then, thin; boN; rfi = z in azure-
M
BULB
190
BULLHEAD
Bulb (bulb), n. [L. bulbus, Gr. /5oA^d5 : cf. F. iulbe.l
i. {Bot.) A spheroidal body
growing from a plant either above
or below the ground (usually be-
low), wliich is strictly a bud, con-
sisting of a cluster of partially
developed leaves, and producing,
as it grows, a stem above, and
roots below, as in the onion, tuhp,
etc. It differs from a corm in not
being solid.
2. (,Anat.) A name given to
some parts that resemble in shape
certain bulbous roots ; as, the bulb
of the aorta.
Bulb of the eye, the eyeball. —
Bulb of a hair, the "root," or part Bulb of Meadow Lily,
whence the hair originates. — Bulb
of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata, often called
simply bulb. — Bulb of a tooth, the vascular and nervous
papilla contained in the cavity of the tooth.
3. An expansion or protuberance on a stem or tube,
as the bulb of a thermometer, which may be of any
form, as spherical, cylindrical, curved, etc. Tomlinson.
Bull), V. i. To take the shape of a bulb ; to swell.
Bul-ba'ceOUS (bul-ba'shiis)j a. [L. bulbaceus. See
Bulb, re.] Bulbous. Johnson.
Bulb'ar (biilb'er), a. Of or pertaining to a bulb ;
especially, in medicine, pertaining to the bulb of the
spinal cord, or medulla oblongata ; as, bulbar paralysis.
Bulbed (bfllbd), a. Having a bulb ; round-headed.
Bulb'el (biilb'Sl), n. [Dim., fr. bulb, n.] (Bot.) A
separable bulb formed on some flowering plants.
Bul-blf'er-ous (biSl-blfer-iis), a. \_Bulb, n. -j- -ferous:
cf. F. bulbifh-e.] {Bot.) Producing bulbs.
Bulbaet (bulblgt), n. IBulb, n. + -let.^ (Bot.) A. small
bulb, either produced on a larger bulb, or on some aerial
part of a plant, as in the axils of leaves in the tiger lily,
or replacing the flowers in some kinds of onion.
Bul-bose' (bai-bos'), a. Bulbous.
Bul'bo-tu'ber (bfil'bo-tu'ber), n. [Bulb, n. + tuber.}
(Bot. ) A corm.
Bulb'OUS (bulb'us), a. [L. bulbosus: cf. P. bulbeux.
See Bulb, «.] Having or containing bulbs, or a bulb ;
growing from bulbs ; bulblike in shape or structure.
II Bul'bul (bul'bul), n. [Per.] (,Zodl.)
The Persian nightingale (Pycnonotus jo-
cosus). The name is also applied to sev-
eral other Asi-
atic singing
birds, of the
family Timalii-
dse. The green
bulbuls belong
to the Chlorop-
sis and allied
genera. [Writ-
ten also buhl-
buhl.l
Bul'bule
(biil'bul), n.
[L. bulbulus,
dim. of bulbus.
See Bulb, re.]
A small bulb ; a
bulblet.
Bul'chln (bul'chtn), n. [Dim. of bull."] A little bull.
Bulge (biilj), n. [OE. bulge a swelling ; cf. AS. bel-
gan to swell, OSw. bulgja, Icel. bolginn swollen, OHG.
belgan to swell, G. bulge leathern sack, Skr. brh to be
large, strong ; the root meaning to swell. Cf. Biloe,
Belly, Billow, Bouge, Budoe, to.] 1. The bilge or pro-
tuberant part of a cask.
2. A swelling, protuberant part ; a bending outward,
esp. when caused by pressure ; as, a bulge in a wall.
3. (Naut.) The bilge of a vessell See Bilge, 2.
Bulge ways. (Naut.) See Bilge ways.
Bulge, V. i. limp. & p. p. Bulged (buljd) ; p. pr.
& vb. n. Bulging.] 1. To swell or jut out ; to bend out-
ward, as a wall when it yields to pressvure ; to be pro-
tuberant ; as, the wall bulges.
2. To bilge, as a ship ; to founder.
And scattered navies bulge on distant shores. Broome.
Bnlfgy (biil'iy), a. Bulged; bulging; bending, or
tending to Ijend, outward. iColloq.']
II Bu-llm'l-a (bu-lim'i-a), ) n. [NL. bulimia, fr. Gr.
Bnll-my (bini-m^), ) /SouAtjai'a, lit., ox-hunger;
Povs ox + Aijuos hunger : cf. F. boulimie.'] (Med.) A dis-
ease in which there is a perpetual and insatiable appe-
tite for food ; a diseased and voracious appetite.
II Bu-11'mus (bii-li'mils), n. [L. bulimus hunger. See
Bulimy.] (Zool.) A genus of land snails having an
elongated spiral shell, often of large size. The species
are numerous and abundant in tropical America.
Bulk (baik), n. [OE. bulke, bolke, heap ; cf. Dan.
bulk lump, clod, OSw. bolk crowd, mass, Icel. bulkast to
be bulky. Cf. Boll, n.. Bile a boil, Bulge, ».] 1. Mag-
nitude of material substance ; dimensions ; mass ; size ;
as, an ox or ship of great bulk.
Against these forces there were prepared near one hundred
ships ; not so ^reat of hulk indeed, but of a more nimble motion,
and more serviceable. Bacon.
2. The main mass or body; the largest or principal
portion ; the majority ; as, the bulk of a debt.
The fmlk of the people must labor, Biurke told them, " to ob-
tain what by labor can be obtained." J. Morley.
3. (Naiit.) The cargo of a vessel when stowed.
4. The body. [Obs.] Shak.
My liver leaped within my bttlk. Turhervile.
Barrel bulk. See under Babeel. — To break hulk (Naut.),
to begin to unload or move the cargo. — In bulk, in a
mass ; loose ; not inclosed in separate packages or divided
into separate parts ; in such shape that any desired quan-
tity may be taken or sold. — Laden in bulk, Stowed in bulk.
Madras Bulbul (^Pycnonotus hasmorrhous).
having the cargo loose in the hold or not inclosed in
boxes, bales, or casks. — Sale by bulk, a sale of goods as
they are, without weight or measure.
Syn. — Size ; magnitude ; dimension ; volume ; big-
ness; largeness; massiveness.
Bulk (bulk), ■;;. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulked (biSlkt) ;
p. pr. & vb. n. Bulking.] To appear or seem to be, as
to bulk or extent ; to swell.
The fame of Warburton possibly bulked larger for the mo-
ment. Leslie Stephen.
Bulk, n. [Icel. bdlkr a beam, partition. Cf. Balk,
n. & v-l A projecting part of a building. [OJi.]
Here, stand behind this bulk. Sliak.
Bulk'er (biilk'er), re. (Naut.) A person employed to
ascertain the bulk or size of goods, in order to fix the
amount of freight or dues payable on them.
Bulkliead' (btilk'hgd'), re. [See Bulk part of a build-
ing.] 1. (Naut.) A partition in a vessel, to separate
apartments on the same deck.
2. A structure of wood or stone, to resist the pressure
of earth or water ; a partition wall or structure, as in a
mine ; the limiting wall along a water front.
Bulkhead line, a line beyond which a wharf must not
project ; — usually, the harbor line.
Bulk'1-ness (biHkT-nSs), n. Greatness in bulk ; size.
Bulk'y (-y), a. Of great bulk or dimensions ; of great
size ; large ; thick ; massive ; as, bulky volumes.
A bulki/ digest of the revenue laws. Hawthorne.
Bull (bul), re. [OE. bule, bul, bole ; akin to D. bul,
G. bulle, icel. boli, Lith. bullus, Lett, bollis, Russ. vol' ;
prob. fr. the root of AS. bellan, E. bellow.'] 1. (Zool.)
The male of any species of cattle (Bovidse) ; hence, the
male of any large quadruped, as the elephant ; also, the
male of the whale. ,
^W' The wild bull of the Old Testament is thought to
be the oryx, a large species of antelope.
2. One who, or that which, resembles a bull in char-
acter or action. Ps. xxii. 12.
3. (Aslron.) (a) Taurus, the second of the twelve
signs of the zodiac. (6) A constellation of the zodiac
between Aries and Gemini. It contains the Pleiades.
At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,
And the bright Bull receives him. Thomson.
4. (Stock Exchange) One who operates in expectation
of a rise in the price of stocks, or in order to effect such
arise. See 4th Beak, m., 5.
Bull baiting, the practice of baiting bulls, or rendering
them furious, as by setting dogs to attack them. —John
Btill, a humorous name for the English, collectively :
also, an Englishman. " Good-looking young John Bull."
W. It. Hou-ells. — To take the bull by the horns, to grapple
with a difficulty instead of avoiding it.
Bull, a. Of or pertaining to a bull ; resembling a
bull ; male ; large ; fierce.
Bull bat (ZooZ.), the night hawk; — so called from the
loud noise it makes while feeding on the wing, in the
evening. — Bull calf, (a) A male calf. (6) A stupid fellow.
— Bull mackerel (Zool.), the chub mackerel. — Bull pump
(Mining), a direct single-acting pumping engine, in which
the steam cylinder is placed above the pump. — Bull snake
(Zool.), the pine snake of the United States. — Bull stag,
a castrated bull. See Stag. — Btill wheel, a wheel on which
the rope for lifting the tools is wound, in artesian well
boring.
Bull, V. i. To be in heat ; to manifest sexual desire
as cows do. ICollog.]
Bull, V. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to raise the
market price of ; as, to bull railroad bonds ; to bull stocks ;
to bull Lake Shore ; to endeavor to raise prices in ; as, to
bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4.
Bull, re. [OE. bulle, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud, knob,
LL., a seal or stamp : cf. F. bulle. Cf. Bill a writing.
Bowl a ball, Bon., v. i.] 1. A seal. See Bulla.
2. A letter, edict, or rescript, of the pope, written in
Gothic characters on rough parchment, sealed with a
bulla, and dated " a die Incamationis," i. e., " from the
day of the Incarnation." See Apostolical brief, under
Brief.
A fresh bull of Leo*s had declared how inflexible the court
of Rome was in the point of abuses. Atterbury.
3. A grotesque blunder in language ; an apparent con-
gruity, but real incongruity, of ideas, contained in a form
of expression ; so called, perhaps, from the apparent in-
congruity between the dictatorial nature of the pope's
bulls and his professions of humiUty.
And whereas the papist boasts himself to be a Roman Cath-
olic, it is a mere contradiction, one of the 'pope's bulls, as if he
should say universal particular ; a Catholic schismatic. Milton.
The Golden Bull, an edict or imperial constitution made
by the emperor Charles IV. (1356), containing what be-
came the fundamental law of the German empire ; — so
called from its golden seal.
Syn. — See Blunder.
II Bulla (biil'la), re. ; pi. Bullae (-le). [L. bulla bub-
ble. See Bull an edict.] 1. (Med.) A bleb; a vesicle,
or an elevation of the cuticle, containing a transparent
watery fluid.
2. (Anat.) The ovoid prominence below the opening
of the ear in the skulls of many animals ; as, the tym-
panic or auditory bulla.
3. A leaden seal for a document ; esp. the round leaden
seal attached to the papal bulls, which has on one side a
representation of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the
other the name of the pope who uses it.
4. (Zool.) A genus of marine shells. See Bubble
SHELL.
Bullace (bullas), n. [OE. bolas, bolaee, OF. beloce ;
of Celtic origin ; cf. Arm. bolos, polos, Gael, bidaistear.']
(Bot.) (a) A small European plum (Prunus communis,
var. insitilin). See Plum. (6) The bully tree.
Bul-lan'tlC (bul-lan'tik), a. [See Bull an edict.]
Pertaining to, or lised in, papal buUs. Fry.
Bullantic letters, Gothic letters used in papal buUs.
Bulldog.
Bnlla-ry (bulla-ry), re. [LL. bullarium : cf. F. 6mJ-
lairie. See Bull an edict.] A collection of papal bulls.
Bulla-ry, n. ; pi. Bullabies (-rlz). [Cf. Boilary.]
A place for boiling or preparing salt ; a boilery. Crabb.
And certain salt fats or buUaHes. Bills in Chancery.
Bullate (biillat), a, [L. bullatus, fr. bulla bubble.]
(Biol. ) Appearing as if blistered ; inflated ; puckered.
Bullate leaf [Bot.), a leaf, the membranous part of which
rises between the veins in puckered elevations convex on
one side and concave on the other.
BullTieg'gar (bul'bSg'ger), re. Something used or
suggested to produce terror, as in children or persons of
weak mind ; a bugbear.
And being an ill-looked fellow, he has a pension from the
church wardens for being bullbeggar to all the f roward chil-
dren in the parish. Mountfort (1691).
Bull' bri'er (bri'er). (Bot.) A species of Smilax {S.
Pseudo-China) growing from New Jersey to the GulL of
Mexico, which has very large tuberous and farinaceous
rootstocks, formerly used by the Indians for a sort of
bread, and by the negroes as an ingredient in making
beer ; — called also bamboo brier and China brier.
BlUl'C0m1l-er (bulTtom-er), re. (Zool.) A scaraboid
beetle ; esp. the Typhseus vulgaris of Europe.
Bull'dog' (bul'dSg' ; 115), n. 1. (Zool.) A variety of
dog, of remark-
able ferocity,
courage, and te-
nacity of grip ; — ;
so named, proba^ '
bly, from being
formerly em-
ployed in baiting
bulls.
2. (Metal.) A
refractory mate-
rial used as a fur-
nace lining, ob-
tained by calcin-
ing the cinder or
slag from the
puddling furnace
of a rolling mill.
Bull'dog', a.
Characteristic of, or like, a bulldog ; stubborn ; as, bull-
dog courage ; bulldog tenacity.
Bulldog bat (Zool.), a bat of the genus Nyctinomus; —
so called from the shape of its face.
Bull'doze' (bul'doz'), V. t. [imp. &p. p. Bulldozed
(-dozd') ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulldozing.] To intimidate ;
to restrain or coerce by intimidation or violence ; — used
originally of the intimidation of negro voters, in Louisi-
ana. [Slang, U. S.]
Bull'dO'zer (-do'zer), n. One who bulldozes. [Slang]
Bulled (buld), a. [Cf. Boln.] Swollen. [Obs.]
II Bul'len-bUllen (bullen-bul'lSn), re. [Native Aus-
tralian name, from its cry.] (Zool.) The lyre bird.
Bullen-nall' (bul'lgn-nal'), re. [Bull large, having
a large head + nail.'] A nail with a round head and
short shank, tinned and lacquered.
Bul'let (bul'lgt), re. [F. boulet, dim. of boule ball
See Bull an edict, and cf. Boulet.] 1. A small ball.
2. A missile, usually of lead, and round or elongated
in form, to be discharged from a rifle, musket, pistol, or
other small firearm.
3. A cannon ball. [06«.]
A ship before Greenwich . . . shot off her ordnance, one piece
being charged with a bullet of stone. Stow.
4. The fetlock of a horse. [See Ulust. under Hoesb.]
Bul'let-proof (-proof), a. Capable of resisting the
force of a bullet.
Bullet tree. See BuLLT TUBE. — Bullet wood, the wood
of the buUet tree.
Bul'le-Un (bul'le-tin; 277), n. [P. bulletin, fr. It.
bullettino, dim. of bulletta, dim. of bulla, bolla, an edict
of the pope, from L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.]
1. A brief statement of facts respecting some passing
event, as miUtary operations or the health of some dis-
tinguished personage, issued by authority for the infor-
mation of the public.
2. Any public notice or announcement, especially of
news recently received.
3. A periodical publication, especially one contsuning
the proceedings of a society.
Bulletin board, a board on which announcements are put,
particularly ait newsrooms, newspaper offices, etc.
Bull'faced' (bul'f ast'), a. Having a large face.
BuU'feast' (biil'fest'), «. See Bullfight. [Obs.]
Bull'flgllt' (bul'fif), Bull'flght'ing, re. A barbarous
sport, of great antiquity, in which men torment, and fight
with, a bull or bulls in an arena, for public amusement,
— still popular in Spain. — Bull'fight'er (-er), re.
Bull'finch' (bul'finch'), n. {Zo'ol.) A bird of the
genus Pyrrhula and other related gen-
era, especially the P. vulgaris or rubi-
cilia, a bird of Europe allied to the
grosbeak, having the breast, cheeks,
and neck, red.
8!^=" As a cage bird it is highly val-
ued^for its remarkable power of learn-
ing to whistle correctly various musical
airs.
Crimson-fronted bullfinch. (Zool.) See
Burion. — Pine bullfinch, the pine finch.
BuU'flst (-fist), BuU'fioe (-fls), n. fCf. G. bofist,
AS. wulfesfist puflball, E. fizz, foist.'] (Bot.) A kind of
fungus. See Pufpball.
BuU' fly' or Bull'ay' (-fli'), n. (ZoU.) Any large fly
troublesome to orf.tle, as the gadflies and breeze flies.
BuU'frog' (-frSg'), n. (Zo'ol.) A very large species of
frog (Rana Catesbiana), found in North America: — so
named from its loud bellowing in spring.
Bull'head' (-hed'), re. 1. (Zo'ol.) (a) A fresh-water
fish of many species, of the genus Uranidea, esp. U. gobio
Bullfinch (Pijr.
rhula viUgaris}.
ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, ^11; eve, event, end. fern, recent; ice, idea, ill; old, $bey, 6rb, 8dd;
A
BULLHEADED
191
BUNDER
Bullhead or BuUpout (Amiurus nebuto-
of Europe, an J U. Eichardsoni of the United States;
— called also m il-
ler's thumb. (h)
In America, sev-
eral species of
Ajniur u s ; —
called also catfish,
homed pout, and
bullpout. (c) A
marine fish of the
genus Cottus ; the
sculpin.
2. (Zool.) (o) The black-bellied plover {Squalarola
helvetica) ; — called also beellehead. (6) The golden
plover.
3. A stupid fellow, a lubber. [CoWoj.] Johnson.
4. {Zo'dl. ) A small black water insect. E. Phillips.
Bnllhssid wuting (ZooL), the kingiish of Florida (Menli-
eirrus aiburnus).
Bull'head'ed (bul'hgd'Sd), a. Having a head like that
of a bull. Fig. : Headstrong ; obstinate ; dogged.
Bul'llon (bul'yun), n. [Cf. OE. bxdlyon a hook used
for fastening the dress, a button, stud, an embossed orna-
ment of various kinds, e. g., on the cover of a book, on
bridles or poitrels, for purses, for breeches and doublets,
LL. bullio the swelling of boiling water, a mass of gold
or silver, fr. L. bulla boss, stud, bubble (see BtrLL an
edict), or perh. corrupted fr. F. billon base coin, LL.
iiWio bullion. Cf. Billon, Billet a stick.] 1. Uncoined
gold or silver in the mass.
1^" Properly, the precious metals are called bullion,
when smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined,
but in bars, ingots or in any form uncoined, as in plate.
The word is often used to denote gold and silver, both
coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in
mass, including especially foreign, or uncurrent, coin.
2. Base or uncurrent coin. [06i.]
And those which eld's strict doom did disallow.
And damn for biiUion. go for current now. Sylvester.
3. Showy metallic ornaments, as of gold, silver, or cop-
per, on bridles, saddles, etc. \_0bs.1
The clasps and bullions were worth a thousand pound. SkelUm.
4. Heavy twisted fringe, made of fine gold or silver
wire and used for epaulets ; also, any heavy twisted
fringe whose cords are prominent.
Bul'llon-lst, n. An advocate for a metallic currency,
or a paper currency always convertible into gold.
Bul'11-rag (bul'lT-rSg), V. t. [Cf. bully, n. & v., and
rag to scold, rail, Cf. Ballaraq.] To intimidate by
bulljing ; to rally contemptuously ; to badger, [ioio]
BuU'lsh (bul'Ish), a. Partaking of the nature of a
bull, or a blunder.
Let me inform you, a toothless satire is as improper as a
toothed sleek stone, and as bullish. Milton.
Bull'lst, n. [F. bulliste. See Bull an edict.] A
writer or drawer up of papal bulls, [i?.] Harmar.
Bul-11'tlon (bul-lish'un), n. [L. bullire,_ bullitum, to
boil. See Boil, v. i.] The action of boiling ; boiling.
[06«.] See Ebullition. Bacon.
BuU'-necked' (bul'uSkf), a. Having a short and
thick neck like that of a bull. Sir W. Scott.
Bullock (-liSk), n. [AS. bulliU! a young buU. See
Bull.] 1. A young bull, or any male of the ox kind.
Take thy father's young buttock, even the second bullock of
eeven years old. Judges vi. 25.
2. An ox, steer, or stag.
Buiaock, V. t. To bully. [OJi.]
She shan't think to bullock and domineer over me. Foote.
Bul'lock's-eye' (buniiks-i'), n. See Bull's-eye, 3.
II Buiaon (bul'liin), n. (Zool.) A West Indian fish
(Scams Croicensis).
Bull'pout' (bul'pouf), n. (Zo'dl.) See Bullhead, 1 (b).
BuU'S'-eye''(bulz'i'), n. 1. (Naut.) A small circu-
lar or oval wooden block without sheaves, having a
groove around it and a hole through it, used for con-
necting rigging.
2. A small round cloud, with a ruddy center, supposed
by saUors to portend a storm.
3. A small thick disk of glass inserted in a deck, roof,
ioor, ship's side, etc., to let in light.
4. A circular or oval opening for air or light.
6. A lantern, with a thick glass lens on one side for
concentrating the light on any object ; also, the lens it-
self. Dickens.
6. (Astron.) Aldebaran, a bright star in the eye of
Taurus or the Bull.
7. {Archery & Gun.) The center of a target.
8. A thick knob or protuberance left on glass by the
end of the pipe through which it was blown.
9. A smaU and thick old-fashioned watch. [^Colloq.']
Bull's'-nose' (bulz'noz'), n. (Arch.) An external
angle when obtuse or rounded.
Bull' ter'rl-er (bul' tSr'rl-er). (Zool.) A breed of
degs obtained by cross-
ing the bulldog and the
terrier.
Bull' trout' (trout').
(Zo'dl.) (a) In England,
a large salmon trout of
several species, as Salmo
trutta and S. Cambricus,
which ascend rivers; —
called also sea trout, (b)
Salvelinus malma of Cal-
ifornia and Oregon ; —
called also Dolly Varden
trout and red-spotted Bull Terrier.
ii-»ut. (e) The huso or salmon of the Danube.
Bull'weed' (-wed'), n. \_Bole a stem + weed.'\ (Bot.)
Knapweed. Prior
Bull'wort' (-wdrf), n. (Bot.) See Biseop's-webd.
Bully (bul'iy), n. ; pi. Bullies (-liz). [Cf. LG. bul-
lerjasm, bullerbiik, bullerbrook, a blusterer, D. bulderaar
a blusterer, bulderen to bluster ; prob. of imitative ori-
gin ; or cf. MHG. buole lover, G. buhle.'] 1. A noisy,
blustering fellow, more insolent than courageous ; one
who is threatening and quarrelsome ; an insolent, tyran-
nical fellow.
Bullies seldom execute the threats they deal in. Palmerston.
2. A brisk, dashing fellow. [Slang. Obs.'\ Shak.
Bully (bully), a. 1. Jovial and blustering ; dashing.
[Slang'] " Bless thee, fcuWj^ doctor." Shak.
2. Fine ; excellent; as, a bully horse. [Slang, U. S.']
Bul'ly, V. t. [imp. & p. p. iiuLLiED (-lid) ; p. pr. &
vb. n. BuLLYlNO.] To intimidate with threats and by an
overbearing, swaggering demeanor ; to act the part of a
bully toward.
For the last fortnight there have been prodigious shoals of
volunteers gone over to bully the French, upon hearing the
peace was just signing. Tatler.
Syn. — To bluster; swagger; hector; domineer.
Bul'ly, V. i. To act as a bully.
Bul'ly-rag (bul'li-rSg), v. t. Same as Bullieag.
Bul'ly-rook'(-'rSSk'),7!. A bully. [Slang. Obs.] Shak.
Bul'ly tree' (tre'). (Bot.) The name of several West
Indian trees of the order Sapotacese, as Dipholis nigra
and species of Sapota and Mimusops. Most of them
yield a substance closely resembhng gutta-percha.
Bul'rush' (-riish'), re. [OE. bulrysche, bolroysche ; of
uncertain origin, perh. fr. bole stem -f rush.] (Bot.) A
kind of large rush, growing in wet land or in water.
ffl^"" The name bulrush is applied in England espe-
cially to the cat-tail (ryp^ a latifolia and T. anguslifo-
lia) and to thb lake club-rush (Scirpus lacustris) ; in
America, to the Juncus effusus, and also to species of
Scirpus or club-rush.
II Bulse (bills), re. A purse or bag in which to carry
or measure diamonds, etc. [India] Macaulay.
Bul'tel (btil'tSl), re. [LL. bultellus. See Bolt to
sift.] A bolter or bolting cloth ; also, bran. [Obs.]
Bul'tl (biil'ti), re. (Zo'dl.) Same as Bolty.
Bul'toW (bul'to'), re. A trawl ; a boulter ; the mode
of fishing with a boulter or spiller.
Bul'wark (-wtirk), re. [Akin to D. bolwerk, G. boll-
werk, Sw. bolverk, Dan. bolv'drk, bulv'drk, rampart ; akin
to G. bohle plank, and werk work, defense. See Bole
stem, and Work, re., and cf. Boulevard.] 1. (Fort.) A
rampart ; a fortification ; a bastion or outwork.
2. That which secures against an enemy, or defends
from attack ; any means of defense or protection.
The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest de-
fense, . . . the floating bulwark of our island. Blackstone.
3. pi. (Naut.) The sides of a ship above the upper deck.
Syn. — See Rampabt.
Bul'wark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulwabked (-wiirkt) ;
p. pr. & vb. re. Bulwarking.] To fortify with, or as
with, a rampart or wall ; to secure by a fortification ; to
protect.
Of some proud city, bulwarked round and armed
With rising towers. Glover.
Bum (biim), re. [Contr. fr. bottom in this sense.] The
buttocks. [Low] Shak.
Bum, V. i. [imp. &p. p. Bummed (biimd) ; p. pr. &
vb. re. Bumming (biim'ming).] [See Boom, v. i., to roar.]
To make a murmuring or humming sound. Jamieson.
Bum, re. A humming noise. Halliwell.
Bum'bail'Uf (-bal'if), re. [A corruption of bound
bailiff.] [Low, Eng.] See Bound bailiff, under Bound, a.
Bum'bard (-bard). See Bombard. [Obs.]
Bum'barge' (-barj'), re. See Bumboat. Carlyle.
Bumliast (-bast). See Bombast. [Obs.]
Bum'be-lO (btim'be-lo), n.; pi. Bumbeloes (-loz). [It.
bombola.] A glass used in subliming camphor. [Spelled
also bombola and bumbolo.]
Bum'ble (biim'b'l), re. [See Bump to boom.] (Zo'dl.)
The bittern. [Local, Eng.]
Bum'ble, v. i. To make a hollow or humming noise,
like that of a bumblebee ; to cry as a bittern.
As a bittern bu-nibleth in the mire. Chaucer.
Bum'ble-bee' (-be'), re. [OE. bumblen to make a
humming noise (dim. of bum, v. i.) -j- bee. Cf. Humble-
bee.] (Zo'dl.) A
large bee of the ge-
nus Bombtis, some-
times called hum-
blebee ; — so named
from its sound.
Ii^=' There are
many species. All
gather honey, and
store it in the empty
cocoons after the
young have come
out.
Bum'boat' (-b 
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